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             Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
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                       Springfield, Mass.
                     Under the direction of
                    Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D.

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1 !>

A (named in the English, and most commonly ä in other languages). The first letter of the English and of many other alphabets. The capital A of the alphabets of Middle and Western Europe, as also the small letter (a), besides the forms in Italic, black letter, etc., are all descended from the old Latin A, which was borrowed from the Greek Alpha, of the same form; and this was made from the first letter (&?;) of the Phœnician alphabet, the equivalent of the Hebrew Aleph, and itself from the Egyptian origin. The Aleph was a consonant letter, with a guttural breath sound that was not an element of Greek articulation; and the Greeks took it to represent their vowel Alpha with the ä sound, the Phœnician alphabet having no vowel symbols.

This letter, in English, is used for several different vowel sounds. See Guide to pronunciation, §§ 43-74. The regular long a, as in fate, etc., is a comparatively modern sound, and has taken the place of what, till about the early part of the 17th century, was a sound of the quality of ä (as in far).

2. (Mus.) The name of the sixth tone in the model major scale (that in C), or the first tone of the minor scale, which is named after it the scale in A minor. The second string of the violin is tuned to the A in the treble staff. -- A sharp (A) is the name of a musical tone intermediate between A and B. -- A flat (A) is the name of a tone intermediate between A and G.

A per se (L. per se by itself), one preëminent; a nonesuch. [Obs.]

> O fair Creseide, the flower and A per se
> Of Troy and Greece.
> Chaucer.

A ( emph. ). 1. [Shortened form of an. AS. n one. See One.] An adjective, commonly called the indefinite article, and signifying one or any, but less emphatically. "At a birth"; "In a word"; "At a blow". Shak. It is placed before nouns of the singular number denoting an individual object, or a quality individualized, before collective nouns, and also before plural nouns when the adjective few or the phrase great many or good many is interposed; as, a dog, a house, a man; a color; a sweetness; a hundred, a fleet, a regiment; a few persons, a great many days. It is used for an, for the sake of euphony, before words beginning with a consonant sound [for exception of certain words beginning with h, see An]; as, a table, a woman, a year, a unit, a eulogy, a ewe, a oneness, such a one, etc. Formally an was used both before vowels and consonants.

2. [Originally the preposition a (an, on).] In each; to or for each; as, "twenty leagues a day", "a hundred pounds a year", "a dollar a yard", etc.

A (), prep. [Abbreviated form of an (AS. on). See On.] 1. In; on; at; by. [Obs.] "A God's name." "Torn a pieces." "Stand a tiptoe." "A Sundays" Shak. "Wit that men have now a days." Chaucer. "Set them a work." Robynson (More's Utopia).

2. In process of; in the act of; into; to; -- used with verbal substantives in -ing which begin with a consonant. This is a shortened form of the preposition an (which was used before the vowel sound); as in a hunting, a building, a begging. "Jacob, when he was a dying" Heb. xi. 21. "We'll a birding together." " It was a doing." Shak. "He burst out a laughing." Macaulay. The hyphen may be used to connect a with the verbal substantive (as, a-hunting, a-building) or the words may be written separately. This form of expression is now for the most part obsolete, the a being omitted and the verbal substantive treated as a participle.

A. [From AS. of off, from. See Of.] Of. [Obs.] "The name of John a Gaunt." "What time a day is it ?" Shak. "It's six a clock." B. Jonson.

A. A barbarous corruption of have, of he, and sometimes of it and of they. "So would I a done" "A brushes his hat." Shak.

A. An expletive, void of sense, to fill up the meter

> A merry heart goes all the day,
> Your sad tires in a mile-a.
> Shak.

A-. A, as a prefix to English words, is derived from various sources. (1) It frequently signifies on or in (from an, a forms of AS. on), denoting a state, as in afoot, on foot, abed, amiss, asleep, aground, aloft, away (AS. onweg), and analogically, ablaze, atremble, etc. (2) AS. of off, from, as in adown (AS. ofdne off the dun or hill). (3) AS. - (Goth. us-, ur-, Ger. er-), usually giving an intensive force, and sometimes the sense of away, on, back, as in arise, abide, ago. (4) Old English y- or i- (corrupted from the AS. inseparable particle ge- , cognate with OHG. ga-, gi-, Goth. ga-), which, as a prefix, made no essential addition to the meaning, as in aware. (5) French à (L. ad to), as in abase, achieve. (6) L. a, ab, abs, from, as in avert. (7) Greek insep. prefix α without, or privative, not, as in abyss, atheist; akin to E. un-.

Besides these, there are other sources from which the prefix a takes its origin.

A 1 ( wn). A registry mark given by underwriters (as at Lloyd's) to ships in first-class condition. Inferior grades are indicated by A 2 and A 3.

A 1 is also applied colloquially to other things to imply superiority; prime; first-class; first-rate.

||Aam (m or äm), n. [D. aam, fr. LL. ama; cf. L. hama a water bucket, Gr. &?;] A Dutch and German measure of liquids, varying in different cities, being at Amsterdam about 41 wine gallons, at Antwerp 36½, at Hamburg 38¼. [Written also Aum and Awm.]

||Aard"-vark` (ärd"värk`), n. [D., earth-pig.] (Zoöl.) An edentate mammal, of the genus Orycteropus, somewhat resembling a pig, common in some parts of Southern Africa. It burrows in the ground, and feeds entirely on ants, which it catches with its long, slimy tongue.

||Aard"-wolf` (ärd"wlf), n. [D, earth-wolf] (Zoöl.) A carnivorous quadruped (Proteles Lalandii), of South Africa, resembling the fox and hyena. See Proteles.

{ Aa*ron"ic (*rn"k), Aa*ron"ic*al (-*kal), } a. Pertaining to Aaron, the first high priest of the Jews.

Aar"on's rod` (âr"nz rd`). [See Exodus vii. 9 and Numbers xvii. 8] 1. (Arch.) A rod with one serpent twined around it, thus differing from the caduceus of Mercury, which has two.

2. (Bot.) A plant with a tall flowering stem; esp. the great mullein, or hag-taper, and the golden-rod.

Ab- (b). [Latin prep., etymologically the same as E. of, off. See Of.] A prefix in many words of Latin origin. It signifies from, away , separating, or departure, as in abduct, abstract, abscond. See A-(6).

||Ab (b), n. [Of Syriac origin.] The fifth month of the Jewish year according to the ecclesiastical reckoning, the eleventh by the civil computation, coinciding nearly with August. W. Smith.

||Ab"a*ca (b"*k), n. [The native name.] The Manila-hemp plant (Musa textilis); also, its fiber. See Manila hemp under Manila.

A*bac"i*nate (*bs"*nt), v. t. [LL. abacinatus, p. p. of abacinare; ab off + bacinus a basin.] To blind by a red-hot metal plate held before the eyes. [R.]

A*bac`i*na"tion (*bs`*n"shn), n. The act of abacinating. [R.]

||Ab`a*cis"cus (b`*ss"ks), n. [Gr. 'abaki`skos, dim of 'a`bax. See Abacus.] (Arch.) One of the tiles or squares of a tessellated pavement; an abaculus.

Ab"a*cist (b"*sst), n. [LL abacista, fr. abacus.] One who uses an abacus in casting accounts; a calculator.

A*back" (*bk"), adv. [Pref. a- + back; AS. on bæc at, on, or toward the back. See Back.] 1. Toward the back or rear; backward. "Therewith aback she started." Chaucer.

2. Behind; in the rear. Knolles.

3. (Naut.) Backward against the mast; -- said of the sails when pressed by the wind. Totten.

To be taken aback. (a) To be driven backward against the mast; -- said of the sails, also of the ship when the sails are thus driven. (b) To be suddenly checked, baffled, or discomfited. Dickens.

Ab"ack (b"ak), n. An abacus. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ab*ac"ti*nal (b*k"t*nal), a. [L. ab + E. actinal.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the surface or end opposite to the mouth in a radiate animal; -- opposed to actinal. "The aboral or abactinal area." L. Agassiz.

Ab*ac"tion (b*k"shn), n. Stealing cattle on a large scale. [Obs.]

Ab*ac"tor (-tr), n. [L., fr. abigere to drive away; ab + agere to drive.] (Law) One who steals and drives away cattle or beasts by herds or droves. [Obs.]

||A*bac"u*lus (b*k"*ls), n.; pl. Abaculi (-l). [L., dim. of abacus.] (Arch.) A small tile of glass, marble, or other substance, of various colors, used in making ornamental patterns in mosaic pavements. Fairholt.

Ab"a*cus (b"*ks), n.; E. pl. Abacuses ; L. pl. Abaci (-s). [L. abacus, abax, Gr. 'a`bax] 1. A table or tray strewn with sand, anciently used for drawing, calculating, etc. [Obs.]

2. A calculating table or frame; an instrument for performing arithmetical calculations by balls sliding on wires, or counters in grooves, the lowest line representing units, the second line, tens, etc. It is still employed in China.

3. (Arch.) (a) The uppermost member or division of the capital of a column, immediately under the architrave. See Column. (b) A tablet, panel, or compartment in ornamented or mosaic work.

4. A board, tray, or table, divided into perforated compartments, for holding cups, bottles, or the like; a kind of cupboard, buffet, or sideboard.

Abacus harmonicus (Mus.), an ancient diagram showing the structure and disposition of the keys of an instrument. Crabb.

Ab"a*da (b"*d), n. [Pg., the female rhinoceros.] The rhinoceros. [Obs.] Purchas.

A*bad"don (*bd"dn), n. [Heb. baddn destruction, abyss, fr. bad to be lost, to perish.] 1. The destroyer, or angel of the bottomless pit; -- the same as Apollyon and Asmodeus.

2. Hell; the bottomless pit. [Poetic]

> In all her gates, Abaddon rues
> Thy bold attempt.
> Milton.

A*baft" (*bft"), prep. [Pref. a- on + OE. baft, baften, biaften, AS. beæftan; be by + æftan behind. See After, Aft, By.] (Naut.) Behind; toward the stern from; as, abaft the wheelhouse.

Abaft the beam. See under Beam.

A*baft", adv. (Naut.) Toward the stern; aft; as, to go abaft.

A*bai"sance (*b"sans), n. [For obeisance; confused with F. abaisser, E. abase.] Obeisance. [Obs.] Jonson.

A*bai"ser (*b"sr), n. Ivory black or animal charcoal. Weale.

<! p. 2 !>

A*baist" (*bst"), p. p. Abashed; confounded; discomfited. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ab*al"ien*ate (b*l"yen*t; 94, 106), v. t. [L. abalienatus, p. p. of abalienare; ab + alienus foreign, alien. See Alien.] 1. (Civil Law) To transfer the title of from one to another; to alienate.

2. To estrange; to withdraw. [Obs.]

3. To cause alienation of (mind). Sandys.

Ab*al`ien*a"tion (-l`yen*"shn), n. [L. abalienatio: cf. F. abaliénation.] The act of abalienating; alienation; estrangement. [Obs.]

||Ab`a*lo"ne (b`*l"n), n. (Zoöl.) A univalve mollusk of the genus Haliotis. The shell is lined with mother-of-pearl, and used for ornamental purposes; the sea-ear. Several large species are found on the coast of California, clinging closely to the rocks.

A*band" (*bnd"), v. t. [Contracted from abandon.] 1. To abandon. [Obs.]

1. To abandon. [Obs.]

> Enforced the kingdom to aband.
> Spenser.

2. To banish; to expel. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

A*ban"don (*bn"dn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abandoned (- dnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Abandoning.] [OF. abandoner, F. abandonner; a (L. ad) + bandon permission, authority, LL. bandum, bannum, public proclamation, interdiction, bannire to proclaim, summon: of Germanic origin; cf. Goth. bandwjan to show by signs, to designate OHG. ban proclamation. The word meant to proclaim, put under a ban, put under control; hence, as in OE., to compel, subject, or to leave in the control of another, and hence, to give up. See Ban.] 1. To cast or drive out; to banish; to expel; to reject. [Obs.]

> That he might . . . abandon them from him.
> Udall.

> Being all this time abandoned from your bed.
> Shak.

2. To give up absolutely; to forsake entirely ; to renounce utterly; to relinquish all connection with or concern on; to desert, as a person to whom one owes allegiance or fidelity; to quit; to surrender.

> Hope was overthrown, yet could not be abandoned.
> I. Taylor.

3. Reflexively: To give (one's self) up without attempt at self-control; to yield (one's self) unrestrainedly; -- often in a bad sense.

> He abandoned himself . . . to his favorite vice.
> Macaulay.

4. (Mar. Law) To relinquish all claim to; -- used when an insured person gives up to underwriters all claim to the property covered by a policy, which may remain after loss or damage by a peril insured against.

Syn. -- To give up; yield; forego; cede; surrender; resign; abdicate; quit; relinquish; renounce; desert; forsake; leave; retire; withdraw from. -- To Abandon, Desert, Forsake. These words agree in representing a person as giving up or leaving some object, but differ as to the mode of doing it. The distinctive sense of abandon is that of giving up a thing absolutely and finally; as, to abandon one's friends, places, opinions, good or evil habits, a hopeless enterprise, a shipwrecked vessel. Abandon is more widely applicable than forsake or desert. The Latin original of desert appears to have been originally applied to the case of deserters from military service. Hence, the verb, when used of persons in the active voice, has usually or always a bad sense, implying some breach of fidelity, honor, etc., the leaving of something which the person should rightfully stand by and support; as, to desert one's colors, to desert one's post, to desert one's principles or duty. When used in the passive, the sense is not necessarily bad; as, the fields were deserted, a deserted village, deserted halls. Forsake implies the breaking off of previous habit, association, personal connection, or that the thing left had been familiar or frequented; as, to forsake old friends, to forsake the paths of rectitude, the blood forsook his cheeks. It may be used either in a good or in a bad sense.

A*ban"don, n. [F. abandon. fr. abandonner. See Abandon, v.] Abandonment; relinquishment. [Obs.]

||A`ban`don" (`bäN`dôN"), n. [F. See Abandon.] A complete giving up to natural impulses; freedom from artificial constraint; careless freedom or ease.

A*ban"doned (*bn"dnd), a. 1. Forsaken, deserted. "Your abandoned streams." Thomson.

2. Self-abandoned, or given up to vice; extremely wicked, or sinning without restraint; irreclaimably wicked ; as, an abandoned villain.

Syn. -- Profligate; dissolute; corrupt; vicious; depraved; reprobate; wicked; unprincipled; graceless; vile. -- Abandoned, Profligate, Reprobate. These adjectives agree in expressing the idea of great personal depravity. Profligate has reference to open and shameless immoralities, either in private life or political conduct; as, a profligate court, a profligate ministry. Abandoned is stronger, and has reference to the searing of conscience and hardening of heart produced by a man's giving himself wholly up to iniquity; as, a man of abandoned character. Reprobate describes the condition of one who has become insensible to reproof, and who is morally abandoned and lost beyond hope of recovery.

> God gave them over to a reprobate mind.
> Rom. i. 28.

A*ban"doned*ly, adv. Unrestrainedly.

A*ban`don*ee" (*bn`dn*"), n. (Law) One to whom anything is legally abandoned.

A*ban"don*er (*bn"dn*r), n. One who abandons. Beau. & Fl.

A*ban"don*ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. abandonnement.] 1. The act of abandoning, or the state of being abandoned; total desertion; relinquishment.

> The abandonment of the independence of Europe.
> Burke.

2. (Mar. Law) The relinquishment by the insured to the underwriters of what may remain of the property insured after a loss or damage by a peril insured against.

3. (Com. Law) (a) The relinquishment of a right, claim, or privilege, as to mill site, etc. (b) The voluntary leaving of a person to whom one is bound by a special relation, as a wife, husband, or child; desertion.

4. Careless freedom or ease; abandon. [R.] Carlyle.

||A*ban"dum (*bn"dm), n. [LL. See Abandon.] (Law) Anything forfeited or confiscated.

Ab"a*net (b"*nt), n. See Abnet.

||A*ban"ga (*b"g), n. [Name given by the negroes in the island of St. Thomas.] A West Indian palm; also the fruit of this palm, the seeds of which are used as a remedy for diseases of the chest.

{ Ab`an*na"tion (b`n*n"shn), Ab`an*nition (b`n*nsh"n), } n. [LL. abannatio; ad + LL. bannire to banish.] (Old Law) Banishment. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab`ar*tic`u*la"tion (acr/b`är*tk`*l"shn), n. [L. ab + E. articulation : cf. F. abarticulation. See Article.] (Anat.) Articulation, usually that kind of articulation which admits of free motion in the joint; diarthrosis. Coxe.

A*base" (*bs"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abased (*bst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Abasing.] [F. abaisser, LL. abassare, abbassare ; ad + bassare, fr. bassus low. See Base, a.] 1. To lower or depress; to throw or cast down; as, to abase the eye. [Archaic] Bacon.

> Saying so, he abased his lance.
> Shelton.

2. To cast down or reduce low or lower, as in rank, office, condition in life, or estimation of worthiness; to depress; to humble; to degrade.

> Whosoever exalteth himself shall be abased.
> Luke xiv. ll.

Syn. -- To Abase, Debase, Degrade. These words agree in the idea of bringing down from a higher to a lower state. Abase has reference to a bringing down in condition or feelings; as, to abase the proud, to abase one's self before God. Debase has reference to the bringing down of a thing in purity, or making it base. It is, therefore, always used in a bad sense, as, to debase the coin of the kingdom, to debase the mind by vicious indulgence, to debase one's style by coarse or vulgar expressions. Degrade has reference to a bringing down from some higher grade or from some standard. Thus, a priest is degraded from the clerical office. When used in a moral sense, it denotes a bringing down in character and just estimation; as, degraded by intemperance, a degrading employment, etc. "Art is degraded when it is regarded only as a trade."

A*based" (*bst"), a. 1. Lowered; humbled.

2. (Her.) [F. abaissé.] Borne lower than usual, as a fess; also, having the ends of the wings turned downward towards the point of the shield.

A*bas"ed*ly (*bs"d*l), adv. Abjectly; downcastly.

A*base"ment (*bs"ment), n. [Cf. F. abaissement.] The act of abasing, humbling, or bringing low; the state of being abased or humbled; humiliation.

A*bas"er (*bs"r), n. He who, or that which, abases.

A*bash" (*bsh"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abashed (*bsht"); p. pr. & vb. n. Abashing.] [OE. abaissen, abaisshen, abashen, OF. esbahir, F. ébahir, to astonish, fr. L. ex + the interjection bah, expressing astonishment. In OE. somewhat confused with abase. Cf. Finish.] To destroy the self-possession of; to confuse or confound, as by exciting suddenly a consciousness of guilt, mistake, or inferiority; to put to shame; to disconcert; to discomfit.

> Abashed, the devil stood,
> And felt how awful goodness is.
> Milton.

> He was a man whom no check could abash.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- To confuse; confound; disconcert; shame. -- To Abash, Confuse, Confound. Abash is a stronger word than confuse, but not so strong as confound. We are abashed when struck either with sudden shame or with a humbling sense of inferiority; as, Peter was abashed by the look of his Master. So a modest youth is abashed in the presence of those who are greatly his superiors. We are confused when, from some unexpected or startling occurrence, we lose clearness of thought and self- possession. Thus, a witness is often confused by a severe cross- examination; a timid person is apt to be confused in entering a room full of strangers. We are confounded when our minds are overwhelmed, as it were, by something wholly unexpected, amazing, dreadful, etc., so that we have nothing to say. Thus, a criminal is usually confounded at the discovery of his guilt.

> Satan stood
> Awhile as mute, confounded what to say.
> Milton.

A*bash"ed*ly (-d*l), adv. In an abashed manner.

A*bash"ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. ébahissement.] The state of being abashed; confusion from shame.

{ ||A*bas"si (*bs"s), ||A*bas"sis (*bs"ss), } n. [Ar. & Per. abs, belonging to Abas (a king of Persia).] A silver coin of Persia, worth about twenty cents.

A*bat"a*ble (*bt"*b'l), a. Capable of being abated; as, an abatable writ or nuisance.

A*bate" (*bt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abated, p. pr. & vb. n. Abating.] [OF. abatre to beat down, F. abattre, LL. abatere; ab or ad + batere, battere (popular form for L. batuere to beat). Cf. Bate, Batter.] 1. To beat down; to overthrow. [Obs.]

> The King of Scots . . . sore abated the walls.
> Edw. Hall.

2. To bring down or reduce from a higher to a lower state, number, or degree; to lessen; to diminish; to contract; to moderate; to cut short; as, to abate a demand; to abate pride, zeal, hope.

> His eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.
> Deut. xxxiv. 7.

3. To deduct; to omit; as, to abate something from a price.

> Nine thousand parishes, abating the odd hundreds.
> Fuller.

4. To blunt. [Obs.]

> To abate the edge of envy.
> Bacon.

5. To reduce in estimation; to deprive. [Obs.]

> She hath abated me of half my train.
> Shak.

6. (Law) (a) To bring entirely down or put an end to; to do away with; as, to abate a nuisance, to abate a writ. (b) (Eng. Law) To diminish; to reduce. Legacies are liable to be abated entirely or in proportion, upon a deficiency of assets.

To abate a tax, to remit it either wholly or in part.

A*bate" (*bt"), v. i. [See Abate, v. t.] 1. To decrease, or become less in strength or violence; as, pain abates, a storm abates.

> The fury of Glengarry . . . rapidly abated.
> Macaulay.

2. To be defeated, or come to naught; to fall through; to fail; as, a writ abates.

To abate into a freehold, To abate in lands (Law), to enter into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir takes possession. See Abatement, 4.

Syn. -- To subside; decrease; intermit; decline; diminish; lessen. -- To Abate, Subside. These words, as here compared, imply a coming down from some previously raised or excited state. Abate expresses this in respect to degrees, and implies a diminution of force or of intensity; as, the storm abates, the cold abates, the force of the wind abates; or, the wind abates, a fever abates. Subside (to settle down) has reference to a previous state of agitation or commotion; as, the waves subside after a storm, the wind subsides into a calm. When the words are used figuratively, the same distinction should be observed. If we conceive of a thing as having different degrees of intensity or strength, the word to be used is abate. Thus we say, a man's anger abates, the ardor of one's love abates, "Winter's rage abates". But if the image be that of a sinking down into quiet from preceding excitement or commotion, the word to be used is subside; as, the tumult of the people subsides, the public mind subsided into a calm. The same is the case with those emotions which are tumultuous in their nature; as, his passion subsides, his joy quickly subsided, his grief subsided into a pleasing melancholy. Yet if, in such cases, we were thinking of the degree of violence of the emotion, we might use abate; as, his joy will abate in the progress of time; and so in other instances.

A*bate (*bt"), n. Abatement. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

A*bate"ment (-ment), n. [OF. abatement, F. abattement.] 1. The act of abating, or the state of being abated; a lessening, diminution, or reduction; removal or putting an end to; as, the abatement of a nuisance is the suppression thereof.

2. The amount abated; that which is taken away by way of reduction; deduction; decrease; a rebate or discount allowed.

3. (Her.) A mark of dishonor on an escutcheon.

4. (Law) The entry of a stranger, without right, into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone.

Defense in abatement, Plea in abatement, (Law), plea to the effect that from some formal defect (e.g. misnomer, want of jurisdiction) the proceedings should be abated.

A*bat"er (-r), n. One who, or that which, abates.

{ Ab"a*tis, Aba"t*tis, } (b"*ts; French `b`t") n. [F. abatis, abattis, mass of things beaten or cut down, fr. abattre. See Abate.] (Fort.) A means of defense formed by felled trees, the ends of whose branches are sharpened and directed outwards, or against the enemy.

Ab"a*tised (b"*tst), a. Provided with an abatis.

A*ba"tor (*bt"r), n. (Law) (a) One who abates a nuisance. (b) A person who, without right, enters into a freehold on the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone.

||A`bat`toir" (`bt`twär"), n.; pl. Abattoirs (- twärz"). [F., fr. abattre to beat down. See Abate.] A public slaughterhouse for cattle, sheep, etc.

Ab"a*ture (b"*tr; 135), n. [F. abatture, fr. abattre. See Abate.] Grass and sprigs beaten or trampled down by a stag passing through them. Crabb.

||A`bat`voix" (`b`vwä"), n. [F. abattre to beat down + voix voice.] The sounding- board over a pulpit or rostrum.

Ab*awed" (b*d"), p. p. [Perh. p. p. of a verb fr. OF. abaubir to frighten, disconcert, fr. L. ad + balbus stammering.] Astonished; abashed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Ab*ax"i*al (b*ks"*al), Ab*ax"ile (b*ks"l),} a. [L. ab + axis axle.] (Bot.) Away from the axis or central line; eccentric. Balfour.

A*bay" (*b"), n. [OF. abay barking.] Barking; baying of dogs upon their prey. See Bay. [Obs.]

Abb (b), n. [AS. web, b; pref. a- + web. See Web.] Among weavers, yarn for the warp. Hence, abb wool is wool for the abb.

Ab"ba (b"b), n. [Syriac abb father. See Abbot.] Father; religious superior; -- in the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches, a title given to the bishops, and by the bishops to the patriarch.

Ab"ba*cy (b"b*s), n.; pl. Abbacies (-sz). [L. abbatia, fr. abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbey.] The dignity, estate, or jurisdiction of an abbot.

Ab*ba"tial (b*b"shal), a. [LL. abbatialis : cf. F. abbatial.] Belonging to an abbey; as, abbatial rights.

Ab*bat"ic*al (b*bt"*kal), a. Abbatial. [Obs.]

||Ab"bé` (b"b`), n. [F. abbé. See Abbot.] The French word answering to the English abbot, the head of an abbey; but commonly a title of respect given in France to every one vested with the ecclesiastical habit or dress.

After the 16th century, the name was given, in social parlance, to candidates for some priory or abbey in the gift of the crown. Many of these aspirants became well known in literary and fashionable life. By further extension, the name came to be applied to unbeneficed secular ecclesiastics generally. Littré.

Ab"bess (b"bs), n. [OF. abaesse, abeesse, F. abbesse, L. abbatissa, fem. of abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbot.] A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the abbots have over the monks. See Abbey.

Ab"bey (b"b), n.; pl. Abbeys (-bz). [OF. abaïe, abbaïe, F. abbaye, L. abbatia, fr. abbas abbot. See Abbot.] 1. A monastery or society of persons of either sex, secluded from the world and devoted to religion and celibacy; also, the monastic building or buildings.

The men are called monks, and governed by an abbot; the women are called nuns, and governed by an abbess.

2. The church of a monastery.

In London, the Abbey means Westminster Abbey, and in Scotland, the precincts of the Abbey of Holyrood. The name is also retained for a private residence on the site of an abbey; as, Newstead Abbey, the residence of Lord Byron.

Syn. -- Monastery; convent; nunnery; priory; cloister. See Cloister.

<! p. 3 !>

Ab"bot (&?;), n. [AS. abbod, abbad, L. abbas, abbatis, Gr. 'abba^s, fr. Syriac abb father. Cf. Abba, Abbé.]

1. The superior or head of an abbey.

2. One of a class of bishops whose sees were formerly abbeys. Encyc. Brit.

Abbot of the people. a title formerly given to one of the chief magistrates in Genoa. -- Abbot of Misrule (or Lord of Misrule), in mediæval times, the master of revels, as at Christmas; in Scotland called the Abbot of Unreason. Encyc. Brit.

Ab"bot*ship (&?;), n. [Abbot + - ship.] The state or office of an abbot.

Ab*bre"vi*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abbreviated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abbreviating.] [L. abbreviatus, p. p. of abbreviare; ad + breviare to shorten, fr. brevis short. See Abridge.] 1. To make briefer; to shorten; to abridge; to reduce by contraction or omission, especially of words written or spoken.

> It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting, another by cutting off.
> Bacon.

2. (Math.) To reduce to lower terms, as a fraction.

Ab*bre"vi*ate (&?;), a. [L. abbreviatus, p. p.] 1. Abbreviated; abridged; shortened. [R.] "The abbreviate form." Earle.

2. (Biol.) Having one part relatively shorter than another or than the ordinary type.

Ab*bre"vi*ate, n. An abridgment. [Obs.] Elyot.

Ab*bre"vi*a`ted (&?;), a. Shortened; relatively short; abbreviate.

Ab*bre`vi*a"tion (&?;), n. [LL. abbreviatio: cf. F. abbréviation.] 1. The act of shortening, or reducing.

2. The result of abbreviating; an abridgment. Tylor.

3. The form to which a word or phrase is reduced by contraction and omission; a letter or letters, standing for a word or phrase of which they are a part; as, Gen. for Genesis; U.S.A. for United States of America.

4. (Mus.) One dash, or more, through the stem of a note, dividing it respectively into quavers, semiquavers, or demi-semiquavers. Moore.

Ab*bre"vi*a`tor (&?;), n. [LL.: cf. F. abbréviateur.] 1. One who abbreviates or shortens.

2. One of a college of seventy-two officers of the papal court whose duty is to make a short minute of a decision on a petition, or reply of the pope to a letter, and afterwards expand the minute into official form.

Ab*bre"vi*a*to*ry (&?;), a. Serving or tending to abbreviate; shortening; abridging.

Ab*bre"vi*a*ture (&?;), n. 1. An abbreviation; an abbreviated state or form. [Obs.]

2. An abridgment; a compendium or abstract.

> This is an excellent abbreviature of the whole duty of a Christian.
> Jer. Taylor.

Abb" wool (b" wl). See Abb.

A B C" ( b s"). 1. The first three letters of the alphabet, used for the whole alphabet.

2. A primer for teaching the alphabet and first elements of reading. [Obs.]

3. The simplest rudiments of any subject; as, the A B C of finance.

A B C book, a primer. Shak.

||Ab"dal (&?;), n. [Ar. badl, pl. abdl, a substitute, a good, religious man, saint, fr. badala to change, substitute.] A religious devotee or dervish in Persia.

Ab*de"ri*an (&?;), a. [From Abdera, a town in Thrace, of which place Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher, was a native.] Given to laughter; inclined to foolish or incessant merriment.

Ab*de"rite (&?;), n. [L. Abderita, Abderites, fr. Gr. 'Abdhri`ths.] An inhabitant of Abdera, in Thrace.

The Abderite, Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher.

Ab"dest (&?;), n. [Per. bdast; ab water + dast hand.] Purification by washing the hands before prayer; -- a Mohammedan rite. Heyse.

Ab"di*ca*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being abdicated.

Ab"di*cant (&?;), a. [L. abdicans, p. pr. of abdicare.] Abdicating; renouncing; -- followed by of.

> Monks abdicant of their orders.
> Whitlock.

Ab"di*cant, n. One who abdicates. Smart.

Ab"di*cate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abdicated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abdicating.] [L. abdicatus, p. p. of abdicare; ab + dicare to proclaim, akin to dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. To surrender or relinquish, as sovereign power; to withdraw definitely from filling or exercising, as a high office, station, dignity; as, to abdicate the throne, the crown, the papacy.

The word abdicate was held to mean, in the case of James II., to abandon without a formal surrender.

> The cross-bearers abdicated their service.
> Gibbon.

2. To renounce; to relinquish; -- said of authority, a trust, duty, right, etc.

> He abdicates all right to be his own governor.
> Burke.

> The understanding abdicates its functions.
> Froude.

3. To reject; to cast off. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

4. (Civil Law) To disclaim and expel from the family, as a father his child; to disown; to disinherit.

Syn. -- To give up; quit; vacate; relinquish; forsake; abandon; resign; renounce; desert. -- To Abdicate, Resign. Abdicate commonly expresses the act of a monarch in voluntary and formally yielding up sovereign authority; as, to abdicate the government. Resign is applied to the act of any person, high or low, who gives back an office or trust into the hands of him who conferred it. Thus, a minister resigns, a military officer resigns, a clerk resigns. The expression, "The king resigned his crown," sometimes occurs in our later literature, implying that he held it from his people. -- There are other senses of resign which are not here brought into view.

Ab"di*cate (&?;), v. i. To relinquish or renounce a throne, or other high office or dignity.

> Though a king may abdicate for his own person, he cannot abdicate for the monarchy.
> Burke.

Ab`di*ca"tion (&?;), n. [L. abdicatio: cf. F. abdication.] The act of abdicating; the renunciation of a high office, dignity, or trust, by its holder; commonly the voluntary renunciation of sovereign power; as, abdication of the throne, government, power, authority.

Ab"di*ca*tive (&?;), a. [L. abdicativus.] Causing, or implying, abdication. [R.] Bailey.

Ab"di*ca`tor (&?;), n. One who abdicates.

Ab"di*tive (&?;), a. [L. abditivus, fr. abdere to hide.] Having the quality of hiding. [R.] Bailey.

Ab"di*to*ry (&?;), n. [L. abditorium.] A place for hiding or preserving articles of value. Cowell.

Ab*do"men (&?;), n. [L. abdomen (a word of uncertain etymol.): cf. F. abdomen.] 1. (Anat.) The belly, or that part of the body between the thorax and the pelvis. Also, the cavity of the belly, which is lined by the peritoneum, and contains the stomach, bowels, and other viscera. In man, often restricted to the part between the diaphragm and the commencement of the pelvis, the remainder being called the pelvic cavity.

2. (Zoöl.) The posterior section of the body, behind the thorax, in insects, crustaceans, and other Arthropoda.

Ab*dom"i*nal (&?;), a. [Cf. F. abdominal.] 1. Of or pertaining to the abdomen; ventral; as, the abdominal regions, muscles, cavity.

2. (Zoöl.) Having abdominal fins; belonging to the Abdominales; as, abdominal fishes.

Abdominal ring (Anat.), a fancied ringlike opening on each side of the abdomen, external and superior to the pubes; -- called also inguinal ring.

Ab*dom"i*nal, n.; E. pl. Abdominals, L. pl. Abdominales. A fish of the group Abdominales.

||Ab*dom`i*na"les (&?;), n. pl. [NL., masc. pl.] (Zoöl.) A group including the greater part of fresh- water fishes, and many marine ones, having the ventral fins under the abdomen behind the pectorals.

||Ab*dom`i*na"li*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl.] (Zoöl.) A group of cirripeds having abdominal appendages.

Ab*dom`i*nos"co*py (&?;), n. [L. abdomen + Gr. &?; to examine.] (Med.) Examination of the abdomen to detect abdominal disease.

Ab*dom`i*no*tho*rac"ic (&?;), a. Relating to the abdomen and the thorax, or chest.

Ab*dom"i*nous (&?;), a. Having a protuberant belly; pot-bellied.

> Gorgonius sits, abdominous and wan,
> Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan.
> Cowper.

Ab*duce" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abduced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abducing.] [L. abducere to lead away; ab + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Abduct.] To draw or conduct away; to withdraw; to draw to a different part. [Obs.]

> If we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object will not duplicate.
> Sir T. Browne.

Ab*duct" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abducted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abducting.] [L. abductus, p. p. of abducere. See Abduce.] 1. To take away surreptitiously by force; to carry away (a human being) wrongfully and usually by violence; to kidnap.

2. To draw away, as a limb or other part, from its ordinary position.

Ab*duc"tion (&?;), n. [L. abductio: cf. F. abduction.] 1. The act of abducing or abducting; a drawing apart; a carrying away. Roget.

2. (Physiol.) The movement which separates a limb or other part from the axis, or middle line, of the body.

3. (Law) The wrongful, and usually the forcible, carrying off of a human being; as, the abduction of a child, the abduction of an heiress.

4. (Logic) A syllogism or form of argument in which the major is evident, but the minor is only probable.

Ab*duc"tor (&?;), n. [NL.] 1. One who abducts.

2. (Anat.) A muscle which serves to draw a part out, or form the median line of the body; as, the abductor oculi, which draws the eye outward.

A*beam" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + beam.] (Naut.) On the beam, that is, on a line which forms a right angle with the ship's keel; opposite to the center of the ship's side.

A*bear" (&?;), v. t. [AS. beran; pref. - + beran to bear.] 1. To bear; to behave. [Obs.]

> So did the faery knight himself abear.
> Spenser.

2. To put up with; to endure. [Prov.] Dickens.

A*bear"ance (&?;), n. Behavior. [Obs.] Blackstone.

A*bear"ing, n. Behavior. [Obs.] Sir. T. More.

A`be*ce*da"ri*an (&?;), n. [L. abecedarius. A word from the first four letters of the alphabet.] 1. One who is learning the alphabet; hence, a tyro.

2. One engaged in teaching the alphabet. Wood.

{ A`be*ce*da"ri*an, A`be*ce"da*ry (&?;), } a. Pertaining to, or formed by, the letters of the alphabet; alphabetic; hence, rudimentary.

Abecedarian psalms, hymns, etc., compositions in which (like the 119th psalm in Hebrew) distinct portions or verses commence with successive letters of the alphabet. Hook.

A`be*ce"da*ry (&?;), n. A primer; the first principle or rudiment of anything. [R.] Fuller.

A*bed" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- in, on + bed.] 1. In bed, or on the bed.

> Not to be abed after midnight.
> Shak.

2. To childbed (in the phrase "brought abed," that is, delivered of a child). Shak.

A*beg"ge (&?;). Same as Aby. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*bele" (&?;), n. [D. abeel (abeel- boom), OF. abel, aubel, fr. a dim. of L. albus white.] The white poplar (Populus alba).

> Six abeles i' the churchyard grow.
> Mrs. Browning.

{ A*bel"i*an (&?;), A"bel*ite (&?;), A`bel*o"ni*an (&?;), } n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in Africa (4th century), mentioned by St. Augustine, who states that they married, but lived in continence, after the manner, as they pretended, of Abel.

A"bel*mosk` (&?;), n. [NL. abelmoschus, fr. Ar. abu-l-misk father of musk, i. e., producing musk. See Musk.] (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Hibiscus -- formerly Abelmoschus -- moschatus), of the East and West Indies and Northern Africa, whose musky seeds are used in perfumery and to flavor coffee; -- sometimes called musk mallow.

Ab`er-de-vine" (#), n. (Zoöl.) The European siskin (Carduelis spinus), a small green and yellow finch, related to the goldfinch.

Ab*err" (&?;), v. i. [L. aberrare. See Aberrate.] To wander; to stray. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

{ Ab*er"rance (&?;), Ab*er"ran*cy (&?;), } n. State of being aberrant; a wandering from the right way; deviation from truth, rectitude, etc.

Aberrancy of curvature (Geom.), the deviation of a curve from a circular form.

Ab*er"rant (&?;), a. [L. aberrans, -rantis, p. pr. of aberrare. See Aberr.] 1. Wandering; straying from the right way.

2. (Biol.) Deviating from the ordinary or natural type; exceptional; abnormal.

> The more aberrant any form is, the greater must have been the number of connecting forms which, on my theory, have been exterminated.
> Darwin.

Ab"er*rate (&?;), v. i. [L. aberratus, p. pr. of aberrare; ab + errare to wander. See Err.] To go astray; to diverge. [R.]

> Their own defective and aberrating vision.
> De Quincey.

Ab`er*ra"tion (&?;), n. [L. aberratio: cf. F. aberration. See Aberrate.] 1. The act of wandering; deviation, especially from truth or moral rectitude, from the natural state, or from a type. "The aberration of youth." Hall. "Aberrations from theory." Burke.

2. A partial alienation of reason. "Occasional aberrations of intellect." Lingard.

> Whims, which at first are the aberrations of a single brain, pass with heat into epidemic form.
> I. Taylor.

3. (Astron.) A small periodical change of position in the stars and other heavenly bodies, due to the combined effect of the motion of light and the motion of the observer; called annual aberration, when the observer's motion is that of the earth in its orbit, and daily or diurnal aberration, when of the earth on its axis; amounting when greatest, in the former case, to 20.4'', and in the latter, to 0.3''. Planetary aberration is that due to the motion of light and the motion of the planet relative to the earth.

4. (Opt.) The convergence to different foci, by a lens or mirror, of rays of light emanating from one and the same point, or the deviation of such rays from a single focus; called spherical aberration, when due to the spherical form of the lens or mirror, such form giving different foci for central and marginal rays; and chromatic aberration, when due to different refrangibilities of the colored rays of the spectrum, those of each color having a distinct focus.

5. (Physiol.) The passage of blood or other fluid into parts not appropriate for it.

6. (Law) The producing of an unintended effect by the glancing of an instrument, as when a shot intended for A glances and strikes B.

Syn. -- Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; alienation; mania; dementia; hallucination; illusion; delusion. See Insanity.

Ab`er*ra"tion*al (&?;), a. Characterized by aberration.

Ab`e*run"cate (&?;), v. t. [L. aberuncare, for aberruncare. See Averruncate.] To weed out. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab`e*run"ca*tor (&?;), n. A weeding machine.

A*bet" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abetted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abetting.] [OF. abeter; a (L. ad) + beter to bait (as a bear), fr. Icel. beita to set dogs on, to feed, originally, to cause to bite, fr. Icel. bta to bite, hence to bait, to incite. See Bait, Bet.] 1. To instigate or encourage by aid or countenance; -- used in a bad sense of persons and acts; as, to abet an ill-doer; to abet one in his wicked courses; to abet vice; to abet an insurrection. "The whole tribe abets the villany." South.

> Would not the fool abet the stealth,
> Who rashly thus exposed his wealth?
> Gay.

2. To support, uphold, or aid; to maintain; -- in a good sense. [Obs.].

> Our duty is urged, and our confidence abetted.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. (Law) To contribute, as an assistant or instigator, to the commission of an offense.

Syn. -- To incite; instigate; set on; egg on; foment; advocate; countenance; encourage; second; uphold; aid; assist; support; sustain; back; connive at.

A*bet" (&?;), n. [OF. abet, fr. abeter.] Act of abetting; aid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*bet"ment (-ment), n. The act of abetting; as, an abetment of treason, crime, etc.

A*bet"tal (&?;), n. Abetment. [R.]

<! p. 4 !>

{ A*bet"ter, A*bet*tor } (&?;), n. One who abets; an instigator of an offense or an offender.

The form abettor is the legal term and also in general use.

Syn. -- Abettor, Accessory, Accomplice. These words denote different degrees of complicity in some deed or crime. An abettor is one who incites or encourages to the act, without sharing in its performance. An accessory supposes a principal offender. One who is neither the chief actor in an offense, nor present at its performance, but accedes to or becomes involved in its guilt, either by some previous or subsequent act, as of instigating, encouraging, aiding, or concealing, etc., is an accessory. An accomplice is one who participates in the commission of an offense, whether as principal or accessory. Thus in treason, there are no abettors or accessories, but all are held to be principals or accomplices.

Ab`e*vac"u*a"tion (&?;), n. [Pref. ab- + evacuation.] (Med.) A partial evacuation. Mayne.

A*bey"ance (&?;), n. [OF. abeance expectation, longing; a (L. ad) + baer, beer, to gape, to look with open mouth, to expect, F. bayer, LL. badare to gape.] 1. (Law) Expectancy; condition of being undetermined.

When there is no person in existence in whom an inheritance (or a dignity) can vest, it is said to be in abeyance, that is, in expectation; the law considering it as always potentially existing, and ready to vest whenever a proper owner appears. Blackstone.

2. Suspension; temporary suppression.

> Keeping the sympathies of love and admiration in a dormant state, or state of abeyance.
> De Quincey.

A*bey"an*cy (&?;), n. Abeyance. [R.] Hawthorne.

A*bey"ant (&?;), a. Being in a state of abeyance.

||Ab"hal (&?;), n. The berries of a species of cypress in the East Indies.

Ab*hom"i*na*ble (&?;), a. Abominable. [A false orthography anciently used; h was foisted into various words; hence abholish, for abolish, etc.]

> This is abhominable, which he [Don Armado] would call abominable.
> Shak. Love's Labor's Lost, v. 1.

Ab*hom`i*nal (&?;), a. [L. ab away from + homo, hominis, man.] Inhuman. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ab*hor" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abhorred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abhorring.] [L. abhorrere; ab + horrere to bristle, shiver, shudder: cf. F. abhorrer. See Horrid.] 1. To shrink back with shuddering from; to regard with horror or detestation; to feel excessive repugnance toward; to detest to extremity; to loathe.

> Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good.
> Rom. xii. 9.

2. To fill with horror or disgust. [Obs.]

> It doth abhor me now I speak the word.
> Shak.

3. (Canon Law) To protest against; to reject solemnly. [Obs.]

> I utterly abhor, yea, from my soul
> Refuse you for my judge.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To hate; detest; loathe; abominate. See Hate.

Ab*hor", v. i. To shrink back with horror, disgust, or dislike; to be contrary or averse; -- with from. [Obs.] "To abhor from those vices." Udall.

> Which is utterly abhorring from the end of all law.
> Milton.

Ab*hor"rence (&?;), n. Extreme hatred or detestation; the feeling of utter dislike.

Ab*hor"ren*cy (&?;), n. Abhorrence. [Obs.] Locke.

Ab*hor"rent (&?;), a. [L. abhorens, -rentis, p. pr. of abhorrere.] 1. Abhorring; detesting; having or showing abhorrence; loathing; hence, strongly opposed to; as, abhorrent thoughts.

> The persons most abhorrent from blood and treason.
> Burke.

> The arts of pleasure in despotic courts
> I spurn abhorrent.
> Clover.

2. Contrary or repugnant; discordant; inconsistent; -- followed by to. "Injudicious profanation, so abhorrent to our stricter principles." Gibbon.

3. Detestable. "Pride, abhorrent as it is." I. Taylor.

Ab*hor"rent*ly, adv. With abhorrence.

Ab*hor"rer (&?;), n. One who abhors. Hume.

Ab*hor"ri*ble (&?;), a. Detestable. [R.]

Ab*hor"ring (&?;), n. 1. Detestation. Milton.

2. Object of abhorrence. Isa. lxvi. 24.

||A"bib (&?;), n. [Heb. abb, lit. an ear of corn. The month was so called from barley being at that time in ear.] The first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, corresponding nearly to our April. After the Babylonish captivity this month was called Nisan. Kitto.

A*bid"ance (&?;), n. The state of abiding; abode; continuance; compliance (with).

> The Christians had no longer abidance in the holy hill of Palestine.
> Fuller.

> A judicious abidance by rules.
> Helps.

A*bide" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abode (&?;), formerly Abid(&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abiding (&?;).] [AS. bdan; pref. - (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + bdan to bide. See Bide.] 1. To wait; to pause; to delay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To stay; to continue in a place; to have one's abode; to dwell; to sojourn; -- with with before a person, and commonly with at or in before a place.

> Let the damsel abide with us a few days.
> Gen. xxiv. 55.

3. To remain stable or fixed in some state or condition; to continue; to remain.

> Let every man abide in the same calling.
> 1 Cor. vii. 20.

Followed by by: To abide by. (a) To stand to; to adhere; to maintain.

> The poor fellow was obstinate enough to abide by what he said at first.
> Fielding.

(b) To acquiesce; to conform to; as, to abide by a decision or an award.

A*bide", v. t. 1. To wait for; to be prepared for; to await; to watch for; as, I abide my time. "I will abide the coming of my lord." Tennyson.

[[Obs.], with a personal object.

> Bonds and afflictions abide me.
> Acts xx. 23.

2. To endure; to sustain; to submit to.

> [Thou] shalt abide her judgment on it.
> Tennyson.

3. To bear patiently; to tolerate; to put up with.

> She could not abide Master Shallow.
> Shak.

4. [Confused with aby to pay for. See Aby.] To stand the consequences of; to answer for; to suffer for.

> Dearly I abide that boast so vain.
> Milton.

A*bid"er (&?;), n. 1. One who abides, or continues. [Obs.] "Speedy goers and strong abiders." Sidney.

2. One who dwells; a resident. Speed.

A*bid"ing, a. Continuing; lasting.

A*bid"ing*ly, adv. Permanently. Carlyle.

||A"bi*es (&?;), n. [L., fir tree.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, properly called Fir, as the balsam fir and the silver fir. The spruces are sometimes also referred to this genus.

Ab"i*e*tene (&?;), n. [L. abies, abietis, a fir tree.] A volatile oil distilled from the resin or balsam of the nut pine (Pinus sabiniana) of California.

Ab`i*et"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the fir tree or its products; as, abietic acid, called also sylvic acid. Watts.

{ Ab"i*e*tin, Ab"i*e*tine } (&?;), n. [See Abietene.] (Chem.) A resinous obtained from Strasburg turpentine or Canada balsam. It is without taste or smell, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol (especially at the boiling point), in strong acetic acid, and in ether. Watts.

Ab`i*e*tin"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to abietin; as, abietinic acid.

Ab"i*e*tite (&?;), n. (Chem.) A substance resembling mannite, found in the needles of the common silver fir of Europe (Abies pectinata). Eng. Cyc.

Ab"i*gail (&?;), n. [The proper name used as an appellative.] A lady's waiting-maid. Pepys.

> Her abigail reported that Mrs. Gutheridge had a set of night curls for sleeping in.
> Leslie.

A*bil"i*ment (*bl"*ment), n. Habiliment. [Obs.]

A*bil"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Abilities(&?;). [F. habileté, earlier spelling habilité (with silent h), L. habilitas aptitude, ability, fr. habilis apt. See Able.] The quality or state of being able; power to perform, whether physical, moral, intellectual, conventional, or legal; capacity; skill or competence in doing; sufficiency of strength, skill, resources, etc.; -- in the plural, faculty, talent.

> Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren.
> Acts xi. 29.

> Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study.
> Bacon.

> The public men of England, with much of a peculiar kind of ability.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- Capacity; talent; cleverness; faculty; capability; efficiency; aptitude; aptness; address; dexterity; skill. Ability, Capacity. These words come into comparison when applied to the higher intellectual powers. Ability has reference to the active exercise of our faculties. It implies not only native vigor of mind, but that ease and promptitude of execution which arise from mental training. Thus, we speak of the ability with which a book is written, an argument maintained, a negotiation carried on, etc. It always something to be done, and the power of doing it. Capacity has reference to the receptive powers. In its higher exercises it supposes great quickness of apprehension and breadth of intellect, with an uncommon aptitude for acquiring and retaining knowledge. Hence it carries with it the idea of resources and undeveloped power. Thus we speak of the extraordinary capacity of such men as Lord Bacon, Blaise Pascal, and Edmund Burke. "Capacity," says H. Taylor, "is requisite to devise, and ability to execute, a great enterprise." The word abilities, in the plural, embraces both these qualities, and denotes high mental endowments.

A*bime" or A*byme" (#), n. [F. abîme. See Abysm.] A abyss. [Obs.]

Ab`i*o*gen"e*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; life + &?;, origin, birth.] (Biol.) The supposed origination of living organisms from lifeless matter; such genesis as does not involve the action of living parents; spontaneous generation; -- called also abiogeny, and opposed to biogenesis.

> I shall call the . . . doctrine that living matter may be produced by not living matter, the hypothesis of abiogenesis.
> Huxley, 1870.

Ab`i*o*ge*net"ic (&?;), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to abiogenesis. Ab`i*o*ge*net"ic*al*ly, adv.

Ab`i*og"e*nist (&?;), n. (Biol.) One who believes that life can be produced independently of antecedent. Huxley.

Ab`i*og"e*nous (&?;), a. (Biol.) Produced by spontaneous generation.

Ab`i*og"e*ny (&?;), n. (Biol.) Same as Abiogenesis.

Ab`i*o*log"ic*al (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + E. biological.] Pertaining to the study of inanimate things.

Ab*ir"ri*tant (&?;), n. (Med.) A medicine that diminishes irritation.

Ab*ir"ri*tate (&?;), v. t. [Pref. ab- + irritate.] (Med.) To diminish the sensibility of; to debilitate.

Ab*ir`ri*ta"tion (&?;), n. (Med.) A pathological condition opposite to that of irritation; debility; want of strength; asthenia.

Ab*ir"ri*ta*tive (&?;), a. (Med.) Characterized by abirritation or debility.

A*bit" (&?;), 3d sing. pres. of Abide. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ab"ject (&?;), a. [L. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere to throw away; ab + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. Cast down; low- lying. [Obs.]

> From the safe shore their floating carcasses
> And broken chariot wheels; so thick bestrown
> Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood.
> Milton.

2. Sunk to a law condition; down in spirit or hope; degraded; servile; groveling; despicable; as, abject posture, fortune, thoughts. "Base and abject flatterers." Addison. "An abject liar." Macaulay.

> And banish hence these abject, lowly dreams.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Mean; groveling; cringing; mean-spirited; slavish; ignoble; worthless; vile; beggarly; contemptible; degraded.

Ab*ject" (&?;), v. t. [From Abject, a.] To cast off or down; hence, to abase; to degrade; to lower; to debase. [Obs.] Donne.

Ab"ject (&?;), n. A person in the lowest and most despicable condition; a castaway. [Obs.]

> Shall these abjects, these victims, these outcasts, know any thing of pleasure?
> I. Taylor.

Ab*ject"ed*ness (&?;), n. A very abject or low condition; abjectness. [R.] Boyle.

Ab*jec"tion (&?;), n. [F. abjection, L. abjectio.] 1. The act of bringing down or humbling. "The abjection of the king and his realm." Joe.

2. The state of being rejected or cast out. [R.]

> An adjection from the beatific regions where God, and his angels and saints, dwell forever.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. A low or downcast state; meanness of spirit; abasement; degradation.

> That this should be termed baseness, abjection of mind, or servility, is it credible?
> Hooker.

Ab"ject*ly (&?;), adv. Meanly; servilely.

Ab"ject*ness, n. The state of being abject; abasement; meanness; servility. Grew.

Ab*judge" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. ab- + judge, v. Cf. Abjudicate.] To take away by judicial decision. [R.]

Ab*ju"di*cate (&?;), v. t. [L. abjudicatus, p. p. of abjudicare; ab + judicare. See Judge, and cf. Abjudge.] To reject by judicial sentence; also, to abjudge. [Obs.] Ash.

Ab*ju`di*ca"tion (&?;), n. Rejection by judicial sentence. [R.] Knowles.

Ab"ju*gate (&?;), v. t. [L. abjugatus, p. p. of abjugare.] To unyoke. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab*junc"tive (&?;), a. [L. abjunctus, p. p. of abjungere; ab + jungere to join.] Exceptional. [R.]

> It is this power which leads on from the accidental and abjunctive to the universal.
> I. Taylor.

Ab`ju*ra"tion (&?;), n. [L. abjuratio: cf. F. abjuration.] 1. The act of abjuring or forswearing; a renunciation upon oath; as, abjuration of the realm, a sworn banishment, an oath taken to leave the country and never to return.

2. A solemn recantation or renunciation; as, an abjuration of heresy.

Oath of abjuration, an oath asserting the right of the present royal family to the crown of England, and expressly abjuring allegiance to the descendants of the Pretender. Brande & C.

Ab*ju"ra*to*ry (&?;), a. Containing abjuration.

Ab*jure" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abjured (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abjuring (&?;).] [L. abjurare to deny upon oath; ab + jurare to swear, fr. jus, juris, right, law; cf. F. abjurer. See Jury.] 1. To renounce upon oath; to forswear; to disavow; as, to abjure allegiance to a prince. To abjure the realm, is to swear to abandon it forever.

2. To renounce or reject with solemnity; to recant; to abandon forever; to reject; repudiate; as, to abjure errors. "Magic I here abjure." Shak.

Syn. -- See Renounce.

Ab*jure", v. i. To renounce on oath. Bp. Burnet.

Ab*jure"ment (-ment), n. Renunciation. [R.]

Ab*jur"er (&?;), n. One who abjures.

Ab*lac"tate (&?;), v. t. [L. ablactatus, p. p. of ablactare; ab + lactare to suckle, fr. lac milk.] To wean. [R.] Bailey.

Ab`lac*ta"tion (&?;). n. 1. The weaning of a child from the breast, or of young beasts from their dam. Blount.

2. (Hort.) The process of grafting now called inarching, or grafting by approach.

Ab*la"que*ate (&?;), v. t. [L. ablaqueatus, p. p. of. ablaqueare; fr. ab + laqueus a noose.] To lay bare, as the roots of a tree. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab*la`que*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. ablaqueatio.] The act or process of laying bare the roots of trees to expose them to the air and water. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Ab`las*tem"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; growth.] (Biol.) Non-germinal.

Ab*la"tion (&?;), n. [L. ablatio, fr. ablatus p. p. of auferre to carry away; ab + latus, p. p. of ferre carry: cf. F. ablation. See Tolerate.] 1. A carrying or taking away; removal. Jer. Taylor.

2. (Med.) Extirpation. Dunglison.

3. (Geol.) Wearing away; superficial waste. Tyndall.

Ab`la*ti"tious (&?;), a. Diminishing; as, an ablatitious force. Sir J. Herschel.

Ab"la*tive (&?;), a. [F. ablatif, ablative, L. ablativus fr. ablatus. See Ablation.] 1. Taking away or removing. [Obs.]

> Where the heart is forestalled with misopinion, ablative directions are found needful to unteach error, ere we can learn truth.
> Bp. Hall.

2. (Gram.) Applied to one of the cases of the noun in Latin and some other languages, -- the fundamental meaning of the case being removal, separation, or taking away.

Ab"la*tive, (Gram.) The ablative case.

ablative absolute, a construction in Latin, in which a noun in the ablative case has a participle (either expressed or implied), agreeing with it in gender, number, and case, both words forming a clause by themselves and being unconnected, grammatically, with the rest of the sentence; as, Tarquinio regnante, Pythagoras venit, i. e., Tarquinius reigning, Pythagoras came.

||Ab"laut (&?;), n. [Ger., off-sound; ab off + laut sound.] (Philol.) The substitution of one root vowel for another, thus indicating a corresponding modification of use or meaning; vowel permutation; as, get, gat, got; sing, song; hang, hung. Earle.

<! p. 5 !>

A*blaze" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + blaze.] 1. On fire; in a blaze, gleaming. Milman.

> All ablaze with crimson and gold.
> Longfellow.

2. In a state of glowing excitement or ardent desire.

> The young Cambridge democrats were all ablaze to assist Torrijos.
> Carlyle.

A"ble (&?;), a. [Comp. Abler (&?;); superl. Ablest (&?;).] [OF. habile, L. habilis that may be easily held or managed, apt, skillful, fr. habere to have, hold. Cf. Habile and see Habit.] 1. Fit; adapted; suitable. [Obs.]

> A many man, to ben an abbot able.
> Chaucer.

2. Having sufficient power, strength, force, skill, means, or resources of any kind to accomplish the object; possessed of qualifications rendering competent for some end; competent; qualified; capable; as, an able workman, soldier, seaman, a man able to work; a mind able to reason; a person able to be generous; able to endure pain; able to play on a piano.

3. Specially: Having intellectual qualifications, or strong mental powers; showing ability or skill; talented; clever; powerful; as, the ablest man in the senate; an able speech.

> No man wrote abler state papers.
> Macaulay.

4. (Law) Legally qualified; possessed of legal competence; as, able to inherit or devise property.

Able for, is Scotticism. "Hardly able for such a march."
Robertson.

Syn. -- Competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; capable; skillful; clever; vigorous; powerful.

A"ble, v. t. [See Able, a.] [Obs.] 1. To make able; to enable; to strengthen. Chaucer.

2. To vouch for. "I 'll able them." Shak.

-a*ble (-*b'l). [F. -able, L. -abilis.] An adjective suffix now usually in a passive sense; able to be; fit to be; expressing capacity or worthiness in a passive sense; as, movable, able to be moved; amendable, able to be amended; blamable, fit to be blamed; salable.

The form -ible is used in the same sense.

It is difficult to say when we are not to use -able instead of -ible. "Yet a rule may be laid down as to when we are to use it. To all verbs, then, from the Anglo-Saxon, to all based on the uncorrupted infinitival stems of Latin verbs of the first conjugation, and to all substantives, whencesoever sprung, we annex -able only." Fitzed. Hall.

A`ble-bod"ied (&?;), a. Having a sound, strong body; physically competent; robust. "Able-bodied vagrant." Froude. -- A`ble-bod"ied*ness, n..

Ab"le*gate (&?;), v. t. [L. ablegatus, p. p. of ablegare; ab + legare to send with a commission. See Legate.] To send abroad. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab"le*gate (&?;), n. (R. C. Ch.) A representative of the pope charged with important commissions in foreign countries, one of his duties being to bring to a newly named cardinal his insignia of office.

Ab`le*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. ablegatio.] The act of sending abroad. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

A`ble-mind"ed (#), a. Having much intellectual power. -- A`ble-mind"ed*ness, n.

A"ble*ness (&?;), n. Ability of body or mind; force; vigor. [Obs. or R.]

Ab"lep*sy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to see.] Blindness. [R.] Urquhart.

A"bler (&?;), a., comp. of Able. -- A"blest (&?;), a., superl. of Able.

Ab"let (&?;), Ab"len [F. ablet, ablette, a dim. fr. LL. abula, for albula, dim. of albus white. Cf. Abele.] (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water fish (Leuciscus alburnus); the bleak.

Ab"li*gate (&?;), v. t. [L. ab + ligatus, p. p. of ligare to tie.] To tie up so as to hinder from. [Obs.]

Ab*lig`u*ri"tion (&?;), n. [L. abligurito, fr. abligurire to spend in luxurious indulgence; ab + ligurire to be lickerish, dainty, fr. lingere to lick.] Prodigal expense for food. [Obs.] Bailey.

A"blins (&?;), adv. [See Able.] Perhaps. [Scot.]

A*bloom" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + bloom.] In or into bloom; in a blooming state. Masson.

Ab*lude" (&?;), v. t. [L. abludere; ab + ludere to play.] To be unlike; to differ. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ab"lu*ent (&?;), a. [L. abluens, p. pr. of. abluere to wash away; ab + luere (lavere, lavare). See Lave.] Washing away; carrying off impurities; detergent. -- n. (Med.) A detergent.

A*blush" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + blush.] Blushing; ruddy.

Ab*lu`tion (&?;), n. [L. ablutio, fr. abluere: cf. F. ablution. See Abluent.] 1. The act of washing or cleansing; specifically, the washing of the body, or some part of it, as a religious rite.

2. The water used in cleansing. "Cast the ablutions in the main." Pope.

3. (R. C. Ch.) A small quantity of wine and water, which is used to wash the priest's thumb and index finger after the communion, and which then, as perhaps containing portions of the consecrated elements, is drunk by the priest.

Ab*lu"tion*a*ry (&?;), a. Pertaining to ablution.

Ab*lu"vi*on (&?;), n. [LL. abluvio. See Abluent.] That which is washed off. [R.] Dwight.

A"bly (&?;), adv. In an able manner; with great ability; as, ably done, planned, said.

-a*bly(&?;). A suffix composed of -able and the adverbial suffix -ly; as, favorably.

Ab"ne*gate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abnegated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abnegating.] [L. abnegatus,p. p. of abnegare; ab + negare to deny. See Deny.] To deny and reject; to abjure. Sir E. Sandys. Farrar.

Ab`ne*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. abnegatio: cf. F. abnégation.] a denial; a renunciation.

> With abnegation of God, of his honor, and of religion, they may retain the friendship of the court.
> Knox.

Ab"ne*ga*tive (&?;), a. [L. abnegativus.] Denying; renouncing; negative. [R.] Clarke.

Ab"ne*ga`tor (&?;), n. [L.] One who abnegates, denies, or rejects anything. [R.]

||Ab"net (&?;), n. [Heb.] The girdle of a Jewish priest or officer.

Ab"no*date (&?;), v. t. [L. abnodatus, p. p. of abnodare; ab + nodus knot.] To clear (tress) from knots. [R.] Blount.

Ab`no*da"tion (&?;), n. The act of cutting away the knots of trees. [R.] Crabb.

Ab*nor"mal (&?;), a. [For earlier anormal.F. anormal, LL. anormalus for anomalus, Gr. &?;. Confused with L. abnormis. See Anomalous, Abnormous, Anormal.] Not conformed to rule or system; deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. "That deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. " Froude.

Ab`nor*mal"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Abnormalities (&?;). 1. The state or quality of being abnormal; variation; irregularity. Darwin.

2. Something abnormal.

Ab*nor"mal*ly (&?;), adv. In an abnormal manner; irregularly. Darwin.

Ab*nor"mi*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Abnormities (&?;). [LL. abnormitas. See Abnormous.] Departure from the ordinary type; irregularity; monstrosity. "An abnormity . . . like a calf born with two heads." Mrs. Whitney.

Ab*nor"mous (&?;), a. [L. abnormis; ab + norma rule. See Normal.] Abnormal; irregular. Hallam.

> A character of a more abnormous cast than his equally suspected coadjutor.
> State Trials.

A*board" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- on, in + board.] 1. On board; into or within a ship or boat; hence, into or within a railway car.

2. Alongside; as, close aboard.

Naut.: To fall aboard of, to strike a ship's side; to fall foul of. -- To haul the tacks aboard, to set the courses. -- To keep the land aboard, to hug the shore. -- To lay (a ship) aboard, to place one's own ship close alongside of (a ship) for fighting.

A*board", prep. 1. On board of; as, to go aboard a ship.

2. Across; athwart. [Obs.]

> Nor iron bands aboard
> The Pontic Sea by their huge navy cast.
> Spenser.

A*bod"ance (&?;), n. [See Bode.] An omen; a portending. [Obs.]

A*bode" (&?;), pret. of Abide.

A*bode", n. [OE. abad, abood, fr. abiden to abide. See Abide. For the change of vowel, cf. abode, imp. of abide.] 1. Act of waiting; delay. [Obs.] Shak.

> And with her fled away without abode.
> Spenser.

2. Stay or continuance in a place; sojourn.

> He waxeth at your abode here.
> Fielding.

3. Place of continuance, or where one dwells; abiding place; residence; a dwelling; a habitation.

> Come, let me lead you to our poor abode.
> Wordsworth.

A*bode", n. [See Bode, v. t.] An omen. [Obs.]

> High-thundering Juno's husband stirs my spirit with true abodes.
> Chapman.

A*bode", v. t. To bode; to foreshow. [Obs.] Shak.

A*bode", v. i. To be ominous. [Obs.] Dryden.

A*bode"ment (-ment), n. A foreboding; an omen. [Obs.] "Abodements must not now affright us." Shak.

A*bod"ing (&?;), n. A foreboding. [Obs.]

A*bol"ish (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abolished (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abolishing.] [F. abolir, L. abolere, aboletum; ab + olere to grow. Cf. Finish.]

1. To do away with wholly; to annul; to make void; -- said of laws, customs, institutions, governments, etc.; as, to abolish slavery, to abolish folly.

2. To put an end to, or destroy, as a physical objects; to wipe out. [Archaic]

> And with thy blood abolish so reproachful blot.
> Spenser.

> His quick instinctive hand
> Caught at the hilt, as to abolish him.
> Tennyson.

Syn. -- To Abolish, Repeal, Abrogate, Revoke, Annul, Nullify, Cancel. These words have in common the idea of setting aside by some overruling act. Abolish applies particularly to things of a permanent nature, such as institutions, usages, customs, etc.; as, to abolish monopolies, serfdom, slavery. Repeal describes the act by which the legislature of a state sets aside a law which it had previously enacted. Abrogate was originally applied to the repeal of a law by the Roman people; and hence, when the power of making laws was usurped by the emperors, the term was applied to their act of setting aside the laws. Thus it came to express that act by which a sovereign or an executive government sets aside laws, ordinances, regulations, treaties, conventions, etc. Revoke denotes the act of recalling some previous grant which conferred, privilege, etc.; as, to revoke a decree, to revoke a power of attorney, a promise, etc. Thus, also, we speak of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Annul is used in a more general sense, denoting simply to make void; as, to annul a contract, to annul an agreement. Nullify is an old word revived in this country, and applied to the setting of things aside either by force or by total disregard; as, to nullify an act of Congress. Cancel is to strike out or annul, by a deliberate exercise of power, something which has operative force.

A*bol"ish*a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. abolissable.] Capable of being abolished.

A*bol"ish*er (&?;), n. One who abolishes.

A*bol"ish*ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. abolissement.] The act of abolishing; abolition; destruction. Hooker.

Ab"o*li"tion (&?;), n. [L. abolitio, fr. abolere: cf. F. abolition. See Abolish.] The act of abolishing, or the state of being abolished; an annulling; abrogation; utter destruction; as, the abolition of slavery or the slave trade; the abolition of laws, decrees, ordinances, customs, taxes, debts, etc.

The application of this word to persons is now unusual or obsolete

Ab`o*li"tion*ism (&?;), n. The principles or measures of abolitionists. Wilberforce.

Ab`o*li"tion*ist, n. A person who favors the abolition of any institution, especially negro slavery.

Ab`o*li`tion*ize (&?;), v. t. To imbue with the principles of abolitionism. [R.] Bartlett.

||A*bo"ma (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A large South American serpent (Boa aboma).

{ ||Ab`o*ma"sum (&?;), ||Ab`o*ma"sus (&?;), } n. [NL., fr. L. ab + omasum (a Celtic word).] (Anat.) The fourth or digestive stomach of a ruminant, which leads from the third stomach omasum. See Ruminantia.

A*bom"i*na*ble (&?;), a. [F. abominable. L. abominalis. See Abominate.] 1. Worthy of, or causing, abhorrence, as a thing of evil omen; odious in the utmost degree; very hateful; detestable; loathsome; execrable.

2. Excessive; large; -- used as an intensive. [Obs.]

Juliana Berners . . . informs us that in her time [15th c.], "abomynable syght of monkes" was elegant English for "a large company of friars." G. P. Marsh.

A*bom"i*na*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being abominable; odiousness. Bentley.

A*bom"i*na*bly (&?;), adv. In an abominable manner; very odiously; detestably.

A*bom"i*nate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abominating.] [L. abominatus, p. p. or abominari to deprecate as ominous, to abhor, to curse; ab + omen a foreboding. See Omen.] To turn from as ill-omened; to hate in the highest degree, as if with religious dread; loathe; as, to abominate all impiety.

Syn. -- To hate; abhor; loathe; detest. See Hate.

A*bom`i*na"tion (&?;), n. [OE. abominacioun, -cion, F. abominatio. See Abominate.] 1. The feeling of extreme disgust and hatred; abhorrence; detestation; loathing; as, he holds tobacco in abomination.

2. That which is abominable; anything hateful, wicked, or shamefully vile; an object or state that excites disgust and hatred; a hateful or shameful vice; pollution.

> Antony, most large in his abominations.
> Shak.

3. A cause of pollution or wickedness.

Syn. -- Detestation; loathing; abhorrence; disgust; aversion; loathsomeness; odiousness. Sir W. Scott.

A*boon" (&?;), prep. and adv. Above. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

> Aboon the pass of Bally-Brough.
> Sir W. Scott.

> The ceiling fair that rose aboon.
> J. R. Drake.

Ab*o"ral (&?;), a. [L. ab. + E. oral.] (Zoöl.) Situated opposite to, or away from, the mouth.

||A*bord" (&?;), n. [F.] Manner of approaching or accosting; address. Chesterfield.

A*bord" (&?;), v. t. [F. aborder, à (L. ad) + bord rim, brim, or side of a vessel. See Border, Board.] To approach; to accost. [Obs.] Digby.

Ab`o*rig"i*nal (&?;), a. [See Aborigines.]

1. First; original; indigenous; primitive; native; as, the aboriginal tribes of America. "Mantled o'er with aboriginal turf." Wordsworth.

2. Of or pertaining to aborigines; as, a Hindoo of aboriginal blood.

Ab`o*rig"i*nal, n. 1. An original inhabitant of any land; one of the aborigines.

2. An animal or a plant native to the region.

> It may well be doubted whether this frog is an aboriginal of these islands.
> Darwin.

Ab`o*rig`i*nal"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being aboriginal. Westm. Rev.

Ab`o*rig"i*nal*ly (&?;), adv. Primarily.

Ab`o*rig"i*nes (-rj"*nz), n. pl. [L. Aborigines; ab + origo, especially the first inhabitants of Latium, those who originally (ab origine) inhabited Latium or Italy. See Origin.] 1. The earliest known inhabitants of a country; native races.

2. The original fauna and flora of a geographical area

A*borse"ment (*bôrs"ment), n. Abortment; abortion. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

A*bor"sive (*bôr"sv), a. Abortive. [Obs.] Fuller.

A*bort" (*bôrt"), v. i. [L. abortare, fr. abortus, p. p. of aboriri; ab + oriri to rise, to be born. See Orient.]

1. To miscarry; to bring forth young prematurely.

2. (Biol.) To become checked in normal development, so as either to remain rudimentary or shrink away wholly; to become sterile.

A*bort", n. [L. abortus, fr. aboriri.] 1. An untimely birth. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

2. An aborted offspring. [Obs.] Holland.

A*bort"ed, a. 1. Brought forth prematurely.

2. (Biol.) Rendered abortive or sterile; undeveloped; checked in normal development at a very early stage; as, spines are aborted branches.

> The eyes of the cirripeds are more or less aborted in their mature state.
> Owen.

A*bor"ti*cide (*bôr"t*sd), n. [L. abortus + caedere to kill. See Abort.] (Med.) The act of destroying a fetus in the womb; feticide.

A*bor`ti*fa"cient (*bôr`t*f"shent), a. [L. abortus (see Abort, v.) + faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.] Producing miscarriage. -- n. A drug or an agent that causes premature delivery.

A*bor"tion (*bôr"shn), n. [L. abortio, fr. aboriri. See Abort.] 1. The act of giving premature birth; particularly, the expulsion of the human fetus prematurely, or before it is capable of sustaining life; miscarriage.

It is sometimes used for the offense of procuring a premature delivery, but strictly the early delivery is the abortion, "causing or procuring abortion" is the full name of the offense. Abbott.

<! p. 6 !>

2. The immature product of an untimely birth.

3. (Biol.) Arrest of development of any organ, so that it remains an imperfect formation or is absorbed.

4. Any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or anything which in its progress, before it is matured or perfect; a complete failure; as, his attempt proved an abortion.

A*bor"tion*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to abortion; miscarrying; abortive. Carlyle.

A*bor"tion*ist, n. One who procures abortion or miscarriage.

A*bor"tive (&?;), a. [L. abortivus, fr. aboriri. See Abort, v.] 1. Produced by abortion; born prematurely; as, an abortive child. [R.]

2. Made from the skin of a still-born animal; as, abortive vellum. [Obs.]

3. Rendering fruitless or ineffectual. [Obs.] "Plunged in that abortive gulf." Milton.

4. Coming to naught; failing in its effect; miscarrying; fruitless; unsuccessful; as, an abortive attempt. "An abortive enterprise." Prescott.

5. (Biol.) Imperfectly formed or developed; rudimentary; sterile; as, an abortive organ, stamen, ovule, etc.

6. (Med.) (a) Causing abortion; as, abortive medicines. Parr. (b) Cutting short; as, abortive treatment of typhoid fever.

A*bor"tive, n. 1. That which is born or brought forth prematurely; an abortion. [Obs.] Shak.

2. A fruitless effort or issue. [Obs.]

3. A medicine to which is attributed the property of causing abortion. Dunglison.

A*bor"tive*ly, adv. In an abortive or untimely manner; immaturely; fruitlessly.

A*bor"tive*ness, n. The quality of being abortive.

A*bort"ment (*bôrt"ment), n. Abortion. [Obs.]

A*bought" (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Aby. [Obs.]

A*bound" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abounding.] [OE. abounden, F. abonder, fr. L. abundare to overflow, abound; ab + unda wave. Cf. Undulate.] 1. To be in great plenty; to be very prevalent; to be plentiful.

> The wild boar which abounds in some parts of the continent of Europe.
> Chambers.

> Where sin abounded grace did much more abound.
> Rom. v. 20.

2. To be copiously supplied; -- followed by in or with.

To abound in, to possess in such abundance as to be characterized by. -- To abound with, to be filled with; to possess in great numbers.

> Men abounding in natural courage.
> Macaulay.

> A faithful man shall abound with blessings.
> Prov. xxviii. 20.

> It abounds with cabinets of curiosities.
> Addison.

A*bout" (&?;), prep. [OE. aboute, abouten, abuten; AS. butan, onbutan; on + butan, which is from be by + utan outward, from ut out. See But, Out.]

1. Around; all round; on every side of. "Look about you." Shak. "Bind them about thy neck." Prov. iii. 3.

2. In the immediate neighborhood of; in contiguity or proximity to; near, as to place; by or on (one's person). "Have you much money about you?" Bulwer.

3. Over or upon different parts of; through or over in various directions; here and there in; to and fro in; throughout.

> Lampoons . . . were handed about the coffeehouses.
> Macaulay.

> Roving still about the world.
> Milton.

4. Near; not far from; -- determining approximately time, size, quantity. "To-morrow, about this time." Exod. ix. 18. "About my stature." Shak.

> He went out about the third hour.
> Matt. xx. 3.

This use passes into the adverbial sense.

5. In concern with; engaged in; intent on.

> I must be about my Father's business.
> Luke ii. 49.

6. Before a verbal noun or an infinitive: On the point or verge of; going; in act of.

> Paul was now aboutto open his mouth.
> Acts xviii. 14.

7. Concerning; with regard to; on account of; touching. "To treat about thy ransom." Milton.

> She must have her way about Sarah.
> Trollope.

A*bout", adv. 1. On all sides; around.

> 'Tis time to look about.
> Shak.

2. In circuit; circularly; by a circuitous way; around the outside; as, a mile about, and a third of a mile across.

3. Here and there; around; in one place and another.

> Wandering about from house to house.
> 1 Tim. v. 13.

4. Nearly; approximately; with close correspondence, in quality, manner, degree, etc.; as, about as cold; about as high; -- also of quantity, number, time. "There fell . . . about three thousand men." Exod. xxii. 28.

5. To a reserved position; half round; in the opposite direction; on the opposite tack; as, to face about; to turn one's self about.

To bring about, to cause to take place; to accomplish. -- To come about, to occur; to take place. See under Come. -- To go about, To set about, to undertake; to arrange; to prepare. "Shall we set about some revels?" Shak. -- Round about, in every direction around.

A*bout"-sledge" (&?;), n. The largest hammer used by smiths. Weale.

A*bove" (&?;), prep. [OE. above, aboven, abuffe, AS. abufon; an (or on) on + be by + ufan upward; cf. Goth. uf under. √199. See Over.] 1. In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface; over; -- opposed to below or beneath.

> Fowl that may fly above the earth.
> Gen. i. 20.

2. Figuratively, higher than; superior to in any respect; surpassing; beyond; higher in measure or degree than; as, things above comprehension; above mean actions; conduct above reproach. "Thy worth . . . is actions above my gifts." Marlowe.

> I saw in the way a light from heaven above the brightness of the sun.
> Acts xxxvi. 13.

3. Surpassing in number or quantity; more than; as, above a hundred. (Passing into the adverbial sense. See Above, adv., 4.)

above all, before every other consideration; chiefly; in preference to other things.

Over and above, prep. or adv., besides; in addition to.

A*bove" (&?;), adv. 1. In a higher place; overhead; into or from heaven; as, the clouds above.

2. Earlier in order; higher in the same page; hence, in a foregoing page. "That was said above." Dryden.

3. Higher in rank or power; as, he appealed to the court above.

4. More than; as, above five hundred were present.

Above is often used elliptically as an adjective by omitting the word mentioned, quoted, or the like; as, the above observations, the above reference, the above articles. -- Above is also used substantively. "The waters that come down from above." Josh. iii. 13.

It is also used as the first part of a compound in the sense of before, previously; as, above-cited, above- described, above-mentioned, above-named, abovesaid, abovespecified, above-written, above-given.

A*bove"board` (&?;), adv. Above the board or table. Hence: in open sight; without trick, concealment, or deception. "Fair and aboveboard." Burke.

This expression is said by Johnson to have been borrowed from gamesters, who, when they change their cards, put their hands under the table.

A*bove"-cit`ed (&?;), a. Cited before, in the preceding part of a book or writing.

A*bove"deck` (&?;), a. On deck; and hence, like aboveboard, without artifice. Smart.

A*bove"-men`tioned (&?;), A*bove"-named`(&?;), a. Mentioned or named before; aforesaid.

A*bove"said` (&?;), a. Mentioned or recited before.

A*box" (&?;), adv. & a. (Naut.) Braced aback.

Ab`ra*ca*dab"ra (&?;), n. [L. Of unknown origin.] A mystical word or collocation of letters written as in the figure. Worn on an amulet it was supposed to ward off fever. At present the word is used chiefly in jest to denote something without meaning; jargon.

Ab*ra"dant (&?;), n. A material used for grinding, as emery, sand, powdered glass, etc.

Ab*rade" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abrading.] [L. abradere, abrasum, to scrape off; ab + radere to scrape. See Rase, Raze.] To rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction; as, to abrade rocks. Lyell.

A*brade" (&?;), v. t. Same as Abraid. [Obs.]

A`bra*ham"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to Abraham, the patriarch; as, the Abrachamic covenant.

A`bra*ham*it"ic, *ic*al(&?;), a. Relating to the patriarch Abraham.

A"bra*ham-man` (&?;) or A"bram-man`(&?;), n. [Possibly in allusion to the parable of the beggar Lazarus in Luke xvi. Murray (New Eng. Dict. ).] One of a set of vagabonds who formerly roamed through England, feigning lunacy for the sake of obtaining alms. Nares.

To sham Abraham, to feign sickness. Goldsmith.

A*braid" (&?;), v. t. & i. [OE. abraiden, to awake, draw (a sword), AS. bredgan to shake, draw; pref. - (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + bregdan to shake, throw. See Braid.] To awake; to arouse; to stir or start up; also, to shout out. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*bran"chi*al (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Abranchiate.

||A*bran`chi*a"ta (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. 'a priv. + &?;, pl., the gills of fishes.] (Zoöl.) A group of annelids, so called because the species composing it have no special organs of respiration.

A*bran"chi*ate (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Without gills.

Ab*rase" (&?;), a. [L. abrasus, p. p. of abradere. See Abrade.] Rubbed smooth. [Obs.] "An abrase table." B. Jonson.

Ab*ra"sion (&?;), n. [L. abrasio, fr. abradere. See Abrade.] 1. The act of abrading, wearing, or rubbing off; the wearing away by friction; as, the abrasion of coins.

2. The substance rubbed off. Berkeley.

3. (Med.) A superficial excoriation, with loss of substance under the form of small shreds. Dunglison.

Ab*ra"sive (&?;), a. Producing abrasion. Ure.

A*braum" or A*braum" salts (&?;), n. [Ger., fr. abräumen to remove.] A red ocher used to darken mahogany and for making chloride of potassium.

||A*brax"as (&?;), n. [A name adopted by the Egyptian Gnostic Basilides, containing the Greek letters α, β, ρ, α, ξ, α, σ, which, as numerals, amounted to 365. It was used to signify the supreme deity as ruler of the 365 heavens of his system.] A mystical word used as a charm and engraved on gems among the ancients; also, a gem stone thus engraved.

A*bray" (&?;), v. [A false form from the preterit abraid, abrayde.] See Abraid. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*breast" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + breast.] 1. Side by side, with breasts in a line; as, "Two men could hardly walk abreast." Macaulay.

2. (Naut.) Side by side; also, opposite; over against; on a line with the vessel's beam; -- with of.

3. Up to a certain level or line; equally advanced; as, to keep abreast of [or with] the present state of science.

4. At the same time; simultaneously. [Obs.]

> Abreast therewith began a convocation.
> Fuller.

A*breg"ge (&?;), v. t. See Abridge. [Obs.]

Ab`re*nounce" (&?;), v. t. [L. abrenuntiare; ab + renuntiare. See Renounce.] To renounce. [Obs.] "They abrenounce and cast them off." Latimer.

Ab`re*nun`ci*a"tion (&?;), n. [LL. abrenuntiatio. See Abrenounce.] Absolute renunciation or repudiation. [Obs.]

> An abrenunciation of that truth which he so long had professed, and still believed.
> Fuller.

Ab*rep"tion (&?;), n. [L. abreptus, p. p. of abripere to snatch away; ab + rapere to snatch.] A snatching away. [Obs.]

||A`breu`voir" (&?;), n. [F., a watering place.] (Masonry) The joint or interstice between stones, to be filled with mortar. Gwilt.

A"bri*cock (&?;), n. See Apricot. [Obs.]

A*bridge" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abridged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abridging.] [OE. abregen, OF. abregier, F. abréger, fr. L. abbreviare; ad + brevis short. See Brief and cf. Abbreviate.] 1. To make shorter; to shorten in duration; to lessen; to diminish; to curtail; as, to abridge labor; to abridge power or rights. "The bridegroom . . . abridged his visit." Smollett.

> She retired herself to Sebaste, and abridged her train from state to necessity.
> Fuller.

2. To shorten or contract by using fewer words, yet retaining the sense; to epitomize; to condense; as, to abridge a history or dictionary.

3. To deprive; to cut off; -- followed by of, and formerly by from; as, to abridge one of his rights.

A*bridg"er (&?;), n. One who abridges.

A*bridg"ment (-brj"ment), n. [OE. abregement. See Abridge.] 1. The act of abridging, or the state of being abridged; diminution; lessening; reduction or deprivation; as, an abridgment of pleasures or of expenses.

2. An epitome or compend, as of a book; a shortened or abridged form; an abbreviation.

> Ancient coins as abridgments of history.
> Addison.

3. That which abridges or cuts short; hence, an entertainment that makes the time pass quickly. [Obs.]

> What abridgment have you for this evening? What mask? What music?
> Shak.

Syn. -- Abridgment, Compendium, Epitome, Abstract, Synopsis. An abridgment is made by omitting the less important parts of some larger work; as, an abridgment of a dictionary. A compendium is a brief exhibition of a subject, or science, for common use; as, a compendium of American literature. An epitome corresponds to a compendium, and gives briefly the most material points of a subject; as, an epitome of history. An abstract is a brief statement of a thing in its main points. A synopsis is a bird's-eye view of a subject, or work, in its several parts.

A*broach" (&?;), v. t. [OE. abrochen, OF. abrochier. See Broach.] To set abroach; to let out, as liquor; to broach; to tap. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*broach", adv. [Pref. a- + broach.] 1. Broached; in a condition for letting out or yielding liquor, as a cask which is tapped.

> Hogsheads of ale were set abroach.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. Hence: In a state to be diffused or propagated; afoot; astir. "Mischiefs that I set abroach." Shak.

A*broad" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + broad.] 1. At large; widely; broadly; over a wide space; as, a tree spreads its branches abroad.

> The fox roams far abroad.
> Prior.

2. Without a certain confine; outside the house; away from one's abode; as, to walk abroad.

> I went to St. James', where another was preaching in the court abroad.
> Evelyn.

3. Beyond the bounds of a country; in foreign countries; as, we have broils at home and enemies abroad. "Another prince . . . was living abroad." Macaulay.

4. Before the public at large; throughout society or the world; here and there; widely.

> He went out, and began to publish it much, and to blaze abroad the matter.
> Mark i. 45.

To be abroad. (a) To be wide of the mark; to be at fault; as, you are all abroad in your guess. (b) To be at a loss or nonplused.

Ab"ro*ga*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being abrogated.

Ab"ro*gate (&?;), a. [L. abrogatus, p. p.] Abrogated; abolished. [Obs.] Latimer.

Ab"ro*gate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abrogated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abrogating.] [L. abrogatus, p. p. of abrogare; ab + rogare to ask, require, propose. See Rogation.] 1. To annul by an authoritative act; to abolish by the authority of the maker or his successor; to repeal; -- applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordinances, the abolition of customs, etc.

> Let us see whether the New Testament abrogates what we so frequently see in the Old.
> South.

> Whose laws, like those of the Medes and Persian, they can not alter or abrogate.
> Burke.

2. To put an end to; to do away with. Shak.

Syn. -- To abolish; annul; do away; set aside; revoke; repeal; cancel; annihilate. See Abolish.

Ab`ro*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. abrogatio, fr. abrogare: cf. F. abrogation.] The act of abrogating; repeal by authority. Hume.

Ab"ro*ga*tive (&?;), a. Tending or designed to abrogate; as, an abrogative law.

Ab"ro*ga`tor (&?;), n. One who repeals by authority.

A*brood" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + brood.] In the act of brooding. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft.

A*brook" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + brook, v.] To brook; to endure. [Obs.] Shak.

Ab*rupt" (&?;), a. [L. abruptus, p. p. of abrumpere to break off; ab + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. Broken off; very steep, or craggy, as rocks, precipices, banks; precipitous; steep; as, abrupt places. "Tumbling through ricks abrupt," Thomson.

2. Without notice to prepare the mind for the event; sudden; hasty; unceremonious. "The cause of your abrupt departure." Shak.

3. Having sudden transitions from one subject to another; unconnected.

> The abrupt style, which hath many breaches.
> B. Jonson.

<! p. 7 !>

4. (Bot.) Suddenly terminating, as if cut off. Gray.

Syn. -- Sudden; unexpected; hasty; rough; curt; unceremonious; rugged; blunt; disconnected; broken.

Ab*rupt" (&?;), n. [L. abruptum.] An abrupt place. [Poetic]

> "Over the vast abrupt."
> Milton.

Ab*rupt", v. t. To tear off or asunder. [Obs.] "Till death abrupts them." Sir T. Browne.

Ab*rup"tion (&?;), n. [L. abruptio, fr. abrumpere: cf. F. abruption.] A sudden breaking off; a violent separation of bodies. Woodward.

Ab*rupt"ly, adv. 1. In an abrupt manner; without giving notice, or without the usual forms; suddenly.

2. Precipitously.

Abruptly pinnate (Bot.), pinnate without an odd leaflet, or other appendage, at the end. Gray.

Ab*rupt"ness, n. 1. The state of being abrupt or broken; craggedness; ruggedness; steepness.

2. Suddenness; unceremonious haste or vehemence; as, abruptness of style or manner.

Ab"scess (&?;), n.; pl. Abscesses (&?;). [L. abscessus a going away, gathering of humors, abscess, fr. abscessus, p. p. of absedere to go away; ab, abs + cedere to go off, retire. See Cede.] (Med.) A collection of pus or purulent matter in any tissue or organ of the body, the result of a morbid process.

Cold abscess, an abscess of slow formation, unattended with the pain and heat characteristic of ordinary abscesses, and lasting for years without exhibiting any tendency towards healing; a chronic abscess.

Ab*sces"sion (&?;), n. [L. abscessio a separation; fr. absedere. See Abscess.] A separating; removal; also, an abscess. [Obs.] Gauden. Barrough.

Ab*scind" (&?;), v. t. [L. absindere; ab + scindere to rend, cut. See Schism.] To cut off. [R.] "Two syllables . . . abscinded from the rest." Johnson.

Ab*sci"sion (&?;), n. [L. abscisio.] See Abscission.

Ab"sciss (&?;), n.; pl. Abscisses (&?;). See Abscissa.

Ab*scis"sa (&?;), n.; E. pl. Abscissas, L. pl. Abscissæ. [L., fem. of abscissus, p. p. of absindere to cut of. See Abscind.] (Geom.) One of the elements of reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal coördinate axes. When referred to two intersecting axes, one of them called the axis of abscissas, or of X, and the other the axis of ordinates, or of Y, the abscissa of the point is the distance cut off from the axis of X by a line drawn through it and parallel to the axis of Y. When a point in space is referred to three axes having a common intersection, the abscissa may be the distance measured parallel to either of them, from the point to the plane of the other two axes. Abscissas and ordinates taken together are called coördinates. -- OX or PY is the abscissa of the point P of the curve, OY or PX its ordinate, the intersecting lines OX and OY being the axes of abscissas and ordinates respectively, and the point O their origin.

Ab*scis"sion (&?;), n. [L. abscissio. See Abscind.] 1. The act or process of cutting off. "Not to be cured without the abscission of a member." Jer. Taylor.

2. The state of being cut off. Sir T. Browne.

3. (Rhet.) A figure of speech employed when a speaker having begun to say a thing stops abruptly: thus, "He is a man of so much honor and candor, and of such generosity -- but I need say no more."

Ab*scond" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Absconded; p. pr. & vb. n. Absconding.] [L. abscondere to hide; ab, abs + condere to lay up; con + dre (only in comp.) to put. Cf. Do.] 1. To hide, withdraw, or be concealed.

> The marmot absconds all winter.
> Ray.

2. To depart clandestinely; to steal off and secrete one's self; -- used especially of persons who withdraw to avoid a legal process; as, an absconding debtor.

> That very homesickness which, in regular armies, drives so many recruits to abscond.
> Macaulay.

Ab*scond", v. t. To hide; to conceal. [Obs.] Bentley.

Ab*scond"ence (&?;), n. Fugitive concealment; secret retirement; hiding. [R.] Phillips.

Ab*scond"er (&?;), n. One who absconds.

Ab"sence (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. absentia. See Absent.] 1. A state of being absent or withdrawn from a place or from companionship; -- opposed to presence.

> Not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence.
> Phil. ii. 12.

2. Want; destitution; withdrawal. "In the absence of conventional law." Kent.

3. Inattention to things present; abstraction (of mind); as, absence of mind. "Reflecting on the little absences and distractions of mankind." Addison.

> To conquer that abstraction which is called absence.
> Landor.

Ab"sent (&?;), a. [F., fr. absens, absentis, p. pr. of abesse to be away from; ab + esse to be. Cf. Sooth.] 1. Being away from a place; withdrawn from a place; not present. "Expecting absent friends." Shak.

2. Not existing; lacking; as, the part was rudimental or absent.

3. Inattentive to what is passing; absent-minded; preoccupied; as, an absent air.

> What is commonly called an absent man is commonly either a very weak or a very affected man.
> Chesterfield.

Syn. -- Absent, Abstracted. These words both imply a want of attention to surrounding objects. We speak of a man as absent when his thoughts wander unconsciously from present scenes or topics of discourse; we speak of him as abstracted when his mind (usually for a brief period) is drawn off from present things by some weighty matter for reflection. Absence of mind is usually the result of loose habits of thought; abstraction commonly arises either from engrossing interests and cares, or from unfortunate habits of association.

Ab*sent" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absented; p. pr. & vb. n. Absenting.] [Cf. F. absenter.] 1. To take or withdraw (one's self) to such a distance as to prevent intercourse; -- used with the reflexive pronoun.

> If after due summons any member absents himself, he is to be fined.
> Addison.

2. To withhold from being present. [Obs.] "Go; for thy stay, not free, absents thee more." Milton.

Ab`sen*ta"ne*ous (&?;), a. [LL. absentaneus. See absent] Pertaining to absence. [Obs.]

Ab`sen*ta"tion (&?;), n. The act of absenting one's self. Sir W. Hamilton.

Ab`sen*tee" (&?;), n. One who absents himself from his country, office, post, or duty; especially, a landholder who lives in another country or district than that where his estate is situated; as, an Irish absentee. Macaulay.

Ab`sen*tee"ism (&?;), n. The state or practice of an absentee; esp. the practice of absenting one's self from the country or district where one's estate is situated.

Ab*sent"er (&?;), n. One who absents one's self.

Ab"sent*ly (&?;), adv. In an absent or abstracted manner.

Ab*sent"ment (b*snt"ment), n. The state of being absent; withdrawal. [R.] Barrow.

Ab`sent-mind"ed(&?;), a. Absent in mind; abstracted; preoccupied. -- Ab`sent-mind"ed*ness, n. -- Ab`sent-mind"ed*ly, adv.

Ab"sent*ness (&?;), n. The quality of being absent-minded. H. Miller.

Ab"sey-book`(&?;), n. An A-B-C book; a primer. [Obs.] Shak.

{ Ab"sinth`, Ab"sinthe` } (&?;), n. [F. absinthe. See Absinthium.] 1. The plant absinthium or common wormwood.

2. A strong spirituous liqueur made from wormwood and brandy or alcohol.

Ab"sin"thate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A combination of absinthic acid with a base or positive radical.

Ab*sin"thi*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to wormwood; absinthian.

Ab*sin"thi*an (&?;), n. Of the nature of wormwood. "Absinthian bitterness." T. Randolph.

Ab"sin"thi*ate (&?;), v. t. [From L. absinthium: cf. L. absinthiatus, a.] To impregnate with wormwood.

Ab*sin"thi*a`ted (&?;), a. Impregnated with wormwood; as, absinthiated wine.

Ab*sin"thic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Relating to the common wormwood or to an acid obtained from it.

Ab*sin"thin (&?;), n. (Chem.) The bitter principle of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). Watts.

Ab"sin*thism (&?;), n. The condition of being poisoned by the excessive use of absinth.

Ab*sin"thi*um (&?;), n. [L., from Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) The common wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), an intensely bitter plant, used as a tonic and for making the oil of wormwood.

Ab"sis (&?;), n. See Apsis.

Ab*sist" (&?;), v. i. [L. absistere, p. pr. absistens; ab + sistere to stand, causal of stare.] To stand apart from; top leave off; to desist. [Obs.] Raleigh.

Ab*sist"ence (&?;), n. A standing aloof. [Obs.]

Ab"so*lute (&?;), a. [L. absolutus, p. p. of absolvere: cf. F. absolu. See Absolve.] 1. Loosed from any limitation or condition; uncontrolled; unrestricted; unconditional; as, absolute authority, monarchy, sovereignty, an absolute promise or command; absolute power; an absolute monarch.

2. Complete in itself; perfect; consummate; faultless; as, absolute perfection; absolute beauty.

> So absolute she seems,
> And in herself complete.
> Milton.

3. Viewed apart from modifying influences or without comparison with other objects; actual; real; -- opposed to relative and comparative; as, absolute motion; absolute time or space.

Absolute rights and duties are such as pertain to man in a state of nature as contradistinguished from relative rights and duties, or such as pertain to him in his social relations.

4. Loosed from, or unconnected by, dependence on any other being; self-existent; self-sufficing.

In this sense God is called the Absolute by the Theist. The term is also applied by the Pantheist to the universe, or the total of all existence, as only capable of relations in its parts to each other and to the whole, and as dependent for its existence and its phenomena on its mutually depending forces and their laws.

5. Capable of being thought or conceived by itself alone; unconditioned; non-relative.

It is in dispute among philosopher whether the term, in this sense, is not applied to a mere logical fiction or abstraction, or whether the absolute, as thus defined, can be known, as a reality, by the human intellect.

> To Cusa we can indeed articulately trace, word and thing, the recent philosophy of the absolute.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

6. Positive; clear; certain; not doubtful. [R.]

> I am absolute 't was very Cloten.
> Shak.

7. Authoritative; peremptory. [R.]

> The peddler stopped, and tapped her on the head,
> With absolute forefinger, brown and ringed.
> Mrs. Browning.

8. (Chem.) Pure; unmixed; as, absolute alcohol.

9. (Gram.) Not immediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence in government; as, the case absolute. See Ablative absolute, under Ablative.

Absolute curvature (Geom.), that curvature of a curve of double curvature, which is measured in the osculating plane of the curve. -- Absolute equation (Astron.), the sum of the optic and eccentric equations. -- Absolute space (Physics), space considered without relation to material limits or objects. -- Absolute terms. (Alg.), such as are known, or which do not contain the unknown quantity. Davies & Peck. -- Absolute temperature (Physics), the temperature as measured on a scale determined by certain general thermo-dynamic principles, and reckoned from the absolute zero. -- Absolute zero (Physics), the be ginning, or zero point, in the scale of absolute temperature. It is equivalent to -273° centigrade or - 459.4° Fahrenheit.

Syn. -- Positive; peremptory; certain; unconditional; unlimited; unrestricted; unqualified; arbitrary; despotic; autocratic.

Ab"so*lute (&?;), n. (Geom.) In a plane, the two imaginary circular points at infinity; in space of three dimensions, the imaginary circle at infinity.

Ab"so*lute*ly, adv. In an absolute, independent, or unconditional manner; wholly; positively.

Ab"so*lute*ness, n. The quality of being absolute; independence of everything extraneous; unlimitedness; absolute power; independent reality; positiveness.

Ab`so*lu"tion (&?;), n. [F. absolution, L. absolutio, fr. absolvere to absolve. See Absolve.] 1. An absolving, or setting free from guilt, sin, or penalty; forgiveness of an offense. "Government . . . granting absolution to the nation." Froude.

2. (Civil Law) An acquittal, or sentence of a judge declaring and accused person innocent. [Obs.]

3. (R. C. Ch.) The exercise of priestly jurisdiction in the sacrament of penance, by which Catholics believe the sins of the truly penitent are forgiven.

In the English and other Protestant churches, this act regarded as simply declaratory, not as imparting forgiveness.

4. (Eccl.) An absolving from ecclesiastical penalties, -- for example, excommunication. P. Cyc.

5. The form of words by which a penitent is absolved. Shipley.

6. Delivery, in speech. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Absolution day (R. C. Ch.), Tuesday before Easter.

Ab"so*lu`tism (&?;), n. 1. The state of being absolute; the system or doctrine of the absolute; the principles or practice of absolute or arbitrary government; despotism.

> The element of absolutism and prelacy was controlling.
> Palfrey.

2. (Theol.) Doctrine of absolute decrees. Ash.

Ab"so*lu`tist (&?;), n. 1. One who is in favor of an absolute or autocratic government.

2. (Metaph.) One who believes that it is possible to realize a cognition or concept of the absolute. Sir. W. Hamilton.

Ab"so*lu`tist, a. Of or pertaining to absolutism; arbitrary; despotic; as, absolutist principles.

Ab`so*lu*tis"tic (&?;), a. Pertaining to absolutism; absolutist.

Ab*sol"u*to*ry (&?;), a. [L. absolutorius, fr. absolvere to absolve.] Serving to absolve; absolving. "An absolutory sentence." Ayliffe.

Ab*solv"a*ble (&?;), a. That may be absolved.

Ab*solv"a*to*ry (&?;), a. Conferring absolution; absolutory.

Ab*solve" (#; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absolved (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Absolving.] [L. absolvere to set free, to absolve; ab + solvere to loose. See Assoil, Solve.] 1. To set free, or release, as from some obligation, debt, or responsibility, or from the consequences of guilt or such ties as it would be sin or guilt to violate; to pronounce free; as, to absolve a subject from his allegiance; to absolve an offender, which amounts to an acquittal and remission of his punishment.

> Halifax was absolved by a majority of fourteen.
> Macaulay.

2. To free from a penalty; to pardon; to remit (a sin); -- said of the sin or guilt.

> In his name I absolve your perjury.
> Gibbon.

3. To finish; to accomplish. [Obs.]

> The work begun, how soon absolved.
> Milton.

4. To resolve or explain. [Obs.] "We shall not absolve the doubt." Sir T. Browne.

Syn. -- To Absolve, Exonerate, Acquit. We speak of a man as absolved from something that binds his conscience, or involves the charge of wrongdoing; as, to absolve from allegiance or from the obligation of an oath, or a promise. We speak of a person as exonerated, when he is released from some burden which had rested upon him; as, to exonerate from suspicion, to exonerate from blame or odium. It implies a purely moral acquittal. We speak of a person as acquitted, when a decision has been made in his favor with reference to a specific charge, either by a jury or by disinterested persons; as, he was acquitted of all participation in the crime.

Ab*solv"ent (&?;), a. [L. absolvens, p. pr. of absolvere.] Absolving. [R.] Carlyle.

Ab*solv"ent, n. An absolver. [R.] Hobbes.

Ab*solv"er (&?;), n. One who absolves. Macaulay.

Ab"so*nant (&?;), a. [L. ab + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] Discordant; contrary; -- opposed to consonant. "Absonant to nature." Quarles.

Ab"so*nous (&?;), a. [L. absonus; ab + sonus sound.] Discordant; inharmonious; incongruous. [Obs.] "Absonous to our reason." Glanvill.

Ab*sorb" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absorbed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Absorbing.] [L. absorbere; ab + sorbere to suck in, akin to Gr. &?;: cf. F. absorber.] 1. To swallow up; to engulf; to overwhelm; to cause to disappear as if by swallowing up; to use up; to include. "Dark oblivion soon absorbs them all." Cowper.

> The large cities absorb the wealth and fashion.
> W. Irving.

2. To suck up; to drink in; to imbibe; as a sponge or as the lacteals of the body. Bacon.

3. To engross or engage wholly; to occupy fully; as, absorbed in study or the pursuit of wealth.

4. To take up by cohesive, chemical, or any molecular action, as when charcoal absorbs gases. So heat, light, and electricity are absorbed or taken up in the substances into which they pass. Nichol. p. 8

Syn. -- To Absorb, Engross, Swallow up, Engulf. These words agree in one general idea, that of completely taking up. They are chiefly used in a figurative sense and may be distinguished by a reference to their etymology. We speak of a person as absorbed (lit., drawn in, swallowed up) in study or some other employment of the highest interest. We speak of a person as ebgrossed (lit., seized upon in the gross, or wholly) by something which occupies his whole time and thoughts, as the acquisition of wealth, or the attainment of honor. We speak of a person (under a stronger image) as swallowed up and lost in that which completely occupies his thoughts and feelings, as in grief at the death of a friend, or in the multiplied cares of life. We speak of a person as engulfed in that which (like a gulf) takes in all his hopes and interests; as, engulfed in misery, ruin, etc.

<! p. 8 !>

> That grave question which had begun to absorb the Christian mind -- the marriage of the clergy.
> Milman.

> Too long hath love engrossed Britannia's stage,
> And sunk to softness all our tragic rage.
> Tickell.

> Should not the sad occasion swallow up
> My other cares?
> Addison.

> And in destruction's river
> Engulf and swallow those.
> Sir P. Sidney.

Ab*sorb`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The state or quality of being absorbable. Graham (Chemistry).

Ab*sorb"a*ble, a. [Cf. F. absorbable.] Capable of being absorbed or swallowed up. Kerr.

Ab*sorb"ed*ly, adv. In a manner as if wholly engrossed or engaged.

Ab*sorb"en*cy (&?;), n. Absorptiveness.

Ab*sorb"ent (&?;), a. [L. absorbens, p. pr. of absorbere.] Absorbing; swallowing; absorptive.

Absorbent ground (Paint.), a ground prepared for a picture, chiefly with distemper, or water colors, by which the oil is absorbed, and a brilliancy is imparted to the colors.

Ab*sorb"ent, n. 1. Anything which absorbs.

> The ocean, itself a bad absorbent of heat.
> Darwin.

2. (Med.) Any substance which absorbs and neutralizes acid fluid in the stomach and bowels, as magnesia, chalk, etc.; also a substance e. g., iodine) which acts on the absorbent vessels so as to reduce enlarged and indurated parts.

3. pl. (Physiol.) The vessels by which the processes of absorption are carried on, as the lymphatics in animals, the extremities of the roots in plants.

Ab*sorb"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, absorbs.

Ab*sorb"ing, a. Swallowing, engrossing; as, an absorbing pursuit. -- Ab*sorb"ing, adv.

Ab`sor*bi"tion (&?;), n. Absorption. [Obs.]

Ab*sorpt` (&?;), a. [L. absorptus, p. p.] Absorbed. [Arcahic.] "Absorpt in care." Pope.

Ab*sorp"tion (&?;), n. [L. absorptio, fr. absorbere. See Absorb.] 1. The act or process of absorbing or sucking in anything, or of being absorbed and made to disappear; as, the absorption of bodies in a whirlpool, the absorption of a smaller tribe into a larger.

2. (Chem. & Physics) An imbibing or reception by molecular or chemical action; as, the absorption of light, heat, electricity, etc.

3. (Physiol.) In living organisms, the process by which the materials of growth and nutrition are absorbed and conveyed to the tissues and organs.

4. Entire engrossment or occupation of the mind; as, absorption in some employment.

Ab*sorp"tive (&?;), a. Having power, capacity, or tendency to absorb or imbibe. E. Darwin.

Ab*sorp"tive*ness, n. The quality of being absorptive; absorptive power.

Ab`sorp*tiv"i*ty (&?;), n. Absorptiveness.

Ab*squat"u*late (&?;), v. i. To take one's self off; to decamp. [A jocular word. U. S.]

||Abs"que hoc (&?;). [L., without this.] (Law) The technical words of denial used in traversing what has been alleged, and is repeated.

Ab*stain" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abstained (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abstaining.] [OE. absteynen, abstenen, OF. astenir, abstenir, F. abstenir, fr. L. abstinere, abstentum, v. t. & v. i., to keep from; ab, abs + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] To hold one's self aloof; to forbear or refrain voluntarily, and especially from an indulgence of the passions or appetites; -- with from.

> Not a few abstained from voting.
> Macaulay.

> Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?
> Shak.

Syn. -- To refrain; forbear; withhold; deny one's self; give up; relinquish.

Ab*stain", v. t. To hinder; to withhold.

> Whether he abstain men from marrying.
> Milton.

Ab*stain"er (&?;), n. One who abstains; esp., one who abstains from the use of intoxicating liquors.

Ab*ste"mi*ous (&?;), a. [L. abstemius; ab, abs + root of temetum intoxicating drink.] 1. Abstaining from wine. [Orig. Latin sense.]

> Under his special eye
> Abstemious I grew up and thrived amain.
> Milton.

2. Sparing in diet; refraining from a free use of food and strong drinks; temperate; abstinent; sparing in the indulgence of the appetite or passions.

> Instances of longevity are chiefly among the abstemious.
> Arbuthnot.

3. Sparingly used; used with temperance or moderation; as, an abstemious diet. Gibbon.

4. Marked by, or spent in, abstinence; as, an abstemious life. "One abstemious day." Pope.

5. Promotive of abstemiousness. [R.]

> Such is the virtue of the abstemious well.
> Dryden.

Ab*ste"mi*ous*ness, n. The quality of being abstemious, temperate, or sparing in the use of food and strong drinks. It expresses a greater degree of abstinence than temperance.

Ab*sten"tion (&?;), a. [F. See Abstain.] The act of abstaining; a holding aloof. Jer. Taylor.

Ab*sten"tious (&?;), a. Characterized by abstinence; self-restraining. Farrar.

Ab*sterge (&?;), v. t. [L. abstergere, abstersum; ab, abs + tergere to wipe. Cf. F absterger.] To make clean by wiping; to wipe away; to cleanse; hence, to purge. [R.] Quincy.

Ab*ster"gent (&?;), a. [L. abstergens, p. pr. of abstergere.] Serving to cleanse, detergent.

Ab*ster"gent, n. A substance used in cleansing; a detergent; as, soap is an abstergent.

Ab*sterse" (&?;), v. t. To absterge; to cleanse; to purge away. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ab*ster"sion (&?;), n. [F. abstersion. See Absterge.] Act of wiping clean; a cleansing; a purging.

> The task of ablution and abstersion being performed.
> Sir W. Scott.

Ab*ster"sive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. abstersif. See Absterge.] Cleansing; purging. Bacon.

Ab*ster"sive, n. Something cleansing.

> The strong abstersive of some heroic magistrate.
> Milton.

Ab*ster"sive*ness, n. The quality of being abstersive. Fuller.

Ab"sti*nence (&?;), n. [F. abstinence, L. abstinentia, fr. abstinere. See Abstain.] 1. The act or practice of abstaining; voluntary forbearance of any action, especially the refraining from an indulgence of appetite, or from customary gratifications of animal or sensual propensities. Specifically, the practice of abstaining from intoxicating beverages, -- called also total abstinence.

> The abstinence from a present pleasure that offers itself is a pain, nay, oftentimes, a very great one.
> Locke.

2. The practice of self-denial by depriving one's self of certain kinds of food or drink, especially of meat.

> Penance, fasts, and abstinence,
> To punish bodies for the soul's offense.
> Dryden.

Ab"sti*nen*cy (&?;), n. Abstinence. [R.]

Ab"sti*nent (&?;), a. [F. abstinent, L. abstinens, p. pr. of abstinere. See Abstain.] Refraining from indulgence, especially from the indulgence of appetite; abstemious; continent; temperate. Beau. & Fl.

Ab"sti*nent, n. 1. One who abstains.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect who appeared in France and Spain in the 3d century.

Ab"sti*nent*ly, adv. With abstinence.

Ab*stort"ed (&?;), a. [As if fr. abstort, fr. L. ab, abs + tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist.] Wrested away. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab"stract` (#; 277), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of abstrahere to draw from, separate; ab, abs + trahere to draw. See Trace.] 1. Withdraw; separate. [Obs.]

> The more abstract . . . we are from the body.
> Norris.

2. Considered apart from any application to a particular object; separated from matter; existing in the mind only; as, abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence: ideal; abstruse; difficult.

3. (Logic) (a) Expressing a particular property of an object viewed apart from the other properties which constitute it; -- opposed to concrete; as, honesty is an abstract word. J. S. Mill. (b) Resulting from the mental faculty of abstraction; general as opposed to particular; as, "reptile" is an abstract or general name. Locke.

> A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in more modern times, which, if not introduced by Locke, has gained currency from his example, of applying the expression "abstract name" to all names which are the result of abstraction and generalization, and consequently to all general names, instead of confining it to the names of attributes.
> J. S. Mill.

4. Abstracted; absent in mind. "Abstract, as in a trance." Milton.

An abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a complex object, or from other ideas which naturally accompany it; as the solidity of marble when contemplated apart from its color or figure. -- Abstract terms, those which express abstract ideas, as beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any object in which they exist; or abstract terms are the names of orders, genera or species of things, in which there is a combination of similar qualities. -- Abstract numbers (Math.), numbers used without application to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied to any thing, as 6 feet, 10 men, they become concrete. -- Abstract or Pure mathematics. See Mathematics.

Ab*stract" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abstracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Abstracting.] [See Abstract, a.]

1. To withdraw; to separate; to take away.

> He was incapable of forming any opinion or resolution abstracted from his own prejudices.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. To draw off in respect to interest or attention; as, his was wholly abstracted by other objects.

> The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.
> Blackw. Mag.

3. To separate, as ideas, by the operation of the mind; to consider by itself; to contemplate separately, as a quality or attribute. Whately.

4. To epitomize; to abridge. Franklin.

5. To take secretly or dishonestly; to purloin; as, to abstract goods from a parcel, or money from a till.

> Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins from the harness.
> W. Black.

6. (Chem.) To separate, as the more volatile or soluble parts of a substance, by distillation or other chemical processes. In this sense extract is now more generally used.

Ab*stract", v. t. To perform the process of abstraction. [R.]

> I own myself able to abstract in one sense.
> Berkeley.

Ab"stract` (&?;), n. [See Abstract, a.] 1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the essential qualities of a larger thing or of several things. Specifically: A summary or an epitome, as of a treatise or book, or of a statement; a brief.

> An abstract of every treatise he had read.
> Watts.

> Man, the abstract
> Of all perfection, which the workmanship
> Of Heaven hath modeled.
> Ford.

2. A state of separation from other things; as, to consider a subject in the abstract, or apart from other associated things.

3. An abstract term.

> The concretes "father" and "son" have, or might have, the abstracts "paternity" and "filiety."
> J. S. Mill.

4. (Med.) A powdered solid extract of a vegetable substance mixed with sugar of milk in such proportion that one part of the abstract represents two parts of the original substance.

Abstract of title (Law), an epitome of the evidences of ownership.

Syn. -- Abridgment; compendium; epitome; synopsis. See Abridgment.

Ab*stract"ed (&?;), a. 1. Separated or disconnected; withdrawn; removed; apart.

> The evil abstracted stood from his own evil.
> Milton.

2. Separated from matter; abstract; ideal. [Obs.]

3. Abstract; abstruse; difficult. [Obs.] Johnson.

4. Inattentive to surrounding objects; absent in mind. "An abstracted scholar." Johnson.

Ab*stract"ed*ly, adv. In an abstracted manner; separately; with absence of mind.

Ab*stract"ed*ness, n. The state of being abstracted; abstract character.

Ab*stract"er (&?;), n. One who abstracts, or makes an abstract.

Ab*strac"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. abstraction. See Abstract, a.] 1. The act of abstracting, separating, or withdrawing, or the state of being withdrawn; withdrawal.

> A wrongful abstraction of wealth from certain members of the community.
> J. S. Mill.

2. (Metaph.) The act process of leaving out of consideration one or more properties of a complex object so as to attend to others; analysis. Thus, when the mind considers the form of a tree by itself, or the color of the leaves as separate from their size or figure, the act is called abstraction. So, also, when it considers whiteness, softness, virtue, existence, as separate from any particular objects.

Abstraction is necessary to classification, by which things are arranged in genera and species. We separate in idea the qualities of certain objects, which are of the same kind, from others which are different, in each, and arrange the objects having the same properties in a class, or collected body.

> Abstraction is no positive act: it is simply the negative of attention.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

3. An idea or notion of an abstract, or theoretical nature; as, to fight for mere abstractions.

4. A separation from worldly objects; a recluse life; as, a hermit's abstraction.

5. Absence or absorption of mind; inattention to present objects.

6. The taking surreptitiously for one's own use part of the property of another; purloining. [Modern]

7. (Chem.) A separation of volatile parts by the act of distillation. Nicholson.

Ab*strac"tion*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to abstraction.

Ab*strac"tion*ist, n. An idealist. Emerson.

Ab`strac*ti"tious (&?;), a. Obtained from plants by distillation. [Obs.] Crabb.

Ab*strac"tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. abstractif.] Having the power of abstracting; of an abstracting nature. "The abstractive faculty." I. Taylor.

Ab*strac"tive*ly, adv. In a abstract manner; separately; in or by itself. Feltham.

Ab*strac"tive*ness, n. The quality of being abstractive; abstractive property.

Ab"stract`ly (#; 277), adv. In an abstract state or manner; separately; absolutely; by itself; as, matter abstractly considered.

Ab"stract`ness, n. The quality of being abstract. "The abstractness of the ideas." Locke.

Ab*stringe" (&?;), v. t. [L ab + stringere, strictum, to press together.] To unbind. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ab*strude" (&?;), v. t. [L. abstrudere. See Abstruse.] To thrust away. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ab*struse" (&?;), a. [L. abstrusus, p. p. of abstrudere to thrust away, conceal; ab, abs + trudere to thrust; cf. F. abstrus. See Threat.] 1. Concealed or hidden out of the way. [Obs.]

> The eternal eye whose sight discerns
> Abstrusest thoughts.
> Milton.

2. Remote from apprehension; difficult to be comprehended or understood; recondite; as, abstruse learning.

> Profound and abstruse topics.
> Milman.

Ab*struse"ly, adv. In an abstruse manner.

Ab*struse"ness, n. The quality of being abstruse; difficulty of apprehension. Boyle.

Ab*stru"sion (&?;), n. [L. abstrusio. See Abstruse.] The act of thrusting away. [R.] Ogilvie.

Ab*stru"si*ty (b*str"s*t), n. Abstruseness; that which is abstruse. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ab*sume" (b*sm"), v. t. [L. absumere, absumptum; ab + sumere to take.] To consume gradually; to waste away. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ab*sump"tion (b*smp"shn; 215), n. [L. absumptio. See Absume.] Act of wasting away; a consuming; extinction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ab*surd" (b*sûrd"), a. [L. absurdus harsh-sounding; ab + (prob) a derivative fr. a root svar to sound; not connected with surd: cf. F. absurde. See Syringe.] Contrary to reason or propriety; obviously and flatly opposed to manifest truth; inconsistent with the plain dictates of common sense; logically contradictory; nonsensical; ridiculous; as, an absurd person, an absurd opinion; an absurd dream.

> This proffer is absurd and reasonless.
> Shak.

> 'This phrase absurd to call a villain great.
> Pope. p. 9

Syn. -- Foolish; irrational; ridiculous; preposterous; inconsistent; incongruous. -- Absurd, Irrational, Foolish, Preposterous. Of these terms, irrational is the weakest, denoting that which is plainly inconsistent with the dictates of sound reason; as, an irrational course of life. Foolish rises higher, and implies either a perversion of that faculty, or an absolute weakness or fatuity of mind; as, foolish enterprises. Absurd rises still higher, denoting that which is plainly opposed to received notions of propriety and truth; as, an absurd man, project, opinion, story, argument, etc. Preposterous rises still higher, and supposes an absolute inversion in the order of things; or, in plain terms, a "putting of the cart before the horse;" as, a preposterous suggestion, preposterous conduct, a preposterous regulation or law.

<! p. 9 !>

Ab*surd" (b*sûrd"), n. An absurdity. [Obs.] Pope.

Ab*surd"i*ty (-*t), n.; pl. Absurdities (-tz). [L. absurditas: cf. F. absurdite.] 1. The quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment. "The absurdity of the actual idea of an infinite number." Locke.

2. That which is absurd; an absurd action; a logical contradiction.

> His travels were full of absurdities.
> Johnson.

Ab*surd"ly, adv. In an absurd manner.

Ab*surd"ness, n. Absurdity. [R.]

||A*bu"na (*b"n), n. [Eth. and Ar., our father.] The Patriarch, or head of the Abyssinian Church.

A*bun"dance (*bn"dans), n. [OE. (h)abundaunce, abundance, F. abondance, L. abundantia, fr. abundare. See Abound.] An overflowing fullness; ample sufficiency; great plenty; profusion; copious supply; superfluity; wealth: -- strictly applicable to quantity only, but sometimes used of number.

> It is lamentable to remember what abundance of noble blood hath been shed with small benefit to the Christian state.
> Raleigh.

Syn. -- Exuberance; plenteousness; plenty; copiousness; overflow; riches; affluence; wealth. -- Abundance, Plenty, Exuberance. These words rise upon each other in expressing the idea of fullness. Plenty denotes a sufficiency to supply every want; as, plenty of food, plenty of money, etc. Abundance express more, and gives the idea of superfluity or excess; as, abundance of riches, an abundance of wit and humor; often, however, it only denotes plenty in a high degree. Exuberance rises still higher, and implies a bursting forth on every side, producing great superfluity or redundance; as, an exuberance of mirth, an exuberance of animal spirits, etc.

A*bun"dant (&?;), a. [OE. (h)abundant, aboundant, F. abondant, fr. L. abudans, p. pr. of abundare. See Abound.] Fully sufficient; plentiful; in copious supply; -- followed by in, rarely by with. "Abundant in goodness and truth." Exod. xxxiv. 6.

Abundant number (Math.), a number, the sum of whose aliquot parts exceeds the number itself. Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, the aliquot parts of 12, make the number 16. This is opposed to a deficient number, as 14, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 7, the sum of which is 10; and to a perfect number, which is equal to the sum of its aliquot parts, as 6, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2., 3.

Syn. -- Ample; plentiful; copious; plenteous; exuberant; overflowing; rich; teeming; profuse; bountiful; liberal. See Ample.

A*bun"dant*ly, adv. In a sufficient degree; fully; amply; plentifully; in large measure.

A*burst" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + burst.] In a bursting condition.

A*bus"a*ble (&?;), a. That may be abused.

A*bus"age (&?;), n. Abuse. [Obs.] Whately (1634).

A*buse" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abused (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Abusing.] [F. abuser; L. abusus, p. p. of abuti to abuse, misuse; ab + uti to use. See Use.] 1. To put to a wrong use; to misapply; to misuse; to put to a bad use; to use for a wrong purpose or end; to pervert; as, to abuse inherited gold; to make an excessive use of; as, to abuse one's authority.

> This principle (if one may so abuse the word) shoots rapidly into popularity.
> Froude.

2. To use ill; to maltreat; to act injuriously to; to punish or to tax excessively; to hurt; as, to abuse prisoners, to abuse one's powers, one's patience.

3. To revile; to reproach coarsely; to disparage.

> The . . . tellers of news abused the general.
> Macaulay.

4. To dishonor. "Shall flight abuse your name?" Shak.

5. To violate; to ravish. Spenser.

6. To deceive; to impose on. [Obs.]

> Their eyes red and staring, cozened with a moist cloud, and abused by a double object.
> Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- To maltreat; injure; revile; reproach; vilify; vituperate; asperse; traduce; malign.

A*buse" (&?;), n. [F. abus, L. abusus, fr. abuti. See Abuse, v. t.] 1. Improper treatment or use; application to a wrong or bad purpose; misuse; as, an abuse of our natural powers; an abuse of civil rights, or of privileges or advantages; an abuse of language.

> Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty, as well as by the abuses of power.
> Madison.

2. Physical ill treatment; injury. "Rejoice . . . at the abuse of Falstaff." Shak.

3. A corrupt practice or custom; offense; crime; fault; as, the abuses in the civil service.

> Abuse after disappeared without a struggle..
> Macaulay.

4. Vituperative words; coarse, insulting speech; abusive language; virulent condemnation; reviling.

> The two parties, after exchanging a good deal of abuse, came to blows.
> Macaulay.

5. Violation; rape; as, abuse of a female child. [Obs.]

> Or is it some abuse, and no such thing?
> Shak.

Abuse of distress (Law), a wrongful using of an animal or chattel distrained, by the distrainer.

Syn. -- Invective; contumely; reproach; scurrility; insult; opprobrium. -- Abuse, Invective. Abuse is generally prompted by anger, and vented in harsh and unseemly words. It is more personal and coarse than invective. Abuse generally takes place in private quarrels; invective in writing or public discussions. Invective may be conveyed in refined language and dictated by indignation against what is blameworthy. C. J. Smith.

A*buse"ful (&?;), a. Full of abuse; abusive. [R.] "Abuseful names." Bp. Barlow.

A*bus"er (&?;), n. One who abuses [in the various senses of the verb].

A*bu"sion (&?;), n. [OE. abusion, abusioun, OF. abusion, fr. L. abusio misuse of words, f. abuti. See Abuse, v. t.] Evil or corrupt usage; abuse; wrong; reproach; deception; cheat. Chaucer.

A*bu"sive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. abusif, fr. L. abusivus.] 1. Wrongly used; perverted; misapplied.

> I am . . . necessitated to use the word Parliament improperly, according to the abusive acceptation thereof.
> Fuller.

2. Given to misusing; also, full of abuses. [Archaic] "The abusive prerogatives of his see." Hallam.

3. Practicing abuse; prone to ill treat by coarse, insulting words or by other ill usage; as, an abusive author; an abusive fellow.

4. Containing abuse, or serving as the instrument of abuse; vituperative; reproachful; scurrilous. "An abusive lampoon." Johnson.

5. Tending to deceive; fraudulent; cheating. [Obs.] "An abusive treaty." Bacon.

Syn. -- Reproachful; scurrilous; opprobrious; insolent; insulting; injurious; offensive; reviling.

A*bu"sive*ly, adv. In an abusive manner; rudely; with abusive language.

A*bu"sive*ness, n. The quality of being abusive; rudeness of language, or violence to the person.

> Pick out mirth, like stones out of thy ground,
> Profaneness, filthiness, abusiveness.
> Herbert.

A*but" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Abutting.] [OF. abouter, aboter; cf. F. aboutir, and also abuter; a (L. ad) + OF. boter, buter, to push: cf. F. bout end, and but end, purpose.] To project; to terminate or border; to be contiguous; to meet; -- with on, upon, or against; as, his land abuts on the road.

A*bu"ti*lon (&?;), n. [Ar. aubtln.] (Bot.) A genus of malvaceous plants of many species, found in the torrid and temperate zones of both continents; -- called also Indian mallow.

A*but"ment (*bt"ment), n. 1. State of abutting.

2. That on or against which a body abuts or presses; as (a) (Arch.) The solid part of a pier or wall, etc., which receives the thrust or lateral pressure of an arch, vault, or strut. Gwilt. (b) (Mech.) A fixed point or surface from which resistance or reaction is obtained, as the cylinder head of a steam engine, the fulcrum of a lever, etc. (c) In breech-loading firearms, the block behind the barrel which receives the pressure due to recoil.

A*but"tal (&?;), n. The butting or boundary of land, particularly at the end; a headland. Spelman.

A*but"ter (&?;), n. One who, or that which, abuts. Specifically, the owner of a contiguous estate; as, the abutters on a street or a river.

A*buzz" (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + buzz.] In a buzz; buzzing. [Colloq.] Dickens.

{ A*by", A*bye" } (&?;), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Abought (&?;).] [AS. bycgan to pay for; pref. - (cf. Goth. us- , Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + bycgan to buy. See Buy, and cf. Abide.] 1. To pay for; to suffer for; to atone for; to make amends for; to give satisfaction. [Obs.]

> Lest to thy peril thou aby it dear.
> Shak.

2. To endure; to abide. [Obs.]

> But nought that wanteth rest can long aby.
> Spenser.

A*bysm" (&?;), n. [OF. abisme; F. abime, LL. abyssimus, a superl. of L. abyssus; Gr. &?;. See Abyss.] An abyss; a gulf. "The abysm of hell." Shak.

A*bys"mal (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an abyss; bottomless; unending; profound.

> Geology gives one the same abysmal extent of time that astronomy does of space.
> Carlyle.

A*bys"mal*ly, adv. To a fathomless depth; profoundly. "Abysmally ignorant." G. Eliot.

A*byss" (&?;), n. [L. abyssus a bottomless gulf, fr. Gr. &?; bottomless; 'a priv. + &?; depth, bottom.] 1. A bottomless or unfathomed depth, gulf, or chasm; hence, any deep, immeasurable, and, specifically, hell, or the bottomless pit.

> Ye powers and spirits of this nethermost abyss.
> Milton.

> The throne is darkness, in the abyss of light.
> Dryden.

2. Infinite time; a vast intellectual or moral depth.

> The abysses of metaphysical theology.
> Macaulay.

> In unfathomable abysses of disgrace.
> Burke.

3. (Her.) The center of an escutcheon.

This word, in its leading uses, is associated with the cosmological notions of the Hebrews, having reference to a supposed illimitable mass of waters from which our earth sprung, and beneath whose profound depths the wicked were punished. Encyc. Brit.

A*byss"al (&?;), a. [Cf. Abysmal.] Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss; unfathomable.

Abyssal zone (Phys. Geog.), one of the belts or zones into which Sir E. Forbes divides the bottom of the sea in describing its plants, animals, etc. It is the one furthest from the shore, embracing all beyond one hundred fathoms deep. Hence, abyssal animals, plants, etc.

Ab`ys*sin"i*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Abyssinia.

Abyssinian gold, an alloy of 90.74 parts of copper and 8.33 parts of zink. Ure.

Ab`ys*sin"i*an, n. 1. A native of Abyssinia.

2. A member of the Abyssinian Church.

A*ca"ci*a (&?;), n. (Antiq.) A roll or bag, filled with dust, borne by Byzantine emperors, as a memento of mortality. It is represented on medals.

A*ca"cia (&?;), n.; pl. E. Acacias (&?;), L. Acaciæ (&?;). [L. from Gr. &?;; orig. the name of a thorny tree found in Egypt; prob. fr. the root ak to be sharp. See Acute.] 1. A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs. Nearly 300 species are Australian or Polynesian, and have terete or vertically compressed leaf stalks, instead of the bipinnate leaves of the much fewer species of America, Africa, etc. Very few are found in temperate climates.

2. (Med.) The inspissated juice of several species of acacia; -- called also gum acacia, and gum arabic.

Ac"a*cin, Ac"a*cine (&?;), n. Gum arabic.

Ac`a*deme" (&?;), n. [L. academia. See Academy.] An academy. [Poetic] Shak.

Ac`a*de"mi*al (&?;), a. Academic. [R.]

Ac`a*de"mi*an (&?;), n. A member of an academy, university, or college.

{ Ac`a*dem"ic (&?;), Ac`a*dem"ic*al (&?;), } a. [L. academicus: cf. F. académigue. See Academy.] 1. Belonging to the school or philosophy of Plato; as, the Academic sect or philosophy.

2. Belonging to an academy or other higher institution of learning; scholarly; literary or classical, in distinction from scientific. "Academic courses." Warburton. "Academical study." Berkeley.

Ac`a*dem"ic, n. 1. One holding the philosophy of Socrates and Plato; a Platonist. Hume.

2. A member of an academy, college, or university; an academician.

Ac`a*dem`ic*al*ly, adv. In an academical manner.

Ac`a*dem"ic*als (&?;), n. pl. The articles of dress prescribed and worn at some colleges and universities.

Ac`a*de*mi"cian (#; 277), n. [F. académicien. See Academy.] 1. A member of an academy, or society for promoting science, art, or literature, as of the French Academy, or the Royal Academy of arts.

2. A collegian. [R.] Chesterfield.

Ac`a*dem"i*cism (&?;), n. 1. A tenet of the Academic philosophy.

2. A mannerism or mode peculiar to an academy.

A*cad"e*mism (&?;), n. The doctrines of the Academic philosophy. [Obs.] Baxter.

A*cad"e*mist (&?;), n. [F. academiste.] 1. An Academic philosopher.

2. An academician. [Obs.] Ray.

A*cad"e*my (&?;), n.; pl. Academies (&?;). [F. académie, L. academia. Cf. Academe.] 1. A garden or grove near Athens (so named from the hero Academus), where Plato and his followers held their philosophical conferences; hence, the school of philosophy of which Plato was head.

2. An institution for the study of higher learning; a college or a university. Popularly, a school, or seminary of learning, holding a rank between a college and a common school.

3. A place of training; a school. "Academies of fanaticism." Hume.

4. A society of learned men united for the advancement of the arts and sciences, and literature, or some particular art or science; as, the French Academy; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; academies of literature and philology.

5. A school or place of training in which some special art is taught; as, the military academy at West Point; a riding academy; the Academy of Music.

Academy figure (Paint.), a drawing usually half life-size, in crayon or pencil, after a nude model.

A*ca"di*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Acadie, or Nova Scotia. "Acadian farmers." Longfellow. -- n. A native of Acadie.

Acadian epoch (Geol.), an epoch at the beginning of the American paleozoic time, and including the oldest American rocks known to be fossiliferous. See Geology. -- Acadian owl (Zoöl.), a small North American owl (Nyctule Acadica); the saw-whet.

||Ac"a*jou (&?;), n. [F. See Cashew.] (Bot.) (a) The cashew tree; also, its fruit. See Cashew. (b) The mahogany tree; also, its timber.

{ Ac"a*leph (&?;), Ac`a*le"phan (&?;) } n.; pl. Acalephs (&?;), Acalephans (&?;). [See Acalephæ.] (Zoöl.) One of the Acalephæ.

||Ac`a*le"phæ (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?;, a nettle.] A group of Cœlenterata, including the Medusæ or jellyfishes, and hydroids; -- so called from the stinging power they possess. Sometimes called sea nettles.

Ac`ale"phoid (&?;), a. [Acaleph + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Belonging to or resembling the Acalephæ or jellyfishes.

A*cal"y*cine (&?;), Ac`a*lys`i*nous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; calyx.] (Bot.) Without a calyx, or outer floral envelope.

A*canth" (&?;), n. Same as Acanthus.

||A*can"tha (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; thorn, fr. &?; point. See Acute.] 1. (Bot.) A prickle.

2. (Zoöl.) A spine or prickly fin.

3. (Anat.) The vertebral column; the spinous process of a vertebra. Dunglison.

Ac"an*tha"ceous (&?;), a. 1. Armed with prickles, as a plant.

2. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the acanthus is the type.

<! p. 10 !>

A*can"thine (&?;), a. [L. acanthinus, Gr. &?;, thorny, fr. &?;. See Acanthus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the plant acanthus.

A*can`tho*car"pous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; thorn + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) Having the fruit covered with spines.

||A*can`tho*ceph"a*la (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a spine, thorn + &?; head.] (Zoöl.) A group of intestinal worms, having the proboscis armed with recurved spines.

A*can`tho*ceph"a*lous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Having a spiny head, as one of the Acanthocephala.

Ac`an*thoph"o*rous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; spine + &?; to bear.] Spine-bearing. Gray.

A*can`tho*po"di*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; thorn + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Bot.) Having spinous petioles.

||Ac`an*thop"ter*i (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; thorn + &?; wing, fin.] (Zoöl.) A group of teleostean fishes having spiny fins. See Acanthopterygii.

Ac`an*thop"ter*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; spine + &?; wing.] 1. (Zoöl.) Spiny- winged.

2. (Zoöl.) Acanthopterygious.

Ac`an*thop`ter*yg"i*an (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the order of fishes having spinose fins, as the perch. -- n. A spiny-finned fish.

||Ac`an*thop`ter*yg"i*i (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; thorn + &?; fin, dim. fr. &?; wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes having some of the rays of the dorsal, ventral, and anal fins unarticulated and spinelike, as the perch.

Ac`an*thop`ter*yg"i*ous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Having fins in which the rays are hard and spinelike; spiny-finned.

A*can"thus (&?;), n.; pl. E. Acanthuses (&?;), L. Acanthi (&?;). [L., from Gr. &?;. Cf. Acantha.]

1. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous prickly plants, found in the south of Europe, Asia Minor, and India; bear's- breech.

2. (Arch.) An ornament resembling the foliage or leaves of the acanthus (Acanthus spinosus); -- used in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders.

||A cap*pel"la (&?;). [It. See Chapel.] (Mus.) (a) In church or chapel style; -- said of compositions sung in the old church style, without instrumental accompaniment; as, a mass a capella, i. e., a mass purely vocal. (b) A time indication, equivalent to alla breve.

A*cap"su*lar (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + capsular.] (Bot.) Having no capsule.

A*car"di*ac (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; heart.] Without a heart; as, an acardiac fetus.

A*car"i*dan (&?;), n. [See Acarus.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of arachnids, including the mites and ticks.

||Ac`a*ri"na (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a mite.] (Zoöl.) The group of Arachnida which includes the mites and ticks. Many species are parasitic, and cause diseases like the itch and mange.

Ac"a*rine (&?;), a. (Med.) Of or caused by acari or mites; as, acarine diseases.

Ac"a*roid (&?;), a. [NL., acarus a mite + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Shaped like or resembling a mite.

Ac`ar*pel"lous (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + carpel.] (Bot.) Having no carpels.

A*car"pous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) Not producing fruit; unfruitful.

||Ac"a*rus (&?;), n.; pl. Acari (&?;). [NL., from Gr. &?; the cheese mite, tick.] (Zoöl.) A genus including many species of small mites.

A*cat`a*lec"tic (&?;), a. [L. acatalecticus, Gr. &?;, not defective at the end; 'a priv. + &?; to cease.] (Pros.) Not defective; complete; as, an acatalectic verse. -- n. A verse which has the complete number of feet and syllables.

A*cat"a*lep`sy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to seize, comprehend.] Incomprehensibility of things; the doctrine held by the ancient Skeptic philosophers, that human knowledge never amounts to certainty, but only to probability.

A*cat`a*lep"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Incapable of being comprehended; incomprehensible.

A*ca"ter (&?;), n. See Caterer. [Obs.]

A*cates" (&?;), n. pl. See Cates. [Obs.]

A*cau"date (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + caudate.] Tailless.

Ac`au*les"cent (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + caulescent.] (Bot.) Having no stem or caulis, or only a very short one concealed in the ground. Gray.

A*cau"line (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + cauline.] (Bot.) Same as Acaulescent.

{ A*cau"lose (&?;), A*cau"lous (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; stalk or L. caulis stalk. See Cole.] (Bot.) Same as Acaulescent.

Ac*ca"di*an (&?;), a. [From the city Accad. See Gen. x. 10.] Pertaining to a race supposed to have lived in Babylonia before the Assyrian conquest.

-- Ac*ca"di*an, n., Ac"cad (&?;), n. Sayce.

Ac*cede" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Acceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Acceding.] [L. accedere to approach, accede; ad + cedere to move, yield: cf. F. accédere. See Cede.]

1. To approach; to come forward; -- opposed to recede. [Obs.] T. Gale.

2. To enter upon an office or dignity; to attain.

> Edward IV., who had acceded to the throne in the year 1461.
> T. Warton.

> If Frederick had acceded to the supreme power.
> Morley.

3. To become a party by associating one's self with others; to give one's adhesion. Hence, to agree or assent to a proposal or a view; as, he acceded to my request.

> The treaty of Hanover in 1725 . . . to which the Dutch afterwards acceded.
> Chesterfield.

Syn. -- To agree; assent; consent; comply; acquiesce; concur.

Ac*ced"ence (&?;), n. The act of acceding.

Ac*ced"er (&?;), n. One who accedes.

||Ac*cel`er*an"do (&?;), a. [It.] (Mus.) Gradually accelerating the movement.

Ac*cel"er*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accelerated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Accelerating.] [L. acceleratus, p. p. of accelerare; ad + celerare to hasten; celer quick. See Celerity.] 1. To cause to move faster; to quicken the motion of; to add to the speed of; -- opposed to retard.

2. To quicken the natural or ordinary progression or process of; as, to accelerate the growth of a plant, the increase of wealth, etc.

3. To hasten, as the occurence of an event; as, to accelerate our departure.

Accelerated motion (Mech.), motion with a continually increasing velocity. -- Accelerating force, the force which causes accelerated motion. Nichol.

Syn. -- To hasten; expedite; quicken; dispatch; forward; advance; further.

Ac*cel`er*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. acceleratio: cf. F. accélération.] The act of accelerating, or the state of being accelerated; increase of motion or action; as, a falling body moves toward the earth with an acceleration of velocity; -- opposed to retardation.

> A period of social improvement, or of intellectual advancement, contains within itself a principle of acceleration.
> I. Taylor.

(Astr. & Physics.) Acceleration of the moon, the increase of the moon's mean motion in its orbit, in consequence of which its period of revolution is now shorter than in ancient times. - - Acceleration and retardation of the tides. See Priming of the tides, under Priming. -- Diurnal acceleration of the fixed stars, the amount by which their apparent diurnal motion exceeds that of the sun, in consequence of which they daily come to the meridian of any place about three minutes fifty-six seconds of solar time earlier than on the day preceding. -- Acceleration of the planets, the increasing velocity of their motion, in proceeding from the apogee to the perigee of their orbits.

Ac*cel"er*a*tive (&?;), a. Relating to acceleration; adding to velocity; quickening. Reid.

Ac*cel"er*a`tor (&?;), n. One who, or that which, accelerates. Also as an adj.; as, accelerator nerves.

Ac*cel"er*a*to*ry (&?;), a. Accelerative.

Ac*cel"er*o*graph (&?;), n. [Accelerate + -graph.] (Mil.) An apparatus for studying the combustion of powder in guns, etc.

Ac*cel`er*om"e*ter (&?;), n. [Accelerate + -meter.] An apparatus for measuring the velocity imparted by gunpowder.

Ac*cend" (&?;), v. t. [L. accendere, accensum, to kindle; ad + candre to kindle (only in compounds); rel. to candre to be white, to gleam. See Candle.] To set on fire; to kindle. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Ac*cend`i*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. Capacity of being kindled, or of becoming inflamed; inflammability.

Ac*cend"i*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being inflamed or kindled; combustible; inflammable. Ure.

Ac*cen"sion (&?;), n. The act of kindling or the state of being kindled; ignition. Locke.

Ac*cen"sor (&?;), n. [LL., from p. p. accensus. See Accend.] (R. C. Ch.) One of the functionaries who light and trim the tapers.

Ac"cent` (&?;), n. [F. accent, L. accentus; ad + cantus a singing, canere to sing. See Cant.] 1. A superior force of voice or of articulative effort upon some particular syllable of a word or a phrase, distinguishing it from the others.

Many English words have two accents, the primary and the secondary; the primary being uttered with a greater stress of voice than the secondary; as in as′pira\'b6tion, where the chief stress is on the third syllable, and a slighter stress on the first. Some words, as an′tiap′o-plec\'b6tic, in- com′pre-hen′si-bil\'b6i-ty, have two secondary accents. See Guide to Pron., t=t= 30-46.

2. A mark or character used in writing, and serving to regulate the pronunciation; esp.: (a) a mark to indicate the nature and place of the spoken accent; (b) a mark to indicate the quality of sound of the vowel marked; as, the French accents.

In the ancient Greek the acute accent (′) meant a raised tone or pitch, the grave (`), the level tone or simply the negation of accent, the circumflex ( ~ or ^) a tone raised and then depressed. In works on elocution, the first is often used to denote the rising inflection of the voice; the second, the falling inflection; and the third (^), the compound or waving inflection. In dictionaries, spelling books, and the like, the acute accent is used to designate the syllable which receives the chief stress of voice.

3. Modulation of the voice in speaking; manner of speaking or pronouncing; peculiar or characteristic modification of the voice; tone; as, a foreign accent; a French or a German accent. "Beguiled you in a plain accent." Shak. "A perfect accent." Thackeray.

> The tender accent of a woman's cry.
> Prior.

4. A word; a significant tone; (pl.) expressions in general; speech.

> Winds! on your wings to Heaven her accents bear,
> Such words as Heaven alone is fit to hear.
> Dryden.

5. (Pros.) Stress laid on certain syllables of a verse.

6. (Mus.) (a) A regularly recurring stress upon the tone to mark the beginning, and, more feebly, the third part of the measure. (b) A special emphasis of a tone, even in the weaker part of the measure. (c) The rhythmical accent, which marks phrases and sections of a period. (d) The expressive emphasis and shading of a passage. J. S. Dwight.

7. (Math.) (a) A mark placed at the right hand of a letter, and a little above it, to distinguish magnitudes of a similar kind expressed by the same letter, but differing in value, as y′, y″. (b) (Trigon.) A mark at the right hand of a number, indicating minutes of a degree, seconds, etc.; as, 12′27″, i. e., twelve minutes twenty seven seconds. (c) (Engin.) A mark used to denote feet and inches; as, 6′ 10″ is six feet ten inches.

Ac*cent" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accented; p. pr. & vb. n. Accenting.] [OF. accenter, F. accentuer.]

1. To express the accent of (either by the voice or by a mark); to utter or to mark with accent.

2. To mark emphatically; to emphasize.

Ac"cent`less (&?;), a. Without accent.

Ac*cen"tor (&?;), n. [L. ad. + cantor singer, canere to sing.] 1. (Mus.) One who sings the leading part; the director or leader. [Obs.]

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of European birds (so named from their sweet notes), including the hedge warbler. In America sometimes applied to the water thrushes.

Ac*cen"tu*a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being accented.

Ac*cen"tu*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to accent; characterized or formed by accent.

Ac*cen`tu*al"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being accentual.

Ac*cen"tu*al*ly (&?;), adv. In an accentual manner; in accordance with accent.

Ac*cen"tu*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accentuated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Accentuating.] [LL. accentuatus, p. p. of accentuare, fr. L. accentus: cf. F. accentuer.] 1. To pronounce with an accent or with accents.

2. To bring out distinctly; to make prominent; to emphasize.

> In Bosnia, the struggle between East and West was even more accentuated.
> London Times.

3. To mark with the written accent.

Ac*cen`tu*a"tion (&?;), n. [LL. accentuatio: cf. F. accentuation.] Act of accentuating; applications of accent. Specifically (Eccles. Mus.), pitch or modulation of the voice in reciting portions of the liturgy.

Ac*cept" (k*spt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accepting.] [F. accepter, L. acceptare, freq. of accipere; ad + capere to take; akin to E. heave.]

1. To receive with a consenting mind (something offered); as, to accept a gift; -- often followed by of.

> If you accept them, then their worth is great.
> Shak.

> To accept of ransom for my son.
> Milton.

> She accepted of a treat.
> Addison.

2. To receive with favor; to approve.

> The Lord accept thy burnt sacrifice.
> Ps. xx. 3.

> Peradventure he will accept of me.
> Gen. xxxii. 20.

3. To receive or admit and agree to; to assent to; as, I accept your proposal, amendment, or excuse.

4. To take by the mind; to understand; as, How are these words to be accepted?

5. (Com.) To receive as obligatory and promise to pay; as, to accept a bill of exchange. Bouvier.

6. In a deliberate body, to receive in acquittance of a duty imposed; as, to accept the report of a committee. [This makes it the property of the body, and the question is then on its adoption.]

To accept a bill (Law), to agree (on the part of the drawee) to pay it when due. -- To accept service (Law), to agree that a writ or process shall be considered as regularly served, when it has not been. -- To accept the person (Eccl.), to show favoritism. "God accepteth no man's person." Gal. ii. 6.

Syn. -- To receive; take; admit. See Receive.

Ac*cept", a. Accepted. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac*cept`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. [LL. acceptabilitas.] The quality of being acceptable; acceptableness. "Acceptability of repentance." Jer. Taylor.

Ac*cept"a*ble (-spt"*b'l; 277), a. [F. acceptable, L. acceptabilis, fr. acceptare.] Capable, worthy, or sure of being accepted or received with pleasure; pleasing to a receiver; gratifying; agreeable; welcome; as, an acceptable present, one acceptable to us.

Ac*cept"a*ble*ness (k*spt"*b'l*ns), n. The quality of being acceptable, or suitable to be favorably received; acceptability.

Ac*cept"a*bly, adv. In an acceptable manner; in a manner to please or give satisfaction.

Ac*cept"ance (&?;), n. 1. The act of accepting; a receiving what is offered, with approbation, satisfaction, or acquiescence; esp., favorable reception; approval; as, the acceptance of a gift, office, doctrine, etc.

> They shall come up with acceptance on mine altar.
> Isa. lx. 7.

2. State of being accepted; acceptableness. "Makes it assured of acceptance." Shak.

3. (Com.) (a) An assent and engagement by the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, to pay it when due according to the terms of the acceptance. (b) The bill itself when accepted.

4. An agreeing to terms or proposals by which a bargain is concluded and the parties are bound; the reception or taking of a thing bought as that for which it was bought, or as that agreed to be delivered, or the taking possession as owner.

5. (Law) An agreeing to the action of another, by some act which binds the person in law.

What acts shall amount to such an acceptance is often a question of great nicety and difficulty. Mozley & W.

<! p. 11 !>

In modern law, proposal and acceptance are the constituent elements into which all contracts are resolved.

Acceptance of a bill of exchange, check, draft, or order, is an engagement to pay it according to the terms. This engagement is usually made by writing the word "accepted" across the face of the bill. Acceptance of goods, under the statute of frauds, is an intelligent acceptance by a party knowing the nature of the transaction.

6. Meaning; acceptation. [Obs.]

Acceptance of persons, partiality, favoritism. See under Accept.

Ac*cept"an*cy (&?;), n. Acceptance. [R.]

> Here's a proof of gift,
> But here's no proof, sir, of acceptancy.
> Mrs. Browning.

Ac*cept"ant (&?;), a. Accepting; receiving.

Ac*cept"ant, n. An accepter. Chapman.

Ac`cep*ta"tion (&?;), n. 1. Acceptance; reception; favorable reception or regard; state of being acceptable. [Obs.]

> This is saying worthy of all acceptation.
> 1 Tim. i. 15.

> Some things . . . are notwithstanding of so great dignity and acceptation with God.
> Hooker.

2. The meaning in which a word or expression is understood, or generally received; as, term is to be used according to its usual acceptation.

> My words, in common acceptation,
> Could never give this provocation.
> Gay.

Ac*cept"ed*ly (&?;), adv. In a accepted manner; admittedly.

Ac*cept"er (&?;), n. 1. A person who accepts; a taker.

2. A respecter; a viewer with partiality. [Obs.]

> God is no accepter of persons.
> Chillingworth.

3. (Law) An acceptor.

Ac*cep`ti*la"tion (&?;), n. [L. acceptilatio entry of a debt collected, acquittance, fr. p. p. of accipere (cf. Accept) + latio a carrying, fr. latus, p. p. of ferre to carry: cf. F. acceptilation.] (Civil Law) Gratuitous discharge; a release from debt or obligation without payment; free remission.

Ac*cep"tion (&?;), n. [L. acceptio a receiving, accepting: cf. F. acception.] Acceptation; the received meaning. [Obs.]

> Here the word "baron" is not to be taken in that restrictive sense to which the modern acception hath confined it.
> Fuller.

Acception of persons or faces (Eccl.), favoritism; partiality. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Ac*cept"ive (&?;), a. 1. Fit for acceptance.

2. Ready to accept. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ac*cept"or (#; 277), n. [L.] One who accepts; specifically (Law & Com.), one who accepts an order or a bill of exchange; a drawee after he has accepted.

Ac*cess" (#; 277), n. [F. accès, L. accessus, fr. accedere. See Accede.] 1. A coming to, or near approach; admittance; admission; accessibility; as, to gain access to a prince.

> I did repel his letters, and denied
> His access to me.
> Shak.

2. The means, place, or way by which a thing may be approached; passage way; as, the access is by a neck of land. "All access was thronged." Milton.

3. Admission to sexual intercourse.

> During coverture, access of the husband shall be presumed, unless the contrary be shown.
> Blackstone.

4. Increase by something added; addition; as, an access of territory. [In this sense accession is more generally used.]

> I, from the influence of thy looks, receive
> Access in every virtue.
> Milton.

5. An onset, attack, or fit of disease.

> The first access looked like an apoplexy.
> Burnet.

6. A paroxysm; a fit of passion; an outburst; as, an access of fury. [A Gallicism]

Ac*ces"sa*ri*ly (&?;), adv. In the manner of an accessary.

Ac*ces"sa*ri*ness, n. The state of being accessary.

Ac*ces"sa*ry (#; 277), a. Accompanying, as a subordinate; additional; accessory; esp., uniting in, or contributing to, a crime, but not as chief actor. See Accessory.

> To both their deaths thou shalt be accessary.
> Shak.

> Amongst many secondary and accessary causes that support monarchy, these are not of least reckoning.
> Milton.

Ac*ces"sa*ry (277), n.; pl. Accessaries (&?;). [Cf. Accessory and LL. accessarius.] (Law) One who, not being present, contributes as an assistant or instigator to the commission of an offense.

Accessary before the fact (Law), one who commands or counsels an offense, not being present at its commission. -- Accessary after the fact, one who, after an offense, assists or shelters the offender, not being present at the commission of the offense.

This word, as used in law, is spelt accessory by Blackstone and many others; but in this sense is spelt accessary by Bouvier, Burrill, Burns, Whishaw, Dane, and the Penny Cyclopedia; while in other senses it is spelt accessory. In recent text-books on criminal law the distinction is not preserved, the spelling being either accessary or accessory.

Ac*cess`i*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. [L. accessibilitas: cf. F. accessibilité.] The quality of being accessible, or of admitting approach; receptibility. Langhorne.

Ac*cess"i*ble (&?;), a. [L. accessibilis, fr. accedere: cf. F. accessible. See Accede.] 1. Easy of access or approach; approachable; as, an accessible town or mountain, an accessible person.

2. Open to the influence of; -- with to. "Minds accessible to reason." Macaulay.

3. Obtainable; to be got at.

> The best information . . . at present accessible.
> Macaulay.

Ac*cess"i*bly (&?;), adv. In an accessible manner.

Ac*ces"sion (&?;), n. [L. accessio, fr. accedere: cf. F. accession. See Accede.] 1. A coming to; the act of acceding and becoming joined; as, a king's accession to a confederacy.

2. Increase by something added; that which is added; augmentation from without; as, an accession of wealth or territory.

> The only accession which the Roman empire received was the province of Britain.
> Gibbon.

3. (Law) (a) A mode of acquiring property, by which the owner of a corporeal substance which receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to the part or thing added, or the improvement (provided the thing is not changed into a different species). Thus, the owner of a cow becomes the owner of her calf. (b) The act by which one power becomes party to engagements already in force between other powers. Kent.

4. The act of coming to or reaching a throne, an office, or dignity; as, the accession of the house of Stuart; -- applied especially to the epoch of a new dynasty.

5. (Med.) The invasion, approach, or commencement of a disease; a fit or paroxysm.

Syn. -- Increase; addition; augmentation; enlargement.

Ac*ces"sion*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to accession; additional. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ac*ces"sive (&?;), a. Additional.

Ac`ces*so"ri*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an accessory; as, accessorial agency, accessorial guilt.

Ac*ces"so*ri*ly (&?;), adv. In the manner of an accessory; auxiliary.

Ac*ces"so*ri*ness, n. The state of being accessory, or connected subordinately.

Ac*ces"so*ry (#; 277), a. [L. accessorius. See Access, and cf. Accessary.] Accompanying as a subordinate; aiding in a secondary way; additional; connected as an incident or subordinate to a principal; contributing or contributory; said of persons and things, and, when of persons, usually in a bad sense; as, he was accessory to the riot; accessory sounds in music.

Ash accents the antepenult; and this is not only more regular, but preferable, on account of easiness of pronunciation. Most orhoëpists place the accent on the first syllable.

Syn. -- Accompanying; contributory; auxiliary; subsidiary; subservient; additional; acceding.

Ac*ces"so*ry, n.; pl. Accessories (&?;). 1. That which belongs to something else deemed the principal; something additional and subordinate. "The aspect and accessories of a den of banditti." Carlyle.

2. (Law) Same as Accessary, n.

3. (Fine Arts) Anything that enters into a work of art without being indispensably necessary, as mere ornamental parts. Elmes.

Syn. -- Abettor; accomplice; ally; coadjutor. See Abettor.

||Ac*ciac`ca*tu"ra (&?;), n. [It., from acciaccare to crush.] (Mus.) A short grace note, one semitone below the note to which it is prefixed; -- used especially in organ music. Now used as equivalent to the short appoggiatura.

Ac"ci*dence (&?;), n. [A corruption of Eng. accidents, pl. of accident. See Accident, 2.] 1. The accidents, of inflections of words; the rudiments of grammar. Milton.

2. The rudiments of any subject. Lowell.

Ac"ci*dent (&?;), n. [F. accident, fr. L. accidens, -dentis, p. pr. of accidere to happen; ad + cadere to fall. See Cadence, Case.] 1. Literally, a befalling; an event that takes place without one's foresight or expectation; an undesigned, sudden, and unexpected event; chance; contingency; often, an undesigned and unforeseen occurrence of an afflictive or unfortunate character; a casualty; a mishap; as, to die by an accident.

> Of moving accidents by flood and field.
> Shak.

> Thou cam'st not to thy place by accident:
> It is the very place God meant for thee.
> Trench.

2. (Gram.) A property attached to a word, but not essential to it, as gender, number, case.

3. (Her.) A point or mark which may be retained or omitted in a coat of arms.

4. (Log.) (a) A property or quality of a thing which is not essential to it, as whiteness in paper; an attribute. (b) A quality or attribute in distinction from the substance, as sweetness, softness.

5. Any accidental property, fact, or relation; an accidental or nonessential; as, beauty is an accident.

> This accident, as I call it, of Athens being situated some miles from the sea.
> J. P. Mahaffy.

6. Unusual appearance or effect. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Accident, in Law, is equivalent to casus, or such unforeseen, extraordinary, extraneous interference as is out of the range of ordinary calculation.

Ac`ci*den"tal (&?;), a. [Cf. F. accidentel, earlier accidental.] 1. Happening by chance, or unexpectedly; taking place not according to the usual course of things; casual; fortuitous; as, an accidental visit.

2. Nonessential; not necessary belonging; incidental; as, are accidental to a play.

Accidental chords (Mus.), those which contain one or more tones foreign to their proper harmony. -- Accidental colors (Opt.), colors depending on the hypersensibility of the retina of the eye for complementary colors. They are purely subjective sensations of color which often result from the contemplation of actually colored bodies. -- Accidental point (Persp.), the point in which a right line, drawn from the eye, parallel to a given right line, cuts the perspective plane; so called to distinguish it from the principal point, or point of view, where a line drawn from the eye perpendicular to the perspective plane meets this plane. -- Accidental lights (Paint.), secondary lights; effects of light other than ordinary daylight, such as the rays of the sun darting through a cloud, or between the leaves of trees; the effect of moonlight, candlelight, or burning bodies. Fairholt.

Syn. -- Casual; fortuitous; contingent; occasional; adventitious. -- Accidental, Incidental, Casual, Fortuitous, Contingent. We speak of a thing as accidental when it falls out as by chance, and not in the regular course of things; as, an accidental meeting, an accidental advantage, etc. We call a thing incidental when it falls, as it were, into some regular course of things, but is secondary, and forms no essential part thereof; as, an incremental remark, an incidental evil, an incidental benefit. We speak of a thing as casual, when it falls out or happens, as it were, by mere chance, without being prearranged or premeditated; as, a casual remark or encounter; a casual observer. An idea of the unimportant is attached to what is casual. Fortuitous is applied to what occurs without any known cause, and in opposition to what has been foreseen; as, a fortuitous concourse of atoms. We call a thing contingent when it is such that, considered in itself, it may or may not happen, but is dependent for its existence on something else; as, the time of my coming will be contingent on intelligence yet to be received.

Ac`ci*den"tal (&?;), n. 1. A property which is not essential; a nonessential; anything happening accidentally.

> He conceived it just that accidentals . . . should sink with the substance of the accusation.
> Fuller.

2. pl. (Paint.) Those fortuitous effects produced by luminous rays falling on certain objects so that some parts stand forth in abnormal brightness and other parts are cast into a deep shadow.

3. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, or natural, occurring not at the commencement of a piece of music as the signature, but before a particular note.

Ac`ci*den"tal*ism (&?;), n. Accidental character or effect. Ruskin.

Ac`ci*den*tal"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being accidental; accidentalness. [R.] Coleridge.

Ac`ci*den"tal*ly (&?;), adv. In an accidental manner; unexpectedly; by chance; unintentionally; casually; fortuitously; not essentially.

Ac`ci*den"tal*ness, n. The quality of being accidental; casualness.

Ac"ci*die (&?;), n. [OF. accide, accidie, LL. accidia, acedia, fr. Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; care.] Sloth; torpor. [Obs.] "The sin of accidie." Chaucer.

Ac`ci*pen"ser (&?;), n. See Acipenser.

Ac*cip"i*ent (&?;), n. [L. accipiens, p. pr. of accipere. See Accept.] A receiver. [R.] Bailey

||Ac*cip"i*ter (&?;), n.; pl. E. Accipiters (&?;). L. Accipitres (&?;). [L., hawk.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of rapacious birds; one of the Accipitres or Raptores.

2. (Surg.) A bandage applied over the nose, resembling the claw of a hawk.

Ac*cip"i*tral (&?;), n. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a falcon or hawk; hawklike. Lowell.

||Ac*cip"i*tres (&?;), n. pl. [L., hawks.] (Zoöl.) The order that includes rapacious birds. They have a hooked bill, and sharp, strongly curved talons. There are three families, represented by the vultures, the falcons or hawks, and the owls.

Ac*cip"i*trine (#; 277), a. [Cf. F. accipitrin.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Accipitres; raptorial; hawklike.

||Ac*cis"mus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Rhet.) Affected refusal; coyness.

Ac*cite" (&?;), v. t. [L. accitus, p. p. of accire, accere, to call for; ad + ciere to move, call. See Cite.] To cite; to summon. [Obs.]

> Our heralds now accited all that were
> Endamaged by the Elians.
> Chapman.

Ac*claim" (&?;), v. t. [L. acclamare; ad + clamare to cry out. See Claim, Clamor.] [R.] 1. To applaud. "A glad acclaiming train." Thomson.

2. To declare by acclamations.

> While the shouting crowd
> Acclaims thee king of traitors.
> Smollett.

3. To shout; as, to acclaim my joy.

Ac*claim", v. i. To shout applause.

Ac*claim", n. Acclamation. [Poetic] Milton.

Ac*claim"er (&?;), n. One who acclaims.

Ac`cla*ma"tion (&?;), n. [L. acclamatio: cf. F. acclamation.] 1. A shout of approbation, favor, or assent; eager expression of approval; loud applause.

> On such a day, a holiday having been voted by acclamation, an ordinary walk would not satisfy the children.
> Southey.

2. (Antiq.) A representation, in sculpture or on medals, of people expressing joy.

Acclamation medals are those on which laudatory acclamations are recorded. Elmes.

Ac*clam"a*to*ry (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or expressing approval by, acclamation.

Ac*cli"ma*ta*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being acclimated.

Ac*cli`ma*ta"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. acclimation. See Acclimate.] Acclimatization.

Ac*cli"mate (#; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acclimated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimating.] [F. acclimater; à (l. ad) + climat climate. See Climate.] To habituate to a climate not native; to acclimatize. J. H. Newman.

Ac*cli"mate*ment (-ment), n. Acclimation. [R.]

Ac`cli*ma"tion (&?;), n. The process of becoming, or the state of being, acclimated, or habituated to a new climate; acclimatization.

Ac*cli"ma*ti`za*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being acclimatized.

<! p. 12 !>

Ac*cli"ma*ti*za"tion (k`kl"m*t*z"shn), n. The act of acclimatizing; the process of inuring to a new climate, or the state of being so inured. Darwin.

Ac*cli"ma*tize (k`kl"m*tz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acclimatized (-tzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimatizing (- t`zng).] To inure or habituate to a climate different from that which is natural; to adapt to the peculiarities of a foreign or strange climate; said of man, the inferior animals, or plants.

Ac*cli"ma*ture (#; 135), n. The act of acclimating, or the state of being acclimated. [R.] Caldwell.

Ac*clive" (&?;), a. Acclivous. [Obs.]

Ac*cliv"i*tous (&?;), a. Acclivous. I. Taylor.

Ac*cliv"i*ty, n.; pl. Acclivities (&?;). [L. acclivitas, fr. acclivis, acclivus, ascending; ad + clivus a hill, slope, fr. root kli to lean. See Lean.] A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of a hill, considered as ascending, in opposition to declivity, or descending; an upward slope; ascent.

Ac*cli"vous (#; 277), a. [L. acclivis and acclivus.] Sloping upward; rising as a hillside; -- opposed to declivous.

Ac*cloy" (-kloi"), v. t. [OF. encloyer, encloer, F. enclouer, to drive in a nail, fr. L. in + clavus nail.] To fill to satiety; to stuff full; to clog; to overload; to burden. See Cloy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac*coast" (-kst"), v. t. & i. [See Accost, Coast.] To lie or sail along the coast or side of; to accost. [Obs.]

> Whether high towering or accoasting low.
> Spenser.

Ac*coil" (&?;), v. t. [OE. acoillir to receive, F. accueillir; L. ad + colligere to collect. See Coil.] 1. To gather together; to collect. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. (Naut.) To coil together. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Ac`co*lade" (k`k*ld" or -ld"; 277), n. [F. accolade, It. accolata, fr. accollare to embrace; L. ad + collum neck.] 1. A ceremony formerly used in conferring knighthood, consisting of an embrace, and a slight blow on the shoulders with the flat blade of a sword.

2. (Mus.) A brace used to join two or more staves.

Ac*com*bi*na"tion (&?;), n. [L. ad + E. combination.] A combining together. [R.]

Ac*com"mo*da*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. accommodable.] That may be accommodated, fitted, or made to agree. [R.] I. Watts.

Ac*com"mo*dable*ness, n. The quality or condition of being accommodable. [R.] Todd.

Ac*com"mo*date (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accommodated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Accommodating (&?;).] [L. accommodatus, p. p. of accommodare; ad + commodare to make fit, help; con- + modus measure, proportion. See Mode.] 1. To render fit, suitable, or correspondent; to adapt; to conform; as, to accommodate ourselves to circumstances. "They accommodate their counsels to his inclination." Addison.

2. To bring into agreement or harmony; to reconcile; to compose; to adjust; to settle; as, to accommodate differences, a dispute, etc.

3. To furnish with something desired, needed, or convenient; to favor; to oblige; as, to accommodate a friend with a loan or with lodgings.

4. To show the correspondence of; to apply or make suit by analogy; to adapt or fit, as teachings to accidental circumstances, statements to facts, etc.; as, to accommodate prophecy to events.

Syn. -- To suit; adapt; conform; adjust; arrange.

Ac*com"mo*date, v. i. To adapt one's self; to be conformable or adapted. [R.] Boyle.

Ac*com"mo*date (&?;), a. [L. accommodatus, p. p. of accommodare.] Suitable; fit; adapted; as, means accommodate to end. [Archaic] Tillotson.

Ac*com"mo*date*ly, adv. Suitably; fitly. [R.]

Ac*com"mo*date*ness, n. Fitness. [R.]

Ac*com"mo*da`ting (&?;), a. Affording, or disposed to afford, accommodation; obliging; as an accommodating man, spirit, arrangement.

Ac*com`mo*da"tion (&?;), n. [L. accommodatio, fr. accommodare: cf. F. accommodation.]

1. The act of fitting or adapting, or the state of being fitted or adapted; adaptation; adjustment; -- followed by to. "The organization of the body with accommodation to its functions." Sir M. Hale.

2. Willingness to accommodate; obligingness.

3. Whatever supplies a want or affords ease, refreshment, or convenience; anything furnished which is desired or needful; -- often in the plural; as, the accommodations -- that is, lodgings and food -- at an inn. Sir W. Scott.

4. An adjustment of differences; state of agreement; reconciliation; settlement. "To come to terms of accommodation." Macaulay.

5. The application of a writer's language, on the ground of analogy, to something not originally referred to or intended.

> Many of those quotations from the Old Testament were probably intended as nothing more than accommodations.
> Paley.

6. (Com.) (a) A loan of money. (b) An accommodation bill or note.

Accommodation bill, or note (Com.), a bill of exchange which a person accepts, or a note which a person makes and delivers to another, not upon a consideration received, but for the purpose of raising money on credit. -- Accommodation coach, or train, one running at moderate speed and stopping at all or nearly all stations. -- Accommodation ladder (Naut.), a light ladder hung over the side of a ship at the gangway, useful in ascending from, or descending to, small boats.

Ac*com"mo*da`tor (&?;), n. He who, or that which, accommodates. Warburton.

Ac*com"pa*na*ble (&?;), a. Sociable. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ac*com"pa*ni*er (&?;), n. He who, or that which, accompanies. Lamb.

Ac*com"pa*ni*ment (-ment), n. [F. accompagnement.] That which accompanies; something that attends as a circumstance, or which is added to give greater completeness to the principal thing, or by way of ornament, or for the sake of symmetry. Specifically: (Mus.) A part performed by instruments, accompanying another part or parts performed by voices; the subordinate part, or parts, accompanying the voice or a principal instrument; also, the harmony of a figured bass. P. Cyc.

Ac*com"pa*nist (&?;), n. The performer in music who takes the accompanying part. Busby.

Ac*com"pa*ny (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accompanied (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Accompanying (&?;)] [OF. aacompaignier, F. accompagner, to associate with, fr. OF. compaign, compain, companion. See Company.] 1. To go with or attend as a companion or associate; to keep company with; to go along with; -- followed by with or by; as, he accompanied his speech with a bow.

> The Persian dames, . . .
> In sumptuous cars, accompanied his march.
> Glover.

> They are never alone that are accompanied with noble thoughts.
> Sir P. Sidney.

> He was accompanied by two carts filled with wounded rebels.
> Macaulay.

2. To cohabit with. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Syn. -- To attend; escort; go with. -- To Accompany, Attend, Escort. We accompany those with whom we go as companions. The word imports an equality of station. We attend those whom we wait upon or follow. The word conveys an idea of subordination. We escort those whom we attend with a view to guard and protect. A gentleman accompanies a friend to some public place; he attends or escorts a lady.

Ac*com"pa*ny, v. i. 1. To associate in a company; to keep company. [Obs.] Bacon.

> Men say that they will drive away one another, . . . and not accompany together.
> Holland.

2. To cohabit (with). [Obs.] Milton.

3. (Mus.) To perform an accompanying part or parts in a composition.

Ac*com"ple*tive (&?;), a. [L. ad + complere, completum, to fill up.] Tending to accomplish. [R.]

Ac*com"plice (&?;), n. [Ac- (perh. for the article a or for L. ad) + E. complice. See Complice.]

1. A cooperator. [R.]

> Success unto our valiant general,
> And happiness to his accomplices!
> Shak.

2. (Law) An associate in the commission of a crime; a participator in an offense, whether a principal or an accessory. "And thou, the cursed accomplice of his treason." Johnson. It is followed by with or of before a person and by in (or sometimes of) before the crime; as, A was an accomplice with B in the murder of C. Dryden uses it with to before a thing. "Suspected for accomplice to the fire." Dryden.

Syn. -- Abettor; accessory; assistant; associate; confederate; coadjutor; ally; promoter. See Abettor.

Ac*com"plice*ship (&?;), n. The state of being an accomplice. [R.] Sir H. Taylor.

Ac`com*plic"i*ty (&?;), n. The act or state of being an accomplice. [R.]

Ac*com"plish (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accomplished (&?;), p. pr. & vb. n. Accomplishing.] [OE. acomplissen, OF. accomplir, F. accomplir; L. ad + complere to fill up, complete. See Complete, Finish.] 1. To complete, as time or distance.

> That He would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of Jerusalem.
> Dan. ix. 2.

> He had accomplished half a league or more.
> Prescott.

2. To bring to an issue of full success; to effect; to perform; to execute fully; to fulfill; as, to accomplish a design, an object, a promise.

> This that is written must yet be accomplished in me.
> Luke xxii. 37.

3. To equip or furnish thoroughly; hence, to complete in acquirements; to render accomplished; to polish.

> The armorers accomplishing the knights.
> Shak.

> It [the moon] is fully accomplished for all those ends to which Providence did appoint it.
> Wilkins.

> These qualities . . . go to accomplish a perfect woman.
> Cowden Clarke.

4. To gain; to obtain. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- To do; perform; fulfill; realize; effect; effectuate; complete; consummate; execute; achieve; perfect; equip; furnish. -- To Accomplish, Effect, Execute, Achieve, Perform. These words agree in the general idea of carrying out to some end proposed. To accomplish (to fill up to the measure of the intention) generally implies perseverance and skill; as, to accomplish a plan proposed by one's self, an object, a design, an undertaking. "Thou shalt accomplish my desire." 1 Kings v. 9.

> He . . . expressed his desire to see a union accomplished between England and Scotland.
> Macaulay.

To effect (to work out) is much like accomplish. It usually implies some degree of difficulty contended with; as, he effected or accomplished what he intended, his purpose, but little. "What he decreed, he effected." Milton.

> To work in close design by fraud or guile
> What force effected not.
> Milton.

To execute (to follow out to the end, to carry out, or into effect) implies a set mode of operation; as, to execute the laws or the orders of another; to execute a work, a purpose, design, plan, project. To perform is much like to do, though less generally applied. It conveys a notion of protracted and methodical effort; as, to perform a mission, a part, a task, a work. "Thou canst best perform that office." Milton.

> The Saints, like stars, around his seat
> Perform their courses still.
> Keble.

To achieve (to come to the end or arrive at one's purpose) usually implies some enterprise or undertaking of importance, difficulty, and excellence.

Ac*com"plish*a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being accomplished; practicable. Carlyle.

Ac*com"plished (&?;), a. 1. Completed; effected; established; as, an accomplished fact.

2. Complete in acquirements as the result usually of training; -- commonly in a good sense; as, an accomplished scholar, an accomplished villain.

> They . . . show themselves accomplished bees.
> Holland.

> Daughter of God and man, accomplished Eve.
> Milton.

Ac*com"plish*er (&?;), n. One who accomplishes.

Ac*com"plish*ment (-ment), n. [F. accomplissement, fr. accomplir.] 1. The act of accomplishing; entire performance; completion; fulfillment; as, the accomplishment of an enterprise, of a prophecy, etc.

2. That which completes, perfects, or equips thoroughly; acquirement; attainment; that which constitutes excellence of mind, or elegance of manners, acquired by education or training. "My new accomplishment of dancing." Churchill. "Accomplishments befitting a station." Thackeray.

> Accomplishments have taken virtue's place,
> And wisdom falls before exterior grace.
> Cowper.

Ac*compt" (#; formerly #), n. See Account.

Accompt, accomptant, etc., are archaic forms.

Ac*compt"a*ble (&?;), a. See Accountable.

Ac*compt"ant (&?;), n. See Accountant.

Ac*cord" (&?;), n. [OE. acord, accord, OF. acort, acorde, F. accord, fr. OF. acorder, F. accorder. See Accord, v. t.] 1. Agreement or concurrence of opinion, will, or action; harmony of mind; consent; assent.

> A mediator of an accord and peace between them.
> Bacon.

> These all continued with one accord in prayer.
> Acts i. 14.

2. Harmony of sounds; agreement in pitch and tone; concord; as, the accord of tones.

> Those sweet accords are even the angels' lays.
> Sir J. Davies.

3. Agreement, harmony, or just correspondence of things; as, the accord of light and shade in painting.

4. Voluntary or spontaneous motion or impulse to act; -- preceded by own; as, of one's own accord.

> That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt not reap.
> Lev. xxv. 5.

> Of his own accord he went unto you.
> 2 Cor. vii. 17.

5. (Law) An agreement between parties in controversy, by which satisfaction for an injury is stipulated, and which, when executed, bars a suit. Blackstone.

With one accord, with unanimity.

> They rushed with one accord into the theater.
> Acts xix. 29.

Ac*cord", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accorded; p. pr. & vb. n. According.] [OE. acorden, accorden, OF. acorder, F. accorder, fr. LL. accordare; L. ad + cor, cordis, heart. Cf. Concord, Discord, and see Heart.] 1. To make to agree or correspond; to suit one thing to another; to adjust; -- followed by to. [R.]

> Her hands accorded the lute's music to the voice.
> Sidney.

2. To bring to an agreement, as persons; to reconcile; to settle, adjust, harmonize, or compose, as things; as, to accord suits or controversies.

> When they were accorded from the fray.
> Spenser.

> All which particulars, being confessedly knotty and difficult can never be accorded but by a competent stock of critical learning.
> South.

3. To grant as suitable or proper; to concede; to award; as, to accord to one due praise. "According his desire." Spenser.

Ac*cord", v. i. 1. To agree; to correspond; to be in harmony; -- followed by with, formerly also by to; as, his disposition accords with his looks.

> My heart accordeth with my tongue.
> Shak.

> Thy actions to thy words accord.
> Milton.

2. To agree in pitch and tone.

Ac*cord"a*ble (&?;), a. [OF. acordable, F. accordable.] 1. Agreeing. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Reconcilable; in accordance.

Ac*cord"ance (&?;), n. [OF. acordance.] Agreement; harmony; conformity. "In strict accordance with the law." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Harmony; unison; coincidence.

Ac*cord"an*cy (&?;), n. Accordance. [R.] Paley.

Ac*cord"ant (&?;), a. [OF. acordant, F. accordant.] Agreeing; consonant; harmonious; corresponding; conformable; -- followed by with or to.

> Strictly accordant with true morality.
> Darwin.

> And now his voice accordant to the string.
> Coldsmith.

Ac*cord"ant*ly, adv. In accordance or agreement; agreeably; conformably; -- followed by with or to.

Ac*cord"er (&?;), n. One who accords, assents, or concedes. [R.]

Ac*cord"ing, p. a. Agreeing; in agreement or harmony; harmonious. "This according voice of national wisdom." Burke. "Mind and soul according well." Tennyson.

> According to him, every person was to be bought.
> Macaulay.

> Our zeal should be according to knowledge.
> Sprat.

According to has been called a prepositional phrase, but strictly speaking, according is a participle in the sense of agreeing, acceding, and to alone is the preposition.

According as, precisely as; the same as; corresponding to the way in which. According as is an adverbial phrase, of which the propriety has been doubted; but good usage sanctions it. See According, adv.

> Is all things well,
> According as I gave directions?
> Shak.

> The land which the Lord will give you according as he hath promised.
> Ex. xii. 25.

<! p. 13 !>

Ac*cord"ing (&?;), adv. Accordingly; correspondingly. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac*cord"ing*ly, adv. 1. Agreeably; correspondingly; suitably; in a manner conformable.

> Behold, and so proceed accordingly.
> Shak.

2. In natural sequence; consequently; so.

Syn. -- Consequently; therefore; wherefore; hence; so. -- Accordingly, Consequently, indicate a connection between two things, the latter of which is done on account of the former. Accordingly marks the connection as one of simple accordance or congruity, leading naturally to the result which followed; as, he was absent when I called, and I accordingly left my card; our preparations were all finished, and we accordingly set sail. Consequently all finished, and we accordingly set sail. Consequently marks a closer connection, that of logical or causal sequence; as, the papers were not ready, and consequently could not be signed.

Ac*cor"di*on (&?;), n. [See Accord.] (Mus.) A small, portable, keyed wind instrument, whose tones are generated by play of the wind upon free metallic reeds.

Ac*cor"di*on*ist, n. A player on the accordion.

Ac*cord"ment (k*kôrd"ment), n. [OF. acordement. See Accord, v.] Agreement; reconcilement. [Obs.] Gower.

Ac*cor"po*rate (&?;), v. t. [L. accorporare; ad + corpus, corporis, body.] To unite; to attach; to incorporate. [Obs.] Milton.

Ac*cost" (#; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accosting.] [F. accoster, LL. accostare to bring side by side; L. ad + costa rib, side. See Coast, and cf. Accoast.] 1. To join side to side; to border; hence, to sail along the coast or side of. [Obs.] "So much [of Lapland] as accosts the sea." Fuller.

2. To approach; to make up to. [Archaic] Shak.

3. To speak to first; to address; to greet. "Him, Satan thus accosts." Milton.

Ac*cost", v. i. To adjoin; to lie alongside. [Obs.] "The shores which to the sea accost." Spenser.

Ac*cost", n. Address; greeting. [R.] J. Morley.

Ac*cost"a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. accostable.] Approachable; affable. [R.] Hawthorne.

Ac*cost"ed, a. (Her.) Supported on both sides by other charges; also, side by side.

||Ac*couche"ment (#; 277), n. [F., fr. accoucher to be delivered of a child, to aid in delivery, OF. acouchier orig. to lay down, put to bed, go to bed; L. ad + collocare to lay, put, place. See Collate.] Delivery in childbed

||Ac*cou*cheur" (&?;), n. [F., fr. accoucher. See Accouchement.] A man who assists women in childbirth; a man midwife; an obstetrician.

||Ac*cou*cheuse" (&?;), n. [F.., fem. of accoucher.] A midwife. [Recent] Dunglison.

Ac*count" (&?;), n. [OE. acount, account, accompt, OF. acont, fr. aconter. See Account, v. t., Count, n., 1.] 1. A reckoning; computation; calculation; enumeration; a record of some reckoning; as, the Julian account of time.

> A beggarly account of empty boxes.
> Shak.

2. A registry of pecuniary transactions; a written or printed statement of business dealings or debts and credits, and also of other things subjected to a reckoning or review; as, to keep one's account at the bank.

3. A statement in general of reasons, causes, grounds, etc., explanatory of some event; as, no satisfactory account has been given of these phenomena. Hence, the word is often used simply for reason, ground, consideration, motive, etc.; as, on no account, on every account, on all accounts.

4. A statement of facts or occurrences; recital of transactions; a relation or narrative; a report; a description; as, an account of a battle. "A laudable account of the city of London." Howell.

5. A statement and explanation or vindication of one's conduct with reference to judgment thereon.

> Give an account of thy stewardship.
> Luke xvi. 2.

6. An estimate or estimation; valuation; judgment. "To stand high in your account." Shak.

7. Importance; worth; value; advantage; profit. "Men of account." Pope. "To turn to account." Shak.

Account current, a running or continued account between two or more parties, or a statement of the particulars of such an account. -- In account with, in a relation requiring an account to be kept. -- On account of, for the sake of; by reason of; because of. -- On one's own account, for one's own interest or behalf. -- To make account, to have an opinion or expectation; to reckon. [Obs.]

> This other part . . . makes account to find no slender arguments for this assertion out of those very scriptures which are commonly urged against it.
> Milton.

-- To make account of, to hold in estimation; to esteem; as, he makes small account of beauty. -- To take account of, or to take into account, to take into consideration; to notice. "Of their doings, God takes no account." Milton. -- A writ of account (Law), a writ which the plaintiff brings demanding that the defendant shall render his just account, or show good cause to the contrary; -- called also an action of account. Cowell.

Syn. -- Narrative; narration; relation; recital; description; explanation; rehearsal. -- Account, Narrative, Narration, Recital. These words are applied to different modes of rehearsing a series of events. Account turns attention not so much to the speaker as to the fact related, and more properly applies to the report of some single event, or a group of incidents taken as whole; as, an account of a battle, of a shipwreck, etc. A narrative is a continuous story of connected incidents, such as one friend might tell to another; as, a narrative of the events of a siege, a narrative of one's life, etc. Narration is usually the same as narrative, but is sometimes used to describe the mode of relating events; as, his powers of narration are uncommonly great. Recital denotes a series of events drawn out into minute particulars, usually expressing something which peculiarly interests the feelings of the speaker; as, the recital of one's wrongs, disappointments, sufferings, etc.

Ac*count" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accounting.] [OE. acounten, accompten, OF. aconter, à (L. ad) + conter to count. F. conter to tell, compter to count, L. computare. See Count, v. t.]

1. To reckon; to compute; to count. [Obs.]

> The motion of . . . the sun whereby years are accounted.
> Sir T. Browne.

2. To place to one's account; to put to the credit of; to assign; -- with to. [R.] Clarendon.

3. To value, estimate, or hold in opinion; to judge or consider; to deem.

> Accounting that God was able to raise him up.
> Heb. xi. 19.

4. To recount; to relate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac*count", v. i. 1. To render or receive an account or relation of particulars; as, an officer must account with or to the treasurer for money received.

2. To render an account; to answer in judgment; -- with for; as, we must account for the use of our opportunities.

3. To give a satisfactory reason; to tell the cause of; to explain; -- with for; as, idleness accounts for poverty.

To account of, to esteem; to prize; to value. Now used only in the passive. "I account of her beauty." Shak.

> Newer was preaching more accounted of than in the sixteenth century.
> Canon Robinson.

Ac*count`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The state of being accountable; liability to be called on to render an account; accountableness. "The awful idea of accountability." R. Hall.

Ac*count"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Liable to be called on to render an account; answerable; as, every man is accountable to God for his conduct.

2. Capable of being accounted for; explicable. [R.]

> True religion . . . intelligible, rational, and accountable, -- not a burden but a privilege.
> B. Whichcote.

Syn. -- Amenable; responsible; liable; answerable.

Ac*count"a*ble ness, n. The quality or state of being accountable; accountability.

Ac*count"a*bly, adv. In an accountable manner.

Ac*count"an*cy (&?;), n. The art or employment of an accountant.

Ac*count"ant (&?;), n. [Cf. F. accomptant, OF. acontant, p. pr.] 1. One who renders account; one accountable.

2. A reckoner.

3. One who is skilled in, keeps, or adjusts, accounts; an officer in a public office, who has charge of the accounts.

Accountatn general, the head or superintending accountant in certain public offices. Also, formerly, an officer in the English court of chancery who received the moneys paid into the court, and deposited them in the Bank of England.

Ac*count"ant, a. Accountable. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac*count"ant*ship (&?;), n. [Accountant + -ship.] The office or employment of an accountant.

Ac*count" book` (&?;). A book in which accounts are kept. Swift.

Ac*cou"ple (&?;), v. t. [OF. acopler, F. accoupler. See Couple.] To join; to couple. [R.]

> The Englishmen accoupled themselves with the Frenchmen.
> Hall.

Ac*cou"ple*ment (-kp"'l*ment), n. [Cf. F. accouplement.] 1. The act of coupling, or the state of being coupled; union. [R.] Caxton.

2. That which couples, as a tie or brace. [R.]

Ac*cour"age (&?;), v. t. [OF. acoragier; à (L. ad) + corage. See Courage.] To encourage. [Obs.]

Ac*court" (-krt"), v. t. [Ac-, for L. ad. See Court.] To treat courteously; to court. [Obs.] Spenser.

{ Ac*cou"ter, Ac*cou"tre } (k*k"tr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accoutered or Accoutred (-trd); p. pr. & vb. n. Accoutering or Accoutring.] [F. accouter, OF. accoutrer, accoustrer; à (L. ad) + perh. LL. custor, for custos guardian, sacristan (cf. Custody), or perh. akin to E. guilt.] To furnish with dress, or equipments, esp. those for military service; to equip; to attire; to array.

> Both accoutered like young men.
> Shak.

> For this, in rags accoutered are they seen.
> Dryden.

> Accoutered with his burden and his staff.
> Wordsworth.

{ Ac*cou"ter*ments, Ac*cou"tre*ments } (&?;), n. pl. [F. accoutrement, earlier also accoustrement, earlier also accoustrement. See Accouter.] Dress; trappings; equipment; specifically, the devices and equipments worn by soldiers.

> How gay with all the accouterments of war!
> A. Philips.

Ac*coy" (k*koi"), v. t. [OF. acoyer; ac-, for L. ad. See Coy.] 1. To render quiet; to soothe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To subdue; to tame; to daunt. [Obs.]

> Then is your careless courage accoyed.
> Spenser.

Ac*cred"it (k*krd"t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accredited; p. pr. & vb. n. Accrediting.] [F. accréditer; à (L. ad) + crédit credit. See Credit.] 1. To put or bring into credit; to invest with credit or authority; to sanction.

> His censure will . . . accredit his praises.
> Cowper.

> These reasons . . . which accredit and fortify mine opinion.
> Shelton.

2. To send with letters credential, as an ambassador, envoy, or diplomatic agent; to authorize, as a messenger or delegate.

> Beton . . . was accredited to the Court of France.
> Froude.

3. To believe; to credit; to put trust in.

> The version of early Roman history which was accredited in the fifth century.
> Sir G. C. Lewis.

> He accredited and repeated stories of apparitions and witchcraft.
> Southey.

4. To credit; to vouch for or consider (some one) as doing something, or (something) as belonging to some one.

To accredit (one) with (something), to attribute something to him; as, Mr. Clay was accredited with these views; they accredit him with a wise saying.

Ac*cred`i*ta"tion (&?;), n. The act of accrediting; as, letters of accreditation.

Ac`cre*men*ti"tial (&?;), a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to accremention.

Ac`cre*men*ti"tion (&?;), n. [See Accresce, Increment.] (Physiol.) The process of generation by development of blastema, or fission of cells, in which the new formation is in all respect like the individual from which it proceeds.

Ac*cresce" (&?;), v. i. [L. accrescere. See Accrue.] 1. To accrue. [R.]

2. To increase; to grow. [Obs.] Gillespie.

Ac*cres"cence (&?;), n. [LL. accrescentia.] Continuous growth; an accretion. [R.]

> The silent accrescence of belief from the unwatched depositions of a general, never contradicted hearsy.
> Coleridge.

Ac*cres"cent (&?;), a. [L. accrescens, -entis, p. pr. of accrescere; ad + crescere to grow. See Crescent.]

1. Growing; increasing. Shuckford.

2. (Bot.) Growing larger after flowering. Gray.

Ac*crete" (&?;), v. i. [From L. accretus, p. p. of accrescere to increase.] 1. To grow together.

2. To adhere; to grow (to); to be added; -- with to.

Ac*crete", v. t. To make adhere; to add. Earle.

Ac*crete", a. 1. Characterized by accretion; made up; as, accrete matter.

2. (Bot.) Grown together. Gray.

Ac*cre"tion (&?;), n. [L. accretio, fr. accrescere to increase. Cf. Crescent, Increase, Accrue.]

1. The act of increasing by natural growth; esp. the increase of organic bodies by the internal accession of parts; organic growth. Arbuthnot.

2. The act of increasing, or the matter added, by an accession of parts externally; an extraneous addition; as, an accretion of earth.

> A mineral . . . augments not by grown, but by accretion.
> Owen.

> To strip off all the subordinate parts of his as a later accretion.
> Sir G. C. Lewis.

3. Concretion; coherence of separate particles; as, the accretion of particles so as to form a solid mass.

4. A growing together of parts naturally separate, as of the fingers toes. Dana.

5. (Law) (a) The adhering of property to something else, by which the owner of one thing becomes possessed of a right to another; generally, gain of land by the washing up of sand or sail from the sea or a river, or by a gradual recession of the water from the usual watermark. (b) Gain to an heir or legatee, failure of a coheir to the same succession, or a co- legatee of the same thing, to take his share. Wharton. Kent.

Ac*cre"tive (&?;), a. Relating to accretion; increasing, or adding to, by growth. Glanvill.

Ac*crim"i*nate (&?;), v. t. [L. ac- (for ad to) + criminari.] To accuse of a crime. [Obs.] -- Ac*crim`i*na"tion (&?;), n. [Obs.]

Ac*croach" (&?;), v. t. [OE. acrochen, accrochen, to obtain, OF. acrochier, F. accrocher; à (L. ad) + croc hook (E. crook).] 1. To hook, or draw to one's self as with a hook. [Obs.]

2. To usurp, as jurisdiction or royal prerogatives.

> They had attempted to accroach to themselves royal power.
> Stubbs.

Ac*croach"ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. accrochement.] An encroachment; usurpation. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ac*cru"al (&?;), n. Accrument. [R.]

Ac*crue" (k*kr"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Accrued (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Accruing.] [See Accrue, n., and cf. Accresce, Accrete.] 1. To increase; to augment.

> And though power failed, her courage did accrue.
> Spenser.

2. To come to by way of increase; to arise or spring as a growth or result; to be added as increase, profit, or damage, especially as the produce of money lent. "Interest accrues to principal." Abbott.

> The great and essential advantages accruing to society from the freedom of the press.
> Junius.

Ac*crue", n. [F. accrû, OF. acreü, p. p. of accroitre, OF. acroistre to increase; L. ad + crescere to increase. Cf. Accretion, Crew. See Crescent.] Something that accrues; advantage accruing. [Obs.]

Ac*cru"er (k*kr"r), n. (Law) The act of accruing; accretion; as, title by accruer.

Ac*cru"ment (-ment), n. The process of accruing, or that which has accrued; increase. Jer. Taylor.

Ac`cu*ba"tion (&?;), n. [L. accubatio, for accubitio, fr. accubare to recline; ad + cubare to lie down. See Accumb.] The act or posture of reclining on a couch, as practiced by the ancients at meals.

Ac*cumb" (k*kmb"), v. i. [L. accumbere; ad + cumbere (only in compounds) to lie down.] To recline, as at table. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ac*cum"ben*cy (k*km"ben*s), n. The state of being accumbent or reclining. [R.]

Ac*cum"bent (-bent), a. 1. Leaning or reclining, as the ancients did at their meals.

> The Roman . . . accumbent posture in eating.
> Arbuthnot.

2. (Bot.) Lying against anything, as one part of a leaf against another leaf. Gray.

> Accumbent cotyledons have their edges placed against the caulicle.
> Eaton.

Ac*cum"bent, n. One who reclines at table.

Ac*cum"ber (-br), v. t. To encumber. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac*cu"mu*late (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accumulated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Accumulating.] [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare; ad + cumulare to heap. See Cumulate.] To heap up in a mass; to pile up; to collect or bring together; to amass; as, to accumulate a sum of money.

Syn. -- To collect; pile up; store; amass; gather; aggregate; heap together; hoard.

<! p. 14 !>

Ac*cu"mu*late (k*k"m*lt), v. i. To grow or increase in quantity or number; to increase greatly.

> Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
> Where wealth accumulates, and men decay.
> Goldsmith.

Ac*cu"mu*late (-lt), a. [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare.] Collected; accumulated. Bacon.

Ac*cu`mu*la"tion (&?;), n. [L. accumulatio; cf. F. accumulation.] 1. The act of accumulating, the state of being accumulated, or that which is accumulated; as, an accumulation of earth, of sand, of evils, of wealth, of honors.

2. (Law) The concurrence of several titles to the same proof.

Accumulation of energy or power, the storing of energy by means of weights lifted or masses put in motion; electricity stored. -- An accumulation of degrees (Eng. Univ.), the taking of several together, or at smaller intervals than usual or than is allowed by the rules.

Ac*cu"mu*la*tive (&?;), a. Characterized by accumulation; serving to collect or amass; cumulative; additional. -- Ac*cu"mu*la*tive*ly, adv. -- Ac*cu"mu*la*tive*ness, n.

Ac*cu"mu*la`tor (&?;), n. [L.] 1. One who, or that which, accumulates, collects, or amasses.

2. (Mech.) An apparatus by means of which energy or power can be stored, such as the cylinder or tank for storing water for hydraulic elevators, the secondary or storage battery used for accumulating the energy of electrical charges, etc.

3. A system of elastic springs for relieving the strain upon a rope, as in deep-sea dredging.

Ac"cu*ra*cy (#; 277), n. [See Accurate.] The state of being accurate; freedom from mistakes, this exemption arising from carefulness; exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; precision; exactness; nicety; correctness; as, the value of testimony depends on its accuracy.

> The professed end [of logic] is to teach men to think, to judge, and to reason, with precision and accuracy.
> Reid.

> The accuracy with which the piston fits the sides.
> Lardner.

Ac"cu*rate (&?;), a. [L. accuratus, p. p. and a., fr. accurare to take care of; ad + curare to take care, cura care. See Cure.] 1. In exact or careful conformity to truth, or to some standard of requirement, the result of care or pains; free from failure, error, or defect; exact; as, an accurate calculator; an accurate measure; accurate expression, knowledge, etc.

2. Precisely fixed; executed with care; careful. [Obs.]

> Those conceive the celestial bodies have more accurate influences upon these things below.
> Bacon.

Syn. -- Correct; exact; just; nice; particular. -- Accurate, Correct, Exact, Precise. We speak of a thing as correct with reference to some rule or standard of comparison; as, a correct account, a correct likeness, a man of correct deportment. We speak of a thing as accurate with reference to the care bestowed upon its execution, and the increased correctness to be expected therefrom; as, an accurate statement, an accurate detail of particulars. We speak of a thing as exact with reference to that perfected state of a thing in which there is no defect and no redundance; as, an exact coincidence, the exact truth, an exact likeness. We speak of a thing as precise when we think of it as strictly conformed to some rule or model, as if cut down thereto; as a precise conformity instructions; precisely right; he was very precise in giving his directions.

Ac"cu*rate*ly, adv. In an accurate manner; exactly; precisely; without error or defect.

Ac"cu*rate*ness, n. The state or quality of being accurate; accuracy; exactness; nicety; precision.

Ac*curse" (&?;), v. t. [OE. acursien, acorsien; pref. a + cursien to curse. See Curse.] To devote to destruction; to imprecate misery or evil upon; to curse; to execrate; to anathematize.

> And the city shall be accursed.
> Josh. vi. 17.

> Thro' you, my life will be accurst.
> Tennyson.

{ Ac*cursed" (&?;), Ac*curst" (&?;), } p. p. & a. Doomed to destruction or misery; cursed; hence, bad enough to be under the curse; execrable; detestable; exceedingly hateful; - - as, an accursed deed. Shak. -- Ac*curs"ed*ly, adv. -- Ac*curs"ed*ness, n.

Ac*cus"a*ble (&?;), a. [L. accusabilis: cf. F. accusable.] Liable to be accused or censured; chargeable with a crime or fault; blamable; -- with of.

Ac*cus"al (&?;), n. Accusation. [R.] Byron.

Ac*cus"ant (&?;), n. [L. accusans, p. pr. of accusare: cf. F. accusant.] An accuser. Bp. Hall.

Ac`cu*sa"tion (&?;), n. [OF. acusation, F. accusation, L. accusatio, fr. accusare. See Accuse.]

1. The act of accusing or charging with a crime or with a lighter offense.

> We come not by the way of accusation
> To taint that honor every good tongue blesses.
> Shak.

2. That of which one is accused; the charge of an offense or crime, or the declaration containing the charge.

> [They] set up over his head his accusation.
> Matt. xxvii. 37.

Syn. -- Impeachment; crimination; censure; charge.

Ac*cu`sa*ti"val (&?;), a. Pertaining to the accusative case.

Ac*cu"sa*tive (&?;), a. [F. accusatif, L. accusativus (in sense 2), fr. accusare. See Accuse.]

1. Producing accusations; accusatory. "This hath been a very accusative age." Sir E. Dering.

2. (Gram.) Applied to the case (as the fourth case of Latin and Greek nouns) which expresses the immediate object on which the action or influence of a transitive verb terminates, or the immediate object of motion or tendency to, expressed by a preposition. It corresponds to the objective case in English.

Ac*cu"sa*tive, n. (Gram.) The accusative case.

Ac*cu"sa*tive*ly, adv. 1. In an accusative manner.

2. In relation to the accusative case in grammar.

Ac*cu`sa*to"ri*al (&?;), a. Accusatory.

Ac*cu`sa*to"ri*al*ly, adv. By way accusation.

Ac*cu"sa*to*ry (&?;), a. [L. accusatorius, fr. accusare.] Pertaining to, or containing, an accusation; as, an accusatory libel. Grote.

Ac*cuse" (&?;), n. Accusation. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac*cuse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accused (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Accusing.] [OF. acuser, F. accuser, L. accusare, to call to account, accuse; ad + causa cause, lawsuit. Cf. Cause.] 1. To charge with, or declare to have committed, a crime or offense; (Law) to charge with an offense, judicially or by a public process; -- with of; as, to accuse one of a high crime or misdemeanor.

> Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse me.
> Acts xxiv. 13.

> We are accused of having persuaded Austria and Sardinia to lay down their arms.
> Macaulay.

2. To charge with a fault; to blame; to censure.

> Their thoughts the meanwhile accusing or else excusing one another.
> Rom. ii. 15.

3. To betray; to show. [L.] Sir P. Sidney.

Syn. -- To charge; blame; censure; reproach; criminate; indict; impeach; arraign. -- To Accuse, Charge, Impeach, Arraign. These words agree in bringing home to a person the imputation of wrongdoing. To accuse is a somewhat formal act, and is applied usually (though not exclusively) to crimes; as, to accuse of treason. Charge is the most generic. It may refer to a crime, a dereliction of duty, a fault, etc.; more commonly it refers to moral delinquencies; as, to charge with dishonesty or falsehood. To arraign is to bring (a person) before a tribunal for trial; as, to arraign one before a court or at the bar public opinion. To impeach is officially to charge with misbehavior in office; as, to impeach a minister of high crimes. Both impeach and arraign convey the idea of peculiar dignity or impressiveness.

Ac*cused" (&?;), a. Charged with offense; as, an accused person.

Commonly used substantively; as, the accused, one charged with an offense; the defendant in a criminal case.

Ac*cuse"ment (-kz"ment), n. [OF. acusement. See Accuse.] Accusation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ac*cus"er (&?;), n. [OE. acuser, accusour; cf. OF. acuseor, fr. L. accusator, fr. accusare.] One who accuses; one who brings a charge of crime or fault.

Ac*cus"ing*ly, adv. In an accusing manner.

Ac*cus"tom (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accustomed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Accustoming.] [OF. acostumer, acustumer, F. accoutumer; à (L. ad) + OF. costume, F. coutume, custom. See Custom.] To make familiar by use; to habituate, familiarize, or inure; -- with to.

> I shall always fear that he who accustoms himself to fraud in little things, wants only opportunity to practice it in greater.
> Adventurer.

Syn. -- To habituate; inure; exercise; train.

Ac*cus"tom, v. i. 1. To be wont. [Obs.] Carew.

2. To cohabit. [Obs.]

> We with the best men accustom openly; you with the basest commit private adulteries.
> Milton.

Ac*cus"tom, n. Custom. [Obs.] Milton.

Ac*cus"tom*a*ble (&?;), a. Habitual; customary; wonted. "Accustomable goodness." Latimer.

Ac*cus"tom*a*bly, adv. According to custom; ordinarily; customarily. Latimer.

Ac*cus"tom*ance (&?;), n. [OF. accoustumance, F. accoutumance.] Custom; habitual use. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ac*cus"tom*a*ri*ly (&?;), adv. Customarily. [Obs.]

Ac*cus"tom*a*ry (&?;), a. Usual; customary. [Archaic] Featley.

Ac*cus"tomed (&?;), a. 1. Familiar through use; usual; customary. "An accustomed action." Shak.

2. Frequented by customers. [Obs.] "A well accustomed shop." Smollett.

Ac*cus"tomed*ness, n. Habituation.

> Accustomedness to sin hardens the heart.
> Bp. Pearce.

Ace (&?;), n.; pl. Aces (&?;). [OE. as, F. as, fr. L. as, assis, unity, copper coin, the unit of coinage. Cf. As.]

1. A unit; a single point or spot on a card or die; the card or die so marked; as, the ace of diamonds.

2. Hence: A very small quantity or degree; a particle; an atom; a jot.

> I 'll not wag an ace further.
> Dryden.

To bate an ace, to make the least abatement. [Obs.] -- Within an ace of, very near; on the point of. W. Irving.

A*cel"da*ma (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. Syr. kl dam the field of blood.] The potter's field, said to have lain south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore called the field of blood. Fig.: A field of bloodshed.

> The system of warfare . . . which had already converted immense tracts into one universal aceldama.
> De Quincey.

A*cen"tric (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; a point, a center.] Not centered; without a center.

Ac"e*phal (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; head: cf. F. acéphale, LL. acephalus.] (Zoöl.) One of the Acephala.

||A*ceph"a*la (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, adj. neut. pl., headless. See Acephal.] (Zoöl.) That division of the Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells, like the clams and oysters; -- so called because they have no evident head. Formerly the group included the Tunicata, Brachiopoda, and sometimes the Bryozoa. See Mollusca.

A*ceph"a*lan (&?;), n. Same as Acephal.

A*ceph"a*lan, a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Acephala.

||A*ceph"a*li (&?;), n. pl. [LL., pl. of acephalus. See Acephal.] 1. A fabulous people reported by ancient writers to have heads.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) A Christian sect without a leader. (b) Bishops and certain clergymen not under regular diocesan control.

3. A class of levelers in the time of K. Henry I.

A*ceph"a*list (&?;), n. One who acknowledges no head or superior. Dr. Gauden.

A*ceph"a*lo*cyst (&?;), n. [Gr. 'ake`falos without a head + ky`stis bladder.] (Zoöl.) A larval entozoön in the form of a subglobular or oval vesicle, or hydatid, filled with fluid, sometimes found in the tissues of man and the lower animals; -- so called from the absence of a head or visible organs on the vesicle. These cysts are the immature stages of certain tapeworms. Also applied to similar cysts of different origin.

A*ceph`a*lo*cys"tic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the acephalocysts.

A*ceph"a*lous (&?;), a. [See Acephal.] 1. Headless.

2. (Zoöl.) Without a distinct head; -- a term applied to bivalve mollusks.

3. (Bot.) Having the style spring from the base, instead of from the apex, as is the case in certain ovaries.

4. Without a leader or chief.

5. Wanting the beginning.

> A false or acephalous structure of sentence.
> De Quincey.

6. (Pros.) Deficient and the beginning, as a line of poetry. Brande.

Ac"er*ate (&?;), n. [See Aceric.] (Chem.) A combination of aceric acid with a salifiable base.

Ac"er*ate, a. Acerose; needle- shaped.

A*cerb" (&?;), a. [L. acerbus, fr. acer sharp: cf. F. acerbe. See Acrid.] Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste, as unripe fruit; sharp and harsh.

A*cerb"ate (&?;), v. t. [L. acerbatus, p. p. of acerbare, fr. acerbus.] To sour; to imbitter; to irritate.

A*cerb"ic (&?;), a. Sour or severe.

A*cerb"i*tude (&?;), n. [L. acerbitudo, fr. acerbus.] Sourness and harshness. [Obs.] Bailey.

A*cerb"i*ty (&?;), n. [F. acerbité, L. acerbitas, fr. acerbus. See Acerb.] 1. Sourness of taste, with bitterness and astringency, like that of unripe fruit.

2. Harshness, bitterness, or severity; as, acerbity of temper, of language, of pain. Barrow.

A*cer"ic (&?;), a. [L. acer maple.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, the maple; as, aceric acid. Ure.

Ac"er*ose` (&?;), a. [(a) L. acerosus chaffy, fr. acus, gen. aceris, chaff; (b) as if fr. L. acus needle: cf. F. acéreux.] (Bot.) (a) Having the nature of chaff; chaffy. (b) Needle-shaped, having a sharp, rigid point, as the leaf of the pine.

Ac"er*ous (&?;), a. Same as Acerose.

Ac"er*ous, a. [Gr. α priv. + ke`ras a horn.] (Zoöl.) (a) Destitute of tentacles, as certain mollusks. (b) Without antennæ, as some insects.

A*cer"val (&?;), a. [L. acervalis, fr. acervus heap.] Pertaining to a heap. [Obs.]

A*cer"vate (&?;), v. t. [L. acervatus, p. p. of acervare to heap up, fr. acervus heap.] To heap up. [Obs.]

A*cer"vate (&?;), a. Heaped, or growing in heaps, or closely compacted clusters.

Ac`er*va"tion (&?;), n. [L. acervatio.] A heaping up; accumulation. [R.] Johnson.

A*cer"va*tive (&?;), a. Heaped up; tending to heap up.

A*cer"vose (&?;), a. Full of heaps. [R.] Bailey.

A*cer"vu*line (&?;), a. Resembling little heaps.

{ A*ces"cence (&?;), A*ces"cen*cy (&?;), } n. [Cf. F. acescence. See Acescent.] The quality of being acescent; the process of acetous fermentation; a moderate degree of sourness. Johnson.

A*ces"cent (&?;), a. [L. acescens, -entis, p. pr. of acescere to turn sour; inchoative of acere to be sour: cf. F. acescent. See Acid.] Turning sour; readily becoming tart or acid; slightly sour. Faraday.

A*ces"cent, n. A substance liable to become sour.

Ac"e*ta*ble (&?;), n. An acetabulum; or about one eighth of a pint. [Obs.] Holland.

Ac`e*tab"u*lar (&?;), a. Cup-shaped; saucer-shaped; acetabuliform.

||Ac`e*tab`u*lif"e*ra (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Acetabuliferous.] (Zoöl.) The division of Cephalopoda in which the arms are furnished with cup-shaped suckers, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopus; the Dibranchiata. See Cephalopoda.

Ac`e*tab`u*lif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. acetablum a little cup + -ferous.] Furnished with fleshy cups for adhering to bodies, as cuttlefish, etc.

Ac`e*tab"u*li*form (&?;), a. [L. acetabulum + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a shallow cup; saucer-shaped; as, an acetabuliform calyx. Gray.

||Ac`e*tab"u*lum (&?;), n. [L., a little saucer for vinegar, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A vinegar cup; socket of the hip bone; a measure of about one eighth of a pint, etc.

2. (Anat.) (a) The bony cup which receives the head of the thigh bone. (b) The cavity in which the leg of an insect is inserted at its articulation with the body. (c) A sucker of the sepia or cuttlefish and related animals. (d) The large posterior sucker of the leeches. (e) One of the lobes of the placenta in ruminating animals.

Ac"e*tal (&?;), n. [Acetic + alcohol.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless, inflammable liquid from the slow oxidation of alcohol under the influence of platinum black.

Ac`et*al"de*hyde (&?;), n. Acetic aldehyde. See Aldehyde.

Ac`et*am"ide (&?;), n. [Acetyl + amide.] (Chem.) A white crystalline solid, from ammonia by replacement of an equivalent of hydrogen by acetyl.

Ac`et*an"i*lide (&?;), n. [Acetyl + anilide.] (Med.) A compound of aniline with acetyl, used to allay fever or pain; -- called also antifebrine.

Ac`e*ta"ri*ous (&?;), a. [L. acetaria, n. pl., salad, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] Used in salads; as, acetarious plants.

<! p. 15 !>

Ac"e*ta*ry (&?;), n. [L. acetaria salad plants.] An acid pulp in certain fruits, as the pear. Grew.

Ac"e*tate (&?;), n. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of acetic acid with a base or positive radical; as, acetate of lead, acetate of potash.

Ac"e*ta`ted (&?;), a. Combined with acetic acid.

A*ce"tic (#; 277), a. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) (a) Of a pertaining to vinegar; producing vinegar; producing vinegar; as, acetic fermentation. (b) Pertaining to, containing, or derived from, acetyl, as acetic ether, acetic acid. The latter is the acid to which the sour taste of vinegar is due.

A*cet`i*fi*ca"tion (&?;), n. The act of making acetous or sour; the process of converting, or of becoming converted, into vinegar.

A*cet"i*fi`er (&?;), n. An apparatus for hastening acetification. Knight.

A*cet"i*fy (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acetified (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Acetifying (&?;).] [L. acetum vinegar + -fly.] To convert into acid or vinegar.

A*cet"i*fy, v. i. To turn acid. Encyc. Dom. Econ.

Ac`e*tim"e*ter (&?;), n. [L. acetum vinegar + -meter: cf. F. acétimètre.] An instrument for estimating the amount of acetic acid in vinegar or in any liquid containing acetic acid.

Ac`e*tim"e*try (&?;), n. The act or method of ascertaining the strength of vinegar, or the proportion of acetic acid contained in it. Ure.

Ac"e*tin (&?;), n. (Chem.) A combination of acetic acid with glycerin. Brande & C.

Ac"e*tize (&?;), v. i. To acetify. [R.]

Ac`e*tom"e*ter (&?;), n. Same as Acetimeter. Brande & C.

Ac"e*tone (&?;), n. [See Acetic.] (Chem.) A volatile liquid consisting of three parts of carbon, six of hydrogen, and one of oxygen; pyroacetic spirit, -- obtained by the distillation of certain acetates, or by the destructive distillation of citric acid, starch, sugar, or gum, with quicklime.

The term in also applied to a number of bodies of similar constitution, more frequently called ketones. See Ketone.

Ac`e*ton"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to acetone; as, acetonic bodies.

Ac"e*tose (&?;), a. Sour like vinegar; acetous.

Ac`e*tos"i*ty (&?;), n. [LL. acetositas. See Acetous.] The quality of being acetous; sourness.

A*ce"tous (#; 277), a. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] 1. Having a sour taste; sour; acid. "An acetous spirit." Boyle. "A liquid of an acetous kind." Bp. Lowth.

2. Causing, or connected with, acetification; as, acetous fermentation.

Acetous acid, a name formerly given to vinegar.

Ac"e*tyl (&?;), n. [L. acetum vinegar + Gr. &?; substance. See -yl.] (Chem.) A complex, hypothetical radical, composed of two parts of carbon to three of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Its hydroxide is acetic acid.

A*cet"y*lene (&?;), n. (Chem.) A gaseous compound of carbon and hydrogen, in the proportion of two atoms of the former to two of the latter. It is a colorless gas, with a peculiar, unpleasant odor, and is produced for use as an illuminating gas in a number of ways, but chiefly by the action of water on calcium carbide. Its light is very brilliant. Watts.

{ Ach, Ache } (&?;), n. [F. ache, L. apium parsley.] A name given to several species of plants; as, smallage, wild celery, parsley. [Obs.] Holland.

{ A*chæ"an (&?;), A*cha"ian (&?;) } a. [L. Achaeus, Achaius; Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to Achaia in Greece; also, Grecian. -- n. A native of Achaia; a Greek.

||A*char"ne*ment (&?;), n. [F.] Savage fierceness; ferocity.

Ach"ate (&?;), n. An agate. [Obs.] Evelyn.

A*chate" (&?;), n. [F. achat purchase. See Cates.] 1. Purchase; bargaining. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. pl. Provisions. Same as Cates. [Obs.] Spenser.

||Ach`a*ti"na (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; agate.] (Zoöl.) A genus of land snails, often large, common in the warm parts of America and Africa.

A*cha*tour" (&?;), n. [See Cater.] Purveyor; acater. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ache (&?;), n. [OE. ache, AS. æce, ece, fr. acan to ache. See Ache, v. i.] Continued pain, as distinguished from sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain. "Such an ache in my bones." Shak.

Often used in composition, as, a headache, an earache, a toothache.

Ache (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ached (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aching (&?;).] [OE. aken, AS. acan, both strong verbs, AS. acan, imp. c, p. p. acen, to ache; perh. orig. to drive, and akin to agent.] To suffer pain; to have, or be in, pain, or in continued pain; to be distressed. "My old bones ache." Shak.

> The sins that in your conscience ache.
> Keble.

A*che"an (&?;), a. & n. See Achæan, Achaian.

{ A*chene" (&?;), A*che"ni*um (&?;) } n. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; to gape.] (Bot.) A small, dry, indehiscent fruit, containing a single seed, as in the buttercup; -- called a naked seed by the earlier botanists. [Written also akene and achænium.]

A*che"ni*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to an achene.

Ach"e*ron (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Myth.) A river in the Nether World or infernal regions; also, the infernal regions themselves. By some of the English poets it was supposed to be a flaming lake or gulf. Shak.

Ach`e*ron"tic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Acheron; infernal; hence, dismal, gloomy; moribund.

A*chiev"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being achieved. Barrow.

A*chiev"ance (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. achevance.] Achievement. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

A*chieve" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achieved (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Achieving (&?;).] [OE. acheven, OF. achever, achiever, F. achever, to finish; à (L. ad) + OF. chief, F. chef, end, head, fr. L. caput head. See Chief.] 1. To carry on to a final close; to bring out into a perfected state; to accomplish; to perform; -- as, to achieve a feat, an exploit, an enterprise.

> Supposing faculties and powers to be the same, far more may be achieved in any line by the aid of a capital, invigorating motive than without it.
> I. Taylor.

2. To obtain, or gain, as the result of exertion; to succeed in gaining; to win.

> Some are born great, some achieve greatness.
> Shak.

> Thou hast achieved our liberty.
> Milton.

[[Obs]., with a material thing as the aim.]

> Show all the spoils by valiant kings achieved.
> Prior.

> He hath achieved a maid
> That paragons description.
> Shak.

3. To finish; to kill. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- To accomplish; effect; fulfill; complete; execute; perform; realize; obtain. See Accomplish.

A*chieve"ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. achèvement, E. Hatchment.] 1. The act of achieving or performing; an obtaining by exertion; successful performance; accomplishment; as, the achievement of his object.

2. A great or heroic deed; something accomplished by valor, boldness, or praiseworthy exertion; a feat.

> [The exploits] of the ancient saints . . . do far surpass the most famous achievements of pagan heroes.
> Barrow.

> The highest achievements of the human intellect.
> Macaulay.

3. (Her.) An escutcheon or ensign armorial; now generally applied to the funeral shield commonly called hatchment. Cussans.

A*chiev"er (&?;), n. One who achieves; a winner.

Ach`il*le"an (&?;), a. Resembling Achilles, the hero of the Iliad; invincible.

A*chil"les' ten"don (&?;), n. [L. Achillis tendo.] (Anat.) The strong tendon formed of the united tendons of the large muscles in the calf of the leg, an inserted into the bone of the heel; -- so called from the mythological account of Achilles being held by the heel when dipped in the River Styx.

A*chi"lous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; lip.] (Bot.) Without a lip.

Ach"ing (&?;), a. That aches; continuously painful. See Ache. -- Ach"ing*ly, adv.

> The aching heart, the aching head.
> Longfellow.

||A`chi*o"te (&?;), n. [Sp. achiote, fr. Indian achiotl.] Seeds of the annotto tree; also, the coloring matter, annotto.

A*chlam"y*date (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?;. &?;. a short cloak.] (Zoöl.) Not possessing a mantle; -- said of certain gastropods.

Ach`la*myd"e*ous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Naked; having no floral envelope, neither calyx nor corolla.

||A*cho"li*a (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; bile.] (Med.) Deficiency or want of bile.

Ach"o*lous (&?;), a. (Med.) Lacking bile.

Ach`ro*mat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; colorless; 'a priv. + &?;, &?;, color: cf. F. achromatique.] 1. (Opt.) Free from color; transmitting light without decomposing it into its primary colors.

2. (Biol.) Uncolored; not absorbing color from a fluid; -- said of tissue.

Achromatic lens (Opt.), a lens composed usually of two separate lenses, a convex and concave, of substances having different refractive and dispersive powers, as crown and flint glass, with the curvatures so adjusted that the chromatic aberration produced by the one is corrected by other, and light emerges from the compound lens undecomposed. -- Achromatic prism. See Prism. -- Achromatic telescope, or microscope, one in which the chromatic aberration is corrected, usually by means of a compound or achromatic object glass, and which gives images free from extraneous color.

Ach`ro*mat"ic*al*ly (&?;), adv. In an achromatic manner.

Ach`ro*ma*tic"i*ty (&?;), n. Achromatism.

A*chro"ma*tin (&?;), n. (Biol.) Tissue which is not stained by fluid dyes. W. Flemming.

A*chro"ma*tism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. achromatisme.] The state or quality of being achromatic; as, the achromatism of a lens; achromaticity. Nichol.

A*chro`ma*ti*za"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. achromatisation.] The act or process of achromatizing.

A*chro"ma*tize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achromatized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Achromatizing (&?;).] [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; color.] To deprive of color; to make achromatic.

A*chro"ma*top"sy (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; color + &?; sight.] Color blindness; inability to distinguish colors; Daltonism.

A*chron"ic (&?;), a. See Acronyc.

Ach`ro*ö*dex"trin (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; colorless + E. dextrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Dextrin not colorable by iodine. See Dextrin.

Ach"ro*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; color.] Colorless; achromatic.

A*chy"lous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; without juice.] (Physiol.) Without chyle.

A*chy"mous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; without juice.] (Physiol.) Without chyme.

||A*cic"u*la (&?;), n.; pl. Aciculæ (&?;). [L., a small needle, dimin. of acus needle.] (Nat. Hist.) One of the needlelike or bristlelike spines or prickles of some animals and plants; also, a needlelike crystal.

A*cic"u*lar (&?;), a. Needle-shaped; slender like a needle or bristle, as some leaves or crystals; also, having sharp points like needles.

A*cic"u*lar*ly, adv..

{ A*cic"u*late (&?;), A*cic"u*la"ted (&?;) } a. (Nat. Hist.) (a) Furnished with aciculæ. (b) Acicular. (c) Marked with fine irregular streaks as if scratched by a needle. Lindley.

A*cic"u*li*form (&?;), a. [L. acicula needle + -form.] Needle-shaped; acicular.

A*cic"u*lite (&?;), n. (Min.) Needle ore. Brande & C.

Ac"id (&?;), a. [L. acidus sour, fr. the root ak to be sharp: cf. F. acide. Cf. Acute.] 1. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste; tart; having the taste of vinegar: as, acid fruits or liquors. Also fig.: Sour- tempered.

> He was stern and his face as acid as ever.
> A. Trollope.

2. Of or pertaining to an acid; as, acid reaction.

Ac"id, n. 1. A sour substance.

2. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds, generally but not always distinguished by their sour taste, solubility in water, and reddening of vegetable blue or violet colors. They are also characterized by the power of destroying the distinctive properties of alkalies or bases, combining with them to form salts, at the same time losing their own peculiar properties. They all contain hydrogen, united with a more negative element or radical, either alone, or more generally with oxygen, and take their names from this negative element or radical. Those which contain no oxygen are sometimes called hydracids in distinction from the others which are called oxygen acids or oxacids.

In certain cases, sulphur, selenium, or tellurium may take the place of oxygen, and the corresponding compounds are called respectively sulphur acids or sulphacids, selenium acids, or tellurium acids. When the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, a salt is formed, and hence acids are sometimes named as salts of hydrogen; as hydrogen nitrate for nitric acid, hydrogen sulphate for sulphuric acid, etc. In the old chemistry the name acid was applied to the oxides of the negative or nonmetallic elements, now sometimes called anhydrides.

A*cid"ic (&?;), a. (Min.) Containing a high percentage of silica; -- opposed to basic.

Ac`id*if"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. acidus sour + -ferous.] Containing or yielding an acid.

A*cid"i*fi`a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being acidified, or converted into an acid.

Ac`id*if"ic (&?;), a. Producing acidity; converting into an acid. Dana.

A*cid`i*fi*ca"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. acidification.] The act or process of acidifying, or changing into an acid.

A*cid"i*fi`er (&?;), n. (Chem.) A simple or compound principle, whose presence is necessary to produce acidity, as oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.

A*cid"i*fy (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidified (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Acidifying (&?;).] [L. acidus sour, acid + -fy: cf. F. acidifier.] 1. To make acid; to convert into an acid; as, to acidify sugar.

2. To sour; to imbitter.

> His thin existence all acidified into rage.
> Carlyle.

Ac`id*im"e*ter (&?;), n. [L. acidus acid + -meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for ascertaining the strength of acids. Ure.

Ac`id*im"e*try (&?;), n. [L. acidus acid + -metry.] (Chem.) The measurement of the strength of acids, especially by a chemical process based on the law of chemical combinations, or the fact that, to produce a complete reaction, a certain definite weight of reagent is required. -- Ac`id*i*met"ric*al (&?;), a.

A*cid"i*ty (&?;), n. [L. acidites, fr. acidus: cf. F. acidité. See Acid.] The quality of being sour; sourness; tartness; sharpness to the taste; as, the acidity of lemon juice.

Ac"id*ly (&?;), adv. Sourly; tartly.

Ac"id*ness (&?;), n. Acidity; sourness.

A*cid"u*late (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidulated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Acidulating (&?;).] [Cf. F. aciduler. See Acidulous.] To make sour or acid in a moderate degree; to sour somewhat. Arbuthnot.

A*cid"u*lent (&?;), a. Having an acid quality; sour; acidulous. "With anxious, acidulent face." Carlyle.

A*cid"u*lous (&?;), a. [L. acidulus, dim. of acidus. See Acid.] Slightly sour; sub-acid; sourish; as, an acidulous tincture. E. Burke.

Acidulous mineral waters, such as contain carbonic anhydride.

Ac`i*er*age (&?;), n. [F. aciérage, fr. acier steel.] The process of coating the surface of a metal plate (as a stereotype plate) with steellike iron by means of voltaic electricity; steeling.

Ac"i*form (&?;), a. [L. acus needle + -form.] Shaped like a needle.

Ac"i*na"ceous (&?;), a. [L. acinus a grape, grapestone.] (Bot.) Containing seeds or stones of grapes, or grains like them.

||A*cin"a*ces (&?;), n. [L., from Gr. &?;.] (Anc. Hist.) A short sword or saber.

Ac`i*nac"i*form (s`*ns"*fôrm), a. [L. acinaces a short sword + -form: cf. F. acinaciforme.] (Bot.) Scimeter-shaped; as, an acinaciform leaf.

||Ac`i*ne"si*a (s`*n"s*), n. (Med.) Same as Akinesia.

||Ac`i*ne"tæ (s`*n"t), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'akinhtos immovable.] (Zoöl.) A group of suctorial Infusoria, which in the adult stage are stationary. See Suctoria.

Ac`i*net"i*form (&?;), a. [Acinetæ + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the Acinetæ.

A*cin"i*form (&?;), a. [L. acinus a grape, grapestone + -form: cf. F. acinoforme.] 1. Having the form of a cluster of grapes; clustered like grapes.

2. Full of small kernels like a grape.

{ Ac"i*nose` (&?;), Ac"i*nous (&?;) } a. [L. acinosus, fr. acinus grapestone.] Consisting of acini, or minute granular concretions; as, acinose or acinous glands. Kirwan.

<! p. 16 !>

||Ac"i*nus (&?;), n.; pl. Acini (&?;). [L., grape, grapestone.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the small grains or drupelets which make up some kinds of fruit, as the blackberry, raspberry, etc. (b) A grapestone.

2. (Anat.) One of the granular masses which constitute a racemose or compound gland, as the pancreas; also, one of the saccular recesses in the lobules of a racemose gland. Quain.

||Ac`i*pen"ser (&?;), n. [L., the name of a fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons, having the body armed with bony scales, and the mouth on the under side of the head. See Sturgeon.

Ac"i*ur`gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a point + &?; work.] Operative surgery.

Ac*know" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + know; AS. oncnwan.] 1. To recognize. [Obs.] "You will not be acknown, sir." B. Jonson.

2. To acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.] Chaucer.

To be acknown (often with of or on), to acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.]

> We say of a stubborn body that standeth still in the denying of his fault, This man will not acknowledge his fault, or, He will not be acknown of his fault.
> Sir T. More.

Ac*knowl"edge (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acknowledged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Acknowledging (&?;).] [Prob. fr. pref. a- + the verb knowledge. See Knowledge, and cf. Acknow.] 1. To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one's belief in; as, to acknowledge the being of a God.

> I acknowledge my transgressions.
> Ps. li. 3.

> For ends generally acknowledged to be good.
> Macaulay.

2. To own or recognize in a particular character or relationship; to admit the claims or authority of; to give recognition to.

> In all thy ways acknowledge Him.
> Prov. iii. 6.

> By my soul, I'll ne'er acknowledge thee.
> Shak.

3. To own with gratitude or as a benefit or an obligation; as, to acknowledge a favor, the receipt of a letter.

> They his gifts acknowledged none.
> Milton.

4. To own as genuine; to assent to, as a legal instrument, to give it validity; to avow or admit in legal form; as, to acknowledgea deed.

Syn. -- To avow; proclaim; recognize; own; admit; allow; concede; confess. -- Acknowledge, Recognize. Acknowledge is opposed to keep back, or conceal, and supposes that something had been previously known to us (though perhaps not to others) which we now feel bound to lay open or make public. Thus, a man acknowledges a secret marriage; one who has done wrong acknowledges his fault; and author acknowledges his obligation to those who have aided him; we acknowledge our ignorance. Recognize supposes that we have either forgotten or not had the evidence of a thing distinctly before our minds, but that now we know it (as it were) anew, or receive and admit in on the ground of the evidence it brings. Thus, we recognize a friend after a long absence. We recognize facts, principles, truths, etc., when their evidence is brought up fresh to the mind; as, bad men usually recognize the providence of God in seasons of danger. A foreign minister, consul, or agent, of any kind, is recognized on the ground of his producing satisfactory credentials. See also Confess.

Ac*knowl"edged*ly (&?;), adv. Confessedly.

Ac*knowl"edg*er (&?;), n. One who acknowledges.

Ac*knowl"edg*ment (-ment), n. 1. The act of acknowledging; admission; avowal; owning; confession. "An acknowledgment of fault." Froude.

2. The act of owning or recognized in a particular character or relationship; recognition as regards the existence, authority, truth, or genuineness.

> Immediately upon the acknowledgment of the Christian faith, the eunuch was baptized by Philip.
> Hooker.

3. The owning of a benefit received; courteous recognition; expression of thanks. Shak.

4. Something given or done in return for a favor, message, etc. Smollett.

5. A declaration or avowal of one's own act, to give it legal validity; as, the acknowledgment of a deed before a proper officer. Also, the certificate of the officer attesting such declaration.

Acknowledgment money, in some parts of England, a sum paid by copyhold tenants, on the death of their landlords, as an acknowledgment of their new lords. Cowell.

Syn. -- Confession; concession; recognition; admission; avowal; recognizance.

A*clin"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; to incline.] (Physics.) Without inclination or dipping; - - said the magnetic needle balances itself horizontally, having no dip. The aclinic line is also termed the magnetic equator. Prof. August.

Ac"me (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; point, top.] 1. The top or highest point; the culmination.

> The very acme and pitch of life for epic poetry.
> Pope.

> The moment when a certain power reaches the acme of its supremacy.
> I. Taylor.

2. (Med.) The crisis or height of a disease.

3. Mature age; full bloom of life. B. Jonson.

Ac"ne (&?;), n. [NL., prob. a corruption of Gr. &?;] (Med.) A pustular affection of the skin, due to changes in the sebaceous glands.

Ac*no"dal (&?;), a. Pertaining to acnodes.

Ac"node (&?;), n. [L. acus needle + E. node.] (Geom.) An isolated point not upon a curve, but whose coördinates satisfy the equation of the curve so that it is considered as belonging to the curve.

A*cock" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + cock.] In a cocked or turned up fashion.

A*cock"bill` (&?;), adv. [Prefix a- + cock + bill: with bills cocked up.] (Naut.) (a) Hanging at the cathead, ready to let go, as an anchor. (b) Topped up; having one yardarm higher than the other.

A*cold" (&?;), a. [Prob. p. p. of OE. acolen to grow cold or cool, AS. clian to grow cold; pref. a- (cf. Goth. er-, orig. meaning out) + clian to cool. See Cool.] Cold. [Obs.] "Poor Tom's acold." Shak.

Ac`o*log"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to acology.

A*col"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; remedy + - logy.] Materia medica; the science of remedies.

A*col"o*thist (&?;), n. See Acolythist.

Ac`o*lyc"tine (&?;), n. [From the name of the plant.] (Chem.) An organic base, in the form of a white powder, obtained from Aconitum lycoctonum. Eng. Cyc.

Ac`o*lyte (&?;), n. [LL. acolythus, acoluthus, Gr. &?; following, attending: cf. F. acolyte.]

1. (Eccl.) One who has received the highest of the four minor orders in the Catholic church, being ordained to carry the wine and water and the lights at the Mass.

2. One who attends; an assistant. "With such chiefs, and with James and John as acolytes." Motley.

Ac"o*lyth (&?;), n. Same as Acolyte.

A*col"y*thist (&?;), n. An acolyte. [Obs.]

{ A*cond"dy*lose` (&?;), A*con"dy*lous (&?;), } a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; joint.] (Nat. Hist.) Being without joints; jointless.

Ac`o*ni"tal (&?;), a. Of the nature of aconite.

Ac"o*nite (&?;), n. [L. aconitum, Gr. &?;: cf. F. aconit.] 1. (Bot.) The herb wolfsbane, or monkshood; -- applied to any plant of the genus Aconitum (tribe Hellebore), all the species of which are poisonous.

2. An extract or tincture obtained from Aconitum napellus, used as a poison and medicinally.

Winter aconite, a plant (Eranthis hyemalis) allied to the aconites.

||Ac`o*ni"ti*a (&?;), n. (Chem.) Same as Aconitine.

Ac`o*nit"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to aconite.

A*con"i*tine (&?;), n. (Chem.) An intensely poisonous alkaloid, extracted from aconite.

||Ac`o*ni"tum (&?;), n. [L. See Aconite.] The poisonous herb aconite; also, an extract from it.

> Strong
> As aconitum or rash gunpowder.
> Shak.

||A*con"ti*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a little dart.] (Zoöl.) Threadlike defensive organs, composed largely of nettling cells (cnidæ), thrown out of the mouth or special pores of certain Actiniæ when irritated.

||A*con"ti*as (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, dim. &?; dart.] (Zoöl.) Anciently, a snake, called dart snake; now, one of a genus of reptiles closely allied to the lizards.

A*cop"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; priv. + &?; striking. weariness, &?; to strike.] (Med.) Relieving weariness; restorative.

A"corn (&?;), n. [AS. æcern, fr. æcer field, acre; akin to D. aker acorn, Ger. ecker, Icel. akarn, Dan. agern, Goth. akran fruit, akrs field; -- orig. fruit of the field. See Acre.] 1. The fruit of the oak, being an oval nut growing in a woody cup or cupule.

2. (Naut.) A cone-shaped piece of wood on the point of the spindle above the vane, on the mast-head.

3. (Zoöl.) See Acorn- shell.

A"corn cup (&?;). The involucre or cup in which the acorn is fixed.

A"corned (&?;), a. 1. Furnished or loaded with acorns.

2. Fed or filled with acorns. [R.] Shak.

A"corn-shell` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the sessile cirripeds; a barnacle of the genus Balanus. See Barnacle.

A*cos"mism (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; world.] A denial of the existence of the universe as distinct from God.

A*cos"mist (&?;), n. [See Acosmism.] One who denies the existence of the universe, or of a universe as distinct from God. G. H. Lewes.

A*cot`y*le"don (#; 277), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; anything cup-shaped. See Cotyledon.] (Bot.) A plant which has no cotyledons, as the dodder and all flowerless plants.

A*cot`y*led"on*ous (#; 277), a. Having no seed lobes, as the dodder; also applied to plants which have no true seeds, as ferns, mosses, etc.

A*cou"chy (&?;), n. [F. acouchi, from the native name Guiana.] (Zoöl.) A small species of agouti (Dasyprocta acouchy).

A*cou"me*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; to hear + -meter.] (Physics.) An instrument for measuring the acuteness of the sense of hearing. Itard.

A*cou"me*try (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; to hear + -metry.] The measuring of the power or extent of hearing.

A*cous"tic (#; 277), a. [F. acoustique, Gr. &?; relating to hearing, fr. &?; to hear.] Pertaining to the sense of hearing, the organs of hearing, or the science of sounds; auditory.

Acoustic duct, the auditory duct, or external passage of the ear. -- Acoustic telegraph, a telegraph making audible signals; a telephone. -- Acoustic vessels, brazen tubes or vessels, shaped like a bell, used in ancient theaters to propel the voices of the actors, so as to render them audible to a great distance.

A*cous"tic, n. A medicine or agent to assist hearing.

A*cous"tic*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to acoustics.

A*cous"tic*al*ly (&?;), adv. In relation to sound or to hearing. Tyndall.

Ac`ous*ti"cian (&?;), n. One versed in acoustics. Tyndall.

A*cous"tics (#; 277), n. [Names of sciences in -ics, as, acoustics, mathematics, etc., are usually treated as singular. See -ics.] (Physics.) The science of sounds, teaching their nature, phenomena, and laws.

> Acoustics, then, or the science of sound, is a very considerable branch of physics.
> Sir J. Herschel.

The science is, by some writers, divided, into diacoustics, which explains the properties of sounds coming directly from the ear; and catacoustica, which treats of reflected sounds or echoes.

Ac*quaint" (&?;), a. [OF. acoint. See Acquaint, v. t.] Acquainted. [Obs.]

Ac*quaint", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquainting.] [OE. aqueinten, acointen, OF. acointier, LL. adcognitare, fr. L. ad + cognitus, p. p. of cognoscere to know; con- + noscere to know. See Quaint, Know.] 1. To furnish or give experimental knowledge of; to make (one) to know; to make familiar; -- followed by with.

> Before a man can speak on any subject, it is necessary to be acquainted with it.
> Locke.

> A man of sorrows and acquainted with grief.
> Isa. liii. 3.

2. To communicate notice to; to inform; to make cognizant; -- followed by with (formerly, also, by of), or by that, introducing the intelligence; as, to acquaint a friend with the particulars of an act.

> Acquaint her here of my son Paris' love.
> Shak.

> I must acquaint you that I have received
> New dated letters from Northumberland.
> Shak.

3. To familiarize; to accustom. [Obs.] Evelyn.

To be acquainted with, to be possessed of personal knowledge of; to be cognizant of; to be more or less familiar with; to be on terms of social intercourse with.

Syn. -- To inform; apprise; communicate; advise.

Ac*quaint"a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. OF. acointable]. Easy to be acquainted with; affable. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Ac*quaint"ance (&?;), n. [OE. aqueintance, OF. acointance, fr. acointier. See Acquaint.] 1. A state of being acquainted, or of having intimate, or more than slight or superficial, knowledge; personal knowledge gained by intercourse short of that of friendship or intimacy; as, I know the man; but have no acquaintance with him.

> Contract no friendship, or even acquaintance, with a guileful man.
> Sir W. Jones.

2. A person or persons with whom one is acquainted.

> Montgomery was an old acquaintance of Ferguson.
> Macaulay.

In this sense the collective term acquaintance was formerly both singular and plural, but it is now commonly singular, and has the regular plural acquaintances.

To be of acquaintance, to be intimate. -- To take acquaintance of or with, to make the acquaintance of. [Obs.]

Syn. -- Familiarity; intimacy; fellowship; knowledge. -- Acquaintance, Familiarity, Intimacy. These words mark different degrees of closeness in social intercourse. Acquaintance arises from occasional intercourse; as, our acquaintance has been a brief one. We can speak of a slight or an intimate acquaintance. Familiarity is the result of continued acquaintance. It springs from persons being frequently together, so as to wear off all restraint and reserve; as, the familiarity of old companions. Intimacy is the result of close connection, and the freest interchange of thought; as, the intimacy of established friendship.

> Our admiration of a famous man lessens upon our nearer acquaintance with him.
> Addison.

> We contract at last such a familiarity with them as makes it difficult and irksome for us to call off our minds.
> Atterbury.

> It is in our power to confine our friendships and intimacies to men of virtue.
> Rogers.

Ac*quaint"ance*ship, n. A state of being acquainted; acquaintance. Southey.

Ac*quaint"ant (&?;), n. [Cf. F. acointant, p. pr.] An acquaintance. [R.] Swift.

Ac*quaint"ed, a. Personally known; familiar. See To be acquainted with, under Acquaint, v. t.

Ac*quaint"ed*ness, n. State of being acquainted; degree of acquaintance. [R.] Boyle.

Ac*quest" (#), n. [OF. aquest, F. acquêt, fr. LL. acquestum, acquistum, for L. acquistum, p. p. (used substantively) of acquirere to acquire. See Acquire.]

1. Acquisition; the thing gained. [R.] Bacon.

2. (Law) Property acquired by purchase, gift, or otherwise than by inheritance. Bouvier.

Ac`qui*esce" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Acquiesced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiescing (&?;)] [L. acquiescere; ad + quiescere to be quiet, fr. quies rest: cf. F. acquiescer. See Quiet.] 1. To rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied, or to rest without opposition and discontent (usually implying previous opposition or discontent); to accept or consent by silence or by omitting to object; -- followed by in, formerly also by with and to.

> They were compelled to acquiesce in a government which they did not regard as just.
> De Quincey.

2. To concur upon conviction; as, to acquiesce in an opinion; to assent to; usually, to concur, not heartily but so far as to forbear opposition.

Syn. -- To submit; comply; yield; assent; agree; consent; accede; concur; conform; accept tacitly.

Ac`qui*es"cence (&?;), n. [Cf. F. acquiescence.] 1. A silent or passive assent or submission, or a submission with apparent content; -- distinguished from avowed consent on the one hand, and on the other, from opposition or open discontent; quiet satisfaction.

2. (Crim. Law) (a) Submission to an injury by the party injured. (b) Tacit concurrence in the action of another. Wharton.

<! p. 17 !>

Ac`qui*es"cen*cy (&?;), n. The quality of being acquiescent; acquiescence.

Ac`qui*es"cent (&?;), a. [L. acquiescens, -centis; p. pr.] Resting satisfied or submissive; disposed tacitly to submit; assentive; as, an acquiescent policy.

Ac`qui*es"cent*ly, adv. In an acquiescent manner.

Ac*qui"et (&?;), v. t. [LL. acquietare; L. ad + quies rest. See Quiet and cf. Acquit.] To quiet. [Obs.]

> Acquiet his mind from stirring you against your own peace.
> Sir A. Sherley.

Ac*quir"a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being acquirable; attainableness. [R.] Paley.

Ac*quir"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being acquired.

Ac*quire" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquired (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiring (&?;).] [L. acquirere, acquisitum; ad + quarere to seek for. In OE. was a verb aqueren, fr. the same, through OF. aquerre. See Quest..] To gain, usually by one's own exertions; to get as one's own; as, to acquire a title, riches, knowledge, skill, good or bad habits.

> No virtue is acquired in an instant, but step by step.
> Barrow.

> Descent is the title whereby a man, on the death of his ancestor, acquires his estate, by right of representation, as his heir at law.
> Blackstone.

Syn. -- To obtain; gain; attain; procure; win; earn; secure. See Obtain.

Ac*quire"ment (-ment), n. The act of acquiring, or that which is acquired; attainment. "Rules for the acquirement of a taste." Addison.

> His acquirements by industry were . . . enriched and enlarged by many excellent endowments of nature.
> Hayward.

Syn. -- Acquisition, Acquirement. Acquirement is used in opposition to a natural gift or talent; as, eloquence, and skill in music and painting, are acquirements; genius is the gift or endowment of nature. It denotes especially personal attainments, in opposition to material or external things gained, which are more usually called acquisitions; but this distinction is not always observed.

Ac*quir"er (&?;), n. A person who acquires.

Ac*quir"y (&?;), n. Acquirement. [Obs.] Barrow.

Ac"qui*site (&?;), a. [L. acquisitus, p. p. of acquirere. See Acquire.] Acquired. [Obs.] Burton.

Ac`qui*si"tion (&?;), n. [L. acquisitio, fr. acquirere: cf. F. acquisition. See Acquire.] 1. The act or process of acquiring.

> The acquisition or loss of a province.
> Macaulay.

2. The thing acquired or gained; an acquirement; a gain; as, learning is an acquisition.

Syn. -- See Acquirement.

Ac*quis"i*tive (&?;), a. 1. Acquired. [Obs.]

> He died not in his acquisitive, but in his native soil.
> Wotton.

2. Able or disposed to make acquisitions; acquiring; as, an acquisitive person or disposition.

Ac*quis"i*tive*ly, adv. In the way of acquisition.

Ac*quis"i*tive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being acquisitive; propensity to acquire property; desire of possession.

2. (Phren.) The faculty to which the phrenologists attribute the desire of acquiring and possessing. Combe.

Ac*quis"i*tor (&?;), n. One who acquires.

Ac*quist" (&?;), n. [Cf. Acquest.] Acquisition; gain. Milton.

Ac*quit" (&?;), p. p. Acquitted; set free; rid of. [Archaic] Shak.

Ac*quit", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquitting.] [OE. aquiten, OF. aquiter, F. acquitter; &?; (L. ad) + OF. quiter, F. quitter, to quit. See Quit, and cf. Acquiet.] 1. To discharge, as a claim or debt; to clear off; to pay off; to requite.

> A responsibility that can never be absolutely acquitted.
> I. Taylor.

2. To pay for; to atone for. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To set free, release or discharge from an obligation, duty, liability, burden, or from an accusation or charge; -- now followed by of before the charge, formerly by from; as, the jury acquitted the prisoner; we acquit a man of evil intentions.

4. Reflexively: (a) To clear one's self. Shak. (b) To bear or conduct one's self; to perform one's part; as, the soldier acquitted himself well in battle; the orator acquitted himself very poorly.

Syn. -- To absolve; clear; exonerate; exonerate; exculpate; release; discharge. See Absolve.

Ac*quit"ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. aquitement.] Acquittal. [Obs.] Milton.

Ac*quit"tal (&?;), n. 1. The act of acquitting; discharge from debt or obligation; acquittance.

2. (Law) A setting free, or deliverance from the charge of an offense, by verdict of a jury or sentence of a court. Bouvier.

Ac*quit"tance (&?;), n. [OF. aquitance, fr. aquiter. See Acquit.] 1. The clearing off of debt or obligation; a release or discharge from debt or other liability.

2. A writing which is evidence of a discharge; a receipt in full, which bars a further demand.

> You can produce acquittances
> For such a sum, from special officers.
> Shak.

Ac*quit"tance, v. t. To acquit. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac*quit"ter (&?;), n. One who acquits or releases.

||A*cra"ni*a (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. 'a priv. + &?; skull.] 1. (Physiol.) Partial or total absence of the skull.

2. pl. (Zoöl.) The lowest group of Vertebrata, including the amphioxus, in which no skull exists.

A*cra"ni*al (&?;), a. Wanting a skull.

{ A*crase", A*craze" } (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + crase; or cf. F. écraser to crush. See Crase, Craze.]

1. To craze. [Obs.] Grafton.

2. To impair; to destroy. [Obs.] Hacket.

{ ||A*cra"si*a (&?;), Ac"ra*sy (&?;) } n. [Gr. akrasia.] Excess; intemperance. [Obs. except in Med.] Farindon.

||A*cras"pe*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?; border.] (Zoöl.) A group of acalephs, including most of the larger jellyfishes; the Discophora.

A"cre (&?;), n. [OE. aker, AS. æcer; akin to OS. accar, OHG. achar, Ger. acker, Icel. akr, Sw. åker, Dan. ager, Goth. akrs, L. ager, Gr. &?;, Skr. ajra. √2, 206.] 1. Any field of arable or pasture land. [Obs.]

2. A piece of land, containing 160 square rods, or 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. This is the English statute acre. That of the United States is the same. The Scotch acre was about 1.26 of the English, and the Irish 1.62 of the English.

The acre was limited to its present definite quantity by statutes of Edward I., Edward III., and Henry VIII.

Broad acres, many acres, much landed estate. [Rhetorical] -- God's acre, God's field; the churchyard.

> I like that ancient Saxon phrase, which calls
> The burial ground, God's acre.
> Longfellow.

A"cre*a*ble (&?;), a. Of an acre; per acre; as, the acreable produce.

A"cre*age (&?;), n. Acres collectively; as, the acreage of a farm or a country.

A"cred (&?;), a. Possessing acres or landed property; -- used in composition; as, large-acred men.

Ac"rid (&?;), a. [L. acer sharp; prob. assimilated in form to acid. See Eager.] 1. Sharp and harsh, or bitter and not, to the taste; pungent; as, acrid salts.

2. Causing heat and irritation; corrosive; as, acrid secretions.

3. Caustic; bitter; bitterly irritating; as, acrid temper, mind, writing.

Acrid poison, a poison which irritates, corrodes, or burns the parts to which it is applied.

{ A*crid"i*ty (&?;), Ac"rid*ness (&?;) } n. The quality of being acrid or pungent; irritant bitterness; acrimony; as, the acridity of a plant, of a speech.

Ac"rid*ly (&?;), adv. In an acid manner.

Ac"ri*mo"ni*ous (&?;), a. [Cf. LL. acrimonious, F. acrimonieux.] 1. Acrid; corrosive; as, acrimonious gall. [Archaic] Harvey.

2. Caustic; bitter-tempered' sarcastic; as, acrimonious dispute, language, temper.

Ac`ri*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. In an acrimonious manner.

Ac`ri*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. The quality of being acrimonious; asperity; acrimony.

Ac"ri*mo*ny (&?;), n.; pl. Acrimonies (&?;). [L. acrimonia, fr. acer, sharp: cf. F. acrimonie.] 1. A quality of bodies which corrodes or destroys others; also, a harsh or biting sharpness; as, the acrimony of the juices of certain plants. [Archaic] Bacon.

2. Sharpness or severity, as of language or temper; irritating bitterness of disposition or manners.

> John the Baptist set himself with much acrimony and indignation to baffle this senseless arrogant conceit of theirs.
> South.

Syn. -- Acrimony, Asperity, Harshness, Tartness. These words express different degrees of angry feeling or language. Asperity and harshness arise from angry feelings, connected with a disregard for the feelings of others. Harshness usually denotes needless severity or an undue measure of severity. Acrimony is a biting sharpness produced by an imbittered spirit. Tartness denotes slight asperity and implies some degree of intellectual readiness. Tartness of reply; harshness of accusation; acrimony of invective.

> In his official letters he expressed, with great acrimony, his contempt for the king's character.
> Macaulay.

> It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received.
> Johnson.

> A just reverence of mankind prevents the growth of harshness and brutality.
> Shaftesbury.

{ ||A*cris"i*a (&?;), Ac"ri*sy (&?;), } n. [LL. acrisia, Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to separate, to decide.] 1. Inability to judge.

2. (Med.) Undecided character of a disease. [Obs.]

||Ac"ri*ta (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; indiscernible; 'a priv. + &?; to distinguish.] (Zoöl.) The lowest groups of animals, in which no nervous system has been observed.

Ac"ri*tan (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Acrita. -- n. An individual of the Acrita.

Ac"rite (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Acritan. Owen.

A*crit"ic*al (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; critical.] (Med.) Having no crisis; giving no indications of a crisis; as, acritical symptoms, an acritical abscess.

Ac`ri*to*chro"ma*cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; undistinguishable; 'a priv. + &?; to separate, distinguish + &?; color.] Color blindness; achromatopsy.

Ac"ri*tude (&?;), n. [L. acritudo, from acer sharp.] Acridity; pungency joined with heat. [Obs.]

Ac"ri*ty (&?;), n. [L. acritas, fr. acer sharp: cf. F. âcreté.] Sharpness; keenness. [Obs.]

{ Ac`ro*a*mat"ic (&?;), Ac`ro*a*mat"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to hear.] Communicated orally; oral; -- applied to the esoteric teachings of Aristotle, those intended for his genuine disciples, in distinction from his exoteric doctrines, which were adapted to outsiders or the public generally. Hence: Abstruse; profound.

Ac`ro*at"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to hear.] Same as Acroamatic.

Ac"ro*bat (&?;), n. [F. acrobate, fr. Gr. &?; walking on tiptoe, climbing aloft; &?; high + &?; to go.] One who practices rope dancing, high vaulting, or other daring gymnastic feats.

Ac`ro*bat"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. acrobatique.] Pertaining to an acrobat.

-- Ac`ro*bat"ic*al*ly, adv.

Ac"ro*bat*ism (&?;), n. Feats of the acrobat; daring gymnastic feats; high vaulting.

Ac`ro*car"pous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; extreme, highest + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) (a) Having a terminal fructification; having the fruit at the end of the stalk. (b) Having the fruit stalks at the end of a leafy stem, as in certain mosses.

Ac`ro*ce*phal"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; highest + &?;. See Cephalic.] Characterized by a high skull.

Ac`ro*ceph"a*ly (&?;), n. Loftiness of skull.

Ac`ro*ce*rau"ni*an (&?;), a. [L. acroceraunius, fr. Gr. &?; high, n. pl. &?; heights + &?; thunderbolt.] Of or pertaining to the high mountain range of "thunder- smitten" peaks (now Kimara), between Epirus and Macedonia. Shelley.

||Ac`ro*dac"tyl*um (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; topmost + &?; finger.] (Zoöl.) The upper surface of the toes, individually.

Ac"ro*dont (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`kros summit + 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of lizards having the teeth immovably united to the top of the alveolar ridge. -- a. Of or pertaining to the acrodonts.

Ac"ro*gen (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`kros extreme, high + -gen.] (Bot.) A plant of the highest class of cryptogams, including the ferns, etc. See Cryptogamia.

The Age of Acrogens (Geol.), the age of coal plants, or the carboniferous era.

Ac*rog"e*nous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Increasing by growth from the extremity; as, an acrogenous plant.

A*cro"le*in (&?;), n. [L. acer sharp + olre to smell.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless, highly volatile liquid, obtained by the dehydration of glycerin, or the destructive distillation of neutral fats containing glycerin. Its vapors are intensely irritating. Watts.

Ac"ro*lith (&?;), n. [L. acrolthus, Gr. 'akroli`qos with the ends made of stone; 'a`kros extreme + li`qos stone.] (Arch. & Sculp.) A statue whose extremities are of stone, the trunk being generally of wood. Elmes.

{ A*crol"i*than (&?;), Ac`ro*lith"ic (&?;), } a. Pertaining to, or like, an acrolith.

Ac`ro*meg"a*ly (&?;), n. [NL. acromegalia, fr. Gr. 'a`kron point, peak + &?;, &?;, big.] (Med.) Chronic enlargement of the extremities and face.

A*cro"mi*al (&?;), a. [Cf. F. acromial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the acromion. Dunglison.

||A*cro"mi*on (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'a`kros extreme + &?; shoulder: cf. F. acromion.] (Anat.) The outer extremity of the shoulder blade.

Ac`ro*mon`o*gram*mat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a`kros extreme + &?; alone + &?; a letter.] Having each verse begin with the same letter as that with which the preceding verse ends.

{ A*cron"yc (&?;), A*cron"ych*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. 'akro`nychos at nightfall; 'a`kros + ny`x night.] (Astron.) Rising at sunset and setting at sunrise, as a star; -- opposed to cosmical.

The word is sometimes incorrectly written acronical, achronychal, acronichal, and acronical.

A*cron"yc*al*ly, adv. In an acronycal manner as rising at the setting of the sun, and vice versa.

Ac"ro*nyc"tous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'akro`nyktos; 'a`kros + ny`x, nykto`s, night.] (Astron.) Acronycal.

A*crook" (&?;), adv. Crookedly. [R.] Udall.

A*crop"e*tal (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a`kros summit + L. petere to seek.] (Bot.) Developing from below towards the apex, or from the circumference towards the center; centripetal; -- said of certain inflorescence.

A*croph"o*ny (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`kros extreme + &?; sound.] The use of a picture symbol of an object to represent phonetically the initial sound of the name of the object.

||Ac`ro*po"di*um (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`kros topmost + poy`s, podo`s, foot.] (Zoöl.) The entire upper surface of the foot.

A*crop"o*lis (&?;), n. [Gr. 'akro`polis; 'a`kros extreme + po`lis city.] The upper part, or the citadel, of a Grecian city; especially, the citadel of Athens.

Ac"ro*pol"i*tan (&?;), a. Pertaining to an acropolis.

Ac"ro*spire (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; anything twisted.] (Bot.) The sprout at the end of a seed when it begins to germinate; the plumule in germination; -- so called from its spiral form.

Ac"ro*spire, v. i. To put forth the first sprout.

Ac"ro*spore (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) A spore borne at the extremity of the cells of fructification in fungi.

Ac"ro*spor"ous (&?;), a. Having acrospores.

A*cross" (#; 115), prep. [Pref. a- + cross: cf. F. en croix. See Cross, n.] From side to side; athwart; crosswise, or in a direction opposed to the length; quite over; as, a bridge laid across a river. Dryden.

To come across, to come upon or meet incidentally. Freeman. -- To go across the country, to go by a direct course across a region without following the roads.

A*cross", adv. 1. From side to side; crosswise; as, with arms folded across. Shak.

2. Obliquely; athwart; amiss; awry. [Obs.]

> The squint-eyed Pharisees look across at all the actions of Christ.
> Bp. Hall.

A*cros"tic (&?;) (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; extreme + &?; order, line, verse.] 1. A composition, usually in verse, in which the first or the last letters of the lines, or certain other letters, taken in order, form a name, word, phrase, or motto.

2. A Hebrew poem in which the lines or stanzas begin with the letters of the alphabet in regular order (as Psalm cxix.). See Abecedarian.

Double acrostic, a species of enigma, in which words are to be guessed whose initial and final letters form other words.

{ A*cros"tic (&?;), A*cros"tic*al (&?;), } n. Pertaining to, or characterized by, acrostics.

A*cros"tic*al*ly, adv. After the manner of an acrostic.

||Ac`ro*tar"si*um (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; topmost + &?; tarsus.] (Zoöl.) The instep or front of the tarsus.

<! p. 18 !>

Ac`ro*te*leu"tic (k`r*t*l"tk), n. [Gr. 'a`kros extreme + teley`th end.] (Eccles.) The end of a verse or psalm, or something added thereto, to be sung by the people, by way of a response.

Ac"ro*ter (k`r*tr or *kr*tr), n. [F. acrotère. See Acroterium.] (Arch.) Same as Acroterium.

Ac`ro*te"ri*al (k`r*t"r*al), a. Pertaining to an acroterium; as, acroterial ornaments. P. Cyc.

||Ac`ro*te`ri*um (-m), n.; pl. Acroteria (&?;). [L., fr. Gr. 'akrwth`rion summit, fr. 'a`kros topmost.] (Arch.) (a) One of the small pedestals, for statues or other ornaments, placed on the apex and at the basal angles of a pediment. Acroteria are also sometimes placed upon the gables in Gothic architecture. J. H. Parker. (b) One of the pedestals, for vases or statues, forming a part roof balustrade.

A*crot"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; an extreme, fr. &?;.] (Med.) Pertaining to or affecting the surface.

Ac"ro*tism (k"r*tz'm), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + kro`tos a rattling, beating.] (Med.) Lack or defect of pulsation.

A*crot"o*mous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'akro`tomos cut off sharp; 'a`kros extreme + te`mnein to cut.] (Min.) Having a cleavage parallel with the base.

A*cryl"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of or containing acryl, the hypothetical radical of which acrolein is the hydride; as, acrylic acid.

Act (kt), n. [L. actus, fr. agere to drive, do: cf. F. acte. See Agent.] 1. That which is done or doing; the exercise of power, or the effect, of which power exerted is the cause; a performance; a deed.

> That best portion of a good man's life,
> His little, nameless, unremembered acts
> Of kindness and of love.
> Wordsworth.

Hence, in specific uses: (a) The result of public deliberation; the decision or determination of a legislative body, council, court of justice, etc.; a decree, edit, law, judgment, resolve, award; as, an act of Parliament, or of Congress. (b) A formal solemn writing, expressing that something has been done. Abbott. (c) A performance of part of a play; one of the principal divisions of a play or dramatic work in which a certain definite part of the action is completed. (d) A thesis maintained in public, in some English universities, by a candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a student.

2. A state of reality or real existence as opposed to a possibility or possible existence. [Obs.]

> The seeds of plants are not at first in act, but in possibility, what they afterward grow to be.
> Hooker.

3. Process of doing; action. In act, in the very doing; on the point of (doing). "In act to shoot." Dryden.

> This woman was taken . . . in the very act.
> John viii. 4.

Act of attainder. (Law) See Attainder. -- Act of bankruptcy (Law), an act of a debtor which renders him liable to be adjudged a bankrupt. -- Act of faith. (Ch. Hist.) See Auto-da-Fé. -- Act of God (Law), an inevitable accident; such extraordinary interruption of the usual course of events as is not to be looked for in advance, and against which ordinary prudence could not guard. -- Act of grace, an expression often used to designate an act declaring pardon or amnesty to numerous offenders, as at the beginning of a new reign. -- Act of indemnity, a statute passed for the protection of those who have committed some illegal act subjecting them to penalties. Abbott. -- Act in pais, a thing done out of court (anciently, in the country), and not a matter of record.

Syn. -- See Action.

Act, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acting.] [L. actus, p. p. of agere to drive, lead, do; but influenced by E. act, n.] 1. To move to action; to actuate; to animate. [Obs.]

> Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul.
> Pope.

2. To perform; to execute; to do. [Archaic]

> That we act our temporal affairs with a desire no greater than our necessity.
> Jer. Taylor.

> Industry doth beget by producing good habits, and facility of acting things expedient for us to do.
> Barrow.

> Uplifted hands that at convenient times
> Could act extortion and the worst of crimes.
> Cowper.

3. To perform, as an actor; to represent dramatically on the stage.

4. To assume the office or character of; to play; to personate; as, to act the hero.

5. To feign or counterfeit; to simulate.

> With acted fear the villain thus pursued.
> Dryden.

To act a part, to sustain the part of one of the characters in a play; hence, to simulate; to dissemble. -- To act the part of, to take the character of; to fulfill the duties of.

Act, v. i. 1. To exert power; to produce an effect; as, the stomach acts upon food.

2. To perform actions; to fulfill functions; to put forth energy; to move, as opposed to remaining at rest; to carry into effect a determination of the will.

> He hangs between, in doubt to act or rest.
> Pope.

3. To behave or conduct, as in morals, private duties, or public offices; to bear or deport one's self; as, we know not why he has acted so.

4. To perform on the stage; to represent a character.

> To show the world how Garrick did not act.
> Cowper.

To act as or for, to do the work of; to serve as. -- To act on, to regulate one's conduct according to. -- To act up to, to equal in action; to fulfill in practice; as, he has acted up to his engagement or his advantages.

Act"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being acted. Tennyson.

Ac"ti*nal (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the part of a radiate animal which contains the mouth. L. Agassiz.

||Ac`ti*na"ri*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?;, &?;, ray.] (Zoöl.) A large division of Anthozoa, including those which have simple tentacles and do not form stony corals. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to all the Anthozoa, expert the Alcyonaria, whether forming corals or not.

Act"ing (&?;), a. 1. Operating in any way.

2. Doing duty for another; officiating; as, an acting superintendent.

||Ac*tin"i*a (&?;), n.; pl. L. Actiniæ (&?;), E. Actinias (&?;). [Latinized fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, ray.] (Zoöl.) (a) An animal of the class Anthozoa, and family Actinidæ. From a resemblance to flowers in form and color, they are often called animal flowers and sea anemones. [See Polyp.]. (b) A genus in the family Actinidæ.

Ac*tin"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to actinism; as, actinic rays.

Ac*tin"i*form (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -form.] Having a radiated form, like a sea anemone.

Ac"tin*ism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?; ray.] The property of radiant energy (found chiefly in solar or electric light) by which chemical changes are produced, as in photography.

Ac*tin"i*um (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray.] (Chem.) A supposed metal, said by Phipson to be contained in commercial zinc; -- so called because certain of its compounds are darkened by exposure to light.

Ac`ti*no-chem"is*try (&?;), n. Chemistry in its relations to actinism. Draper.

Ac*tin"o*graph (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -graph.] An instrument for measuring and recording the variations in the actinic or chemical force of rays of light. Nichol.

Ac"tin*oid (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -oid.] Having the form of rays; radiated, as an actinia.

Ac*tin"o*lite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -lite.] (Min.) A bright green variety of amphibole occurring usually in fibrous or columnar masses.

Ac`tin*o*lit"ic (&?;), a. (Min.) Of the nature of, or containing, actinolite.

Ac`ti*nol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -logy.] The science which treats of rays of light, especially of the actinic or chemical rays.

Ac*tin"o*mere (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + &?; part.] (Zoöl.) One of the radial segments composing the body of one of the Cœlenterata.

Ac`ti*nom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + -meter] (a) An instrument for measuring the direct heating power of the sun's rays. (b) An instrument for measuring the actinic effect of rays of light.

Ac`ti*no*met"ric (&?;), a. Pertaining to the measurement of the intensity of the solar rays, either (a) heating, or (b) actinic.

Ac`ti*nom"e*try (&?;), n. 1. The measurement of the force of solar radiation. Maury.

2. The measurement of the chemical or actinic energy of light. Abney.

Ac`ti*noph"o*rous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + &?; to bear.] Having straight projecting spines.

Ac*tin"o*some (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; ray + &?; body.] (Zoöl.) The entire body of a cœlenterate.

Ac"tin*ost (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + &?; bone.] (Anat.) One of the bones at the base of a paired fin of a fish.

Ac*tin"o*stome (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a ray + &?; mouth.] (Zoöl.) The mouth or anterior opening of a cœlenterate animal.

||Ac`ti*not"ro*cha (&?;), n. pl. [NL.; Gr. &?;, &?;, a ray + &?; a ring.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar larval form of Phoronis, a genus of marine worms, having a circle of ciliated tentacles.

||Ac"ti*no*zo"a (&?;), n. pl. [Gr. &?;, &?;, ray + zw^on animal.] (Zoöl.) A group of Cœlenterata, comprising the Anthozoa and Ctenophora. The sea anemone, or actinia, is a familiar example.

Ac`ti*no*zo"al (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Actinozoa.

||Ac"ti*no*zo"ön (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Actinozoa.

||Ac*tin"u*la (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a ray.] (Zoöl.) A kind of embryo of certain hydroids (Tubularia), having a stellate form.

Ac"tion (&?;), n. [OF. action, L. actio, fr. agere to do. See Act.] 1. A process or condition of acting or moving, as opposed to rest; the doing of something; exertion of power or force, as when one body acts on another; the effect of power exerted on one body by another; agency; activity; operation; as, the action of heat; a man of action.

> One wise in council, one in action brave.
> Pope.

2. An act; a thing done; a deed; an enterprise. (pl.): Habitual deeds; hence, conduct; behavior; demeanor.

> The Lord is a Good of knowledge, and by him actions are weighed.
> 1 Sam. ii. 3.

3. The event or connected series of events, either real or imaginary, forming the subject of a play, poem, or other composition; the unfolding of the drama of events.

4. Movement; as, the horse has a spirited action.

5. (Mech.) Effective motion; also, mechanism; as, the breech action of a gun.

6. (Physiol.) Any one of the active processes going on in an organism; the performance of a function; as, the action of the heart, the muscles, or the gastric juice.

7. (Orat.) Gesticulation; the external deportment of the speaker, or the suiting of his attitude, voice, gestures, and countenance, to the subject, or to the feelings.

8. (Paint. & Sculp.) The attitude or position of the several parts of the body as expressive of the sentiment or passion depicted.

9. (Law) (a) A suit or process, by which a demand is made of a right in a court of justice; in a broad sense, a judicial proceeding for the enforcement or protection of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the punishment of a public offense. (b) A right of action; as, the law gives an action for every claim.

10. (Com.) A share in the capital stock of a joint-stock company, or in the public funds; hence, in the plural, equivalent to stocks. [A Gallicism] [Obs.]

> The Euripus of funds and actions.
> Burke.

11. An engagement between troops in war, whether on land or water; a battle; a fight; as, a general action, a partial action.

12. (Music) The mechanical contrivance by means of which the impulse of the player's finger is transmitted to the strings of a pianoforte or to the valve of an organ pipe. Grove.

Chose in action. (Law) See Chose. -- Quantity of action (Physics), the product of the mass of a body by the space it runs through, and its velocity.

Syn. -- Action, Act. In many cases action and act are synonymous; but some distinction is observable. Action involves the mode or process of acting, and is usually viewed as occupying some time in doing. Act has more reference to the effect, or the operation as complete.

> To poke the fire is an act, to reconcile friends who have quarreled is a praiseworthy action.

C. J. Smith.

Ac"tion*a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. LL. actionabilis. See Action.] That may be the subject of an action or suit at law; as, to call a man a thief is actionable.

Ac"tion*a*bly, adv. In an actionable manner.

{ Ac"tion*a*ry (&?;), Ac"tion*ist (&?;), } n. [Cf. F. actionnaire.] (Com.) A shareholder in joint-stock company. [Obs.]

Ac"tion*less, a. Void of action.

Ac"ti*vate (&?;), v. t. To make active. [Obs.]

Ac"tive (&?;), a. [F. actif, L. activus, fr. agere to act.] 1. Having the power or quality of acting; causing change; communicating action or motion; acting; -- opposed to passive, that receives; as, certain active principles; the powers of the mind.

2. Quick in physical movement; of an agile and vigorous body; nimble; as, an active child or animal.

> Active and nervous was his gait.
> Wordsworth.

3. In action; actually proceeding; working; in force; -- opposed to quiescent, dormant, or extinct; as, active laws; active hostilities; an active volcano.

4. Given to action; constantly engaged in action; energetic; diligent; busy; -- opposed to dull, sluggish, indolent, or inert; as, an active man of business; active mind; active zeal.

5. Requiring or implying action or exertion; -- opposed to sedentary or to tranquil; as, active employment or service; active scenes.

6. Given to action rather than contemplation; practical; operative; -- opposed to speculative or theoretical; as, an active rather than a speculative statesman.

7. Brisk; lively; as, an active demand for corn.

8. Implying or producing rapid action; as, an active disease; an active remedy.

9. (Gram.) (a) Applied to a form of the verb; -- opposed to passive. See Active voice, under Voice. (b) Applied to verbs which assert that the subject acts upon or affects something else; transitive. (c) Applied to all verbs that express action as distinct from mere existence or state.

Active capital, Active wealth, money, or property that may readily be converted into money.

Syn. -- Agile; alert; brisk; vigorous; nimble; lively; quick; sprightly; prompt; energetic.

Ac"tive*ly, adv. 1. In an active manner; nimbly; briskly; energetically; also, by one's own action; voluntarily, not passively.

2. (Gram.) In an active signification; as, a word used actively.

Ac"tive*ness, n. The quality of being active; nimbleness; quickness of motion; activity.

Ac*tiv"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Activities (&?;). [Cf. F. activité, LL. activitas.] The state or quality of being active; nimbleness; agility; vigorous action or operation; energy; active force; as, an increasing variety of human activities. "The activity of toil." Palfrey.

Syn. -- Liveliness; briskness; quickness.

Act"less (&?;), a. Without action or spirit. [R.]

Ac"ton (&?;), n. [OF. aketon, auqueton, F. hoqueton, a quilted jacket, fr. Sp. alcoton, algodon, cotton. Cf. Cotton.] A stuffed jacket worn under the mail, or (later) a jacket plated with mail. [Spelled also hacqueton.] [Obs.] Halliwell. Sir W. Scott.

Ac"tor (&?;), n. [L. actor, fr. agere to act.] 1. One who acts, or takes part in any affair; a doer.

2. A theatrical performer; a stageplayer.

> After a well graced actor leaves the stage.
> Shak.

3. (Law) (a) An advocate or proctor in civil courts or causes. Jacobs. (b) One who institutes a suit; plaintiff or complainant.

Ac`tress (&?;), n. [Cf. F. actrice.] 1. A female actor or doer. [Obs.] Cockeram.

2. A female stageplayer; a woman who acts a part.

Ac"tu*al (#; 135), a. [OE. actuel, F. actuel, L. actualis, fr. agere to do, act.] 1. Involving or comprising action; active. [Obs.]

> Her walking and other actual performances.
> Shak.

> Let your holy and pious intention be actual; that is . . . by a special prayer or action, . . . given to God.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. Existing in act or reality; really acted or acting; in fact; real; -- opposed to potential, possible, virtual, speculative, conceivable, theoretical, or nominal; as, the actual cost of goods; the actual case under discussion.

3. In action at the time being; now exiting; present; as the actual situation of the country.

Actual cautery. See under Cautery. -- Actual sin (Theol.), that kind of sin which is done by ourselves in contradistinction to "original sin."

Syn. -- Real; genuine; positive; certain. See Real.

<! p. 19 !>

Ac"tu*al (&?;), n. (Finance) Something actually received; real, as distinct from estimated, receipts. [Cant]

> The accounts of revenues supplied . . . were not real receipts: not, in financial language, "actuals," but only Egyptian budget estimates.
> Fortnightly Review.

Ac"tu*al*ist, n. One who deals with or considers actually existing facts and conditions, rather than fancies or theories; -- opposed to idealist. J. Grote.

Ac`tu*al"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Actualities (&?;). The state of being actual; reality; as, the actuality of God's nature. South.

Ac`tu*al*i*za"tion (&?;), n. A making actual or really existent. [R.] Emerson.

Ac"tu*al*ize (&?;), v. t. To make actual; to realize in action. [R.] Coleridge.

Ac"tu*al*ly, adv. 1. Actively. [Obs.] "Neither actually . . . nor passively." Fuller.

2. In act or in fact; really; in truth; positively.

Ac"tu*al*ness, n. Quality of being actual; actuality.

Ac`tu*a"ri*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to actuaries; as, the actuarial value of an annuity.

Ac"tu*a*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Actuaries (&?;). [L. actuarius copyist, clerk, fr. actus, p. p. of agere to do, act.] 1. (Law) A registrar or clerk; -- used originally in courts of civil law jurisdiction, but in Europe used for a clerk or registrar generally.

2. The computing official of an insurance company; one whose profession it is to calculate for insurance companies the risks and premiums for life, fire, and other insurances.

Ac"tu*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Actuated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Actuating (&?;).] [LL. actuatus, p. p. of actuare, fr. L. actus act.] 1. To put into action or motion; to move or incite to action; to influence actively; to move as motives do; -- more commonly used of persons.

> Wings, which others were contriving to actuate by the perpetual motion.
> Johnson.

> Men of the greatest abilities are most fired with ambition; and, on the contrary, mean and narrow minds are the least actuated by it.
> Addison.

2. To carry out in practice; to perform. [Obs.] "To actuate what you command." Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- To move; impel; incite; rouse; instigate; animate.

Ac"tu*ate (&?;), a. [LL. actuatus, p. p. of actuare.] Put in action; actuated. [Obs.] South.

Ac`tu*a"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. LL. actuatio.] A bringing into action; movement. Bp. Pearson.

Ac"tu*a`tor (&?;), n. One who actuates, or puts into action. [R.] Melville.

Ac"tu*ose` (&?;), a. [L. actuosus.] Very active. [Obs.]

Ac`tu*os"i*ty (&?;), n. Abundant activity. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Ac"ture (&?;), n. Action. [Obs.] Shak.

Ac*tu"ri*ence (&?;), n. [A desid. of L. agere, actum, to act.] Tendency or impulse to act. [R.]

> Acturience, or desire of action, in one form or another, whether as restlessness, ennui, dissatisfaction, or the imagination of something desirable.
> J. Grote.

Ac"u*ate (&?;), v. t. [L. acus needle.] To sharpen; to make pungent; to quicken. [Obs.] "[To] acuate the blood." Harvey.

Ac"u*ate (&?;), a. Sharpened; sharp- pointed.

Ac`u*a"tion (&?;), n. Act of sharpening. [R.]

Ac`u*i"tion (&?;), n. [L. acutus, as if acuitus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen.] The act of sharpening. [Obs.]

A*cu"i*ty (&?;), n. [LL. acuitas: cf. F. acuité.] Sharpness or acuteness, as of a needle, wit, etc.

A*cu"le*ate (&?;), a. [L. aculeatus, fr. aculeus, dim. of acus needle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Having a sting; covered with prickles; sharp like a prickle.

2. (Bot.) Having prickles, or sharp points; beset with prickles.

3. Severe or stinging; incisive. [R.] Bacon.

A*cu"le*a`ted (&?;), a. Having a sharp point; armed with prickles; prickly; aculeate.

A*cu"le*i*form (&?;), a. Like a prickle.

A*cu"le*o*late (&?;), a. [L. aculeolus little needle.] (Bot.) Having small prickles or sharp points. Gray.

A*cu"le*ous (&?;), a. Aculeate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

||A*cu"le*us (&?;), n.; pl. Aculei (&?;). [L., dim. of acus needle.] 1. (Bot.) A prickle growing on the bark, as in some brambles and roses. Lindley.

2. (Zoöl.) A sting.

A*cu"men (&?;), n. [L. acumen, fr. acuere to sharpen. Cf. Acute.] Quickness of perception or discernment; penetration of mind; the faculty of nice discrimination. Selden.

Syn. -- Sharpness; sagacity; keenness; shrewdness; acuteness.

A*cu"mi*nate (&?;), a. [L. acuminatus, p. p. of acuminare to sharpen, fr. acumen. See Acumen.] Tapering to a point; pointed; as, acuminate leaves, teeth, etc.

A*cu"mi*nate (&?;), v. t. To render sharp or keen. [R.] "To acuminate even despair." Cowper.

A*cu"mi*nate, v. i. To end in, or come to, a sharp point. "Acuminating in a cone of prelacy." Milton.

A*cu`mi*na"tion (&?;), n. A sharpening; termination in a sharp point; a tapering point. Bp. Pearson.

A*cu"mi*nose` (&?;), a. Terminating in a flat, narrow end. Lindley.

A*cu"mi*nous (&?;), a. Characterized by acumen; keen. Highmore.

Ac`u*pres"sure (&?;), n. [L. acus needle + premere, pressum, to press.] (Surg.) A mode of arresting hemorrhage resulting from wounds or surgical operations, by passing under the divided vessel a needle, the ends of which are left exposed externally on the cutaneous surface. Simpson.

Ac`u*punc`tu*ra"tion (&?;), n. See Acupuncture.

Ac`u*punc"ture (&?;), n. [L. acus needle + punctura a pricking, fr. pungere to prick: cf. F. acuponcture.] Pricking with a needle; a needle prick. Specifically (Med.): The insertion of needles into the living tissues for remedial purposes.

Ac`u*punc"ture (&?;), v. t. To treat with acupuncture.

A*cus"tum*aunce (&?;), n. See Accustomance. [Obs.]

A*cut"an`gu*lar (&?;), a. Acute- angled.

A*cute" (&?;), a. [L. acutus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen, fr. a root ak to be sharp. Cf. Ague, Cute, Edge.] 1. Sharp at the end; ending in a sharp point; pointed; -- opposed to blunt or obtuse; as, an acute angle; an acute leaf.

2. Having nice discernment; perceiving or using minute distinctions; penetrating; clever; shrewd; -- opposed to dull or stupid; as, an acute observer; acute remarks, or reasoning.

3. Having nice or quick sensibility; susceptible to slight impressions; acting keenly on the senses; sharp; keen; intense; as, a man of acute eyesight, hearing, or feeling; acute pain or pleasure.

4. High, or shrill, in respect to some other sound; -- opposed to grave or low; as, an acute tone or accent.

5. (Med.) Attended with symptoms of some degree of severity, and coming speedily to a crisis; -- opposed to chronic; as, an acute disease.

Acute angle (Geom.), an angle less than a right angle.

Syn. -- Subtile; ingenious; sharp; keen; penetrating; sagacious; sharp-witted; shrewd; discerning; discriminating. See Subtile.

A*cute", v. t. To give an acute sound to; as, he acutes his rising inflection too much. [R.] Walker.

A*cute"-an`gled (-"g'ld), a. Having acute angles; as, an acute-angled triangle, a triangle with every one of its angles less than a right angle.

A*cute"ly, adv. In an acute manner; sharply; keenly; with nice discrimination.

A*cute"ness, n. 1. The quality of being acute or pointed; sharpness; as, the acuteness of an angle.

2. The faculty of nice discernment or perception; acumen; keenness; sharpness; sensitiveness; -- applied to the senses, or the understanding. By acuteness of feeling, we perceive small objects or slight impressions: by acuteness of intellect, we discern nice distinctions.

> Perhaps, also, he felt his professional acuteness interested in bringing it to a successful close.
> Sir W. Scott.

3. Shrillness; high pitch; -- said of sounds.

4. (Med.) Violence of a disease, which brings it speedily to a crisis.

Syn. -- Penetration; sagacity; keenness; ingenuity; shrewdness; subtlety; sharp-wittedness.

A*cu`ti*fo"li*ate (&?;), a. [L. acutus sharp + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having sharp-pointed leaves.

A*cu`ti*lo"bate (&?;), a. [L. acutus sharp + E. lobe.] (Bot.) Having acute lobes, as some leaves.

||Ad- (&?;). [A Latin preposition, signifying to. See At.] As a prefix ad- assumes the forms ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, assimilating the d with the first letter of the word to which ad- is prefixed. It remains unchanged before vowels, and before d, h, j, m, v. Examples: adduce, adhere, adjacent, admit, advent, accord, affect, aggregate, allude, annex, appear, etc. It becomes ac- before qu, as in acquiesce.

Ad*act" (&?;), v. t. [L. adactus, p. p. of adigere.] To compel; to drive. [Obs.] Fotherby.

{ A*dac"tyl (&?;), A*dac"tyl*ous (&?;), } a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; finger.] (Zoöl.) (a) Without fingers or without toes. (b) Without claws on the feet (of crustaceous animals).

Ad"age (&?;), n. [F. adage, fr. L. adagium; ad + the root of L. aio I say.] An old saying, which has obtained credit by long use; a proverb.

> Letting "I dare not" wait upon "I would,"
> Like the poor cat i' the adage.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Axiom; maxim; aphorism; proverb; saying; saw; apothegm. See Axiom.

A*da"gi*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to an adage; proverbial. "Adagial verse." Barrow.

||A*da"gio (&?;), a. & adv. [It. adagio; ad (L. ad) at + agio convenience, leisure, ease. See Agio.] (Mus.) Slow; slowly, leisurely, and gracefully. When repeated, adagio, adagio, it directs the movement to be very slow.

||A*da"gio, n. A piece of music in adagio time; a slow movement; as, an adagio of Haydn.

Ad"am (&?;), n. 1. The name given in the Bible to the first man, the progenitor of the human race.

2. (As a symbol) "Original sin;" human frailty.

> And whipped the offending Adam out of him.
> Shak.

Adam's ale, water. [Coll.] -- Adam's apple. 1. (Bot.) (a) A species of banana (Musa paradisiaca). It attains a height of twenty feet or more. Paxton. (b) A species of lime (Citris limetta). 2. The projection formed by the thyroid cartilage in the neck. It is particularly prominent in males, and is so called from a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit (an apple) sticking in the throat of our first parent. -- Adam's flannel (Bot.), the mullein (Verbascum thapsus). -- Adam's needle (Bot.), the popular name of a genus (Yucca) of liliaceous plants.

Ad"a*mant (d"*mnt), n. [OE. adamaunt, adamant, diamond, magnet, OF. adamant, L. adamas, adamantis, the hardest metal, fr. Gr. 'ada`mas, -antos; 'a priv. + dama^,n to tame, subdue. In OE., from confusion with L. adamare to love, be attached to, the word meant also magnet, as in OF. and LL. See Diamond, Tame.] 1. A stone imagined by some to be of impenetrable hardness; a name given to the diamond and other substances of extreme hardness; but in modern mineralogy it has no technical signification. It is now a rhetorical or poetical name for the embodiment of impenetrable hardness.

> Opposed the rocky orb
> Of tenfold adamant, his ample shield.
> Milton.

2. Lodestone; magnet. [Obs.] "A great adamant of acquaintance." Bacon.

> As true to thee as steel to adamant.
> Greene.

Ad`a*man*te"an (&?;), a. [L. adamantus.] Of adamant; hard as adamant. Milton.

Ad`a*man"tine (&?;), a. [L. adamantinus, Gr. &?;.] 1. Made of adamant, or having the qualities of adamant; incapable of being broken, dissolved, or penetrated; as, adamantine bonds or chains.

2. (Min.) Like the diamond in hardness or luster.

Ad`am*bu*la"cral (&?;), a. [L. ad + E. ambulacral.] (Zoöl.) Next to the ambulacra; as, the adambulacral ossicles of the starfish.

{ A*dam"ic (&?;), A*dam"ic*al (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to Adam, or resembling him.

Adamic earth, a name given to common red clay, from a notion that Adam means red earth.

Ad"am*ite (&?;), n. [From Adam.] 1. A descendant of Adam; a human being.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of visionaries, who, professing to imitate the state of Adam, discarded the use of dress in their assemblies.

Ad"am's ap"ple (&?;). See under Adam.

A*dance" (&?;), adv. Dancing. Lowell.

A*dan"gle (&?;), adv. Dangling. Browning.

||Ad`an*so"ni*a (&?;), n. [From Adanson, a French botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of great trees related to the Bombax. There are two species, A. digitata, the baobab or monkey-bread of Africa and India, and A. Gregorii, the sour gourd or cream-of-tartar tree of Australia. Both have a trunk of moderate height, but of enormous diameter, and a wide-spreading head. The fruit is oblong, and filled with pleasantly acid pulp. The wood is very soft, and the bark is used by the natives for making ropes and cloth. D. C. Eaton.

A*dapt" (&?;), a. Fitted; suited. [Obs.] Swift.

A*dapt", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adapted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adapting.] [L. adaptare; ad + aptare to fit; cf. F. adapter. See Apt, Adept.] To make suitable; to fit, or suit; to adjust; to alter so as to fit for a new use; -- sometimes followed by to or for.

> For nature, always in the right,
> To your decays adapts my sight.
> Swift.

> Appeals adapted to his [man's] whole nature.
> Angus.

> Streets ill adapted for the residence of wealthy persons.
> Macaulay.

{ A*dapt`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), A*dapt"a*ble*ness (&?;), } n. The quality of being adaptable; suitableness. "General adaptability for every purpose." Farrar.

A*dapt"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being adapted.

Ad`ap*ta"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. adaptation, LL. adaptatio.] 1. The act or process of adapting, or fitting; or the state of being adapted or fitted; fitness. "Adaptation of the means to the end." Erskine.

2. The result of adapting; an adapted form.

A*dapt"a*tive (&?;), a. Adaptive. Stubbs.

A*dapt"ed*ness (&?;), n. The state or quality of being adapted; suitableness; special fitness.

A*dapt"er (&?;), n. 1. One who adapts.

2. (Chem.) A connecting tube; an adopter.

A*dap"tion (&?;), n. Adaptation. Cheyne.

A*dapt"ive (&?;), a. Suited, given, or tending, to adaptation; characterized by adaptation; capable of adapting. Coleridge. -- A*dapt"ive*ly, adv.

A*dapt"ive*ness, n. The quality of being adaptive; capacity to adapt.

A*dapt"ly, adv. In a suitable manner. [R.] Prior.

A*dapt"ness, n. Adaptedness. [R.]

Ad`ap*to"ri*al (&?;), a. Adaptive. [R.]

||A"dar (&?;), n. [Heb. adär.] The twelfth month of the Hebrew ecclesiastical year, and the sixth of the civil. It corresponded nearly with March.

||A*dar"ce (&?;), n. [L. adarce, adarca, Gr. &?;.] A saltish concretion on reeds and grass in marshy grounds in Galatia. It is soft and porous, and was formerly used for cleansing the skin from freckles and tetters, and also in leprosy. Dana.

||Ad"a*tis (&?;), n. A fine cotton cloth of India.

A*daunt" (&?;), v. t. [OE. adaunten to overpower, OF. adonter; à (L. ad) + donter, F. dompter. See Daunt.] To daunt; to subdue; to mitigate. [Obs.] Skelton.

A*daw" (&?;), v. t. [Cf. OE. adawe of dawe, AS. of dagum from days, i. e., from life, out of life.] To subdue; to daunt. [Obs.]

> The sight whereof did greatly him adaw.
> Spenser.

A*daw", v. t. & i. [OE. adawen to wake; pref. a- (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-) + dawen, dagon, to dawn. See Daw.] To awaken; to arouse. [Obs.]

> A man that waketh of his sleep
> He may not suddenly well taken keep
> Upon a thing, ne seen it parfitly
> Till that he be adawed verily.
> Chaucer.

A*days" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- (for on) + day; the final s was orig. a genitive ending, afterwards forming adverbs.] By day, or every day; in the daytime. [Obs.] Fielding.

||Ad cap*tan"dum (&?;). [L., for catching.] A phrase used adjectively sometimes of meretricious attempts to catch or win popular favor.

Add (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Added; p. pr. & vb. n. Adding.] [L. addere; ad + dare to give, put. Cf. Date, Do.] 1. To give by way of increased possession (to any one); to bestow (on).

> The Lord shall add to me another son.
> Gen. xxx. 24.

<! p. 20 !>

2. To join or unite, as one thing to another, or as several particulars, so as to increase the number, augment the quantity, enlarge the magnitude, or so as to form into one aggregate. Hence: To sum up; to put together mentally; as, to add numbers; to add up a column.

> Back to thy punishment,
> False fugitive, and to thy speed add wings.
> Milton.

> As easily as he can add together the ideas of two days or two years.
> Locke.

3. To append, as a statement; to say further.

> He added that he would willingly consent to the entire abolition of the tax.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- To Add, Join, Annex, Unite, Coalesce. We add by bringing things together so as to form a whole. We join by putting one thing to another in close or continuos connection. We annex by attaching some adjunct to a larger body. We unite by bringing things together so that their parts adhere or intermingle. Things coalesce by coming together or mingling so as to form one organization. To add quantities; to join houses; to annex territory; to unite kingdoms; to make parties coalesce.

Add (&?;), v. i. 1. To make an addition. To add to, to augment; to increase; as, it adds to our anxiety. "I will add to your yoke." 1 Kings xii. 14.

2. To perform the arithmetical operation of addition; as, he adds rapidly.

Add"a*ble (&?;), a. [Add, v. + - able.] Addible.

Ad"dax (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) One of the largest African antelopes (Hippotragus, or Oryx, nasomaculatus).

It is now believed to be the Strepsiceros (twisted horn) of the ancients. By some it is thought to be the pygarg of the Bible.

Ad*deem" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + deem.] To award; to adjudge. [Obs.] "Unto him they did addeem the prise." Spenser.

||Ad*den"dum (&?;), n.; pl. Addenda (&?;). [L., fr. addere to add.] A thing to be added; an appendix or addition.

Addendum circle (Mech.), the circle which may be described around a circular spur wheel or gear wheel, touching the crests or tips of the teeth. Rankine.

Add"er (&?;), n. [See Add.] One who, or that which, adds; esp., a machine for adding numbers.

Ad"der, n. [OE. addere, naddere, eddre, AS. nædre, adder, snake; akin to OS. nadra, OHG. natra, natara, Ger. natter, Goth. nadrs, Icel. naðr, masc., naðra, fem.: cf. W. neidr, Gorn. naddyr, Ir. nathair, L. natrix, water snake. An adder is for a nadder.] 1. A serpent. [Obs.] "The eddre seide to the woman." Wyclif. Gen. iii. 4.)

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A small venomous serpent of the genus Vipera. The common European adder is the Vipera (or Pelias) berus. The puff adders of Africa are species of Clotho. (b) In America, the term is commonly applied to several harmless snakes, as the milk adder, puffing adder, etc. (c) Same as Sea Adder.

In the sculptures the appellation is given to several venomous serpents, -- sometimes to the horned viper (Cerastles).

Ad"der fly (&?;). A dragon fly.

Ad"der's-tongue` (&?;), n. (Bot.) (a) A genus of ferns (Ophioglossum), whose seeds are produced on a spike resembling a serpent's tongue. (b) The yellow dogtooth violet. Gray.

Ad"der*wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) The common bistort or snakeweed (Polygonum bistorta).

Add`i*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quantity of being addible; capability of addition. Locke.

Add"i*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being added. "Addible numbers." Locke.

Ad"dice (&?;), n. See Adze. [Obs.] Moxon.

Ad*dict" (&?;), p. p. Addicted; devoted. [Obs.]

Ad*dict", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Addicting.] [L. addictus, p. p. of addicere to adjudge, devote; ad + dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. To apply habitually; to devote; to habituate; -- with to. "They addict themselves to the civil law." Evelyn.

> He is addicted to his study.
> Beau. & Fl.

> That part of mankind that addict their minds to speculations.
> Adventurer.

> His genius addicted him to the study of antiquity.
> Fuller.

> A man gross . . . and addicted to low company.
> Macaulay.

2. To adapt; to make suitable; to fit. [Obs.]

> The land about is exceedingly addicted to wood, but the coldness of the place hinders the growth.
> Evelyn.

Syn. -- Addict, Devote, Consecrate, Dedicate. Addict was formerly used in a good sense; as, addicted to letters; but is now mostly employed in a bad sense or an indifferent one; as, addicted to vice; addicted to sensual indulgence. "Addicted to staying at home." J. S. Mill. Devote is always taken in a good sense, expressing habitual earnestness in the pursuit of some favorite object; as, devoted to science. Consecrate and dedicate express devotion of a higher kind, involving religious sentiment; as, consecrated to the service of the church; dedicated to God.

Ad*dict"ed*ness, n. The quality or state of being addicted; attachment.

Ad*dic"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. L. addictio an adjudging.] The state of being addicted; devotion; inclination. "His addiction was to courses vain." Shak.

Ad"di*son's dis*ease" (&?;). [Named from Thomas Addison, M. D., of London, who first described it.] (Med.) A morbid condition causing a peculiar brownish discoloration of the skin, and thought, at one time, to be due to disease of the suprarenal capsules (two flat triangular bodies covering the upper part of the kidneys), but now known not to be dependent upon this causes exclusively. It is usually fatal.

Ad*dit"a*ment (d*dt"*ment), n. [L. additamentum, fr. additus, p. p. of addere to add.] An addition, or a thing added. Fuller.

> My persuasion that the latter verses of the chapter were an additament of a later age.
> Coleridge.

Ad*di"tion (&?;), n. [F. addition, L. additio, fr. addere to add.] 1. The act of adding two or more things together; -- opposed to subtraction or diminution. "This endless addition or addibility of numbers." Locke.

2. Anything added; increase; augmentation; as, a piazza is an addition to a building.

3. (Math.) That part of arithmetic which treats of adding numbers.

4. (Mus.) A dot at the right side of a note as an indication that its sound is to be lengthened one half. [R.]

5. (Law) A title annexed to a man's name, to identify him more precisely; as, John Doe, Esq.; Richard Roe, Gent.; Robert Dale, Mason; Thomas Way, of New York; a mark of distinction; a title.

6. (Her.) Something added to a coat of arms, as a mark of honor; -- opposed to abatement.

Vector addition (Geom.), that kind of addition of two lines, or vectors, AB and BC, by which their sum is regarded as the line, or vector, AC.

Syn. -- Increase; accession; augmentation; appendage; adjunct.

Ad*di"tion*al (&?;), a. Added; supplemental; in the way of an addition.

Ad*di"tion*al, n. Something added. [R.] Bacon.

Ad*di"tion*al*ly, adv. By way of addition.

Ad*di"tion*a*ry (&?;), a. Additional. [R.] Herbert.

Ad`di*ti"tious (&?;), a. [L. addititius, fr. addere.] Additive. [R.] Sir J. Herschel.

Ad"di*tive (&?;), a. [L. additivus.] (Math.) Proper to be added; positive; -- opposed to subtractive.

Ad"di*to*ry (&?;), a. Tending to add; making some addition. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Ad"dle (&?;), n. [OE. adel, AS. adela, mud.] 1. Liquid filth; mire. [Obs.]

2. Lees; dregs. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Ad"dle, a. Having lost the power of development, and become rotten, as eggs; putrid. Hence: Unfruitful or confused, as brains; muddled. Dryden.

Ad"dle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Addled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Addling (&?;).] To make addle; to grow addle; to muddle; as, he addled his brain. "Their eggs were addled." Cowper.

Ad"dle, v. t. & i. [OE. adlen, adilen, to gain, acquire; prob. fr. Icel. öðlask to acquire property, akin to oðal property. Cf. Allodial.] 1. To earn by labor. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

2. To thrive or grow; to ripen. [Prov. Eng.]

> Kill ivy, else tree will addle no more.
> Tusser.

{ Ad"dle-brain` (&?;), Ad"dle-head` (&?;), Ad"dle- pate (&?;), } n. A foolish or dull-witted fellow. [Colloq.]

{ Ad"dle-brained` (&?;), Ad"dle-head`ed (&?;), Ad"dle-pa`ted (&?;), } a. Dull-witted; stupid. "The addle-brained Oberstein." Motley.

> Dull and addle-pated.
> Dryden.

Ad"dle-pa`ted*ness (&?;), n. Stupidity.

Ad"dlings (&?;), n. pl. [See Addle, to earn.] Earnings. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Ad*doom" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + doom.] To adjudge. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ad*dorsed" (&?;), a. [L. ad + dorsum, back: cf. F. adossé.] (Her.) Set or turned back to back.

Ad*dress" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addressed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Addressing.] [OE. adressen to raise erect, adorn, OF. adrecier, to straighten, address, F. adresser, fr. à (L. ad) + OF. drecier, F. dresser, to straighten, arrange. See Dress, v.] 1. To aim; to direct. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> And this good knight his way with me addrest.
> Spenser.

2. To prepare or make ready. [Obs.]

> His foe was soon addressed.
> Spenser.

> Turnus addressed his men to single fight.
> Dryden.

> The five foolish virgins addressed themselves at the noise of the bridegroom's coming.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. Reflexively: To prepare one's self; to apply one's skill or energies (to some object); to betake.

> These men addressed themselves to the task.
> Macaulay.

4. To clothe or array; to dress. [Archaic]

> Tecla . . . addressed herself in man's apparel.
> Jewel.

5. To direct, as words (to any one or any thing); to make, as a speech, petition, etc. (to any one, an audience).

> The young hero had addressed his players to him for his assistance.
> Dryden.

6. To direct speech to; to make a communication to, whether spoken or written; to apply to by words, as by a speech, petition, etc., to speak to; to accost.

> Are not your orders to address the senate?
> Addison.

> The representatives of the nation addressed the king.
> Swift.

7. To direct in writing, as a letter; to superscribe, or to direct and transmit; as, he addressed a letter.

8. To make suit to as a lover; to court; to woo.

9. (Com.) To consign or intrust to the care of another, as agent or factor; as, the ship was addressed to a merchant in Baltimore.

To address one's self to. (a) To prepare one's self for; to apply one's self to. (b) To direct one's speech or discourse to.

Ad*dress" (&?;), v. i. 1. To prepare one's self. [Obs.] "Let us address to tend on Hector's heels." Shak.

2. To direct speech. [Obs.]

> Young Turnus to the beauteous maid addrest.
> Dryden.

The intransitive uses come from the dropping out of the reflexive pronoun.

Ad*dress, n. [Cf. F. adresse. See Address, v. t.]

1. Act of preparing one's self. [Obs.] Jer Taylor.

2. Act of addressing one's self to a person; verbal application.

3. A formal communication, either written or spoken; a discourse; a speech; a formal application to any one; a petition; a formal statement on some subject or special occasion; as, an address of thanks, an address to the voters.

4. Direction or superscription of a letter, or the name, title, and place of residence of the person addressed.

5. Manner of speaking to another; delivery; as, a man of pleasing or insinuating address.

6. Attention in the way one's addresses to a lady. Addison.

7. Skill; skillful management; dexterity; adroitness.

Syn. -- Speech; discourse; harangue; oration; petition; lecture; readiness; ingenuity; tact; adroitness.

Ad`dress*ee" (&?;), n. One to whom anything is addressed.

Ad*dres"sion (&?;), n. The act of addressing or directing one's course. [Rare & Obs.] Chapman.

Ad*duce" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adduced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adducing (&?;).] [L. adducere, adductum, to lead or bring to; ad + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Adduct.] To bring forward or offer, as an argument, passage, or consideration which bears on a statement or case; to cite; to allege.

> Reasons . . . were adduced on both sides.
> Macaulay.

> Enough could not be adduced to satisfy the purpose of illustration.
> De Quincey.

Syn. -- To present; allege; advance; cite; quote; assign; urge; name; mention.

Ad*du"cent (&?;), a. [L. addunces, p. pr. of adducere.] (Physiol.) Bringing together or towards a given point; -- a word applied to those muscles of the body which pull one part towards another. Opposed to abducent.

Ad*du"cer (&?;), n. One who adduces.

Ad*du"ci*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being adduced.

> Proofs innumerable, and in every imaginable manner diversified, are adducible.
> I. Taylor.

Ad*duct" (&?;), v. t. [L. adductus, p. p. of adducere. See Adduce.] (Physiol.) To draw towards a common center or a middle line. Huxley.

Ad*duc"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. adduction. See Adduce.] 1. The act of adducing or bringing forward.

> An adduction of facts gathered from various quarters.
> I. Taylor.

2. (Physiol.) The action by which the parts of the body are drawn towards its axis]; -- opposed to abduction. Dunglison.

Ad*duc"tive (&?;), a. Adducing, or bringing towards or to something.

Ad*duc"tor (&?;), n. [L., fr. adducere.] (Anat.) A muscle which draws a limb or part of the body toward the middle line of the body, or closes extended parts of the body; -- opposed to abductor; as, the adductor of the eye, which turns the eye toward the nose.

> In the bivalve shells, the muscles which close the values of the shell are called adductor muscles.
> Verrill.

Ad*dulce" (&?;), v. t. [Like F. adoucir; fr. L. ad. + dulcis sweet.] To sweeten; to soothe. [Obs.] Bacon.

A*deem" (&?;), v. t. [L. adimere. See Ademption.] (Law) To revoke, as a legacy, grant, etc., or to satisfy it by some other gift.

||A`de*lan`ta*dil"lo (&?;), n. [Sp.] A Spanish red wine made of the first ripe grapes.

||A`de*lan*ta"do (&?;), n. [Sp., prop. p. of adelantar to advance, to promote.] A governor of a province; a commander. Prescott.

||Ad*e*las"ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; not manifest + &?; a star.] (Bot.) A provisional name for a plant which has not had its flowers botanically examined, and therefore has not been referred to its proper genus.

Ad"el*ing (&?;), n. Same as Atheling.

A*del`o*co*don"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; invisible + &?; a bell.] (Zoöl.) Applied to sexual zooids of hydroids, that have a saclike form and do not become free; -- opposed to phanerocodonic.

A*del"o*pod (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; invisible + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Zoöl.) An animal having feet that are not apparent.

||A*del"phi*a (&?;), n. [Gr. 'adelfo`s brother.] (Bot.) A "brotherhood," or collection of stamens in a bundle; -- used in composition, as in the class names, Monadelphia, Diadelphia, etc.

A*del"phous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'adelfo`s brother.] (Bot.) Having coalescent or clustered filaments; -- said of stamens; as, adelphous stamens. Usually in composition; as, monadelphous. Gray.

A*dempt" (*dmt"; 215), p. p. [L. ademptus, p. p. of adimere to take away.] Takes away. [Obs.]

> Without any sinister suspicion of anything being added or adempt.
> Latimer.

<! p. 21 !>

A*demp"tion (*dmp"shn), n. [L. ademptio, fr. adimere, ademptum, to take away; ad + emere to buy, orig. to take.] (Law) The revocation or taking away of a grant donation, legacy, or the like. Bouvier.

Aden- or Adeno-. [Gr. &?;, &?;, gland.] Combining forms of the Greek word for gland; -- used in words relating to the structure, diseases, etc., of the glands.

{ ||Ad`e*nal"gi*a (&?;), Ad"e*nal`gy (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?; + &?; pain.] (Med.) Pain in a gland.

A*den"i*form (&?;), a. [Aden- + - form.] Shaped like a gland; adenoid. Dunglison.

||Ad`e*ni"tis (&?;), n. [Aden- + - itis.] (Med.) Glandular inflammation. Dunglison.

Ad`e*no*graph"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to adenography.

Ad`e*nog"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Adeno- + -graphy.] That part of anatomy which describes the glands.

{ Ad"e*noid (&?;), Ad`e*noid"al (&?;) } a. Glandlike; glandular.

Ad`e*no*log"ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to adenology.

Ad`e*nol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Adeno- + - logy.] The part of physiology that treats of the glands.

Ad`e*noph"o*rous (&?;), a. [Adeno- + Gr. &?; bearing.] (Bot.) Producing glands.

Ad`e*noph"yl*lous (&?;), a. [Adeno- + Gr. &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Having glands on the leaves.

Ad"e*nose` (?; 277), a. Like a gland; full of glands; glandulous; adenous.

Ad`e*no*tom"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to adenotomy.

Ad`e*not"o*my (&?;), n. [Adeno- + Gr. &?; a cutting, &?; to cut.] (Anat.) Dissection of, or incision into, a gland or glands.

Ad"e*nous (&?;), a. Same as Adenose.

||Ad"eps (&?;), n. [L.] Animal fat; lard.

A*dept" (&?;), n. [L. adeptus obtained (sc. artem), &?;he who has obtained an art, p. p. of adipsci to arrive &?;at, to obtain; ad + apisci to pursue. See Apt, and cf. Adapt.] One fully skilled or well versed in anything; a proficient; as, adepts in philosophy.

A*dept", a. Well skilled; completely versed; thoroughly proficient.

> Beaus adept in everything profound.
> Cowper.

A*dep"tion (&?;), n. [L. adeptio. See Adept, a.] An obtaining; attainment. [Obs.]

> In the wit and policy of the capitain consisteth the chief adeption of the victory.
> Grafton.

A*dept"ist, n. A skilled alchemist. [Obs.]

A*dept"ness, n. The quality of being adept; skill.

Ad"e*qua*cy (&?;), n. [See Adequate.] The state or quality of being adequate, proportionate, or sufficient; a sufficiency for a particular purpose; as, the adequacy of supply to the expenditure.

Ad"e*quate (&?;), a. [L. adaequatus, p. p. of adaequare to make equal to; ad + aequare to make equal, aequus equal. See Equal.] Equal to some requirement; proportionate, or correspondent; fully sufficient; as, powers adequate to a great work; an adequate definition.

> Ireland had no adequate champion.
> De Quincey.

Syn. -- Proportionate; commensurate; sufficient; suitable; competent; capable.

Ad"e*quate (&?;), v. t. [See Adequate, a.] 1. To equalize; to make adequate. [R.] Fotherby.

2. To equal. [Obs.]

> It [is] an impossibility for any creature to adequate God in his eternity.
> Shelford.

Ad"e*quate*ly (&?;), adv. In an adequate manner.

Ad"e*quate*ness, n. The quality of being adequate; suitableness; sufficiency; adequacy.

Ad`e*qua"tion (&?;), n. [L. adaequatio.] The act of equalizing; act or result of making adequate; an equivalent. [Obs.] Bp. Barlow.

A*des"my (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; unfettered; 'a priv. + &?; a fetter.] (Bot.) The division or defective coherence of an organ that is usually entire.

Ad*es`se*na"ri*an (&?;), n. [Formed fr. L. adesse to be present; ad + esse to be.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who held the real presence of Christ's body in the eucharist, but not by transubstantiation.

Ad*fect"ed (&?;), a. [L. adfectus or affectus. See Affect, v.] (Alg.) See Affected, 5.

Ad*fil"i*a`ted (&?;), a. See Affiliated. [Obs.]

Ad*fil`i*a"tion (&?;), n. See Affiliation. [Obs.]

Ad*flux"ion (&?;), n. See Affluxion.

Ad*ha"mant (&?;), a. [From L. adhamare to catch; ad + hamus hook.] Clinging, as by hooks.

Ad*here" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adhered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adhering (&?;).] [L. adhaerere, adhaesum; ad + haerere to stick: cf. F. adhérer. See Aghast.] 1. To stick fast or cleave, as a glutinous substance does; to become joined or united; as, wax to the finger; the lungs sometimes adhere to the pleura.

2. To hold, be attached, or devoted; to remain fixed, either by personal union or conformity of faith, principle, or opinion; as, men adhere to a party, a cause, a leader, a church.

3. To be consistent or coherent; to be in accordance; to agree. "Nor time nor place did then adhere." "Every thing adheres together." Shak.

Syn. -- To attach; stick; cleave; cling; hold

Ad*her"ence (&?;), n. [Cf. F. adhérence, LL. adhaerentia.] 1. The quality or state of adhering.

2. The state of being fixed in attachment; fidelity; steady attachment; adhesion; as, adherence to a party or to opinions.

Syn. -- Adherence, Adhesion. These words, which were once freely interchanged, are now almost entirely separated. Adherence is no longer used to denote physical union, but is applied, to mental states or habits; as, a strict adherence to one's duty; close adherence to the argument, etc. Adhesion is now confined chiefly to the physical sense, except in the phrase "To give in one's adhesion to a cause or a party."

Ad*her"en*cy (&?;), n. 1. The state or quality of being adherent; adherence. [R.]

2. That which adheres. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Ad*her"ent (&?;), a. [L. adhaerens, -entis, p. pr.: cf. F. adhérent.] 1. Sticking; clinging; adhering. Pope.

2. Attached as an attribute or circumstance.

3. (Bot.) Congenitally united with an organ of another kind, as calyx with ovary, or stamens with petals.

Ad*her"ent, n. 1. One who adheres; one who adheres; one who follows a leader, party, or profession; a follower, or partisan; a believer in a particular faith or church.

2. That which adheres; an appendage. [R.] Milton.

Syn. -- Follower; partisan; upholder; disciple; supporter; dependent; ally; backer.

Ad*her"ent*ly, adv. In an adherent manner.

Ad*her"er (&?;), n. One who adheres; an adherent.

Ad*he"sion (&?;), n. [L. adhaesio, fr. adhaerere: cf. F. adhésion.] 1. The action of sticking; the state of being attached; intimate union; as, the adhesion of glue, or of parts united by growth, cement, or the like.

2. Adherence; steady or firm attachment; fidelity; as, adhesion to error, to a policy.

> His adhesion to the Tories was bounded by his approbation of their foreign policy.
> De Quincey.

3. Agreement to adhere; concurrence; assent.

> To that treaty Spain and England gave in their adhesion.
> Macaulay.

4. (Physics) The molecular attraction exerted between bodies in contact. See Cohesion.

5. (Med.) Union of surface, normally separate, by the formation of new tissue resulting from an inflammatory process.

6. (Bot.) The union of parts which are separate in other plants, or in younger states of the same plant.

Syn. -- Adherence; union. See Adherence.

Ad*he"sive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. adhésif.] 1. Sticky; tenacious, as glutinous substances.

2. Apt or tending to adhere; clinging. Thomson.

Adhesive attraction. (Physics) See Attraction. -- Adhesive inflammation (Surg.), that kind of inflammation which terminates in the reunion of divided parts without suppuration. -- Adhesive plaster, a sticking; a plaster containing resin, wax, litharge, and olive oil.

Ad*he"sive*ly, adv. In an adhesive manner.

Ad*he"sive*ness, n. 1. The quality of sticking or adhering; stickiness; tenacity of union.

2. (Phren.) Propensity to form and maintain attachments to persons, and to promote social intercourse.

Ad*hib"it (&?;), v. t. [L. adhibitus, p. p. of adhibere to hold to; ad + habere to have.] 1. To admit, as a person or thing; to take in. Muirhead.

2. To use or apply; to administer. Camden.

3. To attach; to affix. Alison.

Ad`hi*bi"tion (&?;), n. [L. adhibitio.] The act of adhibiting; application; use. Whitaker.

||Ad hom"i*nem (&?;). [L., to the man.] A phrase applied to an appeal or argument addressed to the principles, interests, or passions of a man.

Ad*hort" (&?;), v. t. [L. adhortari. See Adhortation.] To exhort; to advise. [Obs.] Feltham.

Ad`hor*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. adhortatio, fr. adhortari to advise; ad + hortari to exhort.] Advice; exhortation. [Obs.] Peacham.

Ad*hor"ta*to*ry (&?;), a. Containing counsel or warning; hortatory; advisory. [Obs.] Potter.

Ad`i*a*bat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; not passable; 'a priv. + &?; through + &?; to go.] (Physics) Not giving out or receiving heat. -- Ad`i*a*bat`ic*al*ly, adv.

Adiabatic line or curve, a curve exhibiting the variations of pressure and volume of a fluid when it expands without either receiving or giving out heat. Rankine.

Ad`i*ac*tin"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + diactinic.] (Chem.) Not transmitting the actinic rays.

||Ad`i*an"tum (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, maidenhair; 'a priv. + &?; to wet.] (Bot.) A genus of ferns, the leaves of which shed water; maidenhair. Also, the black maidenhair, a species of spleenwort.

Ad`i*aph"o*rism (&?;), n. Religious indifference.

Ad`i*aph"o*rist (&?;), n. [See Adiaphorous.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of the German Protestants who, with Melanchthon, held some opinions and ceremonies to be indifferent or nonessential, which Luther condemned as sinful or heretical. Murdock.

Ad`i*aph`o*ris"tic (&?;), a. Pertaining to matters indifferent in faith and practice. Shipley.

Ad`i*aph"o*rite (&?;), n. Same as Adiaphorist.

Ad`i*aph"o*rous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; different; &?; through + &?; to bear.] 1. Indifferent or neutral. Jer. Taylor.

2. (Med.) Incapable of doing either harm or good, as some medicines. Dunglison.

Ad`i*aph"o*ry, n. [Gr. &?;.] Indifference. [Obs.]

Ad`i*a*ther"mic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; through + &?;heat.] Not pervious to heat.

A*dieu" (&?;), interj. & adv. [OE. also adew, adewe, adue, F. &?; dieu, fr. L. ad to + deus God.] Good-by; farewell; an expression of kind wishes at parting.

A*dieu", n.; pl. Adieus (&?;). A farewell; commendation to the care of God at parting. Shak.

A*dight" (&?;), v. t. [p. p. Adight.] [Pref. a- (intensive) + OE. dihten. See Dight.] To set in order; to array; to attire; to deck, to dress. [Obs.]

||Ad in`fi*ni"tum (&?;). [L., to infinity.] Without limit; endlessly.

||Ad in"ter*im (&?;) [L.] Meanwhile; temporary.

Ad`i*pes"cent (&?;), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + -escent.] Becoming fatty.

A*dip"ic (&?;), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, fatty or oily substances; -- applied to certain acids obtained from fats by the action of nitric acid.

Ad`i*poc"er*ate (&?;), v. t. To convert into adipocere.

Ad`i*poc`er*a"tion (&?;), n. The act or process of changing into adipocere.

Ad"i*po*cere` (&?;), n. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + cera wax: cf. F. adipocere.] A soft, unctuous, or waxy substance, of a light brown color, into which the fat and muscle tissue of dead bodies sometimes are converted, by long immersion in water or by burial in moist places. It is a result of fatty degeneration.

Ad`i*po*cer"i*form (&?;), a. [Adipocere + -form.] Having the form or appearance of adipocere; as, an adipoceriform tumor.

Ad`i*poc"er*ous (&?;), a. Like adipocere.

Ad"i*pose` (?; 277), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat, grease.] Of or pertaining to animal fat; fatty.

Adipose fin (Zoöl.), a soft boneless fin. -- Adipose tissue (Anat.), that form of animal tissue which forms or contains fat.

{ Ad"i*pose`ness (&?;), Ad`i*pos"i*ty (&?;), } n. The state of being fat; fatness.

Ad"i*pous (&?;), a. Fatty; adipose. [R.]

A*dip"sous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?;, thirst.] Quenching thirst, as certain fruits.

Ad"ip*sy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; not thirsty; 'a priv. + &?; thirst.] (Med.) Absence of thirst.

Ad"it (&?;), n. [L. aditus, fr. adire, &?;aitum, to go to; ad + ire to go.] 1. An entrance or passage. Specifically: The nearly horizontal opening by which a mine is entered, or by which water and ores are carried away; -- called also drift and tunnel.

2. Admission; approach; access. [R.]

> Yourself and yours shall have
> Free adit.
> Tennyson.

{ Ad"ja"cence (&?;), Ad*ja"cen*cy (&?;), } [Cf. LL. adjacentia.] 1. The state of being adjacent or contiguous; contiguity; as, the adjacency of lands or buildings.

2. That which is adjacent. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ad*ja"cent (&?;), a. [L. adjacens, -centis, p. pr. of adjacere to lie near; ad + jacre to lie: cf. F. adjacent.] Lying near, close, or contiguous; neighboring; bordering on; as, a field adjacent to the highway. "The adjacent forest." B. Jonson.

Adjacent or contiguous angle. (Geom.) See Angle.

Syn. -- Adjoining; contiguous; near. -- Adjacent, Adjoining, Contiguous. Things are adjacent when they lie close each other, not necessary in actual contact; as, adjacent fields, adjacent villages, etc.

> I find that all Europe with her adjacent isles is peopled with Christians.
> Howell.

Things are adjoining when they meet at some line or point of junction; as, adjoining farms, an adjoining highway. What is spoken of as contiguous should touch with some extent of one side or the whole of it; as, a row of contiguous buildings; a wood contiguous to a plain.

Ad*ja"cent, n. That which is adjacent. [R.] Locke.

Ad*ja"cent*ly, adv. So as to be adjacent.

Ad*ject" (&?;), v. t. [L. adjectus, p. p. of adjicere to throw to, to add to; ad + jacre to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] To add or annex; to join. Leland.

Ad*jec"tion (&?;), n. [L. adjectio, fr. adjicere: cf. F. adjection. See Adject.] The act or mode of adding; also, the thing added. [R.] B. Jonson.

Ad*jec"tion*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to adjection; that is, or may be, annexed. [R.] Earle.

Ad`jec*ti"tious (&?;), [L. adjectitius.] Added; additional. Parkhurst.

Ad`jec*ti"val (&?;), a. Of or relating to the relating to the adjective; of the nature of an adjective; adjective. W. Taylor (1797)

Ad`jec*ti"val*ly, adv. As, or in the manner of, an adjective; adjectively.

Ad"jec*tive (d"jk*tv), a. [See Adjective, n.]

1. Added to a substantive as an attribute; of the nature of an adjunct; as, an adjective word or sentence.

2. Not standing by itself; dependent.

Adjective color, a color which requires to be fixed by some mordant or base to give it permanency.

3. Relating to procedure. "The whole English law, substantive and adjective." Macaulay.

Ad"jec*tive, n. [L. adjectivum (sc. nomen), neut. of adjectivus that is added, fr. adjicere: cf. F. adjectif. See Adject.] 1. (Gram.) A word used with a noun, or substantive, to express a quality of the thing named, or something attributed to it, or to limit or define it, or to specify or describe a thing, as distinct from something else. Thus, in phrase, "a wise ruler," wise is the adjective, expressing a property of ruler.

2. A dependent; an accessory. Fuller.

Ad"jec*tive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjectived (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjectiving (&?;).] To make an adjective of; to form or change into an adjective. [R.]

> Language has as much occasion to adjective the distinct signification of the verb, and to adjective also the mood, as it has to adjective time. It has . . . adjectived all three.
> Tooke.

Ad"jec*tive*ly, adv. In the manner of an adjective; as, a word used adjectively.

Ad*join" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjoined (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjoining.] [OE. ajoinen, OF. ajoindre, F. adjoindre, fr. L. adjungere; ad + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Adjunct.] To join or unite to; to lie contiguous to; to be in contact with; to attach; to append.

> Corrections . . . should be, as remarks, adjoined by way of note.
> Watts.

<! p. 22 !>

Ad*join" (d*join"), v. i. 1. To lie or be next, or in contact; to be contiguous; as, the houses adjoin.

> When one man's land adjoins to another's.
> Blackstone.

The construction with to, on, or with is obsolete or obsolescent.

2. To join one's self. [Obs.]

> She lightly unto him adjoined side to side.
> Spenser.

Ad*join"ant (&?;), a. Contiguous. [Obs.] Carew.

Ad*join"ing, a. Joining to; contiguous; adjacent; as, an adjoining room. "The adjoining fane." Dryden.

> Upon the hills adjoining to the city.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Adjacent; contiguous; near; neighboring; abutting; bordering. See Adjacent.

Ad"joint (&?;), n. An adjunct; a helper. [Obs.]

Ad*journ (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjourned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjourning (&?;).] [OE. ajornen, OF. ajoiner, ajurner, F. ajourner; OF. a (L. ad) + jor, jur, jorn, F. jour, day, fr. L. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. Cf. Journal, Journey.] To put off or defer to another day, or indefinitely; to postpone; to close or suspend for the day; -- commonly said of the meeting, or the action, of convened body; as, to adjourn the meeting; to adjourn a debate.

> It is a common practice to adjourn the reformation of their lives to a further time.
> Barrow.

> 'Tis a needful fitness
> That we adjourn this court till further day.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To delay; defer; postpone; put off; suspend. -- To Adjourn, Prorogue, Dissolve. These words are used in respect to public bodies when they lay aside business and separate. Adjourn, both in Great Britain and this country, is applied to all cases in which such bodies separate for a brief period, with a view to meet again. Prorogue is applied in Great Britain to that act of the executive government, as the sovereign, which brings a session of Parliament to a close. The word is not used in this country, but a legislative body is said, in such a case, to adjourn sine die. To dissolve is to annul the corporate existence of a body. In order to exist again the body must be reconstituted.

Ad*journ", v. i. To suspend business for a time, as from one day to another, or for a longer period, or indefinitely; usually, to suspend public business, as of legislatures and courts, or other convened bodies; as, congress adjourned at four o'clock; the court adjourned without day.

Ad*journ"al (&?;), n. Adjournment; postponement. [R.] "An adjournal of the Diet." Sir W. Scott.

Ad*journ"ment (-ment), n. [Cf. f. adjournement, OF. ajornement. See Adjourn.] 1. The act of adjourning; the putting off till another day or time specified, or without day.

2. The time or interval during which a public body adjourns its sittings or postpones business.

Ad*judge" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudging (&?;).] [OE. ajugen, OF. ajugier, fr. L. adjudicare; ad + judicare to judge. See Judge, and cf. Adjudicate.] 1. To award judicially in the case of a controverted question; as, the prize was adjudged to the victor.

2. To determine in the exercise of judicial power; to decide or award judicially; to adjudicate; as, the case was adjudged in the November term.

3. To sentence; to condemn.

> Without reprieve, adjudged to death
> For want of well pronouncing Shibboleth.
> Milton.

4. To regard or hold; to judge; to deem.

> He adjudged him unworthy of his friendship.
> Knolles.

Syn. -- To decree; award; determine; adjudicate; ordain; assign.

Ad*judg"er (&?;), n. One who adjudges.

Ad*judg"ment (-ment), n. The act of adjudging; judicial decision; adjudication. Sir W. Temple.

Ad*ju"di*cate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudicated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudicating (&?;)] [L. adjudicatus, p. p. of adjudicare. See Adjudge.] To adjudge; to try and determine, as a court; to settle by judicial decree.

Ad*ju"di*cate, v. i. To come to a judicial decision; as, the court adjudicated upon the case.

Ad*ju`di*ca"tion (&?;), n. [L. adjudicatio: cf. F. adjudication.] 1. The act of adjudicating; the act or process of trying and determining judicially.

2. A deliberate determination by the judicial power; a judicial decision or sentence. "An adjudication in favor of natural rights." Burke.

3. (Bankruptcy practice) The decision upon the question whether the debtor is a bankrupt. Abbott.

4. (Scots Law) A process by which land is attached security or in satisfaction of a debt.

Ad*ju"di*ca*tive (&?;), a. Adjudicating.

Ad*ju"di*ca`tor (&?;), n. One who adjudicates.

Ad*ju"di*ca*ture (&?;), n. Adjudication.

Ad"ju*gate (&?;), v. t. [L. adjugatus, p. p. of adjugare; ad + jugum a yoke.] To yoke to. [Obs.]

Ad"ju*ment (d"j*ment), n. [L. adjumentum, for adjuvamentum, fr. adjuvare to help; ad + juvare to help.] Help; support; also, a helper. [Obs.] Waterhouse.

Ad"junct` (&?;), a. [L. adjunctus, p. p. of adjungere. See Adjoin.] Conjoined; attending; consequent.

> Though that my death were adjunct to my act.
> Shak.

Adjunct notes (Mus.), short notes between those essential to the harmony; auxiliary notes; passing notes.

Ad"junct`, n. 1. Something joined or added to another thing, but not essentially a part of it.

> Learning is but an adjunct to our self.
> Shak.

2. A person joined to another in some duty or service; a colleague; an associate. Wotton.

3. (Gram.) A word or words added to quality or amplify the force of other words; as, the History of the American Revolution, where the words in italics are the adjunct or adjuncts of "History."

4. (Metaph.) A quality or property of the body or the mind, whether natural or acquired; as, color, in the body, judgment in the mind.

5. (Mus.) A key or scale closely related to another as principal; a relative or attendant key. [R.] See Attendant keys, under Attendant, a.

Ad*junc"tion (&?;), n. [L. adjunctio, fr. adjungere: cf. F. adjonction, and see Adjunct.] The act of joining; the thing joined or added.

Ad*junc"tive (&?;), a. [L. adjunctivus, fr. adjungere. See Adjunct.] Joining; having the quality of joining; forming an adjunct.

Ad*junc"tive, n. One who, or that which, is joined.

Ad*junc"tive*ly, adv. In an adjunctive manner.

Ad*junct"ly (&?;), adv. By way of addition or adjunct; in connection with.

Ad`ju*ra"tion (&?;), n. [L. adjuratio, fr. adjurare: cf. F. adjuration. See Adjure.] 1. The act of adjuring; a solemn charging on oath, or under the penalty of a curse; an earnest appeal.

> What an accusation could not effect, an adjuration shall.
> Bp. Hall.

2. The form of oath or appeal.

> Persons who . . . made use of prayer and adjurations.
> Addison.

Ad*ju"ra*to*ry (&?;), a. [L. adjuratorius.] Containing an adjuration.

Ad*jure" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjured (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjuring (&?;)]. [L. adjurare, adjurdium, to swear to; later, to adjure: cf. F. adjurer. See Jury.] To charge, bind, or command, solemnly, as if under oath, or under the penalty of a curse; to appeal to in the most solemn or impressive manner; to entreat earnestly.

> Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, Cursed be the man before the Lord, that riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho.
> Josh. vi. 26.

> The high priest . . . said . . . I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ.
> Matt. xxvi. 63.

> The commissioners adjured them not to let pass so favorable an opportunity of securing their liberties.
> Marshall.

Ad*jur"er (&?;), n. One who adjures.

Ad*just" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjusting.] [OF. ajuster, ajoster (whence F. ajouter to add), LL. adjuxtare to fit; fr. L. ad + juxta near; confused later with L. ad and justus just, right, whence F. ajuster to adjust. See Just, v. t. and cf. Adjute.] 1. To make exact; to fit; to make correspondent or conformable; to bring into proper relations; as, to adjust a garment to the body, or things to a standard.

2. To put in order; to regulate, or reduce to system.

> Adjusting the orthography.
> Johnson.

3. To settle or bring to a satisfactory state, so that parties are agreed in the result; as, to adjust accounts; the differences are adjusted.

4. To bring to a true relative position, as the parts of an instrument; to regulate for use; as, to adjust a telescope or microscope.

Syn. -- To adapt; suit; arrange; regulate; accommodate; set right; rectify; settle.

Ad*just"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being adjusted.

Ad*just"age (&?;), n. [Cf. Ajutage.] Adjustment. [R.]

Ad*just"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, adjusts.

Ad*just"ive (&?;), a. Tending to adjust. [R.]

Ad*just"ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. ajustement. See Adjust.] 1. The act of adjusting, or condition of being adjusted; act of bringing into proper relations; regulation.

> Success depends on the nicest and minutest adjustment of the parts concerned.
> Paley.

2. (Law) Settlement of claims; an equitable arrangement of conflicting claims, as in set-off, contribution, exoneration, subrogation, and marshaling. Bispham.

3. The operation of bringing all the parts of an instrument, as a microscope or telescope, into their proper relative position for use; the condition of being thus adjusted; as, to get a good adjustment; to be in or out of adjustment.

Syn. -- Suiting; fitting; arrangement; regulation; settlement; adaptation; disposition.

Ad"ju*tage (&?;), n. Same as Ajutage.

Ad"ju*tan*cy (&?;), n. [See Adjutant.] 1. The office of an adjutant.

2. Skillful arrangement in aid; assistance.

> It was, no doubt, disposed with all the adjutancy of definition and division.
> Burke.

Ad"ju*tant (&?;), n. [L. adjutans, p. pr. of adjutare to help. See Aid.] 1. A helper; an assistant.

2. (Mil.) A regimental staff officer, who assists the colonel, or commanding officer of a garrison or regiment, in the details of regimental and garrison duty.

Adjutant general (a) (Mil.), the principal staff officer of an army, through whom the commanding general receives communications and issues military orders. In the U. S. army he is brigadier general. (b) (Among the Jesuits), one of a select number of fathers, who resided with the general of the order, each of whom had a province or country assigned to his care.

3. (Zoöl.) A species of very large stork (Ciconia argala), a native of India; -- called also the gigantic crane, and by the native name argala. It is noted for its serpent-destroying habits.

Ad"ju*ta`tor (&?;), n. (Eng. Hist.) A corruption of Agitator.

Ad*jute" (&?;), v. t. [F. ajouter; confused with L. adjutare.] To add. [Obs.]

Ad*ju"tor (&?;), n. [L., fr. adjuvare. See Aid.] A helper or assistant. [Archaic] Drayton.

Ad*ju"to*ry (&?;), a. [L. adjutorius.] Serving to help or assist; helping. [Obs.]

Ad*ju"trix (&?;), n. [L. See Adjutor.] A female helper or assistant. [R.]

Ad"ju*vant (d"j*vnt), a. [L. adjuvans, p. pr. of adjuvare to aid: cf. F. adjuvant. See Aid.] Helping; helpful; assisting. [R.] "Adjuvant causes." Howell.

Ad"ju*vant, n. 1. An assistant. [R.] Yelverton.

2. (Med.) An ingredient, in a prescription, which aids or modifies the action of the principal ingredient.

Ad`le*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. adlegatio, allegatio, a sending away; fr. adlegare, allegare, to send away with a commission; ad in addition + legare to send as ambassador. Cf. Allegation.] A right formerly claimed by the states of the German Empire of joining their own ministers with those of the emperor in public treaties and negotiations to the common interest of the empire. Encyc. Brit.

||Ad lib"i*tum (&?;). At one's pleasure; as one wishes.

Ad`lo*cu"tion (&?;), n. See Allocution. [Obs.]

Ad*mar"gin*ate (&?;), v. t. [Pref. ad- + margin.] To write in the margin. [R.] Coleridge.

Ad*max"il*la*ry (&?;), a. [Pref. ad- + maxillary.] (Anat.) Near to the maxilla or jawbone.

Ad*meas"ure (?; 135), v. t. [Cf. OF. amesurer, LL. admensurare. See Measure.] 1. To measure.

2. (Law) To determine the proper share of, or the proper apportionment; as, to admeasure dower; to admeasure common of pasture. Blackstone.

2. The measure of a thing; dimensions; size.

3. (Law) Formerly, the adjustment of proportion, or ascertainment of shares, as of dower or pasture held in common. This was by writ of admeasurement, directed to the sheriff.

Ad*meas"ur*er (&?;), n. One who admeasures.

Ad*men`su*ra"tion (&?;), n. [LL. admensuratio; L. ad + mensurare to measure. See Mensuration.] Same as Admeasurement.

Ad*min"i*cle (&?;), n. [L. adminculum support, orig., that on which the hand rests; ad + manus hand + dim. ending -culym.] 1. Help or support; an auxiliary. Grote.

2. (Law) Corroborative or explanatory proof.

In Scots law, any writing tending to establish the existence or terms of a lost deed. Bell.

Ad`mi*nic"u*lar (&?;), a. Supplying help; auxiliary; corroborative; explanatory; as, adminicular evidence. H. Spencer.

Ad`mi*nic"u*la*ry (&?;), a. Adminicular.

Ad*min"is*ter (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Administered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Administering.] [OE. aministren, OF. aministrer, F. administer, fr. L. administrare; ad + ministrare to serve. See Minister.] 1. To manage or conduct, as public affairs; to direct or superintend the execution, application, or conduct of; as, to administer the government or the state.

> For forms of government let fools contest:
> Whate'er is best administered is best.
> Pope.

2. To dispense; to serve out; to supply; execute; as, to administer relief, to administer the sacrament.

> [Let zephyrs] administer their tepid, genial airs.
> Philips.

> Justice was administered with an exactness and purity not before known.
> Macaulay.

3. To apply, as medicine or a remedy; to give, as a dose or something beneficial or suitable. Extended to a blow, a reproof, etc.

> A noxious drug had been administered to him.
> Macaulay.

4. To tender, as an oath.

> Swear . . . to keep the oath that we administer.
> Shak.

5. (Law) To settle, as the estate of one who dies without a will, or whose will fails of an executor.

Syn. -- To manage; conduct; minister; supply; dispense; give out; distribute; furnish.

Ad*min"is*ter, v. i. 1. To contribute; to bring aid or supplies; to conduce; to minister.

> A fountain . . . administers to the pleasure as well as the plenty of the place.
> Spectator.

2. (Law) To perform the office of administrator; to act officially; as, A administers upon the estate of B.

Ad*min"is*ter, n. Administrator. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ad*min`is*te"ri*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to administration, or to the executive part of government.

Ad*min"is*tra*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being administered; as, an administrable law.

Ad*min"is*trant (&?;), a. [F., p. pr. of administrer. See Administer.] Executive; acting; managing affairs. -- n. One who administers.

Ad*min"is*trate (&?;), v. t. [L. administratus, p. p. of administrare.] To administer. [R.] Milman.

Ad*min`is*tra"tion (?; 277), n. [OE. administracioun, L. administratio: cf. F. administration.] 1. The act of administering; government of public affairs; the service rendered, or duties assumed, in conducting affairs; the conducting of any office or employment; direction; management.

> His financial administration was of a piece with his military administration.
> Macaulay.

2. The executive part of government; the persons collectively who are intrusted with the execution of laws and the superintendence of public affairs; the chief magistrate and his cabinet or council; or the council, or ministry, alone, as in Great Britain.

> A mild and popular administration.
> Macaulay.

> The administration has been opposed in parliament.
> Johnson.

3. The act of administering, or tendering something to another; dispensation; as, the administration of a medicine, of an oath, of justice, or of the sacrament.

<! p. 23 !>

4. (Law) (a) The management and disposal, under legal authority, of the estate of an intestate, or of a testator having no competent executor. (b) The management of an estate of a deceased person by an executor, the strictly corresponding term execution not being in use.

Administration with the will annexed, administration granted where the testator has appointed no executor, or where his appointment of an executor for any cause has failed, as by death, incompetency, refusal to act, etc.

Syn. -- Conduct; management; direction; regulation; execution; dispensation; distribution.

Ad*min"is*tra`tive (&?;), a. [L. administrativus: cf. F. administratif.] Pertaining to administration; administering; executive; as, an administrative body, ability, or energy. -- Ad*min"is*tra`tive*ly, adv.

Ad*min`is*tra"tor (&?;), n. [L.] 1. One who administers affairs; one who directs, manages, executes, or dispenses, whether in civil, judicial, political, or ecclesiastical affairs; a manager.

2. (Law) A man who manages or settles the estate of an intestate, or of a testator when there is no competent executor; one to whom the right of administration has been committed by competent authority.

Ad*min`is*tra"tor*ship, n. The position or office of an administrator.

Ad*min`is*tra"trix (&?;), n. [NL.] A woman who administers; esp., one who administers the estate of an intestate, or to whom letters of administration have been granted; a female administrator.

Ad`mi*ra*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. [L. admirabilitac.] Admirableness. [R.] Johnson.

Ad"mi*ra*ble (&?;), a. [L. admirabilis: cf. F. admirable.] 1. Fitted to excite wonder; wonderful; marvelous. [Obs.]

> In man there is nothing admirable but his ignorance and weakness.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. Having qualities to excite wonder united with approbation; deserving the highest praise; most excellent; -- used of persons or things. "An admirable machine." "Admirable fortitude." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Wonderful; marvelous; surprising; excellent; delightful; praiseworthy.

Ad"mi*ra*ble*ness, n. The quality of being admirable; wonderful excellence.

Ad"mi*ra*bly, adv. In an admirable manner.

Ad"mi*ral (&?;), n. [OE. amiral, admiral, OF. amiral, ultimately fr. Ar. amr-al- bahr commander of the sea; Ar. amr is commander, al is the Ar. article, and amr-al, heard in different titles, was taken as one word. Early forms of the word show confusion with L. admirabilis admirable, fr. admirari to admire. It is said to have been introduced into Europe by the Genoese or Venetians, in the 12th or 13th century. Cf. Ameer, Emir.] 1. A naval officer of the highest rank; a naval officer of high rank, of which there are different grades. The chief gradations in rank are admiral, vice admiral, and rear admiral. The admiral is the commander in chief of a fleet or of fleets.

2. The ship which carries the admiral; also, the most considerable ship of a fleet.

> Like some mighty admiral, dark and terrible, bearing down upon his antagonist with all his canvas straining to the wind, and all his thunders roaring from his broadsides.
> E. Everett.

3. (Zoöl.) A handsome butterfly (Pyrameis Atalanta) of Europe and America. The larva feeds on nettles.

Admiral shell (Zoöl.), the popular name of an ornamental cone shell (Conus admiralis).

Lord High Admiral, a great officer of state, who (when this rare dignity is conferred) is at the head of the naval administration of Great Britain.

Ad"mi*ral*ship, n. The office or position oaf an admiral; also, the naval skill of an admiral.

Ad"mi*ral*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Admiralties (&?;). [F. amirauté, for an older amiralté, office of admiral, fr. LL. admiralitas. See Admiral.] 1. The office or jurisdiction of an admiral. Prescott.

2. The department or officers having authority over naval affairs generally.

3. The court which has jurisdiction of maritime questions and offenses.

In England, admiralty jurisdiction was formerly vested in the High Court of Admiralty, which was held before the Lord High Admiral, or his deputy, styled the Judge of the Admiralty; but admiralty jurisdiction is now vested in the probate, divorce, and admiralty division of the High Justice. In America, there are no admiralty courts distinct from others, but admiralty jurisdiction is vested in the district courts of the United States, subject to revision by the circuit courts and the Supreme Court of the United States. Admiralty jurisprudence has cognizance of maritime contracts and torts, collisions at sea, cases of prize in war, etc., and in America, admiralty jurisdiction is extended to such matters, arising out of the navigation of any of the public waters, as the Great Lakes and rivers.

4. The system of jurisprudence of admiralty courts.

5. The building in which the lords of the admiralty, in England, transact business.

Ad*mir"ance (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. admirance.] Admiration. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ad`mi*ra"tion (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. admiratio. See Admire.] 1. Wonder; astonishment. [Obs.]

> Season your admiration for a while.
> Shak.

2. Wonder mingled with approbation or delight; an emotion excited by a person or thing possessed of wonderful or high excellence; as, admiration of a beautiful woman, of a landscape, of virtue.

3. Cause of admiration; something to excite wonder, or pleased surprise; a prodigy.

> Now, good Lafeu, bring in the admiration.
> Shak.

Note of admiration, the mark (!), called also exclamation point.

Syn. -- Wonder; approval; appreciation; adoration; reverence; worship.

Ad*mir"a*tive (&?;), a. Relating to or expressing admiration or wonder. [R.] Earle.

Ad*mire" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admired (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Admiring (&?;).] [F. admirer, fr. L. admirari; ad + mirari to wonder, for smirari, akin to Gr. &?; to smile, Skr. smi, and E. smile.] 1. To regard with wonder or astonishment; to view with surprise; to marvel at. [Archaic]

> Examples rather to be admired than imitated.
> Fuller.

2. To regard with wonder and delight; to look upon with an elevated feeling of pleasure, as something which calls out approbation, esteem, love, or reverence; to estimate or prize highly; as, to admire a person of high moral worth, to admire a landscape.

> Admired as heroes and as gods obeyed.
> Pope.

Admire followed by the infinitive is obsolete or colloquial; as, I admire to see a man consistent in his conduct.

Syn. -- To esteem; approve; delight in.

Ad*mire", v. i. To wonder; to marvel; to be affected with surprise; -- sometimes with at.

> To wonder at Pharaoh, and even admire at myself.
> Fuller.

Ad*mired" (&?;), a. 1. Regarded with wonder and delight; highly prized; as, an admired poem.

2. Wonderful; also, admirable. [Obs.] "Admired disorder." " Admired Miranda." Shak.

Ad*mir"er (&?;), n. One who admires; one who esteems or loves greatly. Cowper.

Ad*mir"ing, a. Expressing admiration; as, an admiring glance. -- Ad*mir"ing*ly, adv. Shak.

Ad*mis`si*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. [Cf. F. admissibilité.] The quality of being admissible; admissibleness; as, the admissibility of evidence.

Ad*mis"si*ble (&?;), a. [F. admissible, LL. admissibilis. See Admit.] Entitled to be admitted, or worthy of being admitted; that may be allowed or conceded; allowable; as, the supposition is hardly admissible. -- Ad*mis"si*ble*ness, n. -- Ad*mis"si*bly, adv.

Ad*mis"sion (&?;), n. [L. admissio: cf. F. admission. See Admit.] 1. The act or practice of admitting.

2. Power or permission to enter; admittance; entrance; access; power to approach.

> What numbers groan for sad admission there!
> Young.

3. The granting of an argument or position not fully proved; the act of acknowledging something &?;serted; acknowledgment; concession.

> The too easy admission of doctrines.
> Macaulay.

4. (Law) Acquiescence or concurrence in a statement made by another, and distinguishable from a confession in that an admission presupposes prior inquiry by another, but a confession may be made without such inquiry.

5. A fact, point, or statement admitted; as, admission made out of court are received in evidence.

6. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Declaration of the bishop that he approves of the presentee as a fit person to serve the cure of the church to which he is presented. Shipley.

Syn. -- Admittance; concession; acknowledgment; concurrence; allowance. See Admittance.

Ad*mis"sive (&?;), a. Implying an admission; tending to admit. [R.] Lamb.

Ad*mis"so*ry (&?;), a. Pertaining to admission.

Ad*mit" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Admitting.] [OE. amitten, L. admittere, admissum; ad + mittere to send: cf. F. admettre, OF. admettre, OF. ametre. See Missile.] 1. To suffer to enter; to grant entrance, whether into a place, or into the mind, or consideration; to receive; to take; as, they were into his house; to admit a serious thought into the mind; to admit evidence in the trial of a cause.

2. To give a right of entrance; as, a ticket admits one into a playhouse.

3. To allow (one) to enter on an office or to enjoy a privilege; to recognize as qualified for a franchise; as, to admit an attorney to practice law; the prisoner was admitted to bail.

4. To concede as true; to acknowledge or assent to, as an allegation which it is impossible to deny; to own or confess; as, the argument or fact is admitted; he admitted his guilt.

5. To be capable of; to permit; as, the words do not admit such a construction. In this sense, of may be used after the verb, or may be omitted.

> Both Houses declared that they could admit of no treaty with the king.
> Hume.

Ad*mit"ta*ble (&?;), a. Admissible. Sir T. Browne.

Ad*mit"tance (&?;), n. 1. The act of admitting.

2. Permission to enter; the power or right of entrance; also, actual entrance; reception.

> To gain admittance into the house.
> South.

> He desires admittance to the king.
> Dryden.

> To give admittance to a thought of fear.
> Shak.

3. Concession; admission; allowance; as, the admittance of an argument. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

4. Admissibility. [Obs.] Shak.

5. (Eng. Law) The act of giving possession of a copyhold estate. Bouvier.

Syn. -- Admission; access; entrance; initiation. -- Admittance, Admission. These words are, to some extent, in a state of transition and change. Admittance is now chiefly confined to its primary sense of access into some locality or building. Thus we see on the doors of factories, shops, etc. "No admittance." Its secondary or moral sense, as "admittance to the church," is almost entirely laid aside. Admission has taken to itself the secondary or figurative senses; as, admission to the rights of citizenship; admission to the church; the admissions made by one of the parties in a dispute. And even when used in its primary sense, it is not identical with admittance. Thus, we speak of admission into a country, territory, and other larger localities, etc., where admittance could not be used. So, when we speak of admission to a concert or other public assembly, the meaning is not perhaps exactly that of admittance, viz., access within the walls of the building, but rather a reception into the audience, or access to the performances. But the lines of distinction on this subject are one definitely drawn.

||Ad`mit*ta"tur (&?;), n. [L., let him be admitted.] The certificate of admission given in some American colleges.

Ad*mit"ted (&?;), a. Received as true or valid; acknowledged. -- Ad*mit"ted*ly adv. Confessedly.

Ad*mit"ter (&?;), n. One who admits.

Ad*mix" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. ad- + mix: cf. L. admixtus, p. p. of admiscere. See Mix.] To mingle with something else; to mix. [R.]

Ad*mix"tion (?; 106), n. [L. admixtio.] A mingling of different things; admixture. Glanvill.

Ad*mix"ture (?; 135), n. [L. admiscere, admixtum, to admix; ad + miscere to mix. See Mix.] 1. The act of mixing; mixture.

2. The compound formed by mixing different substances together.

3. That which is mixed with anything.

Ad*mon"ish (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admonished (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Admonishing.] [OE. amonesten, OF. amonester, F. admonester, fr. a supposed LL. admonesstrare, fr. L. admonere to remind, warn; ad + monere to warn. See Monition.] 1. To warn or notify of a fault; to reprove gently or kindly, but seriously; to exhort. "Admonish him as a brother." 2 Thess. iii. 15.

2. To counsel against wrong practices; to cation or advise; to warn against danger or an offense; -- followed by of, against, or a subordinate clause.

> Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns.
> Col. iii. 16.

> I warned thee, I admonished thee, foretold
> The danger, and the lurking enemy.
> Milton.

3. To instruct or direct; to inform; to notify.

> Moses was admonished of God, when he was about to make the tabernacle.
> Heb. viii. 5.

Ad*mon"ish*er (&?;), n. One who admonishes.

Ad*mon"ish*ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. amonestement, admonestement.] Admonition. [R.] Shak.

Ad`mo*ni"tion (&?;), n. [OE. amonicioun, OF. amonition, F. admonition, fr. L. admonitio, fr. admonere. See Admonish.] Gentle or friendly reproof; counseling against a fault or error; expression of authoritative advice; friendly caution or warning.

Syn. -- Admonition, Reprehension, Reproof. Admonition is prospective, and relates to moral delinquencies; its object is to prevent further transgression. Reprehension and reproof are retrospective, the former being milder than the latter. A person of any age or station may be liable to reprehension in case of wrong conduct; but reproof is the act of a superior. It is authoritative fault-finding or censure addressed to children or to inferiors.

Ad`mo*ni"tion*er (&?;), n. Admonisher. [Obs.]

Ad*mon"i*tive (&?;), a. Admonitory. [R.] Barrow. -- Ad*mon"i*tive*ly, adv.

Ad*mon"i*tor (&?;), n. [L.] Admonisher; monitor.

> Conscience is at most times a very faithful and prudent admonitor.
> Shenstone.

Ad*mon`i*to"ri*al (&?;), a. Admonitory. [R.] "An admonitorial tone." Dickens.

Ad*mon"i*to*ry (&?;), a. [LL. admonitorius.] That conveys admonition; warning or reproving; as, an admonitory glance. -- Ad*mon"i*to*ri*ly, (&?;), adv.

Ad*mon"i*trix (&?;), n. [L.] A female admonitor.

Ad*mor`ti*za"tion (&?;), n. [LL. admortizatio. Cf. Amortization.] (Law) The reducing or lands or tenements to mortmain. See Mortmain.

Ad*move" (&?;), v. t. [L. admovere. See Move.] To move or conduct to or toward. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ad*nas"cent (&?;), a. [L. adnascens, p. pr. of adnasci to be born, grow.] Growing to or on something else. "An adnascent plant." Evelyn.

Ad"nate (&?;), a. [L. adnatus, p. p. of adnasci. See Adnascent, and cf. Agnate.] 1. (Physiol.) Grown to congenitally.

2. (Bot.) Growing together; -- said only of organic cohesion of unlike parts.

> An anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament.
> Gray.

3. (Zoöl.) Growing with one side adherent to a stem; -- a term applied to the lateral zooids of corals and other compound animals.

Ad*na"tion (&?;), n. (Bot.) The adhesion or cohesion of different floral verticils or sets of organs.

Ad*nom"i*nal (&?;), a. [L. ad + nomen noun.] (Gram.) Pertaining to an adnoun; adjectival; attached to a noun. Gibbs. -- Ad*nom"i*nal*ly, adv.

Ad"noun` (&?;), n. [Pref. ad- + noun.] (Gram.) An adjective, or attribute. [R.] Coleridge.

Ad*nu"bi*la`ted (&?;), a. [L. adnubilatus, p. p. of adnubilare.] Clouded; obscured. [R.]

A*do" (*d"), (1) v. inf., (2) n. [OE. at do, northern form for to do. Cf. Affair.] 1. To do; in doing; as, there is nothing ado. "What is here ado?" J. Newton.

2. Doing; trouble; difficulty; troublesome business; fuss; bustle; as, to make a great ado about trifles.

> With much ado, he partly kept awake.
> Dryden.

> Let's follow to see the end of this ado.
> Shak.

||A*do"be (*d"b), n. [Sp.] An unburnt brick dried in the sun; also used as an adjective, as, an adobe house, in Texas or New Mexico.

Ad`o*les"cence (&?;), n. [Fr., fr. L. adolescentia.] The state of growing up from childhood to manhood or womanhood; youth, or the period of life between puberty and maturity, generally considered to be, in the male sex, from fourteen to twenty-one. Sometimes used with reference to the lower animals.

Ad`o*les"cen*cy (&?;), n. The quality of being adolescent; youthfulness.

<! p. 24 !>

Ad`o*les"cent (d`*ls"sent), a. [L. adolescens, p. pr. of adolescere to grow up to; ad + the inchoative olescere to grow: cf. F. adolescent. See Adult.] Growing; advancing from childhood to maturity.

> Schools, unless discipline were doubly strong,
> Detain their adolescent charge too long.
> Cowper.

Ad`o*les"cent, n. A youth.

Ad`o*ne"an (-n"an), a. [L. Adonus.] Pertaining to Adonis; Adonic. "Fair Adonean Venus." Faber.

A*don"ic (&?;), a. [F. adonique: cf. L. Adonius.] Relating to Adonis, famed for his beauty. - - n. An Adonic verse.

Adonic verse, a verse consisting of a dactyl and spondee (-- | -- --).

||A*do"nis (*d"ns), n. [L., gr. Gr. 'A`dwnis.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A youth beloved by Venus for his beauty. He was killed in the chase by a wild boar.

2. A preëminently beautiful young man; a dandy.

3. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the family Ranunculaceæ, containing the pheasant's eye (Adonis autumnalis); -- named from Adonis, whose blood was fabled to have stained the flower.

A*do"nist (*d"nst), n. [Heb. dni my Lords.] One who maintains that points of the Hebrew word translated "Jehovah" are really the vowel points of the word "Adonai." See Jehovist.

Ad"o*nize (d"*nz), v. t. [Cf. F. adoniser, fr. Adonis.] To beautify; to dandify.

> I employed three good hours at least in adjusting and adonozing myself.
> Smollett.

{ A*door (&?;), A*doors (&?;), } At the door; of the door; as, out adoors. Shak.

> I took him in adoors.
> Vicar's Virgil (1630).

A*dopt" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adopted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adopting.] [L. adoptare; ad + optare to choose, desire: cf. F. adopter. See Option.] 1. To take by choice into relationship, as, child, heir, friend, citizen, etc.; esp. to take voluntarily (a child of other parents) to be in the place of, or as, one's own child.

2. To take or receive as one's own what is not so naturally; to select and take or approve; as, to adopt the view or policy of another; these resolutions were adopted.

A*dopt"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being adopted.

A*dopt"ed (&?;), a. Taken by adoption; taken up as one's own; as, an adopted son, citizen, country, word. -- A*dopt"ed*ly, adv.

A*dopt"er (&?;), n. 1. One who adopts.

2. (Chem.) A receiver, with two necks, opposite to each other, one of which admits the neck of a retort, and the other is joined to another receiver. It is used in distillations, to give more space to elastic vapors, to increase the length of the neck of a retort, or to unite two vessels whose openings have different diameters. [Written also adapter.]

A*dop"tion (&?;), n. [L. adoptio, allied to adoptare to adopt: cf. F. adoption.] 1. The act of adopting, or state of being adopted; voluntary acceptance of a child of other parents to be the same as one's own child.

2. Admission to a more intimate relation; reception; as, the adoption of persons into hospitals or monasteries, or of one society into another.

3. The choosing and making that to be one's own which originally was not so; acceptance; as, the adoption of opinions. Jer. Taylor.

A*dop"tion*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect which maintained that Christ was the Son of God not by nature but by adoption.

A*dop"tious (&?;), a. Adopted. [Obs.]

A*dopt"ive (&?;), a. [L. adoptivus: cf. F. adoptif.] Pertaining to adoption; made or acquired by adoption; fitted to adopt; as, an adoptive father, an child; an adoptive language. -- A*dopt"ive*ly, adv.

A*dor`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. Adorableness.

A*dor"a*ble (&?;), a. [L. adorabilis, fr. adorare: cf. F. adorable.] 1. Deserving to be adored; worthy of divine honors.

> The adorable Author of Christianity.
> Cheyne.

2. Worthy of the utmost love or respect.

A*dor"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being adorable, or worthy of adoration. Johnson.

A*dor"a*bly, adv. In an adorable manner.

Ad`o*ra"tion (&?;), n. [L. adoratio, fr. adorare: cf. F. adoration.] 1. The act of playing honor to a divine being; the worship paid to God; the act of addressing as a god.

> The more immediate objects of popular adoration amongst the heathens were deified human beings.
> Farmer.

2. Homage paid to one in high esteem; profound veneration; intense regard and love; fervent devotion.

3. A method of electing a pope by the expression of homage from two thirds of the conclave.

> [Pole] might have been chosen on the spot by adoration.
> Froude.

A*dore" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adored (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adoring (&?;).] [OE. aouren, anouren, adoren, OF. aorer, adorer, F. adorer, fr. L. adorare; ad + orare to speak, pray, os, oris, mouth. In OE. confused with honor, the French prefix a- being confused with OE. a, an, on. See Oral.] 1. To worship with profound reverence; to pay divine honors to; to honor as deity or as divine.

> Bishops and priests, . . . bearing the host, which he [James &?;.] publicly adored.
> Smollett.

2. To love in the highest degree; to regard with the utmost esteem and affection; to idolize.

> The great mass of the population abhorred Popery and adored Montouth.
> Macaulay.

A*dore", v. t. To adorn. [Obs.]

> Congealed little drops which do the morn adore.
> Spenser.

A*dore"ment (-ment), n. The act of adoring; adoration. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

A*dor"er (&?;), n. One who adores; a worshiper; one who admires or loves greatly; an ardent admirer. "An adorer of truth." Clarendon.

> I profess myself her adorer, not her friend.
> Shak.

A*dor"ing*ly, adv. With adoration.

A*dorn" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adorned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adorning.] [OE. aournen, anournen, adornen, OF. aorner, fr. L. aaornare; ad + ornare to furnish, embellish. See Adore, Ornate.] To deck or dress with ornaments; to embellish; to set off to advantage; to render pleasing or attractive.

> As a bride adorneth herself with her jewels.
> Isa. lxi. 10.

> At church, with meek and unaffected grace,
> His looks adorned the venerable place.
> Goldsmith.

Syn. -- To deck; decorate; embellish; ornament; beautify; grace; dignify; exalt; honor. -- To Adorn, Ornament, Decorate, Embellish. We decorate and ornament by putting on some adjunct which is attractive or beautiful, and which serves to heighten the general effect. Thus, a lady's head-dress may be ornament or decorated with flowers or jewelry; a hall may be decorated or ornament with carving or gilding, with wreaths of flowers, or with hangings. Ornament is used in a wider sense than decorate. To embellish is to beautify or ornament richly, not so much by mere additions or details as by modifying the thing itself as a whole. It sometimes means gaudy and artificial decoration. We embellish a book with rich engravings; a style is embellished with rich and beautiful imagery; a shopkeeper embellishes his front window to attract attention. Adorn is sometimes identical with decorate, as when we say, a lady was adorned with jewels. In other cases, it seems to imply something more. Thus, we speak of a gallery of paintings as adorned with the works of some of the great masters, or adorned with noble statuary and columns. Here decorated and ornamented would hardly be appropriate. There is a value in these works of genius beyond mere show and ornament. Adorn may be used of what is purely moral; as, a character adorned with every Christian grace. Here neither decorate, nor ornament, nor embellish is proper.

A*dorn", n. Adornment. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*dorn", a. Adorned; decorated. [Obs.] Milton.

Ad`or*na"tion (&?;), n. Adornment. [Obs.]

A*dorn"er (&?;), n. He who, or that which, adorns; a beautifier.

A*dorn"ing*ly, adv. By adorning; decoratively.

A*dorn"ment (-ment), n. [Cf. OF. adornement. See Adorn.] An adorning; an ornament; a decoration.

Ad*os"cu*la"tion (&?;), n. [L. adosculari, adosculatum, to kiss. See Osculate.] (Biol.) Impregnation by external contact, without intromission.

A*down" (&?;), adv. [OE. adun, adoun, adune. AS. of d ne off the hill. See Down.] From a higher to a lower situation; downward; down, to or on the ground. [Archaic] "Thrice did she sink adown." Spenser.

A*down", prep. Down. [Archaic & Poetic]

> Her hair adown her shoulders loosely lay displayed.
> Prior.

Ad*press" (&?;), v. t. [L. adpressus, p. p. of adprimere.] See Appressed. -- Ad*pressed", (&?;), a.

A*drad" (&?;), p. a. [P. p. of adread.] Put in dread; afraid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ad"ra*gant (&?;), n. [F., a corruption of tragacanth.] Gum tragacanth. Brande & C.

A*dread" (&?;), v. t. & i. [AS. andrædan, ondræ; pref. a- (for and against) + dræden to dread. See Dread.] To dread. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

A*dreamed" (&?;), p. p. Visited by a dream; -- used in the phrase, To be adreamed, to dream. [Obs.]

Ad*re"nal (&?;), a. [Pref. ad- + renal.] (Anat.) Suprarenal.

A"dri*an (&?;), a. [L. Hadrianus.] Pertaining to the Adriatic Sea; as, Adrian billows.

A`dri*at"ic (&?;), a. [L. Adriaticus, Hadriaticus, fr. Adria or Hadria, a town of the Veneti.] Of or pertaining to a sea so named, the northwestern part of which is known as the Gulf of Venice.

A*drift" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- (for on) + drift.] Floating at random; in a drifting condition; at the mercy of wind and waves. Also fig.

> So on the sea shall be set adrift.
> Dryden.

> Were from their daily labor turned adrift.
> Wordsworth.

A*drip" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- in + drip.] In a dripping state; as, leaves all adrip. D. G. Mitchell.

Ad"ro*gate (&?;), v. t. [See Arrogate.] (Rom. Law) To adopt (a person who is his own master).

Ad`ro*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. adrogatio, arrogatio, fr. adrogare. See Arrogate.] (Rom. Law) A kind of adoption in ancient Rome. See Arrogation.

A*droit" (&?;), a. [F. adroit; à (L. ad) = droit straight, right, fr. L. directus, p. p. of dirigere. See Direct.] Dexterous in the use of the hands or in the exercise of the mental faculties; exhibiting skill and readiness in avoiding danger or escaping difficulty; ready in invention or execution; -- applied to persons and to acts; as, an adroit mechanic, an adroit reply. "Adroit in the application of the telescope and quadrant." Horsley. "He was adroit in intrigue." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Dexterous; skillful; expert; ready; clever; deft; ingenious; cunning; ready-witted.

A*droit"ly, adv. In an adroit manner.

A*droit"ness, n. The quality of being adroit; skill and readiness; dexterity.

> Adroitness was as requisite as courage.
> Motley.

Syn. -- See Skill.

A*dry" (&?;), a. [Pref. a- (for on) + dry.] In a dry or thirsty condition. "A man that is adry." Burton.

Ad`sci*ti"tious (&?;), a. [L. adscitus, p. p. of adsciscere, asciscere, to take knowingly; ad + sciscere to seek to know, approve, scire to know.] Supplemental; additional; adventitious; ascititious. "Adscititious evidence." Bowring. -- Ad`sci*ti"tious*ly, adv.

Ad"script (&?;), a. [L. adscriptus, p. p. of adscribere to enroll. See Ascribe.] Held to service as attached to the soil; -- said of feudal serfs.

Ad"script (&?;), n. One held to service as attached to the glebe or estate; a feudal serf. Bancroft.

Ad*scrip"tive (&?;), a. [L. adscriptivus. See Adscript.] Attached or annexed to the glebe or estate and transferable with it. Brougham.

Ad*sig`ni*fi*ca"tion (&?;), n. Additional signification. [R.] Tooke.

Ad*sig"ni*fy (&?;), v. t. [L. adsignificare to show.] To denote additionally. [R.] Tooke.

Ad*strict" (&?;), v. t. -- Ad*stric"tion, (&?;) n. See Astrict, and Astriction.

Ad*stric"to*ry (&?;), a. See Astrictory.

Ad*strin"gent (&?;), a. See Astringent.

||Ad`u*la"ri*a (&?;), n. [From Adula, a mountain peak in Switzerland, where fine specimens are found.] (Min.) A transparent or translucent variety of common feldspar, or orthoclase, which often shows pearly opalescent reflections; -- called by lapidaries moonstone.

Ad"u*late (&?;), v. t. [L. adulatus, p. p. of adulari.] To flatter in a servile way. Byron.

Ad`u*la"tion (&?;), n. [F. adulation, fr. L. adulatio, fr. adulari, adulatum, to flatter.] Servile flattery; praise in excess, or beyond what is merited.

> Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out
> With titles blown from adulation?
> Shak.

Syn. -- Sycophancy; cringing; fawning; obsequiousness; blandishment. -- Adulation, Flattery, Compliment. Men deal in compliments from a desire to please; they use flattery either from undue admiration, or a wish to gratify vanity; they practice adulation from sordid motives, and with a mingled spirit of falsehood and hypocrisy. Compliment may be a sincere expression of due respect and esteem, or it may be unmeaning; flattery is apt to become gross; adulation is always servile, and usually fulsome.

Ad"u*la`tor (&?;), n. [L., fr. adulari: cf. F. adulateur.] A servile or hypocritical flatterer. Carlyle.

Ad"u*la*to*ry (&?;), a. [L. adulatorius, fr. adulari: cf. OF. adulatoire.] Containing excessive praise or compliment; servilely praising; flattering; as, an adulatory address.

> A mere rant of adulatory freedom.
> Burke.

Ad"u*la`tress (&?;), n. A woman who flatters with servility.

A*dult" (&?;), a. [L. adultus, p. p. of adolescere, akin to alere to nourish: cf. F. adulte. See Adolescent, Old.] Having arrived at maturity, or to full size and strength; matured; as, an adult person or plant; an adult ape; an adult age.

A*dult", n. A person, animal, or plant grown to full size and strength; one who has reached maturity.

In the common law, the term is applied to a person who has attained full age or legal majority; in the civil law, to males after the age of fourteen, and to females after twelve.

A*dul"ter (&?;), v. i. [L. adulterare.] To commit adultery; to pollute. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

A*dul"ter*ant (&?;), n. [L. adulterans, p. pr. of adulterare.] That which is used to adulterate anything. -- a. Adulterating; as, adulterant agents and processes.

A*dul"ter*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adulterated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adulterating (&?;).] [L. adulteratus, p. p. of adulterare, fr. adulter adulterer, prob. fr. ad + alter other, properly one who approaches another on account of unlawful love. Cf. Advoutry.]

1. To defile by adultery. [Obs.] Milton.

2. To corrupt, debase, or make impure by an admixture of a foreign or a baser substance; as, to adulterate food, drink, drugs, coin, etc.

> The present war has . . . adulterated our tongue with strange words.
> Spectator.

Syn. -- To corrupt; defile; debase; contaminate; vitiate; sophisticate.

A*dul"ter*ate, v. i. To commit adultery. [Obs.]

A*dul"ter*ate (&?;), a. 1. Tainted with adultery.

2. Debased by the admixture of a foreign substance; adulterated; spurious.

-- A*dul"ter*ate*ly, adv. -- A*dul"ter*ate*ness, n.

A*dul`ter*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. adulteratio.] 1. The act of adulterating; corruption, or debasement (esp. of food or drink) by foreign mixture.

> The shameless adulteration of the coin.
> Prescott.

2. An adulterated state or product.

A*dul"ter*a`tor (&?;), n. [L.] One who adulterates or corrupts. [R.] Cudworth.

A*dul"ter*er (&?;), n. [Formed fr. the verb adulter, with the E. ending -er. See Advoutrer.] 1. A man who commits adultery; a married man who has sexual intercourse with a woman not his wife.

2. (Script.) A man who violates his religious covenant. Jer. ix. 2.

A*dul"ter*ess (&?;), n. [Fem. from L. adulter. Cf. Advoutress.] 1. A woman who commits adultery.

2. (Script.) A woman who violates her religious engagements. James iv. 4.

A*dul"ter*ine (&?;), a. [L. adulterinus, fr. adulter.] Proceeding from adulterous intercourse. Hence: Spurious; without the support of law; illegal.

> When any particular class of artificers or traders thought proper to act as a corporation without a charter, such were called adulterine guilds.
> Adam Smith.

A*dul"ter*ine, n. An illegitimate child. [R.]

A*dul"ter*ize (&?;), v. i. To commit adultery. Milton.

A*dul"ter*ous (&?;), a. 1. Guilty of, or given to, adultery; pertaining to adultery; illicit. Dryden.

2. Characterized by adulteration; spurious. "An adulterous mixture." [Obs.] Smollett.

A*dul"ter*ous*ly, adv. In an adulterous manner.

A*dul"ter*y (&?;), n.; pl. Adulteries(&?;). [L. adulterium. See Advoutry.] 1. The unfaithfulness of a married person to the marriage bed; sexual intercourse by a married man with another than his wife, or voluntary sexual intercourse by a married woman with another than her husband.

<! p. 25 !>

It is adultery on the part of the married wrongdoer.

The word has also been used to characterize the act of an unmarried participator, the other being married. In the United States the definition varies with the local statutes. Unlawful intercourse between two married persons is sometimes called double adultery; between a married and an unmarried person, single adultery.

2. Adulteration; corruption. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

3. (Script.) (a) Lewdness or unchastity of thought as well as act, as forbidden by the seventh commandment. (b) Faithlessness in religion. Jer. iii. 9.

4. (Old Law) The fine and penalty imposed for the offense of adultery.

5. (Eccl.) The intrusion of a person into a bishopric during the life of the bishop.

6. Injury; degradation; ruin. [Obs.]

> You might wrest the caduceus out of my hand to the adultery and spoil of nature.
> B. Jonson.

A*dult"ness (&?;), n. The state of being adult.

Ad*um"brant (&?;), a. [L. adumbrans, p. pr. of adumbrare.] Giving a faint shadow, or slight resemblance; shadowing forth.

Ad*um"brate (&?;), v. t. [L. adumbratus, p. p. of adumbrare; ad + umbrare to shade; umbra shadow.]

1. To give a faint shadow or slight representation of; to outline; to shadow forth.

> Both in the vastness and the richness of the visible universe the invisible God is adumbrated.
> L. Taylor.

2. To overshadow; to shade.

Ad`um*bra"tion (&?;), n. [L. adumbratio.] 1. The act of adumbrating, or shadowing forth.

2. A faint sketch; an outline; an imperfect portrayal or representation of a thing.

> Elegant adumbrations of sacred truth.
> Bp. Horsley.

3. (Her.) The shadow or outlines of a figure.

Ad*um"bra*tive (&?;), a. Faintly representing; typical. Carlyle.

Ad`u*na"tion (&?;), n. [L. adunatio; ad + unus one.] A uniting; union. Jer. Taylor.

{ A*dunc", A*dunque" } (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Hooked; as, a parrot has an adunc bill.

A*dun"ci*ty (&?;), n. [L. aduncitas. See Aduncous.] Curvature inwards; hookedness.

> The aduncity of the beaks of hawks.
> Pope.

A*dun"cous (&?;), a. [L. aduncus; ad + uncus hooked, hook.] Curved inwards; hooked.

A*dure" (&?;), v. t. [L. adurere; ad + urere to burn.] To burn up. [Obs.] Bacon.

A*dust" (&?;), a. [L. adustus, p. p. of adurere: cf. F. aduste.] 1. Inflamed or scorched; fiery. "The Libyan air adust." Milton.

2. Looking as if or scorched; sunburnt.

> A tall, thin man, of an adust complexion.
> Sir W. Scott.

3. (Med.) Having much heat in the constitution and little serum in the blood. [Obs.] Hence: Atrabilious; sallow; gloomy.

A*dust"ed, a. Burnt; adust. [Obs.] Howell.

A*dust"i*ble (&?;), a. That may be burnt. [Obs.]

A*dus"tion (?; 106), n. [L. adustio, fr. adurere, adustum: cf. F. adustion.] 1. The act of burning, or heating to dryness; the state of being thus heated or dried. [Obs.] Harvey.

2. (Surg.) Cauterization. Buchanan.

||Ad va*lo"rem (&?;). [L., according to the value.] (Com.) A term used to denote a duty or charge laid upon goods, at a certain rate per cent upon their value, as stated in their invoice, -- in opposition to a specific sum upon a given quantity or number; as, an ad valorem duty of twenty per cent.

Ad*vance" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advanced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Advancing (&?;)(#).] [OE. avancen, avauncen, F. avancer, fr. a supposed LL. abantiare; ab + ante (F. avant) before. The spelling with d was a mistake, a- being supposed to be fr. L. ad. See Avaunt.] 1. To bring forward; to move towards the van or front; to make to go on.

2. To raise; to elevate. [Archaic]

> They . . . advanced their eyelids.
> Shak.

3. To raise to a higher rank; to promote.

> Ahasueres . . . advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes.
> Esther iii. 1.

4. To accelerate the growth or progress; to further; to forward; to help on; to aid; to heighten; as, to advance the ripening of fruit; to advance one's interests.

5. To bring to view or notice; to offer or propose; to show; as, to advance an argument.

> Some ne'er advance a judgment of their own.
> Pope.

6. To make earlier, as an event or date; to hasten.

7. To furnish, as money or other value, before it becomes due, or in aid of an enterprise; to supply beforehand; as, a merchant advances money on a contract or on goods consigned to him.

8. To raise to a higher point; to enhance; to raise in rate; as, to advance the price of goods.

9. To extol; to laud. [Obs.]

> Greatly advancing his gay chivalry.
> Spenser.

Syn. -- To raise; elevate; exalt; aggrandize; improve; heighten; accelerate; allege; adduce; assign.

Ad*vance", v. i. 1. To move or go forward; to proceed; as, he advanced to greet me.

2. To increase or make progress in any respect; as, to advance in knowledge, in stature, in years, in price.

3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence; to be preferred or promoted.

> Advanced to a level with ancient peers.
> Prescott.

Ad*vance", n. [Cf. F. avance, fr. avancer. See Advance, v.] 1. The act of advancing or moving forward or upward; progress.

2. Improvement or progression, physically, mentally, morally, or socially; as, an advance in health, knowledge, or religion; an advance in rank or office.

3. An addition to the price; rise in price or value; as, an advance on the prime cost of goods.

4. The first step towards the attainment of a result; approach made to gain favor, to form an acquaintance, to adjust a difference, etc.; an overture; a tender; an offer; -- usually in the plural.

> [He] made the like advances to the dissenters.
> Swift.

5. A furnishing of something before an equivalent is received (as money or goods), towards a capital or stock, or on loan; payment beforehand; the money or goods thus furnished; money or value supplied beforehand.

> I shall, with pleasure, make the necessary advances.
> Jay.

> The account was made up with intent to show what advances had been made.
> Kent.

In advance (a) In front; before. (b) Beforehand; before an equivalent is received. (c) In the state of having advanced money on account; as, A is in advance to B a thousand dollars or pounds.

Ad*vance" (&?;), a. Before in place, or beforehand in time; -- used for advanced; as, an advance guard, or that before the main guard or body of an army; advance payment, or that made before it is due; advance proofs, advance sheets, pages of a forthcoming volume, received in advance of the time of publication.

Ad*vanced" (&?;), a. 1. In the van or front.

2. In the front or before others, as regards progress or ideas; as, advanced opinions, advanced thinkers.

3. Far on in life or time.

> A gentleman advanced in years, with a hard experience written in his wrinkles.
> Hawthorne.

Advanced guard, a detachment of troops which precedes the march of the main body.

Ad*vance"ment (d*vns"ment), n. [OE. avancement, F. avancement. See Advance, v. t.] 1. The act of advancing, or the state of being advanced; progression; improvement; furtherance; promotion to a higher place or dignity; as, the advancement of learning.

> In heaven . . . every one (so well they love each other) rejoiceth and hath his part in each other's advancement.
> Sir T. More.

> True religion . . . proposes for its end the joint advancement of the virtue and happiness of the people.
> Horsley.

2. An advance of money or value; payment in advance. See Advance, 5.

3. (Law) Property given, usually by a parent to a child, in advance of a future distribution.

4. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ad*van"cer (&?;), n. 1. One who advances; a promoter.

2. A second branch of a buck's antler. Howell.

Ad*van"cive (&?;), a. Tending to advance. [R.]

Ad*van"tage (?; 61, 48), n. [OE. avantage, avauntage, F. avantage, fr. avant before. See Advance, and cf. Vantage.] 1. Any condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means, particularly favorable to success, or to any desired end; benefit; as, the enemy had the advantage of a more elevated position.

> Give me advantage of some brief discourse.
> Shak.

> The advantages of a close alliance.
> Macaulay.

2. Superiority; mastery; -- with of or over.

> Lest Satan should get an advantage of us.
> 2 Cor. ii. 11.

3. Superiority of state, or that which gives it; benefit; gain; profit; as, the advantage of a good constitution.

4. Interest of money; increase; overplus (as the thirteenth in the baker's dozen). [Obs.]

> And with advantage means to pay thy love.
> Shak.

Advantage ground, vantage ground. [R.] Clarendon. -- To have the advantage of (any one), to have a personal knowledge of one who does not have a reciprocal knowledge. "You have the advantage of me; I don't remember ever to have had the honor." Sheridan. -- To take advantage of, to profit by; (often used in a bad sense) to overreach, to outwit.

Syn. -- Advantage, Advantageous, Benefit, Beneficial. We speak of a thing as a benefit, or as beneficial, when it is simply productive of good; as, the benefits of early discipline; the beneficial effects of adversity. We speak of a thing as an advantage, or as advantageous, when it affords us the means of getting forward, and places us on a "vantage ground" for further effort. Hence, there is a difference between the benefits and the advantages of early education; between a beneficial and an advantageous investment of money.

Ad*van"tage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advantaged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Advantaging (&?;).] [F. avantager, fr. avantage. See Advance.] To give an advantage to; to further; to promote; to benefit; to profit.

> The truth is, the archbishop's own stiffness and averseness to comply with the court designs, advantaged his adversaries against him.
> Fuller.

> What is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, or be cast away?
> Luke ix. 25.

To advantage one's self of, to avail one's self of. [Obs.]

Ad*van"tage*a*ble (&?;), a. Advantageous. [Obs.]

Ad`van*ta"geous (&?;), a. [F. avantageux, fr. avantage.] Being of advantage; conferring advantage; gainful; profitable; useful; beneficial; as, an advantageous position; trade is advantageous to a nation.

> Advabtageous comparison with any other country.
> Prescott.

> You see . . . of what use a good reputation is, and how swift and advantageous a harbinger it is, wherever one goes.
> Chesterfield.

Ad`van*ta"geous*ly, adv. Profitably; with advantage.

Ad`van*ta"geous*ness, n. Profitableness.

Ad*vene" (&?;), v. i. [L. advenire; ad + venire to come: cf. F. avenir, advenir. See Come.] To accede, or come (to); to be added to something or become a part of it, though not essential. [R.]

> Where no act of the will advenes as a coefficient.
> Coleridge.

Ad*ven"ient (&?;), a. [L. adviens, p. pr.] Coming from outward causes; superadded. [Obs.]

Ad`vent (&?;), n. [L. adventus, fr. advenire, adventum: cf. F. avent. See Advene.] 1. (Eccl.) The period including the four Sundays before Christmas.

Advent Sunday (Eccl.), the first Sunday in the season of Advent, being always the nearest Sunday to the feast of St. Andrew (Now. 30). Shipley.

2. The first or the expected second coming of Christ.

3. Coming; any important arrival; approach.

> Death's dreadful advent.
> Young.

> Expecting still his advent home.
> Tennyson.

Ad"vent*ist (&?;), n. One of a religious body, embracing several branches, who look for the proximate personal coming of Christ; -- called also Second Adventists. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

Ad`ven*ti"tious (&?;), a. [L. adventitius.] 1. Added extrinsically; not essentially inherent; accidental or causal; additional; supervenient; foreign.

> To things of great dimensions, if we annex an adventitious idea of terror, they become without comparison greater.
> Burke.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Out of the proper or usual place; as, adventitious buds or roots.

3. (Bot.) Accidentally or sparingly spontaneous in a country or district; not fully naturalized; adventive; -- applied to foreign plants.

4. (Med.) Acquired, as diseases; accidental.

-- Ad`ven*ti"tious*ly, adv. -- Ad`ven*ti"tious*ness, n.

Ad*ven"tive (&?;), a. 1. Accidental.

2. (Bot.) Adventitious. Gray.

Ad*ven"tive, n. A thing or person coming from without; an immigrant. [R.] Bacon.

Ad*ven"tu*al (?; 135), a. Relating to the season of advent. Sanderson.

Ad*ven"ture (?; 135), n. [OE. aventure, aunter, anter, F. aventure, fr. LL. adventura, fr. L. advenire, adventum, to arrive, which in the Romance languages took the sense of "to happen, befall." See Advene.]

1. That which happens without design; chance; hazard; hap; hence, chance of danger or loss.

> Nay, a far less good to man it will be found, if she must, at all adventures, be fastened upon him individually.
> Milton.

2. Risk; danger; peril. [Obs.]

> He was in great adventure of his life.
> Berners.

3. The encountering of risks; hazardous and striking enterprise; a bold undertaking, in which hazards are to be encountered, and the issue is staked upon unforeseen events; a daring feat.

> He loved excitement and adventure.
> Macaulay.

4. A remarkable occurrence; a striking event; a stirring incident; as, the adventures of one's life. Bacon.

5. A mercantile or speculative enterprise of hazard; a venture; a shipment by a merchant on his own account.

A bill of adventure (Com.), a writing setting forth that the goods shipped are at the owner's risk.

Syn. -- Undertaking; enterprise; venture; event.

Ad*ven"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adventured (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Adventuring (&?;).] [OE. aventuren, auntren, F. aventurer, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.] 1. To risk, or hazard; jeopard; to venture.

> He would not adventure himself into the theater.
> Acts xix. 31.

2. To venture upon; to run the risk of; to dare.

> Yet they adventured to go back.
> Bunyan.

> Discriminations might be adventured.
> J. Taylor.

Ad*ven"ture, v. i. To try the chance; to take the risk.

> I would adventure for such merchandise.
> Shak.

Ad*ven"ture*ful (&?;), a. Given to adventure.

Ad*ven"tur*er (&?;), n. [Cf. F. aventurier.]

1. One who adventures; as, the merchant adventurers; one who seeks his fortune in new and hazardous or perilous enterprises.

2. A social pretender on the lookout for advancement.

Ad*ven"ture*some (&?;), a. Full of risk; adventurous; venturesome. -- Ad*ven"ture*some*ness, n.

Ad*ven"tur*ess (&?;), n. A female adventurer; a woman who tries to gain position by equivocal means.

Ad*ven"tur*ous (&?;), a. [OE. aventurous, aunterous, OF. aventuros, F. aventureux, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.] 1. Inclined to adventure; willing to incur hazard; prone to embark in hazardous enterprise; rashly daring; -- applied to persons.

> Bold deed thou hast presumed, adventurous Eve.
> Milton.

2. Full of hazard; attended with risk; exposing to danger; requiring courage; rash; -- applied to acts; as, an adventurous undertaking, deed, song.

Syn. -- Rash; foolhardy; presumptuous; enterprising; daring; hazardous; venturesome. See Rash.

Ad*ven"tur*ous*ly, adv. In an adventurous manner; venturesomely; boldly; daringly.

Ad*ven"tur*ous*ness, n. The quality or state of being adventurous; daring; venturesomeness.

Ad"verb (&?;), n. [L. adverbium; ad + verbum word, verb: cf. F. adverbe.] (Gram.) A word used to modify the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and usually placed near it; as, he writes well; paper extremely white.

Ad*ver"bi*al (&?;), a. [L. adverbialis: cf. F. adverbial.] Of or pertaining to an adverb; of the nature of an adverb; as, an adverbial phrase or form.

Ad*ver`bi*al"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being adverbial. Earle.

Ad*ver"bi*al*ize (&?;), v. t. To give the force or form of an adverb to.

Ad*ver"bi*al*ly, adv. In the manner of an adverb.

||Ad`ver*sa"ri*a (&?;), n. pl. [L. adversaria (sc. scripta), neut. pl. of adversarius.] A miscellaneous collection of notes, remarks, or selections; a commonplace book; also, commentaries or notes.

> These parchments are supposed to have been St. Paul's adversaria.
> Bp. Bull.

Ad`ver*sa"ri*ous (&?;), a. Hostile. [R.] Southey.

Ad`ver*sa*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Adversaries (&?;). [OE. adversarie, direct fr. the Latin, and adversaire, fr. OF. adversier, aversier, fr. L. adversarius (a.) turned toward, (n.) an adversary. See Adverse.] One who is turned against another or others with a design to oppose<! p. 26 !> or resist them; a member of an opposing or hostile party; an opponent; an antagonist; an enemy; a foe.

> His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries.
> Shak.

> Agree with thine adversary quickly.
> Matt. v. 25.

> It may be thought that to vindicate the permanency of truth is to dispute without an adversary.
> Beattie.

The Adversary, The Satan, or the Devil.

Syn. -- Adversary, Enemy, Opponent, Antagonist. Enemy is the only one of these words which necessarily implies a state of personal hostility. Men may be adversaries, antagonists, or opponents to each other in certain respects, and yet have no feelings of general animosity. An adversary may be simply one who is placed for a time in a hostile position, as in a lawsuit, an argument, in chess playing, or at fence. An opponent is one who is ranged against another (perhaps passively) on the opposing side; as a political opponent, an opponent in debate. An antagonist is one who struggles against another with active effort, either in a literal fight or in verbal debate.

Ad"ver*sa*ry (&?;), a. 1. Opposed; opposite; adverse; antagonistic. [Archaic] Bp. King.

2. (Law) Having an opposing party; not unopposed; as, an adversary suit.

Ad*ver"sa*tive (&?;), a. [L. adversativus, fr. adversari.] Expressing contrariety, opposition, or antithesis; as, an adversative conjunction (but, however, yet, etc. ); an adversative force. -- Ad*ver"sa*tive*ly, adv.

Ad*ver"sa*tive, n. An adversative word. Harris.

Ad"verse (&?;), a. [OE. advers, OF. avers, advers, fr. L. adversus, p. p. advertere to turn to. See Advert.]

1. Acting against, or in a contrary direction; opposed; contrary; opposite; conflicting; as, adverse winds; an adverse party; a spirit adverse to distinctions of caste.

2. Opposite. "Calpe's adverse height." Byron.

3. In hostile opposition to; unfavorable; unpropitious; contrary to one's wishes; unfortunate; calamitous; afflictive; hurtful; as, adverse fates, adverse circumstances, things adverse.

> Happy were it for us all if we bore prosperity as well and wisely as we endure an adverse fortune.
> Southey.

Adverse possession (Law), a possession of real property avowedly contrary to some claim of title in another person. Abbott.

Syn. -- Averse; reluctant; unwilling. See Averse.

Ad*verse" (&?;), v. t. [L. adversari: cf. OF. averser.] To oppose; to resist. [Obs.] Gower.

Ad"verse*ly (277), adv. In an adverse manner; inimically; unfortunately; contrariwise.

Ad"verse*ness, n. The quality or state of being adverse; opposition.

{ Ad*ver`si*fo"li*ate (&?;), Ad*ver`si*fo"li*ous (&?;) } a. [L. adversus opposite + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having opposite leaves, as plants which have the leaves so arranged on the stem.

Ad*ver"sion (&?;), n. [L. adversio] A turning towards; attention. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Ad*ver"si*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Adversities(&?;). [OE. adversite, F. adversité, fr. L. adversitas.] 1. Opposition; contrariety. [Obs.] Wyclif.

> Adversity is not without comforts and hopes.
> Bacon.

Syn. -- Affliction; distress; misery; disaster; trouble; suffering; trial.

Ad*vert" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adverting.] [L. advertere, v. t., to turn to; ad + vertere to turn: cf. F. avertir. See Advertise.] To turn the mind or attention; to refer; to take heed or notice; -- with to; as, he adverted to what was said.

> I may again advert to the distinction.
> Owen.

Syn.- To refer; allude; regard. See Refer.

{ Ad*vert"ence (&?;), Ad*vert"en*cy (&?;), } [OF. advertence, avertence, LL. advertentia, fr. L. advertens. See Advertent.] The act of adverting, of the quality of being advertent; attention; notice; regard; heedfulness.

> To this difference it is right that advertence should be had in regulating taxation.
> J. S. Mill.

Ad*vert"ent (&?;), a. [L. advertens, -entis, p. pr. of advertere. See Advert.] Attentive; heedful; regardful. Sir M. Hale. -- Ad*vert"ent*ly, adv.

Ad`ver*tise" (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advertised (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Advertising (&?;).] [F. avertir, formerly also spelt advertir, to warn, give notice to, L. advertere to turn to. The ending was probably influenced by the noun advertisement. See Advert.] To give notice to; to inform or apprise; to notify; to make known; hence, to warn; -- often followed by of before the subject of information; as, to advertise a man of his loss. [Archaic]

> I will advertise thee what this people shall do.
> Num. xxiv. 14.

4. To give public notice of; to announce publicly, esp. by a printed notice; as, to advertise goods for sale, a lost article, the sailing day of a vessel, a political meeting.

Syn. -- To apprise; inform; make known; notify; announce; proclaim; promulgate; publish.

Ad*ver"tise*ment (d*vr"tz*ment or d`vr*tz"ment; 277), n. [F. avertisement, formerly also spelled advertissement, a warning, giving notice, fr. avertir.] 1. The act of informing or notifying; notification. [Archaic]

> An advertisement of danger.
> Bp. Burnet.

2. Admonition; advice; warning. [Obs.]

> Therefore give me no counsel:
> My griefs cry louder than advertisement.
> Shak.

3. A public notice, especially a paid notice in some public print; anything that advertises; as, a newspaper containing many advertisements.

Ad`ver*tis"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, advertises.

Ad*vice" (&?;), n. [OE. avis, F. avis; &?; + OF. vis, fr. L. visum seemed, seen; really p. p. of videre to see, so that vis meant that which has seemed best. See Vision, and cf. Avise, Advise.] 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel.

> We may give advice, but we can not give conduct.
> Franklin.

2. Deliberate consideration; knowledge. [Obs.]

> How shall I dote on her with more advice,
> That thus without advice begin to love her?
> Shak.

3. Information or notice given; intelligence; as, late advices from France; -- commonly in the plural.

In commercial language, advice usually means information communicated by letter; -- used chiefly in reference to drafts or bills of exchange; as, a letter of advice. McElrath.

4. (Crim. Law) Counseling to perform a specific illegal act. Wharton.

Advice boat, a vessel employed to carry dispatches or to reconnoiter; a dispatch boat. -- To take advice. (a) To accept advice. (b) To consult with another or others.

Syn. -- Counsel; suggestion; recommendation; admonition; exhortation; information; notice.

Ad*vis`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being advisable; advisableness.

Ad*vis"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Proper to be advised or to be done; expedient; prudent.

> Some judge it advisable for a man to account with his heart every day.
> South.

2. Ready to receive advice. [R.] South.

Syn. -- Expedient; proper; desirable; befitting.

Ad*vis"a*ble-ness, n. The quality of being advisable or expedient; expediency; advisability.

Ad*vis"a*bly, adv. With advice; wisely.

Ad*vise" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advised (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Advising (&?;).] [OE. avisen to perceive, consider, inform, F. aviser, fr. LL. advisare. advisare; ad + visare, fr. L. videre, visum, to see. See Advice, and cf. Avise.] 1. To give advice to; to offer an opinion, as worthy or expedient to be followed; to counsel; to warn. "I shall no more advise thee." Milton.

2. To give information or notice to; to inform; -- with of before the thing communicated; as, we were advised of the risk.

To advise one's self, to bethink one's self; to take counsel with one's self; to reflect; to consider. [Obs.]

> Bid thy master well advise himself.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To counsel; admonish; apprise; acquaint.

Ad*vise", v. t. 1. To consider; to deliberate. [Obs.]

> Advise if this be worth attempting.
> Milton.

2. To take counsel; to consult; -- followed by with; as, to advise with friends.

Ad*vis"ed*ly (&?;), adv. 1. Circumspectly; deliberately; leisurely. [Obs.] Shak.

2. With deliberate purpose; purposely; by design. "Advisedly undertaken." Suckling.

Ad*vis"ed*ness n. Deliberate consideration; prudent procedure; caution.

Ad*vise"ment (d*vz"ment), n. [OE. avisement, F. avisement, fr. aviser. See Advise, and cf. Avisement.] 1. Counsel; advice; information. [Archaic]

> And mused awhile, waking advisement takes of what had passed in sleep.
> Daniel.

2. Consideration; deliberation; consultation.

> Tempering the passion with advisement slow.
> Spenser.

Ad*vis"er (&?;), n. One who advises.

Ad*vis"er*ship, n. The office of an adviser. [R.]

Ad*vi"so (&?;), n. [Cf. Sp. aviso. See Advice.] Advice; counsel; suggestion; also, a dispatch or advice boat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ad*vi"so*ry (&?;), a. Having power to advise; containing advice; as, an advisory council; their opinion is merely advisory.

> The General Association has a general advisory superintendence over all the ministers and churches.
> Trumbull.

Ad"vo*ca*cy (&?;), n. [OF. advocatie, LL. advocatia. See Advocate.] The act of pleading for or supporting; work of advocating; intercession.

Ad"vo*cate (&?;), n. [OE. avocat, avocet, OF. avocat, fr. L. advocatus, one summoned or called to another; properly the p. p. of advocare to call to, call to one's aid; ad + vocare to call. See Advowee, Avowee, Vocal.] 1. One who pleads the cause of another. Specifically: One who pleads the cause of another before a tribunal or judicial court; a counselor.

In the English and American Law, advocate is the same as "counsel," "counselor," or "barrister." In the civil and ecclesiastical courts, the term signifies the same as "counsel" at the common law.

2. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses any cause by argument; a pleader; as, an advocate of free trade, an advocate of truth.

3. Christ, considered as an intercessor.

> We have an Advocate with the Father.
> 1 John ii. 1.

Faculty of advocates (Scot.), the Scottish bar in Edinburgh. -- Lord advocate (Scot.), the public prosecutor of crimes, and principal crown lawyer. -- Judge advocate. See under Judge.

Ad"vo*cate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advocated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Advocating (&?;).] [See Advocate, n., Advoke, Avow.] To plead in favor of; to defend by argument, before a tribunal or the public; to support, vindicate, or recommend publicly.

> To advocate the cause of thy client.
> Bp. Sanderson (1624).

> This is the only thing distinct and sensible, that has been advocated.
> Burke.

> Eminent orators were engaged to advocate his cause.
> Mitford.

Ad"vo*cate, v. i. To act as advocate. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ad"vo*cate*ship, n. Office or duty of an advocate.

Ad`vo*ca"tion (&?;), n. [L. advocatio: cf. OF. avocation. See Advowson.] 1. The act of advocating or pleading; plea; advocacy. [Archaic]

> The holy Jesus . . . sits in heaven in a perpetual advocation for us.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. Advowson. [Obs.]

> The donations or advocations of church livings.
> Sanderson.

3. (Scots Law) The process of removing a cause from an inferior court to the supreme court. Bell.

Ad"vo*ca*to*ry (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an advocate. [R.]

Ad*voke" (&?;), v. t. [L. advocare. See Advocate.] To summon; to call. [Obs.]

> Queen Katharine had privately prevailed with the pope to advoke the cause to Rome.
> Fuller.

Ad`vo*lu"tion (&?;), n. [L. advolvere, advolutum, to roll to.] A rolling toward something. [R.]

Ad*vou"trer (&?;), n. [OF. avoutre, avoltre, fr. L. adulter. Cf. Adulterer.] An adulterer. [Obs.]

Ad*vou"tress (&?;), n. An adulteress. [Obs.] Bacon.

{ Ad*vou"try, Ad*vow"try } (&?;), n. [OE. avoutrie, avouterie, advoutrie, OF. avoutrie, avulterie, fr. L. adulterium. Cf. Adultery.] Adultery. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ad*vow*ee" (&?;), n. [OE. avowe, F. avoué, fr. L. advocatus. See Advocate, Avowee, Avoyer.] One who has an advowson. Cowell.

Ad*vow"son (?; 277), n. [OE. avoweisoun, OF. avoëson, fr. L. advocatio. Cf. Advocation.] (Eng. Law) The right of presenting to a vacant benefice or living in the church. [Originally, the relation of a patron (advocatus) or protector of a benefice, and thus privileged to nominate or present to it.]

The benefices of the Church of England are in every case subjects of presentation. They are nearly 12,000 in number; the advowson of more than half of them belongs to private persons, and of the remainder to the crown, bishops, deans and chapters, universities, and colleges. Amer. Cyc.

Ad*voy"er (&?;), n. See Avoyer. [Obs.]

Ad*ward" (&?;), n. Award. [Obs.] Spenser.

||Ad`y*na"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL. adynamia, fr. Gr. &?; want of strength; &?; priv + &?; power, strength.] (Med.) Considerable debility of the vital powers, as in typhoid fever. Dunglison.

Ad`y*nam"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. adynamique. See Adynamy.] 1. (Med.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, debility of the vital powers; weak.

2. (Physics) Characterized by the absence of power or force.

Adynamic fevers, malignant or putrid fevers attended with great muscular debility.

A*dyn"a*my (&?;), n. Adynamia. [R.] Morin.

||Ad"y*tum (&?;), n. Adyta (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, n., fr. &?;, a., not to be entered; 'a priv. + &?; to enter.] The innermost sanctuary or shrine in ancient temples, whence oracles were given. Hence: A private chamber; a sanctum.

{ Adz, Adze } (&?;), n. [OE. adese, adis, adse, AS. adesa, adese, ax, hatchet.] A carpenter's or cooper's tool, formed with a thin arching blade set at right angles to the handle. It is used for chipping or slicing away the surface of wood.

Adz, v. t. To cut with an adz. [R.] Carlyle.

Æ or Ae. A diphthong in the Latin language; used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. ai. The Anglo-Saxon short æ was generally replaced by a, the long by e or ee. In derivatives from Latin words with ae, it is mostly superseded by e. For most words found with this initial combination, the reader will therefore search under the letter E.

||Æ*cid"i*um (&?;), n.; pl. Æcidia (&?;). [NL., dim. of Gr. &?; injury.] (Bot.) A form of fruit in the cycle of development of the Rusts or Brands, an order of fungi, formerly considered independent plants.

Æ"dile (&?;), n. [L. aedilis, fr. aedes temple, public building. Cf. Edify.] A magistrate in ancient Rome, who had the superintendence of public buildings, highways, shows, etc.; hence, a municipal officer.

Æ"dile*ship, n. The office of an ædile. T. Arnold.

Æ*ge"an (&?;), a. [L. Aegeus; Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to the sea, or arm of the Mediterranean sea, east of Greece. See Archipelago.

||Æ`gi*cra"ni*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, goat + &?;, n. pl., heads.] (Arch.) Sculptured ornaments, used in classical architecture, representing rams' heads or skulls.

Æg"i*lops (&?;), n. [L. aegilopis, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, gen. &?;, goat + &?; eye.] 1. (Med.) An ulcer or fistula in the inner corner of the eye.

2. (Bot.) (a) The great wild-oat grass or other cornfield weed. Crabb. (b) A genus of plants, called also hardgrass.

||Æ"gis (&?;), n. [L. aegis, fr. Gr. &?; a goat skin, a shield, &?; goat, or fr. &?; to rush.] A shield or protective armor; -- applied in mythology to the shield of Jupiter which he gave to Minerva. Also fig.: A shield; a protection.

Æ*goph"o*ny (&?;), n. Same as Egophony.

||Æ*gro"tat (&?;), n. [L., he is sick.] (Camb. Univ.) A medical certificate that a student is ill.

Æ*ne"id (&?;), n. [L. Aeneis, Aeneidis, or -dos: cf. F. Énéde.] The great epic poem of Virgil, of which the hero is Æneas.

A*ë"ne*ous (&?;), a. [L. aëneus.] (Zoöl.) Colored like bronze.

Æ*o"li*an (&?;), a. [L. Aeolius, Gr. &?;.] 1. Of or pertaining to Æolia or Æolis, in Asia Minor, colonized by the Greeks, or to its inhabitants; æolic; as, the Æolian dialect.

2. Pertaining to Æolus, the mythic god of the winds; pertaining to, or produced by, the wind; aërial.

> Viewless forms the æolian organ play.
> Campbell.

Æolian attachment, a contrivance often attached to a pianoforte, which prolongs the vibrations, increases the volume of sound, etc., by forcing a stream of air upon the strings. Moore. -- Æolian harp, Æolian lyre, a musical instrument consisting of a box, on or in which are stretched strings, on which the wind acts to produce the notes; - - usually placed at an open window. Moore. -- Æolian mode (Mus.), one of the ancient Greek and early ecclesiastical modes.

<! p. 27 !>

Æ*ol"ic (*l"k), a. [L. Aeolicus; Gr. A'ioliko`s.] Æolian, 1; as, the Æolic dialect; the Æolic mode.

{ Æ*ol"i*pile, Æ*ol"i*pyle } (&?;), n. [L. aeolipilae; Aeolus god of the winds + pila a ball, or Gr. &?; gate (i. e., doorway of Æolus); cf. F. éolipyle.] An apparatus consisting chiefly of a closed vessel (as a globe or cylinder) with one or more projecting bent tubes, through which steam is made to pass from the vessel, causing it to revolve. [Written also eolipile.]

Such an apparatus was first described by Hero of Alexandria about 200 years b. c. It has often been called the first steam engine.

Æ`o*lo*trop"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; changeful + &?; a turning, &?; to turn.] (Physics) Exhibiting differences of quality or property in different directions; not isotropic. Sir W. Thomson.

Æ`o*lot"ro*py (&?;), n. (Physics) Difference of quality or property in different directions.

||Æ"o*lus (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) The god of the winds.

Æ"on (&?;), n. A period of immeasurable duration; also, an emanation of the Deity. See Eon.

Æ*o"ni*an (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Eternal; everlasting. "Æonian hills." Tennyson.

||Æ`py*or"nis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; high + &?; bird.] A gigantic bird found fossil in Madagascar.

A"ër*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aërated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aërating (&?;).] [Cf. F. aérer. See Air, v. t.] 1. To combine or charge with gas; usually with carbonic acid gas, formerly called fixed air.

> His sparkling sallies bubbled up as from aërated natural fountains.
> Carlyle.

2. To supply or impregnate with common air; as, to aërate soil; to aërate water.

3. (Physiol.) To expose to the chemical action of air; to oxygenate (the blood) by respiration; to arterialize.

Aërated bread, bread raised by charging dough with carbonic acid gas, instead of generating the gas in the dough by fermentation.

A`ër*a"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. aération.] 1. Exposure to the free action of the air; airing; as, aëration of soil, of spawn, etc.

2. (Physiol.) A change produced in the blood by exposure to the air in respiration; oxygenation of the blood in respiration; arterialization.

3. The act or preparation of charging with carbonic acid gas or with oxygen.

A"ër*a`tor (&?;), n. That which supplies with air; esp. an apparatus used for charging mineral waters with gas and in making soda water.

A*ë"ri*al (&?;), a. [L. aërius. See Air.] 1. Of or pertaining to the air, or atmosphere; inhabiting or frequenting the air; produced by or found in the air; performed in the air; as, aërial regions or currents. "Aërial spirits." Milton. "Aërial voyages." Darwin.

2. Consisting of air; resembling, or partaking of the nature of air. Hence: Unsubstantial; unreal.

3. Rising aloft in air; high; lofty; as, aërial spires.

4. Growing, forming, or existing in the air, as opposed to growing or existing in earth or water, or underground; as, aërial rootlets, aërial plants. Gray.

5. Light as air; ethereal.

Aërial acid, carbonic acid. [Obs.] Ure. -- Aërial perspective. See Perspective.

A*ë`ri*al"i*ty (&?;), n. The state of being aërial; unsubstantiality. [R.] De Quincey.

A*ë"ri*al*ly (&?;), adv. Like, or from, the air; in an aërial manner. "A murmur heard aërially." Tennyson.

Ae"rie (?; 277), n. [OE. aire, eire, air, nest, also origin, descent, OF. aire, LL. area, aera, nest of a bird of prey, perh. fr. L. area an open space (for birds of prey like to build their nests on flat and open spaces on the top of high rocks). Cf. Area.] The nest of a bird of prey, as of an eagle or hawk; also a brood of such birds; eyrie. Shak. Also fig.: A human residence or resting place perched like an eagle's nest.

A`ër*if"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. aër air + -ferous: cf. F. aérifère.] Conveying or containing air; air- bearing; as, the windpipe is an aëriferous tube.

A`ër*i*fi*ca"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. aérification. See A&?;rify.] 1. The act of combining air with another substance, or the state of being filled with air.

2. The act of becoming aërified, or of changing from a solid or liquid form into an aëriform state; the state of being aëriform.

A"ër*i*form (?; 277), a. [L. aër air + -form: cf. F. aériforme.] Having the form or nature of air, or of an elastic fluid; gaseous. Hence fig.: Unreal.

A"ër*i*fy (&?;), v. t. [L. aër air + -fly.] 1. To infuse air into; to combine air with.

2. To change into an aëriform state.

A"ër*o-. [Gr. &?;, &?;, air.] The combining form of the Greek word meaning air.

A"ër*o*bies (&?;), n. pl. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; life.] (Biol.) Microörganisms which live in contact with the air and need oxygen for their growth; as the microbacteria which form on the surface of putrefactive fluids.

A`ër*o*bi*ot"ic (?; 101), a. (Biol.) Related to, or of the nature of, aërobies; as, aërobiotic plants, which live only when supplied with free oxygen.

A"ër*o*cyst (&?;), n. [Aëro- + cyst.] (Bot.) One of the air cells of algals.

A"ër*o*dy*nam"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to the force of air in motion.

A`ër*o*dy*nam"ics (&?;), n. [Aëro- + dynamics: cf. F. aérodynamique.] The science which treats of the air and other gaseous bodies under the action of force, and of their mechanical effects.

A`ër*og"no*sy (&?;), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; knowing, knowledge: cf. F. aérognosie.] The science which treats of the properties of the air, and of the part it plays in nature. Craig.

A`ër*og"ra*pher (&?;), n. One versed in aëography: an aërologist.

{ A`ër*o*graph"ic (&?;), A`ër*o*graph"ic*al (&?;), } a. Pertaining to aërography; aërological.

A`ër*og"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Aëro- + -graphy: cf. F. aérographie.] A description of the air or atmosphere; aërology.

A`ër*o*hy`dro*dy*nam"ic (&?;), a. [Aëro- + hydrodynamic.] Acting by the force of air and water; as, an aërohydrodynamic wheel.

A"ër*o*lite (&?;), n. [Aëro- + -lite: cf. F. aérolithe.] (Meteor.) A stone, or metallic mass, which has fallen to the earth from distant space; a meteorite; a meteoric stone.

Some writers limit the word to stony meteorites.

A"ër*o*lith (&?;), n. Same as A&?;rolite.

A`ër*o*li*thol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Aëro- + lithology.] The science of aërolites.

A`ër*o*lit"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to aërolites; meteoric; as, aërolitic iron. Booth.

{ A`ër*o*log"ic (&?;), A`ër*o*log"ic*al (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to aërology.

A`ër*ol"o*gist (&?;), n. One versed in aërology.

A`ër*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Aëro- + -logy: cf. F. aérologie.] That department of physics which treats of the atmosphere.

A"ër*o*man`cy (&?;), n. [Aëro- + -mancy: cf. F. aéromancie.] Divination from the state of the air or from atmospheric substances; also, forecasting changes in the weather.

A`ër*om"e*ter (&?;), n. [Aëro- + -meter: cf. F. éromètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the weight or density of air and gases.

A`ër*o*met"ric (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to aërometry; as, aërometric investigations.

A`ër*om"e*try (&?;), n. [Aëro- + -metry: cf. F. érométrie.] The science of measuring the air, including the doctrine of its pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and condensation; pneumatics.

A"ër*o*naut (?; 277), n. [F. aéronaute, fr. Gr. &?; air + &?; sailor. See Nautical.] An aërial navigator; a balloonist.

{ A`ër*o*naut"ic (&?;), A`ër*o*naut"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. aéronauitique.] Pertaining to aëronautics, or aërial sailing.

A`ër*o*naut"ics (&?;), n. The science or art of ascending and sailing in the air, as by means of a balloon; aërial navigation; ballooning.

{ ||A`ër*o*pho"bi*a (&?;), A`ër*oph"o*by (&?;), } n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; fear: cf. F. aérophobie.] (Med.) Dread of a current of air.

A"ër*o*phyte (&?;), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; plant, &?; to grow: cf. F. aérophyte.] (Bot.) A plant growing entirely in the air, and receiving its nourishment from it; an air plant or epiphyte.

A"ër*o*plane` (&?;), n. [Aëro- + plane.] A flying machine, or a small plane for experiments on flying, which floats in the air only when propelled through it.

A"ër*o*scope (&?;), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; to look out.] (Biol.) An apparatus designed for collecting spores, germs, bacteria, etc., suspended in the air.

A`ër*os"co*py (&?;), n. [Aëro- + Gr. &?; a looking out; &?; to spy out.] The observation of the state and variations of the atmosphere.

Æ*rose" (&?;), a. [L. aerosus, fr. aes, aeris, brass, copper.] Of the nature of, or like, copper; brassy. [R.]

A`ër*o*sid"er*ite (&?;), n. [Aëro- + siderite.] (Meteor.) A mass of meteoric iron.

A"ër*o*sphere (&?;), n. [Aëro- + sphere: cf. F. aérosphère.] The atmosphere. [R.]

A"ër*o*stat (&?;), n. [F. aérostat, fr. Gr. &?; air + &?; placed. See Statics.] 1. A balloon.

2. A balloonist; an aëronaut.

{A`ër*o*stat"ic (&?;), A`ër*o*stat"ic*al (&?;),} a. [Aëro- + Gr. &?;: cf. F. aérostatique. See Statical, Statics.] 1. Of or pertaining to aërostatics; pneumatic.

2. Aëronautic; as, an aërostatic voyage.

A`ër*o*stat"ics (&?;), n. The science that treats of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sustained in them. Hence it includes aëronautics.

A`ër*os*ta"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. aérostation the art of using aërostats.] 1. Aërial navigation; the art of raising and guiding balloons in the air.

2. The science of weighing air; aërostatics. [Obs.]

Æ*ru"gi*nous (&?;), a. [L. aeruginosus, fr. aerugo rust of copper, fr. aes copper: cf. F. érugineux.] Of the nature or color of verdigris, or the rust of copper.

||Æ*ru"go (&?;), n. [L. aes brass, copper.] The rust of any metal, esp. of brass or copper; verdigris.

Ae"ry (&?;), n. An aerie.

A"ër*y (&?;), a. [See Air.] Aërial; ethereal; incorporeal; visionary. [Poetic] M. Arnold.

Æs`cu*la"pi*an (&?;), a. Pertaining to Æsculapius or to the healing art; medical; medicinal.

Æs`cu*la"pi*us (&?;), n. [L. Aesculapius, Gr. &?;.] (Myth.) The god of medicine. Hence, a physician.

Æs"cu*lin (&?;), n. Same as Esculin.

Æ*so"pi*an, E*so"pi*an (&?;), a. [L. Aesopius, from Gr. &?;, fr. the famous Greek fabulist Æsop (&?;).] Of or pertaining to Æsop, or in his manner.

Æ*sop"ic, E*sop"ic (&?;), a. [L. Aesopicus, Gr. &?;.] Same as Æsopian.

||Æs*the"si*a (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; sensation, fr. &?; to perceive.] (Physiol.) Perception by the senses; feeling; -- the opposite of anæsthesia.

Æs*the`si*om"e*ter, Es*the`si*om"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; (see Æsthesia) + -meter.] An instrument to measure the degree of sensation, by determining at how short a distance two impressions upon the skin can be distinguished, and thus to determine whether the condition of tactile sensibility is normal or altered.

||Æs*the""sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] Sensuous perception. [R.] Ruskin.

Æs`the*sod"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; sensation + &?; a way; cf. F. esthésodique.] (Physiol.) Conveying sensory or afferent impulses; — said of nerves.

Æs"thete (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; one who perceives.] One who makes much or overmuch of æsthetics. [Recent]

{Æs*thet"ic (&?;), Æs*thet"ic*al (&?;),} a. Of or Pertaining to æsthetics; versed in æsthetics; as, æsthetic studies, emotions, ideas, persons, etc.

-- Æs*thet"ic*al*ly, adv.

Æs`the*ti"can (&?;), n. One versed in æsthetics.

Æs*thet"i*cism (&?;), n. The doctrine of æsthetics; æsthetic principles; devotion to the beautiful in nature and art. Lowell.

Æs*thet"ics, Es*thet"ics (&?;; 277), n. [Gr. &?; perceptive, esp. by feeling, fr. &?; to perceive, feel: cf. G. ästhetik, F. esthétique.] The theory or philosophy of taste; the science of the beautiful in nature and art; esp. that which treats of the expression and embodiment of beauty by art.

Æs`tho-phys`i*ol"o*gy(&?;), n. [Gr. &?; to perceive + E. physiology.] The science of sensation in relation to nervous action. H. Spenser.

Æs"ti*val (&?;), a. [L. aestivalis, aestivus, fr. aestas summer.] Of or belonging to the summer; as, æstival diseases. [Spelt also estival.]

Æs"ti*vate (&?;), v. i. [L. aestivare, aestivatum.] 1. To spend the summer.

2. (Zoöl.) To pass the summer in a state of torpor.

[Spelt also estivate.]

Æs`ti*va"tion (&?;), n. 1. (Zoöl.) The state of torpidity induced by the heat and dryness of summer, as in certain snails; -- opposed to hibernation.

2. (Bot.) The arrangement of the petals in a flower bud, as to folding, overlapping, etc.; prefloration. Gray.

[Spelt also estivation.]

Æs"tu*a*ry (?; 135), n. & a. See Estuary.

Æs"tu*ous (&?;), a. [L. aestuosus, fr. aestus fire, glow.] Glowing; agitated, as with heat.

A*ë`the*og"a*mous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; unusual ('a priv. + &?; custom) + &?; marriage.] (Bot.) Propagated in an unusual way; cryptogamous.

Æ"ther (&?;), n. See Ether.

Æ"thi*ops min"er*al (&?;). (Chem.) Same as Ethiops mineral. [Obs.]

Æth"o*gen (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; fire, light + -gen.] (Chem.) A compound of nitrogen and boro&?;, which, when heated before the blowpipe, gives a brilliant phosphorescent; boric nitride.

Æ"thri*o*scope (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; clear + &?; to observe.] An instrument consisting in part of a differential thermometer. It is used for measuring changes of temperature produced by different conditions of the sky, as when clear or clouded.

Æ`ti*o*log"ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to ætiology; assigning a cause. -- Æ`ti*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Æ`ti*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [L. aetologia, Gr. &?;; &?; cause + &?; description: cf. F. étiologie.] 1. The science, doctrine, or demonstration of causes; esp., the investigation of the causes of any disease; the science of the origin and development of things.

2. The assignment of a cause.

||A`ë*ti"tes (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?;) stone, fr. &?; eagle.] See Eaglestone.

A*far" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- (for on or of) + far.] At, to, or from a great distance; far away; -- often used with from preceding, or off following; as, he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off.

> The steep where Fame's proud temple shines afar.
> Beattie.

A*feard" (*frd"), p. a. [OE. afered, AS. fred, p. p. of fran to frighten; - (cf. Goth. us- , Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + fran to frighten. See Fear.] Afraid. [Obs.]

> Be not afeard; the isle is full of noises.
> Shak.

||A"fer (&?;), n. [L.] The southwest wind. Milton.

Af`fa*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. [L. affabilitas: cf. F. affabilité.] The quality of being affable; readiness to converse; courteousness in receiving others and in conversation; complaisant behavior.

> Affability is of a wonderful efficacy or power in procuring love.
> Elyot

Af"fa*ble (&?;), a. [F. affable, L. affabilis, fr. affari to speak to; ad + fari to speak. See Fable.] 1. Easy to be spoken to or addressed; receiving others kindly and conversing with them in a free and friendly manner; courteous; sociable.

> An affable and courteous gentleman.
> Shak.

> His manners polite and affable.
> Macaulay.

2. Gracious; mild; benign.

> A serene and affable countenance.
> Tatler.

Syn. -- Courteous; civil; complaisant; accessible; mild; benign; condescending.

Af"fa*ble*ness, n. Affability.

Af"fa*bly, adv. In an affable manner; courteously.

<! p. 28 !>

Af"fa*brous (f*f"brs), a. [L. affaber workmanlike; ad + faber.] Executed in a workmanlike manner; ingeniously made. [R.] Bailey.

Af*fair" (f*fâr"), n. [OE. afere, affere, OF. afaire, F. affaire, fr. a faire to do; L.. ad + facere to do. See Fact, and cf. Ado.] 1. That which is done or is to be done; matter; concern; as, a difficult affair to manage; business of any kind, commercial, professional, or public; -- often in the plural. "At the head of affairs." Junius. "A talent for affairs." Prescott.

2. Any proceeding or action which it is wished to refer to or characterize vaguely; as, an affair of honor, i. e., a duel; an affair of love, i. e., an intrigue.

3. (Mil.) An action or engagement not of sufficient magnitude to be called a battle.

4. Action; endeavor. [Obs.]

> And with his best affair
> Obeyed the pleasure of the Sun.
> Chapman.

5. A material object (vaguely designated).

> A certain affair of fine red cloth much worn and faded.
> Hawthorne.

Af*fam"ish (f*fm"sh), v. t. & i. [F. affamer, fr. L. ad + fames hunger. See Famish.] To afflict with, or perish from, hunger. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af*fam"ish*ment (-ment), n. Starvation. Bp. Hall.

Af*fat"u*ate (&?;), v. t. [L. ad + fatuus foolish.] To infatuate. [Obs.] Milton.

Af*fear" (&?;), v. t. [OE. aferen, AS. f&?;ran. See Afeard.] To frighten. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af*fect" (f*fkt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affected; p. pr. & vb. n. Affecting.] [L. affectus, p. p. of afficere to affect by active agency; ad + facere to make: cf. F. affectere, L. affectare, freq. of afficere. See Fact.] 1. To act upon; to produce an effect or change upon.

> As might affect the earth with cold heat.
> Milton.

> The climate affected their health and spirits.
> Macaulay.

2. To influence or move, as the feelings or passions; to touch.

> A consideration of the rationale of our passions seems to me very necessary for all who would affect them upon solid and pure principles.

Burke.

3. To love; to regard with affection. [Obs.]

> As for Queen Katharine, he rather respected than affected, rather honored than loved, her.
> Fuller.

4. To show a fondness for; to like to use or practice; to choose; hence, to frequent habitually.

> For he does neither affect company, nor is he fit for it, indeed.
> Shak.

> Do not affect the society of your inferiors in rank, nor court that of the great.
> Hazlitt.

5. To dispose or incline.

> Men whom they thought best affected to religion and their country's liberty.
> Milton.

6. To aim at; to aspire; to covet. [Obs.]

> This proud man affects imperial &?;way.
> Dryden.

7. To tend to by affinity or disposition.

> The drops of every fluid affect a round figure.
> Newton.

8. To make a show of; to put on a pretense of; to feign; to assume; as, to affect ignorance.

> Careless she is with artful care,
> Affecting to seem unaffected.
> Congreve.

> Thou dost affect my manners.
> Shak.

9. To assign; to appoint. [R.]

> One of the domestics was affected to his special service.
> Thackeray.

Syn. -- To influence; operate; act on; concern; move; melt; soften; subdue; overcome; pretend; assume.

Af*fect", n. [L. affectus.] Affection; inclination; passion; feeling; disposition. [Obs.] Shak.

Af`fec*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. affectatio: cf. F. affectation.] 1. An attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural or real; false display; artificial show. "An affectation of contempt." Macaulay.

> Affectation is an awkward and forced imitation of what should be genuine and easy, wanting the beauty that accompanies what is natural what is natural.
> Locke.

2. A striving after. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

3. Fondness; affection. [Obs.] Hooker.

Af`fec*ta"tion*ist, n. One who exhibits affectation. [R.] Fitzed. Hall.

Af*fect"ed (f*fkt"d), p. p. & a. 1. Regarded with affection; beloved. [Obs.]

> His affected Hercules.
> Chapman.

2. Inclined; disposed; attached.

> How stand you affected to his wish?
> Shak.

3. Given to false show; assuming or pretending to possess what is not natural or real.

> He is . . . too spruce, too affected, too odd.
> Shak.

4. Assumed artificially; not natural.

> Affected coldness and indifference.
> Addison.

5. (Alg.) Made up of terms involving different powers of the unknown quantity; adfected; as, an affected equation.

Af*fect"ed*ly, adv. 1. In an affected manner; hypocritically; with more show than reality.

2. Lovingly; with tender care. [Obs.] Shak.

Af*fect"ed*ness, n. Affectation.

Af*fect"er (&?;), n. One who affects, assumes, pretends, or strives after. "Affecters of wit." Abp. Secker.

Af*fect`i*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality or state of being affectible. [R.]

Af*fect"i*ble (&?;), a. That may be affected. [R.]

> Lay aside the absolute, and, by union with the creaturely, become affectible.
> Coleridge.

Af*fect"ing, a. 1. Moving the emotions; fitted to excite the emotions; pathetic; touching; as, an affecting address; an affecting sight.

> The most affecting music is generally the most simple.
> Mitford.

2. Affected; given to false show. [Obs.]

> A drawling; affecting rouge.
> Shak.

Af*fect"ing*ly (&?;), adv. In an affecting manner; is a manner to excite emotions.

Af*fec"tion (&?;), n. [F. affection, L. affectio, fr. afficere. See Affect.] 1. The act of affecting or acting upon; the state of being affected.

2. An attribute; a quality or property; a condition; a bodily state; as, figure, weight, etc. , are affections of bodies. "The affections of quantity." Boyle.

> And, truly, waking dreams were, more or less,
> An old and strange affection of the house.
> Tennyson.

3. Bent of mind; a feeling or natural impulse or natural impulse acting upon and swaying the mind; any emotion; as, the benevolent affections, esteem, gratitude, etc.; the malevolent affections, hatred, envy, etc.; inclination; disposition; propensity; tendency.

> Affection is applicable to an unpleasant as well as a pleasant state of the mind, when impressed by any object or quality.
> Cogan.

4. A settled good will; kind feeling; love; zealous or tender attachment; -- often in the pl. Formerly followed by to, but now more generally by for or towards; as, filial, social, or conjugal affections; to have an affection for or towards children.

> All his affections are set on his own country.
> Macaulay.

5. Prejudice; bias. [Obs.] Bp. Aylmer.

6. (Med.) Disease; morbid symptom; malady; as, a pulmonary affection. Dunglison.

7. The lively representation of any emotion. Wotton.

8. Affectation. [Obs.] "Spruce affection." Shak.

9. Passion; violent emotion. [Obs.]

> Most wretched man,
> That to affections does the bridle lend.
> Spenser.

Syn. -- Attachment; passion; tenderness; fondness; kindness; love; good will. See Attachment; Disease.

Af*fec"tion*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the affections; as, affectional impulses; an affectional nature.

Af*fec"tion*ate (&?;), a. [Cf. F. affectionné.] 1. Having affection or warm regard; loving; fond; as, an affectionate brother.

2. Kindly inclined; zealous. [Obs.] Johson.

> Man, in his love God, and desire to please him, can never be too affectionate.
> Sprat.

3. Proceeding from affection; indicating love; tender; as, the affectionate care of a parent; affectionate countenance, message, language.

4. Strongly inclined; -- with to. [Obs.] Bacon.

Syn. -- Tender; attached; loving; devoted; warm; fond; earnest; ardent.

Af*fec"tion*a`ted, a. Disposed; inclined. [Obs.]

> Affectionated to the people.
> Holinshed.

Af*fec"tion*ate*ly, adv. With affection; lovingly; fondly; tenderly; kindly.

Af*fec"tion*ate*ness, n. The quality of being affectionate; fondness; affection.

Af*fec"tioned (&?;), a. 1. Disposed. [Archaic]

> Be kindly affectioned one to another.
> Rom. xii. 10.

2. Affected; conceited. [Obs.] Shak.

Af*fec"tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. affectif.] 1. Tending to affect; affecting. [Obs.] Burnet.

2. Pertaining to or exciting emotion; affectional; emotional. Rogers.

Af*fec"tive*ly, adv. In an affective manner; impressively; emotionally.

Af*fec"tu*ous (?; 135), a. [L. affectuous: cf. F. affectueux. See Affect.] Full of passion or emotion; earnest. [Obs.] -- Af*fec"tu*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Af*feer" (&?;), v. t. [OF. aforer, afeurer, to tax, appraise, assess, fr. L. ad + forum market, court of justice, in LL. also meaning price.] 1. To confirm; to assure. [Obs.] "The title is affeered." Shak.

2. (Old Law) To assess or reduce, as an arbitrary penalty or amercement, to a certain and reasonable sum.

> Amercements . . . were affeered by the judges.
> Blackstone.

{ Af*feer"er (&?;), Af*feer"or (&?;), } n. [OF. aforeur, LL. afforator.] (Old Law) One who affeers. Cowell.

Af*feer"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. aforement.] (Old Law) The act of affeering. Blackstone.

Af"fer*ent (&?;), a. [L. afferens, p. pr. of afferre; ad + ferre to bear.] (Physiol.) Bearing or conducting inwards to a part or organ; -- opposed to efferent; as, afferent vessels; afferent nerves, which convey sensations from the external organs to the brain.

||Af*fet`tu*o"so (&?;), adv. [It.] (Mus.) With feeling.

Af*fi"ance (&?;), n. [OE. afiaunce trust, confidence, OF. afiance, fr. afier to trust, fr. LL. affidare to trust; ad + fidare to trust, fr. L. fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Affidavit, Affy, Confidence.] 1. Plighted faith; marriage contract or promise.

2. Trust; reliance; faith; confidence.

> Such feelings promptly yielded to his habitual affiance in the divine love.
> Sir J. Stephen.

> Lancelot, my Lancelot, thou in whom I have
> Most joy and most affiance.
> Tennyson.

Af*fi"ance, v. t. [imp. &?; p. p. Affianced (&?;); p. pr. &?; vb. n. Affiancing (&?;).] [Cf. OF. afiancier, fr. afiance.] 1. To betroth; to pledge one's faith to for marriage, or solemnly promise (one's self or another) in marriage.

> To me, sad maid, he was affianced.
> Spenser.

2. To assure by promise. [Obs.] Pope.

Af*fi"an*cer (&?;), n. One who makes a contract of marriage between two persons.

Af*fi"ant (&?;), n. [From p. pr. of OF. afier, LL. affidare. See Affidavit.] (Law) One who makes an affidavit. [U. S.] Burrill.

Syn. -- Deponent. See Deponent.

Af`fi*da"vit (&?;), n. [LL. affidavit he has made oath, perfect tense of affidare. See Affiance, Affy.] (Law) A sworn statement in writing; a declaration in writing, signed and made upon oath before an authorized magistrate. Bouvier. Burrill.

It is always made ex parte, and without cross-examination, and in this differs from a deposition. It is also applied to written statements made on affirmation.

Syn. -- Deposition. See Deposition.

Af*file" (&?;), v. t. [OF. afiler, F. affiler, to sharpen; a (L. ad) + fil thread, edge.] To polish. [Obs.]

Af*fil"i*a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being affiliated to or on, or connected with in origin.

Af*fil"i*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affiliated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Affiliating (&?;).] [LL. adfiliare, affiliare, to adopt as son; ad + filius son: cf. F. affilier.] 1. To adopt; to receive into a family as a son; hence, to bring or receive into close connection; to ally.

> Is the soul affiliated to God, or is it estranged and in rebellion?
> I. Taylor.

2. To fix the paternity of; -- said of an illegitimate child; as, to affiliate the child to (or on or upon) one man rather than another.

3. To connect in the way of descent; to trace origin to.

> How do these facts tend to affiliate the faculty of hearing upon the aboriginal vegetative processes?
> H. Spencer.

4. To attach (to) or unite (with); to receive into a society as a member, and initiate into its mysteries, plans, etc.; -- followed by to or with.

Affiliated societies, societies connected with a central society, or with each other.

Af*fil"i*ate, v. i. To connect or associate one's self; -- followed by with; as, they affiliate with no party.

Af*fil`i*a"tion (&?;), n. [F. affiliation, LL. affiliatio.] 1. Adoption; association or reception as a member in or of the same family or society.

2. (Law) The establishment or ascertaining of parentage; the assignment of a child, as a bastard, to its father; filiation.

3. Connection in the way of descent. H. Spencer.

Af*fi"nal (&?;), a. [L. affinis.] Related by marriage; from the same source.

Af*fine" (&?;), v. t. [F. affiner to refine; &?; (L. ad) + fin fine. See Fine.] To refine. [Obs.] Holland.

Af*fined" (&?;), a. [OF. afiné related, p. p., fr. LL. affinare to join, fr. L. affinis neighboring, related to; ad + finis boundary, limit.] Joined in affinity or by any tie. [Obs.] "All affined and kin." Shak.

Af*fin"i*ta*tive (&?;), a. Of the nature of affinity. -- Af*fin"i*ta*tive*ly, adv.

Af*fin"i*tive, a. Closely connected, as by affinity.

Af*fin"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Affinities(&?;). [OF. afinité, F. affinité, L. affinites, fr. affinis. See Affined.]

1. Relationship by marriage (as between a husband and his wife's blood relations, or between a wife and her husband's blood relations); -- in contradistinction to consanguinity, or relationship by blood; -- followed by with, to, or between.

> Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh.
> 1 Kings iii. 1.

2. Kinship generally; close agreement; relation; conformity; resemblance; connection; as, the affinity of sounds, of colors, or of languages.

> There is a close affinity between imposture and credulity.
> Sir G. C. Lewis.

2. Companionship; acquaintance. [Obs.]

> About forty years past, I began a happy affinity with William Cranmer.
> Burton.

4. (Chem.) That attraction which takes place, at an insensible distance, between the heterogeneous particles of bodies, and unites them to form chemical compounds; chemism; chemical or elective affinity or attraction.

5. (Nat. Hist.) A relation between species or highe&?; groups dependent on resemblance in the whole plan of structure, and indicating community of origin.

6. (Spiritualism) A superior spiritual relationship or attraction held to exist sometimes between persons, esp. persons of the opposite sex; also, the man or woman who exerts such psychical or spiritual attraction.

Af*firm" (f*frm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affirmed (-frmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Affirming.] [OE. affermen, OF. afermer, F. affirmer, affermir, fr. L. affirmare; ad + firmare to make firm, firmus firm. See Firm.] 1. To make firm; to confirm, or ratify; esp. (Law), to assert or confirm, as a judgment, decree, or order, brought before an appellate court for review.

2. To assert positively; to tell with confidence; to aver; to maintain as true; -- opposed to deny.

> Jesus, . . . whom Paul affirmed to be alive.
> Acts xxv. 19.

3. (Law) To declare, as a fact, solemnly, under judicial sanction. See Affirmation, 4.

Syn. -- To assert; aver; declare; asseverate; assure; pronounce; protest; avouch; confirm; establish; ratify. -- To Affirm, Asseverate, Aver, Protest. We affirm when we declare a thing as a fact or a proposition. We asseverate it in a peculiarly earnest manner, or with increased positiveness as what can not be disputed. We aver it, or formally declare it to be true, when we have positive knowledge of it. We protest in a more public manner and with the energy of perfect sincerity. People asseverate in order to produce a conviction of their veracity; they aver when they are peculiarly desirous to be believed; they protest when they wish to free themselves from imputations, or to produce a conviction of their innocence.

Af*firm", v. i. 1. To declare or assert positively.

> Not that I so affirm, though so it seem
> To thee, who hast thy dwelling here on earth.
> Milton.

2. (Law) To make a solemn declaration, before an authorized magistrate or tribunal, under the penalties of perjury; to testify by affirmation.

Af*firm"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being affirmed, asserted, or declared; -- followed by of; as, an attribute affirmable of every just man.

Af*firm"ance (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. afermance.] 1. Confirmation; ratification; confirmation of a voidable act.

> This statute . . . in affirmance of the common law.
> Bacon.

2. A strong declaration; affirmation. Cowper.

<! p. 29 !>

Af*firm"ant (f*frm"ant), n. [L. affirmans, -antis, p. pr. See Affirm.] 1. One who affirms or asserts.

2. (Law) One who affirms, instead of taking an oath.

Af`fir*ma"tion (&?;), n. [L. affirmatio: cf. F. affirmation.] 1. Confirmation of anything established; ratification; as, the affirmation of a law. Hooker.

2. The act of affirming or asserting as true; assertion; -- opposed to negation or denial.

3. That which is asserted; an assertion; a positive statement; an averment; as, an affirmation, by the vender, of title to property sold, or of its quality.

4. (Law) A solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath, which declaration is in law equivalent to an oath. Bouvier.

Af*firm"a*tive (&?;), a. [L. affirmativus: cf. F. affirmatif.] 1. Confirmative; ratifying; as, an act affirmative of common law.

2. That affirms; asserting that the fact is so; declaratory of what exists; answering "yes" to a question; -- opposed to negative; as, an affirmative answer; an affirmative vote.

3. Positive; dogmatic. [Obs.] J. Taylor.

> Lysicles was a little by the affirmative air of Crito.
> Berkeley.

4. (logic) Expressing the agreement of the two terms of a proposition.

5. (Alg.) Positive; -- a term applied to quantities which are to be added, and opposed to negative, or such as are to be subtracted.

Af*firm"a*tive, n. 1. That which affirms as opposed to that which denies; an affirmative proposition; that side of question which affirms or maintains the proposition stated; -- opposed to negative; as, there were forty votes in the affirmative, and ten in the negative.

> Whether there are such beings or not, 't is sufficient for my purpose that many have believed the affirmative.
> Dryden.

2. A word or phrase expressing affirmation or assent; as, yes, that is so, etc.

Af*firm"a*tive*ly, adv. In an affirmative manner; on the affirmative side of a question; in the affirmative; -- opposed to negatively.

Af*firm"a*to*ry (&?;), a. Giving affirmation; assertive; affirmative. Massey.

Af*firm"er (&?;), n. One who affirms.

Af*fix" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affixed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Affixing.] [LL. affixare, L. affixus, p. p. of affigere to fasten to; ad + figere to fasten: cf. OE. affichen, F. afficher, ultimately fr. L. affigere. See Fix.] 1. To subjoin, annex, or add at the close or end; to append to; to fix to any part of; as, to affix a syllable to a word; to affix a seal to an instrument; to affix one's name to a writing.

2. To fix or fasten in any way; to attach physically.

> Should they [caterpillars] affix them to the leaves of a plant improper for their food.
> Ray.

3. To attach, unite, or connect with; as, names affixed to ideas, or ideas affixed to things; to affix a stigma to a person; to affix ridicule or blame to any one.

4. To fix or fasten figuratively; -- with on or upon; as, eyes affixed upon the ground. [Obs.] Spenser.

Syn. -- To attach; subjoin; connect; annex; unite.

Af"fix (&?;), n.; pl. Affixes (#). [L. affixus, p. p. of affigere: cf. F. affixe.] That which is affixed; an appendage; esp. one or more letters or syllables added at the end of a word; a suffix; a postfix.

Af*fix"ion (&?;), n. [L. affixio, fr. affigere.] Affixture. [Obs.] T. Adams.

Af*fix"ture (?; 135), n. The act of affixing, or the state of being affixed; attachment.

Af*fla"tion (&?;), n. [L. afflatus, p. p. of afflare to blow or breathe on; ad + flare to blow.] A blowing or breathing on; inspiration.

Af*fla"tus (&?;), n. [L., fr. afflare. See Afflation.] 1. A breath or blast of wind.

2. A divine impartation of knowledge; supernatural impulse; inspiration.

> A poet writing against his genius will be like a prophet without his afflatus.
> Spence.

Af*flict" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Afflicting.] [L. afflictus, p. p. of affigere to cast down, deject; ad + fligere to strike: cf. OF. aflit, afflict, p. p. Cf. Flagellate.] 1. To strike or cast down; to overthrow. [Obs.] "Reassembling our afflicted powers." Milton.

2. To inflict some great injury or hurt upon, causing continued pain or mental distress; to trouble grievously; to torment.

> They did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens.
> Exod. i. 11.

> That which was the worst now least afflicts me.
> Milton.

3. To make low or humble. [Obs.] Spenser.

> Men are apt to prefer a prosperous error before an afflicted truth.
> Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- To trouble; grieve; pain; distress; harass; torment; wound; hurt.

Af*flict", p. p. & a. [L. afflictus, p. p.] Afflicted. [Obs.] Becon.

Af*flict"ed*ness, n. The state of being afflicted; affliction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Af*flict"er (&?;), n. One who afflicts.

Af*flict"ing, a. Grievously painful; distressing; afflictive; as, an afflicting event. -- Af*flict"ing*ly, adv.

Af*flic"tion (&?;), n. [F. affliction, L. afflictio, fr. affligere.] 1. The cause of continued pain of body or mind, as sickness, losses, etc.; an instance of grievous distress; a pain or grief.

> To repay that money will be a biting affliction.
> Shak.

2. The state of being afflicted; a state of pain, distress, or grief.

> Some virtues are seen only in affliction.
> Addison.

Syn. -- Calamity; sorrow; distress; grief; pain; adversity; misery; wretchedness; misfortune; trouble; hardship. -- Affliction, Sorrow, Grief, Distress. Affliction and sorrow are terms of wide and general application; grief and distress have reference to particular cases. Affliction is the stronger term. The suffering lies deeper in the soul, and usually arises from some powerful cause, such as the loss of what is most dear -- friends, health, etc. We do not speak of mere sickness or pain as "an affliction," though one who suffers from either is said to be afflicted; but deprivations of every kind, such as deafness, blindness, loss of limbs, etc., are called afflictions, showing that term applies particularly to prolonged sources of suffering. Sorrow and grief are much alike in meaning, but grief is the stronger term of the two, usually denoting poignant mental suffering for some definite cause, as, grief for the death of a dear friend; sorrow is more reflective, and is tinged with regret, as, the misconduct of a child is looked upon with sorrow. Grief is often violent and demonstrative; sorrow deep and brooding. Distress implies extreme suffering, either bodily or mental. In its higher stages, it denotes pain of a restless, agitating kind, and almost always supposes some struggle of mind or body. Affliction is allayed, grief subsides, sorrow is soothed, distress is mitigated.

Af*flic"tion*less (&?;), a. Free from affliction.

Af*flic"tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. afflictif.] Giving pain; causing continued or repeated pain or grief; distressing. "Jove's afflictive hand." Pope.

> Spreads slow disease, and darts afflictive pain.
> Prior.

Af*flic"tive*ly, adv. In an afflictive manner.

Af"flu*ence (&?;), n. [F. affluence, L. affluentia, fr. affluens, p. pr. of affluere to flow to; ad + fluere to flow. See Flux.] 1. A flowing to or towards; a concourse; an influx.

> The affluence of young nobles from hence into Spain.
> Wotton.

> There is an unusual affluence of strangers this year.
> Carlyle.

2. An abundant supply, as of thought, words, feelings, etc.; profusion; also, abundance of property; wealth.

> And old age of elegance, affluence, and ease.
> Coldsmith.

Syn. -- Abundance; riches; profusion; exuberance; plenty; wealth; opulence.

Af"flu*en*cy (&?;), n. Affluence. [Obs.] Addison.

Af"flu*ent (&?;), a. [Cf. F. affluent, L. affluens, -entis, p. pr. See Affluence.] 1. Flowing to; flowing abundantly. "Affluent blood." Harvey.

2. Abundant; copious; plenteous; hence, wealthy; abounding in goods or riches.

> Language . . . affluent in expression.
> H. Reed.

> Loaded and blest with all the affluent store,
> Which human vows at smoking shrines implore.
> Prior.

Af"flu*ent, n. A stream or river flowing into a larger river or into a lake; a tributary stream.

Af"flu*ent*ly, adv. Abundantly; copiously.

Af*flu*ent*ness, n. Great plenty. [R.]

Af"flux` (&?;), n. [L. affluxum, p. p. of affluere: cf. F. afflux. See Affluence.] A flowing towards; that which flows to; as, an afflux of blood to the head.

Af*flux"ion (&?;), n. The act of flowing towards; afflux. Sir T. Browne.

Af"fo*dill (&?;), n. Asphodel. [Obs.]

Af*force" (&?;), v. t. [OF. afforcier, LL. affortiare; ad + fortiare, fr. L. fortis strong.] To reënforce; to strengthen. Hallam.

Af*force"ment (&?;), n. [OF.] 1. A fortress; a fortification for defense. [Obs.] Bailey.

2. A reënforcement; a strengthening. Hallam.

Af*for"ci*a*ment (&?;), n. See Afforcement. [Obs.]

Af*ford" (f*frd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afforded; p. pr. & vb. n. Affording.] [OE. aforthen, AS. geforðian, forðian, to further, accomplish, afford, fr. forð forth, forward. The prefix ge- has no well defined sense. See Forth.] 1. To give forth; to supply, yield, or produce as the natural result, fruit, or issue; as, grapes afford wine; olives afford oil; the earth affords fruit; the sea affords an abundant supply of fish.

2. To give, grant, or confer, with a remoter reference to its being the natural result; to provide; to furnish; as, a good life affords consolation in old age.

> His tuneful Muse affords the sweetest numbers.
> Addison.

> The quiet lanes . . . afford calmer retreats.
> Gilpin.

3. To offer, provide, or supply, as in selling, granting, expending, with profit, or without loss or too great injury; as, A affords his goods cheaper than B; a man can afford a sum yearly in charity.

4. To incur, stand, or bear without serious detriment, as an act which might under other circumstances be injurious; -- with an auxiliary, as can, could, might, etc.; to be able or rich enough.

> The merchant can afford to trade for smaller profits.
> Hamilton.

> He could afford to suffer
> With those whom he saw suffer.
> Wordsworth.

Af*ford"a*ble (&?;), a. That may be afforded.

Af*ford"ment (&?;), n. Anything given as a help; bestowal. [Obs.]

Af*for"est (&?;), v. t. [LL. afforestare; ad + forestare. See Forest.] To convert into a forest; as, to afforest a tract of country.

Af*for`es*ta"tion (&?;), n. The act of converting into forest or woodland. Blackstone.

Af*form"a*tive (&?;), n. An affix.

Af*fran"chise (&?;), v. t. [F. affranchir; &?; (L. ad) + franc free. See Franchise and Frank.] To make free; to enfranchise. Johnson.

Af*fran"chise*ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. affranchissement.] The act of making free; enfranchisement. [R.]

Af*frap" (&?;), v. t. & i. [Cf. It. affrappare, frappare, to cut, mince, F. frapper to strike. See Frap.] To strike, or strike down. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af*fray" (&?;), v. t. [p. p. Affrayed.] [OE. afraien, affraien, OF. effreer, esfreer, F. effrayer, orig. to disquiet, put out of peace, fr. L. ex + OHG. fridu peace (akin to E. free). Cf. Afraid, Fray, Frith inclosure.] [Archaic] 1. To startle from quiet; to alarm.

> Smale foules a great heap
> That had afrayed [affrayed] me out of my sleep.
> Chaucer.

2. To frighten; to scare; to frighten away.

> That voice doth us affray.
> Shak.

Af*fray" (&?;), n. [OE. afrai, affrai, OF. esfrei, F. effroi, fr. OF. esfreer. See Affray, v. t.] 1. The act of suddenly disturbing any one; an assault or attack. [Obs.]

2. Alarm; terror; fright. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. A tumultuous assault or quarrel; a brawl; a fray. "In the very midst of the affray." Motley.

4. (Law) The fighting of two or more persons, in a public place, to the terror of others. Blackstone.

A fighting in private is not, in a legal sense, an affray.

Syn. -- Quarrel; brawl; scuffle; encounter; fight; contest; feud; tumult; disturbance.

Af*fray"er (&?;), n. One engaged in an affray.

Af*fray"ment (&?;), n. Affray. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af*freight" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. ad- + freight: cf. F. affréter. See Freight.] To hire, as a ship, for the transportation of goods or freight.

Af*freight"er (&?;), n. One who hires or charters a ship to convey goods.

Af*freight"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. affrétement.] The act of hiring, or the contract for the use of, a vessel, or some part of it, to convey cargo.

Af*fret" (&?;), n. [Cf. It. affrettare to hasten, fretta haste.] A furious onset or attack. [Obs.] Spenser.

Af*fric"tion (&?;), n. [L. affricare to rub on. See Friction.] The act of rubbing against. [Obs.]

Af*friend"ed (&?;), p. p. Made friends; reconciled. [Obs.] "Deadly foes . . . affriended." Spenser.

Af*fright" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affrighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affrighting.] [Orig. p. p.; OE. afright, AS. fyrhtan to terrify; - (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + fyrhto fright. See Fright.] To impress with sudden fear; to frighten; to alarm.

> Dreams affright our souls.
> Shak.

> A drear and dying sound
> Affrights the flamens at their service quaint.
> Milton.

Syn. -- To terrify; frighten; alarm; dismay; appall; scare; startle; daunt; intimidate.

Af*fright", p. a. Affrighted. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Af*fright", n. 1. Sudden and great fear; terror. It expresses a stronger impression than fear, or apprehension, perhaps less than terror.

> He looks behind him with affright, and forward with despair.
> Goldsmith.

2. The act of frightening; also, a cause of terror; an object of dread. B. Jonson.

Af*fright"ed*ly, adv. With fright. Drayton.

Af*fright"en (&?;), v. t. To frighten. [Archaic] "Fit tales . . . to affrighten babes." Southey.

Af*fright"er (&?;), n. One who frightens. [Archaic]

Af*fright"ful (&?;), a. Terrifying; frightful. -- Af*fright"ful*ly, adv. [Archaic]

> Bugbears or affrightful apparitions.
> Cudworth.

Af*fright"ment (&?;), n. Affright; the state of being frightened; sudden fear or alarm. [Archaic]

> Passionate words or blows . . . fill the child's mind with terror and affrightment.
> Locke.

Af*front" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affronting.] [OF. afronter, F. affronter, to confront, LL. affrontare to strike against, fr. L. ad + frons forehead, front. See Front.] 1. To front; to face in position; to meet or encounter face to face. [Obs.]

> All the sea-coasts do affront the Levant.
> Holland.

> That he, as 't were by accident, may here
> Affront Ophelia.
> Shak.

2. To face in defiance; to confront; as, to affront death; hence, to meet in hostile encounter. [Archaic]

3. To offend by some manifestation of disrespect; to insult to the face by demeanor or language; to treat with marked incivility.

> How can any one imagine that the fathers would have dared to affront the wife of Aurelius?
> Addison.

Syn. -- To insult; abuse; outrage; wound; illtreat; slight; defy; offend; provoke; pique; nettle.

Af*front", n. [Cf. F. affront, fr. affronter.] 1. An encounter either friendly or hostile. [Obs.]

> I walked about, admired of all, and dreaded
> On hostile ground, none daring my affront.
> Milton.

2. Contemptuous or rude treatment which excites or justifies resentment; marked disrespect; a purposed indignity; insult.

> Offering an affront to our understanding.
> Addison.

3. An offense to one's self-respect; shame. Arbuthnot.

Syn. -- Affront, Insult, Outrage. An affront is a designed mark of disrespect, usually in the presence of others. An insult is a personal attack either by words or actions, designed to humiliate or degrade. An outrage is an act of extreme and violent insult or abuse. An affront piques and mortifies; an insult irritates and provokes; an outrage wounds and injures.

> Captious persons construe every innocent freedom into an affront. When people are in a state of animosity, they seek opportunities of offering each other insults. Intoxication or violent passion impels men to the commission of outrages.
> Crabb.

Af*fron*té" (&?;), a. [F. affronté, p. p.] (Her.) Face to face, or front to front; facing.

Af*front"ed*ly (&?;), adv. Shamelessly. [Obs.] Bacon.

Af*fron*tee", n. One who receives an affront. Lytton.

Af*front"er (&?;), n. One who affronts, or insults to the face.

Af*front"ing*ly, adv. In an affronting manner.

Af*front"ive (&?;), a. Tending to affront or offend; offensive; abusive.

> How affrontive it is to despise mercy.
> South.

<! p. 30 !>

Af*front"ive*ness (f*frnt"v*ns), n. The quality that gives an affront or offense. [R.] Bailey.

Af*fuse" (f*fz"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affused (-fzd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Affusing (&?;).] [L. affusus, p. p. of affundere to pour to; ad + fundere. See Fuse.] To pour out or upon. [R.]

> I first affused water upon the compressed beans.
> Boyle.

Af*fu"sion (f*f"zhn), n. [Cf. F. affusion.] The act of pouring upon, or sprinkling with a liquid, as water upon a child in baptism. Specifically: (Med) The act of pouring water or other fluid on the whole or a part of the body, as a remedy in disease. Dunglison.

Af*fy" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affied (&?;); p. pr. Affying.] [OF. afier, LL. affidare. Cf. Affiance.] 1. To confide (one's self to, or in); to trust. [Obs.]

2. To betroth or espouse; to affiance. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To bind in faith. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

Af*fy", v. i. To trust or confide. [Obs.] Shak.

Af"ghan (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Afghanistan.

Af"ghan, n. 1. A native of Afghanistan.

2. A kind of worsted blanket or wrap.

A*field" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + field.] 1. To, in, or on the field. "We drove afield." Milton.

> How jocund did they drive their team afield!
> Gray.

2. Out of the way; astray.

> Why should he wander afield at the age of fifty- five!
> Trollope.

A*fire" (*fr"), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + fire.] On fire.

A*flame" (*flm"), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flame.] In flames; glowing with light or passion; ablaze. G. Eliot.

A*flat" (*flt"), adv. [Pref. a- + flat.] Level with the ground; flat. [Obs.] Bacon.

A*flaunt" (*flnt"), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flaunt.] In a flaunting state or position. Copley.

A*flick"er (*flk"r), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flicker.] In a flickering state.

A*float" (*flt"), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + float.] 1. Borne on the water; floating; on board ship.

> On such a full sea are we now afloat.
> Shak.

2. Moving; passing from place to place; in general circulation; as, a rumor is afloat.

3. Unfixed; moving without guide or control; adrift; as, our affairs are all afloat.

A*flow" (*fl"), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flow.] Flowing.

> Their founts aflow with tears.
> R. Browning.

A*flush" (*flsh"), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flush, n.] In a flushed or blushing state.

A*flush", adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flush, a.] On a level.

> The bank is . . . aflush with the sea.
> Swinburne.

A*flut"ter (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + flutter.] In a flutter; agitated.

A*foam" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + foam.] In a foaming state; as, the sea is all afoam.

A*foot" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + foot.] 1. On foot.

> We 'll walk afoot a while.
> Shak.

2. Fig.: In motion; in action; astir; in progress.

> The matter being afoot.
> Shak.

A*fore" (&?;), adv. [OE. afore, aforn, AS. onforan or ætforan; pref. a- + fore.] 1. Before. [Obs.]

> If he have never drunk wine afore.
> Shak.

2. (Naut.) In the fore part of a vessel.

A*fore", prep. 1. Before (in all its senses). [Archaic]

2. (Naut.) Before; in front of; farther forward than; as, afore the windlass.

Afore the mast, among the common sailors; -- a phrase used to distinguish the ship's crew from the officers.

A*fore"cit`ed (&?;), a. Named or quoted before.

A*fore"go`ing (&?;), a. Gong before; foregoing.

A*fore"hand` (&?;) adv. Beforehand; in anticipation. [Archaic or Dial.]

> She is come aforehand to anoint my body.
> Mark xiv. 8.

A*fore"hand`, a. Prepared; previously provided; -- opposed to behindhand. [Archaic or Dial.]

> Aforehand in all matters of power.
> Bacon.

A*fore"men`tioned (&?;), a. Previously mentioned; before-mentioned. Addison.

A*fore"named` (&?;), a. Named before. Peacham.

A*fore"said` (&?;), a. Said before, or in a preceding part; already described or identified.

A*fore"thought` (&?;), a. Premeditated; prepense; previously in mind; designed; as, malice aforethought, which is required to constitute murder. Bouvier.

A*fore"thought`, n. Premeditation.

A*fore"time` (&?;), adv. In time past; formerly. "He prayed . . . as he did aforetime." Dan. vi. 10.

||A for`ti*o"ri (&?;). [L.] (Logic & Math.) With stronger reason.

A*foul" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + foul.] In collision; entangled. Totten.

To run afoul of, to run against or come into collision with, especially so as to become entangled or to cause injury.

A*fraid" (&?;), p. a. [OE. afrayed, affraide, p. p. of afraien to affray. See Affray, and cf. Afeard.] Impressed with fear or apprehension; in fear; apprehensive. [Afraid comes after the noun it limits.] "Back they recoiled, afraid." Milton.

This word expresses a less degree of fear than terrified or frightened. It is followed by of before the object of fear, or by the infinitive, or by a dependent clause; as, to be afraid of death. "I am afraid to die." "I am afraid he will chastise me." "Be not afraid that I your hand should take." Shak. I am afraid is sometimes used colloquially to soften a statement; as, I am afraid I can not help you in this matter.

Syn. -- Fearful; timid; timorous; alarmed; anxious.

Af"reet (&?;), n. Same as Afrit.

A*fresh" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + fresh.] Anew; again; once more; newly.

> They crucify . . . the Son of God afresh.
> Heb. vi. 6.

Af"ric (&?;), a. African. -- n. Africa. [Poetic]

Af"ri*can (&?;), a. [L. Africus, Africanus, fr. Afer African.] Of or pertaining to Africa.

African hemp, a fiber prepared from the leaves of the Sanseviera Guineensis, a plant found in Africa and India. - - African marigold, a tropical American plant (Tagetes erecta). -- African oak or African teak, a timber furnished by Oldfieldia Africana, used in ship building.

Af"ri*can, n. A native of Africa; also one ethnologically belonging to an African race.

Af`ri*can"der (&?;), n. One born in Africa, the offspring of a white father and a "colored" mother. Also, and now commonly in Southern Africa, a native born of European settlers.

Af"ri*can*ism (&?;), n. A word, phrase, idiom, or custom peculiar to Africa or Africans. "The knotty Africanisms . . . of the fathers." Milton.

Af"ri*can*ize (&?;), v. t. To place under the domination of Africans or negroes. [Amer.] Bartlett.

Af"rit (&?;), Af"rite(&?;), Af"reet(&?;), n. [Arab. 'ifrt.] (Moham. Myth.) A powerful evil jinnee, demon, or monstrous giant.

A*front" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + front.] In front; face to face. -- prep. In front of. Shak.

Aft (ft), adv. & a. [AS. æftan behind; orig. superl. of of, off. See After.] (Naut.) Near or towards the stern of a vessel; astern; abaft.

Aft"er (ft"tr), a. [AS. æfter after, behind; akin to Goth. aftaro, aftra, backwards, Icel. aptr, Sw. and Dan. efter, OHG. aftar behind, Dutch and LG. achter, Gr. 'apwte`rw further off. The ending -ter is an old comparative suffix, in E. generally -ther (as in other), and after is a compar. of of, off. √194. See Of; cf. Aft.] 1. Next; later in time; subsequent; succeeding; as, an after period of life. Marshall.

In this sense the word is sometimes needlessly combined with the following noun, by means of a hyphen, as, after-ages, after- act, after-days, after-life. For the most part the words are properly kept separate when after has this meaning.

2. Hinder; nearer the rear. (Naut.) To ward the stern of the ship; -- applied to any object in the rear part of a vessel; as the after cabin, after hatchway. It is often combined with its noun; as, after-bowlines, after-braces, after-sails, after-yards, those on the mainmasts and mizzenmasts.

After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat, or middle part.

Aft"er, prep. 1. Behind in place; as, men in line one after another. "Shut doors after you." Shak.

2. Below in rank; next to in order. Shak.

> Codrus after Ph&?;bus sings the best.
> Dryden.

3. Later in time; subsequent; as, after supper, after three days. It often precedes a clause. Formerly that was interposed between it and the clause.

> After I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee.
> Matt. xxvi. 32.

4. Subsequent to and in consequence of; as, after what you have said, I shall be careful.

5. Subsequent to and notwithstanding; as, after all our advice, you took that course.

6. Moving toward from behind; following, in search of; in pursuit of.

> Ye shall not go after other gods.
> Deut. vi. 14.

> After whom is the king of Israel come out?
> 1 Sam. xxiv. 14.

7. Denoting the aim or object; concerning; in relation to; as, to look after workmen; to inquire after a friend; to thirst after righteousness.

8. In imitation of; in conformity with; after the manner of; as, to make a thing after a model; a picture after Rubens; the boy takes after his father.

To name or call after, to name like and reference to.

> Our eldest son was named George after his uncle.
> Goldsmith.

9. According to; in accordance with; in conformity with the nature of; as, he acted after his kind.

> He shall not judge after the sight of his eyes.
> Isa. xi. 3.

> They that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh.
> Rom. viii. 5.

10. According to the direction and influence of; in proportion to; befitting. [Archaic]

> He takes greatness of kingdoms according to bulk and currency, and not after their intrinsic value.
> Bacon.

After all, when everything has been considered; upon the whole. -- After (with the same noun preceding and following), as, wave after wave, day after day, several or many (waves, etc.) successively. -- One after another, successively. -- To be after, to be in pursuit of in order to reach or get; as, he is after money.

Aft"er, adv. Subsequently in time or place; behind; afterward; as, he follows after.

> It was about the space of three hours after.
> Acts. v. 7.

After is prefixed to many words, forming compounds, but retaining its usual signification. The prefix may be adverbial, prepositional, or adjectival; as in after- described, after- dinner, after-part. The hyphen is sometimes needlessly used to connect the adjective after with its noun. See Note under After, a., 1.

Aft"er*birth` (&?;), n. (Med.) The placenta and membranes with which the fetus is connected, and which come away after delivery.

Aft"er*cast` (&?;), n. A throw of dice after the game in ended; hence, anything done too late. Gower.

Aft"er*clap` (&?;), n. An unexpected subsequent event; something disagreeable happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end. Spenser.

Aft"er*crop` (&?;), n. A second crop or harvest in the same year. Mortimer.

Aft"er damp` (&?;).An irrespirable gas, remaining after an explosion of fire damp in mines; choke damp. See Carbonic acid.

Aft"er-din`ner(&?;), n. The time just after dinner. "An after-dinner's sleep." Shak. [Obs.] -- a. Following dinner; post-prandial; as, an after-dinner nap.

Aft"er-eat`age(&?;), n. Aftergrass.

Aft"er*eye` (&?;), v. t. To look after. [Poetic] Shak.

Aft"er*game` (&?;), n. A second game; hence, a subsequent scheme or expedient. Wotton.

Aftergame at Irish, an ancient game very nearly resembling backgammon. Beau. & Fl.

Aft"er-glow(&?;), n. A glow of refulgence in the western sky after sunset.

Aft"er*grass` (&?;), n. The grass that grows after the first crop has been mown; aftermath.

Aft"er*growth` (&?;), n. A second growth or crop, or (metaphorically) development. J. S. Mill.

Aft"er*guard` (&?;), n. (Naut.) The seaman or seamen stationed on the poop or after part of the ship, to attend the after-sails. Totten.

Aft"er-im`age(&?;), n. The impression of a vivid sensation retained by the retina of the eye after the cause has been removed; also extended to impressions left of tones, smells, etc.

Aft"er*ings (&?;), n. pl. The last milk drawn in milking; strokings. [Obs.] Grose.

Aft"er*math (&?;), n. [After + math. See Math.] A second moving; the grass which grows after the first crop of hay in the same season; rowen. Holland.

Aft"er-men`tioned(&?;), a. Mentioned afterwards; as, persons after-mentioned (in a writing).

Aft"er*most (&?;), a. superl. [OE. eftemest, AS. æftemest,akin to Gothic aftumist and aftuma, the last, orig. a superlative of of, with the superlative endings -te, -me, -st.] 1. Hindmost; -- opposed to foremost.

2. (Naut.) Nearest the stern; most aft.

Aft"er*noon" (&?;), n. The part of the day which follows noon, between noon and evening.

Aft"er-note`(&?;), n. (Mus.) One of the small notes occur on the unaccented parts of the measure, taking their time from the preceding note.

Aft"er*pains` (&?;), n. pl. (Med.) The pains which succeed childbirth, as in expelling the afterbirth.

Aft"er*piece` (&?;), n. 1. A piece performed after a play, usually a farce or other small entertainment.

2. (Naut.) The heel of a rudder.

Aft"er-sails`(&?;), n. pl. (Naut.) The sails on the mizzenmast, or on the stays between the mainmast and mizzenmast. Totten.

Aft"er*shaft` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The hypoptilum.

Aft"er*taste` (&?;), n. A taste which remains in the mouth after eating or drinking.

Aft"er*thought` (&?;), n. Reflection after an act; later or subsequent thought or expedient.

{ Aft"er*wards (&?;), Aft"er*ward (&?;), } adv. [AS. æfteweard, a., behind. See Aft, and -ward (suffix). The final s in afterwards is adverbial, orig. a genitive ending.] At a later or succeeding time.

Aft"er*wise` (&?;), a. Wise after the event; wise or knowing, when it is too late.

Aft"er-wit` (#), n. Wisdom or perception that comes after it can be of use. "After-wit comes too late when the mischief is done." L'Estrange.

Aft"er-wit`ted (&?;), a. Characterized by after-wit; slow-witted. Tyndale.

Aft"most (&?;), a. (Naut.) Nearest the stern.

Aft"ward (&?;), adv. (Naut.) Toward the stern.

||A*ga" or ||A*gha" (#), n. [Turk. adh a great lord, chief master.] In Turkey, a commander or chief officer. It is used also as a title of respect.

A*gain" (?; 277), adv. [OE. agein, agayn, AS. ongegn, ongeán, against, again; on + geán, akin to Ger. gegewn against, Icel. gegn. Cf. Gainsay.] 1. In return, back; as, bring us word again.

2. Another time; once more; anew.

> If a man die, shall he live again?
> Job xiv. 14.

3. Once repeated; -- of quantity; as, as large again, half as much again.

4. In any other place. [Archaic] Bacon.

5. On the other hand. "The one is my sovereign . . . the other again is my kinsman." Shak.

6. Moreover; besides; further.

> Again, it is of great consequence to avoid, etc.
> Hersche&?;.

Again and again, more than once; often; repeatedly. -- Now and again, now and then; occasionally. -- To and again, to and fro. [Obs.] De Foe.

Again was formerly used in many verbal combinations, as, again-witness, to witness against; again-ride, to ride against; again-come, to come against, to encounter; again- bring, to bring back, etc.

{ A*gain" (&?;), A*gains" (&?;), } prep. Against; also, towards (in order to meet). [Obs.]

> Albeit that it is again his kind.
> Chaucer.

A*gain"buy` (&?;), v. t. To redeem. [Obs.] Wyclif.

A*gain"say` (&?;), v. t. To gainsay. [Obs.] Wyclif.

A*gainst" (?; 277), prep. [OE. agens, ageynes, AS. ongegn. The s is adverbial, orig. a genitive ending. See Again.] 1. Abreast; opposite to; facing; towards; as, against the mouth of a river; -- in this sense often preceded by over.

> Jacob saw the angels of God come against him.
> Tyndale.

2. From an opposite direction so as to strike or come in contact with; in contact with; upon; as, hail beats against the roof.

3. In opposition to, whether the opposition is of sentiment or of action; on the other side; counter to; in contrariety to; hence, adverse to; as, against reason; against law; to run a race against time.

> The gate would have been shut against her.
> Fielding.

> An argument against the use of steam.
> Tyndale.

4. By of before the time that; in preparation for; so as to be ready for the time when. [Archaic or Dial.]

> Urijah the priest made it, against King Ahaz came from Damascus.
> 2 Kings xvi. 11.

Against the sun, in a direction contrary to that in which the sun appears to move.

A*gain"stand` (&?;), v. t. To withstand. [Obs.]

A*gain"ward (&?;), adv. Back again. [Obs.]

<! p. 31 !>

{ ||Ag`a*lac"ti*a (g`*lk"t*), Ag"a*lax`y (g"*lk`s), } n. [Gr. 'agalakti`a; 'a priv. + ga`la, gala`ktos, milk.] (Med.) Failure of the due secretion of milk after childbirth.

Ag`a*lac"tous (&?;), a. Lacking milk to suckle with.

||A`gal-a"gal (&?;), n. Same as Agar- agar.

{ Ag"al*loch (&?;), ||A*gal"lo*chum (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?;, of Eastern origin: cf. Skr. aguru, Heb. pl. ahlm.] A soft, resinous wood (Aquilaria Agallocha) of highly aromatic smell, burnt by the orientals as a perfume. It is called also agalwood and aloes wood. The name is also given to some other species.

Ag`al*mat"o*lite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, image, statue + -lite: cf. F. agalmatolithe.] (Min.) A soft, compact stone, of a grayish, greenish, or yellowish color, carved into images by the Chinese, and hence called figure stone, and pagodite. It is probably a variety of pinite.

||Ag"a*ma (&?;), n.; pl. Agamas (&?;). [From the Caribbean name of a species of lizard.] (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards, one of the few which feed upon vegetable substances; also, one of these lizards.

||Ag"a*mi (&?;), n.; pl. Agamis (&?;). [F. agex>, fr. the native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American bird (Psophia crepitans), allied to the cranes, and easily domesticated; -- called also the gold- breasted trumpeter. Its body is about the size of the pheasant. See Trumpeter.

A*gam"ic (&?;), a. [Agamous.] (a) (Biol.) Produced without sexual union; as, agamic or unfertilized eggs. (b) Not having visible organs of reproduction, as flowerless plants; agamous.

A*gam"ic*al*ly (&?;), adv. In an agamic manner.

Ag"a*mist (&?;), n. [See Agamous.] An unmarried person; also, one opposed to marriage. Foxe.

||Ag`a*mo*gen"e*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; unmarried ('a priv. + &?; marriage) + &?; reproduction.] (Biol.) Reproduction without the union of parents of distinct sexes: asexual reproduction.

Ag`a*mo*ge*net"ic (&?;), n. (Biol.) Reproducing or produced without sexual union. -- Ag`a*mo*ge*net"ic*al*ly (&?;), adv.

> All known agamogenetic processes end in a complete return to the primitive stock.
> Huxley.

Ag"a*mous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a`gamos unmarried; 'a priv. + ga`mos marriage.] (Biol.) Having no visible sexual organs; asexual. In Bot., cryptogamous.

A*gan`gli*o"nic (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + ganglionic.] (Physiol.) Without ganglia.

A*gape" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + gape.] Gaping, as with wonder, expectation, or eager attention.

> Dazzles the crowd and sets them all agape.
> Milton.

||Ag"a*pe (&?;), n.; pl. Agapæ (#). [Gr. 'aga`ph love, pl. 'aga`pai.] The love feast of the primitive Christians, being a meal partaken of in connection with the communion.

||A`gar-a"gar (&?;), n. [Ceylonese local name.] A fucus or seaweed much used in the East for soups and jellies; Ceylon moss (Gracilaria lichenoides).

Ag"a*ric (?; 277), n. [L. agaricum, Gr. &?;, said to be fr. Agara, a town in Sarmatia.] 1. (Bot.) A fungus of the genus Agaricus, of many species, of which the common mushroom is an example.

2. An old name for several species of Polyporus, corky fungi growing on decaying wood.

The "female agaric" (Polyporus officinalis) was renowned as a cathartic; the "male agaric" (Polyporus igniarius) is used for preparing touchwood, called punk or German tinder.

Agaric mineral, a light, chalky deposit of carbonate of lime, sometimes called rock milk, formed in caverns or fissures of limestone.

A*gasp" (&?;), adv. & a. [. a- + gasp.] In a state of gasping. Coleridge.

A*gast" or A*ghast" (&?;), v. t. To affright; to terrify. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

A*gast" (&?;), p. p. & a. See Aghast.

A*gas"tric (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; stomach.] (Physiol.) Having to stomach, or distinct digestive canal, as the tapeworm.

A*gate" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- on + gate way.] On the way; agoing; as, to be agate; to set the bells agate. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Ag"ate (&?;), n. [F. agate, It. agata, L. achates, fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. (Min.) A semipellucid, uncrystallized variety of quartz, presenting various tints in the same specimen. Its colors are delicately arranged in stripes or bands, or blended in clouds.

The fortification agate, or Scotch pebble, the moss agate, the clouded agate, etc., are familiar varieties.

2. (Print.) A kind of type, larger than pearl and smaller than nonpareil; in England called ruby.

This line is printed in the type called agate.

3. A diminutive person; so called in allusion to the small figures cut in agate for rings and seals. [Obs.] Shak.

4. A tool used by gold-wire drawers, bookbinders, etc.; -- so called from the agate fixed in it for burnishing.

Ag`a*tif"er*ous (&?;), a. [Agate + -ferous.] Containing or producing agates. Craig.

Ag"a*tine (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or like, agate.

Ag"a*tize (&?;), v. t. [Usually p. p. Agatized(&?;).] To convert into agate; to make resemble agate. Dana.

Ag"a*ty (&?;), a. Of the nature of agate, or containing agate.

A*ga"ve (&?;), n. [L. Agave, prop. name, fr. Gr. &?;, fem. of &?; illustrious, noble.] (bot.) A genus of plants (order Amaryllidaceæ) of which the chief species is the maguey or century plant (A. Americana), wrongly called Aloe. It is from ten to seventy years, according to climate, in attaining maturity, when it produces a gigantic flower stem, sometimes forty feet in height, and perishes. The fermented juice is the pulque of the Mexicans; distilled, it yields mescal. A strong thread and a tough paper are made from the leaves, and the wood has many uses.

A*gazed" (&?;), p. p. [Only in p. p.; another spelling for aghast.] Gazing with astonishment; amazed. [Obs.]

> The whole army stood agazed on him.
> Shak.

Age (j), n. [OF. aage, eage, F. âge, fr. L. aetas through a supposed LL. aetaticum. L. aetas is contracted fr. aevitas, fr. aevum lifetime, age; akin to E. aye ever. Cf. Each.] 1. The whole duration of a being, whether animal, vegetable, or other kind; lifetime.

> Mine age is as nothing before thee.
> Ps. xxxix. 5.

2. That part of the duration of a being or a thing which is between its beginning and any given time; as, what is the present age of a man, or of the earth?

3. The latter part of life; an advanced period of life; seniority; state of being old.

> Nor wrong mine age with this indignity.
> Shak.

4. One of the stages of life; as, the age of infancy, of youth, etc. Shak.

5. Mature age; especially, the time of life at which one attains full personal rights and capacities; as, to come of age; he (or she) is of age. Abbott. In the United States, both males and females are of age when twenty-one years old.

6. The time of life at which some particular power or capacity is understood to become vested; as, the age of consent; the age of discretion. Abbott.

7. A particular period of time in history, as distinguished from others; as, the golden age, the age of Pericles. "The spirit of the age." Prescott.

> Truth, in some age or other, will find her witness.
> Milton.

Archeological ages are designated as three: The Stone age (the early and the later stone age, called paleolithic and neolithic), the Bronze age, and the Iron age. During the Age of Stone man is supposed to have employed stone for weapons and implements.

See Augustan, Brazen, Golden, Heroic, Middle.

8. A great period in the history of the Earth.

The geologic ages are as follows: 1. The Archæan, including the time when was no life and the time of the earliest and simplest forms of life. 2. The age of Invertebrates, or the Silurian, when the life on the globe consisted distinctively of invertebrates. 3. The age of Fishes, or the Devonian, when fishes were the dominant race. 4. The age of Coal Plants, or Acrogens, or the Carboniferous age. 5. The Mesozoic or Secondary age, or age of Reptiles, when reptiles prevailed in great numbers and of vast size. 6. The Tertiary age, or age of Mammals, when the mammalia, or quadrupeds, abounded, and were the dominant race. 7. The Quaternary age, or age of Man, or the modern era. Dana.

9. A century; the period of one hundred years.

> Fleury . . . apologizes for these five ages.
> Hallam.

10. The people who live at a particular period; hence, a generation. "Ages yet unborn." Pope.

> The way which the age follows.
> J. H. Newman.

> Lo! where the stage, the poor, degraded stage,
> Holds its warped mirror to a gaping age.
> C. Sprague.

11. A long time. [Colloq.] "He made minutes an age." Tennyson.

Age of a tide, the time from the origin of a tide in the South Pacific Ocean to its arrival at a given place. -- Moon's age, the time that has elapsed since the last preceding conjunction of the sun and moon.

Age is used to form the first part of many compounds; as, agelasting, age-adorning, age-worn, age- enfeebled, agelong.

Syn. -- Time; period; generation; date; era; epoch.

Age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aging (&?;).] To grow aged; to become old; to show marks of age; as, he grew fat as he aged.

> They live one hundred and thirty years, and never age for all that.
> Holland.

> I am aging; that is, I have a whitish, or rather a light-colored, hair here and there.
> Landor.

Age, v. t. To cause to grow old; to impart the characteristics of age to; as, grief ages us.

A"ged (&?;), a. 1. Old; having lived long; having lived almost to or beyond the usual time allotted to that species of being; as, an aged man; an aged oak.

2. Belonging to old age. "Aged cramps." Shak.

3. ("jd or jd) Having a certain age; at the age of; having lived; as, a man aged forty years.

A"ged*ly, adv. In the manner of an aged person.

A"ged*ness, n. The quality of being aged; oldness.

> Custom without truth is but agedness of error.
> Milton.

Age"less (&?;), a. Without old age limits of duration; as, fountains of ageless youth.

A*gen" (&?;), adv. & prep. See Again. [Obs.]

A"gen*cy (&?;), n.; pl. Agencies (&?;). [agentia, fr. L. agens, agentis: cf. F. agence. See Agent.] 1. The faculty of acting or of exerting power; the state of being in action; action; instrumentality.

> The superintendence and agency of Providence in the natural world.
> Woodward.

2. The office of an agent, or factor; the relation between a principal and his agent; business of one intrusted with the concerns of another.

3. The place of business of am agent.

Syn. -- Action; operation; efficiency; management.

A"gend (&?;), n. See Agendum. [Obs.]

||A*gen"dum (&?;), n.; pl. Agenda (&?;). [L., neut. of the gerundive of agere to act.] 1. Something to be done; in the pl., a memorandum book.

2. A church service; a ritual or liturgy. [In this sense, usually Agenda.]

Ag`e*nes"ic (&?;), a. [See Agensis.] (Physiol.) Characterized by sterility; infecund.

||A*gen"e*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; birth.] (Physiol.) Any imperfect development of the body, or any anomaly of organization.

||Ag`en*ne"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; an engendering.] (Physiol.) Impotence; sterility.

A"gent (&?;), a. [L. agens, agentis, p. pr. of agere to act; akin to Gr. &?; to lead, Icel. aka to drive, Skr. aj. √2.] Acting; -- opposed to patient, or sustaining, action. [Archaic] "The body agent." Bacon.

A"gent, n. 1. One who exerts power, or has the power to act; an actor.

> Heaven made us agents, free to good or ill.
> Dryden.

2. One who acts for, or in the place of, another, by authority from him; one intrusted with the business of another; a substitute; a deputy; a factor.

3. An active power or cause; that which has the power to produce an effect; as, a physical, chemical, or medicinal agent; as, heat is a powerful agent.

A*gen"tial (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an agent or an agency. Fitzed. Hall.

A"gent*ship (&?;), n. Agency. Beau. & Fl.

||A*ger"a*tum (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a sort of plant; 'a priv. + &?; old age.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, one species of which (A. Mexicanum) has lavender- blue flowers in dense clusters.

Ag*gen`er*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. aggenerare to beget in addition. See Generate.] The act of producing in addition. [Obs.] T. Stanley.

||Ag"ger (&?;), n. [L., a mound, fr. aggerere to bear to a place, heap up; ad + gerere to bear.] An earthwork; a mound; a raised work. [Obs.] Hearne.

Ag"ger*ate (&?;), v. t. [L. aggeratus, p. p. of aggerare. See Agger.] To heap up. [Obs.] Foxe.

Ag`ger*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. aggeratio.] A heaping up; accumulation; as, aggerations of sand. [R.]

Ag`ger*ose" (&?;), a. In heaps; full of heaps.

Ag*gest" (&?;), v. t. [L. aggestus, p. p. of aggerere. See Agger.] To heap up. [Obs.]

> The violence of the waters aggested the earth.
> Fuller.

Ag*glom"er*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agglomerated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Agglomerating (&?;).] [L. agglomeratus, p. p. of agglomerare; ad + glomerare to form into a ball. See Glomerate.] To wind or collect into a ball; hence, to gather into a mass or anything like a mass.

> Where he builds the agglomerated pile.
> Cowper.

Ag*glom"er*ate, v. i. To collect in a mass.

{ Ag*glom"er*ate (&?;), Ag*glom"er*a`ted (&?;), } a. 1. Collected into a ball, heap, or mass.

2. (Bot.) Collected into a rounded head of flowers.

Ag*glom"er*ate (&?;), n. 1. A collection or mass.

2. (Geol.) A mass of angular volcanic fragments united by heat; -- distinguished from conglomerate.

Ag*glom`er*a"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. agglomération.] 1. The act or process of collecting in a mass; a heaping together.

> An excessive agglomeration of turrets.
> Warton.

2. State of being collected in a mass; a mass; cluster.

Ag*glom"er*a*tive (&?;), a. Having a tendency to gather together, or to make collections.

> Taylor is eminently discursive, accumulative, and (to use one of his own words) agglomerative.
> Coleridge.

Ag*glu"ti*nant (&?;), a. [L. agglutinans, -antis, p. pr. of agglutinare.] Uniting, as glue; causing, or tending to cause, adhesion. -- n. Any viscous substance which causes bodies or parts to adhere.

Ag*glu"ti*nate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agglutinated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Agglutinating.] [L. agglutinatus, p. p. of agglutinare to glue or cement to a thing; ad + glutinare to glue; gluten glue. See Glue.] To unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous substance; to unite by causing an adhesion of substances.

Ag*glu"ti*nate (&?;), a. 1. United with glue or as with glue; cemented together.

2. (physiol.) Consisting of root words combined but not materially altered as to form or meaning; as, agglutinate forms, languages, etc. See Agglutination, 2.

Ag*glu`ti*na"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. agglutination.] 1. The act of uniting by glue or other tenacious substance; the state of being thus united; adhesion of parts.

2. (Physiol.) Combination in which root words are united with little or no change of form or loss of meaning. See Agglutinative, 2.

Ag*glu"ti*na*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. agglutinatif.] 1. Pertaining to agglutination; tending to unite, or having power to cause adhesion; adhesive.

2. (Philol.) Formed or characterized by agglutination, as a language or a compound.

> In agglutinative languages the union of words may be compared to mechanical compounds, in inflective languages to chemical compounds.
> R. Morris.

> Cf. man-kind, heir-loom, war-like, which are agglutinative compounds. The Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish, the Tamul, etc., are agglutinative languages.
> R. Morris.

> Agglutinative languages preserve the consciousness of their roots.
> Max Müller.

Ag*grace" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + grace: cf. It. aggraziare, LL. aggratiare. See Grace.] To favor; to grace. [Obs.] "That knight so much aggraced." Spenser.

<! p. 32 !>

Ag*grace" (&?;), n. Grace; favor. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ag"gran*di"za*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being aggrandized.

Ag*gran`di*za"tion (&?;), n. Aggrandizement. [Obs.] Waterhouse.

Ag"gran*dize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrandized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrandizing (&?;).] [F. agrandir; à (L. ad) + grandir to increase, L. grandire, fr. grandis great. See Grand, and cf. Finish.] 1. To make great; to enlarge; to increase; as, to aggrandize our conceptions, authority, distress.

2. To make great or greater in power, rank, honor, or wealth; -- applied to persons, countries, etc.

> His scheme for aggrandizing his son.
> Prescott.

3. To make appear great or greater; to exalt. Lamb.

Syn. -- To augment; exalt; promote; advance.

Ag"gran*dize, v. i. To increase or become great. [Obs.]

> Follies, continued till old age, do aggrandize.
> J. Hall.

Ag*gran"dize*ment (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. agrandissement.] The act of aggrandizing, or the state of being aggrandized or exalted in power, rank, honor, or wealth; exaltation; enlargement; as, the emperor seeks only the aggrandizement of his own family.

Syn. -- Augmentation; exaltation; enlargement; advancement; promotion; preferment.

Ag"gran*di`zer (&?;), n. One who aggrandizes, or makes great.

Ag*grate" (&?;), v. t. [It. aggratare, fr. L. ad + gratus pleasing. See Grate, a.] To please. [Obs.]

> Each one sought his lady to aggrate.
> Spenser.

Ag"gra*vate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggravated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggravating.] [L. aggravatus, p. p. of aggravare. See Aggrieve.] 1. To make heavy or heavier; to add to; to increase. [Obs.] "To aggravate thy store." Shak.

2. To make worse, or more severe; to render less tolerable or less excusable; to make more offensive; to enhance; to intensify. "To aggravate my woes." Pope.

> To aggravate the horrors of the scene.
> Prescott.

> The defense made by the prisoner's counsel did rather aggravate than extenuate his crime.
> Addison.

3. To give coloring to in description; to exaggerate; as, to aggravate circumstances. Paley.

4. To exasperate; to provoke; to irritate. [Colloq.]

> If both were to aggravate her parents, as my brother and sister do mine.
> Richardson (Clarissa).

Syn. -- To heighten; intensify; increase; magnify; exaggerate; provoke; irritate; exasperate.

Ag"gra*va`ting (&?;), a. 1. Making worse or more heinous; as, aggravating circumstances.

2. Exasperating; provoking; irritating. [Colloq.]

> A thing at once ridiculous and aggravating.
> J. Ingelow.

Ag"gra*va`ting*ly, adv. In an aggravating manner.

Ag`gra*va"tion (&?;), n. [LL. aggravatio: cf. F. aggravation.] 1. The act of aggravating, or making worse; -- used of evils, natural or moral; the act of increasing in severity or heinousness; something additional to a crime or wrong and enhancing its guilt or injurious consequences.

2. Exaggerated representation.

> By a little aggravation of the features changed it into the Saracen's head.
> Addison.

3. An extrinsic circumstance or accident which increases the guilt of a crime or the misery of a calamity.

4. Provocation; irritation. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Ag"gra*va*tive (&?;), a. Tending to aggravate. -- n. That which aggravates.

Ag"gre*gate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggregated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggregating.] [L. aggregatus, p. p. of aggregare to lead to a flock or herd; ad + gregare to collect into a flock, grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.] 1. To bring together; to collect into a mass or sum. "The aggregated soil." Milton.

2. To add or unite, as, a person, to an association.

> It is many times hard to discern to which of the two sorts, the good or the bad, a man ought to be aggregated.
> Wollaston.

3. To amount in the aggregate to; as, ten loads, aggregating five hundred bushels. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- To heap up; accumulate; pile; collect.

Ag"gre*gate (&?;), a. [L. aggregatus, p. p.] 1. Formed by a collection of particulars into a whole mass or sum; collective.

> The aggregate testimony of many hundreds.
> Sir T. Browne.

2. (Anat.) Formed into clusters or groups of lobules; as, aggregate glands.

3. (Bot.) Composed of several florets within a common involucre, as in the daisy; or of several carpels formed from one flower, as in the raspberry.

4. (Min. & Geol.) Having the several component parts adherent to each other only to such a degree as to be separable by mechanical means.

5. (Zoöl.) United into a common organized mass; -- said of certain compound animals.

Corporation aggregate. (Law) See under Corporation.

Ag"gre*gate, n. 1. A mass, assemblage, or sum of particulars; as, a house is an aggregate of stone, brick, timber, etc.

In an aggregate the particulars are less intimately mixed than in a compound.

2. (Physics) A mass formed by the union of homogeneous particles; -- in distinction from a compound, formed by the union of heterogeneous particles.

In the aggregate, collectively; together.

Ag"gre*gate*ly, adv. Collectively; in mass.

Ag`gre*ga"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. LL. aggregatio, F. agrégation.] The act of aggregating, or the state of being aggregated; collection into a mass or sum; a collection of particulars; an aggregate.

> Each genus is made up by aggregation of species.
> Carpenter.

> A nation is not an idea only of local extent and individual momentary aggregation, but . . . of continuity, which extends in time as well as in numbers, and in space.
> Burke.

Ag"gre*ga*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. Fr. agrégatif.] 1. Taken together; collective.

2. Gregarious; social. [R.] Carlyle.

Ag"gre*ga`tor (&?;), n. One who aggregates.

Ag*grege" (&?;), v. t. [OF. agreger. See Aggravate.] To make heavy; to aggravate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ag*gress" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aggressed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggressing.] [L. aggressus, p. p. of aggredi to go to, approach; ad + gradi to step, go, gradus step: cf. OF. aggresser. See Grade.] To commit the first act of hostility or offense; to begin a quarrel or controversy; to make an attack; -- with on.

Ag*gress", v. t. To set upon; to attack. [R.]

Ag*gress", n. [L. aggressus.] Aggression. [Obs.]

> Their military aggresses on others.
> Sir M. Hale.

Ag*gres"sion (&?;), n. [L. aggressio, fr. aggredi: cf. F. agression.] The first attack, or act of hostility; the first act of injury, or first act leading to a war or a controversy; unprovoked attack; assault; as, a war of aggression. "Aggressions of power." Hallam

Syn. -- Attack; offense; intrusion; provocation.

Ag*gres"sive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. agressif.] Tending or disposed to aggress; characterized by aggression; making assaults; unjustly attacking; as, an aggressive policy, war, person, nation. -- Ag*gres"sive*ly, adv. -- Ag*gres"sive*ness, n.

> No aggressive movement was made.
> Macaulay.

Ag*gres"sor (&?;), n. [L.: cf. F. agresseur.] The person who first attacks or makes an aggression; he who begins hostility or a quarrel; an assailant.

> The insolence of the aggressor is usually proportioned to the tameness of the sufferer.
> Ames.

Ag*griev"ance (&?;), n. [OF. agrevance, fr. agrever. See Aggrieve.] Oppression; hardship; injury; grievance. [Archaic]

Ag*grieve" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrieved (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrieving (&?;).] [OE. agreven, OF. agrever; a (L. ad) + grever to burden, injure, L. gravare to weigh down, fr. gravis heavy. See Grieve, and cf. Aggravate.] To give pain or sorrow to; to afflict; hence, to oppress or injure in one's rights; to bear heavily upon; -- now commonly used in the passive TO be aggrieved.

> Aggrieved by oppression and extortion.
> Macaulay.

Ag*grieve", v. i. To grieve; to lament. [Obs.]

Ag*group" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrouped (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrouping.] [F. agrouper; à (L. ad) + groupe group. See Group..] To bring together in a group; to group. Dryden.

Ag*group"ment (&?;), n. Arrangement in a group or in groups; grouping.

||Ag"gry, ||Ag"gri (&?;), a. Applied to a kind of variegated glass beads of ancient manufacture; as, aggry beads are found in Ashantee and Fantee in Africa.

A*ghast" (&?;), v. t. See Agast, v. t. [Obs.]

A*ghast" (&?;), a. & p. p. [OE. agast, agasted, p. p. of agasten to terrify, fr. AS. pref. - (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + g&?;stan to terrify, torment: cf. Goth. usgaisjan to terrify, primitively to fix, to root to the spot with terror; akin to L. haerere to stick fast, cling. See Gaze, Hesitate.] Terrified; struck with amazement; showing signs of terror or horror.

> Aghast he waked; and, starting from his bed,
> Cold sweat in clammy drops his limbs o'erspread.
> Dryden.

> The commissioners read and stood aghast.
> Macaulay.

Ag"i*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. LL. agibilis, fr. L. agere to move, do.] Possible to be done; practicable. [Obs.] "Fit for agible things." Sir A. Sherley.

Ag"ile (&?;), a. [F. agile, L. agilis, fr. agere to move. See Agent.] Having the faculty of quick motion in the limbs; apt or ready to move; nimble; active; as, an agile boy; an agile tongue.

> Shaking it with agile hand.
> Cowper.

Syn. -- Active; alert; nimble; brisk; lively; quick.

Ag"ile*ly, adv. In an agile manner; nimbly.

Ag"ile*ness, n. Agility; nimbleness. [R.]

A*gil"i*ty (&?;), n. [F. agilié, L. agilitas, fr. agilis.] 1. The quality of being agile; the power of moving the limbs quickly and easily; nimbleness; activity; quickness of motion; as, strength and agility of body.

> They . . . trust to the agility of their wit.
> Bacon.

> Wheeling with the agility of a hawk.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. Activity; powerful agency. [Obs.]

> The agility of the sun's fiery heat.
> Holland.

Ag"i*o (&?;), n.; pl. Agios (&?;). [It. aggio exchange, discount, premium, the same word as agio ease. See Ease.] (Com.) The premium or percentage on a better sort of money when it is given in exchange for an inferior sort. The premium or discount on foreign bills of exchange is sometimes called agio.

Ag"i*o*tage (&?;), n. [F. agiotage, fr. agioter to practice stockjobbing, fr. agio.] Exchange business; also, stockjobbing; the maneuvers of speculators to raise or lower the price of stocks or public funds.

> Vanity and agiotage are to a Parisian the oxygen and hydrogen of life.
> Landor.

A*gist" (&?;), v. t. [OF. agister; à (L. ad) + gister to assign a lodging, fr. giste lodging, abode, F. gîte, LL. gistum, gista, fr. L. jacitum, p. p. of jac&?;re to lie: cf. LL. agistare, adgistare. See Gist.] (Law) To take to graze or pasture, at a certain sum; -- used originally of the feeding of cattle in the king's forests, and collecting the money for the same. Blackstone.

Ag`is*ta"tor (&?;), n. [LL.] See Agister.

{ A*gist"er, A*gist"or } (&?;), n. [Anglo-Norman agistour.] (Law) (a) Formerly, an officer of the king's forest, who had the care of cattle agisted, and collected the money for the same; -- hence called gisttaker, which in England is corrupted into guest- taker. (b) Now, one who agists or takes in cattle to pasture at a certain rate; a pasturer. Mozley & W.

A*gist"ment (&?;), n. [OF. agistement. See Agist.] (Law) (a) Formerly, the taking and feeding of other men's cattle in the king's forests. (b) The taking in by any one of other men's cattle to graze at a certain rate. Mozley & W. (c) The price paid for such feeding. (d) A charge or rate against lands; as, an agistment of sea banks, i. e., charge for banks or dikes.

Ag"i*ta*ble (&?;), a. [L. agitabilis: cf. F. agitable.] Capable of being agitated, or easily moved. [R.]

Ag"i*tate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agitated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Agitating (&?;).] [L. agitatus, p. p. of agitare to put in motion, fr. agere to move: cf. F. agiter. See Act, Agent.] 1. To move with a violent, irregular action; as, the wind agitates the sea; to agitate water in a vessel. "Winds . . . agitate the air." Cowper.

2. To move or actuate. [R.] Thomson.

3. To stir up; to disturb or excite; to perturb; as, he was greatly agitated.

> The mind of man is agitated by various passions.
> Johnson.

4. To discuss with great earnestness; to debate; as, a controversy hotly agitated. Boyle.

5. To revolve in the mind, or view in all its aspects; to contrive busily; to devise; to plot; as, politicians agitate desperate designs.

Syn. -- To move; shake; excite; rouse; disturb; distract; revolve; discuss; debate; canvass.

Ag"i*ta`ted*ly, adv. In an agitated manner.

Ag`i*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. agitatio: cf. F. agitation.] 1. The act of agitating, or the state of being agitated; the state of being moved with violence, or with irregular action; commotion; as, the sea after a storm is in agitation.

2. A stirring up or arousing; disturbance of tranquillity; disturbance of mind which shows itself by physical excitement; perturbation; as, to cause any one agitation.

3. Excitement of public feeling by discussion, appeals, etc.; as, the antislavery agitation; labor agitation. "Religious agitations." Prescott.

4. Examination or consideration of a subject in controversy, or of a plan proposed for adoption; earnest discussion; debate.

> A logical agitation of the matter.
> L'Estrange.

> The project now in agitation.
> Swift.

Syn. -- Emotion; commotion; excitement; trepidation; tremor; perturbation. See Emotion.

Ag"i*ta*tive (&?;), a. Tending to agitate.

||A`gi*ta"to (&?;), a. [It., agitated.] (Mus.) Sung or played in a restless, hurried, and spasmodic manner.

Ag"i*ta`tor (&?;), n. [L.] 1. One who agitates; one who stirs up or excites others; as, political reformers and agitators.

2. (Eng. Hist.) One of a body of men appointed by the army, in Cromwell's time, to look after their interests; - - called also adjutators. Clarendon.

3. An implement for shaking or mixing.

A*gleam" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + gleam.] Gleaming; as, faces agleam. Lowell.

{ Ag"let (g"lt), Aig"let (g"lt), } n. [F. aiguillette point, tagged point, dim. of aiguilee needle, fr. LL. acucula for acicula, dim. of L. acus needle, pin; cf. OF. agleter to hook on. See Acute, and cf. Aiguillette.] 1. A tag of a lace or of the points, braids, or cords formerly used in dress. They were sometimes formed into small images. Hence, "aglet baby" (Shak.), an aglet image.

2. (Haberdashery) A round white staylace. Beck.

A*gley" (&?;), adv. Aside; askew. [Scotch] Burns.

A*glim"mer (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + glimmer.] In a glimmering state. Hawthorne.

A*glit"ter (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + glitter.] Glittering; in a glitter.

A*glos"sal (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) Without tongue; tongueless.

A*glow" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + glow.] In a glow; glowing; as, cheeks aglow; the landscape all aglow.

Ag`lu*ti"tion (&?;), n. [Pref. a- not + L. glutire to swallow.] (Med.) Inability to swallow.

Ag"mi*nal (&?;), a. [L. agminalis; agmen, agminis, a train.] Pertaining to an army marching, or to a train. [R.]

{ Ag"mi*nate (&?;), Ag"mi*na`ted (&?;), } a. [L. agmen, agminis, a train, crowd.] (Physiol.) Grouped together; as, the agminated glands of Peyer in the small intestine.

Ag"nail (&?;), n. [AS. angnægl; ange vexation, trouble + nægel nail. Cf. Hangnail.] 1. A corn on the toe or foot. [Obs.]

2. An inflammation or sore under or around the nail; also, a hangnail.

Ag"nate (&?;), a. [L. agnatus, p. p. of agnasci to be born in addition to; ad + nasci (for gnasci) to be born. Cf. Adnate.] 1. Related or akin by the father's side; also, sprung from the same male ancestor.

2. Allied; akin. "Agnate words." Pownall.

> Assume more or less of a fictitious character, but congenial and agnate with the former.
> Landor.

Ag"nate, n. [Cf. F. agnat.] (Civil Law) A relative whose relationship can be traced exclusively through males.

Ag*nat"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. agnatique.] Pertaining to descent by the male line of ancestors. "The agnatic succession." Blackstone.

Ag*na"tion (&?;), n. [L. agnatio: cf. F. agnation.] 1. (Civil Law) Consanguinity by a line of males only, as distinguished from cognation. Bouvier.

<! p. 33 !>

Ag*ni"tion (g*nsh"n), n. [L. agnitio, fr. agnoscere. See Notion.] Acknowledgment. [Obs.] Grafton.

Ag*nize" (g*nz"), v. t. [Formed like recognize, fr. L. agnoscere.] To recognize; to acknowledge. [Archaic]

> I do agnize a natural and prompt alacrity.
> Shak.

Ag`noi*ol"o*gy (g`noi*l"*j), n. [Gr. 'a`gnoia ignorance + -logy.] (Metaph.) The doctrine concerning those things of which we are necessarily ignorant.

||Ag*no"men (g*n"mn), n. [L.; ad + nomen name.] 1. An additional or fourth name given by the Romans, on account of some remarkable exploit or event; as, Publius Caius Scipio Africanus.

2. An additional name, or an epithet appended to a name; as, Aristides the Just.

Ag*nom"i*nate (g*nm"*nt), v. t. To name. [Obs.]

Ag*nom`i*na"tion (&?;), n. [L. agnominatio. See Agnomen.] 1. A surname. [R.] Minsheu.

2. Paronomasia; also, alliteration; annomination.

Ag*nos"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; knowing, &?; to know.] Professing ignorance; involving no dogmatic; pertaining to or involving agnosticism. -- Ag*nos"tic*al*ly (&?;), adv.

Ag*nos"tic, n. One who professes ignorance, or denies that we have any knowledge, save of phenomena; one who supports agnosticism, neither affirming nor denying the existence of a personal Deity, a future life, etc.

Ag*nos"ti*cism (&?;), n. That doctrine which, professing ignorance, neither asserts nor denies. Specifically: (Theol.) The doctrine that the existence of a personal Deity, an unseen world, etc., can be neither proved nor disproved, because of the necessary limits of the human mind (as sometimes charged upon Hamilton and Mansel), or because of the insufficiency of the evidence furnished by physical and physical data, to warrant a positive conclusion (as taught by the school of Herbert Spencer); -- opposed alike dogmatic skepticism and to dogmatic theism.

||Ag"nus (&?;), n.; pl. E. Agnuses (&?;); L. Agni (&?;). [L., a lamb.] Agnus Dei.

||Ag"nus cas"tus (&?;). [Gr. &?; a willowlike tree, used at a religious festival; confused with &?; holy, chaste.] (Bot.) A species of Vitex (V. agnus castus); the chaste tree. Loudon.

> And wreaths of agnus castus others bore.
> Dryden.

||Ag"nus De"i (&?;). [L., lamb of God.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A figure of a lamb bearing a cross or flag. (b) A cake of wax stamped with such a figure. It is made from the remains of the paschal candles and blessed by the Pope. (c) A triple prayer in the sacrifice of the Mass, beginning with the words "Agnus Dei."

A*go" (&?;), a. & adv. [OE. ago, agon, p. p. of agon to go away, pass by, AS. gn to pass away; - (cf. Goth. us- , Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + gn to go. See Go.] Past; gone by; since; as, ten years ago; gone long ago.

A*gog" (&?;), a. & adv. [Cf. F. gogue fun, perhaps of Celtic origin.] In eager desire; eager; astir.

> All agog to dash through thick and thin.
> Cowper.

A*go"ing (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + p. pr. of go.] In motion; in the act of going; as, to set a mill agoing.

||Ag"on (&?;), n.; pl. Agones (&?;). [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to lead.] (Gr. Antiq.) A contest for a prize at the public games.

A*gone" (&?;), a. & adv. Ago. [Archaic> & Poet.]

> Three days agone I fell sick.
> 1 Sam. xxx. 13.

A"gone (&?;), n. [See Agonic.] Agonic line.

A*gon"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; without angles; 'a priv. + &?; an angle.] Not forming an angle.

Agonic line (Physics), an imaginary line on the earth's surface passing through those places where the magnetic needle points to the true north; the line of no magnetic variation. There is one such line in the Western hemisphere, and another in the Eastern hemisphere.

Ag"o*nism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to contend for a prize, fr. &?;. See Agon.] Contention for a prize; a contest. [Obs.] Blount.

Ag"o*nist (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] One who contends for the prize in public games. [R.]

{ Ag`o*nis"tic (&?;), Ag`o*nis"tic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;. See Agonism.] Pertaining to violent contests, bodily or mental; pertaining to athletic or polemic feats; athletic; combative; hence, strained; unnatural.

> As a scholar, he [Dr. Parr] was brilliant, but he consumed his power in agonistic displays.
> De Quincey.

Ag`o*nis"tic*al*ly, adv. In an agonistic manner.

Ag`o*nis"tics (&?;), n. The science of athletic combats, or contests in public games.

Ag"o*nize (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Agonized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Agonizing (&?;).] [F. agoniser, LL. agonizare, fr. Gr. &?;. See Agony.] 1. To writhe with agony; to suffer violent anguish.

> To smart and agonize at every pore.
> Pope.

2. To struggle; to wrestle; to strive desperately.

Ag"o*nize, v. t. To cause to suffer agony; to subject to extreme pain; to torture.

> He agonized his mother by his behavior.
> Thackeray.

Ag"o*ni`zing*ly (&?;), adv. With extreme anguish or desperate struggles.

Ag"o*no*thete` (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; to set. appoint.] [Antiq.] An officer who presided over the great public games in Greece.

Ag`o*no*thet"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to the office of an agonothete.

Ag"o*ny (&?;), n.; pl. Agonies (&?;). [L. agonia, Gr. &?;, orig. a contest, fr. &?;: cf. F. agonie. See Agon.] 1. Violent contest or striving.

> The world is convulsed by the agonies of great nations.
> Macaulay.

2. Pain so extreme as to cause writhing or contortions of the body, similar to those made in the athletic contests in Greece; and hence, extreme pain of mind or body; anguish; paroxysm of grief; specifically, the sufferings of Christ in the garden of Gethsemane.

> Being in an agony he prayed more earnestly.
> Luke xxii. 44.

3. Paroxysm of joy; keen emotion.

> With cries and agonies of wild delight.
> Pope.

4. The last struggle of life; death struggle.

Syn. -- Anguish; torment; throe; distress; pangs; suffering. -- Agony, Anguish, Pang. These words agree in expressing extreme pain of body or mind. Agony denotes acute and permanent pain, usually of the whole system., and often producing contortions. Anguish denotes severe pressure, and, considered as bodily suffering, is more commonly local (as anguish of a wound), thus differing from agony. A pang is a paroxysm of excruciating pain. It is severe and transient. The agonies or pangs of remorse; the anguish of a wounded conscience. "Oh, sharp convulsive pangs of agonizing pride!" Dryden.

A*good(*gd"), adv. [Pref. a- + good.] In earnest; heartily. [Obs.] "I made her weep agood." Shak.

||Ag"o*ra (g"*r), n. [Gr. 'agora`.] An assembly; hence, the place of assembly, especially the market place, in an ancient Greek city.

||A*gou"a*ra (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), found in the tropical parts of America.

||A*gou"ta (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small insectivorous mammal (Solenodon paradoxus), allied to the moles, found only in Hayti.

{ A*gou"ti, A*gou"ty } (*g"t), n. [F. agouti, acouti, Sp. aguti, fr. native name.] (Zoöl.) A rodent of the genus Dasyprocta, about the size of a rabbit, peculiar to South America and the West Indies. The most common species is the Dasyprocta agouti.

A*grace" (&?;), n. & v. See Aggrace. [Obs.]

A*graffe" (&?;), n. [F. agrafe, formerly agraffe, OF. agrappe. See Agrappes.] 1. A hook or clasp.

> The feather of an ostrich, fastened in her turban by an agraffe set with brilliants.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. A hook, eyelet, or other device by which a piano wire is so held as to limit the vibration.

A*gram"ma*tist (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; illiterate; 'a priv. + &?; letters, fr. &?; to write.] A illiterate person. [Obs.] Bailey.

||A*graph"i*a (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; to write.] The absence or loss of the power of expressing ideas by written signs. It is one form of aphasia.

A*graph"ic (&?;), a. Characterized by agraphia.

A*grappes" (&?;), n. pl. [OF. agrappe, F. agrafe; a + grappe (see Grape) fr. OHG. krpfo hook.] Hooks and eyes for armor, etc. Fairholt.

A*gra"ri*an (&?;), a. [L. agrarius, fr. ager field.] 1. Pertaining to fields, or lands, or their tenure; esp., relating to an equal or equitable division of lands; as, the agrarian laws of Rome, which distributed the conquered and other public lands among citizens.

> His Grace's landed possessions are irresistibly inviting to an agrarian experiment.
> Burke.

2. (Bot.) Wild; -- said of plants growing in the fields.

A*gra"ri*an, n. 1. One in favor of an equal division of landed property.

2. An agrarian law. [R.]

> An equal agrarian is perpetual law.
> Harrington.

A*gra"ri*an*ism (&?;), n. An equal or equitable division of landed property; the principles or acts of those who favor a redistribution of land.

A*gra"ri*an*ize (&?;), v. t. To distribute according to, or to imbue with, the principles of agrarianism.

{ A*gre", A*gree" } (&?;), adv. [F. à gré. See Agree.] In good part; kindly. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

A*gree" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Agreed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Agreeing.] [F. agréer to accept or receive kindly, fr. à gré; à (L. ad) + gré good will, consent, liking, fr. L. gratus pleasing, agreeable. See Grateful.] 1. To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action; to be in unison or concord; to be or become united or consistent; to concur; as, all parties agree in the expediency of the law.

> If music and sweet poetry agree.
> Shak.

> Their witness agreed not together.
> Mark xiv. 56.

> The more you agree together, the less hurt can your enemies do you.
> Sir T. Browne.

2. To yield assent; to accede; -- followed by to; as, to agree to an offer, or to opinion.

3. To make a stipulation by way of settling differences or determining a price; to exchange promises; to come to terms or to a common resolve; to promise.

> Agree with thine adversary quickly.
> Matt. v. 25.

> Didst not thou agree with me for a penny ?
> Matt. xx. 13.

4. To be conformable; to resemble; to coincide; to correspond; as, the picture does not agree with the original; the two scales agree exactly.

5. To suit or be adapted in its effects; to do well; as, the same food does not agree with every constitution.

6. (Gram.) To correspond in gender, number, case, or person.

The auxiliary forms of to be are often employed with the participle agreed. "The jury were agreed." Macaulay. "Can two walk together, except they be agreed ?" Amos iii. 3. The principal intransitive uses were probably derived from the transitive verb used reflexively. "I agree me well to your desire." Ld. Berners.

Syn. -- To assent; concur; consent; acquiesce; accede; engage; promise; stipulate; contract; bargain; correspond; harmonize; fit; tally; coincide; comport.

A*gree" (&?;), v. t. 1. To make harmonious; to reconcile or make friends. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To admit, or come to one mind concerning; to settle; to arrange; as, to agree the fact; to agree differences. [Obs.]

A*gree`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. [OF. agreablete.] 1. Easiness of disposition. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. The quality of being, or making one's self, agreeable; agreeableness. Thackeray.

A*gree"a*ble (&?;), a. [F. agréable.] 1. Pleasing, either to the mind or senses; pleasant; grateful; as, agreeable manners or remarks; an agreeable person; fruit agreeable to the taste.

> A train of agreeable reveries.
> Goldsmith.

2. Willing; ready to agree or consent. [Colloq.]

> These Frenchmen give unto the said captain of Calais a great sum of money, so that he will be but content and agreeable that they may enter into the said town.
> Latimer.

3. Agreeing or suitable; conformable; correspondent; concordant; adapted; -- followed by to, rarely by with.

> That which is agreeable to the nature of one thing, is many times contrary to the nature of another.
> L'Estrange.

4. In pursuance, conformity, or accordance; -- in this sense used adverbially for agreeably; as, agreeable to the order of the day, the House took up the report.

Syn. -- Pleasing; pleasant; welcome; charming; acceptable; amiable. See Pleasant.

A*gree"a*ble*ness, n. 1. The quality of being agreeable or pleasing; that quality which gives satisfaction or moderate pleasure to the mind or senses.

> That author . . . has an agreeableness that charms us.
> Pope.

2. The quality of being agreeable or suitable; suitableness or conformity; consistency.

> The agreeableness of virtuous actions to human nature.
> Pearce.

3. Resemblance; concordance; harmony; -- with to or between. [Obs.]

> The agreeableness between man and the other parts of the universe.
> Grew.

A*gree"a*bly, adv. 1. In an agreeably manner; in a manner to give pleasure; pleasingly. "Agreeably entertained." Goldsmith.

2. In accordance; suitably; consistently; conformably; -- followed by to and rarely by with. See Agreeable, 4.

> The effect of which is, that marriages grow less frequent, agreeably to the maxim above laid down.
> Paley.

3. Alike; similarly. [Obs.]

> Both clad in shepherds' weeds agreeably.
> Spenser.

A*gree"ing*ly, adv. In an agreeing manner (to); correspondingly; agreeably. [Obs.]

A*gree"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. agrément.] 1. State of agreeing; harmony of opinion, statement, action, or character; concurrence; concord; conformity; as, a good agreement subsists among the members of the council.

> What agreement hath the temple of God with idols ?
> 2 Cor. vi. 16.

> Expansion and duration have this further agreement.
> Locke.

2. (Gram.) Concord or correspondence of one word with another in gender, number, case, or person.

3. (Law) (a) A concurrence in an engagement that something shall be done or omitted; an exchange of promises; mutual understanding, arrangement, or stipulation; a contract. (b) The language, oral or written, embodying reciprocal promises. Abbott. Brande & C.

Syn. -- Bargain; contract; compact; stipulation.

A*gre"er (&?;), n. One who agrees.

A*gres"tic (&?;), a. [L. agrestis, fr. ager field.] Pertaining to fields or the country, in opposition to the city; rural; rustic; unpolished; uncouth. "Agrestic behavior." Gregory.

A*gres"tic*al (&?;), a. Agrestic. [Obs.]

A*gric`o*la"tion (&?;), n. [L., agricolatio.] Agriculture. [Obs.] Bailey.

A*gric"o*list (&?;), n. A cultivator of the soil; an agriculturist. Dodsley.

Ag"ri*cul`tor (&?;), n. [L., fr. ager field + cultor cultivator.] An agriculturist; a farmer. [R.]

Ag`ri*cul"tur*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to agriculture; connected with, or engaged in, tillage; as, the agricultural class; agricultural implements, wages, etc. -- Ag`ri*cul"tur*al*ly, adv.

Agricultural ant (Zoöl.), a species of ant which gathers and stores seeds of grasses, for food. The remarkable species (Myrmica barbata) found in Texas clears circular areas and carefully cultivates its favorite grain, known as ant rice.

Ag`ri*cul"tur*al*ist, n. An agriculturist (which is the preferred form.)

Ag"ri*cul`ture (?; 135), n. [L. agricultura; ager field + cultura cultivation: cf. F. agriculture. See Acre and Culture.] The art or science of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting of crops, and the rearing and management of live stock; tillage; husbandry; farming.

Ag`ri*cul"tur*ism (&?;), n. Agriculture. [R.]

Ag`ri*cul"tur*ist, n. One engaged or skilled in agriculture; a husbandman.

> The farmer is always a practitioner, the agriculturist may be a mere theorist.
> Crabb.

A*grief" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + grief.] In grief; amiss. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ag"ri*mo*ny (&?;), n. [OE. agremoyne, OF. aigremoine, L. agrimonia for argemonia, fr. Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the Rose family. (b) The name is also given to various other plants; as, hemp agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum); water agrimony (Bidens).

The Agrimonia eupatoria, or common agrimony, a perennial herb with a spike of yellow flowers, was once esteemed as a medical remedy, but is now seldom used.

<! p. 34 !>

A*grin" (*grn"), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + grin.] In the act of grinning. "His visage all agrin." Tennyson.

Ag`ri*ol"o*gist (g`r*l"*jst), n. One versed or engaged in agriology.

Ag`ri*ol"o*gy (g`r*l"*j), n. [Gr. 'a`grios wild, savage + -logy.] Description or comparative study of the customs of savage or uncivilized tribes.

A*grise" (&?;), v. i. [AS. grsan to dread; - (cf. Goth. us-, Ger. er-, orig. meaning out) + grsan, for gr&?;san (only in comp.), akin to OHG. gr&?;is&?;n, G. grausen, to shudder. See Grisly.] To shudder with terror; to tremble with fear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*grise", v. t. 1. To shudder at; to abhor; to dread; to loathe. [Obs.] Wyclif.

2. To terrify; to affright. [Obs.]

> His manly face that did his foes agrise.
> Spenser.

||A"grom (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Med.) A disease occurring in Bengal and other parts of the East Indies, in which the tongue chaps and cleaves.

{ Ag`ro*nom"ic (&?;), Ag`ro*nom"ic*al (&?;), } [Cf. F. agronomique.] Pertaining to agronomy, of the management of farms.

Ag`ro*nom"ics (&?;), n. The science of the distribution and management of land.

A*gron"o*mist (&?;), n. One versed in agronomy; a student of agronomy.

A*gron"o*my (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; rural; as a noun, an overseer of the public lands; &?; field + &?; usage, &?; to deal out, manage: cf. F. agronomie.] The management of land; rural economy; agriculture.

A*grope" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + grope.] In the act of groping. Mrs. Browning.

||A*gros"tis (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] A genus of grasses, including species called in common language bent grass. Some of them, as redtop (Agrostis vulgaris), are valuable pasture grasses.

{ A*gros`to*graph"ic (&?;), A*gros`to*graph"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. agrostographique.] Pertaining to agrostography.

Ag`ros*tog"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + - graphy.] A description of the grasses.

{ A*gros`to*log"ic (&?;), A*gros`to*log"ic*al (&?;), } a. Pertaining to agrostology.

Ag`ros*tol"o*gist (&?;), n. One skilled in agrostology.

Ag`ros*tol"ogy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + - logy.] That part of botany which treats of the grasses.

A*ground" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + ground.] On the ground; stranded; -- a nautical term applied to a ship when its bottom lodges on the ground. Totten.

A*group"ment (&?;), n. See Aggroupment.

Ag`ryp*not"ic (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; sleepless; &?; to chase, search for + &?; sleep: cf. F. agrypnotique.] Anything which prevents sleep, or produces wakefulness, as strong tea or coffee.

||A`guar*di*en"te (&?;), n. [Sp., contr. of agua ardiente burning water (L. aqua water + ardens burning).] 1. A inferior brandy of Spain and Portugal.

2. A strong alcoholic drink, especially pulque. [Mexico and Spanish America.]

A"gue (&?;), n. [OE. agu, ague, OF. agu, F. aigu, sharp, OF. fem. ague, LL. (febris) acuta, a sharp, acute fever, fr. L. acutus sharp. See Acute.] 1. An acute fever. [Obs.] "Brenning agues." P. Plowman.

2. (Med.) An intermittent fever, attended by alternate cold and hot fits.

3. The cold fit or rigor of the intermittent fever; as, fever and ague.

4. A chill, or state of shaking, as with cold. Dryden.

Ague cake, an enlargement of the spleen produced by ague. -- Ague drop, a solution of the arsenite of potassa used for ague. -- Ague fit, a fit of the ague. Shak. -- Ague spell, a spell or charm against ague. Gay. -- Ague tree, the sassafras, -- sometimes so called from the use of its root formerly, in cases of ague. [Obs.]

A"gue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agued (&?;).] To strike with an ague, or with a cold fit. Heywood.

A*guilt" (&?;), v. t. To be guilty of; to offend; to sin against; to wrong. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*guise" (&?;), n. Dress. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

A*guise", v. t. [Pref a- + guise.] To dress; to attire; to adorn. [Obs.]

> Above all knights ye goodly seem aguised.
> Spenser.

A"gu*ish (&?;), a. 1. Having the qualities of an ague; somewhat cold or shivering; chilly; shaky.

> Her aguish love now glows and burns.
> Granville.

2. Productive of, or affected by, ague; as, the aguish districts of England. T. Arnold.

-- A"gu*ish*ness, n.

A*gush" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + gush.] In a gushing state. Hawthorne.

Ag"y*nous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + gynh` woman.] (Bot.) Without female organs; male.

Ah (&?;), interj. [OE. a: cf. OF. a, F. ah, L. ah, Gr. &?;, Sk, Icel. æ, OHG. , Lith. á, áá.] An exclamation, expressive of surprise, pity, complaint, entreaty, contempt, threatening, delight, triumph, etc., according to the manner of utterance.

A*ha" (&?;), interj. [Ah, interj. + ha.] An exclamation expressing, by different intonations, triumph, mixed with derision or irony, or simple surprise.

A*ha", n. A sunk fence. See Ha- ha. Mason.

A*head" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + head.] 1. In or to the front; in advance; onward.

> The island bore but a little ahead of us.
> Fielding.

2. Headlong; without restraint. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

To go ahead. (a) To go in advance. (b) To go on onward. (c) To push on in an enterprise. [Colloq] -- To get ahead of. (a) To get in advance of. (b) To surpass; to get the better of. [Colloq.]

A*heap" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + heap.] In a heap; huddled together. Hood.

A*height" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + height.] Aloft; on high. [Obs.] "Look up aheight." Shak.

A*hem" (&?;), interj. An exclamation to call one's attention; hem.

A*hey" (&?;), interj. Hey; ho.

A*high" (&?;), adv. On high. [Obs.] Shak.

A*hold" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + hold.] Near the wind; as, to lay a ship ahold. [Obs.] Shak.

A*horse"back (&?;), adv. On horseback.

> Two suspicious fellows ahorseback.
> Smollet.

A*hoy" (&?;), interj. [OE. a, interj. + hoy.] (Naut.) A term used in hailing; as, "Ship ahoy."

||Ah"ri*man (&?;), n. [Per.] The Evil Principle or Being of the ancient Persians; the Prince of Darkness as opposer to Ormuzd, the King of Light.

||A"hu (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Asiatic gazelle.

A*hull" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + hull.] (Naut.) With the sails furled, and the helm lashed alee; -- applied to ships in a storm. See Hull, n.

A*hun"gered (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + hungered.] Pinched with hunger; very hungry. C. Bronté.

A"i (&?;), n.; pl. Ais (&?;). [Braz. aï, haï, from the animal's cry: cf. F. aï.] (Zoöl.) The three-toed sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) of South America. See Sloth.

||Ai"blins, A"blins (&?;), adv. [See Able.] Perhaps; possibly. [Scotch] Burns.

Aich's met"al (&?;). A kind of gun metal, containing copper, zinc, and iron, but no tin.

Aid (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aided (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aiding.] [F. aider, OF. aidier, fr. L. adjutare to help, freq. of adjuvare to help; ad + juvare to help. Cf. Adjutant.] To support, either by furnishing strength or means in coöperation to effect a purpose, or to prevent or to remove evil; to help; to assist.

> You speedy helpers . . .
> Appear and aid me in this enterprise.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To help; assist; support; sustain; succor; relieve; befriend; coöperate; promote. See Help.

Aid, n. [F. aide, OF. aïde, aïe, fr. the verb. See Aid, v. t.] 1. Help; succor; assistance; relief.

> An unconstitutional mode of obtaining aid.
> Hallam.

2. The person or thing that promotes or helps in something done; a helper; an assistant.

> It is not good that man should be alone; let us make unto him an aid like unto himself.
> Tobit viii. 6.

3. (Eng. Hist.) A subsidy granted to the king by Parliament; also, an exchequer loan.

4. (Feudal Law) A pecuniary tribute paid by a vassal to his lord on special occasions. Blackstone.

5. An aid-de-camp, so called by abbreviation; as, a general's aid.

Aid prayer (Law), a proceeding by which a defendant beseeches and claims assistance from some one who has a further or more permanent interest in the matter in suit. -- To pray in aid, to beseech and claim such assistance.

Aid"ance (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. aidance.] Aid. [R.]

> Aidance 'gainst the enemy.
> Shak.

Aid"ant (&?;), a. [Cf. F. aidant, p. pr. of aider to help.] Helping; helpful; supplying aid. Shak.

Aid"-de-camp` (&?;), n.; pl. Aids-de-camp. (&?;). [F. aide de camp (literally) camp assistant.] (Mil.) An officer selected by a general to carry orders, also to assist or represent him in correspondence and in directing movements.

Aid"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, aids.

Aid"ful (&?;), a. Helpful. [Archaic.] Bp. Hall.

Aid"less, a. Helpless; without aid. Milton.

Aid"-ma`jor (&?;), n. The adjutant of a regiment.

Ai"el (&?;), n. See Ayle. [Obs.]

Aig"let (&?;), n. Same as Aglet.

Ai"gre (&?;), a. [F. See Eager.] Sour. [Obs.] Shak.

||Ai"gre*more (&?;), n. [F. origin unknown.] Charcoal prepared for making powder.

{ Ai"gret (&?;), Ai*grette (&?;), } n. [F., a sort of white heron, with a tuft of feathers on its head; a tuft of feathers; dim. of the same word as heron. See Heron, and cf. Egret, Egrette.] 1. (Zoöl.) The small white European heron. See Egret.

2. A plume or tuft for the head composed of feathers, or of gems, etc. Prescott.

3. A tuft like that of the egret. (Bot.) A feathery crown of seed; egret; as, the aigrette or down of the dandelion or the thistle.

||Ai`guille" (&?;), n. [F., a needle. See Aglet.] 1. A needle-shaped peak.

2. An instrument for boring holes, used in blasting.

Ai`guil*lette" (&?;), n. [F. See Aglet.] 1. A point or tag at the end of a fringe or lace; an aglet.

2. One of the ornamental tags, cords, or loops on some military and naval uniforms.

Ai"gu*let (&?;), n. See Aglet. Spenser.

Ail (l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ailed (ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Ailing.] [OE. eilen, ailen, AS. eglan to trouble, pain; akin to Goth. us-agljan to distress, agls troublesome, irksome, aglo, aglitha, pain, and prob. to E. awe. √3.] To affect with pain or uneasiness, either physical or mental; to trouble; to be the matter with; -- used to express some uneasiness or affection, whose cause is unknown; as, what ails the man? I know not what ails him.

> What aileth thee, Hagar?
> Gen. xxi. 17.

It is never used to express a specific disease. We do not say, a fever ails him; but, something ails him.

Ail, v. i. To be affected with pain or uneasiness of any sort; to be ill or indisposed or in trouble.

> When he ails ever so little . . . he is so peevish.
> Richardson.

Ail, n. Indisposition or morbid affection. Pope.

Ai*lan"thus (&?;), n. Same as Ailantus.

Ai*lan"tus (&?;), n. [From aylanto, i. e., tree of heaven, the name of the tree in the Moluccas.] (Bot.) A genus of beautiful trees, natives of the East Indies. The tree imperfectly diœcious, and the staminate or male plant is very offensive when blossom.

Ai*lette (&?;), n. [F. ailette, dim. of aile wing, L. ala.] A small square shield, formerly worn on the shoulders of knights, -- being the prototype of the modern epaulet. Fairholt.

Ail"ment (&?;), n. Indisposition; morbid affection of the body; -- not applied ordinarily to acute diseases. "Little ailments." Landsdowne.

||Ai`lu*roid"e*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cat + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A group of the Carnivora, which includes the cats, civets, and hyenas.

Aim (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aimed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aiming.] [OE. amen, aimen, eimen, to guess at, to estimate, to aim, OF. esmer, asmer, fr. L. aestimare to estimate; or perh. fr. OF. aesmer; &?; (L. ad) + esmer. See Estimate.] 1. To point or direct a missile weapon, or a weapon which propels as missile, towards an object or spot with the intent of hitting it; as, to aim at a fox, or at a target.

2. To direct the indention or purpose; to attempt the accomplishment of a purpose; to try to gain; to endeavor; -- followed by at, or by an infinitive; as, to aim at distinction; to aim to do well.

> Aim'st thou at princes?
> Pope.

3. To guess or conjecture. [Obs.] Shak.

Aim, v. t. To direct or point, as a weapon, at a particular object; to direct, as a missile, an act, or a proceeding, at, to, or against an object; as, to aim a musket or an arrow, the fist or a blow (at something); to aim a satire or a reflection (at some person or vice).

Aim, n. [Cf. OF. esme estimation, fr. esmer. See Aim, v. i.] 1. The pointing of a weapon, as a gun, a dart, or an arrow, in the line of direction with the object intended to be struck; the line of fire; the direction of anything, as a spear, a blow, a discourse, a remark, towards a particular point or object, with a view to strike or affect it.

> Each at the head leveled his deadly aim.
> Milton.

2. The point intended to be hit, or object intended to be attained or affected.

> To be the aim of every dangerous shot.
> Shak.

3. Intention; purpose; design; scheme.

> How oft ambitious aims are crossed!
> Pope.

4. Conjecture; guess. [Obs.]

> What you would work me to, I have some aim.
> Shak.

To cry aim (Archery), to encourage. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- End; object; scope; drift; design; purpose; intention; scheme; tendency; aspiration.

Aim"er (&?;), n. One who aims, directs, or points.

Aim"less, a. Without aim or purpose; as, an aimless life. -- Aim"less*ly, adv. -- Aim"less*ness, n.

Ai"no (&?;), n. [Said to be the native name for man.] One of a peculiar race inhabiting Yesso, the Kooril Islands etc., in the northern part of the empire of Japan, by some supposed to have been the progenitors of the Japanese. The Ainos are stout and short, with hairy bodies.

Ain't (&?;). A contraction for are not and am not; also used for is not. [Colloq. or illiterate speech]. See An't.

Air (âr), n. [OE. air, eir, F. air, L. aër, fr. Gr. 'ah`r, air, mist, for 'ahr, fr. root 'a to blow, breathe, probably akin to E. wind. In sense 10 the French has taking a meaning fr. It. aria atmosphere, air, fr. the same Latin word; and in senses 11, 12, 13 the French meaning is either fr. L. aria, or due to confusion with F. aire, in an older sense of origin, descent. Cf. Aëry, Debonair, Malaria, Wind.] 1. The fluid which we breathe, and which surrounds the earth; the atmosphere. It is invisible, inodorous, insipid, transparent, compressible, elastic, and ponderable.

By the ancient philosophers, air was regarded as an element; but modern science has shown that it is essentially a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, with a small amount of carbon dioxide, the average proportions being, by volume: oxygen, 20.96 per cent.; nitrogen, 79.00 per cent.; carbon dioxide, 0.04 per cent. These proportions are subject to a very slight variability. Air also always contains some vapor of water.

2. Symbolically: Something unsubstantial, light, or volatile. "Charm ache with air." Shak.

> He was still all air and fire.

[Air and fire being the finer and quicker elements as opposed to earth and water.] Macaulay.

3. A particular state of the atmosphere, as respects heat, cold, moisture, etc., or as affecting the sensations; as, a smoky air, a damp air, the morning air, etc.

4. Any aëriform body; a gas; as, oxygen was formerly called vital air. [Obs.]

5. Air in motion; a light breeze; a gentle wind.

> Let vernal airs through trembling osiers play.
> Pope.

6. Odoriferous or contaminated air.

7. That which surrounds and influences.

> The keen, the wholesome air of poverty.
> Wordsworth.

8. Utterance abroad; publicity; vent.

> You gave it air before me.
> Dryden.

9. Intelligence; information. [Obs.] Bacon.

10. (Mus.) (a) A musical idea, or motive, rhythmically developed in consecutive single tones, so as to form a symmetrical and balanced whole, which may be sung by a single voice to the stanzas of a hymn or song, or even to plain prose, or played upon an instrument; a melody; a tune; an aria. (b) In harmonized chorals, psalmody, part songs, etc., the part which bears the tune or melody -- in modern harmony usually the upper part -- is sometimes called the air.

11. The peculiar look, appearance, and bearing of a person; mien; demeanor; as, the air of a youth; a heavy air; a lofty air. "His very air." Shak.

12. Peculiar appearance; apparent character; semblance; manner; style.

> It was communicated with the air of a secret.
> Pope.

12. pl. An artificial or affected manner; show of pride or vanity; haughtiness; as, it is said of a person, he puts on airs. Thackeray.

<! p. 35 !>

14. (Paint.) (a) The representation or reproduction of the effect of the atmospheric medium through which every object in nature is viewed. New Am. Cyc. (b) Carriage; attitude; action; movement; as, the head of that portrait has a good air. Fairholt.

15. (Man.) The artificial motion or carriage of a horse.

Air is much used adjectively or as the first part of a compound term. In most cases it might be written indifferently, as a separate limiting word, or as the first element of the compound term, with or without the hyphen; as, air bladder, air-bladder, or airbladder; air cell, air-cell, or aircell; air-pump, or airpump.

Air balloon. See Balloon. -- Air bath. (a) An apparatus for the application of air to the body. (b) An arrangement for drying substances in air of any desired temperature. -- Air castle. See Castle in the air, under Castle. -- Air compressor, a machine for compressing air to be used as a motive power. -- Air crossing, a passage for air in a mine. -- Air cushion, an air-tight cushion which can be inflated; also, a device for arresting motion without shock by confined air. -- Air fountain, a contrivance for producing a jet of water by the force of compressed air. -- Air furnace, a furnace which depends on a natural draft and not on blast. -- Air line, a straight line; a bee line. Hence Air-line, adj.; as, air-line road. -- Air lock (Hydr. Engin.), an intermediate chamber between the outer air and the compressed-air chamber of a pneumatic caisson. Knight. -- Air port (Nav.), a scuttle or porthole in a ship to admit air. -- Air spring, a spring in which the elasticity of air is utilized. -- Air thermometer, a form of thermometer in which the contraction and expansion of air is made to measure changes of temperature. -- Air threads, gossamer. -- Air trap, a contrivance for shutting off foul air or gas from drains, sewers, etc.; a stench trap. -- Air trunk, a pipe or shaft for conducting foul or heated air from a room. -- Air valve, a valve to regulate the admission or egress of air; esp. a valve which opens inwardly in a steam boiler and allows air to enter. -- Air way, a passage for a current of air; as the air way of an air pump; an air way in a mine. -- In the air. (a) Prevalent without traceable origin or authority, as rumors. (b) Not in a fixed or stable position; unsettled. (c) (Mil.) Unsupported and liable to be turned or taken in flank; as, the army had its wing in the air. -- To take air, to be divulged; to be made public. -- To take the air, to go abroad; to walk or ride out.

Air (âr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aired (ârd); p. pr. & vb. n. Airing.] [See Air, n., and cf. Aërate.] 1. To expose to the air for the purpose of cooling, refreshing, or purifying; to ventilate; as, to air a room.

> It were good wisdom . . . that the jail were aired.
> Bacon.

> Were you but riding forth to air yourself.
> Shak.

2. To expose for the sake of public notice; to display ostentatiously; as, to air one's opinion.

> Airing a snowy hand and signet gem.
> Tennyson.

3. To expose to heat, for the purpose of expelling dampness, or of warming; as, to air linen; to air liquors.

Air" bed` (&?;). A sack or matters inflated with air, and used as a bed.

Air" blad`der (&?;). 1. (Anat.) An air sac, sometimes double or variously lobed, in the visceral cavity of many fishes. It originates in the same way as the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates, and in the adult may retain a tubular connection with the pharynx or esophagus.

2. A sac or bladder full of air in an animal or plant; also an air hole in a casting.

Air" brake` (&?;). (Mach.) A railway brake operated by condensed air. Knight.

Air"-built` (&?;), a. Erected in the air; having no solid foundation; chimerical; as, an air-built castle.

Air" cell` (&?;). 1. (Bot.) A cavity in the cellular tissue of plants, containing air only.

2. (Anat.) A receptacle of air in various parts of the system; as, a cell or minute cavity in the walls of the air tubes of the lungs; the air sac of birds; a dilatation of the air vessels in insects.

Air" cham`ber (&?;). 1. A chamber or cavity filled with air, in an animal or plant.

2. A cavity containing air to act as a spring for equalizing the flow of a liquid in a pump or other hydraulic machine.

Air" cock` (&?;). A faucet to allow escape of air.

Air"-drawn" (&?;), a. Drawn in air; imaginary.

> This is the air-drawn dagger.
> Shak.

Air" drill` (&?;). A drill driven by the elastic pressure of condensed air; a pneumatic drill. Knight.

Air" engine` (&?;). An engine driven by heated or by compressed air. Knight.

Air"er (&?;), n. 1. One who exposes to the air.

2. A frame on which clothes are aired or dried.

Air" gas` (&?;). See under Gas.

Air" gun` (gn`). A kind of gun in which the elastic force of condensed air is used to discharge the ball. The air is powerfully compressed into a reservoir attached to the gun, by a condensing pump, and is controlled by a valve actuated by the trigger.

Air" hole` (hl`). 1. A hole to admit or discharge air; specifically, a spot in the ice not frozen over.

2. (Founding) A fault in a casting, produced by a bubble of air; a blowhole.

Air"i*ly (âr"*l), adv. In an airy manner; lightly; gaily; jauntily; flippantly.

Air"i*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being airy; openness or exposure to the air; as, the airiness of a country seat.

2. Lightness of spirits; gayety; levity; as, the airiness of young persons.

Air"ing (âr"ng), n. 1. A walk or a ride in the open air; a short excursion for health's sake.

2. An exposure to air, or to a fire, for warming, drying, etc.; as, the airing of linen, or of a room.

Air" jack`et (&?;). A jacket having air-tight cells, or cavities which can be filled with air, to render persons buoyant in swimming.

Air"less (&?;), a. Not open to a free current of air; wanting fresh air, or communication with the open air.

Air" lev`el (&?;). Spirit level. See Level.

Air"like` (&?;), a. Resembling air.

Air"ling (&?;), n. A thoughtless, gay person. [Obs.] "Slight airlings." B. Jonson.

Air*om"e*ter (&?;), n. [Air + - meter.] A hollow cylinder to contain air. It is closed above and open below, and has its open end plunged into water.

Air" pipe` (&?;). A pipe for the passage of air; esp. a ventilating pipe.

Air" plant` (&?;). (Bot.) A plant deriving its sustenance from the air alone; an aërophyte.

The "Florida moss" (Tillandsia), many tropical orchids, and most mosses and lichens are air plants. Those which are lodged upon trees, but not parasitic on them, are epiphytes.

Air" poise` (&?;). [See Poise.] An instrument to measure the weight of air.

Air" pump` (&?;). 1. (Physics) A kind of pump for exhausting air from a vessel or closed space; also, a pump to condense air or force it into a closed space.

2. (Steam Engines) A pump used to exhaust from a condenser the condensed steam, the water used for condensing, and any commingled air.

Air" sac` (&?;). (Anat.) One of the spaces in different parts of the bodies of birds, which are filled with air and connected with the air passages of the lungs; an air cell.

Air" shaft` (&?;). A passage, usually vertical, for admitting fresh air into a mine or a tunnel.

Air"-slacked` (&?;), a. Slacked, or pulverized, by exposure to the air; as, air-slacked lime.

Air" stove` (&?;). A stove for heating a current of air which is directed against its surface by means of pipes, and then distributed through a building.

Air"-tight` (&?;), a. So tight as to be impermeable to air; as, an air-tight cylinder.

Air"-tight`, n. A stove the draft of which can be almost entirely shut off. [Colloq. U. S.]

Air" ves`sel (&?;). A vessel, cell, duct, or tube containing or conducting air; as the air vessels of insects, birds, plants, etc.; the air vessel of a pump, engine, etc. For the latter, see Air chamber. The air vessels of insects are called tracheæ, of plants spiral vessels.

{ Air"ward (&?;), Air"wards (&?;), } adv. Toward the air; upward. [R.] Keats.

Air"y (&?;), a. 1. Consisting of air; as, an airy substance; the airy parts of bodies.

2. Relating or belonging to air; high in air; aërial; as, an airy flight. "The airy region." Milton.

3. Open to a free current of air; exposed to the air; breezy; as, an airy situation.

4. Resembling air; thin; unsubstantial; not material; airlike. "An airy spirit." Shak.

5. Relating to the spirit or soul; delicate; graceful; as, airy music.

6. Without reality; having no solid foundation; empty; trifling; visionary. "Airy fame." Shak.

> Empty sound, and airy notions.
> Roscommon.

7. Light of heart; vivacious; sprightly; flippant; superficial. "Merry and airy." Jer. Taylor.

8. Having an affected manner; being in the habit of putting on airs; affectedly grand. [Colloq.]

9. (Paint.) Having the light and aërial tints true to nature. Elmes.

Aisle (&?;), n. [OF. ele, F. aile, wing, wing of a building, L. ala, contr. fr. axilla.] (Arch.) (a) A lateral division of a building, separated from the middle part, called the nave, by a row of columns or piers, which support the roof or an upper wall containing windows, called the clearstory wall. (b) Improperly used also for the have; -- as in the phrases, a church with three aisles, the middle aisle. (c) Also (perhaps from confusion with alley), a passage into which the pews of a church open.

Aisled (&?;), a. Furnished with an aisle or aisles.

Ais"less (&?;), a. Without an aisle.

Ait (&?;), n. [AS. &?;, &?;, perh. dim. of eg, g, island. See Eyot.] An islet, or little isle, in a river or lake; an eyot.

> The ait where the osiers grew.
> R. Hodges (1649).

> Among green aits and meadows.
> Dickens.

Ait (&?;), n. Oat. [Scot.] Burns.

Aitch (&?;), n. The letter h or H.

Aitch"bone` (&?;), n. [For nachebone. For loss of n, cf. Adder. See Natch.] The bone of the rump; also, the cut of beef surrounding this bone. [Spelt also edgebone.]

Ai`ti*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. See Ætiology.

A*jar" (&?;), adv. [OE. on char ajar, on the turn; AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, akin to G. kehren to turn, and to D. akerre. See Char.] Slightly turned or opened; as, the door was standing ajar.

A*jar" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + jar.] In a state of discord; out of harmony; as, he is ajar with the world.

A*jog" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + jog.] On the jog.

Aj"u*tage (&?;), n. [F. ajutage, for ajoutage, fr. ajouter to add, LL. adjuxtare, fr. L. ad + juxta near to, nigh. Cf. Adjutage, Adjustage, Adjust.] A tube through which water is discharged; an efflux tube; as, the ajutage of a fountain.

Ake (&?;), n. & v. See Ache.

A*kene" (&?;), n. (Bot.) Same as Achene.

Ak"e*ton (&?;), n. [Obs.] See Acton.

A*kim"bo (&?;), a. [Etymology unknown. Cf. Kimbo.] With a crook or bend; with the hand on the hip and elbow turned outward. "With one arm akimbo." Irving.

A*kin" (&?;), a. [Pref. a- (for of) + kin.] 1. Of the same kin; related by blood; -- used of persons; as, the two families are near akin.

2. Allied by nature; partaking of the same properties; of the same kind. "A joy akin to rapture." Cowper.

> The literary character of the work is akin to its moral character.
> Jeffrey.

This adjective is used only after the noun.

||Ak`i*ne"si*a (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; quiescence; 'a priv. + &?; motion.] (Med.) Paralysis of the motor nerves; loss of movement. Foster.

Ak`i*ne"sic (&?;), a. (Med.) Pertaining to akinesia.

A*knee" (&?;), adv. On the knee. [R.] Southey.

Ak*now" (&?;). Earlier form of Acknow. [Obs.]

To be aknow, to acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.]

Al (&?;), a. All. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al-. A prefix. (a) [AS. eal.] All; wholly; completely; as, almighty, almost. (b) [L. ad.] To; at; on; -- in OF. shortened to a-. See Ad-. (c) The Arabic definite article answering to the English the; as, Alkoran, the Koran or the Book; alchemy, the chemistry.

Al. conj. Although; if. [Obs.] See All, conj.

||A"la (&?;), n.; pl. Alæ (&?;). [L., a wing.] (Biol.) A winglike organ, or part.

Al`a*ba"ma pe"ri*od (&?;). (Geol.) A period in the American eocene, the lowest in the tertiary age except the lignitic.

Al"a*bas"ter (&?;), n. [L. alabaster, Gr. &?;, said to be derived fr. Alabastron, the name of a town in Egypt, near which it was common: cf. OF. alabastre, F. albâtre.] 1. (Min.) (a) A compact variety or sulphate of lime, or gypsum, of fine texture, and usually white and translucent, but sometimes yellow, red, or gray. It is carved into vases, mantel ornaments, etc. (b) A hard, compact variety of carbonate of lime, somewhat translucent, or of banded shades of color; stalagmite. The name is used in this sense by Pliny. It is sometimes distinguished as oriental alabaster.

2. A box or vessel for holding odoriferous ointments, etc.; -- so called from the stone of which it was originally made. Fosbroke.

Al`a*bas"tri*an (&?;), a. Alabastrine.

Al`a*bas"trine (&?;), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, alabaster; as alabastrine limbs.

||Al`a*bas"trum (&?;), n.; pl. Alabastra (&?;). [NL.] (Bot.) A flower bud. Gray.

A*lack" (&?;), interj. [Prob. from ah! lack! OE. lak loss, failure, misfortune. See Lack.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow. [Archaic. or Poet.] Shak.

A*lack"a*day` (&?;), interj. [For alack the day. Cf. Lackaday.] An exclamation expressing sorrow.

Shakespeare has "alack the day" and "alack the heavy day." Compare "woe worth the day."

A*lac"ri*fy (&?;), v. t. [L. alacer, alacris, lively + -fly.] To rouse to action; to inspirit.

A*lac"ri*ous (&?;), a. [L. alacer, alacris.] Brisk; joyously active; lively.

> 'T were well if we were a little more alacrious.
> Hammond.

A*lac"ri*ous*ly, adv. With alacrity; briskly.

A*lac"ri*ous*ness, n. Alacrity. [Obs.] Hammond.

A*lac"ri*ty (&?;), n. [L. alacritas, fr. alacer lively, eager, prob. akin to Gr. &?; to drive, Goth. aljan zeal.] A cheerful readiness, willingness, or promptitude; joyous activity; briskness; sprightliness; as, the soldiers advanced with alacrity to meet the enemy.

> I have not that alacrity of spirit,
> Nor cheer of mind that I was wont to have.
> Shak.

A*lad"in*ist (&?;), n. [From Aladin, for Ala Eddin, i. e., height of religion, a learned divine under Mohammed II. and Bajazet II.] One of a sect of freethinkers among the Mohammedans.

Al`a*lon"ga (&?;), or Al`i*lon"ghi (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The tunny. See Albicore.

||A`la*mi"re (&?;), n. [Compounded of a la mi re, names of notes in the musical scale.] The lowest note but one in Guido Aretino's scale of music.

Al`a*mo*dal"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being à la mode; conformity to the mode or fashion; fashionableness. [R.] Southey.

Al"a*mode` (&?;), adv. & a. [F. à la mode after the fashion.] According to the fashion or prevailing mode. "Alamode beef shops." Macaulay.

Al"a*mode`, n. A thin, black silk for hoods, scarfs, etc.; -- often called simply mode. Buchanan.

Al`a*mort" (&?;), a. [F. à la mort to the death. Cf. Amort.] To the death; mortally.

A*lan" (*ln"), n. [OF. alan, alant; cf. Sp. alano.] A wolfhound. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*land" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + land.] On land; to the land; ashore. "Cast aland." Sir P. Sidney.

Al"a*nine (&?;), n. [Aldehyde + the ending -ine. The -n- is a euphonic insertion.] (Chem.) A white crystalline base, C3H7NO2, derived from aldehyde ammonia.

A*lan"tin (&?;), n. [G. alant elecampane, the Inula helenium of Linnæus.] (Chem.) See Inulin.

A"lar (&?;), a. [L. alarius, fr. ala wing: cf. F. alaire.] 1. Pertaining to, or having, wings.

2. (Bot.) Axillary; in the fork or axil. Gray.

<! p. 36 !>

A*larm" (*lärm"), n. [F. alarme, It. all' arme to arms ! fr. L. arma, pl., arms. See Arms, and cf. Alarum.] 1. A summons to arms, as on the approach of an enemy.

> Arming to answer in a night alarm.
> Shak.

2. Any sound or information intended to give notice of approaching danger; a warning sound to arouse attention; a warning of danger.

> Sound an alarm in my holy mountain.
> Joel ii. 1.

3. A sudden attack; disturbance; broil. [R.] "These home alarms." Shak.

> Thy palace fill with insults and alarms.
> Pope.

4. Sudden surprise with fear or terror excited by apprehension of danger; in the military use, commonly, sudden apprehension of being attacked by surprise.

> Alarm and resentment spread throughout the camp.
> Macaulay.

5. A mechanical contrivance for awaking persons from sleep, or rousing their attention; an alarum.

Alarm bell, a bell that gives notice on danger. -- Alarm clock or watch, a clock or watch which can be so set as to ring or strike loudly at a prearranged hour, to wake from sleep, or excite attention. -- Alarm gauge, a contrivance attached to a steam boiler for showing when the pressure of steam is too high, or the water in the boiler too low. -- Alarm post, a place to which troops are to repair in case of an alarm.

Syn. -- Fright; affright; terror; trepidation; apprehension; consternation; dismay; agitation; disquiet; disquietude. -- Alarm, Fright, Terror, Consternation. These words express different degrees of fear at the approach of danger. Fright is fear suddenly excited, producing confusion of the senses, and hence it is unreflecting. Alarm is the hurried agitation of feeling which springs from a sense of immediate and extreme exposure. Terror is agitating and excessive fear, which usually benumbs the faculties. Consternation is overwhelming fear, and carries a notion of powerlessness and amazement. Alarm agitates the feelings; terror disorders the understanding and affects the will; fright seizes on and confuses the sense; consternation takes possession of the soul, and subdues its faculties. See Apprehension.

A*larm", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alarmed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alarming.] [Alarm, n. Cf. F. alarmer.] 1. To call to arms for defense; to give notice to (any one) of approaching danger; to rouse to vigilance and action; to put on the alert.

2. To keep in excitement; to disturb.

3. To surprise with apprehension of danger; to fill with anxiety in regard to threatening evil; to excite with sudden fear.

> Alarmed by rumors of military preparation.
> Macaulay.

A*larm"a*ble (&?;), a. Easily alarmed or disturbed.

A*larmed" (&?;), a. Aroused to vigilance; excited by fear of approaching danger; agitated; disturbed; as, an alarmed neighborhood; an alarmed modesty.

> The white pavilions rose and fell
> On the alarmed air.
> Longfellow.

A*larm"ed*ly (&?;), adv. In an alarmed manner.

A*larm"ing, a. Exciting, or calculated to excite, alarm; causing apprehension of danger; as, an alarming crisis or report. -- A*larm"ing*ly, adv.

A*larm"ist, n. [Cf. F. alarmiste.] One prone to sound or excite alarms, especially, needless alarms. Macaulay.

A*lar"um (?; 277), n. [OE. alarom, the same word as alarm, n.] See Alarm. [Now Poetic]

The variant form alarum is now commonly restricted to an alarm signal or the mechanism to sound an alarm (as in an alarm clock.)

Al"a*ry (&?;), a. [L. alarius, fr. ala wing.] Of or pertaining to wings; also, wing- shaped.

> The alary system of insects.
> Wollaston.

A*las" (&?;), interj. [OE. alas, allas, OF. alas, F. hélas; a interj. (L. ah.) + las wretched (that I am), L. lassus weary, akin to E. late. See Late.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow, pity, or apprehension of evil; -- in old writers, sometimes followed by day or white; alas the day, like alack a day, or alas the white.

A*late" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + late.] Lately; of late. [Archaic]

> There hath been alate such tales spread abroad.
> Latimer.

{ A"late (&?;), A"la*ted (&?;), } a. [L. alatus, from ala wing.] Winged; having wings, or side appendages like wings.

{ Al"a*tern (&?;), ||Al`a*ter"nus (&?;), } n. [L. ala wing + terni three each.] (Bot.) An ornamental evergreen shrub (Rhamnus alaternus) belonging to the buckthorns.

A*la"tion (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. alatus winged.] The state of being winged.

A*launt" (&?;), n. See Alan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Alb (&?;), n. [OE. albe, LL. alba, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Album and Aube.] A vestment of white linen, reaching to the feet, an enveloping the person; -- in the Roman Catholic church, worn by those in holy orders when officiating at mass. It was formerly worn, at least by clerics, in daily life.

Al"ba*core (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Albicore.

Al"ban (&?;), n. [L. albus white.] (Chem.) A white crystalline resinous substance extracted from gutta-percha by the action of alcohol or ether.

Al*ba"ni*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Albania, a province of Turkey. -- n. A native of Albania.

||Al*ba"ta (&?;), n. [L. albatus, p. p. of albare to make white, fr. albus white.] A white metallic alloy; which is made into spoons, forks, teapots, etc. British plate or German silver. See German silver, under German.

Al"ba*tross (&?;), n. [Corrupt. fr. Pg. alcatraz cormorant, albatross, or Sp. alcatraz a pelican: cf. Pg. alcatruz, Sp. arcaduz, a bucket, fr. Ar. al- qdus the bucket, fr. Gr. ka`dos, a water vessel. So an Arabic term for pelican is water-carrier, as a bird carrying water in its pouch.] (Zoöl.) A web-footed bird, of the genus Diomedea, of which there are several species. They are the largest of sea birds, capable of long-continued flight, and are often seen at great distances from the land. They are found chiefly in the southern hemisphere.

{ Al`be", Al`bee" } (&?;), conj. [See Albeit.] Although; albeit. [Obs.]

> Albe Clarissa were their chiefest founderess.
> Spenser.

||Al*be"do (&?;), n. [L., fr. albus white.] Whiteness. Specifically: (Astron.) The ratio which the light reflected from an unpolished surface bears to the total light falling upon that surface.

Al`be"it (&?;), conj. [OE. al be although it be, where al is our all. Cf. Although.] Even though; although; notwithstanding. Chaucer.

> Albeit so masked, Madam, I love the truth.
> Tennyson.

Al"bert*ite (&?;), n. (Min.) A bituminous mineral resembling asphaltum, found in the county of A. &?;bert, New Brunswick.

Al"ber*type (&?;), n. [From the name of the inventor, Albert, of Munich.] A picture printed from a kind of gelatine plate produced by means of a photographic negative.

Al*bes"cence (&?;), n. The act of becoming white; whitishness.

Al*bes"cent (&?;), a. [L. albescens, p. pr. of albescere to grow white, fr. albus white.] Becoming white or whitish; moderately white.

Al"bi*cant (&?;), a. [L. albicans, p. pr. of albicare, albicatum, to be white, fr. albus white.] Growing or becoming white.

Al`bi*ca"tion (&?;), n. The process of becoming white, or developing white patches, or streaks.

Al"bi*core (&?;), n. [F. albicore (cf. Sp. albacora, Pg. albacor, albacora, albecora), fr. Ar. bakr, bekr, a young camel, young cow, heifer, and the article al: cf. Pg. bacoro a little pig.] (Zoöl.) A name applied to several large fishes of the Mackerel family, esp. Orcynus alalonga. One species (Orcynus thynnus), common in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, is called in New England the horse mackerel; the tunny. [Written also albacore.]

Al`bi*fi*ca"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. albification: L. albus white + ficare (only in comp.), facere, to make.] The act or process of making white. [Obs.]

{ Al`bi*gen"ses (&?;), ||Al`bi`geois" (&?;), } n. pl. [From Albi and Albigeois, a town and its district in the south of France, in which the sect abounded.] (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of reformers opposed to the church of Rome in the 12th centuries.

The Albigenses were a branch of the Catharists (the pure). They were exterminated by crusades and the Inquisition. They were distinct from the Waldenses.

Al`bi*gen"sian (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the Albigenses.

Al*bi"ness (&?;), n. A female albino. Holmes.

Al"bi*nism (&?;), n. The state or condition of being an albino: abinoism; leucopathy.

Al`bi*nis"tic (&?;), a. Affected with albinism.

Al*bi"no (?; 277), n.; pl. Albinos (&?;). [Sp. or Pg. albino, orig. whitish, fr. albo white, L. albus.] A person, whether negro, Indian, or white, in whom by some defect of organization the substance which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes is deficient or in a morbid state. An albino has a skin of a milky hue, with hair of the same color, and eyes with deep red pupil and pink or blue iris. The term is also used of the lower animals, as white mice, elephants, etc.; and of plants in a whitish condition from the absence of chlorophyll. Amer. Cyc.

The term was originally applied by the Portuguese to negroes met with on the coast of Africa, who were mottled with white spots.

Al*bi"no*ism (&?;), n. The state or condition of being an albino; albinism.

Al`bi*not"ic (&?;), a. Affected with albinism.

Al"bi*on (&?;), n. [Prob. from the same root as Gael. alp a height or hill. "It may have been bestowed on the land lying behind the white cliffs visible from the coast of Gaul. Albany, the old name of Scotland, means probably the "hilly land." I. Taylor.] An ancient name of England, still retained in poetry.

> In that nook-shotten isle of Albion.
> Shak.

Al"bite (&?;), n. [L. albus white.] (Min.) A mineral of the feldspar family, triclinic in crystallization, and in composition a silicate of alumina and soda. It is a common constituent of granite and of various igneous rocks. See Feldspar.

Al"bo*lith (&?;), n. [L. albus white + -lith.] A kind of plastic cement, or artificial stone, consisting chiefly of magnesia and silica; -- called also albolite.

||Al"bo*rak (?; 277), n. [Ar. al- burq, fr. baraqa to flash, shine.] The imaginary milk-white animal on which Mohammed was said to have been carried up to heaven; a white mule.

Al`bu*gin"e*ous (&?;), a. [See Albugo.] Of the nature of, or resembling, the white of the eye, or of an egg; albuminous; -- a term applied to textures, humors, etc., which are perfectly white.

||Al*bu"go (&?;), n.; pl. Albugines (&?;). [L., whiteness, fr. albus white.] (Med.) Same as Leucoma.

Al"bum (&?;), n. [L., neut. of albus white: cf. F. album. Cf. Alb.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A white tablet on which anything was inscribed, as a list of names, etc.

2. A register for visitors' names; a visitors' book.

3. A blank book, in which to insert autographs sketches, memorial writing of friends, photographs, etc.

Al*bu"men (&?;), n. [L., fr. albus white.] 1. The white of an egg.

2. (Bot.) Nourishing matter stored up within the integuments of the seed in many plants, but not incorporated in the embryo. It is the floury part in corn, wheat, and like grains, the oily part in poppy seeds, the fleshy part in the cocoanut, etc.

3. (Chem.) Same as Albumin.

Al*bu"men*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Albumenized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Albumenizing.] To cover or saturate with albumen; to coat or treat with an albuminous solution; as, to albumenize paper.

||Al"bum Græ"cum (&?;). [L., Greek white.] Dung of dogs or hyenas, which becomes white by exposure to air. It is used in dressing leather, and was formerly used in medicine.

Al*bu"min (&?;), n. (Chem.) A thick, viscous nitrogenous substance, which is the chief and characteristic constituent of white of eggs and of the serum of blood, and is found in other animal substances, both fluid and solid, also in many plants. It is soluble in water and is coagulated by heat and by certain chemical reagents.

Acid albumin, a modification of albumin produced by the action of dilute acids. It is not coagulated by heat. -- Alkali albumin, albumin as modified by the action of alkaline substances; -- called also albuminate.

Al*bu"mi*nate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A substance produced by the action of an alkali upon albumin, and resembling casein in its properties; also, a compound formed by the union of albumin with another substance.

Al*bu`mi*nif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. albumen + -ferous.] Supplying albumen.

Al*bu`mi*nim"e*ter (&?;), n. [L. albumen, albuminis + -meter: cf. F. albuminimètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of albumen in a liquid.

Al*bu"mi*nin (&?;), n. (Chem.) The substance of the cells which inclose the white of birds' eggs.

Al*bu`mi*nip"a*rous (&?;), a. [L. albumen + parere to bear, bring forth.] Producing albumin.

Al*bu"mi*noid (&?;), a. [L. albumen + -oid.] (Chem.) Resembling albumin. -- n. One of a class of organic principles (called also proteids) which form the main part of organized tissues. Brunton.

Al*bu`mi*noid"al (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of the nature of an albuminoid.

Al*bu"mi*nose` (&?;), n. (Chem.) A diffusible substance formed from albumin by the action of natural or artificial gastric juice. See Peptone.

{ Al*bu"mi*nous (&?;), Al*bu"mi*nose` (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. albumineux.] Pertaining to, or containing, albumen; having the properties of, or resembling, albumen or albumin. -- Al*bu"mi*nous*ness, n.

||Al*bu`mi*nu"ri*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. L. albumen + Gr. &?; urine.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which albumin is present in the urine.

Al"bu*mose` (&?;), n. [From albumin.] (Chem.) A compound or class of compounds formed from albumin by dilute acids or by an acid solution of pepsin. Used also in combination, as antialbumose, hemialbumose.

Al"burn (&?;), n. [L. alburnus, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Auburn.] (Zoöl.) The bleak, a small European fish having scales of a peculiarly silvery color which are used in making artificial pearls.

Al*bur"nous (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to alburnum; of the alburnum; as, alburnous substances.

Al*bur"num (&?;), n. [L., fr. albus white.] (Bot.) The white and softer part of wood, between the inner bark and the hard wood or duramen; sapwood.

Al"byn (&?;), n. [See Albion.] Scotland; esp. the Highlands of Scotland. T. Cambell.

Al*cade" (k*kd"), n. Same as Alcaid.

Al"ca*hest (&?;), n. Same as Alkahest.

Al*ca"ic (&?;), a. [L. Alcaïcus, Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to Alcæus, a lyric poet of Mitylene, about 6000 b. c. -- n. A kind of verse, so called from Alcæus. One variety consists of five feet, a spondee or iambic, an iambic, a long syllable, and two dactyls.

||Al*caid", Al*cayde" (k*kd"; Sp. äl*kä*"d), n. [Sp. alcaide, fr. Ar. al-qd governor, fr. qda to lead, govern.] 1. A commander of a castle or fortress among the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Moors.

2. The warden, or keeper of a jail.

||Al*cal"de (&?;), n. [Sp. alcalde, fr. Ar. al-qd judge, fr. qada to decide, judge. Hence, the cadi of the Turks. Cf. Cadi.] A magistrate or judge in Spain and in Spanish America, etc. Prescott.

Sometimes confounded with Alcaid.

Al`ca*lim"e*ter, n. See Alkalimeter.

||Al*can"na (&?;), n. [Sp. alcana, alhe&?;a, fr. Ar. al-hinn. See Henna, and cf. Alkanet.] (Bot.) An oriental shrub (Lawsonia inermis) from which henna is obtained.

||Al`car*ra"za (&?;), n.; pl. Alcarrazas. (&?;) [Sp., from Ar. al-kurrz earthen vessel.] A vessel of porous earthenware, used for cooling liquids by evaporation from the exterior surface.

<! p. 37 !>

||Al*cayde" (l*kd"), n. Same as Alcaid.

||Al*ca"zar (&?;), n. [ fr. Ar. al the + qacr (in pl.) a castle.] A fortress; also, a royal palace. Prescott.

||Al*ce"do (&?;), n. [L., equiv. to Gr. &?;. See Halcyon.] (Zoöl.) A genus of perching birds, including the European kingfisher (Alcedo ispida). See Halcyon.

{ Al*chem"ic (&?;), Al*chem"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. alchimique.] Of or relating to alchemy.

Al*chem"ic*al*ly, adv. In the manner of alchemy.

Al"che*mist (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. alquemiste, F. alchimiste.] One who practices alchemy.

> You are alchemist; make gold.
> Shak.

{ Al`che*mis"tic (&?;), Al`che*mis"tic*al (&?;), } a. Relating to or practicing alchemy.

> Metaphysical and alchemistical legislators.
> Burke.

Al"che*mis*try (&?;), n. Alchemy. [Obs.]

Al"che*mize (&?;), v. t. To change by alchemy; to transmute. Lovelace.

Al"che*my (&?;), n. [OF. alkemie, arquemie, F. alchimie, Ar. al-kma, fr. late Gr. &?;, for &?;, a mingling, infusion, &?; juice, liquid, especially as extracted from plants, fr. &?; to pour; for chemistry was originally the art of extracting the juices from plants for medicinal purposes. Cf. Sp. alquimia, It. alchimia. Gr. &?; is prob. akin to L. fundere to pour, Goth. guitan, AS. geótan, to pour, and so to E. fuse. See Fuse, and cf. Chemistry.] 1. An imaginary art which aimed to transmute the baser metals into gold, to find the panacea, or universal remedy for diseases, etc. It led the way to modern chemistry.

2. A mixed metal composed mainly of brass, formerly used for various utensils; hence, a trumpet. [Obs.]

> Put to their mouths the sounding alchemy.
> Milton.

3. Miraculous power of transmuting something common into something precious.

> Kissing with golden face the meadows green,
> Gilding pale streams with heavenly alchemy.
> Shak.

Al*chym"ic (&?;), a., Al"chy*mist (&?;), n., Al`chy*mis"tic (&?;), a., Al"chy*my (&?;), n. See Alchemic, Alchemist, Alchemistic, Alchemy.

||Al"co (&?;), n. A small South American dog, domesticated by the aborigines.

{ Al"co*ate (&?;), Al"co*hate (&?;), } n. Shortened forms of Alcoholate.

Al"co*hol (l"k*hl), n. [Cf. F. alcool, formerly written alcohol, Sp. alcohol alcohol, antimony, galena, OSp. alcofol; all fr. Ar. al-kohl a powder of antimony or galena, to paint the eyebrows with. The name was afterwards applied, on account of the fineness of this powder, to highly rectified spirits, a signification unknown in Arabia. The Sp. word has both meanings. Cf. Alquifou.] 1. An impalpable powder. [Obs.]

2. The fluid essence or pure spirit obtained by distillation. [Obs.] Boyle.

3. Pure spirit of wine; pure or highly rectified spirit (called also ethyl alcohol); the spirituous or intoxicating element of fermented or distilled liquors, or more loosely a liquid containing it in considerable quantity. It is extracted by simple distillation from various vegetable juices and infusions of a saccharine nature, which have undergone vinous fermentation.

As used in the U. S. "Pharmacopœia," alcohol contains 91 per cent by weight of ethyl alcohol and 9 per cent of water; and diluted alcohol (proof spirit) contains 45.5 per cent by weight of ethyl alcohol and 54.5 per cent of water.

4. (Organic Chem.) A class of compounds analogous to vinic alcohol in constitution. Chemically speaking, they are hydroxides of certain organic radicals; as, the radical ethyl forms common or ethyl alcohol (C2H5.OH); methyl forms methyl alcohol (CH3.OH) or wood spirit; amyl forms amyl alcohol (C5H11.OH) or fusel oil, etc.

Al"co*hol*ate (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alcolaie.] (Chem.) A crystallizable compound of a salt with alcohol, in which the latter plays a part analogous to that of water of crystallization. Graham.

Al`co*hol"a*ture (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alcoolature.] (Med.) An alcoholic tincture prepared with fresh plants. New Eng. Dict.

Al`co*hol"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. alcolique.] Of or pertaining to alcohol, or partaking of its qualities; derived from, or caused by, alcohol; containing alcohol; as, alcoholic mixtures; alcoholic gastritis; alcoholic odor.

Al`co*hol"ic, n. 1. A person given to the use of alcoholic liquors.

2. pl. Alcoholic liquors.

Al"co*hol*ism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alcoolisme.] (Med.) A diseased condition of the system, brought about by the continued use of alcoholic liquors.

Al`co*hol`i*za"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alcoolisation.] 1. The act of reducing a substance to a fine or impalpable powder. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. The act rectifying spirit.

3. Saturation with alcohol; putting the animal system under the influence of alcoholic liquor.

Al"co*hol*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alcoholized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alcoholizing.] [Cf. F. alcooliser.] 1. To reduce to a fine powder. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. To convert into alcohol; to rectify; also, to saturate with alcohol.

{ Al`co*hol*om"e*ter (&?;), Al`co*hol"me*ter (&?;), } n. [Alcohol + -meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for determining the strength of spirits, with a scale graduated so as to indicate the percentage of pure alcohol, either by weight or volume. It is usually a form of hydrometer with a special scale.

Al`co*hol`o*met"ric (&?;), Al`co*hol`o*met"ric*al (&?;), Al`co*hol*met"ric*al (&?;), a. Relating to the alcoholometer or alcoholometry.

> The alcoholometrical strength of spirituous liquors.
> Ure.

Al`co*hol"om"e*try (&?;), n. The process or method of ascertaining the proportion of pure alcohol which spirituous liquors contain.

Al`co*hom"e*ter (&?;), n., Al`co*ho*met"ric, a. Same as Alcoholometer, Alcoholometric.

Al`co*öm"e*try (&?;), n. See Alcoholometry.

The chemists say alcomètre, alcoomètrie, doubtless by the suppression of a syllable in order to avoid a disagreeable sequence of sounds. (Cf. Idolatry.) Littré.

Al"co*ran (?; 277), n. [alcoran, fr. Ar. al-qorn, orig. the reading, the book, fr. qaraa to read. Cf. Koran.] The Mohammedan Scriptures; the Koran (now the usual form). [Spelt also Alkoran.]

Al`co*ran"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the Koran.

Al`co*ran"ist, n. One who adheres to the letter of the Koran, rejecting all traditions.

Al"cove (?; 277), n. [F. alcôve, Sp. or Pg. alcoba, from Ar. al-quobbah arch, vault, tent.] 1. (Arch.) A recessed portion of a room, or a small room opening into a larger one; especially, a recess to contain a bed; a lateral recess in a library.

2. A small ornamental building with seats, or an arched seat, in a pleasure ground; a garden bower. Cowper.

3. Any natural recess analogous to an alcove or recess in an apartment.

> The youthful wanderers found a wild alcove.
> Falconer.

Al"cy*on (&?;), n. See Halcyon.

||Al`cy*o*na"ce*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of soft-bodied Alcyonaria, of which Alcyonium is the type. See Illust. under Alcyonaria.

||Al`cy*o*na"ri*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Anthozoa. It includes the Alcyonacea, Pennatulacea, and Gorgonacea.

||Al*cy"o*nes (&?;), n. pl. [L., pl. of Alcyon.] (Zoöl.) The kingfishers.

Al`cy*on"ic (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Alcyonaria.

||Al`cy*o"ni*um (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a zoöphyte, so called from being like the halcyon's nest.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fleshy Alcyonaria, its polyps somewhat resembling flowers with eight fringed rays. The term was also formerly used for certain species of sponges.

Al"cy*o*noid (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Alcyonaria. -- n. A zoöphyte of the order Alcyonaria.

Al"day (&?;), adv. Continually. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al*deb"a*ran (&?;), n. [Ar. al- debarn, fr. dabar to follow; so called because this star follows upon the Pleiades.] (Astron.) A red star of the first magnitude, situated in the eye of Taurus; the Bull's Eye. It is the bright star in the group called the Hyades.

> Now when Aldebaran was mounted high
> Above the shiny Cassiopeia's chair.
> Spenser.

Al"de*hyde (&?;), n. [Abbrev. fr. alcohol dehydrogenatum, alcohol deprived of its hydrogen.] (Chem.) A colorless, mobile, and very volatile liquid obtained from alcohol by certain processes of oxidation.

The aldehydes are intermediate between the alcohols and acids, and differ from the alcohols in having two less hydrogen atoms in the molecule, as common aldehyde (called also acetic aldehyde or ethyl aldehyde), C2H4O; methyl aldehyde, CH2O.

Aldehyde ammonia (Chem.), a compound formed by the union of aldehyde with ammonia.

Al`de*hy"dic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to aldehyde; as, aldehydic acid. Miller.

Al"der (l"dr), n. [OE. aldir, aller, fr. AS. alr, aler, alor, akin to D. els, G. erle, Icel. erlir, erli, Swed. al, Dan. elle, el, L. alnus, and E. elm.] (Bot.) A tree, usually growing in moist land, and belonging to the genus Alnus. The wood is used by turners, etc.; the bark by dyers and tanners. In the U. S. the species of alder are usually shrubs or small trees.

Black alder. (a) A European shrub (Rhamnus frangula); Alder buckthorn. (b) An American species of holly (Ilex verticillata), bearing red berries.

{ Al"der (l"dr), Al"ler (l"lr), } a. [From ealra, alra, gen. pl. of AS. eal. The d is excrescent.] Of all; -- used in composition; as, alderbest, best of all, alderwisest, wisest of all. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al`der-lief"est (l`dr*lf"st), a. [For allerliefest dearest of all. See Lief.] Most beloved. [Obs.] Shak.

Al"der*man (l"dr*man), n.; pl. Aldermen (&?;). [AS. aldormon, ealdorman; ealdor an elder + man. See Elder, n.] 1. A senior or superior; a person of rank or dignity. [Obs.]

The title was applied, among the Anglo-Saxons, to princes, dukes, earls, senators, and presiding magistrates; also to archbishops and bishops, implying superior wisdom or authority. Thus Ethelstan, duke of the East-Anglians, was called Alderman of all England; and there were aldermen of cities, counties, and castles, who had jurisdiction within their respective districts.

3. One of a board or body of municipal officers next in order to the mayor and having a legislative function. They may, in some cases, individually exercise some magisterial and administrative functions.

Al"der*man*cy (&?;), n. The office of an alderman.

Al"der*man"ic (&?;), a. Relating to, becoming to, or like, an alderman; characteristic of an alderman.

Al`der*man"i*ty (&?;), n. 1. Aldermen collectively; the body of aldermen.

2. The state of being an alderman. [Jocular]

Al`der*man*like` (&?;), a. Like or suited to an alderman.

Al"der*man*ly, a. Pertaining to, or like, an alderman.

Al"der*man*ly, a. Pertaining to, or like, an alderman. "An aldermanly discretion." Swift.

Al"der*man*ry (&?;), n. 1. The district or ward of an alderman.

2. The office or rank of an alderman. [R.] B. Jonson.

Al"der*man*ship, n. The condition, position, or office of an alderman. Fabyan.

Al"dern (&?;), a. Made of alder.

Al"der*ney (&?;), n. One of a breed of cattle raised in Alderney, one of the Channel Islands. Alderneys are of a dun or tawny color and are often called Jersey cattle. See Jersey, 3.

Al"dine (?; 277), a. (Bibliog.) An epithet applied to editions (chiefly of the classics) which proceeded from the press of Aldus Manitius, and his family, of Venice, for the most part in the 16th century and known by the sign of the anchor and the dolphin. The term has also been applied to certain elegant editions of English works.

Ale (l), n. [AS. ealu, akin to Icel., Sw., and Dan. öl, Lith. alus a kind of beer, OSlav. ol beer. Cf. Ir. ol drink, drinking.] 1. An intoxicating liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermentation and the addition of a bitter, usually hops.

The word ale, in England and the United States, usually designates a heavier kind of fermented liquor, and the word beer a lighter kind. The word beer is also in common use as the generic name for all malt liquors.

2. A festival in English country places, so called from the liquor drunk. "At wakes and ales." B. Jonson."On ember eves and holy ales." Shak.

A*leak" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + leak.] In a leaking condition.

A"le*a*to*ry (&?;), a. [L. aleatorius, fr. alea chance, die.] (Law) Depending on some uncertain contingency; as, an aleatory contract. Bouvier.

Ale"bench` (&?;), n. A bench in or before an alehouse. Bunyan.

Ale"ber`ry (&?;), n. [OE. alebery, alebrey; ale + bre broth, fr. AS. brw pottage.] A beverage, formerly made by boiling ale with spice, sugar, and sops of bread.

> Their aleberries, caudles, possets.
> Beau. & Fl.

A*lec"i*thal (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; yelk.] (Biol.) Applied to those ova which segment uniformly, and which have little or no food yelk embedded in their protoplasm. Balfour.

Ale"con`ner (&?;), n. [/Ale + con, OE. cunnen to test, AS. cunnian to test. See Con.] Orig., an officer appointed to look to the goodness of ale and beer; also, one of the officers chosen by the liverymen of London to inspect the measures used in public houses. But the office is a sinecure. [Also called aletaster.] [Eng.]

Ale"cost` (&?;), n. [Ale + L. costus an aromatic plant: cf. Costmary.] (Bot.) The plant costmary, which was formerly much used for flavoring ale.

||Al`ec*tor"i*des (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a cock.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds including the common fowl and the pheasants.

A*lec`to*rom"a*chy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; cock + &?; fight.] Cockfighting.

A*lec"to*ro*man`cy (&?;), n. See Alectryomancy.

A*lec`try*om'a*chy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; cock + &?; fight.] Cockfighting.

A*lec"try*o*man`cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; cock + -mancy.] Divination by means of a cock and grains of corn placed on the letters of the alphabet, the letters being put together in the order in which the grains were eaten. Amer. Cyc.

A*lee" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + lee.] (Naut.) On or toward the lee, or the side away from the wind; the opposite of aweather. The helm of a ship is alee when pressed close to the lee side.

Hard alee, or Luff alee, an order to put the helm to the lee side.

Al"e*gar (&?;), n. [Ale + eager sour, F. aigre. Cf. Vinegar.] Sour ale; vinegar made of ale. Cecil.

Al"e*ger (&?;), a. [F. allègre, earlier alègre, fr. L. alacer.] Gay; cheerful; sprightly. [Obs.] Bacon.

A*legge" (&?;), v. t. [OE. aleggen, alegen, OF. alegier, F. alléger, fr. LL. alleviare, for L. allevare to lighten; ad + levis light. Cf. Alleviate, Allay, Allege.] To allay or alleviate; to lighten. [Obs.]

> That shall alegge this bitter blast.
> Spenser.

Ale"hoof` (l"hf`), n. [AS. hfe ground ivy; the first part is perh. a corruption: cf. OE. heyhowe hedgehove, ground ivy, "in old MSS. heyhowe, heyoue, haihoue, halehoue." Prior.] Ground ivy (Nepeta Glechoma).

<! p. 38 !>

Ale"house` (&?;), n. A house where ale is retailed; hence, a tippling house. Macaulay.

Ale"-knight` (&?;), n. A pot companion. [Obs.]

Al`e*man"nic (&?;), a. Belonging to the Alemanni, a confederacy of warlike German tribes.

Al`e*man"nic, n. The language of the Alemanni.

> The Swabian dialect . . . is known as the Alemannic.
> Amer. Cyc.

A*lem"bic (*lm"bk), n. [F. alambic (cf. Sp. alambique), Ar. al-anbq, fr. Gr. 'a`mbix cup, cap of a still. The cap or head was the alembic proper. Cf. Limbec.] An apparatus formerly used in distillation, usually made of glass or metal. It has mostly given place to the retort and worm still.
Used also metaphorically.

> The alembic of a great poet's imagination.
> Brimley.

A*lem"broth (-brth), n. [Origin uncertain.] The salt of wisdom of the alchemists, a double salt composed of the chlorides of ammonium and mercury. It was formerly used as a stimulant. Brande & C.

A`len`çon" lace" (&?;). See under Lace.

A*length" (*lngth"), adv. [Pref. a- + length.] At full length; lengthwise. Chaucer.

A*lep"i*dote, a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?;, &?;, a scale.] (Zoöl.) Not having scales. -- n. A fish without scales.

Ale"pole` (&?;), n. A pole set up as the sign of an alehouse. [Obs.]

A*lert" (*lrt"), a. [F. alerte, earlier à l'erte on the watch, fr. It. all' erta on the watch, prop. (standing) on a height, where one can look around; erta a declivity, steep, erto steep, p. p. of ergere, erigere, to erect, raise, L. erigere. See Erect.] 1. Watchful; vigilant; active in vigilance.

2. Brisk; nimble; moving with celerity.

> An alert young fellow.
> Addison.

Syn. -- Active; agile; lively; quick; prompt.

A*lert", n. (Mil.) An alarm from a real or threatened attack; a sudden attack; also, a bugle sound to give warning. "We have had an alert." Farrow.

On the alert, on the lookout or watch against attack or danger; ready to act.

A*lert"ly, adv. In an alert manner; nimbly.

A*lert"ness, n. The quality of being alert or on the alert; briskness; nimbleness; activity.

Ale" sil`ver (&?;). A duty payable to the lord mayor of London by the sellers of ale within the city.

Ale"stake (&?;), n. A stake or pole projecting from, or set up before, an alehouse, as a sign; an alepole. At the end was commonly suspended a garland, a bunch of leaves, or a "bush." [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ale"tast`er (&?;), n. See Aleconner. [Eng.]

A*le`thi*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; truth + -logy.] The science which treats of the nature of truth and evidence. Sir W. Hamilton.

A*leth"o*scope (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; true + &?; to view.] An instrument for viewing pictures by means of a lens, so as to present them in their natural proportions and relations.

A*leu"ro*man`cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; wheaten flour + -mancy: cf. F. aleuromancie.] Divination by means of flour. Encyc. Brit.

Al`eu*rom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; flour + -meter.] An instrument for determining the expansive properties, or quality, of gluten in flour. Knight.

A*leu"rone (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; flour.] (Bot.) An albuminoid substance which occurs in minute grains ("protein granules") in maturing seeds and tubers; -- supposed to be a modification of protoplasm.

Al`eu*ron"ic (&?;), a. (Bot.) Having the nature of aleurone. D. C. Eaton.

{ A*leu"tian (&?;), A*leu"tic (&?;), } a. [Said to be from the Russ. aleut a bold rock.] Of or pertaining to a chain of islands between Alaska and Kamtchatka; also, designating these islands.

Al"e*vin (&?;), n. [F. alevin, OF. alever to rear, fr. L. ad + levare to raise.] Young fish; fry.

A*lew" (&?;), n. Halloo. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ale"wife` (&?;), n.; pl. Alewives (&?;). A woman who keeps an alehouse. Gay.

Ale"wife`, n.; pl. Alewives. [This word is properly aloof, the Indian name of a fish. See Winthrop on the culture of maize in America, "Phil Trans." No. 142, p. 1065, and Baddam's "Memoirs," vol. ii. p. 131.] (Zoöl.) A North American fish (Clupea vernalis) of the Herring family. It is called also ellwife, ellwhop, branch herring. The name is locally applied to other related species.

Al`ex*an"ders (&?;), Al`i*san"ders (&?;), n. [OE. alisaundre, OF. alissandere, fr. Alexander or Alexandria.] (Bot) A name given to two species of the genus Smyrnium, formerly cultivated and used as celery now is; -- called also horse parsely.

Al`ex*an"dri*an (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Alexandria in Egypt; as, the Alexandrian library.

2. Applied to a kind of heroic verse. See Alexandrine, n.

Al`ex*an"drine (?; 277), a. Belonging to Alexandria; Alexandrian. Bancroft.

Al`ex*an"drine (&?;), n. [F. alexandrin.] A kind of verse consisting in English of twelve syllables.

> The needless Alexandrine ends the song,
> That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along.
> Pope.

{ A*lex`i*phar"mac (&?;), A*lex`i*phar"ma*cal (&?;), } a. & n. [See Alexipharmic.] Alexipharmic. [Obs.]

{ A*lex`i*phar"mic (&?;), A*lex`i*phar"mic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; keeping off poison; &?; to keep off + &?; drug, poison: cf. F. alexipharmaque.] (Med.) Expelling or counteracting poison; antidotal.

A*lex`i*phar"mic (&?;), n. (Med.) An antidote against poison or infection; a counterpoison.

A*lex`i*py*ret"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; + &?; burning heat, fever, &?; fire.] (Med.) Serving to drive off fever; antifebrile. -- n. A febrifuge.

{ A*lex`i*ter"ic (&?;), A*lex`i*ter"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; fit to keep off or help, fr. &?; one who keeps off, helper; &?; to keep off: cf. F. alexitère.] (Med.) Resisting poison; obviating the effects of venom; alexipharmic.

A*lex`i*ter"ic, n. [Gr. &?; a remedy, an amulet: cf. F. alexitère, LL. alexiterium.] (Med.) A preservative against contagious and infectious diseases, and the effects of poison in general. Brande & C.

||Al"fa (&?;) or Al"fa grass" (&?;), n. A plant (Macrochloa tenacissima) of North Africa; also, its fiber, used in paper making.

Al*fal"fa (&?;), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) The lucern (Medicago sativa); -- so called in California, Texas, etc.

Al"fe*nide (&?;), n. (Metal.) An alloy of nickel and silver electroplated with silver.

||Al*fe"res (&?;), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al- frs knight.] An ensign; a standard bearer. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Al"fet, n. [LL. alfetum, fr. AS. lfæt a pot to boil in; l burning + fæt vat.] A caldron of boiling water into which an accused person plunged his forearm as a test of innocence or guilt.

||Al*fil`a*ri"a (&?;), n. (Bot.) The pin grass (Erodium cicutarium), a weed in California.

||Al`fi*o"ne (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An edible marine fish of California (Rhacochilus toxotes).

||Al*fres"co (&?;), adv. & a. [It. al fresco in or on the fresh.] In the open-air. Smollett.

||Al"ga (&?;), n.; pl. Algæ (&?;). [L., seaweed.] (Bot.) A kind of seaweed; pl. the class of cellular cryptogamic plants which includes the black, red, and green seaweeds, as kelp, dulse, sea lettuce, also marine and fresh water confervæ, etc.

Al"gal (&?;), a., (Bot.) Pertaining to, or like, algæ.

||Al`ga*ro"ba (&?;), n. [Sp. algarroba, fr. Ar. al-kharr&?;bah. Cf. Carob.] (Bot.) (a) The Carob, a leguminous tree of the Mediterranean region; also, its edible beans or pods, called St. John's bread. (b) The Honey mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), a small tree found from California to Buenos Ayres; also, its sweet, pulpy pods. A valuable gum, resembling gum arabic, is collected from the tree in Texas and Mexico.

{ Al"ga*rot (&?;), Al"ga*roth (&?;), } n. [F. algaroth, fr. the name of the inventor, Algarotti.] (Med.) A term used for the Powder of Algaroth, a white powder which is a compound of trichloride and trioxide of antimony. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic, purgative, and diaphoretic.

||Al`ga*ro*vil"la (&?;), n. The agglutinated seeds and husks of the legumes of a South American tree (Inga Marthæ). It is valuable for tanning leather, and as a dye.

{ Al"gate (&?;), Al"gates (&?;), } adv. [All + gate way. The s is an adverbial ending. See Gate.] 1. Always; wholly; everywhere. [Obs.]

> Ulna now he algates must forego.
> Spenser.

Still used in the north of England in the sense of "everywhere."

2. By any or means; at all events. [Obs.] Fairfax.

3. Notwithstanding; yet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al"ga*zel` (&?;), n. [Ar. al the + ghazl.] (Zoöl.) The true gazelle.

Al"ge*bra (&?;), n. [LL. algebra, fr. Ar. al-jebr reduction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, fr. jabara to bind together, consolidate; al-jebr w'almuqbalah reduction and comparison (by equations): cf. F. algèbre, It. & Sp. algebra.] 1. (Math.) That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations and properties of quantity by means of letters and other symbols. It is applicable to those relations that are true of every kind of magnitude.

2. A treatise on this science.

{ Al`ge*bra"ic (&?;), Al`ge*bra"ic*al (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to algebra; containing an operation of algebra, or deduced from such operation; as, algebraic characters; algebraical writings.

Algebraic curve, a curve such that the equation which expresses the relation between the coördinates of its points involves only the ordinary operations of algebra; -- opposed to a transcendental curve.

Al`ge*bra"ic*al*ly, adv. By algebraic process.

Al"ge*bra`ist (&?;), n. One versed in algebra.

Al"ge*bra*ize (&?;), v. t. To perform by algebra; to reduce to algebraic form.

Al*ge"ri*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Algeria. -- n. A native of Algeria.

Al`ge*rine" (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Algiers or Algeria.

Al`ge*rine", n. A native or one of the people of Algiers or Algeria. Also, a pirate.

Al"gid (&?;), a. [L. algidus cold, fr. algere to be cold: cf. F. algide.] Cold; chilly. Bailey.

Algid cholera (Med.), Asiatic cholera.

Al*gid"i*ty (&?;), n. Chilliness; coldness; especially (Med.), coldness and collapse.

Al"gid*ness (&?;), n. Algidity. [Obs.]

Al*gif"ic (&?;), a. [L. algificus, fr. algus cold + facere to make.] Producing cold.

Al"goid (&?;), a. [L. alga + - oid.] Of the nature of, or resembling, an alga.

Al"gol (&?;), n. [Ar. al-ghl destruction, calamity, fr. ghla to take suddenly, destroy.] (Astron.) A fixed star, in Medusa's head, in the constellation Perseus, remarkable for its periodic variation in brightness.

Al`go*log"ic*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to algology; as, algological specimens.

Al*gol"o*gist (&?;), n. One learned about algæ; a student of algology.

Al*gol"o*gy (&?;), n. [L. alga seaweed + -logy.] (Bot.) The study or science of algæ or seaweeds.

{ Al*gon"quin (&?;), Al*gon"kin (&?;), } n. One of a widely spread family of Indians, including many distinct tribes, which formerly occupied most of the northern and eastern part of North America. The name was originally applied to a group of Indian tribes north of the River St. Lawrence.

||Al"gor (&?;), n. [L.] (Med.) Cold; chilliness.

{ Al"go*rism (&?;), Al"go*rithm (&?;), } n. [OE. algorism, algrim, augrim, OF. algorisme, F. algorithme (cf. Sp. algoritmo, OSp. alguarismo, LL. algorismus), fr. the Ar. al- Khowrezm of Khowrezm, the modern Khiwa, surname of Abu Ja'far Mohammed ben Mus, author of a work on arithmetic early in the 9th century, which was translated into Latin, such books bearing the name algorismus. The spelling with th is due to a supposed connection with Gr. &?; number.] 1. The art of calculating by nine figures and zero.

2. The art of calculating with any species of notation; as, the algorithms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc.

Al"gous (&?;), a. [L. algosus, fr. alga seaweed.] Of or pertaining to the algæ, or seaweeds; abounding with, or like, seaweed.

||Al`gua*zil" (&?;) (&?;), n. [Sp. alguacil, fr. Ar. alwazr the vizier. Cf. Vizier.] An inferior officer of justice in Spain; a warrant officer; a constable. Prescott.

Al"gum (&?;), n. Same as Almug (and etymologically preferable). 2 Chron. ii. 8.

Al*ham"bra (&?;), n. [Ultimately fr. Ar. al the + hamr red; i. e., the red (sc. house).] The palace of the Moorish kings at Granada.

{ Al`ham*bra"ic (&?;), Al`ham*bresque" (?; 277), } a. Made or decorated after the fanciful style of the ornamentation in the Alhambra, which affords an unusually fine exhibition of Saracenic or Arabesque architecture.

||Al*hen"na (&?;), n. See Henna.

A"li*as (&?;), adv. [L., fr. alius. See Else.] (Law) (a) Otherwise; otherwise called; -- a term used in legal proceedings to connect the different names of any one who has gone by two or more, and whose true name is for any cause doubtful; as, Smith, alias Simpson. (b) At another time.

A"li*as, n.; pl. Aliases (&?;). [L., otherwise, at another time.] (Law) (a) A second or further writ which is issued after a first writ has expired without effect. (b) Another name; an assumed name.

Al"i*bi (&?;), n. [L., elsewhere, at another place. See Alias.] (Law) The plea or mode of defense under which a person on trial for a crime proves or attempts to prove that he was in another place when the alleged act was committed; as, to set up an alibi; to prove an alibi.

Al`i*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. Quality of being alible.

Al"i*ble (&?;), a. [L. alibilis, fr. alere to nourish.] Nutritive; nourishing.

Al"i*cant (&?;), n. A kind of wine, formerly much esteemed; -- said to have been made near Alicant, in Spain. J. Fletcher.

Al"i*dade (&?;), n. [LL. alidada, alhidada, fr. Ar. al-'idda a sort of rule: cf. F. alidade.] The portion of a graduated instrument, as a quadrant or astrolabe, carrying the sights or telescope, and showing the degrees cut off on the arc of the instrument Whewell.

Al"ien (&?;), a. [OF. alien, L. alienus, fr. alius another; properly, therefore, belonging to another. See Else.] 1. Not belonging to the same country, land, or government, or to the citizens or subjects thereof; foreign; as, alien subjects, enemies, property, shores.

2. Wholly different in nature; foreign; adverse; inconsistent (with); incongruous; -- followed by from or sometimes by to; as, principles alien from our religion.

> An alien sound of melancholy.
> Wordsworth.

Alien enemy (Law), one who owes allegiance to a government at war with ours. Abbott.

Al"ien, n. 1. A foreigner; one owing allegiance, or belonging, to another country; a foreign-born resident of a country in which he does not possess the privileges of a citizen. Hence, a stranger. See Alienage.

2. One excluded from certain privileges; one alienated or estranged; as, aliens from God's mercies.

> Aliens from the common wealth of Israel.
> Ephes. ii. 12.

Al"ien, v. t. [F. aliéner, L. alienare.] To alienate; to estrange; to transfer, as property or ownership. [R.] "It the son alien lands." Sir M. Hale.

> The prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of . . . the marriage.
> Clarendon.

Al`ien*a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. Capability of being alienated. "The alienability of the domain." Burke.

Al"ien*a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. aliénable.] Capable of being alienated, sold, or transferred to another; as, land is alienable according to the laws of the state.

Al"ien*age (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. aliénage.] 1. The state or legal condition of being an alien.

The disabilities of alienage are removable by naturalization or by special license from the State of residence, and in some of the United States by declaration of intention of naturalization. Kent. Wharton.

> Estates forfeitable on account of alienage.
> Story.

2. The state of being alienated or transferred to another. Brougham.

<! p. 39 !>

Al"ien*ate (l"yen*t), a. [L. alienatus, p. p. of alienare, fr. alienus. See Alien, and cf. Aliene.] Estranged; withdrawn in affection; foreign; -- with from.

> O alienate from God.
> Milton.

Al"ien*ate (-t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alienated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alienating.] 1. To convey or transfer to another, as title, property, or right; to part voluntarily with ownership of.

2. To withdraw, as the affections; to make indifferent of averse, where love or friendship before subsisted; to estrange; to wean; -- with from.

> The errors which . . . alienated a loyal gentry and priesthood from the House of Stuart.
> Macaulay.

> The recollection of his former life is a dream that only the more alienates him from the realities of the present.
> I. Taylor.

Al"ien*ate (&?;), n. A stranger; an alien. [Obs.]

Al`ien*a"tion (&?;), n. [F. aliénation, L. alienatio, fr. alienare, fr. alienare. See Alienate.] 1. The act of alienating, or the state of being alienated.

2. (Law) A transfer of title, or a legal conveyance of property to another.

3. A withdrawing or estrangement, as of the affections.

> The alienation of his heart from the king.
> Bacon.

4. Mental alienation; derangement of the mental faculties; insanity; as, alienation of mind.

Syn. -- Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; aberration; mania; delirium; frenzy; dementia; monomania. See Insanity.

Al"ien*a"tor (&?;), n. One who alienates.

Al*iene (&?;), v. t. To alien or alienate; to transfer, as title or property; as, to aliene an estate.

Al"ien*ee" (&?;), n. (Law) One to whom the title of property is transferred; -- opposed to alienor.

> It the alienee enters and keeps possession.
> Blackstone.

Al"ien*ism (&?;), n. 1. The status or legal condition of an alien; alienage.

> The law was very gentle in the construction of the disability of alienism.
> Kent.

2. The study or treatment of diseases of the mind.

Al"ien*ist (&?;), n. [F. aliéniste.] One who treats diseases of the mind. Ed. Rev.

Al`ien*or" (&?;), n. [OF. aliéneur.] One who alienates or transfers property to another. Blackstone.

{ Al`i*eth"moid (&?;), Al`i*eth*moid"al (&?;), } a. [L. ala wing + E. ethomoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the ethmoid bone or cartilage.

A*life" (&?;), adv. [Cf. lief dear.] On my life; dearly. [Obs.] "I love that sport alife." Beau. & Fl.

A*lif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. ala wing + -ferous.] Having wings, winged; aligerous. [R.]

Al"i*form (&?;), a. [L. ala wing + -form.] Wing-shaped; winglike.

A*lig"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. aliger; ala wing + gerere to carry.] Having wings; winged. [R.]

A*light" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alighted (&?;) sometimes Alit (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alighting.] [OE. alihten, fr. AS. lhtan; pref. - (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + lhtan, to alight, orig. to render light, to remove a burden from, fr. lht, leoht, light. See Light, v. i.] 1. To spring down, get down, or descend, as from on horseback or from a carriage; to dismount.

2. To descend and settle, lodge, rest, or stop; as, a flying bird alights on a tree; snow alights on a roof.

3. To come or chance (upon). [R.]

A*light", a. [Pref. a- + light.] Lighted; lighted up; in a flame. "The lamps were alight." Dickens.

A*lign" (&?;), v. t. [F. aligner; à (L. ad) + ligne (L. linea) line. See Line, and cf. Allineate.] To adjust or form to a line; to range or form in line; to bring into line; to aline.

A*lign", v. t. To form in line; to fall into line.

A*lign"ment (&?;), n. [F. alignement.] 1. The act of adjusting to a line; arrangement in a line or lines; the state of being so adjusted; a formation in a straight line; also, the line of adjustment; esp., an imaginary line to regulate the formation of troops or of a squadron.

2. (Engin.) The ground-plan of a railway or other road, in distinction from the grades or profile.

A*like" (*lk), a. [AS. onlc, gelc; pref. + like.] Having resemblance or similitude; similar; without difference. [Now used only predicatively.]

> The darkness and the light are both alike to thee.
> Ps. cxxxix. 12.

A*like", adv. [AS. gelce, onlce.] In the same manner, form, or degree; in common; equally; as, we are all alike concerned in religion.

A*like"-mind`ed (&?;), a. Like- minded. [Obs.]

Al"i*ment (&?;), n. [L. alimentum, fr. alere to nourish; akin to Goth. alan to grow, Icel. ala to nourish: cf. F. aliment. See Old.] 1. That which nourishes; food; nutriment; anything which feeds or adds to a substance in natural growth. Hence: The necessaries of life generally: sustenance; means of support.

> Aliments of their sloth and weakness.
> Bacon.

2. An allowance for maintenance. [Scot.]

Al"i*ment, v. t. 1. To nourish; to support.

2. To provide for the maintenance of. [Scot.]

Al`i*men"tal (&?;), a. Supplying food; having the quality of nourishing; furnishing the materials for natural growth; as, alimental sap.

A`li*men"tal*ly, adv. So as to serve for nourishment or food; nourishing quality. Sir T. Browne.

Al`i*men"ta*ri*ness (&?;), n. The quality of being alimentary; nourishing quality. [R.]

Al`i*men"ta*ry (&?;), a. [L. alimentarius, fr. alimentum: cf. F. alimentaire.] Pertaining to aliment or food, or to the function of nutrition; nutritious; alimental; as, alimentary substances.

Alimentary canal, the entire channel, extending from the mouth to the anus, by which aliments are conveyed through the body, and the useless parts ejected.

Al`i*men*ta"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alimentation, LL. alimentatio.] 1. The act or process of affording nutriment; the function of the alimentary canal.

2. State or mode of being nourished. Bacon.

Al`i*men"tive*ness (&?;), n. The instinct or faculty of appetite for food. [Chiefly in Phrenol.]

Al`i*mo"ni*ous (&?;), a. Affording food; nourishing. [R.] "Alimonious humors." Harvey.

Al"i*mo*ny (&?;), n. [L. alimonia, alimonium, nourishment, sustenance, fr. alere to nourish.] 1. Maintenance; means of living.

2. (Law) An allowance made to a wife out of her husband's estate or income for her support, upon her divorce or legal separation from him, or during a suit for the same. Wharton. Burrill.

Al`i*na"sal (&?;), a. [L. ala wing + E. nasal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the nasal bone or cartilage.

A*line" (&?;), v. t. To range or place in a line; to bring into line; to align. Evelyn.

A*lin`e*a"tion (&?;), n. See Allineation.

A*line"ment (&?;), n. Same as Alignment.

[The Eng. form alinement is preferable to alignment, a bad spelling of the French]. New Eng. Dict. (Murray).

A*lin"er (&?;), n. One who adjusts things to a line or lines or brings them into line. Evelyn.

Al"i*oth (&?;), n. [Ar. alyt the tail of a fat sheep.] (Astron.) A star in the tail of the Great Bear, the one next the bowl in the Dipper.

Al"i*ped (&?;), a. [L. alipes; ala wing + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. alipède.] (Zoöl.) Wing-footed, as the bat. -- n. An animal whose toes are connected by a membrane, serving for a wing, as the bat.

Al"i*quant (&?;), a. [L. aliquantus some, moderate; alius other + quantus how great: cf. F. aliquante.] (Math.) An aliquant part of a number or quantity is one which does not divide it without leaving a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquant part of 16. Opposed to aliquot.

Al"i*quot (&?;), a. [L. aliquot some, several; alius other + quot how many: cf. F. aliquote.] (Math.) An aliquot part of a number or quantity is one which will divide it without a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquot part of 15. Opposed to aliquant.

Al`i*sep"tal (&?;), a. [L. ala wing + E. septal.] (Anat.) Relating to expansions of the nasal septum.

Al"ish (&?;), a. Like ale; as, an alish taste.

{ Al`i*sphe"noid (&?;), Al`i*sphe*noid"al (&?;), } a. [L. ala wing + E. sphenoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to or forming the wing of the sphenoid; relating to a bone in the base of the skull, which in the adult is often consolidated with the sphenoid; as, alisphenoid bone; alisphenoid canal.

Al`i*sphe"noid, n. (Anat.) The alisphenoid bone.

Al"i*trunk (&?;), n. [L. ala wing + truncus trunk.] (Zoöl.) The segment of the body of an insect to which the wings are attached; the thorax. Kirby.

Al`i*tur"gic*al (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + liturgical.] (Eccl.) Applied to those days when the holy sacrifice is not offered. Shipley.

||A`li*un"de (&?;), adv. & a. [L.] (Law) From another source; from elsewhere; as, a case proved aliunde; evidence aliunde.

A*live" (&?;), a. [OE. on live, AS. on lfe in life; lfe being dat. of lf life. See Life, and cf. Live, a.] 1. Having life, in opposition to dead; living; being in a state in which the organs perform their functions; as, an animal or a plant which is alive.

2. In a state of action; in force or operation; unextinguished; unexpired; existent; as, to keep the fire alive; to keep the affections alive.

3. Exhibiting the activity and motion of many living beings; swarming; thronged.

> The Boyne, for a quarter of a mile, was alive with muskets and green boughs.
> Macaulay.

4. Sprightly; lively; brisk. Richardson.

5. Having susceptibility; easily impressed; having lively feelings, as opposed to apathy; sensitive.

> Tremblingly alive to nature's laws.
> Falconer.

6. Of all living (by way of emphasis).

> Northumberland was the proudest man alive.
> Clarendon.

Used colloquially as an intensive; as, man alive!

Alive always follows the noun which it qualifies.

||A`li*za"ri (&?;), n. [Perh. fr. Ar. 'açrah juice extracted from a plant, fr. 'açara to press.] (Com.) The madder of the Levant. Brande & C.

A*liz"a*rin (&?;), n. [F. alizarine, fr. alizari.] (Chem.) A coloring principle, C14H6O2(OH)2, found in madder, and now produced artificially from anthracene. It produces the Turkish reds.

Al"ka*hest (&?;), n. [LL. alchahest, F. alcahest, a word that has an Arabic appearance, but was probably arbitrarily formed by Paracelsus.] The fabled "universal solvent" of the alchemists; a menstruum capable of dissolving all bodies. -- Al`ka*hes"tic (&?;), a.

Al`kal*am"ide (&?;), n. [Alkali + amide.] (Chem.) One of a series of compounds that may be regarded as ammonia in which a part of the hydrogen has been replaced by basic, and another part by acid, atoms or radicals.

{ Al`ka*les`cence (&?;), Al`ka*les"cen*cy (&?;), } n. A tendency to become alkaline; or the state of a substance in which alkaline properties begin to be developed, or to predominant. Ure.

Al`ka*les"cent (&?;), a. [Cf. F. alcalescent.] Tending to the properties of an alkali; slightly alkaline.

Al"ka*li (?; 277), n.; pl. Alkalis or Alkalies (&?;). [F. alcali, ultimately fr. Ar. alqal ashes of the plant saltwort, fr. qalay to roast in a pan, fry.] 1. Soda ash; caustic soda, caustic potash, etc.

2. (Chem.) One of a class of caustic bases, such as soda, potash, ammonia, and lithia, whose distinguishing peculiarities are solubility in alcohol and water, uniting with oils and fats to form soap, neutralizing and forming salts with acids, turning to brown several vegetable yellows, and changing reddened litmus to blue.

Fixed alkalies, potash and soda. -- Vegetable alkalies. Same as Alkaloids. -- Volatile alkali, ammonia, so called in distinction from the fixed alkalies.

Al"ka*li*fi`a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. alcalifiable.] Capable of being alkalified, or converted into an alkali.

Al"ka*li*fy (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalified (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalifying.] [Alkali + -fly: cf. F. alcalifier.] To convert into an alkali; to give alkaline properties to.

Al"ka*li*fy, v. i. To become changed into an alkali.

Al`ka*lim"e*ter (&?;), n. [Alkali + -meter. cf. F. alcalimètre.] An instrument to ascertain the strength of alkalies, or the quantity of alkali in a mixture.

{ Al`ka*li*met"ric (&?;), Al`ka*li*met"ric*al (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to alkalimetry.

Al`ka*lim"e*try (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alcalimètrie.] (Chem.) The art or process of ascertaining the strength of alkalies, or the quantity present in alkaline mixtures.

Al"ka*line (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. alcalin.] Of or pertaining to an alkali or to alkalies; having the properties of an alkali.

Alkaline earths, certain substances, as lime, baryta, strontia, and magnesia, possessing some of the qualities of alkalies. -- Alkaline metals, potassium, sodium, cæsium, lithium, rubidium. -- Alkaline reaction, a reaction indicating alkalinity, as by the action on limits, turmeric, etc.

Al`ka*lin"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality which constitutes an alkali; alkaline property. Thomson.

Al*ka"li*ous (&?;), a. Alkaline. [Obs.]

Al"ka*li*zate (&?;), a. Alkaline. [Obs.] Boyle.

Al"ka*li**zate (&?;), v. t. To alkalizate. [R.] Johnson.

Al`ka*li*za"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alcalisation.] The act rendering alkaline by impregnating with an alkali; a conferring of alkaline qualities.

Al"ka*lize (l"k*lz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalizing (&?;).] [Cf. F. alcaliser.] To render alkaline; to communicate the properties of an alkali to.

{ Al"ka*loid (l"k*loid), Al`ka*loid"al (l`k*loid"al), } a. [Alkali + -oid: cf. F. alcaloïde.] Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, alkali.

Al"ka*loid (l"k*loid), n. (Chem.) An organic base, especially one of a class of substances occurring ready formed in the tissues of plants and the bodies of animals.

Alkaloids all contain nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen, and many of them also contain oxygen. They include many of the active principles in plants; thus, morphine and narcotine are alkaloids found in opium.

Al"ka*net (&?;), n. [Dim. of Sp. alcana, alheña, in which al is the Ar. article. See Henna, and cf. Orchanet.] 1. (Chem.) A dyeing matter extracted from the roots of Alkanna tinctoria, which gives a fine deep red color.

2. (Bot.) (a) A boraginaceous herb (Alkanna tinctoria) yielding the dye; orchanet. (b) The similar plant Anchusa officinalis; bugloss; also, the American puccoon.

Al*kar"gen (&?;), n. [Alkarsin + oxygen.] (Chem.) Same as Cacodylic acid.

Al*kar"sin (&?;), n. [Alkali + arsenic + -in.] (Chem.) A spontaneously inflammable liquid, having a repulsive odor, and consisting of cacodyl and its oxidation products; -- called also Cadel's fuming liquid.

Al*ka"zar (&?;). See Alcazar.

Al`ke*ken"gi (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alkékenge, Sp. alquequenje, ultimately fr. Ar. al- kkanj a kind of resin from Herat.] (Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the nightshade family (Physalis alkekengi) and its fruit, which is a well flavored berry, the size of a cherry, loosely inclosed in a enlarged leafy calyx; -- also called winter cherry, ground cherry, and strawberry tomato. D. C. Eaton.

Al*ker"mes (&?;), n. [Ar. al-qirmiz kermes. See Kermes.] (Old Pharmacy) A compound cordial, in the form of a confection, deriving its name from the kermes insect, its principal ingredient.

Al"ko*ran (?; 277), n. The Mohammedan Scriptures. Same as Alcoran and Koran.

Al`ko*ran"ic (&?;), a. Same as Alcoranic.

Al`ko*ran"ist, n. Same as Alcoranist.

All (&?;), a. [OE. al, pl. alle, AS. eal, pl. ealle, Northumbrian alle, akin to D. & OHG. al, Ger. all, Icel. allr. Dan. al, Sw. all, Goth. alls; and perh. to Ir. and Gael. uile, W. oll.] 1. The whole quantity, extent, duration, amount, quality, or degree of; the whole; the whole number of; any whatever; every; as, all the wheat; all the land; all the year; all the strength; all happiness; all abundance; loss of all power; beyond all doubt; you will see us all (or all of us).

> Prove all things: hold fast that which is good.
> 1 Thess. v. 21.

2. Any. [Obs.] "Without all remedy." Shak.

When the definite article "the," or a possessive or a demonstrative pronoun, is joined to the noun that all qualifies, all precedes the article or the pronoun; as, all the cattle; all my labor; all his wealth; all our families; all your citizens; all their property; all other joys.

This word, not only in popular language, but in the Scriptures, often signifies, indefinitely, a large portion or number, or a great part. Thus, all the cattle in Egypt died, all Judea and all the region round about Jordan, all men held John as a prophet, are not to be understood in a literal sense, but as including a large part, or very great numbers.

3. Only; alone; nothing but.

> I was born to speak all mirth and no matter.
> Shak.

All the whole, the whole (emphatically). [Obs.] "All the whole army." Shak.

All, adv. 1. Wholly; completely; altogether; entirely; quite; very; as, all bedewed; my friend is all for amusement. "And cheeks all pale." Byron.

<! p. 40 !>

In the ancient phrases, all too dear, all too much, all so long, etc., this word retains its appropriate sense or becomes intensive.

2. Even; just. (Often a mere intensive adjunct.) [Obs. or Poet.]

> All as his straying flock he fed.
> Spenser.

> A damsel lay deploring
> All on a rock reclined.
> Gay.

All to, or All-to. In such phrases as "all to rent," "all to break," "all-to frozen," etc., which are of frequent occurrence in our old authors, the all and the to have commonly been regarded as forming a compound adverb, equivalent in meaning to entirely, completely, altogether. But the sense of entireness lies wholly in the word all (as it does in "all forlorn," and similar expressions), and the to properly belongs to the following word, being a kind of intensive prefix (orig. meaning asunder and answering to the LG. ter-, HG. zer-). It is frequently to be met with in old books, used without the all. Thus Wyclif says, "The vail of the temple was to rent:" and of Judas, "He was hanged and to-burst the middle:" i. e., burst in two, or asunder. - - All along. See under Along. -- All and some, individually and collectively, one and all. [Obs.] "Displeased all and some." Fairfax. -- All but. (a) Scarcely; not even. [Obs.] Shak. (b) Almost; nearly. "The fine arts were all but proscribed." Macaulay. -- All hollow, entirely, completely; as, to beat any one all hollow. [Low] -- All one, the same thing in effect; that is, wholly the same thing. -- All over, over the whole extent; thoroughly; wholly; as, she is her mother all over. [Colloq.] -- All the better, wholly the better; that is, better by the whole difference. -- All the same, nevertheless. "There they [certain phenomena] remain rooted all the same, whether we recognize them or not." J. C. Shairp. "But Rugby is a very nice place all the same." T. Arnold. -- See also under All, n.

All (&?;), n. The whole number, quantity, or amount; the entire thing; everything included or concerned; the aggregate; the whole; totality; everything or every person; as, our all is at stake.

> Death, as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all.
> Shak.

> All that thou seest is mine.
> Gen. xxxi. 43.

All is used with of, like a partitive; as, all of a thing, all of us.

After all, after considering everything to the contrary; nevertheless. -- All in all, a phrase which signifies all things to a person, or everything desired; (also adverbially) wholly; altogether.

> Thou shalt be all in all, and I in thee,
> Forever.
> Milton.

> Trust me not at all, or all in all.
> Tennyson.

-- All in the wind (Naut.), a phrase denoting that the sails are parallel with the course of the wind, so as to shake. -- All told, all counted; in all. -- And all, and the rest; and everything connected. "Bring our crown and all." Shak. -- At all. (a) In every respect; wholly; thoroughly. [Obs.] "She is a shrew at al(l)." Chaucer. (b) A phrase much used by way of enforcement or emphasis, usually in negative or interrogative sentences, and signifying in any way or respect; in the least degree or to the least extent; in the least; under any circumstances; as, he has no ambition at all; has he any property at all? "Nothing at all." Shak. "If thy father at all miss me." 1 Sam. xx. 6. -- Over all, everywhere. [Obs.] Chaucer.

All is much used in composition to enlarge the meaning, or add force to a word. In some instances, it is completely incorporated into words, and its final consonant is dropped, as in almighty, already, always: but, in most instances, it is an adverb prefixed to adjectives or participles, but usually with a hyphen, as, all-bountiful, all-glorious, allimportant, all- surrounding, etc. In others it is an adjective; as, allpower, all-giver. Anciently many words, as, alabout, alaground, etc., were compounded with all, which are now written separately.

All, conj. [Orig. all, adv., wholly: used with though or if, which being dropped before the subjunctive left all as if in the sense although.] Although; albeit. [Obs.]

> All they were wondrous loth.
> Spenser.

||Al`la bre"ve (&?;). [It., according to the breve.] (Old Church Music) With one breve, or four minims, to measure, and sung faster like four crotchets; in quick common time; -- indicated in the time signature by &?;.

||Al"lah (&?;), n. [ contr. fr. the article al the + ilah God.] The name of the Supreme Being, in use among the Arabs and the Mohammedans generally.

All`-a-mort" (&?;), a. See Alamort.

Al"lan*ite (&?;), n. [From T. Allan, who first distinguished it as a species.] (min.) A silicate containing a large amount of cerium. It is usually black in color, opaque, and is related to epidote in form and composition.

Al`lan*to"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. allantoïque.] Pertaining to, or contained in, the allantois.

Allantoic acid. (Chem.) See Allantoin.

{ Al*lan"toid (&?;), Al`lan*toid"al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; shaped like a sausage; &?; sausage + &?; form.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the allantois.

||Al`lan*toid"e*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The division of Vertebrata in which the embryo develops an allantois. It includes reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Al*lan"to*in (&?;), n. (Chem.) A crystalline, transparent, colorless substance found in the allantoic liquid of the fetal calf; -- formerly called allantoic acid and amniotic acid.

{ ||Al*lan"to*is (&?;), Al*lan"toid (&?;), } n.. (Anat.) A membranous appendage of the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, -- in mammals serving to connect the fetus with the parent; the urinary vesicle.

Al"la*trate (&?;), v. i. [L. allatrare. See Latrate.] To bark as a dog. [Obs.] Stubbes.

Al*lay" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allayed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Allaying.] [OE. alaien, aleggen, to lay down, put down, humble, put an end to, AS. lecgan; - (cf. Goth. us-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + lecgan to lay; but confused with old forms of allege, alloy, alegge. See Lay.] 1. To make quiet or put at rest; to pacify or appease; to quell; to calm; as, to allay popular excitement; to allay the tumult of the passions.

2. To alleviate; to abate; to mitigate; as, to allay the severity of affliction or the bitterness of adversity.

> It would allay the burning quality of that fell poison.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To alleviate; check; repress; assuage; appease; abate; subdue; destroy; compose; soothe; calm; quiet. See Alleviate.

Al*lay" (&?;), v. t. To diminish in strength; to abate; to subside. "When the rage allays." Shak.

Al*lay", n. Alleviation; abatement; check. [Obs.]

Al*lay", n. Alloy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al*lay", v. t. To mix (metals); to mix with a baser metal; to alloy; to deteriorate. [Archaic] Fuller.

Al*lay"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, allays.

Al*lay"ment (&?;), n. An allaying; that which allays; mitigation. [Obs.]

> The like allayment could I give my grief.
> Shak.

Al"le*cret (&?;), n. [OF. alecret, halecret, hallecret.] A kind of light armor used in the sixteenth century, esp. by the Swiss. Fairholt.

Al*lect" (&?;), v. t. [L. allectare, freq. of allicere, allectum.] To allure; to entice. [Obs.]

Al`lec*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. allectatio.] Enticement; allurement. [Obs.] Bailey.

Al*lec"tive (&?;), a. [LL. allectivus.] Alluring. [Obs.]

Al*lec"tive, n. Allurement. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Al*ledge" (&?;), v. t. See Allege. [Obs.]

This spelling, corresponding to abridge, was once the prevailing one.

Al`le*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. allegatio, fr. allegare, allegatum, to send a message, cite; later, to free by giving reasons; ad + legare to send, commission. Cf. Allege and Adlegation.] 1. The act of alleging or positively asserting.

2. That which is alleged, asserted, or declared; positive assertion; formal averment

> I thought their allegation but reasonable.
> Steele.

3. (Law) A statement by a party of what he undertakes to prove, -- usually applied to each separate averment; the charge or matter undertaken to be proved.

Al*lege" (l*lj"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alleged (-ljd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Alleging.] [OE. aleggen to bring forward as evidence, OF. esligier to buy, prop. to free from legal difficulties, fr. an assumed LL. exlitigare; L. ex + litigare to quarrel, sue (see Litigate). The word was confused with L. allegare (see Allegation), and lex law. Cf. Allay.] 1. To bring forward with positiveness; to declare; to affirm; to assert; as, to allege a fact.

2. To cite or quote; as, to allege the authority of a judge. [Archaic]

3. To produce or urge as a reason, plea, or excuse; as, he refused to lend, alleging a resolution against lending.

Syn. -- To bring forward; adduce; advance; assign; produce; declare; affirm; assert; aver; predicate.

Al*lege", v. t. [See Allay.] To alleviate; to lighten, as a burden or a trouble. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Al*lege"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being alleged or affirmed.

> The most authentic examples allegeable in the case.
> South.

Al*lege"ance (&?;), n. Allegation. [Obs.]

Al*lege"ment (&?;), n. Allegation. [Obs.]

> With many complaints and allegements.
> Bp. Sanderson.

Al*leg"er (&?;), n. One who affirms or declares.

Al*legge" (&?;), v. t. See Alegge and Allay. [Obs.]

Al*le"giance (&?;), n. [OE. alegeaunce; pref. a- + OF. lige, liege. The meaning was influenced by L. ligare to bind, and even by lex, legis, law. See Liege, Ligeance.] 1. The tie or obligation, implied or expressed, which a subject owes to his sovereign or government; the duty of fidelity to one's king, government, or state.

2. Devotion; loyalty; as, allegiance to science.

Syn. -- Loyalty; fealty. -- Allegiance, Loyalty. These words agree in expressing the general idea of fidelity and attachment to the "powers that be." Allegiance is an obligation to a ruling power. Loyalty is a feeling or sentiment towards such power. Allegiance may exist under any form of government, and, in a republic, we generally speak of allegiance to the government, to the state, etc. In well conducted monarchies, loyalty is a warm-hearted feeling of fidelity and obedience to the sovereign. It is personal in its nature; and hence we speak of the loyalty of a wife to her husband, not of her allegiance. In cases where we personify, loyalty is more commonly the word used; as, loyalty to the constitution; loyalty to the cause of virtue; loyalty to truth and religion, etc.

> Hear me, recreant, on thine allegiance hear me!
> Shak.

> So spake the Seraph Abdiel, faithful found, . . .
> Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified,
> His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal.
> Milton.

Al*le"giant (&?;), a. Loyal. Shak.

{ Al`le*gor"ic (&?;), Al`le*gor"ic*al (&?;), } a. [F. allégorique, L. allegorius, fr. Gr. &?;. See Allegory.] Belonging to, or consisting of, allegory; of the nature of an allegory; describing by resemblances; figurative. "An allegoric tale." Falconer. "An allegorical application." Pope.

> Allegorical being . . . that kind of language which says one thing, but means another.
> Max Miller.

Al`le*gor"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Al`le*gor"ic*al*ness, n.

Al"le*go*rist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. allegoriste.] One who allegorizes; a writer of allegory. Hume.

Al`le*gor"i*za"tion (&?;), n. The act of turning into allegory, or of understanding in an allegorical sense.

Al"le*go*rize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allegorized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Allegorizing.] [Cf. F. allégoriser, fr. L. allegorizare.] 1. To form or turn into allegory; as, to allegorize the history of a people.

2. To treat as allegorical; to understand in an allegorical sense; as, when a passage in a writer may understood literally or figuratively, he who gives it a figurative sense is said to allegorize it.

Al"le*go*rize, v. t. To use allegory. Holland.

Al"le*go*ri`zer (&?;), n. One who allegorizes, or turns things into allegory; an allegorist.

Al"le*go*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Allegories (&?;). [L. allegoria, Gr. &?;, description of one thing under the image of another; &?; other + &?; to speak in the assembly, harangue, &?; place of assembly, fr. &?; to assemble: cf. F. allégorie.] 1. A figurative sentence or discourse, in which the principal subject is described by another subject resembling it in its properties and circumstances. The real subject is thus kept out of view, and we are left to collect the intentions of the writer or speaker by the resemblance of the secondary to the primary subject.

2. Anything which represents by suggestive resemblance; an emblem.

3. (Paint. & Sculpt.) A figure representation which has a meaning beyond notion directly conveyed by the object painted or sculptured.

Syn. -- Metaphor; fable. -- Allegory, Parable. "An allegory differs both from fable and parable, in that the properties of persons are fictitiously represented as attached to things, to which they are as it were transferred. . . . A figure of Peace and Victory crowning some historical personage is an allegory. "I am the Vine, ye are the branches" [John xv. 1-6] is a spoken allegory. In the parable there is no transference of properties. The parable of the sower [Matt. xiii. 3-23] represents all things as according to their proper nature. In the allegory quoted above the properties of the vine and the relation of the branches are transferred to the person of Christ and His apostles and disciples." C. J. Smith.

An allegory is a prolonged metaphor. Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" and Spenser's "Faërie Queene" are celebrated examples of the allegory.

||Al`le`gresse" (&?;), n. [F. allégresse, fr. L. alacer sprightly.] Joy; gladsomeness.

||Al`le*gret"to (&?;), a. [It., dim. of allegro.] (Mus.) Quicker than andante, but not so quick as allegro. -- n. A movement in this time.

||Al*le"gro (&?;), a. [It., merry, gay, fr. L. alacer lively. Cf. Aleger.] (Mus.) Brisk, lively. -- n. An allegro movement; a quick, sprightly strain or piece.

{ Al`le*lu"ia, Al`le*lu"iah } (&?;), n. [L. alleluia, Gr. &?;, fr. Heb. halll-yh. See Hallelujah.] An exclamation signifying Praise ye Jehovah. Hence: A song of praise to God. See Hallelujah, the commoner form.

> I heard a great voice of much people in heaven, saying, Alleluia.
> Rev. xix. 1.

||Al"le*mande" (&?;), n. [F., fr. allemand German.] 1. (Mus.) A dance in moderate twofold time, invented by the French in the reign of Louis XIV.; - - now mostly found in suites of pieces, like those of Bach and Handel.

2. A figure in dancing.

Al`le*man"nic (&?;), a. See Alemannic.

Al*len"ar*ly (&?;), adv. [All + anerly singly, fr. ane one.] Solely; only. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Al"ler (&?;), a. [For ealra, the AS. gen. pl. of eal all.] Same as Alder, of all. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Al*le"ri*on (&?;), n. [F. alérion, LL. alario a sort of eagle; of uncertain origin.] (Her.) Am eagle without beak or feet, with expanded wings. Burke.

Al*le"vi*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alleviated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alleviating.] [LL. alleviare, fr. L. ad + levis light. See Alegge, Levity.] 1. To lighten or lessen the force or weight of. [Obs.]

> Should no others join capable to alleviate the expense.
> Evelyn.

> Those large bladders . . . conduce much to the alleviating of the body [of flying birds].
> Ray.

2. To lighten or lessen (physical or mental troubles); to mitigate, or make easier to be endured; as, to alleviate sorrow, pain, care, etc. ; -- opposed to aggravate.

> The calamity of the want of the sense of hearing is much alleviated by giving the use of letters.
> Bp. Horsley.

3. To extenuate; to palliate. [R.]

> He alleviates his fault by an excuse.
> Johnson.

Syn. -- To lessen; diminish; soften; mitigate; assuage; abate; relieve; nullify; allay. -- To Alleviate, Mitigate, Assuage, Allay. These words have in common the idea of relief from some painful state; and being all figurative, they differ in their application, according to the image under which this idea is presented. Alleviate supposes a load which is lightened or taken off; as, to alleviate one's cares. Mitigate supposes something fierce which is made mild; as, to mitigate one's anguish. Assuage supposes something violent which is quieted; as, to assuage one's sorrow. Allay supposes something previously excited, but now brought down; as, to allay one's suffering or one's thirst. To alleviate the distresses of life; to mitigate the fierceness of passion or the violence of grief; to assuage angry feeling; to allay wounded sensibility.

Al*le`vi*a"tion (&?;), n. [LL. alleviatio.] 1. The act of alleviating; a lightening of weight or severity; mitigation; relief.

<! p. 41 !>

2. That which mitigates, or makes more tolerable.

> I have not wanted such alleviations of life as friendship could supply.
> Johnson.

Al*le"vi*a*tive (&?;), a. Tending to alleviate. -- n. That which alleviates.

Al*le"vi*a`tor (&?;), n. One who, or that which, alleviates.

Al*le"vi*a*to*ry (&?;), a. Alleviative. Carlyle.

Al"ley (&?;), n.; pl. Alleys (&?;). [OE. aley, alley, OF. alée, F. allée, a going, passage, fr. OE. aler, F. aller, to go; of uncertain origin: cf. Prov. anar, It. andare, Sp. andar.] 1. A narrow passage; especially a walk or passage in a garden or park, bordered by rows of trees or bushes; a bordered way.

> I know each lane and every alley green.
> Milton.

2. A narrow passage or way in a city, as distinct from a public street. Gay.

3. A passageway between rows of pews in a church.

4. (Persp.) Any passage having the entrance represented as wider than the exit, so as to give the appearance of length.

5. The space between two rows of compositors' stands in a printing office.

Al"ley, n.; pl. Alleys (&?;). [A contraction of alabaster, of which it was originally made.] A choice taw or marble. Dickens.

Al"leyed (&?;), a. Furnished with alleys; forming an alley. "An alleyed walk." Sir W. Scott.

Al"ley*way` (&?;) n. An alley.

All" Fools' Day` (&?;). The first day of April, a day on which sportive impositions are practiced.

> The first of April, some do say,
> Is set apart for All Fools' Day.
> Poor Robin's Almanack (1760).

All`fours" (&?;). [All + four (cards).] A game at cards, called "High, Low, Jack, and the Game."

All` fours" [formerly, All` four".] All four legs of a quadruped; or the two legs and two arms of a person.

To be, go, or run, on all fours (Fig.), to be on the same footing; to correspond (with) exactly; to be alike in all the circumstances to be considered. "This example is on all fours with the other." "No simile can go on all fours." Macaulay.

All` hail" (&?;). [All + hail, interj.] All health; -- a phrase of salutation or welcome.

All`-hail", v. t. To salute; to greet. [Poet.]

> Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it, came missives from the king, who all-hailed me "Thane of Cawdor."
> Shak.

All`hal"lond (&?;), n. Allhallows. [Obs.] Shak.

{ All`hal"low (&?;), All`hal"lows (&?;), } n. 1. All the saints (in heaven). [Obs.]

2. All Saints' Day, November 1st. [Archaic]

All`hal"low eve` (v`). The evening before Allhallows. See Halloween.

All`hal"low*mas (&?;), n. The feast of All Saints.

All`hal"lown (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the time of Allhallows. [Obs.] "Allhallown summer." Shak. (i. e., late summer; "Indian Summer").

All`hal"low*tide` (&?;), n. [AS. td time.] The time at or near All Saints, or November 1st.

All"heal (&?;), n. A name popularly given to the officinal valerian, and to some other plants.

Al*li"a*ble (&?;), a. Able to enter into alliance.

Al`li*a"ceous (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the genus Allium, or garlic, onions, leeks, etc.; having the smell or taste of garlic or onions.

Al*li"ance (&?;), n. [OE. aliaunce, OF. aliance, F. alliance, fr. OF. alier, F. allier. See Ally, and cf. LL. alligantia.] 1. The state of being allied; the act of allying or uniting; a union or connection of interests between families, states, parties, etc., especially between families by marriage and states by compact, treaty, or league; as, matrimonial alliances; an alliance between church and state; an alliance between France and England.

2. Any union resembling that of families or states; union by relationship in qualities; affinity.

> The alliance of the principles of the world with those of the gospel.
> C. J. Smith.

> The alliance . . . between logic and metaphysics.
> Mansel.

3. The persons or parties allied. Udall.

Syn. -- Connection; affinity; union; confederacy; confederation; league; coalition.

Al*li"ance, v. t. To connect by alliance; to ally. [Obs.]

Al*li"ant (&?;), n. [Cf. F. alliant, p. pr.] An ally; a confederate. [Obs. & R.] Sir H. Wotton.

{ Al"lice, Al"lis } (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The European shad (Clupea vulgaris); allice shad. See Alose.

Al*li"cien*cy (&?;), n. Attractive power; attractiveness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Al*li"cient (&?;), a. [L. alliciens, p. pr. of allicere to allure; ad + lacere to entice.] That attracts; attracting. -- n. That attracts. [Rare or Obs.]

Al*lied" (&?;), a. United; joined; leagued; akin; related. See Ally.

Al*li*gate (&?;), v. t. [L. alligatus, p. p. of alligare. See Ally.] To tie; to unite by some tie.

> Instincts alligated to their nature.
> Sir M. Hale.

Al`li*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. alligatio.] 1. The act of tying together or attaching by some bond, or the state of being attached. [R.]

2. (Arith.) A rule relating to the solution of questions concerning the compounding or mixing of different ingredients, or ingredients of different qualities or values.

The rule is named from the method of connecting together the terms by certain ligature-like signs. Alligation is of two kinds, medial and alternate; medial teaching the method of finding the price or quality of a mixture of several simple ingredients whose prices and qualities are known; alternate, teaching the amount of each of several simple ingredients whose prices or qualities are known, which will be required to make a mixture of given price or quality.

Al"li*ga`tor (&?;), n. [Sp. el lagarto the lizard (el lagarto de Indias, the cayman or American crocodile), fr. L. lacertus, lacerta, lizard. See Lizard.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large carnivorous reptile of the Crocodile family, peculiar to America. It has a shorter and broader snout than the crocodile, and the large teeth of the lower jaw shut into pits in the upper jaw, which has no marginal notches. Besides the common species of the southern United States, there are allied species in South America.

2. (Mech.) Any machine with strong jaws, one of which opens like the movable jaw of an alligator; as, (a) (Metal Working) a form of squeezer for the puddle ball; (b) (Mining) a rock breaker; (c) (Printing) a kind of job press, called also alligator press.

Alligator apple (Bot.), the fruit of the Anona palustris, a West Indian tree. It is said to be narcotic in its properties. Loudon. -- Alligator fish (Zoöl.), a marine fish of northwestern America (Podothecus acipenserinus). -- Alligator gar (Zoöl.), one of the gar pikes (Lepidosteus spatula) found in the southern rivers of the United States. The name is also applied to other species of gar pikes. -- Alligator pear (Bot.), a corruption of Avocado pear. See Avocado. -- Alligator snapper, Alligator tortoise, Alligator turtle (Zoöl.), a very large and voracious turtle (Macrochelys lacertina) inhabiting the rivers of the southern United States. It sometimes reaches the weight of two hundred pounds. Unlike the common snapping turtle, to which the name is sometimes erroneously applied, it has a scaly head and many small scales beneath the tail. This name is sometimes given to other turtles, as to species of Trionyx. -- Alligator wood, the timber of a tree of the West Indies (Guarea Swartzii).

Al*lign"ment (&?;), n. See Alignment.

Al*lin"e*ate (&?;), v. t. [L. ad + lineatus, p. p. of lineare to draw a line.] To align. [R.] Herschel.

{ Al*lin`e*a"tion (&?;), A*lin`e*a"tion (&?;), } n. Alignment; position in a straight line, as of two planets with the sun. Whewell.

> The allineation of the two planets.
> C. A. Young.

Al*li"sion (&?;), n. [L. allisio, fr. allidere, to strike or dash against; ad + laedere to dash against.] The act of dashing against, or striking upon.

> The boisterous allision of the sea.
> Woodward.

Al*lit"er*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by alliteration.

Al*lit"er*ate (&?;), v. t. To employ or place so as to make alliteration. Skeat.

Al*lit"er*ate, v. i. To compose alliteratively; also, to constitute alliteration.

Al*lit`er*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. ad + litera letter. See Letter.] The repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals; as in the following lines: -

> Behemoth, biggest born of earth, upheaved
> His vastness.
> Milton.

> Fly o'er waste fens and windy fields.
> Tennyson.

The recurrence of the same letter in accented parts of words is also called alliteration. Anglo-Saxon poetry is characterized by alliterative meter of this sort. Later poets also employed it.

> In a somer seson whan soft was the sonne,
> I shope me in shroudes as I a shepe were.
> P. Plowman.

Al*lit"er*a*tive (?; 277), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, alliteration; as, alliterative poetry. -- Al*lit"er*a*tive*ly, adv. -- Al*lit"er*a*tive*ness, n.

Al*lit"er*a`tor (&?;), n. One who alliterates.

||Al"li*um (&?;), n. [L., garlic.] (bot.) A genus of plants, including the onion, garlic, leek, chive, etc.

All"mouth` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The angler.

All"ness (&?;), n. Totality; completeness. [R.]

> The allness of God, including his absolute spirituality, supremacy, and eternity.
> R. Turnbull.

All"night` (&?;), n. Light, fuel, or food for the whole night. [Obs.] Bacon.

Al"lo*cate (&?;), v. t. [LL. allocatus, p. p. of allocare, fr. L. ad + locare to place. See Allow.] 1. To distribute or assign; to allot. Burke.

2. To localize. [R.]

Al`lo*ca"tion (&?;), n. [LL. allocatio: cf. F. allocation.] 1. The act of putting one thing to another; a placing; disposition; arrangement. Hallam.

2. An allotment or apportionment; as, an allocation of shares in a company.

> The allocation of the particular portions of Palestine to its successive inhabitants.
> A. R. Stanley.

3. The admission of an item in an account, or an allowance made upon an account; -- a term used in the English exchequer.

||Al`lo*ca"tur (&?;), n. [LL., it is allowed, fr. allocare to allow.] (Law) "Allowed." The word allocatur expresses the allowance of a proceeding, writ, order, etc., by a court, judge, or judicial officer.

Al`lo*chro"ic (&?;), a. Changeable in color.

Al*loch"ro*ite (&?;), n. (Min.) See Garnet.

Al*loch"ro*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; changed in color, fr. &?; other + &?; color.] Changing color.

Al`lo*cu"tion (&?;), n. [L. allocuto, fr. alloqui to speak to; ad + loqui to speak: cf. F. allocution.] 1. The act or manner of speaking to, or of addressing in words.

2. An address; a hortatory or authoritative address as of a pope to his clergy. Addison.

Al"lod (&?;), n. See Allodium.

Al*lo"di*al (&?;), a. [LL. allodialis, fr. allodium: cf. F. allodial. See Allodium.] (Law) Pertaining to allodium; freehold; free of rent or service; held independent of a lord paramount; -- opposed to feudal; as, allodial lands; allodial system. Blackstone.

Al*lo"di*al, a. Anything held allodially. W. Coxe.

Al*lo"di*al*ism (&?;), n. The allodial system.

Al*lo"di*al*ist, n. One who holds allodial land.

Al*lo"di*al*ly, adv. By allodial tenure.

Al*lo"di*a*ry (&?;), n. One who holds an allodium.

Al*lo"di*um (&?;), n. [LL. allodium, alodium, alodis, alaudis, of Ger. origin; cf. OHG. al all, and &?;t (AS. ed) possession, property. It means, therefore, entirely one's property.] (Law) Freehold estate; land which is the absolute property of the owner; real estate held in absolute independence, without being subject to any rent, service, or acknowledgment to a superior. It is thus opposed to feud. Blackstone. Bouvier.

Al*log"a*mous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Characterized by allogamy.

Al*log"a*my (&?;) n. [Gr. &?; other + &?; marriage.] (Bot.) Fertilization of the pistil of a plant by pollen from another of the same species; cross-fertilization.

Al`lo*ge"ne*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Different in nature or kind. [R.]

Al"lo*graph (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; another + - graph.] A writing or signature made by some person other than any of the parties thereto; -- opposed to autograph.

Al*lom"er*ism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; other + &?; part.] (Chem.) Variability in chemical constitution without variation in crystalline form.

Al*lom"er*ous (&?;), a. (Chem.) Characterized by allomerism.

Al"lo*morph (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; other + &?; form.] (Min.) (a) Any one of two or more distinct crystalline forms of the same substance; or the substance having such forms; -- as, carbonate of lime occurs in the allomorphs calcite and aragonite. (b) A variety of pseudomorph which has undergone partial or complete change or substitution of material; -- thus limonite is frequently an allomorph after pyrite. G. H. Williams.

Al`lo*mor"phic (&?;), a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to allomorphism.

Al`lo*mor"phism (&?;), n. (Min.) The property which constitutes an allomorph; the change involved in becoming an allomorph.

Al*longe" (&?;), n. [F. allonge, earlier alonge, a lengthening. See Allonge, v., and cf. Lunge.] 1. (Fencing) A thrust or pass; a lunge.

2. A slip of paper attached to a bill of exchange for receiving indorsements, when the back of the bill itself is already full; a rider. [A French usage] Abbott.

Al*longe", v. i. [F. allonger; à (L. ad) + long (L. longus) long.] To thrust with a sword; to lunge.

Al"lo*nym (&?;), n. [F. allonyme, fr. Gr. &?; other + &?; name.] 1. The name of another person assumed by the author of a work.

2. A work published under the name of some one other than the author.

Al*lon"y*mous (&?;), a. Published under the name of some one other than the author.

Al*loo" (&?;), v. t. or i. [See Halloo.] To incite dogs by a call; to halloo. [Obs.]

Al"lo*path (&?;), n. [Cf. F. allopathe.] An allopathist. Ed. Rev.

Al`lo*path"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. allopathique.] Of or pertaining to allopathy.

Al`lo*path"ic*al*ly (&?;), adv. In a manner conformable to allopathy; by allopathic methods.

Al*lop"a*thist (&?;), n. One who practices allopathy; one who professes allopathy.

Al*lop"a*thy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; other + &?; suffering, &?;, &?;, to suffer: cf. G. allopathie, F. allopathie. See Pathos.] That system of medical practice which aims to combat disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the special disease treated; -- a term invented by Hahnemann to designate the ordinary practice, as opposed to homeopathy.

{ Al`lo*phyl"ic (&?;), Al`lo*phyl"i*an (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; of another tribe; &?; other + &?; class or tribe.] Pertaining to a race or a language neither Aryan nor Semitic. J. Prichard.

Al"lo*quy (&?;), n. [L. alloquim, fr. alloqui.] A speaking to another; an address. [Obs.]

Al*lot" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Allotting.] [OF. aloter, F. allotir; a (L. ad) + lot lot. See Lot.] 1. To distribute by lot.

2. To distribute, or parcel out in parts or portions; or to distribute to each individual concerned; to assign as a share or lot; to set apart as one's share; to bestow on; to grant; to appoint; as, let every man be contented with that which Providence allots him.

> Ten years I will allot to the attainment of knowledge.
> Johnson.

Al"lo*the*ism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; other + &?; god.] The worship of strange gods. Jer. Taylor.

Al*lot"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. alotement, F. allotement.] 1. The act of allotting; assignment.

2. That which is allotted; a share, part, or portion granted or distributed; that which is assigned by lot, or by the act of God; anything set apart for a special use or to a distinct party.

> The alloments of God and nature.
> L'Estrange.

> A vineyard and an allotment for olives and herbs.
> Broome.

3. (law) The allowance of a specific amount of scrip or of a particular thing to a particular person.

Cottage allotment, an allotment of a small portion of land to a country laborer for garden cultivation. [Eng.]

<! p. 42 !>

Al`lo*tri*oph"a*gy (l`l*tr*f"*j), n. [Gr. 'allo`trios strange + fagei^n to eat: cf. F. allotriophagie.] (Med.) A depraved appetite; a desire for improper food.

{ Al`lo*trop"ic (l`l*trp"k), Al`lo*trop"ic*al (-k*al), } a. [Cf. F. allotropique.] Of or pertaining to allotropism. -- Al`lo*trop"ic*al*ly, adv.

Allotropic state, the several conditions which occur in a case of allotropism.

Al*lot`ro*pic"i*ty (&?;), n. Allotropic property or nature.

{ Al*lot"ro*pism (&?;), Al*lot"ro*py (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?; other + direction, way, &?; to turn: cf. F. allotropie.] (Chem.) The property of existing in two or more conditions which are distinct in their physical or chemical relations.

Thus, carbon occurs crystallized in octahedrons and other related forms, in a state of extreme hardness, in the diamond; it occurs in hexagonal forms, and of little hardness, in black lead; and again occurs in a third form, with entire softness, in lampblack and charcoal. In some cases, one of these is peculiarly an active state, and the other a passive one. Thus, ozone is an active state of oxygen, and is distinct from ordinary oxygen, which is the element in its passive state.

Al*lot"ro*pize (&?;), v. t. To change in physical properties but not in substance. [R.]

Al*lot"ta*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being allotted.

Al*lot`tee" (&?;), n. One to whom anything is allotted; one to whom an allotment is made.

Al*lot"ter (&?;), n. One who allots.

Al*lot"ter*y (&?;), n. Allotment. [Obs.] Shak.

Al*low" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Allowing.] [OE. alouen, OF. alouer, aloer, aluer, F. allouer, fr. LL. allocare to admit as proved, to place, use; confused with OF. aloer, fr. L. allaudare to extol; ad + laudare to praise. See Local, and cf. Allocate, Laud.] 1. To praise; to approve of; hence, to sanction. [Obs. or Archaic]

> Ye allow the deeds of your fathers.
> Luke xi. 48.

> We commend his pains, condemn his pride, allow his life, approve his learning.
> Fuller.

2. To like; to be suited or pleased with. [Obs.]

> How allow you the model of these clothes?
> Massinger.

3. To sanction; to invest; to intrust. [Obs.]

> Thou shalt be . . . allowed with absolute power.
> Shak.

4. To grant, give, admit, accord, afford, or yield; to let one have; as, to allow a servant his liberty; to allow a free passage; to allow one day for rest.

> He was allowed about three hundred pounds a year.
> Macaulay.

5. To own or acknowledge; to accept as true; to concede; to accede to an opinion; as, to allow a right; to allow a claim; to allow the truth of a proposition.

> I allow, with Mrs. Grundy and most moralists, that Miss Newcome's conduct . . . was highly reprehensible.
> Thackeray.

6. To grant (something) as a deduction or an addition; esp. to abate or deduct; as, to allow a sum for leakage.

7. To grant license to; to permit; to consent to; as, to allow a son to be absent.

Syn. -- To allot; assign; bestow; concede; admit; permit; suffer; tolerate. See Permit.

Al*low", v. i. To admit; to concede; to make allowance or abatement.

> Allowing still for the different ways of making it.
> Addison.

To allow of, to permit; to admit. Shak.

Al*low"a*ble (&?;), a. [F. allouable.] 1. Praiseworthy; laudable. [Obs.] Hacket.

2. Proper to be, or capable of being, allowed; permissible; admissible; not forbidden; not unlawful or improper; as, a certain degree of freedom is allowable among friends.

Al*low"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being allowable; permissibleness; lawfulness; exemption from prohibition or impropriety. South.

Al*low"a*bly, adv. In an allowable manner.

Al*low"ance (&?;), n. [OF. alouance.] 1. Approval; approbation. [Obs.] Crabbe.

2. The act of allowing, granting, conceding, or admitting; authorization; permission; sanction; tolerance.

> Without the king's will or the state's allowance.
> Shak.

3. Acknowledgment.

> The censure of the which one must in your allowance o'erweigh a whole theater of others.
> Shak.

4. License; indulgence. [Obs.] Locke.

5. That which is allowed; a share or portion allotted or granted; a sum granted as a reimbursement, a bounty, or as appropriate for any purpose; a stated quantity, as of food or drink; hence, a limited quantity of meat and drink, when provisions fall short.

> I can give the boy a handsome allowance.
> Thackeray.

6. Abatement; deduction; the taking into account of mitigating circumstances; as, to make allowance for the inexperience of youth.

> After making the largest allowance for fraud.
> Macaulay.

7. (com.) A customary deduction from the gross weight of goods, different in different countries, such as tare and tret.

Al*low"ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowancing (&?;).] [See Allowance, n.] To put upon a fixed allowance (esp. of provisions and drink); to supply in a fixed and limited quantity; as, the captain was obliged to allowance his crew; our provisions were allowanced.

Al*low"ed*ly (&?;) adv. By allowance; admittedly. Shenstone.

Al*low"er (&?;), n. 1. An approver or abettor. [Obs.]

2. One who allows or permits.

Al*lox"an (&?;), n. [Allantoin + oxalic, as containing the elements of allantion and oxalic acid.] (Chem.) An oxidation product of uric acid. It is of a pale reddish color, readily soluble in water or alcohol.

Al*lox"a*nate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A combination of alloxanic acid and a base or base or positive radical.

Al`lox*an"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to alloxan; -- applied to an acid obtained by the action of soluble alkalies on alloxan.

Al`lox*an"tin (&?;), n. (Chem.) A substance produced by acting upon uric with warm and very dilute nitric acid.

Al*loy", n. [OE. alai, OF. alei, F. aloyer, to alloy, alier to ally. See Alloy, v. t.] 1. Any combination or compound of metals fused together; a mixture of metals; for example, brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc. But when mercury is one of the metals, the compound is called an amalgam.

2. The quality, or comparative purity, of gold or silver; fineness.

3. A baser metal mixed with a finer.

> Fine silver is silver without the mixture of any baser metal. Alloy is baser metal mixed with it.
> Locke.

4. Admixture of anything which lessens the value or detracts from; as, no happiness is without alloy. "Pure English without Latin alloy." F. Harrison.

Al*loy", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alloyed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alloying.] [F. aloyer, OF. alier, allier, later allayer, fr. L. aligare. See Alloy, n., Ally, v. t., and cf. Allay.] 1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valuable substance; as, to alloy gold with silver or copper, or silver with copper.

2. To mix, as metals, so as to form a compound.

3. To abate, impair, or debase by mixture; to allay; as, to alloy pleasure with misfortunes.

Al*loy", v. t. To form a metallic compound.

> Gold and iron alloy with ease.
> Ure.

Al*loy"age (&?;), n. [F. aloyage.] The act or art of alloying metals; also, the combination or alloy.

All`-pos*sessed" (&?;), a. Controlled by an evil spirit or by evil passions; wild. [Colloq.]

{ All" Saints` (&?;), All" Saints' (&?;), } The first day of November, called, also, Allhallows or Hallowmas; a feast day kept in honor of all the saints; also, the season of this festival.

All" Souls' Day` (&?;). The second day of November; a feast day of the Roman Catholic church, on which supplications are made for the souls of the faithful dead.

All"spice` (&?;), n. The berry of the pimento (Eugenia pimenta), a tree of the West Indies; a spice of a mildly pungent taste, and agreeably aromatic; Jamaica pepper; pimento. It has been supposed to combine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves; and hence the name. The name is also given to other aromatic shrubs; as, the Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus); wild allspice (Lindera benzoin), called also spicebush, spicewood, and feverbush.

All`thing` (&?;), adv. [For in all (= every) thing.] Altogether. [Obs.] Shak.

Al*lude" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Alluding.] [L. alludere to play with, to allude; ad + ludere to play.] To refer to something indirectly or by suggestion; to have reference to a subject not specifically and plainly mentioned; -- followed by to; as, the story alludes to a recent transaction.

> These speeches . . . do seem to allude unto such ministerial garments as were then in use.
> Hooker.

Syn. -- To refer; point; indicate; hint; suggest; intimate; signify; insinuate; advert. See Refer.

Al*lude", v. t. To compare allusively; to refer (something) as applicable. [Obs.] Wither.

||Al`lu`mette (&?;), n. [F., from allumer to light.] A match for lighting candles, lamps, etc.

Al*lu"mi*nor (&?;), n. [OF. alumineor, fr. L. ad + liminare. See Luminate.] An illuminator of manuscripts and books; a limner. [Obs.] Cowell.

Al*lur"ance (&?;), n. Allurement. [R.]

Al*lure" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alluded (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Alluring.] [OF. aleurrer, alurer, fr. a (L. ad) + leurre lure. See Lure.] To attempt to draw; to tempt by a lure or bait, that is, by the offer of some good, real or apparent; to invite by something flattering or acceptable; to entice; to attract.

> With promised joys allured them on.
> Falconer.

> The golden sun in splendor likest Heaven
> Allured his eye.
> Milton.

Syn. -- To attract; entice; tempt; decoy; seduce. -- To Allure, Entice, Decoy, Seduce. These words agree in the idea of acting upon the mind by some strong controlling influence, and differ according to the image under which is presented. They are all used in a bad sense, except allure, which has sometimes (though rarely) a good one. We are allured by the prospect or offer (usually deceptive) of some future good. We are commonly enticed into evil by appeals to our passions. We are decoyed into danger by false appearances or representations. We are seduced when drawn aside from the path of rectitude. What allures draws by gentle means; what entices leads us by promises and persuasions; what decoys betrays us, as it were, into a snare or net; what seduces deceives us by artful appeals to the passions.

Al*lure", n. Allurement. [R.] Hayward.

||Al`lure" (&?;), n. [F.; aller to go.] Gait; bearing.

> The swing, the gait, the pose, the allure of these men.
> Harper's Mag.

Al*lure"ment (&?;), n. 1. The act alluring; temptation; enticement.

> Though Adam by his wife's allurement fell.
> Milton.

2. That which allures; any real or apparent good held forth, or operating, as a motive to action; as, the allurements of pleasure, or of honor.

Al*lur"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, allures.

Al*lur"ing, a. That allures; attracting; charming; tempting. -- Al*lur"ing*ly, adv. -- Al*lur"ing*ness, n.

Al*lu"sion (&?;), n. [L. allusio, fr. alludere to allude: cf. F. allusion.] 1. A figurative or symbolical reference. [Obs.]

2. A reference to something supposed to be known, but not explicitly mentioned; a covert indication; indirect reference; a hint.

Al*lu"sive (&?;), a. 1. Figurative; symbolical.

2. Having reference to something not fully expressed; containing an allusion.

Al*lu"sive*ly, adv. Figuratively [Obs.]; by way of allusion; by implication, suggestion, or insinuation.

Al*lu"sive*ness, n. The quality of being allusive.

Al*lu"so*ry (&?;), a. Allusive. [R.] Warburton.

Al*lu"vi*al (&?;), a. [Cf. F. alluvial. See Alluvion.] Pertaining to, contained in, or composed of, alluvium; relating to the deposits made by flowing water; washed away from one place and deposited in another; as, alluvial soil, mud, accumulations, deposits.

Al*lu"vi*on (&?;), n. [F. alluvion, L. alluvio, fr. alluere to wash against; ad + luere, equiv. to lavare, to wash. See Lave.] 1. Wash or flow of water against the shore or bank.

2. An overflowing; an inundation; a flood. Lyell.

3. Matter deposited by an inundation or the action of flowing water; alluvium.

> The golden alluvions are there [in California and Australia] spread over a far wider space: they are found not only on the banks of rivers, and in their beds, but are scattered over the surface of vast plains.
> R. Cobden.

4. (Law) An accession of land gradually washed to the shore or bank by the flowing of water. See Accretion.

Al*lu"vi*ous (&?;), n. [L. alluvius. See Alluvion.] Alluvial. [R.] Johnson.

Al*lu"vi*um (&?;), n.; pl. E. Alluviums, L. Alluvia (&?;). [L., neut. of alluvius. See Alluvious.] (Geol.) Deposits of earth, sand, gravel, and other transported matter, made by rivers, floods, or other causes, upon land not permanently submerged beneath the waters of lakes or seas. Lyell.

All"where` (&?;), adv. Everywhere. [Archaic]

All"work` (&?;), n. Domestic or other work of all kinds; as, a maid of allwork, that is, a general servant.

Al*ly" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allied (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Allying.] [OE. alien, OF. alier, F. alier, fr. L. alligare to bind to; ad + ligare to bind. Cf. Alligate, Alloy, Allay, Ligament.] 1. To unite, or form a connection between, as between families by marriage, or between princes and states by treaty, league, or confederacy; -- often followed by to or with.

> O chief! in blood, and now in arms allied.
> Pope.

2. To connect or form a relation between by similitude, resemblance, friendship, or love.

> These three did love each other dearly well,
> And with so firm affection were allied.
> Spenser.

> The virtue nearest to our vice allied.
> Pope.

Ally is generally used in the passive form or reflexively.

Al*ly" (&?;), n.; pl. Allies (&?;). [See Ally, v.] 1. A relative; a kinsman. [Obs.] Shak.

2. One united to another by treaty or league; -- usually applied to sovereigns or states; a confederate.

> The English soldiers and their French allies.
> Macaulay.

3. Anything associated with another as a helper; an auxiliary.

> Science, instead of being the enemy of religion, becomes its ally.
> Buckle.

4. Anything akin to another by structure, etc.

Al"ly (&?;), n. See Alley, a marble or taw.

Al"lyl (&?;), n. [L. allium garlic + -yl.] (Chem.) An organic radical, C3H5, existing especially in oils of garlic and mustard.

Al"ly*lene (&?;), n. (Chem.) A gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H4, homologous with acetylene; propine.

Al"ma, Al"mah (&?;), n. Same as Alme.

Al`ma*can"tar (&?;), n. (Astron.) (a) Same as Almucantar. (b) A recently invented instrument for observing the heavenly bodies as they cross a given almacantar circle. See Almucantar.

{ ||Al`ma*di"a (&?;), ||Al"ma*die (&?;), } n. [F. almadie (cf. Sp. & Pg. almadia), fr. Ar. alma'dyah a raft, float.] (Naut.) (a) A bark canoe used by the Africans. (b) A boat used at Calicut, in India, about eighty feet long, and six or seven broad.

Al"ma*gest (&?;), n. [F. almageste, LL. almageste, Ar. al-majist, fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), the greatest composition.] The celebrated work of Ptolemy of Alexandria, which contains nearly all that is known of the astronomical observations and theories of the ancients. The name was extended to other similar works.

||Al*ma"gra (&?;), n. [Sp. almagra, almagre, fr. Ar. al-maghrah red clay or earth.] A fine, deep red ocher, somewhat purplish, found in Spain. It is the sil atticum of the ancients. Under the name of Indian red it is used for polishing glass and silver.

{ Al"main (l"mn), Al"mayne (- mn), Al"man (-man), } n. [OF. Aleman, F. Allemand, fr. L. Alemanni, ancient Ger. tribes.] [Obs.] 1. A German. Also adj., German. Shak.

2. The German language. J. Foxe.

3. A kind of dance. See Allemande.

Almain rivets, Almayne rivets, or Alman rivets, a sort of light armor from Germany, characterized by overlapping plates, arranged to slide on rivets, and thus afford great flexibility.

||Al"ma Ma"ter (&?;). [L., fostering mother.] A college or seminary where one is educated.

Al"ma*nac (?; 277), n. [LL. almanac, almanach: cf. F. almanach, Sp. almanaque, It. almanacco, all of uncertain origin.] A book or table, containing a calendar of days, and months, to which astronomical data and various statistics are often added, such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, terms of courts, etc.

Nautical almanac, an almanac, or year book, containing astronomical calculations (lunar, stellar, etc.), and other information useful to mariners.

<! p. 43 !>

Al"man*dine (&?;), n. [LL. almandina, alamandina, for L. alabandina a precious stone, named after Alabanda, a town in Caria, where it was first and chiefly found: cf. F. almandine.] (Min.) The common red variety of garnet.

{ ||Al"me, ||Al"meh } (&?;), n. [Ar. 'almah (fem.) learned, fr. 'alama to know: cf. F. almée.] An Egyptian dancing girl; an Alma.

> The Almehs lift their arms in dance.
> Bayard Taylor.

||Al`men*dron" (&?;), n. [Sp., fr. almendra almond.] The lofty Brazil-nut tree.

Al"mer*y (&?;), n. See Ambry. [Obs.]

Alm"esse (&?;), n. See Alms. [Obs.]

{ Al*might"ful (&?;), Al*might"i*ful (&?;), } a. All-powerful; almighty. [Obs.] Udall.

Al*might"i*ly, adv. With almighty power.

Al*might"i*ness, n. Omnipotence; infinite or boundless power; unlimited might. Jer. Taylor.

Al*might"y (l*mt"), a. [AS. ealmihtig, ælmihtig; eal (OE. al) all + mihtig mighty.] 1. Unlimited in might; omnipotent; all-powerful; irresistible.

> I am the Almighty God.
> Gen. xvii. 1.

2. Great; extreme; terrible. [Slang]

> Poor Aroar can not live, and can not die, -- so that he is in an almighty fix.
> De Quincey.

The Almighty, the omnipotent God. Rev. i. 8.

Alm"ner (&?;), n. An almoner. [Obs.] Spenser.

Alm"ond (ä"mnd), n. [OE. almande, almaunde, alemaunde, F. amande, L. amygdala, fr. Gr. 'amygda`lh: cf. Sp. almendra. Cf. Amygdalate.] 1. The fruit of the almond tree.

The different kinds, as bitter, sweet, thin-shelled, thick- shelled almonds, and Jordan almonds, are the products of different varieties of the one species, Amygdalus communis, a native of the Mediterranean region and western Asia.

2. The tree that bears the fruit; almond tree.

3. Anything shaped like an almond. Specifically: (Anat.) One of the tonsils.

Almond oil, fixed oil expressed from sweet or bitter almonds. -- Oil of bitter almonds, a poisonous volatile oil obtained from bitter almonds by maceration and distillation; benzoic aldehyde. -- Imitation oil of bitter almonds, nitrobenzene. -- Almond tree (Bot.), the tree bearing the almond. -- Almond willow (Bot.), a willow which has leaves that are of a light green on both sides; almond-leaved willow (Salix amygdalina). Shenstone.

Al"mond fur`nace (&?;). [Prob. a corruption of Almain furnace, i. e., German furnace. See Almain.] A kind of furnace used in refining, to separate the metal from cinders and other foreign matter. Chambers.

Al"mon*dine (&?;), n. See Almandine

Al"mon*er (&?;), n. [OE. aumener, aulmener, OF. almosnier, aumosnier, F. aumônier, fr. OF. almosne, alms, L. eleemosyna. See Alms.] One who distributes alms, esp. the doles and alms of religious houses, almshouses, etc.; also, one who dispenses alms for another, as the almoner of a prince, bishop, etc.

Al"mon*er*ship, n. The office of an almoner.

Al"mon*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Almonries (&?;). [OF. aumosnerie, F. aumônerie, fr. OF. aumosnier. See Almoner.] The place where an almoner resides, or where alms are distributed.

Al"mose (&?;), n. Alms. [Obs.] Cheke.

Al"most (&?;), adv. [AS. ealmæst, ælmæst, quite the most, almost all; eal (OE. al) all + m&?;st most.] Nearly; well nigh; all but; for the greatest part.

> Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.
> Acts xxvi. 28.

Almost never, scarcely ever. -- Almost nothing, scarcely anything.

Alm"ry (&?;), n. See Almonry. [Obs.]

Alms (&?;), n. sing. & pl. [OE. almes, almesse, AS. ælmysse, fr. L. eleemosyna, Gr. &?; mercy, charity, alms, fr. &?; to pity. Cf. Almonry, Eleemosynary.] Anything given gratuitously to relieve the poor, as money, food, or clothing; a gift of charity.

> A devout man . . . which gave much alms to the people.
> Acts x. 2.

> Alms are but the vehicles of prayer.
> Dryden.

Tenure by free alms. See Frankalmoign. Blackstone.

This word alms is singular in its form (almesse), and is sometimes so used; as, "asked an alms." Acts iii. 3."Received an alms." Shak. It is now, however, commonly a collective or plural noun. It is much used in composition, as almsgiver, almsgiving, alms bag, alms chest, etc.

Alms"deed` (&?;), n. An act of charity. Acts ix. 36.

Alms"folk` (&?;), n. Persons supported by alms; almsmen. [Archaic] Holinshed.

Alms"giv`er (&?;), n. A giver of alms.

Alms"giv`ing (&?;), n. The giving of alms.

Alms"house` (&?;), n. A house appropriated for the use of the poor; a poorhouse.

Alms"man (&?;), n.; fem. Almswoman. 1. A recipient of alms. Shak.

2. A giver of alms. [R.] Halliwell.

Al`mu*can"tar (&?;), n. [F. almucantarat, almicantarat, ultimately fr. Ar. al- muqantart, pl., fr. qantara to bend, arch.] (Astron.) A small circle of the sphere parallel to the horizon; a circle or parallel of altitude. Two stars which have the same almucantar have the same altitude. See Almacantar. [Archaic]

Almucanter staff, an ancient instrument, having an arc of fifteen degrees, formerly used at sea to take observations of the sun's amplitude at the time of its rising or setting, to find the variation of the compass.

Al"muce (&?;), n. Same as Amice, a hood or cape.

||Al*mude" (&?;), n. [Pg. almude, or Sp. almud, a measure of grain or dry fruit, fr. Ar. al-mudd a dry measure.] A measure for liquids in several countries. In Portugal the Lisbon almude is about 4.4, and the Oporto almude about 6.6, gallons U. S. measure. In Turkey the "almud" is about 1.4 gallons.

{ Al"mug (&?;), Al"gum (&?;), } n. [Heb., perh. borrowed fr. Skr. valguka sandalwood.] (Script.) A tree or wood of the Bible (2 Chron. ii. 8; 1 K. x. 11).

Most writers at the present day follow Celsius, who takes it to be the red sandalwood of China and the Indian Archipelago. W. Smith.

Al"nage (l"nj), n., [OF. alnage, aulnage, F. aunage, fr. OF. alne ell, of Ger. origin: cf. OHG. elina, Goth. aleina, cubit. See Ell.] (O. Eng. Law) Measurement (of cloth) by the ell; also, a duty for such measurement.

Al"na*ger (&?;), n. [See Alnage.] A measure by the ell; formerly a sworn officer in England, whose duty was to inspect and measure woolen cloth, and fix upon it a seal.

Al"oe (l"n), n.; pl. Aloes (-z). [L. aloë, Gr. 'alo`h, aloe: cf. OF. aloe, F. aloès.] 1. pl. The wood of the agalloch. [Obs.] Wyclif.

2. (Bot.) A genus of succulent plants, some classed as trees, others as shrubs, but the greater number having the habit and appearance of evergreen herbaceous plants; from some of which are prepared articles for medicine and the arts. They are natives of warm countries.

3. pl. (Med.) The inspissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a purgative. [Plural in form but syntactically singular.]

American aloe, Century aloe, the agave. See Agave.

Al"oes wood` (&?;). See Agalloch.

Al`o*et"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. aloétique.] Consisting chiefly of aloes; of the nature of aloes.

Al`o*et"ic, n. A medicine containing chiefly aloes.

A*loft" (?; 115), adv. [Pref. a- + loft, which properly meant air. See Loft.] 1. On high; in the air; high above the ground. "He steers his flight aloft." Milton.

2. (Naut.) In the top; at the mast head, or on the higher yards or rigging; overhead; hence (Fig. and Colloq.), in or to heaven.

A*loft", prep. Above; on top of. [Obs.]

> Fresh waters run aloft the sea.
> Holland.

A*lo"gi*an (&?;), n. [LL. Alogiani, Alogii, fr. Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; word.] (Eccl.) One of an ancient sect who rejected St. John's Gospel and the Apocalypse, which speak of Christ as the Logos. Shipley.

Al"o*gy (&?;), n. [L. alogia, Gr. &?;, fr. 'a priv. + &?; reason.] Unreasonableness; absurdity. [Obs.]

Al"o*in (&?;), n. (Chem.) A bitter purgative principle in aloes.

Al"o*man`cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, salt + - mancy: cf. F. alomancie, halomancie.] Divination by means of salt. [Spelt also halomancy.] Morin.

A*lone" (&?;), a. [All + one. OE. al one all allone, AS. n one, alone. See All, One, Lone.] 1. Quite by one's self; apart from, or exclusive of, others; single; solitary; -- applied to a person or thing.

> Alone on a wide, wide sea.
> Coleridge.

> It is not good that the man should be alone.
> Gen. ii. 18.

2. Of or by itself; by themselves; without any thing more or any one else; without a sharer; only.

> Man shall not live by bread alone.
> Luke iv. 4.

> The citizens alone should be at the expense.
> Franklin.

3. Sole; only; exclusive. [R.]

> God, by whose alone power and conversation we all live, and move, and have our being.
> Bentley.

4. Hence; Unique; rare; matchless. Shak.

The adjective alone commonly follows its noun.

To let or leave alone, to abstain from interfering with or molesting; to suffer to remain in its present state.

A*lone", adv. Solely; simply; exclusively.

A*lone"ly, adv. Only; merely; singly. [Obs.]

> This said spirit was not given alonely unto him, but unto all his heirs and posterity.
> Latimer.

A*lone"ly, a. Exclusive. [Obs.] Fabyan.

A*lone"ness, n. A state of being alone, or without company; solitariness. [R.] Bp. Montagu.

A*long" (?; 115), adv. [OE. along, anlong, AS. andlang, along; pref. and- (akin to OFris. ond-, OHG. ant-, Ger. ent-, Goth. and-, anda-, L. ante, Gr. &?;, Skr. anti, over against) + lang long. See Long.] 1. By the length; in a line with the length; lengthwise.

> Some laid along . . . on spokes of wheels are hung.
> Dryden.

2. In a line, or with a progressive motion; onward; forward.

> We will go along by the king's highway.
> Numb. xxi. 22.

> He struck with his o'ertaking wings,
> And chased us south along.
> Coleridge.

3. In company; together.

> He to England shall along with you.
> Shak.

All along, all through the course of; during the whole time; throughout. "I have all along declared this to be a neutral paper." Addison. -- To get along, to get on; to make progress, as in business. "She 'll get along in heaven better than you or I." Mrs. Stowe.

A*long", prep. By the length of, as distinguished from across. "Along the lowly lands." Dryden.

> The kine . . . went along the highway.
> 1 Sam. vi. 12.

A*long". [AS. gelang owing to.] (Now heard only in the prep. phrase along of.)

Along of, Along on, often shortened to Long of, prep. phr., owing to; on account of. [Obs. or Low. Eng.] "On me is not along thin evil fare." Chaucer. "And all this is long of you." Shak. "This increase of price is all along of the foreigners." London Punch.

A*long"shore` (&?;), adv. Along the shore or coast.

A*long"shore`man (&?;), n. See Longshoreman.

A*long"side` (&?;), adv. Along or by the side; side by side with; -- often with of; as, bring the boat alongside; alongside of him; alongside of the tree.

A*longst" (?; 115), prep. & adv. [Formed fr. along, like amongst fr. among.] Along. [Obs.]

A*loof" (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Alewife.

A*loof", adv. [Pref. a- + loof, fr. D. loef luff, and so meaning, as a nautical word, to the windward. See Loof, Luff.] 1. At or from a distance, but within view, or at a small distance; apart; away.

> Our palace stood aloof from streets.
> Dryden.

2. Without sympathy; unfavorably.

> To make the Bible as from the hand of God, and then to look at it aloof and with caution, is the worst of all impieties.
> I. Taylor.

A*loof" (&?;), prep. Away from; clear from. [Obs.]

> Rivetus . . . would fain work himself aloof these rocks and quicksands.
> Milton.

A*loof"ness, n. State of being aloof. Rogers (1642).

> The . . . aloofness of his dim forest life.
> Thoreau.

{ ||Al`o*pe"ci*a (l`*p"sh*), A*lop"e*cy (*lp"*s), } n. [L. alopecia, Gr. 'alwpeki`a, fr. 'alw`phx fox, because loss of the hair is common among foxes.] (Med.) Loss of the hair; baldness.

A*lop"e*cist (&?;), n. A practitioner who tries to prevent or cure baldness.

A*lose" (&?;), v. t. [OE. aloser.] To praise. [Obs.]

A"lose (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. alosa or alausa.] (Zoöl.) The European shad (Clupea alosa); -- called also allice shad or allis shad. The name is sometimes applied to the American shad (Clupea sapidissima). See Shad.

||Al`ou*atte" (&?;), n. [Of uncertain origin.] (Zoöl.) One of the several species of howling monkeys of South America. See Howler, 2.

A*loud" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + loud.] With a loud voice, or great noise; loudly; audibly.

> Cry aloud, spare not, lift up thy voice.
> Isa. lviii. 1.

A*low" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + low.] Below; in a lower part. "Aloft, and then alow." Dryden.

Alp (&?;), n. [L. Alpes the Alps, said to be of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. alp a high mountain, Ir. ailp any huge mass or lump: cf. F. Alpes.] 1. A very high mountain. Specifically, in the plural, the highest chain of mountains in Europe, containing the lofty mountains of Switzerland, etc.

> Nor breath of vernal air from snowy alp.
> Milton.

> Hills peep o'er hills, and alps on alps arise.
> Pope.

2. Fig.: Something lofty, or massive, or very hard to be surmounted.

The plural form Alps is sometimes used as a singular. "The Alps doth spit." Shak.

Alp, n. A bullfinch. Rom. of R.

Al*pac"a (&?;), n. [Sp. alpaca, fr. the original Peruvian name of the animal. Cf. Paco.] 1. (Zoöl.) An animal of Peru (Lama paco), having long, fine, wooly hair, supposed by some to be a domesticated variety of the llama.

2. Wool of the alpaca.

3. A thin kind of cloth made of the wooly hair of the alpaca, often mixed with silk or with cotton.

Al"pen (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the Alps. [R.] "The Alpen snow." J. Fletcher.

||Al"pen*stock` (&?;), n. [G.; Alp, gen. pl. Alpen + stock stick.] A long staff, pointed with iron, used in climbing the Alps. Cheever.

Al*pes"trine (&?;), a. [L. Alpestris.] Pertaining to the Alps, or other high mountains; as, Alpestrine diseases, etc.

Al"pha (&?;), n. [L. alpha, Gr. 'a`lfa, from Heb. leph, name of the first letter in the alphabet, also meaning ox.] The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to A, and hence used to denote the beginning.

> In am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last.
> Rev. xxii. 13.

Formerly used also denote the chief; as, Plato was the alpha of the wits.

In cataloguing stars, the brightest star of a constellation in designated by Alpha (α); as, α Lyræ.

Al"pha*bet (&?;), n. [L. alphabetum, fr. Gr. &?; + &?;, the first two Greek letters; Heb. leph and beth: cf. F. alphabet.] 1. The letters of a language arranged in the customary order; the series of letters or signs which form the elements of written language.

2. The simplest rudiments; elements.

> The very alphabet of our law.
> Macaulay.

Deaf and dumb alphabet. See Dactylology.

Al"pha*bet, v. t. To designate by the letters of the alphabet; to arrange alphabetically. [R.]

Al`pha*bet*a"ri*an (&?;), n. A learner of the alphabet; an abecedarian. Abp. Sancroft.

{ Al`pha*bet"ic (&?;), Al`pha*bet"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. alphabétique.] 1. Pertaining to, furnished with, expressed by, or in the order of, the letters of the alphabet; as, alphabetic characters, writing, languages, arrangement.

2. Literal. [Obs.] "Alphabetical servility." Milton.

Al`pha*bet"ic*al*ly, adv. In an alphabetic manner; in the customary order of the letters.

Al`pha*bet"ics (&?;), n. The science of representing spoken sounds by letters.

Al"pha*bet*ism (&?;), n. The expression of spoken sounds by an alphabet. Encyc. Brit.

Al"pha*bet*ize (&?;), v. t. 1. To arrange alphabetically; as, to alphabetize a list of words.

2. To furnish with an alphabet.

Al-phit"o*man`cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; barley meal + -mancy: cf. F. alphitomancie.] Divination by means of barley meal. Knowles.

<! p. 44 !>

Al*phon"sine (l*fn"sn), a. Of or relating to Alphonso X., the Wise, King of Castile (1252-1284).

Alphonsine tables, astronomical tables prepared under the patronage of Alphonso the Wise. Whewell.

Al"pi*gene (l"p*jn), a. [L. Alpes Alps + -gen.] Growing in Alpine regions.

Al"pine (&?;), a. [L. Alpinus, fr. Alpes the Alps: cf. F. Alpin.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty mountain; as, Alpine snows; Alpine plants.

2. Like the Alps; lofty. "Gazing up an Alpine height." Tennyson.

Al"pin*ist (&?;), n. A climber of the Alps.

{ Al"pist (&?;), Al"pi*a (&?;), } n. [F.: cf. Sp. & Pg. alpiste.] The seed of canary grass (Phalaris Canariensis), used for feeding cage birds.

||Al"qui*fou (&?;), n. [Equiv. to arquifoux, F. alquifoux, Sp. alquifól, fr. the same Arabic word as alcohol. See Alcohol.] A lead ore found in Cornwall, England, and used by potters to give a green glaze to their wares; potter's ore.

Al*read"y (&?;), adv. [All (OE. al) + ready.] Prior to some specified time, either past, present, or future; by this time; previously. "Joseph was in Egypt already." Exod. i. 5.

> I say unto you, that Elias is come already.
> Matt. xvii. 12.

It has reference to past time, but may be used for a future past; as, when you shall arrive, the business will be already completed, or will have been already completed.

Als (&?;), adv. 1. Also. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. As. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Al*sa"tian (&?;), a. Pertaining to Alsatia.

Al*sa"tian, n. An inhabitant of Alsatia or Alsace in Germany, or of Alsatia or White Friars (a resort of debtors and criminals) in London.

||Al` se"gno (&?;). [It., to the mark or sign.] (Mus.) A direction for the performer to return and recommence from the sign &?;.

Al"sike (&?;), n. [From Alsike, in Sweden.] A species of clover with pinkish or white flowers; Trifolium hybridum.

Al"so (&?;), adv. & conj. [All + so. OE. al so, AS. ealsw, alsw&?;, ælswæ; eal, al, æl, all + sw so. See All, So, As.] 1. In like manner; likewise. [Obs.]

2. In addition; besides; as well; further; too.

> Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven . . . for where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.
> Matt. vi. 20.

3. Even as; as; so. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- Also, Likewise, Too. These words are used by way of transition, in leaving one thought and passing to another. Also is the widest term. It denotes that what follows is all so, or entirely like that which preceded, or may be affirmed with the same truth; as, "If you were there, I was there also;" "If our situation has some discomforts, it has also many sources of enjoyment." Too is simply less formal and pointed than also; it marks the transition with a lighter touch; as, "I was there too;" "a courtier yet a patriot too." Pope. Likewise denotes literally "in like manner," and hence has been thought by some to be more specific than also. "It implies," says Whately, "some connection or agreement between the words it unites. We may say, ‘ He is a poet, and likewise a musician; ' but we should not say, ‘ He is a prince, and likewise a musician,' because there is no natural connection between these qualities." This distinction, however, is often disregarded.

Alt (&?;), a. & n. [See Alto.] (Mus.) The higher part of the scale. See Alto.

To be in alt, to be in an exalted state of mind.

Al*ta"ian (&?;), Al*ta"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. altaïque.] Of or pertaining to the Altai, a mountain chain in Central Asia.

Al"tar (&?;), n. [OE. alter, auter, autier, fr. L. altare, pl. altaria, altar, prob. fr. altus high: cf. OF. alter, autier, F. autel. Cf. Altitude.] 1. A raised structure (as a square or oblong erection of stone or wood) on which sacrifices are offered or incense burned to a deity.

> Noah builded an altar unto the Lord.
> Gen. viii. 20.

2. In the Christian church, a construction of stone, wood, or other material for the celebration of the Holy Eucharist; the communion table.

Altar is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as, altar bread or altar-bread.

Altar cloth or Altar-cloth, the cover for an altar in a Christian church, usually richly embroidered. -- Altar cushion, a cushion laid upon the altar in a Christian church to support the service book. -- Altar frontal. See Frontal. -- Altar rail, the railing in front of the altar or communion table. -- Altar screen, a wall or partition built behind an altar to protect it from approach in the rear. -- Altar tomb, a tomb resembling an altar in shape, etc. -- Family altar, place of family devotions. -- To lead (as a bride) to the altar, to marry; -- said of a woman.

Al"tar*age (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. auterage, autelage.] 1. The offerings made upon the altar, or to a church.

2. The profit which accrues to the priest, by reason of the altar, from the small tithes. Shipley.

Al"tar*ist (&?;), n. [Cf. LL. altarista, F. altariste.] (Old Law) (a) A chaplain. (b) A vicar of a church.

Al"tar*piece` (&?;), n. The painting or piece of sculpture above and behind the altar; reredos.

Al"tar*wise` (&?;), adv. In the proper position of an altar, that is, at the east of a church with its ends towards the north and south. Shipley.

Alt*az"i*muth (&?;), n. [Alltude + azimuth.] (Astron.) An instrument for taking azimuths and altitudes simultaneously.

Al"ter (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Altered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Altering.] [F. altérer, LL. alterare, fr. L. alter other, alius other. Cf. Else, Other.] 1. To make otherwise; to change in some respect, either partially or wholly; to vary; to modify. "To alter the king's course." "To alter the condition of a man." "No power in Venice can alter a decree." Shak.

> It gilds all objects, but it alters none.
> Pope.

> My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that is gone out of my lips.
> Ps. lxxxix. 34.

2. To agitate; to affect mentally. [Obs.] Milton.

3. To geld. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- Change, Alter. Change is generic and the stronger term. It may express a loss of identity, or the substitution of one thing in place of another; alter commonly expresses a partial change, or a change in form or details without destroying identity.

Al"ter, v. i. To become, in some respects, different; to vary; to change; as, the weather alters almost daily; rocks or minerals alter by exposure. "The law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not." Dan. vi. 8.

Al`ter*a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. [Cf. F. altérabilité.] The quality of being alterable; alterableness.

Al"ter*a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. altérable.] Capable of being altered.

> Our condition in this world is mutable and uncertain, alterable by a thousand accidents.
> Rogers.

Al"ter*a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being alterable; variableness; alterability.

Al"ter*a*bly, adv. In an alterable manner.

Al"ter*ant (&?;), a. [LL. alterans, p. pr.: cf. F. altérant.] Altering; gradually changing. Bacon.

Al"ter*ant, n. An alterative. [R.] Chambers.

Al`ter*a"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. altération.] 1. The act of altering or making different.

> Alteration, though it be from worse to better, hath in it incoveniences.
> Hooker.

2. The state of being altered; a change made in the form or nature of a thing; changed condition.

> Ere long might perceive
> Strange alteration in me.
> Milton.

> Appius Claudius admitted to the senate the sons of those who had been slaves; by which, and succeeding alterations, that council degenerated into a most corrupt.
> Swift.

Al"ter*a*tive (&?;), a. [L. alterativus: cf. F. altératif.] Causing ateration. Specifically: Gradually changing, or tending to change, a morbid state of the functions into one of health. Burton.

Al"ter*a*tive, n. A medicine or treatment which gradually induces a change, and restores healthy functions without sensible evacuations.

Al"ter*cate (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Altercated; p. pr. & vb. n. Altercating.] [L. altercatus, p. p. of altercare, altercari, fr. alter another. See Alter.] To contend in words; to dispute with zeal, heat, or anger; to wrangle.

Al`ter*ca"tion (?; 277), n. [F. altercation, fr. L. altercatio.] Warm contention in words; dispute carried on with heat or anger; controversy; wrangle; wordy contest. "Stormy altercations." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Altercation, Dispute, Wrangle. The term dispute is in most cases, but not necessarily, applied to a verbal contest; as, a dispute on the lawfulness of war. An altercation is an angry dispute between two parties, involving an interchange of severe language. A wrangle is a confused and noisy altercation.

> Their whole life was little else than a perpetual wrangling and altercation.
> Hakewill.

Al"ter*ca*tive (&?;), a. Characterized by wrangling; scolding. [R.] Fielding.

Al*ter"i*ty (&?;), n. [F. altérité.] The state or quality of being other; a being otherwise. [R.]

> For outness is but the feeling of otherness (alterity) rendered intuitive, or alterity visually represented.
> Coleridge.

Al"tern (&?;), a. [L. alternus, fr. alter another: cf. F. alterne.] Acting by turns; alternate. Milton.

Altern base (Trig.), a second side made base, in distinction from a side previously regarded as base.

Al*ter"na*cy (&?;), n. Alternateness; alternation. [R.] Mitford.

Al*ter"nant (&?;), a. [L. alternans, p. pr.: cf. F. alternant. See Alternate, v. t.] (Geol.) Composed of alternate layers, as some rocks.

Al*ter"nate (?; 277), a. [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternate, fr. alternus. See Altern, Alter.] 1. Being or succeeding by turns; one following the other in succession of time or place; by turns first one and then the other; hence, reciprocal.

> And bid alternate passions fall and rise.
> Pope.

2. Designating the members in a series, which regularly intervene between the members of another series, as the odd or even numbers of the numerals; every other; every second; as, the alternate members 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. ; read every alternate line.

3. (Bot.) Distributed, as leaves, singly at different heights of the stem, and at equal intervals as respects angular divergence. Gray.

Alternate alligation. See Alligation. -- Alternate angles (Geom.), the internal and angles made by two lines with a third, on opposite sides of it. It the parallels AB, CD, are cut by the line EF, the angles AGH, GHD, as also the angles BGH and GHC, are called alternate angles. -- Alternate generation. (Biol.) See under Generation.

Al*ter"nate (?; 277), n. 1. That which alternates with something else; vicissitude. [R.]

> Grateful alternates of substantial.
> Prior.

2. A substitute; one designated to take the place of another, if necessary, in performing some duty.

3. (Math.) A proportion derived from another proportion by interchanging the means.

Al"ter*nate (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alternated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alternating.] [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternare. See Altern.] To perform by turns, or in succession; to cause to succeed by turns; to interchange regularly.

> The most high God, in all things appertaining unto this life, for sundry wise ends alternates the disposition of good and evil.
> Grew.

Al"ter*nate, v. i. 1. To happen, succeed, or act by turns; to follow reciprocally in place or time; -- followed by with; as, the flood and ebb tides alternate with each other.

> Rage, shame, and grief alternate in his breast.
> J. Philips.

> Different species alternating with each other.
> Kirwan.

2. To vary by turns; as, the land alternates between rocky hills and sandy plains.

Al*ter"nate*ly (&?;), adv. 1. In reciprocal succession; succeeding by turns; in alternate order.

2. (Math.) By alternation; when, in a proportion, the antecedent term is compared with antecedent, and consequent.

Al*ter"nate*ness, n. The quality of being alternate, or of following by turns.

Al`ter*na"tion (&?;), n. [L. alternatio: cf. F. alternation.] 1. The reciprocal succession of things in time or place; the act of following and being followed by turns; alternate succession, performance, or occurrence; as, the alternation of day and night, cold and heat, summer and winter, hope and fear.

2. (Math.) Permutation.

3. The response of the congregation speaking alternately with the minister. Mason.

Alternation of generation. See under Generation.

Al*ter"na*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. alternatif.] 1. Offering a choice of two things.

2. Disjunctive; as, an alternative conjunction.

3. Alternate; reciprocal. [Obs.] Holland.

Al*ter"na*tive, n. [Cf. F. alternative, LL. alternativa.] 1. An offer of two things, one of which may be chosen, but not both; a choice between two things, so that if one is taken, the other must be left.

> There is something else than the mere alternative of absolute destruction or unreformed existence.
> Burke.

2. Either of two things or propositions offered to one's choice. Thus when two things offer a choice of one only, the two things are called alternatives.

> Having to choose between two alternatives, safety and war, you obstinately prefer the worse.
> Jowett (Thucyd.).

3. The course of action or the thing offered in place of another.

> If this demand is refused the alternative is war.
> Lewis.

> With no alternative but death.
> Longfellow.

4. A choice between more than two things; one of several things offered to choose among.

> My decided preference is for the fourth and last of these alternatives.
> Gladstone.

Al*ter"na*tive*ly, adv. In the manner of alternatives, or that admits the choice of one out of two things.

Al*ter"na*tive*ness, n. The quality of being alternative, or of offering a choice between two.

Al*ter"ni*ty (&?;), n. [LL. alternitas.] Succession by turns; alternation. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

{ ||Al*thæ"a, ||Al*the"a } (&?;), n. [althaea, Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the Mallow family. It includes the officinal marsh mallow, and the garden hollyhocks. (b) An ornamental shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus) of the Mallow family.

Al*the"ine (&?;), n. (Chem.) Asparagine.

Al*tho" (&?;), conj. Although. [Reformed spelling]

Alt"horn` (&?;), n. [Alt + horn.] (Mus.) An instrument of the saxhorn family, used exclusively in military music, often replacing the French horn. Grove.

Al*though" (&?;), conj. [All + though; OE. al thagh.] Grant all this; be it that; supposing that; notwithstanding; though.

> Although all shall be offended, yet will not I.
> Mark xiv. 29.

Syn. -- Although, Though. Although, which originally was perhaps more emphatic than though, is now interchangeable with it in the sense given above. Euphonic consideration determines the choice.

Al*til"o*quence (&?;), n. Lofty speech; pompous language. [R.] Bailey.

Al*til"o*quent (&?;), a. [L. altus (adv. alte) high + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] High-sounding; pompous in speech. [R.] Bailey.

Al*tim"e*ter (&?;), n. [LL. altimeter; altus high + metrum, Gr. &?;, measure: cf. F. altimètre.] An instrument for taking altitudes, as a quadrant, sextant, etc. Knight.

Al*tim"e*try (&?;), n. [Cf. F. altimétrie.] The art of measuring altitudes, or heights.

Al*tin"car (&?;), n. See Tincal.

Al"ti*scope (&?;), n. [L. altus high + Gr. &?; to view.] An arrangement of lenses and mirrors which enables a person to see an object in spite of intervening objects.

<! p. 45 !>

Al*tis"o*nant (l*ts"*nant), a. [L. altus high + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] High-sounding; lofty or pompous. Skelton.

Al*tis"o*nous (-ns), a. [L. altisonus.] Altisonant.

||Al*tis"si*mo (&?;), n. [It.; superl. of alto.] (Mus.) The part or notes situated above F in alt.

Al"ti*tude (&?;), n. [L. altitudo, fr. altus high. Cf. Altar, Haughty, Enhance.] 1. Space extended upward; height; the perpendicular elevation of an object above its foundation, above the ground, or above a given level, or of one object above another; as, the altitude of a mountain, or of a bird above the top of a tree.

2. (Astron.) The elevation of a point, or star, or other celestial object, above the horizon, measured by the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between such point and the horizon. It is either true or apparent; true when measured from the rational or real horizon, apparent when from the sensible or apparent horizon.

3. (Geom.) The perpendicular distance from the base of a figure to the summit, or to the side parallel to the base; as, the altitude of a triangle, pyramid, parallelogram, frustum, etc.

4. Height of degree; highest point or degree.

> He is [proud] even to the altitude of his virtue.
> Shak.

5. Height of rank or excellence; superiority. Swift.

6. pl. Elevation of spirits; heroics; haughty airs. [Colloq.] Richardson.

> The man of law began to get into his altitude.
> Sir W. Scott.

Meridian altitude, an arc of the meridian intercepted between the south point on the horizon and any point on the meridian. See Meridian, 3.

Al`ti*tu"di*nal (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to height; as, altitudinal measurements.

Al`ti*tu`di*na"ri*an (&?;), a. Lofty in doctrine, aims, etc. [R.] Coleridge.

Al*tiv"o*lant (&?;), a. [L. altivolans. See Volant.] Flying high. [Obs.] Blount.

Al"to (&?;), n.; pl. Altos (&?;). [It. alto high, fr. L. altus. Cf. Alt.] 1. (Mus.) Formerly the part sung by the highest male, or counter-tenor, voices; now the part sung by the lowest female, or contralto, voices, between in tenor and soprano. In instrumental music it now signifies the tenor.

2. An alto singer.

Alto clef (Mus.) the counter-tenor clef, or the C clef, placed so that the two strokes include the middle line of the staff. Moore.

Al`to*geth"er (#), adv. [OE. altogedere; al all + togedere together. See Together.] 1. All together; conjointly. [Obs.]

> Altogether they went at once.
> Chaucer.

2. Without exception; wholly; completely.

> Every man at his best state is altogether vanity.
> Ps. xxxix. 5.

Al*tom"e*ter (&?;), n. [L. altus high + -meter.] A theodolite. Knight.

Al"to-re*lie"vo (&?;), n. Alto- rilievo.

||Al"to-ri*lie*vo (&?;), n.; pl. Alto-rilievos (&?;). [It.] (Sculp.) High relief; sculptured work in which the figures project more than half their thickness; as, this figure is an alto-rilievo or in alto- rilievo.

When the figure stands only half out, it is called mezzo- rilievo, demi-rilievo, or medium relief; when its projection is less than one half, basso-rilievo, bas-relief, or low relief.

Al"tri*cal (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Like the articles.

||Al*tri"ces (&?;), n. pl. [L., nourishes, pl. of altrix.] (Zoöl.) Nursers, -- a term applied to those birds whose young are hatched in a very immature and helpless condition, so as to require the care of their parents for some time; -- opposed to præcoces.

Al"tru*ism (&?;), n. [F. altruisme (a word of Comte's), It. altrui of or to others, fr. L. alter another.] Regard for others, both natural and moral; devotion to the interests of others; brotherly kindness; -- opposed to egoism or selfishness. [Recent] J. S. Mill.

Al"tru*ist, n. One imbued with altruism; -- opposed to egoist.

Al`tru*is"tic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. altruiste, a. See Altruism..] Regardful of others; beneficent; unselfish; -- opposed to egoistic or selfish. Bain. -- Al`tru*is"tic*al*ly, adv.

Al"u*del (&?;), n. [F. & Sp. aludel, fr. Ar. aluthl.] (Chem.) One of the pear-shaped pots open at both ends, and so formed as to be fitted together, the neck of one into the bottom of another in succession; -- used in the process of sublimation. Ure.

||Al"u*la (&?;), n. [NL., dim. of L. ala a wing.] (Zoöl.) A false or bastard wing. See under Bastard.

Al"u*lar (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the alula.

Al"um (&?;), n. [OE. alum, alom, OF. alum, F. alun, fr. L. alumen alum.] (Chem.) A double sulphate formed of aluminium and some other element (esp. an alkali metal) or of aluminium. It has twenty-four molecules of water of crystallization.

Common alum is the double sulphate of aluminium and potassium. It is white, transparent, very astringent, and crystallizes easily in octahedrons. The term is extended so as to include other double sulphates similar to alum in formula.

Al"um (&?;), v. t. To steep in, or otherwise impregnate with, a solution of alum; to treat with alum. Ure.

||A*lu"men (&?;), n. [L.] (Chem.) Alum.

A*lu"mi*na (&?;), n. [L. alumen, aluminis. See Alum.] (Chem.) One of the earths, consisting of two parts of aluminium and three of oxygen, Al2O3.

It is the oxide of the metal aluminium, the base of aluminous salts, a constituent of a large part of the earthy siliceous minerals, as the feldspars, micas, scapolites, etc., and the characterizing ingredient of common clay, in which it exists as an impure silicate with water, resulting from the decomposition of other aluminous minerals. In its natural state, it is the mineral corundum.

A*lu`mi*nate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A compound formed from the hydrate of aluminium by the substitution of a metal for the hydrogen.

A*lu"mi*na`ted (&?;). a. Combined with alumina.

Al"u*mine (l"*mn), n. [F.] Alumina. Davy.

Al`u*min"ic (l`*mn"l), a. Of or containing aluminium; as, aluminic phosphate.

A*lu`mi*nif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. alumen alum + -ferous: cf. F. aluminifère.] Containing alum.

A*lu"mi*ni*form (&?;), a. [L. alumen + -form.] Having the form of alumina.

Al`u*min"i*um (l`*mn"*m), n. [L. alumen. See Alum.] (Chem.) The metallic base of alumina. This metal is white, but with a bluish tinge, and is remarkable for its resistance to oxidation, and for its lightness, having a specific gravity of about 2.6. Atomic weight 27.08. Symbol Al.

Aluminium bronze or gold, a pale gold-colored alloy of aluminium and copper, used for journal bearings, etc.

A*lu"mi*nize (*l*m*nz), v. t. To treat or impregnate with alum; to alum.

A*lu"mi*nous (*l*m*ns), a. [L. aluminosus, fr. alumen alum: cf. F. alumineux.] Pertaining to or containing alum, or alumina; as, aluminous minerals, aluminous solution.

A*lu"mi*num (*l*m*nm), n. See Aluminium.

Al"um*ish (&?;), a. Somewhat like alum.

||A*lum"na (&?;), n. fem.; pl. Alumnæ (&?;) . [L. See Alumnus.] A female pupil; especially, a graduate of a school or college.

||A*lum"nus (&?;), n.; pl. Alumni (&?;). [L., fr. alere to nourish.] A pupil; especially, a graduate of a college or other seminary of learning.

Al"um root` (&?;). (Bot.) A North American herb (Heuchera Americana) of the Saxifrage family, whose root has astringent properties.

{ Al"um schist" (&?;), Al"um shale" (&?;), } (Min.) A variety of shale or clay slate, containing iron pyrites, the decomposition of which leads to the formation of alum, which often effloresces on the rock.

Al"um stone` (&?;). (Min.) A subsulphate of alumina and potash; alunite.

Al"u*nite (&?;), n. (Min.) Alum stone.

A*lu"no*gen (&?;), n. [F. alun alum + -gen.] (Min.) A white fibrous mineral frequently found on the walls of mines and quarries, chiefly hydrous sulphate of alumina; -- also called feather alum, and hair salt.

Al"ure (&?;), n. [OF. alure, aleure, walk, gait, fr. aler (F. aller) to go.] A walk or passage; -- applied to passages of various kinds.

> The sides of every street were covered with fresh alures of marble.
> T. Warton.

Al"u*ta"ceous (&?;), a. [L. alutacius, fr. aluta soft leather.] 1. Leathery.

2. Of a pale brown color; leather-yellow. Brande.

Al`u*ta"tion (&?;), n. [See Alutaceous.] The tanning or dressing of leather. [Obs.] Blount.

Al"ve*a*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Alvearies (&?;). [L. alvearium, alveare, beehive, fr. alveus a hollow vessel, beehive, from alvus belly, beehive.] 1. A beehive, or something resembling a beehive. Barret.

2. (Anat.) The hollow of the external ear. Quincy.

Al"ve*a`ted (&?;), a. [L. alveatus hollowed out.] Formed or vaulted like a beehive.

Al"ve*o*lar (?; 277), a. [L. alveolus a small hollow or cavity: cf. F. alvéolaire.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, alveoli or little cells, sacs, or sockets.

Alveolar processes, the processes of the maxillary bones, containing the sockets of the teeth.

Al"ve*o*la*ry (&?;), a. Alveolar. [R.]

Al"ve*o*late (&?;), a. [L. alveolatus, fr. alveolus.] (Bot.) Deeply pitted, like a honeycomb.

Al"ve*ole (&?;), n. Same as Alveolus.

Al*ve"o*li*form (l*v"*l*fôrm), a. [L. alveolus + -form.] Having the form of alveoli, or little sockets, cells, or cavities.

||Al*ve"o*lus (l*v"*ls), n.; pl. Alveoli (-l). [L., a small hollow or cavity, dim. of alveus: cf. F. alvéole. See Alveary.] 1. A cell in a honeycomb.

2. (Zoöl.) A small cavity in a coral, shell, or fossil

3. (Anat.) A small depression, sac, or vesicle, as the socket of a tooth, the air cells of the lungs, the ultimate saccules of glands, etc.

||Al"ve*us (&?;), n.; pl. Alvei (&?;). [L.] The channel of a river. Weate.

Al"vine (&?;), a. [L. alvus belly: cf. F. alvin.] Of, from, in, or pertaining to, the belly or the intestines; as, alvine discharges; alvine concretions.

Al"way (&?;), adv. Always. [Archaic or Poetic]

> I would not live alway.
> Job vii. 16.

Al"ways (&?;), adv. [All + way. The s is an adverbial (orig. a genitive) ending.] 1. At all times; ever; perpetually; throughout all time; continually; as, God is always the same.

> Even in Heaven his [Mammon's] looks and thoughts.
> Milton.

2. Constancy during a certain period, or regularly at stated intervals; invariably; uniformly; -- opposed to sometimes or occasionally.

> He always rides a black galloway.
> Bulwer.

||A*lys"sum (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, name of a plant, perh. fr. 'a priv. + &?; raging madness.] (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants; madwort. The sweet alyssum (A. maritimum), cultivated for bouquets, bears small, white, sweet-scented flowers.

Am (&?;). [AS. am, eom, akin to Gothic im, Icel. em, Olr. am, Lith. esmi, L. sum., Gr. &?;, Zend ahmi, Skr. asmi, fr. a root as to be. &?;. See Are, and cf. Be, Was.] The first person singular of the verb be, in the indicative mode, present tense. See Be.

> God said unto Moses, I am that am.
> Exod. iii. 14.

Am`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. [L. amabilitas.] Lovableness. Jer. Taylor.

The New English Dictionary (Murray) says this word is "usefully distinct from Amiability."

Am`a*crat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; together + &?; power.] (Photog.) Amasthenic. Sir J. Herschel.

||Am`a*da*vat" (&?;), n. [Indian name. From Ahmedabad, a city from which it was imported to Europe.] (Zoöl.) The strawberry finch, a small Indian song bird (Estrelda amandava), commonly caged and kept for fighting. The female is olive brown; the male, in summer, mostly crimson; -- called also red waxbill. [Written also amaduvad and avadavat.]

Am"a*dou (&?;), n. [F. amadou tinder, prop. lure, bait, fr. amadouer to allure, caress, perh. fr. Icel. mata to feed, which is akin to E. meat.] A spongy, combustible substance, prepared from fungus (Boletus and Polyporus) which grows on old trees; German tinder; punk. It has been employed as a styptic by surgeons, but its common use is as tinder, for which purpose it is prepared by soaking it in a strong solution of niter. Ure.

A*main" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + main. See 2d Main, n.] 1. With might; with full force; vigorously; violently; exceedingly.

> They on the hill, which were not yet come to blows, perceiving the fewness of their enemies, came down amain.
> Milton.

> That striping giant, ill-bred and scoffing, shouts amain.
> T. Parker.

2. At full speed; in great haste; also, at once. "They fled amain." Holinshed.

A*main", v. t. [F. amener. See Amenable.] (Naut.) To lower, as a sail, a yard, etc.

A*main", v. i. (Naut.) To lower the topsail, in token of surrender; to yield.

A*mal"gam (&?;), n. [F. amalgame, prob. fr. L. malagma, Gr. &?;, emollient, plaster, poultice, fr. &?; to make soft, fr. &?; soft.] 1. An alloy of mercury with another metal or metals; as, an amalgam of tin, bismuth, etc.

Medalists apply the term to soft alloys generally.

2. A mixture or compound of different things.

3. (Min.) A native compound of mercury and silver.

A*mal"gam, v. t. &?; i. [Cf. F. amalgamer] To amalgamate. Boyle. B. Jonson.

||A*mal"ga*ma (&?;), n. Same as Amalgam.

> They divided this their amalgama into a number of incoherent republics.
> Burke.

A*mal"ga*mate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amalgamated; p. pr. & vb. n. Amalgamating.] 1. To compound or mix, as quicksilver, with another metal; to unite, combine, or alloy with mercury.

2. To mix, so as to make a uniform compound; to unite or combine; as, to amalgamate two races; to amalgamate one race with another.

> Ingratitude is indeed their four cardinal virtues compacted and amalgamated into one.
> Burke.

A*mal"ga*mate, v. i. 1. To unite in an amalgam; to blend with another metal, as quicksilver.

2. To coalesce, as a result of growth; to combine into a uniform whole; to blend; as, two organs or parts amalgamate.

{ A*mal"ga*mate (&?;), A*mal"ga*ma`ted (&?;), } a. Coalesced; united; combined.

A*mal`ga*ma"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. amalgamation.] 1. The act or operation of compounding mercury with another metal; -- applied particularly to the process of separating gold and silver from their ores by mixing them with mercury. Ure.

2. The mixing or blending of different elements, races, societies, etc.; also, the result of such combination or blending; a homogeneous union. Macaulay.

A*mal"ga*ma*tive (&?;), a. Characterized by amalgamation.

A*mal"ga*ma`tor (&?;), n. One who, or that which, amalgamates. Specifically: A machine for separating precious metals from earthy particles by bringing them in contact with a body of mercury with which they form an amalgam.

A*mal"ga*mize (&?;), v. t. To amalgamate. [R.]

A*man"dine (&?;), n. [F. amande almond. See Almond.] 1. The vegetable casein of almonds.

2. A kind of cold cream prepared from almonds, for chapped hands, etc.

A*man"i*tine (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a sort of fungus.] The poisonous principle of some fungi.

A*man`u*en"sis (&?;), n.; pl. Amanuenses (&?;). [L., fr. a, ab + manus hand.] A person whose employment is to write what another dictates, or to copy what another has written.

||A*mar"a*cus (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] A fragrant flower. Tennyson.

Am"a*rant (&?;), n. Amaranth, 1. [Obs.] Milton.

Am`a*ran*ta"ceous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the amaranth is the type.

Am"a*ranth (&?;), n. [L. amarantus, Gr. &?;, unfading, amaranth; 'a priv. + &?; to quench, cause to wither, fr. a root meaning to die, akin to E. mortal; -- so called because its flowers do not soon wither: cf. F. amarante. The spelling with th seems to be due to confusion with Gr. &?; flower.] 1. An imaginary flower supposed never to fade. [Poetic]

2. (Bot.) A genus of ornamental annual plants (Amaranthus) of many species, with green, purplish, or crimson flowers.

2. A color inclining to purple.

Am`a*ran"thine (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to amaranth. "Amaranthine bowers." Pope.

<! p. 46 !>

2. Unfading, as the poetic amaranth; undying.

> They only amaranthine flower on earth
> Is virtue.
> Cowper.

3. Of a purplish color. Buchanan.

{ Am`a*ran"thus (m`*rn"ths), ||Am`a*ran"tus (m`*rn"ts), } n. Same as Amaranth.

Am"a*rine (&?;), n. [L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.) A characteristic crystalline substance, obtained from oil of bitter almonds.

A*mar"i*tude (&?;), n. [L. amaritudo, fr. amarus bitter: cf. OF. amaritude.] Bitterness. [R.]

{ Am`a*ryl`li*da"ceous (&?;), Am`a*ryl*lid"e*ous (&?;), } a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an order of plants differing from the lily family chiefly in having the ovary below the petals. The narcissus and daffodil are members of this family.

||Am`a*ryl"lis (&?;), n. [L. Amaryllis, Gr. &?;, &?;, the name of a country girl in Theocritus and Virgil.] 1. A pastoral sweetheart.

> To sport with Amaryllis in the shade.
> Milton.

2. (bot.) (a) A family of plants much esteemed for their beauty, including the narcissus, jonquil, daffodil, agave, and others. (b) A genus of the same family, including the Belladonna lily.

A*mass" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amassed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Amassing.] [F. ambusher, LL. amassare; L. ad + massa lump, mass. See Mass.] To collect into a mass or heap; to gather a great quantity of; to accumulate; as, to amass a treasure or a fortune; to amass words or phrases.

> The life of Homer has been written by amassing all the traditions and hints the writers could meet with.
> Pope.

Syn. -- To accumulate; heap up; pile.

A*mass", n. [OF. amasse, fr. ambusher.] A mass; a heap. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

A*mass"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being amassed.

A*mass"er (&?;), n. One who amasses.

||A`mas`sette" (&?;), n. [F. See Amass.] An instrument of horn used for collecting painters' colors on the stone in the process of grinding.

A*mass"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. amassement.] An amassing; a heap collected; a large quantity or number brought together; an accumulation.

> An amassment of imaginary conceptions.
> Glanvill.

Am`as*then"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; together + &?; force.] (Photog.) Uniting the chemical rays of light into one focus, as a certain kind of lens; amacratic.

A*mate" (&?;), v. t. [OF. amater, amatir.] To dismay; to dishearten; to daunt. [Obs. or Archaic]

> The Silures, to amate the new general, rumored the overthrow greater than was true.
> Milton.

A*mate", v. t. [Pref. a- + mate.] To be a mate to; to match. [Obs.] Spenser.

Am`a*teur" (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. amator lover, fr. amare to love.] A person attached to a particular pursuit, study, or science as to music or painting; esp. one who cultivates any study or art, from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally.

Am`a*teur"ish, a. In the style of an amateur; superficial or defective like the work of an amateur. -- Am`a*teur"ish*ly, adv. -- Am`a*teur"ish*ness, n.

Am"a*teur*ism (&?;), n. The practice, habit, or work of an amateur.

Am"a*teur`ship, n. The quality or character of an amateur.

Am"a*tive (&?;), a. [L. amatus, p. p. of amare to love.] Full of love; amatory.

Am"a*tive*ness, n. (Phren.) The faculty supposed to influence sexual desire; propensity to love. Combe.

Am`a*to"ri*al (&?;), a. [See Amatorious.] Of or pertaining to a lover or to love making; amatory; as, amatorial verses.

Am`a*to"ri*al*ly, adv. In an amatorial manner.

Am`a*to"ri*an (&?;), a. Amatory. [R.] Johnson.

Am`a*to"ri*ous (&?;), a. [L. amatorius, fr. amare to love.] Amatory. [Obs.] "Amatorious poem." Milton.

Am"a*to*ry (&?;), a. Pertaining to, producing, or expressing, sexual love; as, amatory potions.

||Am`au*ro"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; dark, dim.] (Med.) A loss or decay of sight, from loss of power in the optic nerve, without any perceptible external change in the eye; -- called also gutta serena, the "drop serene" of Milton.

Am`au*rot"ic (&?;), a. Affected with amaurosis; having the characteristics of amaurosis.

A*maze" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amazed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Amazing.] [Pref. a- + maze.] 1. To bewilder; to stupefy; to bring into a maze. [Obs.]

> A labyrinth to amaze his foes.
> Shak.

2. To confound, as by fear, wonder, extreme surprise; to overwhelm with wonder; to astound; to astonish greatly. "Amazing Europe with her wit." Goldsmith.

> And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of David?
> Matt. xii. 23.

Syn. -- To astonish; astound; confound; bewilder; perplex; surprise. -- Amaze, Astonish. Amazement includes the notion of bewilderment of difficulty accompanied by surprise. It expresses a state in which one does not know what to do, or to say, or to think. Hence we are amazed at what we can not in the least account for. Astonishment also implies surprise. It expresses a state in which one is stunned by the vastness or greatness of something, or struck with some degree of horror, as when one is overpowered by the &?;normity of an act, etc.

A*maze", v. i. To be astounded. [Archaic] B. Taylor.

A*maze", v. t. Bewilderment, arising from fear, surprise, or wonder; amazement. [Chiefly poetic]

> The wild, bewildered
> Of one to stone converted by amaze.
> Byron.

A*maz"ed*ly (&?;), adv. In amazement; with confusion or astonishment. Shak.

A*maz"ed*ness, n. The state of being amazed, or confounded with fear, surprise, or wonder. Bp. Hall.

A*maze"ful (&?;), a. Full of amazement. [R.]

A*maze"ment (&?;), n. 1. The condition of being amazed; bewilderment [Obs.]; overwhelming wonder, as from surprise, sudden fear, horror, or admiration.

> His words impression left
> Of much amazement.
> Milton.

2. Frenzy; madness. [Obs.] Webster (1661).

A*maz"ing (&?;), a. Causing amazement; very wonderful; as, amazing grace. -- A*maz"ing*ly, adv.

Am"a*zon (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. One of a fabulous race of female warriors in Scythia; hence, a female warrior.

2. A tall, strong, masculine woman; a virago.

3. (Zoöl.) A name numerous species of South American parrots of the genus Chrysotis

Amazon ant (Zoöl.), a species of ant (Polyergus rufescens), of Europe and America. They seize by conquest the larvæ and nymphs of other species and make slaves of them in their own nests.

Am`a*zo"ni*an (&?;), a. 1. Pertaining to or resembling an Amazon; of masculine manners; warlike. Shak.

2. Of or pertaining to the river Amazon in South America, or to its valley.

{ Am"a*zon*ite (&?;), Am"a*zon stone` (&?;), } n. [Named from the river Amazon.] (Min.) A variety of feldspar, having a verdigris-green color.

Amb-, Am*bi-. [L. prefix ambi-, amb-, akin to Gr. &?;, Skr. abhi, AS. embe, emb, OHG. umbi, umpi, G. um, and also L. ambo both. Cf. Amphi-, Both, By.] A prefix meaning about, around; -- used in words derived from the Latin.

||Am*ba"ges (&?;), n. pl. [L. (usually in pl.); pref. ambi-, amb- + agere to drive: cf. F. ambage.] A circuit; a winding. Hence: Circuitous way or proceeding; quibble; circumlocution; indirect mode of speech.

> After many ambages, perspicuously define what this melancholy is.
> Burton.

Am*bag"i*nous (&?;), a. Ambagious. [R.]

Am*ba"gious (&?;), a. [L. ambagiosus.] Circumlocutory; circuitous. [R.]

Am*bag"i*to*ry (&?;), a. Ambagious. [R.]

Am"bas*sade (&?;), Em"bas*sade (&?;), n. [F. ambassade. See Embassy.] 1. The mission of an ambassador. [Obs.] Carew.

2. An embassy. [Obs.] Strype.

Am*bas"sa*dor (&?;), Em*bas"sa*dor (&?;), n. [See Embassador.] 1. A minister of the highest rank sent to a foreign court to represent there his sovereign or country.

Ambassadors are either ordinary [or resident] or extraordinary, that is, sent upon some special or unusual occasion or errand. Abbott.

2. An official messenger and representative.

Am*bas`sa*do"ri*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an ambassador. H. Walpole.

Am*bas`sa*dor*ship (&?;), n. The state, office, or functions of an ambassador.

Am*bas"sa*dress (&?;), n. A female ambassador; also, the wife of an ambassador. Prescott.

Am"bas*sage (&?;), n. Same as Embassage. [Obs. or R.] Luke xiv. 32.

Am"bas*sy (&?;), n. See Embassy, the usual spelling. Helps.

Am"ber, n. [OE. aumbre, F. ambre, Sp. ámbar, and with the Ar. article, alámbar, fr. Ar. 'anbar ambergris.] 1. (Min.) A yellowish translucent resin resembling copal, found as a fossil in alluvial soils, with beds of lignite, or on the seashore in many places. It takes a fine polish, and is used for pipe mouthpieces, beads, etc., and as a basis for a fine varnish. By friction, it becomes strongly electric.

2. Amber color, or anything amber-colored; a clear light yellow; as, the amber of the sky.

3. Ambergris. [Obs.]

> You that smell of amber at my charge.
> Beau. & Fl.

4. The balsam, liquidambar.

Black amber, and old and popular name for jet.

Am"ber, a. 1. Consisting of amber; made of amber. "Amber bracelets." Shak.

2. Resembling amber, especially in color; amber- colored. "The amber morn." Tennyson.

Am"ber, v. t. [p. p. & p. a. Ambered .] 1. To scent or flavor with ambergris; as, ambered wine.

2. To preserve in amber; as, an ambered fly.

Am"ber fish (&?;). (Zoöl.) A fish of the southern Atlantic coast (Seriola Carolinensis.)

Am"ber*grease (&?;), n. See Ambergris.

Am"ber*gris (&?;), n. [F. ambre gris, i. e., gray amber; F. gris gray, which is of German origin: cf. OS. grîs, G. greis, gray-haired. See Amber.] A substance of the consistence of wax, found floating in the Indian Ocean and other parts of the tropics, and also as a morbid secretion in the intestines of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), which is believed to be in all cases its true origin. In color it is white, ash- gray, yellow, or black, and often variegated like marble. The floating masses are sometimes from sixty to two hundred and twenty-five pounds in weight. It is wholly volatilized as a white vapor at 212° Fahrenheit, and is highly valued in perfumery. Dana.

Am"ber room A room formerly in the Czar's Summer Palace in Russia, which was richly decorated with walls and fixtures made from amber. The amber was removed by occupying German troops during the Second World War and has, as of 1997, never been recovered. The room is being recreated from old photographs by Russian artisans. PJC

Am"ber seed` (&?;). Seed of the Hibiscus abelmoschus, somewhat resembling millet, brought from Egypt and the West Indies, and having a flavor like that of musk; musk seed. Chambers.

Am"ber tree` (&?;). A species of Anthospermum, a shrub with evergreen leaves, which, when bruised, emit a fragrant odor.

Ambes"-as (&?;), n. Ambs-ace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Am"bi*dex"ter (&?;), a. [LL., fr. L. ambo both + dexter right, dextra (sc. manus) the right hand.] Using both hands with equal ease. Smollett.

Am`bi*dex"ter, n. 1. A person who uses both hands with equal facility.

2. Hence: A double-dealer; one equally ready to act on either side in party disputes.

> The rest are hypocrites, ambidexters, so many turning pictures -- a lion on one side, a lamb on the other.
> Burton.

3. (Law) A juror who takes money from both parties for giving his verdict. Cowell.

Am"bi*dex*ter"i*ty (&?;), n. 1. The quality of being ambidextrous; the faculty of using both hands with equal facility. Hence: Versatility; general readiness; as, ambidexterity of argumentation. Sterne.

> Ignorant I was of the human frame, and of its latent powers, as regarded speed, force, and ambidexterity.
> De Quincey.

2. Double-dealing. (Law) A juror's taking of money from the both parties for a verdict.

Am`bi*dex"tral (&?;), a. Pertaining equally to the right-hand side and the left-hand side. Earle.

Am`bi*dex"trous (&?;), a. 1. Having the faculty of using both hands with equal ease. Sir T. Browne.

2. Practicing or siding with both parties.

> All false, shuffling, and ambidextrous dealings.
> L'Estrange.

Am"bi*dex"trous*ly, adv. In an ambidextrous manner; cunningly.

Am`bi*dex"trous*ness (&?;), n. The quality of being ambidextrous; ambidexterity.

Am"bi*ent (&?;), a. [L. ambiens, p. pr. of ambire to go around; amb- + ire to go.] Encompassing on all sides; circumfused; investing. "Ambient air." Milton. "Ambient clouds." Pope.

Am"bi*ent, n. Something that surrounds or invests; as, air . . . being a perpetual ambient. Sir H. Wotton.

Am*big"e*nous (&?;), a. [L. ambo both + genus kind.] Of two kinds. (Bot.) Partaking of two natures, as the perianth of some endogenous plants, where the outer surface is calycine, and the inner petaloid.

Am"bi*gu (&?;), n. [F., fr. ambigu doubtful, L. ambiquus. See Ambiguous.] An entertainment at which a medley of dishes is set on at the same time.

Am`bi*gu"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Ambiguities (&?;). [L. ambiguitas, fr. ambiguus: cf. F. ambiguité.] The quality or state of being ambiguous; doubtfulness or uncertainty, particularly as to the signification of language, arising from its admitting of more than one meaning; an equivocal word or expression.

> No shadow of ambiguity can rest upon the course to be pursued.
> I. Taylor.

> The words are of single signification, without any ambiguity.
> South.

Am*big"u*ous (&?;), a. [L. ambiguus, fr. ambigere to wander about, waver; amb- + agere to drive.] Doubtful or uncertain, particularly in respect to signification; capable of being understood in either of two or more possible senses; equivocal; as, an ambiguous course; an ambiguous expression.

> What have been thy answers? What but dark,
> Ambiguous, and with double sense deluding?
> Milton.

Syn. -- Doubtful; dubious; uncertain; unsettled; indistinct; indeterminate; indefinite. See Equivocal.

Am*big"u*ous*ly, adv. In an ambiguous manner; with doubtful meaning.

Am*big"u*ous*ness, n. Ambiguity.

Am`bi*le"vous (&?;), a. [L. ambo both + laevus left.] Left-handed on both sides; clumsy; -- opposed to ambidexter. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Am*bil"o*quy (&?;), n. Doubtful or ambiguous language. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am*bip"a*rous (&?;), a. [L. ambo both + parere to bring forth.] (Bot.) Characterized by containing the rudiments of both flowers and leaves; -- applied to a bud.

Am"bit (&?;), n. [L. ambitus circuit, fr. ambire to go around. See Ambient.] Circuit or compass.

> His great parts did not live within a small ambit.
> Milward.

Am*bi"tion (&?;), n. [F. ambition, L. ambitio a going around, especially of candidates for office is Rome, to solicit votes (hence, desire for office or honor&?; fr. ambire to go around. See Ambient, Issue.] 1. The act of going about to solicit or obtain an office, or any other object of desire; canvassing. [Obs.]

> [I] used no ambition to commend my deeds.
> Milton.

2. An eager, and sometimes an inordinate, desire for preferment, honor, superiority, power, or the attainment of something.

> Cromwell, I charge thee, fling a way ambition:
> By that sin fell the angels.
> Shak.

> The pitiful ambition of possessing five or six thousand more acres.
> Burke.

Am*bi"tion, v. t. [Cf. F. ambitionner.] To seek after ambitiously or eagerly; to covet. [R.]

> Pausanias, ambitioning the sovereignty of Greece, bargains with Xerxes for his daughter in marriage.
> Trumbull.

Am*bi"tion*ist, n. One excessively ambitious. [R.]

Am*bi"tion*less, a. Devoid of ambition. Pollok.

Am*bi"tious (&?;), a. [L. ambitiosus: cf. F. ambitieux. See Ambition.] 1. Possessing, or controlled by, ambition; greatly or inordinately desirous of power, honor, office, superiority, or distinction.

> Yet Brutus says he was ambitious,
> And Brutus is an honorable man.
> Shak.

2. Strongly desirous; -- followed by of or the infinitive; as, ambitious to be or to do something.

> I was not ambitious of seeing this ceremony.
> Evelyn.

> Studious of song, and yet ambitious not to sing in vain.
> Cowper.

3. Springing from, characterized by, or indicating, ambition; showy; aspiring; as, an ambitious style.

> A giant statue . . .
> Pushed by a wild and artless race,
> From off wide, ambitious base.
> Collins.

Am*bi"tious*ly, adv. In an ambitious manner.

<! p. 47 !>

Am*bi"tious*ness (m*bsh"s*ns), n. The quality of being ambitious; ambition; pretentiousness.

||Am"bi*tus (m"b*ts), n. [L. See Ambit, Ambition.] 1. The exterior edge or border of a thing, as the border of a leaf, or the outline of a bivalve shell.

2. (Rom. Antiq.) A canvassing for votes.

Am"ble (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ambled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Ambling (&?;).] [F. ambler to amble, fr. L. ambulare to walk, in LL., to amble, perh. fr. amb-, ambi-, and a root meaning to go: cf. Gr. &?; to go, E. base. Cf. Ambulate.] 1. To go at the easy gait called an amble; -- applied to the horse or to its rider.

2. To move somewhat like an ambling horse; to go easily or without hard shocks.

> The skipping king, he ambled up and down.
> Shak.

> Sir, your wit ambles well; it goes easily.
> Shak.

Am"ble, n. 1. A peculiar gait of a horse, in which both legs on the same side are moved at the same time, alternating with the legs on the other side. "A fine easy amble." B. Jonson.

2. A movement like the amble of a horse.

Am"bler (&?;), n. A horse or a person that ambles.

Am"bling*ly, adv. With an ambling gait.

Am*blot"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; an abortion.] Tending to cause abortion.

Am"bly*gon (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; obtuse + &?; angle: cf. F. amblygone.] (Geom.) An obtuse-angled figure, esp. and obtuse-angled triangle. [Obs.]

Am*blyg"o*nal (&?;), a. Obtuse- angled. [Obs.] Hutton.

{ ||Am`bly*o"pi*a (&?;), Am"bly*o`py (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?;; &?; blunt, dim + &?; eye: cf. F. amblyopie.] (Med.) Weakness of sight, without and opacity of the cornea, or of the interior of the eye; the first degree of amaurosis.

Am"bly*op"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to amblyopy. Quain.

||Am*blyp"o*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; blunt + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Paleon.) A group of large, extinct, herbivorous mammals, common in the Tertiary formation of the United States.

||Am"bo (&?;), n.; pl. Ambos (&?;). [LL. ambo, Gr. &?;, any rising, a raised stage, pulpit: cf. F. ambon.] A large pulpit or reading desk, in the early Christian churches. Gwilt.

||Am"bon (&?;), n. Same as Ambo.

Am*boy"na wood (&?;). A beautiful mottled and curled wood, used in cabinetwork. It is obtained from the Pterocarpus Indicus of Amboyna, Borneo, etc.

Am"bre*ate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of ambreic acid with a base or positive radical.

Am*bre"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to ambrein; -- said of a certain acid produced by digesting ambrein in nitric acid.

Am"bre*in (&?;), n. [Cf. F. ambréine. See Amber.] (Chem.) A fragrant substance which is the chief constituent of ambergris.

Am"brite (&?;), n. [From amber.] A fossil resin occurring in large masses in New Zealand.

Am"brose (&?;), n. A sweet-scented herb; ambrosia. See Ambrosia, 3. Turner.

Am*bro"sia (?; 277), n. [L. ambrosia, Gr. &?;, properly fem. of &?;, fr. &?; immortal, divine; 'a priv. + &?; mortal (because it was supposed to confer immortality on those who partook of it). &?; stands for &?;, akin to Skr. mrita, L. mortuus, dead, and to E. mortal.] 1. (Myth.) (a) The fabled food of the gods (as nectar was their drink), which conferred immortality upon those who partook of it. (b) An unguent of the gods.

> His dewy locks distilled ambrosia.
> Milton.

2. A perfumed unguent, salve, or draught; something very pleasing to the taste or smell. Spenser.

3. Formerly, a kind of fragrant plant; now (Bot.), a genus of plants, including some coarse and worthless weeds, called ragweed, hogweed, etc.

Am"bro"si*ac (&?;), a. [L. ambrosiacus: cf. F. ambrosiaque.] Having the qualities of ambrosia; delicious. [R.]"Ambrosiac odors." B. Jonson.

Am*bro"sial (&?;), a. [L. ambrosius, Gr. &?;.] 1. Consisting of, or partaking of the nature of, ambrosia; delighting the taste or smell; delicious. "Ambrosial food." "Ambrosial fragrance." Milton.

2. Divinely excellent or beautiful. "Shakes his ambrosial curls." Pope.

Am*bro"sial*ly, adv. After the manner of ambrosia; delightfully. "Smelt ambrosially." Tennyson.

Am*bro"sian (&?;), a. Ambrosial. [R.] . Jonson.

Am*bro"sian, a. Of or pertaining to St. Ambrose; as, the Ambrosian office, or ritual, a formula of worship in the church of Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose.

Ambrosian chant, the mode of signing or chanting introduced by St. Ambrose in the 4th century.

Am"bro*sin (&?;), n. [LL. Ambrosinus nummus.] An early coin struck by the dukes of Milan, and bearing the figure of St. Ambrose on horseback.

Am"bro*type (-tp), n. [Gr. 'a`mbrotos immortal + -type.] (Photog.) A picture taken on a plate of prepared glass, in which the lights are represented in silver, and the shades are produced by a dark background visible through the unsilvered portions of the glass.

Am"bry (&?;), n.; pl. Ambries (&?;). [OE. aumbry, almery, OF. almarie, armarie, aumaire, F. armoire, LL. armarium chest, cupboard, orig. a repository for arms, fr. L. arama arms. The word has been confused with almonry. See Armory.] 1. In churches, a kind of closet, niche, cupboard, or locker for utensils, vestments, etc.

2. A store closet, as a pantry, cupboard, etc.

3. Almonry. [Improperly so used]

Ambs"-ace (&?;), n. [OF. ambesas; ambes both (fr. L. ambo) + as ace. See Ace.] Double aces, the lowest throw of all at dice. Hence: Bad luck; anything of no account or value.

Am`bu*la"cral (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to ambulacra; avenuelike; as, the ambulacral ossicles, plates, spines, and suckers of echinoderms.

Am`bu*la"cri*form (&?;), a. [Ambulacrum + -form] (Zoöl.) Having the form of ambulacra.

||Am`bu*la"crum (&?;), n.; pl. Ambulacra (&?;). [L., an alley or covered way.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the radical zones of echinoderms, along which run the principal nerves, blood vessels, and water tubes. These zones usually bear rows of locomotive suckers or tentacles, which protrude from regular pores. In star fishes they occupy the grooves along the under side of the rays. (b) One of the suckers on the feet of mites.

Am"bu*lance (&?;), n. [F. ambulance, hôpital ambulant, fr. L. ambulare to walk. See Amble.] (Mil.) (a) A field hospital, so organized as to follow an army in its movements, and intended to succor the wounded as soon as possible. Often used adjectively; as, an ambulance wagon; ambulance stretcher; ambulance corps. (b) An ambulance wagon or cart for conveying the wounded from the field, or to a hospital.

Am"bu*lant (&?;), a. [L. ambulans, p. pr. of ambulare to walk: cf. F. ambulant.] Walking; moving from place to place. Gayton.

Am"bu*late (&?;), v. i. [L. ambulare to walk. See Amble.] To walk; to move about. [R.] Southey.

Am`bu*la"tion (&?;), n. [L. ambulatio.] The act of walking. Sir T. Browne.

Am"bu*la*tive (&?;), a. Walking. [R.]

Am"bu*la`tor (&?;), n. 1. One who walks about; a walker.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A beetle of the genus Lamia. (b) A genus of birds, or one of this genus.

3. An instrument for measuring distances; -- called also perambulator. Knight.

Am`bu*la*to"ri*al (&?;), a. Ambulatory; fitted for walking. Verrill.

Am"bu*la*to*ry (&?;), a. [L. ambulatorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to walking; having the faculty of walking; formed or fitted for walking; as, an ambulatory animal.

2. Accustomed to move from place to place; not stationary; movable; as, an ambulatory court, which exercises its jurisdiction in different places.

> The priesthood . . . before was very ambulatory, and dispersed into all families.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. Pertaining to a walk. [R.]

> The princess of whom his majesty had an ambulatory view in his travels.
> Sir H. Wotton.

4. (Law) Not yet fixed legally, or settled past alteration; alterable; as, the dispositions of a will are ambulatory until the death of the testator.

Am"bu*la*to*ry, n.; pl. Ambulatories (&?;). [Cf. LL. ambulatorium.] (Arch.) A place to walk in, whether in the open air, as the gallery of a cloister, or within a building.

Am"bur*ry (&?;), n. Same as Anbury.

Am`bus*cade" (&?;), n. [F. embuscade, fr. It. imboscata, or Sp. emboscada, fr. emboscar to ambush, fr. LL. imboscare. See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A lying in a wood, concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by surprise. Hence: A lying in wait, and concealed in any situation, for a like purpose; a snare laid for an enemy; an ambush.

2. A place in which troops lie hid, to attack an enemy unexpectedly. [R.] Dryden.

3. (Mil.) The body of troops lying in ambush.

Am`bus*cade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambuscaded (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Ambuscading (&?;).] 1. To post or conceal in ambush; to ambush.

2. To lie in wait for, or to attack from a covert or lurking place; to waylay.

Am`bus*cade", v. i. To lie in ambush.

Am`bus*ca"do (&?;), n. Ambuscade. [Obs.] Shak.

Am`bus*ca"doed (&?;), p. p. Posted in ambush; ambuscaded. [Obs.]

Am"bush (m"bsh), n. [F. embûche, fr. the verb. See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A disposition or arrangement of troops for attacking an enemy unexpectedly from a concealed station. Hence: Unseen peril; a device to entrap; a snare.

> Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault or siege
> Or ambush from the deep.
> Milton.

2. A concealed station, where troops or enemies lie in wait to attack by surprise.

> Bold in close ambush, base in open field.
> Dryden.

3. The troops posted in a concealed place, for attacking by surprise; liers in wait. [Obs.]

> The ambush arose quickly out of their place.
> Josh. viii. 19.

To lay an ambush, to post a force in ambush.

Am"bush (m"bsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambushed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Ambushing.] [OE. enbussen, enbushen, OF. embushier, embuissier, F. embûcher, embusquer, fr. LL. imboscare; in + LL. boscus, buscus, a wood; akin to G. bush, E. bush. See Ambuscade, Bush.] 1. To station in ambush with a view to surprise an enemy.

> By ambushed men behind their temple laid,
> We have the king of Mexico betrayed.
> Dryden.

2. To attack by ambush; to waylay.

Am"bush, v. i. To lie in wait, for the purpose of attacking by surprise; to lurk.

> Nor saw the snake that ambushed for his prey.
> Trumbull.

Am"bush*er (&?;), n. One lying in ambush.

Am"bush*ment (&?;), n. [OF. embuschement. See Ambush, v. t.] An ambush. [Obs.] 2 Chron. xiii. 13.

Am*bus"tion (?; 106), n. [L. ambustio.] (Med.) A burn or scald. Blount.

Am`e*be"an (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) See Am&?;bean.

A*meer", A*mir" (&?;), n. [See Emir.] 1. Emir. [Obs.]

2. One of the Mohammedan nobility of Afghanistan and Scinde.

Am"el (&?;), n. [OE. amell, OF. esmail, F. émail, of German origin; cf. OHG. smelzi, G. schmelz. See Smelt, v. t.] Enamel. [Obs.] Boyle.

Am"el, v. t. [OE. amellen, OF. esmailler, F. émailler, OF. esmail, F. émail.] To enamel. [Obs.]

> Enlightened all with stars,
> And richly ameled.
> Chapman.

Am"el*corn` (&?;), n. [Ger. amelkorn: cf. MHG. amel, amer, spelt, and L. amylum starch, Gr. &?;.] A variety of wheat from which starch is produced; -- called also French rice.

A*mel"io*ra*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being ameliorated.

A*mel"io*rate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ameliorated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Ameliorating.] [L. ad + meliorare to make better: cf. F. améliorer. See Meliorate.] To make better; to improve; to meliorate.

> In every human being there is a wish to ameliorate his own condition.
> Macaulay.

A*mel"io*rate, v. i. To grow better; to meliorate; as, wine ameliorates by age.

A*mel`io*ra"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. amélioration.] The act of ameliorating, or the state of being ameliorated; making or becoming better; improvement; melioration. "Amelioration of human affairs." J. S. Mill.

A*mel"io*ra*tive (&?;), a. Tending to ameliorate; producing amelioration or improvement; as, ameliorative remedies, efforts.

A*mel"io*ra`tor (&?;), n. One who ameliorates.

A`men" (?; 277), interj., adv., & n. [L. amen, Gr. 'amh`n, Heb. mn certainly, truly.] An expression used at the end of prayers, and meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed, it is a solemn asseveration of belief. When it introduces a declaration, it is equivalent to truly, verily. It is used as a noun, to denote: (a) concurrence in belief, or in a statement; assent; (b) the final word or act; (c) Christ as being one who is true and faithful.

> And let all the people say, Amen.
> Ps. cvi. 48.

> Amen, amen, I say to thee, except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God.
> John ii. 3. Rhemish Trans.

To say amen to, to approve warmly; to concur in heartily or emphatically; to ratify; as, I say Amen to all.

A`men", v. t. To say Amen to; to sanction fully.

A*me`na*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being amenable; amenableness. Coleridge.

A*me"na*ble (&?;), a. [F. amener to lead; &?; (L. ad) = mener to lead, fr. L. minare to drive animals (properly by threatening cries), in LL. to lead; L. minari, to threaten, minae threats. See Menace.] 1. (Old Law) Easy to be led; governable, as a woman by her husband. [Obs.] Jacob.

2. Liable to be brought to account or punishment; answerable; responsible; accountable; as, amenable to law.

> Nor is man too diminutive . . . to be amenable to the divine government.
> I. Taylor.

3. Liable to punishment, a charge, a claim, etc.

4. Willing to yield or submit; responsive; tractable.

> Sterling . . . always was amenable enough to counsel.
> Carlyle.

A*me"na*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being amenable; liability to answer charges; answerableness.

A*me"na*bly, adv. In an amenable manner.

Am"e*nage (&?;), v. t. [OF. amesnagier. See Manage.] To manage. [Obs.] Spenser.

Am"e*nance (&?;), n. [OF. See Amenable.] Behavior; bearing. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*mend" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amended; p. pr. & vb. n. Amending.] [F. amender, L. emendare; e (ex) + mendum, menda, fault, akin to Skr. minda personal defect. Cf. Emend, Mend.] To change or modify in any way for the better; as, (a) by simply removing what is erroneous, corrupt, superfluous, faulty, and the like; (b) by supplying deficiencies; (c) by substituting something else in the place of what is removed; to rectify.

> Mar not the thing that can not be amended.
> Shak.

> An instant emergency, granting no possibility for revision, or opening for amended thought.
> De Quincey.

> We shall cheer her sorrows, and amend her blood, by wedding her to a Norman.
> Sir W. Scott.

To amend a bill, to make some change in the details or provisions of a bill or measure while on its passage, professedly for its improvement.

<! p. 48 !>

Syn. -- To Amend, Emend, Correct, Reform, Rectify. These words agree in the idea of bringing things into a more perfect state. We correct (literally, make straight) when we conform things to some standard or rule; as, to correct proof sheets. We amend by removing blemishes, faults, or errors, and thus rendering a thing more a nearly perfect; as, to amend our ways, to amend a text, the draft of a bill, etc. Emend is only another form of amend, and is applied chiefly to editions of books, etc. To reform is literally to form over again, or put into a new and better form; as, to reform one's life. To rectify is to make right; as, to rectify a mistake, to rectify abuses, inadvertencies, etc.

A*mend" (*mnd"), v. i. To grow better by rectifying something wrong in manners or morals; to improve. "My fortune . . . amends." Sir P. Sidney.

A*mend"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being amended; as, an amendable writ or error. -- A*mend"a*ble*ness, n.

A*mend"a*to*ry (&?;), a. Supplying amendment; corrective; emendatory. Bancroft.

||A`mende" (&?;), n. [F. See Amend.] A pecuniary punishment or fine; a reparation or recantation.

Amende honorable (&?;). (Old French Law) A species of infamous punishment in which the offender, being led into court with a rope about his neck, and a lighted torch in his hand, begged pardon of his God, the court, etc. In popular language, the phrase now denotes a public apology or recantation, and reparation to an injured party, for improper language or treatment.

A*mend"er (&?;), n. One who amends.

A*mend"ful (&?;), a. Much improving. [Obs.]

A*mend"ment (&?;), n. [F. amendement, LL. amendamentum.] 1. An alteration or change for the better; correction of a fault or of faults; reformation of life by quitting vices.

2. In public bodies; Any alternation made or proposed to be made in a bill or motion by adding, changing, substituting, or omitting.

3. (Law) Correction of an error in a writ or process.

Syn. -- Improvement; reformation; emendation.

A*mends" (&?;), n. sing. & pl. [F. amendes, pl. of amende. Cf. Amende.] Compensation for a loss or injury; recompense; reparation. [Now const. with sing. verb.] "An honorable amends." Addison.

> Yet thus far fortune maketh us amends.
> Shak.

A*men"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Amenities (&?;). [F. aménité, L. amoenitas, fr. amoenus pleasant.] The quality of being pleasant or agreeable, whether in respect to situation, climate, manners, or disposition; pleasantness; civility; suavity; gentleness.

> A sweetness and amenity of temper.
> Buckle.

> This climate has not seduced by its amenities.
> W. Howitt.

||A*men`or*rhœ"a (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; month + &?; to flow: cf. F. aménorrhée.] (Med.) Retention or suppression of the menstrual discharge.

A*men`or*rhœ"al (&?;), a. Pertaining to amenorrhœa.

||A men"sa et tho"ro (&?;). [L., from board and bed.] (Law) A kind of divorce which does not dissolve the marriage bond, but merely authorizes a separate life of the husband and wife. Abbott.

Am"ent (&?;), n. [L. amentum thong or strap.] (Bot.) A species of inflorescence; a catkin.

> The globular ament of a buttonwood.
> Coues.

Am`en*ta"ceous (&?;), a. [LL. amentaceus.] (Bot.) (a) Resembling, or consisting of, an ament or aments; as, the chestnut has an amentaceous inflorescence. (b) Bearing aments; having flowers arranged in aments; as, amentaceous plants.

||A*men"ti*a (&?;), n. [L.] (Med.) Imbecility; total want of understanding.

Am`en*tif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. amentum + -ferous.] (Bot.) Bearing catkins. Balfour.

A*men"ti*form (&?;), a. [L. amentum + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a catkin.

||A*men"tum (&?;), n.; pl. Amenta (&?;). Same as Ament.

Am"e*nuse (&?;), v. t. [OF. amenuisier. See Minute.] To lessen. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*merce" (*mrs"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amerced (*mrst"); p. pr. & vb. n. Amercing.] [OF. amercier, fr. a merci at the mercy of, liable to a punishment. See Mercy.] 1. To punish by a pecuniary penalty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to the discretion of the court; as, the court amerced the criminal in the sum of one hundred dollars.

The penalty or fine may be expressed without a preposition, or it may be introduced by in, with, or of.

2. To punish, in general; to mulct.

> Millions of spirits for his fault amerced
> Of Heaven.
> Milton.

> Shall by him be amerced with penance due.
> Spenser.

A*merce"a*ble (&?;), a. Liable to be amerced.

A*merce"ment (&?;), n. [OF. amerciment.] The infliction of a penalty at the discretion of the court; also, a mulct or penalty thus imposed. It differs from a fine,in that the latter is, or was originally, a fixed and certain sum prescribed by statute for an offense; but an amercement is arbitrary. Hence, the act or practice of affeering. [See Affeer.] Blackstone.

This word, in old books, is written amerciament.

Amercement royal, a penalty imposed on an officer for a misdemeanor in his office. Jacobs.

A*mer"cer (&?;), n. One who amerces.

A*mer"cia*ment (&?;), n. [LL. amerciamentum.] Same as Amercement. Mozley & W.

A*mer"i*can (*mr"*kan), a. [Named from Americus Vespucius.] 1. Of or pertaining to America; as, the American continent: American Indians.

2. Of or pertaining to the United States. "A young officer of the American navy." Lyell.

American ivy. See Virginia creeper. -- American Party (U. S. Politics), a party, about 1854, which opposed the influence of foreign-born citizens, and those supposed to owe allegiance to a foreign power. -- Native american Party (U. S. Politics), a party of principles similar to those of the American party. It arose about 1843, but soon died out.

A*mer"i*can (*mr"*kan), n. A native of America; -- originally applied to the aboriginal inhabitants, but now applied to the descendants of Europeans born in America, and especially to the citizens of the United States.

> The name American must always exalt the pride of patriotism.
> Washington.

A*mer"i*can*ism (&?;), n. 1. Attachment to the United States.

2. A custom peculiar to the United States or to America; an American characteristic or idea.

3. A word or phrase peculiar to the United States.

A*mer`i*can*i*za"tion (*mr`*kan**z"shn), n. The process of Americanizing.

A*mer"i*can*ize (-z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Americanizer (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Americanizing.] To render American; to assimilate to the Americans in customs, ideas, etc.; to stamp with American characteristics.

Ames"-ace (&?;), n. Same as Ambs- ace.

Am"ess (&?;), n. (Eccl.) Amice, a hood or cape. See 2d Amice.

||Am`e*tab"o*la (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A group of insects which do not undergo any metamorphosis. [Written also Ametabolia.]

A*met`a*bo"li*an (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; unchangeable; 'a priv. + &?; changeable, &?; to change.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to insects that do undergo any metamorphosis.

{ A*met`a*bol"ic (&?;), Am`e*tab"o*lous, } a. (Zoöl.) Not undergoing any metamorphosis; as, ametabolic insects.

A*meth"o*dist (&?;), n. [Pref. a- not + methodist.] One without method; a quack. [Obs.]

Am"e*thyst (&?;), [F. ametiste, amatiste, F. améthyste, L. amethystus, fr. Gr. &?; without drunkenness; as a noun, a remedy for drunkenness, the amethyst, supposed to have this power; 'a priv. + &?; to be drunken, &?; strong drink, wine. See Mead.]

1. (Min.) A variety of crystallized quartz, of a purple or bluish violet color, of different shades. It is much used as a jeweler's stone.

Oriental amethyst, the violet-blue variety of transparent crystallized corundum or sapphire.

2. (Her.) A purple color in a nobleman's escutcheon, or coat of arms.

Am`e*thys"tine (&?;), a. [L. amethystinus, Gr. &?;.] 1. Resembling amethyst, especially in color; bluish violet.

2. Composed of, or containing, amethyst.

||Am`e*tro"pi*a (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; irregular + &?;, &?;, eye.] (Med.) Any abnormal condition of the refracting powers of the eye. -- Am`e*trop"ic (&?;), a.

Am*har"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Amhara, a division of Abyssinia; as, the Amharic language is closely allied to the Ethiopic. -- n. The Amharic language (now the chief language of Abyssinia).

||Am"i*a (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; a kind of tunny.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water ganoid fishes, exclusively confined to North America; called bowfin in Lake Champlain, dogfish in Lake Erie, and mudfish in South Carolina, etc. See Bowfin.

A`mi*a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being amiable; amiableness; sweetness of disposition.

> Every excellency is a degree of amiability.
> Jer. Taylor.

A"mi*a*ble (&?;), a. [F. amiable, L. amicabilis friendly, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love. The meaning has been influenced by F. aimable, L. amabilis lovable, fr. amare to love. Cf. Amicable, Amorous, Amability.] 1. Lovable; lovely; pleasing. [Obs. or R.]

> So amiable a prospect.
> Sir T. Herbert.

2. Friendly; kindly; sweet; gracious; as, an amiable temper or mood; amiable ideas.

3. Possessing sweetness of disposition; having sweetness of temper, kind-heartedness, etc., which causes one to be liked; as, an amiable woman.

4. Done out of love. [Obs.]

> Lay an amiable siege to the honesty of this Ford's wife.
> Shak.

A`mi*a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being amiable; amiability.

A"mi*a*bly, adv. In an amiable manner.

Am"i*anth (&?;), n. See Amianthus. [Poetic]

Am`i*an"thi*form (&?;), a. [Amianthus + -form.] Resembling amianthus in form.

Am`i*an"thoid (&?;), a. [Amianthus + -oid: cf. F. amiantoïde.] Resembling amianthus.

Am`i*an"thus (&?;), n. [L. amiantus, Gr. &?; &?; (lit., unsoiled stone) a greenish stone, like asbestus; 'a priv. + &?; to stain, to defile; so called from its incombustibility.] (Min.) Earth flax, or mountain flax; a soft silky variety of asbestus.

Am"ic (&?;), a. [L. ammonia + - ic.] (Chem.) Related to, or derived, ammonia; -- used chiefly as a suffix; as, amic acid; phosphamic acid.

Amic acid (Chem.), one of a class of nitrogenized acids somewhat resembling amides.

Am`i*ca*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being amicable; friendliness; amicableness. Ash.

Am"i*ca*ble (&?;), a. [L. amicabilis, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love. See Amiable.] Friendly; proceeding from, or exhibiting, friendliness; after the manner of friends; peaceable; as, an amicable disposition, or arrangement.

> That which was most remarkable in this contest was . . . the amicable manner in which it was managed.
> Prideoux.

Amicable action (Law.), an action commenced and prosecuted by amicable consent of the parties, for the purpose of obtaining a decision of the court on some matter of law involved in it. Bouvier. Burrill. -- Amicable numbers (Math.), two numbers, each of which is equal to the sum of all the aliquot parts of the other.

Syn. -- Friendly; peaceable; kind; harmonious. -- Amicable, Friendly. Neither of these words denotes any great warmth of affection, since friendly has by no means the same strength as its noun friendship. It does, however, imply something of real cordiality; while amicable supposes very little more than that the parties referred to are not disposed to quarrel. Hence, we speak of amicable relations between two countries, an amicable adjustment of difficulties. "Those who entertain friendly feelings toward each other can live amicably together."

Am"i*ca*ble*ness (&?;), n. The quality of being amicable; amicability.

Am"i*ca*bly, adv. In an amicable manner.

Am"ice (&?;), n. [OE. amyse, prob. for amyt, OF. amit, ameit, fr. L. amictus cloak, the word being confused with amice, almuce, a hood or cape. See next word.] A square of white linen worn at first on the head, but now about the neck and shoulders, by priests of the Roman Catholic Church while saying Mass.

Am"ice, n. [OE. amuce, amisse, OF. almuce, aumuce, F. aumusse, LL. almucium, almucia, aumucia: of unknown origin; cf. G. mütze cap, prob. of the same origin. Cf. Mozetta.] (Eccl.) A hood, or cape with a hood, made of lined with gray fur, formerly worn by the clergy; -- written also amess, amyss, and almuce.

A*mid" (&?;), prep. See Amidst.

Am"ide (?; 277), n. [Ammonia + - ide.] (Chem.) A compound formed by the union of amidogen with an acid element or radical. It may also be regarded as ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an acid atom or radical.

Acid amide, a neutral compound formed by the substitution of the amido group for hydroxyl in an acid.

Am"i*din (&?;), n. [Cf. F. amidine, fr. amido&?; starch, fr. L. amylum, Gr. &?; fine meal, neut. of &?; not ground at the mill, -- hence, of the finest meal; 'a priv. + &?;, &?;, mill. See Meal.] (Chem.) Start modified by heat so as to become a transparent mass, like horn. It is soluble in cold water.

A*mi"do (&?;), a. [From Amide.] (Chem.) Containing, or derived from, amidogen.

Amido acid, an acid in which a portion of the nonacid hydrogen has been replaced by the amido group. The amido acids are both basic and acid. -- Amido group, amidogen, NH2.

A*mid"o*gen (&?;), n. [Amide + - gen.] (Chem.) A compound radical, NH2, not yet obtained in a separate state, which may be regarded as ammonia from the molecule of which one of its hydrogen atoms has been removed; -- called also the amido group, and in composition represented by the form amido.

A*mid"ships (&?;), adv. (Naut.) In the middle of a ship, with regard to her length, and sometimes also her breadth. Totten.

{ A*midst" (&?;), A*mid" (&?;), } prep. [OE. amidde, amiddes, on midden, AS. on middan, in the middle, fr. midde the middle. The s is an adverbial ending, originally marking the genitive; the t is a later addition, as in whilst, amongst, alongst. See Mid.] In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among. "This fair tree amidst the garden." "Unseen amid the throng." "Amidst thick clouds." Milton. "Amidst acclamations." "Amidst the splendor and festivity of a court." Macaulay.

> But rather famish them amid their plenty.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Amidst, Among. These words differ to some extent from each other, as will be seen from their etymology. Amidst denotes in the midst or middle of, and hence surrounded by; as, this work was written amidst many interruptions. Among denotes a mingling or intermixing with distinct or separable objects; as, "He fell among thieves." "Blessed art thou among women." Hence, we say, among the moderns, among the ancients, among the thickest of trees, among these considerations, among the reasons I have to offer. Amid and amidst are commonly used when the idea of separate or distinguishable objects is not prominent. Hence, we say, they kept on amidst the storm, amidst the gloom, he was sinking amidst the waves, he persevered amidst many difficulties; in none of which cases could among be used. In like manner, Milton speaks of Abdiel, --

> The seraph Abdiel, faithful found;
> Among the faithless faithful only he,

because he was then considered as one of the angels. But when the poet adds, --

> From amidst them forth he passed,

we have rather the idea of the angels as a collective body.

> Those squalid cabins and uncleared woods amidst which he was born.
> Macaulay.

Am"ine (?; 277), n. [Ammonia + - ine.] (Chem.) One of a class of strongly basic substances derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by a basic atom or radical.

Am"i*oid (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Amioidei. -- n. One of the Amioidei.

||Am`i*oi"de*i (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Amia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes of which Amia is the type. See Bowfin and Ganoidei.

||A*mir" (&?;), n. Same as Ameer.

A*miss" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + miss.] Astray; faultily; improperly; wrongly; ill.

> What error drives our eyes and ears amiss?
> Shak.

> Ye ask and receive not, because ye ask amiss.
> James iv. 3.

To take (an act, thing) amiss, to impute a wrong motive to (an act or thing); to take offense at; to take unkindly; as, you must not take these questions amiss.

<! p. 49 !>

A*miss" (*ms"), a. Wrong; faulty; out of order; improper; as, it may not be amiss to ask advice. [Used only in the predicate.] Dryden.

> His wisdom and virtue can not always rectify that which is amiss in himself or his circumstances.
> Wollaston.

A*miss", n. A fault, wrong, or mistake. [Obs.]

> Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss.
> Shak.

A*mis`si*bil"i*ty (&?;), [Cf. F. amissibilité. See Amit.] The quality of being amissible; possibility of being lost. [R.]

> Notions of popular rights and the amissibility of sovereign power for misconduct were alternately broached by the two great religious parties of Europe.
> Hallam.

A*mis"si*ble (&?;), a. [L. amissibilis: cf. F. amissible.] Liable to be lost. [R.]

A*mis"sion (&?;), n. [L. amissio: cf. F. amission.] Deprivation; loss. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

A*mit" (&?;), v. t. [L. amittere, amissum, to lose; a (ab) + mittere to send. See Missile.] To lose. [Obs.]

> A lodestone fired doth presently amit its proper virtue.
> Sir T. Browne.

Am"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Amities (&?;). [F. amitié, OF. amistié, amisté, fr. an assumed LL. amisitas, fr. L. amicus friendly, from amare to love. See Amiable.] Friendship, in a general sense, between individuals, societies, or nations; friendly relations; good understanding; as, a treaty of amity and commerce; the amity of the Whigs and Tories.

> To live on terms of amity with vice.
> Cowper.

Syn. -- Harmony; friendliness; friendship; affection; good will; peace.

||Am"ma (&?;), n. [LL. amma, prob. of interjectional or imitative origin: cf. Sp. ama, G. amme, nurse, Basque ama mother, Heb. &?;m, Ar. immun, ummun.] An abbes or spiritual mother.

Am"me*ter (&?;), n. (Physics) A contraction of amperometer or ampèremeter.

Am"mi*ral (&?;), n. An obsolete form of admiral. "The mast of some great ammiral." Milton.

Am"mite (m"mt), n. [Gr. 'ammi`ths, 'ammi`tis, sandstone, fr. 'a`mmos or "a`mmos sand.] (Geol.) Oölite or roestone; -- written also hammite. [Obs.]

Am"mo*dyte (&?;), n. [L. ammodytes, Gr. &?; sand burrower, a kind of serpent; 'a`mmos sand + &?; diver, &?; to dive.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of a genus of fishes; the sand eel. (b) A kind of viper in southern Europe. [Obs.]

Am*mo"ni*a (&?;), n. [From sal ammoniac, which was first obtaining near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, by burning camel's dung. See Ammoniac.] (Chem.) A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, NH3, with a pungent smell and taste: -- often called volatile alkali, and spirits of hartshorn.

{ Am*mo"ni*ac (&?;), Am`mo*ni"a*cal (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to ammonia, or possessing its properties; as, an ammoniac salt; ammoniacal gas.

Ammoniacal engine, an engine in which the vapor of ammonia is used as the motive force. -- Sal ammoniac [L. sal ammoniacus], the salt usually called chloride of ammonium, and formerly muriate of ammonia.

Am*mo"ni*ac (&?;) (or Gum` am*mo"ni*ac , n. [L. Ammoniacum, Gr. &?; a resinous gum, said to distill from a tree near the temple of Jupiter Ammon; cf. F. ammoniac. See Ammonite.] (Med.) The concrete juice (gum resin) of an umbelliferous plant, the Dorema ammoniacum. It is brought chiefly from Persia in the form of yellowish tears, which occur singly, or are aggregated into masses. It has a peculiar smell, and a nauseous, sweet taste, followed by a bitter one. It is inflammable, partially soluble in water and in spirit of wine, and is used in medicine as an expectorant and resolvent, and for the formation of certain plasters.

Am*mo"ni*a`ted (&?;), a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with ammonia.

Am*mo"nic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to ammonia.

Am"mon*ite (&?;), n. [L. cornu Ammonis born of Ammon; L. Ammon, Gr. &?; an appellation of Jupiter, as represented with the horns of a ram. It was originally the name of an. Egyptian god, Amun.] (Paleon.) A fossil cephalopod shell related to the nautilus. There are many genera and species, and all are extinct, the typical forms having existed only in the Mesozoic age, when they were exceedingly numerous. They differ from the nautili in having the margins of the septa very much lobed or plaited, and the siphuncle dorsal. Also called serpent stone, snake stone, and cornu Ammonis.

Am`mon*i*tif"er*ous (&?;), a. [Ammonite + -ferous.] Containing fossil ammonites.

||Am*mon`i*toid"e*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Ammonite + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of fossil cephalopods often very abundant in Mesozoic rocks. See Ammonite.

Am*mo"ni*um (&?;), n. [See Ammonia.] (Chem.) A compound radical, NH4, having the chemical relations of a strongly basic element like the alkali metals.

Am`mu*ni"tion (&?;), n. [F. amunition, for munition, prob. caused by taking la munition as l'amunition. See Munition.] 1. Military stores, or provisions of all kinds for attack or defense. [Obs.]

2. Articles used in charging firearms and ordnance of all kinds; as powder, balls, shot, shells, percussion caps, rockets, etc.

3. Any stock of missiles, literal or figurative.

Ammunition bread, shoes, etc., such as are contracted for by government, and supplied to the soldiers. [Eng.]

Am`mu*ni"tion (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ammunitioned (&?;); p pr. & vb. n. Ammunitioning.] To provide with ammunition.

||Am*ne"si*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to remember.] (Med.) Forgetfulness; also, a defect of speech, from cerebral disease, in which the patient substitutes wrong words or names in the place of those he wishes to employ. Quian.

Am*ne"sic (&?;), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to amnesia. "Amnesic or coördinate defects." Quian.

Am*nes"tic (&?;), a. Causing loss of memory.

Am"nes*ty (&?;), n. [L. amnestia, Gr. &?;, a forgetting, fr. &?; forgotten, forgetful; 'a priv. + &?; to remember: cf. F. amnistie, earlier amnestie. See Mean, v.] 1. Forgetfulness; cessation of remembrance of wrong; oblivion.

2. An act of the sovereign power granting oblivion, or a general pardon, for a past offense, as to subjects concerned in an insurrection.

Am"nes*ty, v. t. [imp. p. p. Amnestied (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Amnestying.] To grant amnesty to.

Am*nic"o*list (&?;), n. [L. amnicola, amnis a river + colere to dwell.] One who lives near a river. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am*nig"e*nous (&?;), a. [L. amnigena; amnis a river + root gen of gignere to beget.] Born or bred in, of, or near a river. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am"ni*on (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; the membrane round the fetus, dim. of &?; lamb.] (Anat.) A thin membrane surrounding the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles.

Am"ni*os (&?;), n. Same as Amnion.

||Am`ni*o"ta (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Amnion.] (Zoöl.) That group of vertebrates which develops in its embryonic life the envelope called the amnion. It comprises the reptiles, the birds, and the mammals.

Am`ni*ot"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. amniotique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the amnion; characterized by an amnion; as, the amniotic fluid; the amniotic sac.

Amniotic acid. (Chem.) [R.] See Allantoin.

A*mœ"ba (&?;), n.; pl. L. Amœbæ (&?;); E. Amœbas (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; change.] (Zoöl.) A rhizopod. common in fresh water, capable of undergoing many changes of form at will. See Rhizopoda.

||Am`œ*bæ"um (&?;), n. [L. amœbaeus, Gr. &?;, alternate; L. amoebaeum carmen, Gr. &?; &?;, a responsive song, fr. &?; change.] A poem in which persons are represented at speaking alternately; as the third and seventh eclogues of Virgil.

||Am`œ*be"a (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) That division of the Rhizopoda which includes the amœba and similar forms.

Am`œ*be"an (&?;), a. Alternately answering.

A*mœ"bi*an (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Amœbea.

{ A*mœ"bi*form (&?;), A*mœ"boid (&?;), } a. [Amœba + -form or -oid.] (Biol.) Resembling an amœba; amœba-shaped; changing in shape like an amœba.

Amœboid movement, movement produced, as in the amœba, by successive processes of prolongation and retraction.

A*mœ"bous (&?;), a. Like an amœba in structure.

Am`o*li"tion (&?;), n. [L. amolitio, fr. amoliri to remove; a (ab) + moliri to put in motion.] Removal; a putting away. [Obs.] Bp. Ward (1673).

||A*mo"mum (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; an Indian spice plant.] (Bot.) A genus of aromatic plants. It includes species which bear cardamoms, and grains of paradise.

A*mon"este (&?;), v. t. To admonish. [Obs.]

{ A*mong" (&?;), A*mongst" (&?;), } prep. [OE. amongist, amonges, amonge, among, AS. onmang, ongemang, gemang, in a crowd or mixture. For the ending -st see Amidst. See Mingle.] 1. Mixed or mingled; surrounded by.

> They heard,
> And from his presence hid themselves among
> The thickest trees.
> Milton.

2. Conjoined, or associated with, or making part of the number of; in the number or class of.

> Blessed art thou among women.
> Luke i. 28.

3. Expressing a relation of dispersion, distribution, etc.; also, a relation of reciprocal action.

> What news among the merchants?
> Shak.

> Human sacrifices were practiced among them.
> Hume.

> Divide that gold amongst you.
> Marlowe.

> Whether they quarreled among themselves, or with their neighbors.
> Addison.

Syn. -- Amidst; between. See Amidst, Between.

||A*mon`til*la"do (&?;), n. [Sp.] A dry kind of cherry, of a light color. Simmonds.

Am"o*ret (&?;), n. [OF. amorette, F. amourette, dim. of amour.] 1. An amorous girl or woman; a wanton. [Obs.] J. Warton.

2. A love knot, love token, or love song. (pl.) Love glances or love tricks. [Obs.]

3. A petty love affair or amour. [Obs.]

Am"o*rette" (&?;), n. An amoret. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Am"o*rist (&?;), n. [L. armor love. See Amorous.] A lover; a gallant. [R.] Milton.

> It was the custom for an amorist to impress the name of his mistress in the dust, or upon the damp earth, with letters fixed upon his shoe.
> Southey.

A-morn"ings (&?;), adv. [See Amorwe. The -s is a genitival ending. See -wards.] In the morning; every morning. [Obs.]

> And have such pleasant walks into the woods
> A-mornings.
> J. Fletcher.

||Am`o*ro"sa (&?;), n. [It. amoroso, fem. amorosa.] A wanton woman; a courtesan. Sir T. Herbert.

Am`o*ros"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being amorous; lovingness. [R.] Galt.

||Am`o*ro"so (&?;), n. [It. amoroso, LL. amorosus.] A lover; a man enamored.

||Am`o*ro"so, adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a soft, tender, amatory style.

Am"o*rous (&?;), a. [OF. amoros, F. amoreux, LL. amorosus, fr. L. amor love, fr. amare to love.] 1. Inclined to love; having a propensity to love, or to sexual enjoyment; loving; fond; affectionate; as, an amorous disposition.

2. Affected with love; in love; enamored; -- usually with of; formerly with on.

> Thy roses amorous of the moon.
> Keats.

> High nature amorous of the good.
> Tennyson.

> Sure my brother is amorous on Hero.
> Shak.

3. Of or relating to, or produced by, love. "Amorous delight." Milton. "Amorous airs." Waller.

Syn. -- Loving; fond; tender; passionate; affectionate; devoted; ardent.

Am"o*rous*ly, adv. In an amorous manner; fondly.

Am"o*rous*ness, n. The quality of being amorous, or inclined to sexual love; lovingness.

A*mor"pha (&?;), n.; pl. Amorphas (&?;). [Gr. &?; shapeless.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous shrubs, having long clusters of purple flowers; false or bastard indigo. Longfellow.

A*mor"phism (&?;), n. [See Amorphous.] A state of being amorphous; esp. a state of being without crystallization even in the minutest particles, as in glass, opal, etc. There are stony substances which, when fused, may cool as glass or as stone; the glass state is spoken of as a state of amorphism.

A*mor"phous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; form.] 1. Having no determinate form; of irregular; shapeless. Kirwan.

2. Without crystallization in the ultimate texture of a solid substance; uncrystallized.

3. Of no particular kind or character; anomalous.

> Scientific treatises . . . are not seldom rude and amorphous in style.
> Hare.

-- A*mor"phous*ly, adv. -- A*mor"phous*ness, n.

||A*mor`pho*zo"a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; shapeless; 'a priv. + &?; form + &?; animal.] (Zoöl.) Animals without a mouth or regular internal organs, as the sponges.

A*mor`pho*zo"ic (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amorphozoa.

A*mor"phy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. amorphie. See Amorphous.] Shapelessness. [Obs.] Swift.

A*mort" (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + F. mort death, dead; all amort is for alamort.] As if dead; lifeless; spiritless; dejected; depressed. Shak.

A*mor"tise (&?;), v., A*mor`ti*sa"tion (&?;), n., A*mor"tis*a*ble (&?;), a., A*mor"tise*ment (&?;), n. Same as Amortize, Amortization, etc.

A*mor"tiz*a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. amortissable.] Capable of being cleared off, as a debt.

A*mor`ti*za"tion (&?;), n. [LL. amortisatio, admortizatio. See Amortize, and cf. Admortization.] 1. (Law) The act or right of alienating lands to a corporation, which was considered formerly as transferring them to dead hands, or in mortmain.

2. The extinction of a debt, usually by means of a sinking fund; also, the money thus paid. Simmonds.

A*mor"tize (&?;), v. t. [OE. amortisen, LL. amortisare, admortizare, F. amortir to sell in mortmain, to extinguish; L. ad + mors death. See Mortmain]. 1. To make as if dead; to destroy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Law) To alienate in mortmain, that is, to convey to a corporation. See Mortmain.

3. To clear off or extinguish, as a debt, usually by means of a sinking fund.

A*mor"tize*ment (&?;), n. [F. amortissement.] Same as Amortization.

A*mor"we (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- on + OE. morwe. See Morrow.] 1. In the morning. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. On the following morning. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*mo"tion (&?;), n. [L. amotio. See Amove.] 1. Removal; ousting; especially, the removal of a corporate officer from his office.

2. Deprivation of possession.

||A*mo"tus (&?;), a. [L., withdrawn (from it&?;place).] (Zoöl.) Elevated, -- as a toe, when raised so high that the tip does not touch the ground.

A*mount" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Amounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Amounting.] [OF. amonter to increase, advance, ascend, fr. amont (equiv. to L. ad montem to the mountain) upward, F. amont up the river. See Mount, n.] 1. To go up; to ascend. [Obs.]

> So up he rose, and thence amounted straight.
> Spenser.

2. To rise or reach by an accumulation of particular sums or quantities; to come (to) in the aggregate or whole; -- with to or unto.

3. To rise, reach, or extend in effect, substance, or influence; to be equivalent; to come practically (to); as, the testimony amounts to very little.

A*mount", v. t. To signify; to amount to. [Obs.]

A*mount", n. 1. The sum total of two or more sums or quantities; the aggregate; the whole quantity; a totality; as, the amount of 7 and 9 is 16; the amount of a bill; the amount of this year's revenue.

2. The effect, substance, value, significance, or result; the sum; as, the amount of the testimony is this.

> The whole amount of that enormous fame.
> Pope.

A*mour" (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. amor love.] 1. Love; affection. [Obs.]

2. Love making; a love affair; usually, an unlawful connection in love; a love intrigue; an illicit love affair.

In amours with, in love with. [Obs.]

<! p. 50 !>

||A"mour` pro"pre ("mr` pr"pr'). [F.] Self-love; self-esteem.

A*mov`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. Liability to be removed or dismissed from office. [R.] T. Jefferson.

A*mov"a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. amovible.] Removable.

A*move" (&?;), v. t. [L. amovere; a- (ab) + movere to move: cf. OF. amover.] 1. To remove, as a person or thing, from a position. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

2. (Law) To dismiss from an office or station.

A*move", v. t. & i. [OE. amovir, L. admovere to move to, to excite; ad + movere.] To move or be moved; to excite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Am"pe*lite (m"p*lt), n. [L. ampelitis, Gr. 'ampeli^tis, fr. 'a`mpelos vine.] (Min.) An earth abounding in pyrites, used by the ancients to kill insects, etc., on vines; -- applied by Brongniart to a carbonaceous alum schist.

{ ||Am`père" (äN`pâr"), Am*pere" (m*pr"), } n. [From the name of a French electrician.] (Elec.) The unit of electric current; -- defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893 and by U. S. Statute as, one tenth of the unit of current of the C. G. S. system of electro-magnetic units, or the practical equivalent of the unvarying current which, when passed through a standard solution of nitrate of silver in water, deposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 grams per second. Called also the international ampère.

{ ||Am`père"me`ter (&?;), Am`pe*rom"e*ter (&?;), } n. [Ampère + meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the strength of an electrical current in ampères.

Am"per*sand (&?;), n. [A corruption of and, per se and, i. e., & by itself makes and.] A word used to describe the character &?;, &?;, or &. Halliwell.

Am*phi-. [Gr. 'amfi`.] A prefix in words of Greek origin, signifying both, of both kinds, on both sides, about, around.

Am`phi*ar*thro"di*al (&?;), a. [Pref. amphi- + arthrodial.] Characterized by amphiarthrosis.

Am`phi*ar*thro"sis (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'amfi` + &?; a joining, &?; a joint.] (Anat.) A form of articulation in which the bones are connected by intervening substance admitting slight motion; symphysis.

Am"phi*as`ter (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'amfi` + 'asth`r a star.] (Biol.) The achromatic figure, formed in mitotic cell-division, consisting of two asters connected by a spindle-shaped bundle of rodlike fibers diverging from each aster, and called the spindle.

||Am*phib"i*a (&?;), n. pl. [See Amphibium.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of vertebrates.

The Amphibia are distinguished by having usually no scales, by having eggs and embryos similar to those of fishes, and by undergoing a complete metamorphosis, the young having gills. There are three living orders: (1) The tailless, as the frogs (Anura); (2) The tailed (Urodela), as the salamanders, and the siren group (Sirenoidea), which retain the gills of the young state (hence called Perennibranchiata) through the adult state, among which are the siren, proteus, etc.; (3) The Cœcilians, or serpentlike Amphibia (Ophiomorpha or Gymnophiona), with minute scales and without limbs. The extinct Labyrinthodonts also belonged to this class. The term is sometimes loosely applied to both reptiles and amphibians collectively.

Am*phib"i*al (-al), a. & n. Amphibian. [R.]

Am*phib"i*an (-an), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amphibia; as, amphibian reptiles.

Am*phib"i*an, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Amphibia.

Am*phib`i*o*log"ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to amphibiology.

Am*phib`i*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; amphibious + -logy: cf. F. amphibiologie.] A treatise on amphibious animals; the department of natural history which treats of the Amphibia.

||Am*phib`i*ot"i*ca (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'amfi` + biwtiko`s pertaining to life.] (Zoöl.) A division of insects having aquatic larvæ.

Am*phib"i*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'amfi`bios living a double life, i. e., both on land in water; 'amfi` + bi`os life.] 1. Having the ability to live both on land and in water, as frogs, crocodiles, beavers, and some plants.

2. Pertaining to, adapted for, or connected with, both land and water.

> The amphibious character of the Greeks was already determined: they were to be lords of land and sea.
> Hare.

3. Of a mixed nature; partaking of two natures.

> Not in free and common socage, but in this amphibious subordinate class of villein socage.
> Blackstone.

Am*phib"i*ous*ly, adv. Like an amphibious being.

||Am*phib"i*um (&?;), n.; pl. L. Amphibia (&?;); E. Amphibiums (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?; an animal). See Amphibious.] An amphibian.

Am`phi*blas"tic (m`f*bls"tk), a. [Gr. 'amfi` + blastiko`s tending to sprout.] (Biol.) Segmenting unequally; -- said of telolecithal ova with complete segmentation.

Am"phi*bole (m"f*bl), n. [Gr. 'amfi`bolos doubtful, equivocal, fr. 'amfiba`llein to throw round, to doubt: cf. F. amphibole. Haüy so named the genus from the great variety of color and composition assumed by the mineral.] (Min.) A common mineral embracing many varieties varying in color and in composition. It occurs in monoclinic crystals; also massive, generally with fibrous or columnar structure. The color varies from white to gray, green, brown, and black. It is a silicate of magnesium and calcium, with usually aluminium and iron. Some common varieties are tremolite, actinolite, asbestus, edenite, hornblende (the last name being also used as a general term for the whole species). Amphibole is a constituent of many crystalline rocks, as syenite, diorite, most varieties of trachyte, etc. See Hornblende.

Am`phi*bol"ic (m`f*bl"c), a. 1. Of or pertaining to amphiboly; ambiguous; equivocal.

2. Of or resembling the mineral amphibole.

Am*phib`o*log"ic*al (m*fb`*lj"*kal), a. Of doubtful meaning; ambiguous. "Amphibological expressions." Jer. Taylor.

-- Am*phib`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Am`phi*bol"o*gy (m`f*bl"*j), n.; pl. Amphibologies (- jz). [L. amphibologia, for amphibolia, fr. Gr. 'amfiboli`a, with the ending -logia as if fr. Gr. 'amfi`bolos ambiguous + lo`gos speech: cf. F. amphibologie. See Amphiboly.] A phrase, discourse, or proposition, susceptible of two interpretations; and hence, of uncertain meaning. It differs from equivocation, which arises from the twofold sense of a single term.

Am*phib"o*lous (&?;), a. [L. amphibolus, Gr. &?; thrown about, doubtful. See Amphibole.]

1. Ambiguous; doubtful. [Obs.]

> Never was there such an amphibolous quarrel -- both parties declaring themselves for the king.
> Howell.

2. (Logic) Capable of two meanings.

> An amphibolous sentence is one that is capable of two meanings, not from the double sense of any of the words, but from its admitting of a double construction; e. g., "The duke yet lives that Henry shall depose."
> Whately.

Am*phib"o*ly (&?;), n.; pl. Amphibolies (&?;). [L. amphibolia, Gr. &?;: cf. OE. amphibolie. See Amphibolous.] Ambiguous discourse; amphibology.

> If it oracle contrary to our interest or humor, we will create an amphiboly, a double meaning where there is none.
> Whitlock.

Am"phi*brach (m"f*brk), n. [L. &?;, Gr. &?; short at both ends; 'amfi` + brachy`s short.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the first and last short ( -- ); as, hbr. In modern prosody the accented syllable takes the place of the long and the unaccented of the short; as, pro-phet\'b6ic.

{ Am`phi*car"pic (&?;), Am`phi*car"pous (&?;), } a. [Gr. 'amfi` + karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) Producing fruit of two kinds, either as to form or time of ripening.

Am`phi*chro"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'amfi` + &?; color.] (Chem.) Exhibiting or producing two colors, as substances which in the color test may change red litmus to blue and blue litmus to red.

{ Am`phi*cœ"li*an (&?;), Am`phi*cœ"lous (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; hollowed all round; 'amfi` + &?; hollow.] (Zoöl.) Having both ends concave; biconcave; -- said of vertebræ.

Am"phi*come (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; with hair all round; 'amfi` + &?; hair.] A kind of figured stone, rugged and beset with eminences, anciently used in divination. [Obs.] Encyc. Brit.

Am*phic`ty*on"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to the Amphictyons or their League or Council; as, an Amphictyonic town or state; the Amphictyonic body. W. Smith.

Am*phic"ty*ons (&?;), n. pl. [L. Amphictyones, Gr. &?;. Prob. the word was orig. &?; dwellers around, neighbors.] (Grecian Hist.) Deputies from the confederated states of ancient Greece to a congress or council. They considered both political and religious matters.

Am*phic"ty*o*ny (&?;), n.; pl. Amphictyonies (&?;). [Gr. &?;.] (Grecian Hist.) A league of states of ancient Greece; esp. the celebrated confederation known as the Amphictyonic Council. Its object was to maintain the common interests of Greece.

Am"phid (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`mfw both: cf. F. amphide.] (Chem.) A salt of the class formed by the combination of an acid and a base, or by the union of two oxides, two sulphides, selenides, or tellurides, as distinguished from a haloid compound. [R.] Berzelius.

Am"phi*disc (&?;), n. [Gr. 'amfi` + di`skos a round plate.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar small siliceous spicule having a denticulated wheel at each end; -- found in freshwater sponges.

Am`phi*drom"ic*al (&?;), a. [Gr. 'amfi`dromos running about or around.] Pertaining to an Attic festival at the naming of a child; -- so called because the friends of the parents carried the child around the hearth and then named it.

Am*phig"a*mous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; + &?; marriage.] (Bot.) Having a structure entirely cellular, and no distinct sexual organs; -- a term applied by De Candolle to the lowest order of plants.

Am`phi*ge"an (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; + &?;, &?;, the earth.] Extending over all the zones, from the tropics to the polar zones inclusive.

Am"phi*gen (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + -gen: cf. F. amphigène.] (Chem.) An element that in combination produces amphid salt; -- applied by Berzelius to oxygen, sulphur, selenium, and tellurium. [R.]

Am"phi*gene (&?;), n. (Min.) Leucite.

Am`phi*gen"e*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; generation.] (Biol.) Sexual generation; amphigony.

Am*phig"e*nous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Increasing in size by growth on all sides, as the lichens.

Am`phi*gon"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to amphigony; sexual; as, amphigonic propagation. [R.]

Am*phig"o*nous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; + &?; a begetting.] Relating to both parents. [R.]

Am*phig"o*ny (&?;), n. Sexual propagation. [R.]

Am`phi*gor"ic (&?;), a. [See Amphigory.] Nonsensical; absurd; pertaining to an amphigory.

Am"phi*go*ry (&?;), n. [F. amphigouri, of uncertain derivation; perh. fr. Gr. &?; + &?; a circle.] A nonsense verse; a rigmarole, with apparent meaning, which on further attention proves to be meaningless. [Written also amphigouri.]

{ Am*phil"o*gism (&?;), Am*phil"o*gy (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?; + -logy.] Ambiguity of speech; equivocation. [R.]

Am*phim"a*cer (&?;), n. [L. amphimacru&?;, Gr. &?;; &?; on both sides + &?; long.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one short and the others long, as in cst&?;ts. Andrews.

||Am`phi*neu"ra (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. &?; + &?; sinew, nerve.] (Zoöl.) A division of Mollusca remarkable for the bilateral symmetry of the organs and the arrangement of the nerves.

||Am`phi*ox"us (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; sharp.] (Zoöl.) A fishlike creature (Amphioxus lanceolatus), two or three inches long, found in temperature seas; -- also called the lancelet. Its body is pointed at both ends. It is the lowest and most generalized of the vertebrates, having neither brain, skull, vertebræ, nor red blood. It forms the type of the group Acrania, Leptocardia, etc.

Am*phip"neust (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; one who breathes, &?; to breathe.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of Amphibia, which have both lungs and gills at the same time, as the proteus and siren.

Am"phi*pod (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Amphipoda.

{ Am"phi*pod (&?;), Am*phip"o*dan (&?;), } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amphipoda.

||Am*phip"o*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., FR. Gr. &?; + &?;, &?; foot.] (Zoöl.) A numerous group of fourteen -- footed Crustacea, inhabiting both fresh and salt water. The body is usually compressed laterally, and the anterior pairs or legs are directed downward and forward, but the posterior legs are usually turned upward and backward. The beach flea is an example. See Tetradecapoda and Arthrostraca.

Am*phip"o*dous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Amphipoda.

Am*phip"ro*style (&?;), a. [L. amphiprostylos, Gr. &?; having a double prostyle: cf. F. amphiprostyle. See Prostyle.] (Arch.) Doubly prostyle; having columns at each end, but not at the sides. -- n. An amphiprostyle temple or edifice.

||Am`phi*rhi"na (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?;, &?;, nose.] (Zoöl.) A name applied to the elasmobranch fishes, because the nasal sac is double.

||Am`phis*bæ"na (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; on both ends + &?; to go.] 1. A fabled serpent with a head at each end, moving either way. Milton.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of harmless lizards, serpentlike in form, without legs, and with both ends so much alike that they appear to have a head at each, and ability to move either way. See Illustration in Appendix.

The Gordius aquaticus, or hairworm, has been called an amphisbæna; but it belongs among the worms.

||Am`phis*bæ"noid (&?;), a. [NL., fr. L. amphisbaena + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the lizards of the genus Amphisbæna.

{ ||Am*phis"ci*i (&?;), Am*phis"cians (&?;), } n. pl. [Gr. &?; throwing a shadow both ways; &?; + &?; shadow.] The inhabitants of the tropic, whose shadows in one part of the year are cast to the north, and in the other to the south, according as the sun is south or north of their zenith.

Am*phis"to*mous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; + &?; mouth.] (Zoöl.) Having a sucker at each extremity, as certain entozoa, by means of which they adhere.

Am`phi*sty"lic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; + &?; pillar, support.] (Anat.) Having the mandibular arch articulated with the hyoid arch and the cranium, as in the cestraciont sharks; -- said of a skull.

{ Am`phi*the"a*ter, Am`phi*the"a*tre, } (&?;), n. [L. amphitheatrum, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; theater: cf. F. amphithéâtre. See Theater.] 1. An oval or circular building with rising tiers of seats about an open space called the arena.

The Romans first constructed amphitheaters for combats of gladiators and wild beasts.

2. Anything resembling an amphitheater in form; as, a level surrounded by rising slopes or hills, or a rising gallery in a theater.

Am`phi*the"a*tral (&?;), a. [L. amphitheatralis: cf. F. amphithéâtral.] Amphitheatrical; resembling an amphitheater.

{ Am`phi*the*at"ric (&?;), Am`phi*the*at"ric*al (&?;), } a. [L. amphitheatricus.] Of, pertaining to, exhibited in, or resembling, an amphitheater.

Am`phi*the*at"ric*al*ly, adv. In the form or manner of an amphitheater.

||Am*phit"ro*cha (m*ft"rk), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'amfi` + trocho`s a wheel.] (Zoöl.) A kind of annelid larva having both a dorsal and a ventral circle of special cilia.

{ Am*phit"ro*pal (-pal), Am*phit"ro*pous (- ps), } a. [Gr. 'amfi` + tre`pein to turn.] (Bot.) Having the ovule inverted, but with the attachment near the middle of one side; half anatropous.

<! p. 51 !>

||Am`phi*u"ma (m`f*"m), n. (Zoöl.) A genus of amphibians, inhabiting the Southern United States, having a serpentlike form, but with four minute limbs and two persistent gill openings; the Congo snake.

Am`pho*pep"tone (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + E. peptone.] (Physiol.) A product of gastric digestion, a mixture of hemipeptone and antipeptone.

||Am"pho*ra (&?;), n.; pl. Amophoræ (&?;). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a jar with two handles; &?; + &?; bearer, &?; to bear. Cf. Ampul.] Among the ancients, a two-handled vessel, tapering at the bottom, used for holding wine, oil, etc.

Am"pho*ral (&?;), a. [L. amphoralis.] Pertaining to, or resembling, an amphora.

Am*phor"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Produced by, or indicating, a cavity in the lungs, not filled, and giving a sound like that produced by blowing into an empty decanter; as, amphoric respiration or resonance.

Am`pho*ter"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; both.] Partly one and partly the other; neither acid nor alkaline; neutral. [R.] Smart.

Am"ple (&?;), a. [F. ample, L. amplus, prob. for ambiplus full on both sides, the last syllable akin to L. plenus full. See Full, and cf. Double.] Large; great in size, extent, capacity, or bulk; spacious; roomy; widely extended.

> All the people in that ample house
> Did to that image bow their humble knees.
> Spenser.

2. Fully sufficient; abundant; liberal; copious; as, an ample fortune; ample justice.

3. Not contracted of brief; not concise; extended; diffusive; as, an ample narrative. Johnson.

Syn. -- Full; spacious; extensive; wide; capacious; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; copious; bountiful; rich; liberal; munificent. -- Ample, Copious, Abundant, Plenteous. These words agree in representing a thing as large, but under different relations, according to the image which is used. Ample implies largeness, producing a sufficiency or fullness of supply for every want; as, ample stores or resources, ample provision. Copious carries with it the idea of flow, or of collection at a single point; as, a copious supply of materials. "Copious matter of my song." Milton. Abundant and plenteous refer to largeness of quantity; as, abundant stores; plenteous harvests.

Am*plec"tant (&?;), a. [L. amplecti to embrace.] (Bot.) Clasping a support; as, amplectant tendrils. Gray.

Am"ple*ness (&?;), n. The state or quality of being ample; largeness; fullness; completeness.

Am`plex*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. amplexari to embrace.] An embrace. [Obs.]

> An humble amplexation of those sacred feet.
> Bp. Hall.

Am*plex"i*caul (&?;), a. [L. amplexus, p. p. of amplecti to encircle, to embrace + caulis stem: cf. F. amplexicaule.] (Bot.) Clasping or embracing a stem, as the base of some leaves. Gray.

Am"pli*ate (&?;), v. t. [L. ampliatus, p. p. of ampliare to make wider, fr. amplus. See Ample.] To enlarge. [R.]

> To maintain and ampliate the external possessions of your empire.
> Udall.

Am"pli*ate (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Having the outer edge prominent; said of the wings of insects.

Am`pli*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. ampliatio: cf. F. ampliation.] 1. Enlargement; amplification. [R.]

2. (Civil Law) A postponement of the decision of a cause, for further consideration or re-argument.

Am"pli*a*tive (&?;), a. (Logic) Enlarging a conception by adding to that which is already known or received.

> "All bodies possess power of attraction" is an ampliative judgment; because we can think of bodies without thinking of attraction as one of their immediate primary attributes.
> Abp. W. Thomson.

Am*plif"i*cate (&?;), v. t. [L. amplificatus, p. p. of amplificare.] To amplify. [Obs.] Bailey.

Am`pli*fi*ca"tion (&?;), n. [L. amplificatio.] 1. The act of amplifying or enlarging in dimensions; enlargement; extension.

2. (Rhet.) The enlarging of a simple statement by particularity of description, the use of epithets, etc., for rhetorical effect; diffuse narrative or description, or a dilating upon all the particulars of a subject.

> Exaggeration is a species of amplification.
> Brande & C.

> I shall summarily, without any amplification at all, show in what manner defects have been supplied.
> Sir J. Davies.

3. The matter by which a statement is amplified; as, the subject was presented without amplifications.

Am*plif"i*ca*tive (&?;), a. Amplificatory.

Am*plif"i*ca*to*ry (&?;), a. Serving to amplify or enlarge; amplificative. Morell.

Am"pli*fi`er (&?;), n. One who or that which amplifies.

Am"pli*fy (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amplified (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Amplifying.] [F. amplifier, L. amplificare. See Ample, -fy.] 1. To render larger, more extended, or more intense, and the like; -- used especially of telescopes, microscopes, etc.

2. (Rhet.) To enlarge by addition or discussion; to treat copiously by adding particulars, illustrations, etc.; to expand; to make much of.

> Troilus and Cressida was written by a Lombard author, but much amplified by our English translator.
> Dryden.

Am"pli*fy (&?;), v. i. 1. To become larger. [Obs.]

> Strait was the way at first, withouten light,
> But further in did further amplify.
> Fairfax.

2. To speak largely or copiously; to be diffuse in argument or description; to dilate; to expatiate; -- often with on or upon. Watts.

> He must often enlarge and amplify upon the subject he handles.
> South.

Am"pli*tude (&?;), n. [L. amplitudo, fr. amplus: cf. F. amplitude. See Ample.] 1. State of being ample; extent of surface or space; largeness of dimensions; size.

> The cathedral of Lincoln . . . is a magnificent structure, proportionable to the amplitude of the diocese.
> Fuller.

2. Largeness, in a figurative sense; breadth; abundance; fullness. (a) Of extent of capacity or intellectual powers. "Amplitude of mind." Milton. "Amplitude of comprehension." Macaulay. (b) Of extent of means or resources. "Amplitude of reward." Bacon.

3. (Astron.) (a) The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point and the center of the sun, or a star, at its rising or setting. At the rising, the amplitude is eastern or ortive: at the setting, it is western, occiduous, or occasive. It is also northern or southern, when north or south of the equator. (b) The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point and the foot of the vertical circle passing through any star or object.

4. (Gun.) The horizontal line which measures the distance to which a projectile is thrown; the range.

5. (Physics) The extent of a movement measured from the starting point or position of equilibrium; -- applied especially to vibratory movements.

6. (math.) An angle upon which the value of some function depends; -- a term used more especially in connection with elliptic functions.

Magnetic amplitude, the angular distance of a heavenly body, when on the horizon, from the magnetic east or west point as indicated by the compass. The difference between the magnetic and the true or astronomical amplitude (see 3 above) is the "variation of the compass."

Am"ply (&?;), adv. In an ample manner.

Am"pul (&?;), n. [AS. ampella, ampolla, L. ampulla: cf. OF. ampolle, F. ampoule.] Same as Ampulla, 2.

||Am*pul"la, n.; pl. Ampullæ (&?;). [L. ] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A narrow-necked vessel having two handles and bellying out like a jug.

2. (Eccl.) (a) A cruet for the wine and water at Mass. (b) The vase in which the holy oil for chrism, unction, or coronation is kept. Shipley.

3. (Biol.) Any membranous bag shaped like a leathern bottle, as the dilated end of a vessel or duct; especially the dilations of the semicircular canals of the ear.

Am`pul*la"ceous (&?;), a. [L. ampullaceus, fr. ampulla.] Like a bottle or inflated bladder; bottle-shaped; swelling. Kirby.

Ampullaceous sac (Zoöl.), one of the peculiar cavities in the tissues of sponges, containing the zooidal cells.

{ Am"pul*lar (&?;), Am`pul*la*ry (&?;), } a. Resembling an ampulla.

{ Am"pul*late (&?;), Am"pul*la`ted (&?;) } a. Having an ampulla; flask-shaped; bellied.

Am*pul"li*form (&?;), a. [Ampulla + -form.] Flask-shaped; dilated.

Am"pu*tate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amputated; p. pr. & vb. n. Amputating.] [L. amputatus, p. p. of amputare: amb- + putare to prune, putus clean, akin to E. pure. See Putative.] 1. To prune or lop off, as branches or tendrils.

2. (Surg.) To cut off (a limb or projecting part of the body). Wiseman.

Am`pu*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. amputatio: cf. F. amputation.] The act of amputating; esp. the operation of cutting off a limb or projecting part of the body.

Am"pu*ta"tor (&?;), n. One who amputates.

||Am"pyx (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] (Greek Antiq.) A woman's headband (sometimes of metal), for binding the front hair.

||Am*ri"ta (&?;), n. [Skr. amrita.] (Hind. Myth.) Immortality; also, the nectar conferring immortality. -- a. Ambrosial; immortal.

Am"sel, Am"zel (&?;), n. [Ger. See Ousel.] (Zoöl.) The European ring ousel (Turdus torquatus).

A*muck" (*mk"), a. & adv. [Malay amoq furious.] In a frenzied and reckless manner.

To run amuck, to rush out in a state of frenzy, as the Malays sometimes do under the influence of "bhang," and attack every one that comes in the way; to assail recklessly and indiscriminately.

> Satire's my weapon, but I'm too discreet
> To run amuck, and tilt at all I meet.
> Pope.

Am"u*let (&?;), n. [L. amuletum: cf. F. amulette.] An ornament, gem, or scroll, or a package containing a relic, etc., worn as a charm or preservative against evils or mischief, such as diseases and witchcraft, and generally inscribed with mystic forms or characters. [Also used figuratively.]

Am`u*let"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an amulet; operating as a charm.

A*mur"cous (&?;), a. [LL. amurcosus, L. amurca the dregs of olives, Gr. 'amo`rghs, fr. 'ame`rgein to pluck.] Full off dregs; foul. [R.] Knowles.

A*mus"a*ble (*mz"*b'l), a. [Cf. F. amusable.] Capable of being amused.

A*muse" (*mz"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amused (*mzd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Amusing.] [F. amuser to make stay, to detain, to amuse, à (L. ad) + OF. muser. See Muse, v.] 1. To occupy or engage the attention of; to lose in deep thought; to absorb; also, to distract; to bewilder. [Obs.]

> Camillus set upon the Gauls when they were amused in receiving their gold.
> Holland.

> Being amused with grief, fear, and fright, he could not find the house.
> Fuller.

2. To entertain or occupy in a pleasant manner; to stir with pleasing or mirthful emotions; to divert.

> A group of children amusing themselves with pushing stones from the top [of the cliff], and watching as they plunged into the lake.
> Gilpin.

3. To keep in expectation; to beguile; to delude.

> He amused his followers with idle promises.
> Johnson.

Syn. -- To entertain; gratify; please; divert; beguile; deceive; occupy. -- To Amuse, Divert, Entertain. We are amused by that which occupies us lightly and pleasantly. We are entertained by that which brings our minds into agreeable contact with others, as conversation, or a book. We are diverted by that which turns off our thoughts to something of livelier interest, especially of a sportive nature, as a humorous story, or a laughable incident.

> Whatever amuses serves to kill time, to lull the faculties, and to banish reflection. Whatever entertains usually awakens the understanding or gratifies the fancy. Whatever diverts is lively in its nature, and sometimes tumultuous in its effects.
> Crabb.

A*muse", v. i. To muse; to mediate. [Obs.]

A*mused" (&?;), a. 1. Diverted.

2. Expressing amusement; as, an amused look.

A*muse"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. amusement.] 1. Deep thought; muse. [Obs.]

> Here I . . . fell into a strong and deep amusement, revolving in my mind, with great perplexity, the amazing change of our affairs.
> Fleetwood.

2. The state of being amused; pleasurable excitement; that which amuses; diversion.

> His favorite amusements were architecture and gardening.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- Diversion; entertainment; recreation; relaxation; pastime; sport.

A*mus"er (-r), n. One who amuses.

||Am`u*sette" (&?;), n. [F.] A light field cannon, or stocked gun mounted on a swivel.

A*mus"ing (&?;), a. Giving amusement; diverting; as, an amusing story. -- A*mus"ing*ly, adv.

A*mu"sive (?; 277), a. Having power to amuse or entertain the mind; fitted to excite mirth. [R.] -- A*mu"sive*ly, adv. -- A*mu"sive*ness, n.

A*my" (&?;), n. [F. ami, fr. L. amicus.] A friend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*my"e*lous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; without marrow.] (Med.) Wanting the spinal cord.

A*myg`da*la"ceous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Akin to, or derived from, the almond.

A*myg"da*late (&?;), a. [L. amygdala, amygdalum, almond, Gr. &?;, &?;. See Almond.] Pertaining to, resembling, or made of, almonds.

A*myg"da*late, n. 1. (Med.) An emulsion made of almonds; milk of almonds. Bailey. Coxe.

2. (Chem.) A salt amygdalic acid.

Am`yg*dal"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to almonds; derived from amygdalin; as, amygdalic acid.

A*myg`da*lif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. amygdalum almond + -ferous.] Almond-bearing.

A*myg"da*lin (&?;), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from bitter almonds as a white, crystalline substance.

A*myg"da*line (&?;), a. [L. amygdalinus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, almonds.

A*myg"da*loid (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; almond + -oid: cf. F. amygdaloïde.] (Min.) A variety of trap or basaltic rock, containing small cavities, occupied, wholly or in part, by nodules or geodes of different minerals, esp. agates, quartz, calcite, and the zeolites. When the imbedded minerals are detached or removed by decomposition, it is porous, like lava.

{ A*myg"da*loid (&?;), A*myg`da*loid"al (&?;), } a. 1. Almond-shaped.

2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, the rock amygdaloid.

Am"yl (&?;), n. [L. amylum starch + -yl. Cf. Amidin.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, C5H11, of the paraffine series found in amyl alcohol or fusel oil, etc.

Am`y*la"ceous (&?;), a. [L. amylum starch, Gr. &?;. See Amidin.] Pertaining to starch; of the nature of starch; starchy.

Am"y*late (&?;), n. (Chem.) A compound of the radical amyl with oxygen and a positive atom or radical.

Am"y*lene (&?;), n. (Chem.) One of a group of metameric hydrocarbons, C5H10, of the ethylene series. The colorless, volatile, mobile liquid commonly called amylene is a mixture of different members of the group.

A*myl"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, amyl; as, amylic ether.

Amylic alcohol (Chem.), one of the series of alcohols, a transparent, colorless liquid, having a peculiar odor. It is the hydroxide of amyl. -- Amylic fermentation (Chem.), a process of fermentation in starch or sugar in which amylic alcohol is produced. Gregory.

Am`y*lo*bac"ter, n. [L. amylum starch + NL. bacterium. See Bacterium.] (Biol.) A microörganism (Bacillus amylobacter) which develops in vegetable tissue during putrefaction. Sternberg.

{ Am"y*loid (&?;), Am`y*loid"al (&?;), } a. [L. amylum starch + -oid.] Resembling or containing amyl; starchlike.

Amyloid degeneration (Med.), a diseased condition of various organs of the body, produced by the deposit of an albuminous substance, giving a blue color with iodine and sulphuric acid; - - called also waxy or lardaceous degeneration.

<! p. 52 !>

Am"y*loid (m"*loid), n. 1. A non-nitrogenous starchy food; a starchlike substance.

2. (Med.) The substance deposited in the organs in amyloid degeneration.

Am`y*lo*ly"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; starch + &?; solvent; &?; to dissolve.] (Physiol.) Effecting the conversion of starch into soluble dextrin and sugar; as, an amylolytic ferment. Foster.

Am`y*lose" (&?;), n. (Chem.) One of the starch group (C6H10O5)n of the carbohydrates; as, starch, arabin, dextrin, cellulose, etc.

Am"y*ous (m"*s), a. [Gr. 'a`myos.] (Med.) Wanting in muscle; without flesh.

Am"yss (m"s), n. Same as Amice, a hood or cape.

An (n). [AS. n one, the same word as the numeral. See One, and cf. A.] This word is properly an adjective, but is commonly called the indefinite article. It is used before nouns of the singular number only, and signifies one, or any, but somewhat less emphatically. In such expressions as "twice an hour," "once an age," a shilling an ounce (see 2d A, 2), it has a distributive force, and is equivalent to each, every.

An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; as, an enemy, an hour. It in also often used before h sounded, when the accent of the word falls on the second syllable; as, an historian, an hyena, an heroic deed. Many writers use a before h in such positions. Anciently an was used before consonants as well as vowels.

An, conj. [Shortened fr. and, OE. an., and, sometimes and if, in introducing conditional clauses, like Icel. enda if, the same word as and. Prob. and was originally pleonastic before the conditional clause.] If; -- a word used by old English authors. Shak.

> Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe.
> B. Jonson.

An if, and if; if.

An"a-. [Gr. 'ana` on; in comp., on, up, upwards.] A prefix in words from the Greek, denoting up, upward, throughout, backward, back, again, anew.

A"na ("n), adv. [Gr. 'ana` (used distributively).] (Med.) Of each; an equal quantity; as, wine and honey, ana (or, contracted, aa), &?; ij., that is, of wine and honey, each, two ounces.

> An apothecary with a . . . long bill of anas.
> Dryden.

-a"na (&?;). [The neut. pl. ending of Latin adjectives in - anus.] A suffix to names of persons or places, used to denote a collection of notable sayings, literary gossip, anecdotes, etc. Thus, Scaligerana is a book containing the sayings of Scaliger, Johnsoniana of Johnson, etc.

Used also as a substantive; as, the French anas.

> It has been said that the table-talk of Selden is worth all the ana of the Continent.
> Hallam.

An`a*bap"tism (&?;), n. [L. anabaptismus, Gr. 'anabaptismo`s: cf. F. anabaptisme. See Anabaptize.] The doctrine of the Anabaptists.

An`a*bap"tist (&?;), n. [LL. anabaptista, fr. Gr. as if 'anabaptisth`s: cf. F. anabaptiste.] A name sometimes applied to a member of any sect holding that rebaptism is necessary for those baptized in infancy.

In church history, the name Anabaptists usually designates a sect of fanatics who greatly disturbed the peace of Germany, the Netherlands, etc., in the Reformation period. In more modern times the name has been applied to those who do not regard infant baptism as real and valid baptism.

{ An`a*bap*tis"tic (&?;), An`a*bap*tis"tic*al (&?;), } a. Relating or attributed to the Anabaptists, or their doctrines. Milton. Bp. Bull.

An`a*bap"tist*ry (&?;), n. The doctrine, system, or practice, of Anabaptists. [R.]

> Thus died this imaginary king; and Anabaptistry was suppressed in Munster.
> Pagitt.

An`a*bap*tize" (&?;), v. t. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; again + &?; to baptize. See Baptize.] To rebaptize; to rechristen; also, to rename. [R.] Whitlock.

||An"a*bas (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, p. p. of &?; to advance.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes, remarkable for their power of living long out of water, and of making their way on land for considerable distances, and for climbing trees; the climbing fishes.

||A*nab"a*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to go up; &?; up + &?; to go.] 1. A journey or expedition up from the coast, like that of the younger Cyrus into Central Asia, described by Xenophon in his work called "The Anabasis."

> The anabasis of Napoleon.
> De Quincey.

2. (Med.) The first period, or increase, of a disease; augmentation. [Obs.]

An`a*bat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to anabasis; as, an anabatic fever. [Obs.]

An`a*bol"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; something heaped up; &?; + &?; a stroke.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to anabolism; an anabolic changes, or processes, more or less constructive in their nature.

A*nab"o*lism (&?;), n. (Physiol.) The constructive metabolism of the body, as distinguished from katabolism.

An`a*camp"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; to bend back; &?; back + &?; to bend.] Reflecting of reflected; as, an anacamptic sound (and echo).

The word was formerly applied to that part of optics which treats of reflection; the same as what is now called catoptric. See Catoptrics.

An`a*camp"tic*al*ly (&?;), adv. By reflection; as, echoes are sound produced anacamptically. Hutton.

An`a*camp"tics (&?;), n. 1. The science of reflected light, now called catoptrics.

2. The science of reflected sounds.

{ ||An`a*can"thi*ni (&?;), An"a*canths (&?;), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'an priv. + &?; thorny, fr. &?; thorn.] (Zoöl.) A group of teleostean fishes destitute of spiny fin-rays, as the cod.

An`a*can"thous (&?;), a. Spineless, as certain fishes.

An`a*car"di*a"ceous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family, or order, of plants of which the cashew tree is the type, and the species of sumac are well known examples.

An`a*car"dic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the cashew nut; as, anacardic acid.

||An`a*car"di*um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; similar to + &?; heart; -- the fruit of this plant being thought to resemble the heart of a bird.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the cashew tree. See Cashew.

An`a*ca*thar"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cleanse upward, i. e., by vomiting; &?; + &?;. See Cathartic.] (Med.) Producing vomiting or expectoration. -- n. An anacathartic medicine; an expectorant or an emetic.

||An*ach"a*ris (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; up + &?; grace.] (Bot.) A fresh-water weed of the frog's-bit family (Hydrocharidaceæ), native to America. Transferred to England it became an obstruction to navigation. Called also waterweed and water thyme.

An*ach"o*ret (&?;), n. An*ach`o*ret"ic*al (&?;), a. See Anchoret, Anchoretic. [Obs.]

An*ach"o*rism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; place.] An error in regard to the place of an event or a thing; a referring something to a wrong place. [R.]

An`a*chron"ic (&?;), An`a*chron"ic*al (&?;), a. Characterized by, or involving, anachronism; anachronistic.

An*ach"ro*nism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to refer to a wrong time, to confound times; &?; + &?; time: cf. F. anachronisme.] A misplacing or error in the order of time; an error in chronology by which events are misplaced in regard to each other, esp. one by which an event is placed too early; falsification of chronological relation.

An*ach`ro*nis"tic (&?;), a. Erroneous in date; containing an anachronism. T. Warton.

An*ach"ro*nize (&?;), v. t. [Gr. &?;.] To refer to, or put into, a wrong time. [R.] Lowell.

An*ach"ro*nous (&?;), a. Containing an anachronism; anachronistic. -- An*ach"ro*nous*ly, adv.

An`a*clas"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; to bend back and break; to reflect (light); &?; + &?; to break.] 1. (Opt.) Produced by the refraction of light, as seen through water; as, anaclastic curves.

2. Springing back, as the bottom of an anaclastic glass.

Anaclastic glass, a glass or phial, shaped like an inverted funnel, and with a very thin convex bottom. By sucking out a little air, the bottom springs into a concave form with a smart crack; and by breathing or blowing gently into the orifice, the bottom, with a like noise, springs into its former convex form.

An`a*clas"tics (&?;), n. (Opt.) That part of optics which treats of the refraction of light; -- commonly called dioptrics. Encyc. Brit.

||An`a*cœ*no"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, to communicate; &?; up + &?; to make common, &?; common.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a speaker appeals to his hearers or opponents for their opinion on the point in debate. Walker.

An`a*co*lu"thic (&?;), a. Lacking grammatical sequence. -- An`a*co*lu"thic*al*ly (&?;), adv.

||An`a*co*lu"thon (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, not following, wanting sequence; 'an priv. + &?; following.] (Gram.) A want of grammatical sequence or coherence in a sentence; an instance of a change of construction in a sentence so that the latter part does not syntactically correspond with the first part.

An`a*con"da (&?;), n. [Of Ceylonese origin?] (Zoöl.) A large South American snake of the Boa family (Eunectes murinus), which lives near rivers, and preys on birds and small mammals. The name is also applied to a similar large serpent (Python tigris) of Ceylon.

A*nac`re*on"tic (&?;), a. [L. Anacreonticus.] Pertaining to, after the manner of, or in the meter of, the Greek poet Anacreon; amatory and convivial. De Quincey.

A*nac`re*on"tic, n. A poem after the manner of Anacreon; a sprightly little poem in praise of love and wine.

An`a*crot"ic (&?;), a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to anachronism.

A*nac"ro*tism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, up, again + &?; a stroke.] (Physiol.) A secondary notch in the pulse curve, obtained in a sphygmographic tracing.

||An`a*cru"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to push up or back; &?; + &?; to strike.] (Pros.) A prefix of one or two unaccented syllables to a verse properly beginning with an accented syllable.

An"a*dem (&?;), n. [L. anadema, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to wreathe; &?; up + &?; to bind.] A garland or fillet; a chaplet or wreath. Drayton. Tennyson.

||An`a*di*plo"sis (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; to double, &?;, &?;, twofold, double.] (Rhet.) A repetition of the last word or any prominent word in a sentence or clause, at the beginning of the next, with an adjunct idea; as, "He retained his virtues amidst all his misfortunes -- misfortunes which no prudence could foresee or prevent."

An"a*drom (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anadrome.] (Zoöl.) A fish that leaves the sea and ascends rivers.

A*nad"ro*mous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; running upward; &?; + &?; a running, &?; to run.] 1. (Zoöl.) Ascending rivers from the sea, at certain seasons, for breeding, as the salmon, shad, etc.

2. (Bot.) Tending upwards; -- said of terns in which the lowest secondary segments are on the upper side of the branch of the central stem. D. C. Eaton.

||A*næ"mi*a (*n"m*), a. [NL., fr. Gr. 'anaimi`a; 'an priv. + a'i^ma blood.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the blood is deficient in quality or in quantity.

A*næm"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to anæmia.

An*a`ë*rob"ic (&?;), a. (Biol.) Relating to, or like, anaërobies; anaërobiotic.

An*a"ër*o*bies (&?;), n. pl. [Gr. 'an priv. + &?;, &?;, air + bi`os life.] (Biol.) Microörganisms which do not require oxygen, but are killed by it. Sternberg.

An*a`ër*o*bi*ot"ic (&?;), a. (Anat.) Related to, or of the nature of, anaërobies.

||An`æs*the"si*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; 'an priv. + &?; feeling, &?; to feel: cf. F. anesthésie. See Æsthetics.] (Med.) Entire or partial loss or absence of feeling or sensation; a state of general or local insensibility produced by disease or by the inhalation or application of an anæsthetic.

||An`æs*the"sis (&?;), n. See Anæsthesia.

An`æs*thet"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) (a) Capable of rendering insensible; as, anæsthetic agents. (b) Characterized by, or connected with, insensibility; as, an anæsthetic effect or operation.

An`æs*thet"ic, n. (Med.) That which produces insensibility to pain, as chloroform, ether, etc.

An*æs`the*ti*za"tion (&?;), n. The process of anæsthetizing; also, the condition of the nervous system induced by anæsthetics.

An*æs"the*tize (&?;), v. t. (Med.) To render insensible by an anæsthetic. Encyc. Brit.

An"a*glyph (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; wrought in low relief, &?; embossed work; &?; + &?; to engrave.] Any sculptured, chased, or embossed ornament worked in low relief, as a cameo.

{ An`a*glyph"ic (&?;), An`a*glyph"ic*al (&?;), } a. Pertaining to the art of chasing or embossing in relief; anaglyptic; -- opposed to diaglyptic or sunk work.

An`a*glyph"ic, n. Work chased or embossed relief.

An`a*glyp"tic (&?;), a. [L. anaglypticus, Gr. &?;, &?;. See Anaglyph.] Relating to the art of carving, enchasing, or embossing in low relief.

An`a*glyp"tics (&?;), n. The art of carving in low relief, embossing, etc.

An`a*glyp"to*graph (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + - graph.] An instrument by which a correct engraving of any embossed object, such as a medal or cameo, can be executed. Brande & C.

An`a*glyp`to*graph"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to anaglyptography; as, anaglyptographic engraving.

An`a*glyp*tog"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; embossed + -graphy.] The art of copying works in relief, or of engraving as to give the subject an embossed or raised appearance; -- used in representing coins, bas-reliefs, etc.

||An`ag*nor"i*sis (&?;), n. [Latinized fr. Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; to recognize.] The unfolding or dénouement. [R.] De Quincey.

An`a*go"ge (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a leading up; &?; + &?; a leading, &?; to lead.] 1. An elevation of mind to things celestial.

2. The spiritual meaning or application; esp. the application of the types and allegories of the Old Testament to subjects of the New.

{ An`a*gog"ic (&?;), An`a*gog"ic*al (&?;), } a. Mystical; having a secondary spiritual meaning; as, the rest of the Sabbath, in an anagogical sense, signifies the repose of the saints in heaven; an anagogical explication. -- An`a*gog"ic*al*ly, adv.

An`a*gog"ics (&?;), n. pl. Mystical interpretations or studies, esp. of the Scriptures. L. Addison.

An"a*go`gy (&?;), n. Same as Anagoge.

An"a*gram (&?;), n. [F. anagramme, LL. anagramma, fr. Gr. &?; back, again + &?; to write. See Graphic.] Literally, the letters of a word read backwards, but in its usual wider sense, the change or one word or phrase into another by the transposition of its letters. Thus Galenus becomes angelus; William Noy (attorney-general to Charles I., and a laborious man) may be turned into I moyl in law.

An"a*gram, v. t. To anagrammatize.

> Some of these anagramed his name, Benlowes, into Benevolus.
> Warburton.

{ An`a*gram*mat"ic (&?;), An`a*gram*mat"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. anagramtique.] Pertaining to, containing, or making, an anagram. -- An`a*gram*mat"ic*al*ly, adv.

An`a*gram"ma*tism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. anagrammatisme.] The act or practice of making anagrams. Camden.

An`a*gram"ma*tist, n. [Cf. F. anagrammatiste.] A maker anagrams.

An`a*gram"ma*tize (&?;), v. t. [Gr. &?; cf. F. anagrammatiser.] To transpose, as the letters of a word, so as to form an anagram. Cudworth.

An"a*graph (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a writing out, fr. &?; to write out, to record; &?; + &?; to write.] An inventory; a record. [Obs.] Knowles.

{ ||An"a*kim (&?;), A"naks (&?;), } n. pl. [Heb.] (Bibl.) A race of giants living in Palestine.

A"nal (&?;), a. [From Anus.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the anus; as, the anal fin or glands.

A*nal"cime (&?;), n. [Gr. 'an priv. + 'a`lkimos strong, 'alkh` strength: cf. F. analcime.] (Min.) A white or flesh-red mineral, of the zeolite family, occurring in isometric crystals. By friction, it acquires a weak electricity; hence its name.

A*nal"cite (-st), n. [Gr. 'analkh`s weak.] Analcime.

An`a*lec"tic (n`*lk"tk), a. Relating to analects; made up of selections; as, an analectic magazine.

{ An"a*lects (n"*lkts), ||An`a*lec"ta (n`*lk"t), } n. pl. [Gr. 'ana`lekta fr. 'anale`gein to collect; 'ana` + le`gein to gather.] A collection of literary fragments.

||An`a*lem"ma (-lm"m), n. [L. analemma a sun dial on a pedestal, showing the latitude and meridian of a place, Gr. 'ana`lhmma a support, or thing supported, a sun dial, fr. 'analamba`nein to take up; 'ana` + lamba`nein to take.] 1. (Chem.) An orthographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west point of the horizon.

<! p. 53 !>

2. An instrument of wood or brass, on which this projection of the sphere is made, having a movable horizon or cursor; -- formerly much used in solving some common astronomical problems.

3. A scale of the sun's declination for each day of the year, drawn across the torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial globe.

{ ||An`a*lep"sis (n`*lp"ss), An"a*lep"sy (n"*lp`s), } [Gr. &?; a taking up, or again, recovery, from &?;. See Analemma.] (Med.) (a) Recovery of strength after sickness. (b) A species of epileptic attack, originating from gastric disorder.

An`a*lep"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; restorative: cf. F. analeptique. See Analepsis.] (Med.) Restorative; giving strength after disease. -- n. A restorative.

||An`al*ge"si*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'analghsi`a; 'an priv. + 'a`lghsis sense of pain.] (Med.) Absence of sensibility to pain. Quain.

An`al*lag*mat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + &?; a change.] (Math.) Not changed in form by inversion.

Anallagmatic curves, a class of curves of the fourth degree which have certain peculiar relations to circles; -- sometimes called bicircular quartics. -- Anallagmatic surfaces, a certain class of surfaces of the fourth degree.

An`al*lan*to"ic (&?;), a. (Anat.) Without, or not developing, an allantois.

||An`al*lan*toid"e*a (&?;), n. pl. [Gr. 'an priv. + E. allantoidea.] (Zoöl.) The division of Vertebrata in which no allantois is developed. It includes amphibians, fishes, and lower forms.

A*nal"o*gal (&?;), a. Analogous. [Obs.] Donne.

An`a*log"ic (&?;), a. [See Analogous.] Of or belonging to analogy. Geo. Eliot.

An`a*log"ic*al (&?;), a. 1. Founded on, or of the nature of, analogy; expressing or implying analogy.

> When a country which has sent out colonies is termed the mother country, the expression is analogical.
> J. S. Mill.

2. Having analogy; analogous. Sir M. Hale.

An`a*log"ic*al*ly, adv. In an analogical sense; in accordance with analogy; by way of similitude.

> A prince is analogically styled a pilot, being to the state as a pilot is to the vessel.
> Berkeley.

An`a*log"ic*al*ness, n. Quality of being analogical.

A*nal"o*gism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; course of reasoning, fr. &?; to think over, to calculate] 1. Logic an argument from the cause to the effect; an a priori argument. Johnson.

2. Investigation of things by the analogy they bear to each other. Crabb.

A*nal"o*gist (&?;), n. One who reasons from analogy, or represent, by analogy. Cheyne.

A*nal"o*gize, v. i. To employ, or reason by, analogy.

||A*nal"o*gon (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] Analogue.

A*nal"o*gous (&?;), a. [L. analogous, Gr. &?; according to a due ratio, proportionate; &?; + &?; ratio, proportion. See Logic.] Having analogy; corresponding to something else; bearing some resemblance or proportion; -- often followed by to.

> Analogous tendencies in arts and manners.
> De Quincey.

> Decay of public spirit, which may be considered analogous to natural death.
> J. H. Newman.

nalogous pole (Pyroelect.), that pole of a crystal which becomes positively electrified when heated.

Syn. -- Correspondent; similar; like.

-- A*nal"o gous*ly, adv. -- A*nal"o*gous*ness, n.

An"a*logue (?; 115), n. [F. &?;, fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. That which is analogous to, or corresponds with, some other thing.

> The vexatious tyranny of the individual despot meets its analogue in the insolent tyranny of the many.
> I. Taylor.

2. (Philol.) A word in one language corresponding with one in another; an analogous term; as, the Latin "pater" is the analogue of the English "father."

3. (Nat. Hist.) (a) An organ which is equivalent in its functions to a different organ in another species or group, or even in the same group; as, the gill of a fish is the analogue of a lung in a quadruped, although the two are not of like structural relations. (b) A species in one genus or group having its characters parallel, one by one, with those of another group. (c) A species or genus in one country closely related to a species of the same genus, or a genus of the same group, in another: such species are often called representative species, and such genera, representative genera. Dana.

A*nal"o*gy (&?;), n.; pl. Analogies (&?;). [L. analogia, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;: cf. F. analogie. See Analogous.] 1. A resemblance of relations; an agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things are otherwise entirely different. Thus, learning enlightens the mind, because it is to the mind what light is to the eye, enabling it to discover things before hidden.

Followed by between, to, or with; as, there is an analogy between these objects, or one thing has an analogy to or with another.

Analogy is very commonly used to denote similarity or essential resemblance; but its specific meaning is a similarity of relations, and in this consists the difference between the argument from example and that from analogy. In the former, we argue from the mere similarity of two things; in the latter, from the similarity of their relations. Karslake.

2. (Biol.) A relation or correspondence in function, between organs or parts which are decidedly different.

3. (Geom.) Proportion; equality of ratios.

4. (Gram.) Conformity of words to the genius, structure, or general rules of a language; similarity of origin, inflection, or principle of pronunciation, and the like, as opposed to anomaly. Johnson.

An"a*lyse (&?;), v., An"a*ly`ser (&?;), n., etc. Same as Analyze, Analyzer, etc.

A*nal"y*sis (&?;), n.; pl. Analyses (&?;). [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to unloose, to dissolve, to resolve into its elements; &?; up + &?; to loose. See Loose.] 1. A resolution of anything, whether an object of the senses or of the intellect, into its constituent or original elements; an examination of the component parts of a subject, each separately, as the words which compose a sentence, the tones of a tune, or the simple propositions which enter into an argument. It is opposed to synthesis.

2. (Chem.) The separation of a compound substance, by chemical processes, into its constituents, with a view to ascertain either (a) what elements it contains, or (b) how much of each element is present. The former is called qualitative, and the latter quantitative analysis.

3. (Logic) The tracing of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge into its original principles.

4. (Math.) The resolving of problems by reducing the conditions that are in them to equations.

5. (a) A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a discourse, disposed in their natural order. (b) A brief, methodical illustration of the principles of a science. In this sense it is nearly synonymous with synopsis.

6. (Nat. Hist.) The process of ascertaining the name of a species, or its place in a system of classification, by means of an analytical table or key.

Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, Quantitative, and Volumetric analysis. (Chem.) See under Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, etc.

An"a*lyst (&?;), n. [F. analyste. See Analysis.] One who analyzes; formerly, one skilled in algebraical geometry; now commonly, one skilled in chemical analysis.

{ An`a*lyt"ic (&?;), An`a*lyt"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. analytique. See Analysis.] Of or pertaining to analysis; resolving into elements or constituent parts; as, an analytical experiment; analytic reasoning; -- opposed to synthetic.

Analytical or coördinate geometry. See under Geometry. -- Analytic language, a noninflectional language or one not characterized by grammatical endings. -- Analytical table (Nat. Hist.), a table in which the characteristics of the species or other groups are arranged so as to facilitate the determination of their names.

An`a*lyt"ic*al*ly, adv. In an analytical manner.

An`a*lyt"ics (&?;), n. The science of analysis.

An"a*ly`za*ble (&?;), a. That may be analyzed.

An`a*ly*za"tion (&?;), n. The act of analyzing, or separating into constituent parts; analysis.

An"a*lyze (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Analyzed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Analyzing.] [Cf. F. analyser. See Analysis.] To subject to analysis; to resolve (anything complex) into its elements; to separate into the constituent parts, for the purpose of an examination of each separately; to examine in such a manner as to ascertain the elements or nature of the thing examined; as, to analyze a fossil substance; to analyze a sentence or a word; to analyze an action to ascertain its morality.

> No one, I presume, can analyze the sensations of pleasure or pain.
> Darwin.

An"a*ly`zer (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, analyzes.

2. (Opt.) The part of a polariscope which receives the light after polarization, and exhibits its properties.

An`a*mese" (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Anam, to southeastern Asia. -- n. A native of Anam.

||An`am*ne"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to remind, recall to memory; &?; + &?; to put in mind.] (Rhet.) A recalling to mind; recollection.

An`am*nes"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Aiding the memory; as, anamnestic remedies.

An*am`ni*ot"ic (&?;), a. (Anat.) Without, or not developing, an amnion.

An`a*mor"phism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; again + &?; form.] 1. A distorted image.

2. (Biol.) A gradual progression from one type to another, generally ascending. Huxley.

An`a*mor"pho*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to form anew; &?; again + &?; to form; &?; form.] 1. (Persp.) A distorted or monstrous projection or representation of an image on a plane or curved surface, which, when viewed from a certain point, or as reflected from a curved mirror or through a polyhedron, appears regular and in proportion; a deformation of an image.

2. (Biol.) Same as Anamorphism, 2.

3. (Bot.) A morbid or monstrous development, or change of form, or degeneration.

An`a*mor"pho*sy (&?;), n. Same as Anamorphosis.

A*nan" (&?;), interj. [See Anon.] An expression equivalent to What did you say? Sir? Eh? [Obs.] Shak.

||A*na"nas (&?;), n. [Sp. ananas, from the native American name.] (Bot.) The pineapple (Ananassa sativa).

An*an"drous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + 'andh`r a man.] (Bot.) Destitute of stamens, as certain female flowers.

An*an"gu*lar (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + E. angular.] Containing no angle. [R.]

An*an"ther*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + E. anther.] (Bot.) Destitute of anthers. Gray.

An*an"thous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + 'a`nqos a flower.] (Bot.) Destitute of flowers; flowerless.

An`a*pæst (&?;), An`a*pæs"tic (&?;). Same as Anapest, Anapestic.

An"a*pest (&?;), n. [L. anapaestus, Gr. &?; an anapest, i.e., a dactyl reserved, or, as it were, struck back; fr. &?;; &?; back + &?; to strike.] 1. (Pros.) A metrical foot consisting of three syllables, the first two short, or unaccented, the last long, or accented ( -); the reverse of the dactyl. In Latin d- -ts, and in English in-ter-vene\'b6, are examples of anapests.

2. A verse composed of such feet.

An`a*pes"tic (&?;), a. [L. anapaesticus, Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to an anapest; consisting of an anapests; as, an anapestic meter, foot, verse. -- n. Anapestic measure or verse.

An`a*pes"tic*al (&?;), a. Anapestic.

||A*naph"o*ra (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to carry up or back; &?; + &?; to carry.] (Rhet.) A repetition of a word or of words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses.

||An*aph`ro*dis"i*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'an priv. + &?; sexual pleasure, &?; the goddess of love.] (Med.) Absence of sexual appetite.

An*aph`ro*dis"i*ac (&?;), a. & n. [Gr. 'an priv. + &?; pertaining to venery.] (Med.) Same as Antaphrodisiac. Dunglison.

An*aph`ro*dit"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; without love.] (Biol.) Produced without concourse of sexes.

An`a*plas"tic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to anaplasty.

An`a*plas`ty (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; again + &?; to form: cf. F. anaplastie.] (Surg.) The art of operation of restoring lost parts or the normal shape by the use of healthy tissue.

An`a*ple*rot"ic (&?;), a. [L. anapleroticus, fr. Gr. &?; to fill up; &?; + &?; to fill.] (Med.) Filling up; promoting granulation of wounds or ulcers. -- n. A remedy which promotes such granulation.

A*nap"no*graph (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; respiration + -graph.] A form of spirometer.

An`ap*no"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; respiration.] (Med.) Relating to respiration.

An*ap`o*deic"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'an priv. + &?;. See Apodeictic.] Not apodeictic; undemonstrable. [R.]

||An`a*poph"y*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; back + &?; offshoot.] (Anat.) An accessory process in many lumbar vertebræ.

An`ap*tot"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; back + &?; belonging to case.] Having lost, or tending to lose, inflections by phonetic decay; as, anaptotic languages.

||An*ap"ty*chus (&?;), n.; pl. Anaptichi (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; unfolding; &?; back + &?; to fold.] (Paleon.) One of a pair of shelly plates found in some cephalopods, as the ammonites.

An"arch (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; without head or chief; 'an priv. + &?; beginning, the first place, magistracy, government.] The author of anarchy; one who excites revolt. Milton.

> Imperial anarchs doubling human woes.
> Byron.

A*nar"chal (&?;), a. Lawless; anarchical. [R.]

> We are in the habit of calling those bodies of men anarchal which are in a state of effervescence.
> Landor.

{ A*nar"chic (&?;), A*nar"chic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. anarchique.] Pertaining to anarchy; without rule or government; in political confusion; tending to produce anarchy; as, anarchic despotism; anarchical opinions.

An"arch*ism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anarchisme.] The doctrine or practice of anarchists.

An"arch*ist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anarchiste.] An anarch; one who advocates anarchy of aims at the overthrow of civil government.

An"arch*ize (&?;), v. t. To reduce to anarchy.

An"arch*y (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. anarchie. See Anarch.] 1. Absence of government; the state of society where there is no law or supreme power; a state of lawlessness; political confusion.

> Spread anarchy and terror all around.
> Cowper.

2. Hence, confusion or disorder, in general.

> There being then . . . an anarchy, as I may term it, in authors and their re&?;koning of years.
> Fuller.

||An`ar*throp"o*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; without joints + -poda. See Anarthrous.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of Articulata in which there are no jointed legs, as the annelids; -- opposed to Arthropoda.

An`ar*throp"o*dous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Having no jointed legs; pertaining to Anarthropoda.

An*ar"throus (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a`narqros without joints, without the article; 'an priv. + 'a`rqron joint, the article.] 1. (Gr. Gram.) Used without the article; as, an anarthrous substantive.

2. (Zoöl.) Without joints, or having the joints indistinct, as some insects.

||A"nas (&?;), n. [L., duck.] (Zoöl.) A genus of water fowls, of the order Anseres, including certain species of fresh-water ducks.

||An`a*sar"ca (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; throughout + &?;, &?;, flesh.] (Med.) Dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue; an effusion of serum into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, pale, inelastic swelling of the skin.

An`a*sar"cous (&?;), a. Belonging, or affected by, anasarca, or dropsy; dropsical. Wiseman.

<! p. 54 !>

An`a*stal"tic (-stl"tk), a. & n. [Gr. 'anastaltiko`s fitted for checking, fr. 'ana` + ste`llein to send.] (Med.) Styptic. [Obs.] Coxe.

An"a*state (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; up + &?; to make to stand.] (Physiol.) One of a series of substances formed, in secreting cells, by constructive or anabolic processes, in the production of protoplasm; -- opposed to katastate. Foster.

An`a*stat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; up + &?; to make to stand: cf. &?; causing to stand.] Pertaining to a process or a style of printing from characters in relief on zinc plates.

In this process the letterpress, engraving, or design of any kind is transferred to a zinc plate; the parts not covered with ink are eaten out, leaving a facsimile in relief to be printed from.

A*nas"to*mose (&?;), v. i. [imp. p. p. Anastomozed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anastomosing.] [Cf. F. anastomoser, fr. anastomose. See Anastomosis.] (Anat. & Bot.) To inosculate; to intercommunicate by anastomosis, as the arteries and veins.

> The ribbing of the leaf, and the anastomosing network of its vessels.
> I. Taylor.

||A*nas`to*mo"sis (&?;), n.; pl. Anastomoses (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; opening, fr. &?; to furnish with a mouth or opening, to open; &?; + sto`ma mouth: cf. F. anastomose.] (Anat. & Bot.) The inosculation of vessels, or intercommunication between two or more vessels or nerves, as the cross communication between arteries or veins.

A*nas`to*mot"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to anastomosis.

||A*nas"tro*phe (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to turn up or back; &?; + &?; to turn.] (Rhet. & Gram.) An inversion of the natural order of words; as, echoed the hills, for, the hills echoed.

A*nath"e*ma (&?;), n.; pl. Anathemas (&?;). [L. anath&?;ma, fr. Gr. &?; anything devoted, esp. to evil, a curse; also L. anath&?;ma, fr. Gr. &?; a votive offering; all fr. &?; to set up as a votive gift, dedicate; &?; up + &?; to set. See Thesis.] 1. A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication. Hence: Denunciation of anything as accursed.

> [They] denounce anathemas against unbelievers.
> Priestley.

2. An imprecation; a curse; a malediction.

> Finally she fled to London followed by the anathemas of both [families].
> Thackeray.

3. Any person or thing anathematized, or cursed by ecclesiastical authority.

> The Jewish nation were an anathema destined to destruction. St. Paul . . . says he could wish, to save them from it, to become an anathema, and be destroyed himself.
> Locke.

Anathema Maranatha (&?;) (see 1 Cor. xvi. 22), an expression commonly considered as a highly intensified form of anathema. Maran atha is now considered as a separate sentence, meaning, "Our Lord cometh."

A*nath`e*mat"ic (&?;), A*nath`e*mat"ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an anathema. -- A*nath`e*mat"ic*al*ly, adv.

A*nath"e*ma*tism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a cursing; cf. F. anathématisme.] Anathematization. [Obs.]

> We find a law of Justinian forbidding anathematisms to be pronounced against the Jewish Hellenists.
> J. Taylor.

A*nath`e*ma*ti*za"tion (&?;), n. [LL. anathematisatio.] The act of anathematizing, or denouncing as accursed; imprecation. Barrow.

A*nath"e*ma*tize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anathematized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anathematizing.] [L. anathematizare, Gr. &?; to devote, make accursed: cf. F. anathématiser.] To pronounce an anathema against; to curse. Hence: To condemn publicly as something accursed. Milton.

A*nath"e*ma*ti`zer (&?;), n. One who pronounces an anathema. Hammond.

||A*nat"i*fa (&?;), n.; pl. Anatifæ (&?;). [NL., contr. fr. anatifera. See Anatiferous.] (Zoöl.) An animal of the barnacle tribe, of the genus Lepas, having a fleshy stem or peduncle; a goose barnacle. See Cirripedia.

The term Anatifæ, in the plural, is often used for the whole group of pedunculated cirripeds.

A*nat"i*fer, (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Anatifa.

An`a*tif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. anas, anatis, a duck + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Producing ducks; -- applied to Anatifæ, under the absurd notion of their turning into ducks or geese. See Barnacle.

An"a*tine (&?;), a. [L. anatinus, fr. anas, anatis, a duck.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the ducks; ducklike.

A*nat"o*cism (&?;), n. [L. anatocismus, Gr. &?;; &?; again + &?; to lend on interest.] (Law) Compound interest. [R.] Bouvier.

{ An`a*tom"ic (&?;), An`a*tom"ic*al (&?;), } a. [L. anatomicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. anatomique. See Anatomy.] Of or relating to anatomy or dissection; as, the anatomic art; anatomical observations. Hume.

An`a*tom"ic*al*ly, adv. In an anatomical manner; by means of dissection.

A*nat"o*mism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anatomisme.] 1. The application of the principles of anatomy, as in art.

> The stretched and vivid anatomism of their [i. e., the French] great figure painters.
> The London Spectator.

2. The doctrine that the anatomical structure explains all the phenomena of the organism or of animal life.

A*nat"o*mist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anatomiste.] One who is skilled in the art of anatomy, or dissection.

A*nat`o*mi*za"tion (&?;), n. The act of anatomizing.

A*nat"o*mize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anatomized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anatomizing.] [Cf. F. anatomiser.] 1. To dissect; to cut in pieces, as an animal vegetable body, for the purpose of displaying or examining the structure and use of the several parts.

2. To discriminate minutely or carefully; to analyze.

> If we anatomize all other reasonings of this nature, we shall find that they are founded on the relation of cause and effect.
> Hume.

A*nat"o*mi`zer (&?;), n. A dissector.

A*nat"o*my (&?;), n.; pl. Anatomies (&?;). [F. anatomie, L. anatomia, Gr. &?; dissection, fr. &?; to cut up; &?; + &?; to cut.] 1. The art of dissecting, or artificially separating the different parts of any organized body, to discover their situation, structure, and economy; dissection.

2. The science which treats of the structure of organic bodies; anatomical structure or organization.

> Let the muscles be well inserted and bound together, according to the knowledge of them which is given us by anatomy.
> Dryden.

"Animal anatomy" is sometimes called zomy; "vegetable anatomy," phytotomy; "human anatomy," anthropotomy.

Comparative anatomy compares the structure of different kinds and classes of animals.

3. A treatise or book on anatomy.

4. The act of dividing anything, corporeal or intellectual, for the purpose of examining its parts; analysis; as, the anatomy of a discourse.

5. A skeleton; anything anatomized or dissected, or which has the appearance of being so.

> The anatomy of a little child, representing all parts thereof, is accounted a greater rarity than the skeleton of a man in full stature.
> Fuller.

> They brought one Pinch, a hungry, lean-faced villain,
> A mere anatomy.
> Shak.

An`a*trep"tic (&?;), a. [overturning, fr. &?; to turn up or over; &?; + &?; too turn.] Overthrowing; defeating; -- applied to Plato's refutative dialogues. Enfield.

||An"a*tron (&?;), n. [F. anatron, natron, Sp. anatron, natron, fr. Ar. al- natrn. See Natron, Niter.] [Obs.] 1. Native carbonate of soda; natron.

2. Glass gall or sandiver.

3. Saltpeter. Coxe. Johnson.

{ A*nat"ro*pal (&?;), A*nat"ro*pous (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; up + &?; to turn.] (Bot.) Having the ovule inverted at an early period in its development, so that the chalaza is as the apparent apex; -- opposed to orthotropous. Gray.

A*nat"to (&?;), n. Same as Annotto.

An"bur*y (&?;), Am"bur*y (&?;), n. [AS. ampre, ompre, a crooked swelling vein: cf. Prov. E. amper a tumor with inflammation. Cf. the first syllable in agnail, and berry a fruit.] 1. (Far.) A soft tumor or bloody wart on horses or oxen.

2. A disease of the roots of turnips, etc.; -- called also fingers and toes.

-ance. [F. -ance, fr. L. -antia and also fr. - entia.] A suffix signifying action; also, quality or state; as, assistance, resistance, appearance, elegance. See -ancy.

All recently adopted words of this class take either -ance or -ence, according to the Latin spelling.

An"ces*tor (&?;), n. [OE. ancestre, auncestre, also ancessour; the first forms fr. OF. ancestre, F. ancêtre, fr. the L. nom. antessor one who goes before; the last form fr. OF. ancessor, fr. L. acc. antecessorem, fr. antecedere to go before; ante before + cedere to go. See Cede, and cf. Antecessor.] 1. One from whom a person is descended, whether on the father's or mother's side, at any distance of time; a progenitor; a fore father.

2. (Biol.) An earlier type; a progenitor; as, this fossil animal is regarded as the ancestor of the horse.

3. (Law) One from whom an estate has descended; -- the correlative of heir.

An`ces*to"ri*al (&?;), a. Ancestral. Grote.

An`ces*to"ri*al*ly, adv. With regard to ancestors.

An*ces"tral (?; 277), a. Of, pertaining to, derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors; as, an ancestral estate. "Ancestral trees." Hemans.

An"ces*tress (&?;), n. A female ancestor.

An"ces*try (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. ancesserie. See Ancestor.] 1. Condition as to ancestors; ancestral lineage; hence, birth or honorable descent.

> Title and ancestry render a good man more illustrious, but an ill one more contemptible.
> Addison.

2. A series of ancestors or progenitors; lineage, or those who compose the line of natural descent.

An"chor ("kr), n. [OE. anker, AS. ancor, oncer, L. ancora, sometimes spelt anchora, fr. Gr. 'a`gkyra, akin to E. angle: cf. F. ancre. See Angle, n.] 1. A iron instrument which is attached to a ship by a cable (rope or chain), and which, being cast overboard, lays hold of the earth by a fluke or hook and thus retains the ship in a particular station.

The common anchor consists of a straight bar called a shank, having at one end a transverse bar called a stock, above which is a ring for the cable, and at the other end the crown, from which branch out two or more arms with flukes, forming with the shank a suitable angle to enter the ground.

Formerly the largest and strongest anchor was the sheet anchor (hence, Fig., best hope or last refuge), called also waist anchor. Now the bower and the sheet anchor are usually alike. Then came the best bower and the small bower (so called from being carried on the bows). The stream anchor is one fourth the weight of the bower anchor. Kedges or kedge anchors are light anchors used in warping.

2. Any instrument or contrivance serving a purpose like that of a ship's anchor, as an arrangement of timber to hold a dam fast; a contrivance to hold the end of a bridge cable, or other similar part; a contrivance used by founders to hold the core of a mold in place.

3. Fig.: That which gives stability or security; that on which we place dependence for safety.

> Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul.
> Heb. vi. 19.

4. (Her.) An emblem of hope.

5. (Arch.) (a) A metal tie holding adjoining parts of a building together. (b) Carved work, somewhat resembling an anchor or arrowhead; -- a part of the ornaments of certain moldings. It is seen in the echinus, or egg-and- anchor (called also egg-and-dart, egg-and-tongue) ornament.

6. (Zoöl.) One of the anchor-shaped spicules of certain sponges; also, one of the calcareous spinules of certain Holothurians, as in species of Synapta.

Anchor ice. See under Ice. -- Anchor ring. (Math.) Same as Annulus, 2 (b). -- Anchor stock (Naut.), the crossbar at the top of the shank at right angles to the arms. -- The anchor comes home, when it drags over the bottom as the ship drifts. -- Foul anchor, the anchor when it hooks, or is entangled with, another anchor, or with a cable or wreck, or when the slack cable entangled. -- The anchor is acockbill, when it is suspended perpendicularly from the cathead, ready to be let go. -- The anchor is apeak, when the cable is drawn in do tight as to bring to ship directly over it. -- The anchor is atrip, or aweigh, when it is lifted out of the ground. -- The anchor is awash, when it is hove up to the surface of the water. -- At anchor, anchored. -- To back an anchor, to increase the holding power by laying down a small anchor ahead of that by which the ship rides, with the cable fastened to the crown of the latter to prevent its coming home. -- To cast anchor, to drop or let go an anchor to keep a ship at rest. -- To cat the anchor, to hoist the anchor to the cathead and pass the ring- stopper. -- To fish the anchor, to hoist the flukes to their resting place (called the bill-boards), and pass the shank painter. -- To weigh anchor, to heave or raise the anchor so as to sail away.

An"chor (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anchored (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anchoring.] [Cf. F. ancrer.] 1. To place at anchor; to secure by an anchor; as, to anchor a ship.

2. To fix or fasten; to fix in a stable condition; as, to anchor the cables of a suspension bridge.

> Till that my nails were anchored in thine eyes.
> Shak.

An"chor, v. i. 1. To cast anchor; to come to anchor; as, our ship (or the captain) anchored in the stream.

2. To stop; to fix or rest.

> My invention . . . anchors on Isabel.
> Shak.

An"chor, n. [OE. anker, ancre, AS. ancra, fr. L. anachoreta. See Anchoret.] An anchoret. [Obs.] Shak.

An"chor*a*ble (&?;), a. Fit for anchorage.

An"chor*age (&?;), n. 1. The act of anchoring, or the condition of lying at anchor.

2. A place suitable for anchoring or where ships anchor; a hold for an anchor.

3. The set of anchors belonging to a ship.

4. Something which holds like an anchor; a hold; as, the anchorages of the Brooklyn Bridge.

5. Something on which one may depend for security; ground of trust.

6. A toll for anchoring; anchorage duties. Johnson.

An"cho*rage (&?;), n. Abode of an anchoret.

An"chor*ate (&?;), a. Anchor- shaped.

An"chored (&?;), a. 1. Held by an anchor; at anchor; held safely; as, an anchored bark; also, shaped like an anchor; forked; as, an anchored tongue.

2. (Her.) Having the extremities turned back, like the flukes of an anchor; as, an anchored cross. [Sometimes spelt ancred.]

An"cho*ress (&?;), n. A female anchoret.

> And there, a saintly anchoress, she dwelt.
> Wordsworth.

An"cho*ret (&?;), An"cho*rite (&?;), n. [F. anachorète, L. anachoreta, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to go back, retire; &?; + &?; to give place, retire, &?; place; perh. akin to Skr. h to leave. Cf. Anchor a hermit.] One who renounces the world and secludes himself, usually for religious reasons; a hermit; a recluse. [Written by some authors anachoret.]

> Our Savior himself . . . did not choose an anchorite's or a monastic life, but a social and affable way of conversing with mortals.
> Boyle.

{ An`cho*ret"ic (&?;), An`cho*ret"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to an anchoret or hermit; after the manner of an anchoret.

An"cho*ret`ish (&?;), a. Hermitlike.

An"cho*ret*ism (&?;), n. The practice or mode of life of an anchoret.

An"chor-hold` (&?;), n. 1. The hold or grip of an anchor, or that to which it holds.

2. Hence: Firm hold: security.

An"cho*rite (&?;), n. Same as Anchoret.

An"cho*ri`tess (&?;), n. An anchoress. [R.]

An"chor*less (&?;), a. Without an anchor or stay. Hence: Drifting; unsettled.

An*cho"vy (n*ch"v), n. [Sp. anchoa, anchova, or Pg. anchova, prob. of Iberian origin, and lit. a dried or pickled fish, fr. Bisc. antzua dry: cf. D. anchovis, F. anchois.] (Zoöl.) A small fish, about three inches in length, of the Herring family (Engraulis encrasicholus), caught in vast numbers in the Mediterranean, and pickled for exportation. The name is also applied to several allied species.

<! p. 55 !>

An*cho"vy pear` (n*ch"v pâr`). (Bot.) A West Indian fruit like the mango in taste, sometimes pickled; also, the tree (Grias cauliflora) bearing this fruit.

An"chu*sin (&?;), n. [L. anchusa the plant alkanet, Gr. &?;.] (Chem.) A resinoid coloring matter obtained from alkanet root.

An"chy*lose (&?;), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Anchylosed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anchylosing.] [Cf. F. ankyloser.] To affect or be affected with anchylosis; to unite or consolidate so as to make a stiff joint; to grow together into one. [Spelt also ankylose.] Owen.

||An`chy*lo"sis, An`ky*lo"sis (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, fr. &?; to crook, stiffen, fr. &?; crooked: cf. F. ankylose.] 1. (Med.) Stiffness or fixation of a joint; formation of a stiff joint. Dunglison.

2. (Anat.) The union of two or more separate bones to from a single bone; the close union of bones or other structures in various animals.

An`chy*lot"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to anchylosis.

An"cient (&?;), a. [OE. auncien, F. ancien, LL. antianus, fr. L. ante before. See Ante- , pref.] 1. Old; that happened or existed in former times, usually at a great distance of time; belonging to times long past; specifically applied to the times before the fall of the Roman empire; -- opposed to modern; as, ancient authors, literature, history; ancient days.

> Witness those ancient empires of the earth.
> Milton.

> Gildas Albanius . . . much ancienter than his namesake surnamed the Wise.
> Fuller.

2. Old; that has been of long duration; of long standing; of great age; as, an ancient forest; an ancient castle. "Our ancient bickerings." Shak.

> Remove not the ancient landmarks, which thy fathers have set.
> Prov. xxii. 28.

> An ancient man, strangely habited, asked for quarters.
> Scott.

3. Known for a long time, or from early times; -- opposed to recent or new; as, the ancient continent.

> A friend, perhaps, or an ancient acquaintance.
> Barrow.

4. Dignified, like an aged man; magisterial; venerable. [Archaic]

> He wrought but some few hours of the day, and then would he seem very grave and ancient.
> Holland.

5. Experienced; versed. [Obs.]

> Though [he] was the youngest brother, yet he was the most ancient in the business of the realm.
> Berners.

6. Former; sometime. [Obs.]

> They mourned their ancient leader lost.
> Pope.

Ancient demesne (Eng. Law), a tenure by which all manors belonging to the crown, in the reign of William the Conqueror, were held. The numbers, names, etc., of these were all entered in a book called Domesday Book. -- Ancient lights (Law), windows and other openings which have been enjoined without molestation for more than twenty years. In England, and in some of the United States, they acquire a prescriptive right.

Syn. -- Old; primitive; pristine; antique; antiquated; old- fashioned; obsolete. -- Ancient, Antiquated, Obsolete, Antique, Antic, Old. -- Ancient is opposed to modern, and has antiquity; as, an ancient family, ancient landmarks, ancient institutions, systems of thought, etc. Antiquated describes that which has gone out of use or fashion; as, antiquated furniture, antiquated laws, rules, etc. Obsolete is commonly used, instead of antiquated, in reference to language, customs, etc.; as, an obsolete word or phrase, an obsolete expression. Antique is applied, in present usage, either to that which has come down from the ancients; as, an antique cameo, bust, etc. ; or to that which is made to imitate some ancient work of art; as, an antique temple. In the days of Shakespeare, antique was often used for ancient; as, "an antique song," "an antique Roman;" and hence, from singularity often attached to what is ancient, it was used in the sense of grotesque; as, "an oak whose antique root peeps out; " and hence came our present word antic, denoting grotesque or ridiculous. We usually apply both ancient and old to things subject to gradual decay. We say, an old man, an ancient record; but never, the old stars, an old river or mountain. In general, however, ancient is opposed to modern, and old to new, fresh, or recent. When we speak of a thing that existed formerly, which has ceased to exist, we commonly use ancient; as, ancient republics, ancient heroes; and not old republics, old heroes. But when the thing which began or existed in former times is still in existence, we use either ancient or old; as, ancient statues or paintings, or old statues or paintings; ancient authors, or old authors, meaning books.

An"cient, n. 1. pl. Those who lived in former ages, as opposed to the moderns.

2. An aged man; a patriarch. Hence: A governor; a ruler; a person of influence.

> The Lord will enter into judgment with the ancients of his people, and the princes thereof.
> Isa. iii. 14.

3. A senior; an elder; a predecessor. [Obs.]

> Junius and Andronicus . . . in Christianity . . . were his ancients.
> Hooker.

4. pl. (Eng. Law) One of the senior members of the Inns of Court or of Chancery.

Council of Ancients (French Hist.), one of the two assemblies composing the legislative bodies in 1795. Brande.

An"cient, n. [Corrupted from ensign.] 1. An ensign or flag. [Obs.]

> More dishonorable ragged than an old-faced ancient.
> Shak.

2. The bearer of a flag; an ensign. [Obs.]

> This is Othello's ancient, as I take it.
> Shak.

An"cient*ly, adv. 1. In ancient times.

2. In an ancient manner. [R.]

An"cient*ness, n. The quality of being ancient; antiquity; existence from old times.

An"cient*ry (&?;), n. 1. Antiquity; what is ancient.

> They contain not word of ancientry.
> West.

2. Old age; also, old people. [R.]

> Wronging the ancientry.
> Shak.

3. Ancient lineage; ancestry; dignity of birth.

> A gentleman of more ancientry than estate.
> Fuller.

An"cient*y (&?;), n. [F. ancienneté, fr. ancien. See Ancient.] 1. Age; antiquity. [Obs.] Martin.

2. Seniority. [Obs.]

||An*ci"le (&?;), n. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) The sacred shield of the Romans, said to have-fallen from heaven in the reign of Numa. It was the palladium of Rome.

An"cil*la*ry (&?;), a. [L. ancillaris, fr. ancilla a female servant.] Subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid; auxiliary.

> The Convocation of York seems to have been always considered as inferior, and even ancillary, to the greater province.
> Hallam.

An*cille" (&?;), n. [OF. ancelle, L. ancilla.] A maidservant; a handmaid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ An*cip"i*tal (&?;), An*cip"i*tous (&?;), } a. [L. anceps, ancipitis, two-headed, double; an- for amb- on both sides + caput head.] (Bot.) Two-edged instead of round; -- said of certain flattened stems, as those of blue grass, and rarely also of leaves.

An*cis"troid (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; a hook + &?; shape.] Hook-shaped.

An"cle (&?;), n. See Ankle.

An"come ("km), n. [AS. ancuman, oncuman, to come.] A small ulcerous swelling, coming suddenly; also, a whitlow. [Obs.] Boucher.

||An"con ("km), n.; L. pl. Ancones (&?;). [L., fr. Gr. 'agkw`n the bent arm, elbow; any hook or bend.] (Anat.) The olecranon, or the elbow.

Ancon sheep (Zoöl.), a breed of sheep with short crooked legs and long back. It originated in Massachusetts in 1791; -- called also the otter breed.

{ An"con (&?;), An"cone (&?;), } n. [See Ancon, above.] (Arch.) (a) The corner or quoin of a wall, cross-beam, or rafter. [Obs.] Gwilt. (b) A bracket supporting a cornice; a console.

{ An"co*nal (&?;), An*co"ne*al (&?;), } a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ancon or elbow. "The olecranon on anconeal process." Flower.

||An*co"ne*us (&?;), n. [NL., fr. L. ancon elbow.] (Anat.) A muscle of the elbow and forearm.

An"co*noid (&?;), a. Elbowlike; anconal.

An"co*ny (&?;), n. [Origin unknown.] (Iron Work) A piece of malleable iron, wrought into the shape of a bar in the middle, but unwrought at the ends.

-an*cy. [L. -antia.] A suffix expressing more strongly than -ance the idea of quality or state; as, constancy, buoyancy, infancy.

And (&?;), conj. [AS. and; akin to OS. endi, Icel. enda, OHG. anti, enti, inti, unti, G. und, D. en, OD. ende. Cf, An if, Ante-.] 1. A particle which expresses the relation of connection or addition. It is used to conjoin a word with a word, a clause with a clause, or a sentence with a sentence.

(a) It is sometimes used emphatically; as, "there are women and women," that is, two very different sorts of women.

(b) By a rhetorical figure, notions, one of which is modificatory of the other, are connected by and; as, "the tediousness and process of my travel," that is, the tedious process, etc.; "thy fair and outward character," that is, thy outwardly fair character, Schmidt's Shak. Lex.

2. In order to; -- used instead of the infinitival to, especially after try, come, go.

> At least to try and teach the erring soul.
> Milton.

3. It is sometimes, in old songs, a mere expletive.

> When that I was and a little tiny boy.
> Shak.

4. If; though. See An, conj. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.
> Bacon.

And so forth, and others; and the rest; and similar things; and other things or ingredients. The abbreviation, etc. (et cetera), or &c., is usually read and so forth.

An"da*ba*tism (&?;), n. [L. andabata a kind of Roman gladiator, who fought hoodwinked.] Doubt; uncertainty. [Obs.] Shelford.

An`da*lu"site (&?;), n. (Min.) A silicate of aluminium, occurring usually in thick rhombic prisms, nearly square, of a grayish or pale reddish tint. It was first discovered in Andalusia, Spain.

||An*dan"te (&?;), a. [It. andante, p. pr. of andare to go.] (Mus.) Moving moderately slow, but distinct and flowing; quicker than larghetto, and slower than allegretto. -- n. A movement or piece in andante time.

||An`dan*ti"no (&?;), a. [It., dim. of andante.] (Mus.) Rather quicker than andante; between that allegretto.

Some, taking andante in its original sense of "going," and andantino as its diminutive, or "less going," define the latter as slower than andante.

An"da*rac (&?;), n. [A corruption of sandarac.] Red orpiment. Coxe.

An*de"an, a. Pertaining to the Andes.

An"des*ine (&?;), n. (Min.) A kind of triclinic feldspar found in the Andes.

An"des*ite (&?;), n. (Min.) An eruptive rock allied to trachyte, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar, with pyroxene, hornblende, or hypersthene.

An"dine (&?;), a. Andean; as, Andine flora.

And"i`ron (&?;), n. [OE. anderne, aunderne, aundyre, OF. andier, F. landier, fr. LL. andena, andela, anderia, of unknown origin. The Eng. was prob. confused with brand-iron, AS. brand- sen.] A utensil for supporting wood when burning in a fireplace, one being placed on each side; a firedog; as, a pair of andirons.

An`dra*nat"o*my (&?;), n. [Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + &?;: cf. F. andranatomie. See Anatomy, Androtomy.] The dissection of a human body, especially of a male; androtomy. Coxe.

||An*drœ"ci*um (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + &?; house.] (bot.) The stamens of a flower taken collectively.

An"dro*gyne (&?;), n. 1. An hermaphrodite.

2. (Bot.) An androgynous plant. Whewell.

{ An*drog"y*nous (&?;), An*drog"y*nal (&?;), } a. [L. androgynus, Gr. &?;; 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + gynh` woman: cf. F. androgyne.] 1. Uniting both sexes in one, or having the characteristics of both; being in nature both male and female; hermaphroditic. Owen.

> The truth is, a great mind must be androgynous.
> Coleridge.

2. (Bot.) Bearing both staminiferous and pistilliferous flowers in the same cluster.

{ An*drog"y*ny (&?;), An*drog"y*nism (&?;), } n. Union of both sexes in one individual; hermaphroditism.

{ An"droid (n"droid), ||An*droi"des (n*droi"dz), } n. [Gr. 'androeidh`s of man's form; 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + e'i^dos form.] A machine or automaton in the form of a human being.

An"droid, a. Resembling a man.

An*drom"e*da (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia. When bound to a rock and exposed to a sea monster, she was delivered by Perseus.] 1. (Astron.) A northern constellation, supposed to represent the mythical Andromeda.

2. (bot.) A genus of ericaceous flowering plants of northern climates, of which the original species was found growing on a rock surrounded by water.

||An"dron (&?;), n. [L. andron, Gr. &?;, fr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man.] (Gr. & Rom. Arch.) The apartment appropriated for the males. This was in the lower part of the house.

An`dro*pet"al*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Produced by the conversion of the stamens into petals, as double flowers, like the garden ranunculus. Brande.

||An*droph"a*gi (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + &?; to eat.] Cannibals; man-eaters; anthropophagi. [R.]

An*droph"a*gous (&?;), a. Anthropophagous.

An"dro*phore (&?;), n. [Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + &?; to bear.] 1. (Bot.) A support or column on which stamens are raised. Gray.

2. (Zoöl.) The part which in some Siphonophora bears the male gonophores.

An"dro*sphinx (&?;), n. [Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + &?; sphinx.] (Egypt. Art.) A man sphinx; a sphinx having the head of a man and the body of a lion.

An"dro*spore (&?;), n. [Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, a man + &?; a seed.] (Bot.) A spore of some algæ, which has male functions.

An*drot"o*mous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Having the filaments of the stamens divided into two parts.

An*drot"o*my (&?;), n. [Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, man + &?; a cutting. Cf. Anatomy.] Dissection of the human body, as distinguished from zoötomy; anthropotomy. [R.]

*an"drous (&?;). [Gr. 'anh`r, 'andro`s, a man.] (Bot.) A terminal combining form: Having a stamen or stamens; staminate; as, monandrous, with one stamen; polyandrous, with many stamens.

A*near" (&?;), prep. & adv. [Pref. a- + near.] Near. [R.] "It did not come anear." Coleridge.

> The measure of misery anear us.
> I. Taylor.

A*near", v. t. & i. To near; to approach. [Archaic]

A*neath" (&?;), prep. & adv. [Pref. a- + neath for beneath.] Beneath. [Scot.]

An"ec*do`tage (&?;), n. Anecdotes collectively; a collection of anecdotes.

> All history, therefore, being built partly, and some of it altogether, upon anecdotage, must be a tissue of lies.
> De Quincey.

An"ec*do`tal (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or abounding with, anecdotes; as, anecdotal conversation.

An"ec*dote (&?;), n. [F. anecdote, fr. Gr. &?; not published; 'an priv. + &?; given out, &?; to give out, to publish; &?; out + &?; to give. See Dose, n.] 1. pl. Unpublished narratives. Burke.

2. A particular or detached incident or fact of an interesting nature; a biographical incident or fragment; a single passage of private life.

{ An`ec*dot"ic (&?;), An`ec*dot"ic*al (&?;), } a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or addicted to, anecdotes. "Anecdotical traditions." Bolingbroke.

An"ec*do"tist (&?;), n. One who relates or collects anecdotes.

An"e*lace (&?;), n. Same as Anlace.

A*nele" (&?;), v. t. [OE. anelien; an on + AS. ele oil, L. oleum. See Oil, Anoil.] 1. To anoint. Shipley.

2. To give extreme unction to. [Obs.] R. of Brunne.

An`e*lec"tric (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + E. electric.] (Physics) Not becoming electrified by friction; -- opposed to idioelectric. -- n. A substance incapable of being electrified by friction. Faraday.

An`e*lec"trode (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; up + E. electrode.] (Elec.) The positive pole of a voltaic battery.

||An`e*lec*trot"o*nus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; up + E. electrotonus.] (Physiol.) The condition of decreased irritability of a nerve in the region of the positive electrode or anode on the passage of a current of electricity through it. Foster.

A*nem"o*gram (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; wind + - gram.] A record made by an anemograph.

A*nem"o*graph (-grf), n. [Gr. &?; wind + -graph.] An instrument for measuring and recording the direction and force of the wind. Knight.

<! p. 56 !>

A*nem`o*graph"ic (*nm`*grf"k), a. Produced by an anemograph; of or pertaining to anemography.

An`e*mog"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; wind + -graphy.] 1. A description of the winds.

2. The art of recording the direction and force of the wind, as by means of an anemograph.

An`e*mol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; wind + - logy.] The science of the wind.

An`e*mom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; wind + - meter.] An instrument for measuring the force or velocity of the wind; a wind gauge.

{ An`e*mo*met"ric (&?;), An`e*mo*met"ric*al (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to anemometry.

An`e*mo*met"ro*graph (&?;), n. [Anemometer + -graph.] An anemograph. Knight.

An`e*mom"e*try (&?;), n. The act or process of ascertaining the force or velocity of the wind.

A*nem"o*ne (&?;), n. [L. anemone, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; wind.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Ranunculus or Crowfoot family; windflower. Some of the species are cultivated in gardens.

2. (Zoöl.) The sea anemone. See Actinia, and Sea anemone.

This word is sometimes pronounced n`*m"n, especially by classical scholars.

An`e*mon"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) An acrid, poisonous, crystallizable substance, obtained from, the anemone, or from anemonin.

A*nem"o*nin (&?;), n. (Chem.) An acrid, poisonous, crystallizable substance, obtained from some species of anemone.

A*nem"o*ny (&?;), n. See Anemone. Sandys.

An`e*morph"i*lous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a`nemos wind + fi`los lover.] (Bot.) Fertilized by the agency of the wind; -- said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the stigma by the wind; wind-Fertilized. Lubbock.

A*nem"o*scope (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; wind + - scope: cf. F. anémoscope.] An instrument which shows the direction of the wind; a wind vane; a weathercock; -- usually applied to a contrivance consisting of a vane above, connected in the building with a dial or index with pointers to show the changes of the wind.

{ An*en`ce*phal"ic (&?;), An`en*ceph"a*lous (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;, priv. + &?; the brain: cf. Encephalon.] (Zoöl.) Without a brain; brainless. Todd & B.

{ A*nenst" (&?;), A*nent" (&?;), } prep. [OE. anent, anentis, anence, anens, anents, AS. onefen, onemn; an, on, on + efen even, equal; hence meaning, on an equality with, even with, beside. See Even, a.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 1. Over against; as, he lives anent the church.

2. About; concerning; in respect; as, he said nothing anent this particular.

An*en"ter*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + &?; intestine, &?; within, &?; in.] (Zoöl.) Destitute of a stomach or an intestine. Owen.

An"e*roid (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + nhro`s wet, moist + -oid: cf. F. anéroïde.] Containing no liquid; -- said of a kind of barometer.

Aneroid barometer, a barometer the action of which depends on the varying pressure of the atmosphere upon the elastic top of a metallic box (shaped like a watch) from which the air has been exhausted. An index shows the variation of pressure.

An"e*roid, n. An aneroid barometer.

Anes (nz), adv. Once. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

||An`es*the"si*a (&?;), n., An`es*thet"ic (&?;), a. Same as Anæsthesia, Anæsthetic.

An"et (&?;), n. [F. aneth, fr. L. anethum, Gr. 'a`nhqon. See Anise.] The herb dill, or dillseed.

An"e*thol (&?;), n. [L. anethum (see Anise) + -ol.] (Chem.) A substance obtained from the volatile oils of anise, fennel, etc., in the form of soft shining scales; -- called also anise camphor. Watts.

A*net"ic (&?;), a. [L. aneticus, Gr. &?; relaxing; &?; back + &?; to send.] (Med.) Soothing.

An"eu*rism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a widening, an opening; &?; up + &?; wide.] (Med.) A soft, pulsating, hollow tumor, containing blood, arising from the preternatural dilation or rupture of the coats of an artery. [Written also aneurysm.]

An`eu*ris"mal (&?;), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to an aneurism; as, an aneurismal tumor; aneurismal diathesis. [Written also aneurysmal.]

A*new" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + new.] Over again; another time; in a new form; afresh; as, to arm anew; to create anew. Dryden.

An*frac"tu*ose` (?; 135), a. [See Anfractuous.] Anfractuous; as, anfractuose anthers.

An*frac`tu*os"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Anfractuosities (#). [Cf. F. anfractuosité.] 1. A state of being anfractuous, or full of windings and turnings; sinuosity.

> The anfractuosities of his intellect and temper.
> Macaulay.

2. (Anat.) A sinuous depression or sulcus like those separating the convolutions of the brain.

An*frac"tu*ous (&?;), a. [L. anfractuosus, fr. anfractus a turning, a winding, fr. the unused anfringere to wind, bend; an-, for amb- + fractus, p. p. of frangere to break: cf. F. anfractueux.] Winding; full of windings and turnings; sinuous; tortuous; as, the anfractuous spires of a born. -- An*frac"tu*ous*ness, n.

An*frac"ture (&?;), n. A mazy winding.

An*ga"ri*a"tion (&?;), n. [LL. angariatio, fr. L. angaria service to a lord, villenage, fr. angarius, Gr. 'a`ggaros (a Persian word), a courier for carrying royal dispatches.] Exaction of forced service; compulsion. [Obs.] Speed.

An`gei*ol"o*gy (&?;), n., An`gei*ot"o*my, etc. Same as Angiology, Angiotomy, etc.

An"gel (&?;), n. [AS. ængel, engel, influenced by OF. angele, angle, F. ange. Both the AS. and the OF. words are from L. angelus, Gr. 'a`ggelos messenger, a messenger of God, an angel.] 1. A messenger. [R.]

> The dear good angel of the Spring,
> The nightingale.
> B. Jonson.

2. A spiritual, celestial being, superior to man in power and intelligence. In the Scriptures the angels appear as God's messengers.

> O, welcome, pure-eyed Faith, white-handed Hope,
> Thou hovering angel, girt with golden wings.
> Milton.

3. One of a class of "fallen angels;" an evil spirit; as, the devil and his angels.

4. A minister or pastor of a church, as in the Seven Asiatic churches. [Archaic]

> Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write.
> Rev. ii. 1.

5. Attendant spirit; genius; demon. Shak.

6. An appellation given to a person supposed to be of angelic goodness or loveliness; a darling.

> When pain and anguish wring the brow,
> A ministering angel thou.
> Sir W. Scott.

7. (Numis.) An ancient gold coin of England, bearing the figure of the archangel Michael. It varied in value from 6s. 8d. to 10s. Amer. Cyc.

Angel is sometimes used adjectively; as, angel grace; angel whiteness.

Angel bed, a bed without posts. -- Angel fish. (Zoöl.) (a) A species of shark (Squatina angelus) from six to eight feet long, found on the coasts of Europe and North America. It takes its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large and extend horizontally like wings when spread. (b) One of several species of compressed, bright colored fishes warm seas, belonging to the family Chætodontidæ. -- Angel gold, standard gold. [Obs.] Fuller. -- Angel shark. See Angel fish. -- Angel shot (Mil.), a kind of chain shot. -- Angel water, a perfumed liquid made at first chiefly from angelica; afterwards containing rose, myrtle, and orange-flower waters, with ambergris, etc. [Obs.]

An"gel*age (&?;), n. Existence or state of angels.

An"gel*et (&?;), n. [OF. angelet.] A small gold coin formerly current in England; a half angel. Eng. Cyc.

An"gel fish. See under Angel.

An"gel*hood (&?;), n. The state of being an angel; angelic nature. Mrs. Browning.

{ An*gel"ic (&?;), An*gel"ic*al (&?;), } a. [L. angelicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. angélique.] Belonging to, or proceeding from, angels; resembling, characteristic of, or partaking of the nature of, an angel; heavenly; divine. "Angelic harps." Thomson."Angelical actions." Hooker.

> The union of womanly tenderness and angelic patience.
> Macaulay.

Angelic Hymn, a very ancient hymn of the Christian Church; -- so called from its beginning with the song of the heavenly host recorded in Luke ii. 14. Eadie.

An*gel"ic, a. [From Angelica.] (Chem.) Of or derived from angelica; as, angelic acid; angelic ether.

Angelic acid, an acid obtained from angelica and some other plants.

An*gel"i*ca (&?;), n. [NL. See Angelic.] (Bot.) 1. An aromatic umbelliferous plant (Archangelica officinalis or Angelica archangelica) the leaf stalks of which are sometimes candied and used in confectionery, and the roots and seeds as an aromatic tonic.

2. The candied leaf stalks of angelica.

Angelica tree, a thorny North American shrub (Aralia spinosa), called also Hercules' club.

An*gel"ic*al*ly (&?;), adv. Like an angel.

An*gel"ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being angelic; excellence more than human.

An*gel"i*fy (&?;), v. t. To make like an angel; to angelize. [Obs.] Farindon (1647).

An"gel*ize (&?;), v. t. To raise to the state of an angel; to render angelic.

> It ought not to be our object to angelize, nor to brutalize, but to humanize man.
> W. Taylor.

An"gel*like` (&?;), a. & adv. Resembling an angel.

An`gel*ol"a*try (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; angel + &?; service, worship.] Worship paid to angels.

An`gel*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [L. angelus, Gr. &?; + -logy.] A discourse on angels, or a body of doctrines in regard to angels.

> The same mythology commanded the general consent; the same angelology, demonology.
> Milman.

An`gel*oph"a*ny (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; angel + &?; to appear.] The actual appearance of an angel to man.

An"ge*lot (&?;), n. [F. angelot, LL. angelotus, angellotus, dim. of angelus. See Angel.] 1. A French gold coin of the reign of Louis XI., bearing the image of St. Michael; also, a piece coined at Paris by the English under Henry VI. [Obs.]

2. An instrument of music, of the lute kind, now disused. Johnson. R. Browning.

3. A sort of small, rich cheese, made in Normandy.

||An"ge*lus (&?;), n. [L.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A form of devotion in which three Ave Marias are repeated. It is said at morning, noon, and evening, at the sound of a bell. (b) The Angelus bell. Shipley.

An"ger (a"gr), n. [OE. anger, angre, affliction, anger, fr. Icel. angr affliction, sorrow; akin to Dan. anger regret, Swed. ånger regret, AS. ange oppressed, sad, L. angor a strangling, anguish, angere to strangle, Gr. 'a`gchein to strangle, Skr. ahas pain, and to E. anguish, anxious, quinsy, and perh. awe, ugly. The word seems to have orig. meant to choke, squeeze. √3.] 1. Trouble; vexation; also, physical pain or smart of a sore, etc. [Obs.]

> I made the experiment, setting the moxa where . . . the greatest anger and soreness still continued.
> Temple.

2. A strong passion or emotion of displeasure or antagonism, excited by a real or supposed injury or insult to one's self or others, or by the intent to do such injury.

> Anger is like
> A full hot horse, who being allowed his way,
> Self-mettle tires him.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Resentment; wrath; rage; fury; passion; ire gall; choler; indignation; displeasure; vexation; grudge; spleen. -- Anger, Indignation, Resentment, Wrath, Ire, Rage, Fury. Anger is a feeling of keen displeasure (usually with a desire to punish) for what we regard as wrong toward ourselves or others. It may be excessive or misplaced, but is not necessarily criminal. Indignation is a generous outburst of anger in view of things which are indigna, or unworthy to be done, involving what is mean, cruel, flagitious, etc., in character or conduct. Resentment is often a moody feeling, leading one to brood over his supposed personal wrongs with a deep and lasting anger. See Resentment. Wrath and ire (the last poetical) express the feelings of one who is bitterly provoked. Rage is a vehement ebullition of anger; and fury is an excess of rage, amounting almost to madness. Warmth of constitution often gives rise to anger; a high sense of honor creates indignation at crime; a man of quick sensibilities is apt to cherish resentment; the wrath and ire of men are often connected with a haughty and vindictive spirit; rage and fury are distempers of the soul to be regarded only with abhorrence.

An"ger (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Angered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Angering.] [Cf. Icel. angra.] 1. To make painful; to cause to smart; to inflame. [Obs.]

> He . . . angereth malign ulcers.
> Bacon.

2. To excite to anger; to enrage; to provoke.

> Taxes and impositions . . . which rather angered than grieved the people.
> Clarendon.

An"ger*ly, adv. Angrily. [Obs. or Poetic]

> Why, how now, Hecate! you look angerly.
> Shak.

An"ge*vine (&?;), a. [F. Angevin.] Of or pertaining to Anjou in France. -- n. A native of Anjou.

||An`gi*en"chy*ma (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; receptacle + &?;. Formed like Parenchyma.] (Bot.) Vascular tissue of plants, consisting of spiral vessels, dotted, barred, and pitted ducts, and laticiferous vessels.

||An*gi"na (&?;), n. [L., fr. angere to strangle, to choke. See Anger, n.] (Med.) Any inflammatory affection of the throat or faces, as the quinsy, malignant sore throat, croup, etc., especially such as tends to produce suffocation, choking, or shortness of breath.

Angina pectoris (&?;), a peculiarly painful disease, so named from a sense of suffocating contraction or tightening of the lower part of the chest; -- called also breast pang, spasm of the chest.

{ An"gi*nous (&?;), An"gi*nose` (&?;), } a. (Med.) Pertaining to angina or angina pectoris.

An"gi*o- (n"j*-). [Gr. 'aggei^on vessel receptacle.] A prefix, or combining form, in numerous compounds, usually relating to seed or blood vessels, or to something contained in, or covered by, a vessel.

An`gi*o*car"pous (n`j**kär"ps), a. [Angio- + Gr. karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) (a) Having fruit inclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself; as, the filbert covered by its husk, or the acorn seated in its cupule. Brande & C. (b) Having the seeds or spores covered, as in certain lichens. Gray.

An`gi*og"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Angio- + -graphy: cf. F. angiographie.] (Anat.) A description of blood vessels and lymphatics.

An`gi*ol"o*gy (-l"*j), n. [Angio- + -logy.] (Anat.) That part of anatomy which treats of blood vessels and lymphatics.

||An`gi*o"ma (-"m), n. [Angio- + -oma.] (Med.) A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood vessels.

An`gi*o*mon`o*sper"mous (n`j**mn`*spr"ms), a. [Angio- + monospermous.] (Bot.) Producing one seed only in a seed pod.

An"gi*o*scope (n"j**skp), n. [Angio- + -scope.] An instrument for examining the capillary vessels of animals and plants. Morin.

An"gi*o*sperm (-n"j**sprm), n. [Angio- + Gr. &?;, &?;, seed.] (Bot.) A plant which has its seeds inclosed in a pericarp.

The term is restricted to exogenous plants, and applied to one of the two grand divisions of these species, the other division including gymnosperms, or those which have naked seeds. The oak, apple, beech, etc., are angiosperms, while the pines, spruce, hemlock, and the allied varieties, are gymnosperms.

An`gi*o*sper"ma*tous (n`j**spr"m*ts), a. (Bot.) Same as Angiospermous.

An`gi*o*sper"mous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Having seeds inclosed in a pod or other pericarp.

An`gi*os"po*rous (&?;), a. [Angio- + spore.] (Bot.) Having spores contained in cells or thecæ, as in the case of some fungi.

An`gi*os"to*mous (&?;), a. [Angio- + Gr. &?; mouth.] (Zoöl.) With a narrow mouth, as the shell of certain gastropods.

An`gi*ot"o*my (&?;), n. [Angio- + Gr. &?; a cutting.] (Anat.) Dissection of the blood vessels and lymphatics of the body. Dunglison.

<! p. 57 !>

An"gle ("g'l), n. [F. angle, L. angulus angle, corner; akin to uncus hook, Gr. 'agky`los bent, crooked, angular, 'a`gkos a bend or hollow, AS. angel hook, fish-hook, G. angel, and F. anchor.] 1. The inclosed space near the point where two lines meet; a corner; a nook.

> Into the utmost angle of the world.
> Spenser.

> To search the tenderest angles of the heart.
> Milton.

2. (Geom.) (a) The figure made by. two lines which meet. (b) The difference of direction of two lines. In the lines meet, the point of meeting is the vertex of the angle.

3. A projecting or sharp corner; an angular fragment.

> Though but an angle reached him of the stone.
> Dryden.

4. (Astrol.) A name given to four of the twelve astrological "houses." [Obs.] Chaucer.

5. [AS. angel.] A fishhook; tackle for catching fish, consisting of a line, hook, and bait, with or without a rod.

> Give me mine angle: we 'll to the river there.
> Shak.

> A fisher next his trembling angle bears.
> Pope.

Acute angle, one less than a right angle, or less than 90°. -- Adjacent or Contiguous angles, such as have one leg common to both angles. -- Alternate angles. See Alternate. -- Angle bar. (a) (Carp.) An upright bar at the angle where two faces of a polygonal or bay window meet. Knight. (b) (Mach.) Same as Angle iron. -- Angle bead (Arch.), a bead worked on or fixed to the angle of any architectural work, esp. for protecting an angle of a wall. -- Angle brace, Angle tie (Carp.), a brace across an interior angle of a wooden frame, forming the hypothenuse and securing the two side pieces together. Knight. -- Angle iron (Mach.), a rolled bar or plate of iron having one or more angles, used for forming the corners, or connecting or sustaining the sides of an iron structure to which it is riveted. -- Angle leaf (Arch.), a detail in the form of a leaf, more or less conventionalized, used to decorate and sometimes to strengthen an angle. -- Angle meter, an instrument for measuring angles, esp. for ascertaining the dip of strata. -- Angle shaft (Arch.), an enriched angle bead, often having a capital or base, or both. -- Curvilineal angle, one formed by two curved lines. -- External angles, angles formed by the sides of any right-lined figure, when the sides are produced or lengthened. -- Facial angle. See under Facial. -- Internal angles, those which are within any right- lined figure. -- Mixtilineal angle, one formed by a right line with a curved line. -- Oblique angle, one acute or obtuse, in opposition to a right angle. -- Obtuse angle, one greater than a right angle, or more than 90°. -- Optic angle. See under Optic. -- Rectilineal or Right-lined angle, one formed by two right lines. -- Right angle, one formed by a right line falling on another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90° (measured by a quarter circle). -- Solid angle, the figure formed by the meeting of three or more plane angles at one point. -- Spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two arcs of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the surface of a globe or sphere. -- Visual angle, the angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an object to the center of the eye. -- For Angles of commutation, draught, incidence, reflection, refraction, position, repose, fraction, see Commutation, Draught, Incidence, Reflection, Refraction, etc.

An"gle (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Angled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Angling (&?;).] 1. To fish with an angle (fishhook), or with hook and line.

2. To use some bait or artifice; to intrigue; to scheme; as, to angle for praise.

> The hearts of all that he did angle for.
> Shak.

An"gle, v. t. To try to gain by some insinuating artifice; to allure. [Obs.] "He angled the people's hearts." Sir P. Sidney.

An"gled (&?;), a. Having an angle or angles; -- used in compounds; as, right-angled, many-angled, etc.

> The thrice three-angled beechnut shell.
> Bp. Hall.

An"gle*me`ter (&?;), n. [Angle + - meter.] An instrument to measure angles, esp. one used by geologists to measure the dip of strata.

An"gler (&?;), n. 1. One who angles.

2. (Zoöl.) A fish (Lophius piscatorius), of Europe and America, having a large, broad, and depressed head, with the mouth very large. Peculiar appendages on the head are said to be used to entice fishes within reach. Called also fishing frog, frogfish, toadfish, goosefish, allmouth, monkfish, etc.

An"gles (&?;), n. pl. [L. Angli. See Anglican.] (Ethnol.) An ancient Low German tribe, that settled in Britain, which came to be called Engla-land (Angleland or England). The Angles probably came from the district of Angeln (now within the limits of Schleswig), and the country now Lower Hanover, etc.

An"gle*site (&?;), n. [From the Isle of Anglesea.] (Min.) A native sulphate of lead. It occurs in white or yellowish transparent, prismatic crystals.

An"gle*wise` (&?;), adv. [Angle + wise, OE. wise manner.] In an angular manner; angularly.

An"gle*worm` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A earthworm of the genus Lumbricus, frequently used by anglers for bait. See Earthworm.

An"gli*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the Angles. -- n. One of the Angles.

An"glic (&?;), a. Anglian.

An"gli*can (&?;), a. [Angli the Angles, a Germanic tribe in Lower Germany. Cf. English.] 1. English; of or pertaining to England or the English nation; especially, pertaining to, or connected with, the established church of England; as, the Anglican church, doctrine, orders, ritual, etc.

2. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or held by, the high church party of the Church of England.

An"gli*can (&?;), n. 1. A member of the Church of England.

> Whether Catholics, Anglicans, or Calvinists.
> Burke.

2. In a restricted sense, a member of the High Church party, or of the more advanced ritualistic section, in the Church of England.

An"gli*can*ism (&?;), n. 1. Strong partiality to the principles and rites of the Church of England.

2. The principles of the established church of England; also, in a restricted sense, the doctrines held by the high-church party.

3. Attachment to England or English institutions.

||An"gli*ce (&?;), adv. [NL.] In English; in the English manner; as, Livorno, Anglice Leghorn.

An*glic"i*fy (&?;), v. t. [NL. Anglicus English + -fly.] To anglicize. [R.]

An"gli*cism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. anglicisme.] 1. An English idiom; a phrase or form language peculiar to the English. Dryden.

2. The quality of being English; an English characteristic, custom, or method.

An*glic"i*ty (&?;), n. The state or quality of being English.

An`gli*ci*za"tion (&?;), n. The act of anglicizing, or making English in character.

An"gli*cize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglicized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anglicizing.] To make English; to English; to anglify; render conformable to the English idiom, or to English analogies.

An"gli*fy (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglified (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anglifying.] [L. Angli + -fly.] To convert into English; to anglicize. Franklin. Darwin.

An"gling (&?;), n. The act of one who angles; the art of fishing with rod and line. Walton.

An"glo- (&?;) [NL. Anglus English. See Anglican.] A combining form meaning the same as English; or English and, or English conjoined with; as, Anglo-Turkish treaty, Anglo-German, Anglo-Irish.

Anglo-American, . Of or pertaining to the English and Americans, or to the descendants of Englishmen in America. -- n. A descendant from English ancestors born in America, or the United States.

Anglo-Danish, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Danes, or to the Danes who settled in England.

Anglo-Indian, a. Of or pertaining to the English in India, or to the English and East Indian peoples or languages. -- n. One of the Anglo- Indian race born or resident in the East Indies.

Anglo-Norman, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Normans, or to the Normans who settled in England. -- n. One of the English Normans, or the Normans who conquered England.

Anglo-Saxon. See Anglo-Saxon in the Vocabulary.

An"glo-Cath"o*lic, a., Of or pertaining to a church modeled on the English Reformation; Anglican; -- sometimes restricted to the ritualistic or High Church section of the Church of England.

An"glo-Cath"o*lic, n. A member of the Church of England who contends for its catholic character; more specifically, a High Churchman.

An"glo*ma"ni*a (&?;), n. [Anglo'cf + mania.] A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, English customs, institutions, etc.

An`glo*ma"ni*ac, n. One affected with Anglomania.

An`glo*pho"bi*a (&?;), n. [Anglo- + Gr. &?; fear.] Intense dread of, or aversion to, England or the English. -- An"glo*phobe (&?;), n.

An"glo-Sax"on (&?;), n. [L. Angli- Saxones English Saxons.] 1. A Saxon of Britain, that is, an English Saxon, or one the Saxons who settled in England, as distinguished from a continental (or "Old") Saxon.

2. pl. The Teutonic people (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) of England, or the English people, collectively, before the Norman Conquest.

> It is quite correct to call Æthelstan "King of the Anglo-Saxons," but to call this or that subject of Æthelstan "an Anglo-Saxon" is simply nonsense.
> E. A. Freeman.

3. The language of the English people before the Conquest (sometimes called Old English). See Saxon.

4. One of the race or people who claim descent from the Saxons, Angles, or other Teutonic tribes who settled in England; a person of English descent in its broadest sense.

An"glo-Sax"on, a. Of or pertaining to the Anglo-Saxons or their language.

An"glo-Sax"on*dom (&?;), n. The Anglo- Saxon domain (i. e., Great Britain and the United States, etc.); the Anglo- Saxon race.

An"glo-Sax"on*ism (&?;), n. 1. A characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon race; especially, a word or an idiom of the Anglo-Saxon tongue. M. Arnold.

2. The quality or sentiment of being Anglo-Saxon, or English in its ethnological sense.

An*go"la (&?;), n. [A corruption of Angora.] A fabric made from the wool of the Angora goat.

An*go"la pea` (&?;). (Bot.) A tropical plant (Cajanus indicus) and its edible seed, a kind of pulse; -- so called from Angola in Western Africa. Called also pigeon pea and Congo pea.

||An"gor ("gr), n. [L. See Anger.] (Med.) Great anxiety accompanied by painful constriction at the upper part of the belly, often with palpitation and oppression.

An*go"ra (n*g"r), n. A city of Asia Minor (or Anatolia) which has given its name to a goat, a cat, etc.

Angora cat (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic cat with very long and silky hair, generally of the brownish white color. Called also Angola cat. See Cat. -- Angora goat (Zoöl.), a variety of the domestic goat, reared for its long silky hair, which is highly prized for manufacture.

An`gos*tu"ra bark` (ä`gs*t"r bärk`). [From Angostura, in Venezuela.] An aromatic bark used as a tonic, obtained from a South American of the rue family (Galipea cusparia, or officinalis). U. S. Disp.

||An`gou`mois" moth" (?; 115). [So named from Angoumois in France.] (Zoöl.) A small moth (Gelechia cerealella) which is very destructive to wheat and other grain. The larva eats out the interior of the grain, leaving only the shell.

An"gri*ly (&?;), adv. In an angry manner; under the influence of anger.

An"gri*ness, n. The quality of being angry, or of being inclined to anger.

> Such an angriness of humor that we take fire at everything.
> Whole Duty of Man.

An"gry (&?;), a. [Compar. Angrier (&?;); superl. Angriest.] [See Anger.] 1. Troublesome; vexatious; rigorous. [Obs.]

> God had provided a severe and angry education to chastise the forwardness of a young spirit.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. Inflamed and painful, as a sore.

3. Touched with anger; under the emotion of anger; feeling resentment; enraged; -- followed generally by with before a person, and at before a thing.

> Be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves.
> Gen. xlv. 5.

> Wherefore should God be angry at thy voice?
> Eccles. v. 6.

4. Showing anger; proceeding from anger; acting as if moved by anger; wearing the marks of anger; as, angry words or tones; an angry sky; angry waves. "An angry countenance." Prov. xxv. 23.

5. Red. [R.]

> Sweet rose, whose hue, angry and brave.
> Herbert.

6. Sharp; keen; stimulated. [R.]

> I never ate with angrier appetite.
> Tennyson.

Syn. -- Passionate; resentful; irritated; irascible; indignant; provoked; enraged; incensed; exasperated; irate; hot; raging; furious; wrathful; wroth; choleric; inflamed; infuriated.

An"gui*form (&?;), a. [L. angius snake + -form.] Snake-shaped.

An*guil"li*form (&?;), a. [L. anguilla eel (dim. of anguis snake) + -form.] Eel- shaped.

The "Anguillæformes" of Cuvier are fishes related to thee eel.

An"guine (&?;), a. [L. anguinus, fr. anguis snake.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a snake or serpent. "The anguine or snakelike reptiles." Owen.

An*guin"e*al (&?;), a. Anguineous.

An*guin"e*ous (&?;), a. [L. anguineus.] Snakelike.

An"guish (&?;), n. [OE. anguishe, anguise, angoise, F. angoisse, fr. L. angustia narrowness, difficulty, distress, fr. angustus narrow, difficult, fr. angere to press together. See Anger.] Extreme pain, either of body or mind; excruciating distress.

> But they hearkened not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage.
> Ex. vi. 9.

> Anguish as of her that bringeth forth her first child.
> Jer. iv. 31.

Rarely used in the plural: -

> Ye miserable people, you must go to God in anguishes, and make your prayer to him.

Latimer.

Syn. -- Agony; pang; torture; torment. See Agony.

An"guish, v. t. [Cf. F. angoisser, fr. L. angustiare.] To distress with extreme pain or grief. [R.] Temple.

An"gu*lar (&?;), a. [L. angularis, fr. angulus angle, corner. See Angle.] 1. Relating to an angle or to angles; having an angle or angles; forming an angle or corner; sharp-cornered; pointed; as, an angular figure.

2. Measured by an angle; as, angular distance.

3. Fig.: Lean; lank; raw-boned; ungraceful; sharp and stiff in character; as, remarkably angular in his habits and appearance; an angular female.

Angular aperture, Angular distance. See Aperture, Distance. -- Angular motion, the motion of a body about a fixed point or fixed axis, as of a planet or pendulum. It is equal to the angle passed over at the point or axis by a line drawn to the body. -- Angular point, the point at which the sides of the angle meet; the vertex. -- Angular velocity, the ratio of anuglar motion to the time employed in describing.

An"gu*lar, n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, and fishes.

An`gu*lar"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality or state of being angular; angularness.

An"gu*lar*ly (&?;), adv. In an angular manner; with of at angles or corners. B. Jonson.

An"gu*lar*ness, n. The quality of being angular.

{ An"gu*late (&?;), An"gu*la`ted (&?;), } a. [L. angulatus, p. p. of angulare to make angular.] Having angles or corners; angled; as, angulate leaves.

An"gu*late (&?;), v. t. To make angular.

An`gu*la"tion (&?;), n. A making angular; angular formation. Huxley.

An"gu*lo-den"tate(&?;), a.. [L. angulus angle + dens, dentis, tooth.] (Bot.) Angularly toothed, as certain leaves.

An"gu*lom"e*ter (&?;), n. [L. angulus angle + -meter.] An instrument for measuring external angles.

An"gu*lose` (&?;), a. Angulous. [R.]

An`gu*los"i*ty (&?;), n. A state of being angulous or angular. [Obs.]

An"gu*lous (&?;), a. [L. angulosus: cf. F. anguleux.] Angular; having corners; hooked. [R.]

> Held together by hooks and angulous involutions.
> Glanvill.

An*gust" (&?;), a. [L. angustus. See Anguish.] Narrow; strait. [Obs.]

An*gus"tate (&?;), a. [L. angustatus, p. p. of angustare to make narrow.] Narrowed.

An`gus*ta"tion (&?;), n. The act of making narrow; a straitening or contacting. Wiseman.

<! p. 58 !>

{ An*gus`ti*fo"li*ate (n*gs`t*f"l*t), An*gus`ti*fo"li*ous (n*gs`t*f"l*s), } a. [L. angustus narrow (see Anguish) + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having narrow leaves. Wright.

An`gus*tu"ra bark` (&?;). See Angostura bark.

||An`gwan*ti"bo (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A small lemuroid mammal (Arctocebus Calabarensis) of Africa. It has only a rudimentary tail.

An*hang" (&?;), v. t. [AS. onhangian.] To hang. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An`har*mon"ic (&?;), a. [F. anharmonique, fr. Gr. 'an priv. + &?; harmonic.] (Math.) Not harmonic.

The anharmonic function or ratio of four points abcd on a straight line is the quantity (ac/ad):(bc/bd), where the segments are to be regarded as plus or minus, according to the order of the letters.

An`he*la"tion (&?;), n. [L. anhelatio, fr. anhelare to pant; an (perh. akin to E. on) + halare to breathe: cf. F. anhélation.] Short and rapid breathing; a panting; asthma. Glanvill.

An*hele" (&?;), v. i. [Cf. OF. aneler, anheler. See Anhelation.] To pant; to be breathlessly anxious or eager (for). [Obs.]

> They anhele . . . for the fruit of our convocation.
> Latimer.

An"he*lose (&?;), a. Anhelous; panting. [R.]

An*he"lous (&?;), a. [L. anhelus.] Short of breath; panting.

||An"hi*ma (&?;), n. [Brazilian name.] A South American aquatic bird; the horned screamer or kamichi (Palamedea cornuta). See Kamichi.

||An*hin"ga (&?;), n. [Pg.] (Zoöl.) An aquatic bird of the southern United States (Platus anhinga); the darter, or snakebird.

An*his"tous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + "isto`s web, tissue: cf. F. anhiste.] (Biol.) Without definite structure; as, an anhistous membrane.

An*hun"gered (&?;), a. Ahungered; longing. [Archaic]

An*hy"dride (&?;), n. [See Anhydrous.] (Chem.) An oxide of a nonmetallic body or an organic radical, capable of forming an acid by uniting with the elements of water; -- so called because it may be formed from an acid by the abstraction of water.

An*hy"drite (&?;), n. [See Anhydrous.] (Min.) A mineral of a white or a slightly bluish color, usually massive. It is anhydrous sulphate of lime, and differs from gypsum in not containing water (whence the name).

An*hy"drous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; wanting water; 'an priv. + "y`dwr water.] Destitute of water; as, anhydrous salts or acids.

||A"ni (&?;) or ||A"no (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A black bird of tropical America, the West Indies and Florida (Crotophaga ani), allied to the cuckoos, and remarkable for communistic nesting.

||An"i*cut, ||An"ni*cut (&?;), n. [Tamil anai kattu dam building.] A dam or mole made in the course of a stream for the purpose of regulating the flow of a system of irrigation. [India] Brande & C.

An*id`i*o*mat"ic*al (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + E. idiomatical.] Not idiomatic. [R.] Landor.

{ An"i*ent, An`i*en"tise (&?;), } v. t. [OF. anientir, F. anéantir.] To frustrate; to bring to naught; to annihilate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*nigh" (&?;), prep. & adv. [Pref. a- + nigh.] Nigh. [Archaic]

{ A*night" (&?;), A*nights" (&?;), } adv. [OE. on niht.] In the night time; at night. [Archaic]

> Does he hawk anights still?
> Marston.

An"il (&?;), n. [F. anil, Sp. anl, or Pg. anil; all fr. Ar. an-nl, for al-nl the indigo plant, fr. Skr. nla dark blue, nl indigo, indigo plant. Cf. Lilac.] (Bot.) A West Indian plant (Indigofera anil), one of the original sources of indigo; also, the indigo dye.

An"ile (&?;), a. [L. anilis, fr. anus an old woman.] Old-womanish; imbecile. "Anile ideas." Walpole.

An"ile*ness (&?;), n. Anility. [R.]

An*il"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, anil; indigotic; -- applied to an acid formed by the action of nitric acid on indigo. [R.]

An"i*lide (&?;), n. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds which may be regarded as amides in which more or less of the hydrogen has been replaced by phenyl.

An"i*line (?; 277), n. [See Anil.] (Chem.) An organic base belonging to the phenylamines. It may be regarded as ammonia in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced by the radical phenyl. It is a colorless, oily liquid, originally obtained from indigo by distillation, but now largely manufactured from coal tar or nitrobenzene as a base from which many brilliant dyes are made.

An"i*line, a. Made from, or of the nature of, aniline.

A*nil"i*ty (&?;), n. [L. anilitas. See Anile.] The state of being and old woman; old-womanishness; dotage. "Marks of anility." Sterne.

An`i*mad*ver"sal (&?;), n. The faculty of perceiving; a percipient. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

An`i*mad*ver"sion (&?;), n. [L. animadversio, fr. animadvertere: cf. F. animadversion. See Animadvert.] 1. The act or power of perceiving or taking notice; direct or simple perception. [Obs.]

> The soul is the sole percipient which hath animadversion and sense, properly so called.
> Glanvill.

2. Monition; warning. [Obs.] Clarendon.

3. Remarks by way of criticism and usually of censure; adverse criticism; reproof; blame.

> He dismissed their commissioners with severe and sharp animadversions.
> Clarendon.

4. Judicial cognizance of an offense; chastisement; punishment. [Archaic] "Divine animadversions." Wesley.

Syn. -- Stricture; criticism; censure; reproof; blame; comment.

An`i*mad*ver"sive (&?;), a. Having the power of perceiving; percipient. [Archaic] Glanvill.

> I do not mean there is a certain number of ideas glaring and shining to the animadversive faculty.
> Coleridge.

An`i*mad*vert" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Animadverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Animadverting.] [L. animadvertere; animus mind + advertere to turn to; ad to + vertere to turn.] 1. To take notice; to observe; -- commonly followed by that. Dr. H. More.

2. To consider or remark by way of criticism or censure; to express censure; -- with on or upon.

> I should not animadvert on him . . . if he had not used extreme severity in his judgment of the incomparable Shakespeare.
> Dryden.

3. To take cognizance judicially; to inflict punishment. [Archaic] Grew.

Syn. -- To remark; comment; criticise; censure.

An`i*mad*vert"er (&?;), n. One who animadverts; a censurer; also [Obs.], a chastiser.

An"i*mal (&?;), n. [L., fr. anima breath, soul: cf. F. animal. See Animate.] 1. An organized living being endowed with sensation and the power of voluntary motion, and also characterized by taking its food into an internal cavity or stomach for digestion; by giving carbonic acid to the air and taking oxygen in the process of respiration; and by increasing in motive power or active aggressive force with progress to maturity.

2. One of the lower animals; a brute or beast, as distinguished from man; as, men and animals.

An"i*mal, a. [Cf. F. animal.] 1. Of or relating to animals; as, animal functions.

2. Pertaining to the merely sentient part of a creature, as distinguished from the intellectual, rational, or spiritual part; as, the animal passions or appetites.

3. Consisting of the flesh of animals; as, animal food.

Animal magnetism. See Magnetism and Mesmerism. -- Animal electricity, the electricity developed in some animals, as the electric eel, torpedo, etc. -- Animal flower (Zoöl.), a name given to certain marine animals resembling a flower, as any species of actinia or sea anemone, and other Anthozoa, hydroids, starfishes, etc. -- Animal heat (Physiol.), the heat generated in the body of a living animal, by means of which the animal is kept at nearly a uniform temperature. -- Animal spirits. See under Spirit. -- Animal kingdom, the whole class of beings endowed with animal life. It embraces several subkingdoms, and under these there are Classes, Orders, Families, Genera, Species, and sometimes intermediate groupings, all in regular subordination, but variously arranged by different writers. The following are the grand divisions, or subkingdoms, and the principal classes under them, generally recognized at the present time: --

Vertebrata, including Mammalia or Mammals, Aves or Birds, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces or Fishes, Marsipobranchiata (Craniota); and Leptocardia (Acrania).

Tunicata, including the Thaliacea, and Ascidioidea or Ascidians.

Articulata or Annulosa, including Insecta, Myriapoda, Malacapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Merostomata, Crustacea (Arthropoda); and Annelida, Gehyrea (Anarthropoda).

Helminthes or Vermes, including Rotifera, Chætognatha, Nematoidea, Acanthocephala, Nemertina, Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoidea, Mesozea.

Molluscoidea, including Brachiopoda and Bryozoa.

Mollusca, including Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Pteropoda, Scaphopoda, Lamellibranchiata or Acephala.

Echinodermata, including Holothurioidea, Echinoidea, Asterioidea, Ophiuroidea, and Crinoidea.

Cœlenterata, including Anthozoa or Polyps, Ctenophora, and Hydrozoa or Acalephs.

Spongiozoa or Porifera, including the sponges.

Protozoa, including Infusoria and Rhizopoda.

For definitions, see these names in the Vocabulary.

{ An`i*mal"cu*lar (&?;), An`i*mal"cu*line (&?;), } a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, animalcules. "Animalcular life." Tyndall.

An`i*mal"cule (&?;), n. [As if fr. a L. animalculum, dim. of animal.] 1. A small animal, as a fly, spider, etc. [Obs.] Ray.

2. (Zoöl.) An animal, invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. See Infusoria.

Many of the so-called animalcules have been shown to be plants, having locomotive powers something like those of animals. Among these are Volvox, the Desmidiacæ, and the siliceous Diatomaceæ.

Spermatic animalcules. See Spermatozoa.

An`i*mal"cu*lism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. animalculisme.] (Biol.) The theory which seeks to explain certain physiological and pathological phenomena by means of animalcules.

An`i*mal"cu*list (&?;), n. [Cf. F. animalculiste.] 1. One versed in the knowledge of animalcules. Keith.

2. A believer in the theory of animalculism.

||An`i*mal"cu*lum (&?;), n.; pl. Animalcula (&?;). [NL. See Animalcule.] An animalcule.

Animalculæ, as if from a Latin singular animalcula, is a barbarism.

An"i*mal*ish (&?;), a. Like an animal.

An"i*mal*ism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. animalisme.] The state, activity, or enjoyment of animals; mere animal life without intellectual or moral qualities; sensuality.

An`i*mal"i*ty (&?;), n. [Cf. F. animalité.] Animal existence or nature. Locke.

An`i*mal*i*za"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. animalisation.] 1. The act of animalizing; the giving of animal life, or endowing with animal properties.

2. Conversion into animal matter by the process of assimilation. Owen.

An"i*mal*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Animalized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Animalizing.] [Cf. F. animaliser.] 1. To endow with the properties of an animal; to represent in animal form. Warburton.

2. To convert into animal matter by the processes of assimilation.

3. To render animal or sentient; to reduce to the state of a lower animal; to sensualize.

> The unconscious irony of the Epicurean poet on the animalizing tendency of his own philosophy.
> Coleridge.

An"i*mal*ly, adv. Physically. G. Eliot.

An"i*mal*ness, n. Animality. [R.]

An`i*mas"tic (&?;), a. [L. anima breath, life.] Pertaining to mind or spirit; spiritual.

An`i*mas"tic, n. Psychology. [Obs.]

An"i*mate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Animated; p. pr. & vb. n. Animating.] [L. animatus, p. p. of animare, fr. anima breath, soul; akin to animus soul, mind, Gr. &?; wind, Skr. an to breathe, live, Goth. us-anan to expire (us- out), Icel. önd breath, anda to breathe, OHG. ando anger. Cf. Animal.] 1. To give natural life to; to make alive; to quicken; as, the soul animates the body.

2. To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect of; as, to animate a lyre. Dryden.

3. To give spirit or vigor to; to stimulate or incite; to inspirit; to rouse; to enliven.

> The more to animate the people, he stood on high . . . and cried unto them with a loud voice.
> Knolles.

Syn. -- To enliven; inspirit; stimulate; exhilarate; inspire; instigate; rouse; urge; cheer; prompt; incite; quicken; gladden.

An"i*mate (&?;), a. [L. animatus, p. p.] Endowed with life; alive; living; animated; lively.

> The admirable structure of animate bodies.
> Bentley.

An"i*ma`ted (&?;), a. Endowed with life; full of life or spirit; indicating animation; lively; vigorous. "Animated sounds." Pope. "Animated bust." Gray. "Animated descriptions." Lewis.

An"i*ma`ted*ly, adv. With animation.

An"i*ma`ter (&?;), n. One who animates. De Quincey.

An"i*ma"ting, a. Causing animation; life-giving; inspiriting; rousing. "Animating cries." Pope. -- An"i*ma`ting*ly, adv.

An`i*ma"tion (&?;), n. [L. animatio, fr. animare.] 1. The act of animating, or giving life or spirit; the state of being animate or alive.

> The animation of the same soul quickening the whole frame.
> Bp. Hall.

> Perhaps an inanimate thing supplies me, while I am speaking, with whatever I possess of animation.
> Landor.

2. The state of being lively, brisk, or full of spirit and vigor; vivacity; spiritedness; as, he recited the story with great animation.

Suspended animation, temporary suspension of the vital functions, as in persons nearly drowned.

Syn. -- Liveliness; vivacity; spirit; buoyancy; airiness; sprightliness; promptitude; enthusiasm; ardor; earnestness; energy. See Liveliness.

An"i*ma*tive (&?;), a. Having the power of giving life or spirit. Johnson.

An"i*ma`tor (&?;), n. [L. animare.] One who, or that which, animates; an animater. Sir T. Browne.

||A"ni*mé` (&?;), a. [F., animated.] (Her.) Of a different tincture from the animal itself; -- said of the eyes of a rapacious animal. Brande & C.

||A"ni*mé (&?;), n. [F. animé animated (from the insects that are entrapped in it); or native name.] A resin exuding from a tropical American tree (Hymenæa courbaril), and much used by varnish makers. Ure.

An"i*mism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. animisme, fr. L. anima soul. See Animate.] 1. The doctrine, taught by Stahl, that the soul is the proper principle of life and development in the body.

2. The belief that inanimate objects and the phenomena of nature are endowed with personal life or a living soul; also, in an extended sense, the belief in the existence of soul or spirit apart from matter. Tylor.

An"i*mist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. animiste.] One who maintains the doctrine of animism.

An`i*mis"tic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to animism. Huxley. Tylor.

{ An`i*mose" (&?;), An"i*mous (&?;), } a. [L. animosus, fr. animus soul, spirit, courage.] Full of spirit; hot; vehement; resolute. [Obs.] Ash.

An`i*mose"ness (&?;), n. Vehemence of temper. [Obs.]

An`i*mos"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Animosities (&?;). [F. animosité, fr. L. animositas. See Animose, Animate, v. t.] 1. Mere spiritedness or courage. [Obs.] Skelton.

> Such as give some proof of animosity, audacity, and execution, those she [the crocodile] loveth.
> Holland.

2. Violent hatred leading to active opposition; active enmity; energetic dislike. Macaulay.

Syn. -- Enmity; hatred; opposition. -- Animosity, Enmity. Enmity be dormant or concealed; animosity is active enmity, inflamed by collision and mutual injury between opposing parties. The animosities which were continually springing up among the clans in Scotland kept that kingdom in a state of turmoil and bloodshed for successive ages. The animosities which have been engendered among Christian sects have always been the reproach of the church.

> Such [writings] as naturally conduce to inflame hatreds and make enmities irreconcilable.
> Spectator.

> [These] factions . . . never suspended their animosities till they ruined that unhappy government.
> Hume.

An"i*mus (&?;), n.; pl. Animi (&?;). [L., mind.] Animating spirit; intention; temper.

nimus furandi [L.] (Law), intention of stealing.

An"i*on (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, neut. &?;, p. pr. of &?; to go up; &?; up + &?; to go.] (Chem.) An electro- negative element, or the element which, in electro-chemical decompositions, is evolved at the anode; -- opposed to cation. Faraday.

<! p. 59 !>

An"ise (n"s), n. [OE. anys, F. anis, L. anisum, anethum, fr. Gr. 'a`nison, 'a`nhqon.] 1. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Pimpinella anisum) growing naturally in Egypt, and cultivated in Spain, Malta, etc., for its carminative and aromatic seeds.

2. The fruit or seeds of this plant.

An"i*seed (&?;), n. The seed of the anise; also, a cordial prepared from it. "Oil of aniseed." Brande & C.

||An`i*sette" (&?;), n. [F.] A French cordial or liqueur flavored with anise seeds. De Colange.

A*nis"ic (&?;), a. Of or derived from anise; as, anisic acid; anisic alcohol.

{ ||An`i*so*dac"ty*la (&?;), An`i*so*dac"tyls (&?;), } n. pl. [NL. anisodactyla, fr. Gr. 'a`nisos unequal ('an priv. + 'i`sos equal) + da`ktylos finger.] (Zoöl.) (a) A group of herbivorous mammals characterized by having the hoofs in a single series around the foot, as the elephant, rhinoceros, etc. (b) A group of perching birds which are anisodactylous.

An`i*so*dac"ty*lous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Characterized by unequal toes, three turned forward and one backward, as in most passerine birds.

An`i*so*mer"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; unequal + &?; part.] (Chem.) Not isomeric; not made of the same components in the same proportions.

An`i*som"er*ous (&?;), a. [See Anisomeric.] (Bot.) Having the number of floral organs unequal, as four petals and six stamens.

An`i*so*met"ric (&?;), a. [Gr. 'an priv. + E. isometric.] Not isometric; having unsymmetrical parts; -- said of crystals with three unequal axes. Dana.

An`i*so*pet"al*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; unequal + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal petals.

An`i*soph"yl*lous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; unequal + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal leaves.

||An`i*so*pleu"ra (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; unequal + &?; side.] (Zoöl.) A primary division of gastropods, including those having spiral shells. The two sides of the body are unequally developed.

||An`i*sop"o*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; unequal + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A division of Crustacea, which, in some its characteristics, is intermediate between Amphipoda and Isopoda.

An`i*so*stem"o*nous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; unequal + &?; warp, thread; &?; to stand.] (Bot.) Having unequal stamens; having stamens different in number from the petals.

An`i*so*sthen"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; unequal + &?; strength.] Of unequal strength.

{ An"i*so*trope` (&?;), An`i*so*trop"ic (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; unequal + &?; a turning, &?; to turn.] (Physics) Not isotropic; having different properties in different directions; thus, crystals of the isometric system are optically isotropic, but all other crystals are anisotropic.

An`i*sot"ro*pous (&?;), a. Anisotropic.

An"ker (&?;), n. [D. anker: cf. LL. anceria, ancheria.] A liquid measure in various countries of Europe. The Dutch anker, formerly also used in England, contained about 10 of the old wine gallons, or 8½ imperial gallons.

An"ker*ite (&?;), n. [So called from Prof. Anker of Austria: cf. F. ankérite, G. ankerit.] (Min.) A mineral closely related to dolomite, but containing iron.

An"kle ("k'l), n. [OE. ancle, anclow, AS. ancleow; akin to Icel. ökkla, ökli, Dan. and Sw. ankel, D. enklaauw, enkel, G. enkel, and perh. OHG. encha, ancha thigh, shin: cf. Skr. anga limb, anguri finger. Cf. Haunch.] The joint which connects the foot with the leg; the tarsus.

Ankle bone, the bone of the ankle; the astragalus.

An"kled (&?;), a. Having ankles; -- used in composition; as, well-ankled. Beau. & Fl.

An"klet (&?;), n. An ornament or a fetter for the ankle; an ankle ring.

An"ky*lose (&?;), v. t. & i. Same as Anchylose.

||An`ky*lo"sis (&?;), n. Same as Anchylosis.

An"lace (&?;), n. [Origin unknown.] A broad dagger formerly worn at the girdle. [Written also anelace.]

{ Ann (&?;), An"nat (&?;), } n. [LL. annata income of a year, also, of half a year, fr. L. annus year: cf. F. annate annats.] (Scots Law) A half years's stipend, over and above what is owing for the incumbency, due to a minister's heirs after his decease.

||An"na (&?;), n. [Hindi n.] An East Indian money of account, the sixteenth of a rupee, or about 2&?; cents.

An"nal (&?;), n. See Annals.

An"nal*ist, n. [Cf. F. annaliste.] A writer of annals.

> The monks . . . were the only annalists in those ages.
> Hume.

An`nal*is"tic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or after the manner of, an annalist; as, the dry annalistic style."A stiff annalistic method." Sir G. C. Lewis.

An"nal*ize (&?;), v. t. To record in annals. Sheldon.

An"nals (&?;), n. pl. [L. annalis (sc. liber), and more frequently in the pl. annales (sc. libri), chronicles, fr. annus year. Cf. Annual.] 1. A relation of events in chronological order, each event being recorded under the year in which it happened. "Annals the revolution." Macaulay. "The annals of our religion." Rogers.

2. Historical records; chronicles; history.

> The short and simple annals of the poor.
> Gray.

> It was one of the most critical periods in our annals.
> Burke.

3. sing. The record of a single event or item. "In deathless annal." Young.

4. A periodic publication, containing records of discoveries, transactions of societies, etc.; as "Annals of Science."

Syn. -- History. See History.

{ An"nats (&?;), An"nates (&?;), } n. pl. [See Ann.] (Eccl. Law) The first year's profits of a spiritual preferment, anciently paid by the clergy to the pope; first fruits. In England, they now form a fund for the augmentation of poor livings.

An*neal" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annealed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Annealing.] [OE. anelen to heat, burn, AS. an&?;lan; an on + &?;lan to burn; also OE. anelen to enamel, prob. influenced by OF. neeler, nieler, to put a black enamel on gold or silver, F. nieller, fr. LL. nigellare to blacken, fr. L. nigellus blackish, dim. of niger black. Cf. Niello, Negro.] 1. To subject to great heat, and then cool slowly, as glass, cast iron, steel, or other metal, for the purpose of rendering it less brittle; to temper; to toughen.

2. To heat, as glass, tiles, or earthenware, in order to fix the colors laid on them.

An*neal"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, anneals.

An*neal"ing, n. 1. The process used to render glass, iron, etc., less brittle, performed by allowing them to cool very gradually from a high heat.

2. The burning of metallic colors into glass, earthenware, etc.

An*nec"tent (&?;), a. [L. annectere to tie or bind to. See Annex.] Connecting; annexing. Owen.

{ An`ne*lid (&?;), An*nel"i*dan (&?;), } a. [F. annélide, fr. anneler to arrange in rings, OF. anel a ring, fr. L. anellus a ring, dim. of annulus a ring.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annelida. -- n. One of the Annelida.

||An*nel"i*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Annelid.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Articulata, having the body formed of numerous rings or annular segments, and without jointed legs. The principal subdivisions are the Chætopoda, including the Oligochæta or earthworms and Polychæta or marine worms; and the Hirudinea or leeches. See Chætopoda.

An*nel"i*dous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of the nature of an annelid.

||An`nel*la"ta (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Annelida.

An"ne*loid (&?;), n. [F. annelé ringed + -oid.] (Zoöl.) An animal resembling an annelid.

An*nex" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annexed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Annexing.] [F. annexer, fr. L. annexus, p. p. of annectere to tie or bind to; ad + nectere to tie, to fasten together, akin to Skr. nah to bind.] 1. To join or attach; usually to subjoin; to affix; to append; -- followed by to. "He annexed a codicil to a will." Johnson.

2. To join or add, as a smaller thing to a greater.

> He annexed a province to his kingdom.
> Johnson.

3. To attach or connect, as a consequence, condition, etc.; as, to annex a penalty to a prohibition, or punishment to guilt.

Syn. -- To add; append; affix; unite; coalesce. See Add.

An*nex", v. i. To join; to be united. Tooke.

An*nex" (&?;), n. [F. annexe, L. annexus, neut. annexum, p. p. of annectere.] Something annexed or appended; as, an additional stipulation to a writing, a subsidiary building to a main building; a wing.

An`nex*a"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. annexation. See Annex, v. t.] 1. The act of annexing; process of attaching, adding, or appending; the act of connecting; union; as, the annexation of Texas to the United States, or of chattels to the freehold.

2. (a) (Law) The union of property with a freehold so as to become a fixture. Bouvier. (b) (Scots Law) The appropriation of lands or rents to the crown. Wharton.

An`nex*a"tion*ist, n. One who favors annexation.

An*nex"er (&?;), n. One who annexes.

An*nex"ion (&?;), n. [L. annexio a tying to, connection: cf. F. annexion.] Annexation. [R.] Shak.

An*nex"ion*ist, n. An annexationist. [R.]

An*nex"ment (&?;), n. The act of annexing, or the thing annexed; appendage. [R.] Shak.

An*ni"hi*la*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being annihilated.

An*ni"hi*late (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annihilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annihilating.] [L. annihilare; ad + nihilum, nihil, nothing, ne hilum (filum) not a thread, nothing at all. Cf. File, a row.] 1. To reduce to nothing or nonexistence; to destroy the existence of; to cause to cease to be.

> It impossible for any body to be utterly annihilated.
> Bacon.

2. To destroy the form or peculiar distinctive properties of, so that the specific thing no longer exists; as, to annihilate a forest by cutting down the trees. "To annihilate the army." Macaulay.

3. To destroy or eradicate, as a property or attribute of a thing; to make of no effect; to destroy the force, etc., of; as, to annihilate an argument, law, rights, goodness.

An*ni"hi*late (an*n"h*lt), a. Annihilated. [Archaic] Swift.

An*ni`hi*la"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. annihilation.] 1. The act of reducing to nothing, or nonexistence; or the act of destroying the form or combination of parts under which a thing exists, so that the name can no longer be applied to it; as, the annihilation of a corporation.

2. The state of being annihilated. Hooker.

An*ni`hi*la"tion*ist, n. (Theol.) One who believes that eternal punishment consists in annihilation or extinction of being; a destructionist.

An*ni"hi*la*tive (&?;), a. Serving to annihilate; destructive.

An*ni"hi*la`tor (&?;), n. One who, or that which, annihilates; as, a fire annihilator.

An*ni"hi*la*to*ry (&?;), a. Annihilative.

An`ni*ver"sa*ri*ly (&?;), adv. Annually. [R.] Bp. Hall.

An`ni*ver"sa*ry (&?;), a. [L. anniversarius; annus year + vertere, versum, to turn: cf. F. anniversaire.] Returning with the year, at a stated time; annual; yearly; as, an anniversary feast.

Anniversary day (R. C. Ch.). See Anniversary, n., 2. -- Anniversary week, that week in the year in which the annual meetings of religious and benevolent societies are held in Boston and New York. [Eastern U. S.]

An`ni*ver"sa*ry, n.; pl. Anniversaries (&?;). [Cf. F. anniversaire.] 1. The annual return of the day on which any notable event took place, or is wont to be celebrated; as, the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.

2. (R. C. Ch.) The day on which Mass is said yearly for the soul of a deceased person; the commemoration of some sacred event, as the dedication of a church or the consecration of a pope.

3. The celebration which takes place on an anniversary day. Dryden.

An"ni*verse (&?;), n. [L. anni versus the turning of a year.] Anniversary. [Obs.] Dryden.

An"no*da`ted (&?;), a. [L. ad to + nodus a knot.] (Her.) Curved somewhat in the form of the letter S. Cussans.

||An"no Dom"i*ni (&?;). [L., in the year of [our] Lord [Jesus Christ]; usually abbrev. a. d.] In the year of the Christian era; as, a. d. 1887.

An*nom"i*nate (&?;), v. t. To name. [R.]

An*nom`i*na"tion (&?;), n. [L. annominatio. See Agnomination.] 1. Paronomasia; punning.

2. Alliteration. [Obs.] Tyrwhitt.

An"no*tate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annotated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annotating.] [L. annotatus; p. p. of annotare to annotate; ad + notare to mark, nota mark. See Note, n.] To explain or criticize by notes; as, to annotate the works of Bacon.

An"no*tate, v. i. To make notes or comments; -- with on or upon.

An`no*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. annotatio: cf. F. annotation.] A note, added by way of comment, or explanation; -- usually in the plural; as, annotations on ancient authors, or on a word or a passage.

An`no*ta"tion*ist, n. An annotator. [R.]

An"no*ta*tive (&?;), a. Characterized by annotations; of the nature of annotation.

An"no*ta`tor (&?;), n. [L.] A writer of annotations; a commentator.

An*no"ta*to*ry (&?;), a. Pertaining to an annotator; containing annotations. [R.]

An"no*tine (&?;), n. [L. annotinus a year old.] (Zoöl.) A bird one year old, or that has once molted.

An*not"i*nous (&?;), a. [L. annotinus, fr. annus year.] (Bot.) A year old; in Yearly growths.

An*not"to (&?;), Ar*not"to (&?;), n. [Perh. the native name.] A red or yellowish-red dyeing material, prepared from the pulp surrounding the seeds of a tree (Bixa orellana) belonging to the tropical regions of America. It is used for coloring cheese, butter, etc. [Written also Anatto, Anatta, Annatto, Annotta, etc.]

An*nounce" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Announced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Announcing (&?;).] [OF. anoncier, F. annoncer, fr. L. annuntiare; ad + nuntiare to report, relate, nuntius messenger, bearer of news. See Nuncio, and cf. Annunciate.]

1. To give public notice, or first notice of; to make known; to publish; to proclaim.

> Her [Q. Elizabeth's] arrival was announced through the country by a peal of cannon from the ramparts.
> Gilpin.

2. To pronounce; to declare by judicial sentence.

> Publish laws, announce
> Or life or death.
> Prior.

Syn. -- To proclaim; publish; make known; herald; declare; promulgate. -- To Publish, Announce, Proclaim, Promulgate. We publish what we give openly to the world, either by oral communication or by means of the press; as, to publish abroad the faults of our neighbors. We announce what we declare by anticipation, or make known for the first time; as, to announce the speedy publication of a book; to announce the approach or arrival of a distinguished personage. We proclaim anything to which we give the widest publicity; as, to proclaim the news of victory. We promulgate when we proclaim more widely what has before been known by some; as, to promulgate the gospel.

An*nounce"ment (&?;), n. The act of announcing, or giving notice; that which announces; proclamation; publication.

An*noun"cer (&?;), n. One who announces.

<! p. 60 !>

An*noy" (n*noi"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annoyed (n*noid"); p. pr. & vb. n. Annoying.] [OE. anoien, anuien, OF. anoier, anuier, F. ennuyer, fr. OF. anoi, anui, enui, annoyance, vexation, F. ennui. See Annoy, n.] To disturb or irritate, especially by continued or repeated acts; to tease; to ruffle in mind; to vex; as, I was annoyed by his remarks.

> Say, what can more our tortured souls annoy
> Than to behold, admire, and lose our joy?
> Prior.

2. To molest, incommode, or harm; as, to annoy an army by impeding its march, or by a cannonade.

Syn. -- To molest; vex; trouble; pester; embarrass; perplex; tease.

An*noy" (&?;), n. [OE. anoi, anui, OF. anoi, anui, enui, fr. L. in odio hatred (esse alicui in odio, Cic.). See Ennui, Odium, Noisome, Noy.] A feeling of discomfort or vexation caused by what one dislikes; also, whatever causes such a feeling; as, to work annoy.

> Worse than Tantalus' is her annoy.
> Shak.

An*noy"ance (&?;), n. [OF. anoiance, anuiance.] 1. The act of annoying, or the state of being annoyed; molestation; vexation; annoy.

> A deep clay, giving much annoyance to passengers.
> Fuller.

> For the further annoyance and terror of any besieged place, they would throw into it dead bodies.
> Wilkins.

2. That which annoys.

> A grain, a dust, a gnat, a wandering hair,
> Any annoyance in that precious sense.
> Shak.

An*noy"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, annoys.

An*noy"ful (&?;), a. Annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An*noy"ing, a. That annoys; molesting; vexatious. -- An*noy"ing*ly, adv.

An*noy"ous (&?;), a. [OF. enuius, anoios.] Troublesome; annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An"nu*al (?; 135), a. [OE. annuel, F. annuel, fr. L. annualis, fr. annus year. Cf. Annals.] 1. Of or pertaining to a year; returning every year; coming or happening once in the year; yearly.

> The annual overflowing of the river [Nile].
> Ray.

2. Performed or accomplished in a year; reckoned by the year; as, the annual motion of the earth.

> A thousand pound a year, annual support.
> Shak.

2. Lasting or continuing only one year or one growing season; requiring to be renewed every year; as, an annual plant; annual tickets. Bacon.

An"nu*al, n. 1. A thing happening or returning yearly; esp. a literary work published once a year.

2. Anything, especially a plant, that lasts but one year or season; an annual plant.

> Oaths . . . in some sense almost annuals; . . . and I myself can remember about forty different sets.
> Swift.

3. (R. C. Ch.) A Mass for a deceased person or for some special object, said daily for a year or on the anniversary day.

An"nu*al*ist, n. One who writes for, or who edits, an annual. [R.]

An"nu*al*ly, adv. Yearly; year by year.

An"nu*a*ry (&?;), a. [Cf. F. annuaire.] Annual. [Obs.] -- n. A yearbook.

An"nu*el*er (&?;), n. A priest employed in saying annuals, or anniversary Masses. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An"nu*ent (&?;), a. [L. annuens, p. pr. of annuere; ad + nuere to nod.] Nodding; as, annuent muscles (used in nodding).

An*nu"i*tant (&?;), n. [See Annuity.] One who receives, or its entitled to receive, an annuity. Lamb.

An*nu"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Annuities (&?;). [LL. annuitas, fr. L. annus year: cf. F. annuité.] A sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for a given number of years, for life, or forever; an annual allowance.

An*nul" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annulled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Annulling.] [F. annuler, LL. annullare, annulare, fr. L. ad to + nullus none, nullum, neut., nothing. See Null, a.] 1. To reduce to nothing; to obliterate.

> Light, the prime work of God, to me's extinct.
> And all her various objects of delight
> Annulled.
> Milton.

2. To make void or of no effect; to nullify; to abolish; to do away with; -- used appropriately of laws, decrees, edicts, decisions of courts, or other established rules, permanent usages, and the like, which are made void by component authority.

> Do they mean to annul laws of inestimable value to our liberties?
> Burke.

Syn. -- To abolish; abrogate; repeal; cancel; reverse; rescind; revoke; nullify; destroy. See Abolish.

An"nu*lar (&?;), a. [L. annularis, fr. annulis ring: cf. F. annulaire.] 1. Pertaining to, or having the form of, a ring; forming a ring; ringed; ring-shaped; as, annular fibers.

2. Banded or marked with circles.

Annular eclipse (Astron.), an eclipse of the sun in which the moon at the middle of the eclipse conceals the central part of the sun's disk, leaving a complete ring of light around the border.

An`nu*lar"i*ty (&?;), n. Annular condition or form; as, the annularity of a nebula. J. Rogers.

An"nu*lar*ry, adv. In an annular manner.

An"nu*la*ry (&?;), a. [L. annularis. See Annular.] Having the form of a ring; annular. Ray.

||An`nu*la"ta (&?;), n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. L. annulatus ringed.] (Zoöl.) A class of articulate animals, nearly equivalent to Annelida, including the marine annelids, earthworms, Gephyrea, Gymnotoma, leeches, etc. See Annelida.

An"nu*late (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Annulata.

{ An"nu*late, An"nu*la`ted (&?;) } a. [L. annulatus.] 1. Furnished with, or composed of, rings; ringed; surrounded by rings of color.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annulata.

An`nu*la"tion (&?;), n. A circular or ringlike formation; a ring or belt. Nicholson.

An"nu*let (&?;), n. [Dim. of annulus.] 1. A little ring. Tennyson.

2. (Arch.) A small, flat fillet, encircling a column, etc., used by itself, or with other moldings. It is used, several times repeated, under the Doric capital.

3. (Her.) A little circle borne as a charge.

4. (Zoöl.) A narrow circle of some distinct color on a surface or round an organ.

An*nul"la*ble (&?;), a. That may be Annulled.

An*nul"ler (&?;), n. One who annuls. [R.]

An*nul"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. annulement.] The act of annulling; abolition; invalidation.

An"nu*loid (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annuloida.

||An`nu*loid"a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. annulus ring + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Articulata, including the annelids and allied groups; sometimes made to include also the helminths and echinoderms. [Written also Annuloidea.]

||An"nu*lo"sa (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Invertebrata, nearly equivalent to the Articulata. It includes the Arthoropoda and Anarthropoda. By some zoölogists it is applied to the former only.

An`nu*lo"san (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Annulosa.

An"nu*lose` (&?;; 277), a. [L. annulus ring.] 1. Furnished with, or composed of, rings or ringlike segments; ringed.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Annulosa.

||An"nu*lus (&?;), n.; pl. Annuli (&?;). [L.] 1. A ring; a ringlike part or space.

2. (Geom.) (a) A space contained between the circumferences of two circles, one within the other. (b) The solid formed by a circle revolving around a line which is the plane of the circle but does not cut it.

3. (Zoöl.) Ring-shaped structures or markings, found in, or upon, various animals.

An*nu"mer*ate (&?;), v. t. [L. annumeratus, p. p. of annumerare. See Numerate.] To add on; to count in. [Obs.] Wollaston.

An*nu`mer*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. annumeratio.] Addition to a former number. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

An*nun"ci*a*ble (&?;), a. That may be announced or declared; declarable. [R.]

An*nun"ci*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annunciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annunciating.] [L. annuntiare. See Announce.] To announce.

An*nun"ci*ate (&?;), p. p. & a. Foretold; preannounced. [Obs.] Chaucer.

An*nun`ci*a"tion (?; 277), n. [L. annuntiatio: cf. F. annonciation.] 1. The act of announcing; announcement; proclamation; as, the annunciation of peace.

2. (Eccl.) (a) The announcement of the incarnation, made by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary. (b) The festival celebrated (March 25th) by the Church of England, of Rome, etc., in memory of the angel's announcement, on that day; Lady Day.

An*nun"ci*a*tive (&?;), a. Pertaining to annunciation; announcing. [R.] Dr. H. More.

An*nun"ci*a`tor (&?;), n. [L. annuntiator.] 1. One who announces. Specifically: An officer in the church of Constantinople, whose business it was to inform the people of the festivals to be celebrated.

2. An indicator (as in a hotel) which designates the room where attendance is wanted.

An*nun"ci*a*to*ry (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or containing, announcement; making known. [R.]

||A*noa" (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small wild ox of Celebes (Anoa depressicornis), allied to the buffalo, but having long nearly straight horns.

An"ode (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; up + &?; way.] (Elec.) The positive pole of an electric battery, or more strictly the electrode by which the current enters the electrolyte on its way to the other pole; -- opposed to cathode.

||An"o*don (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; toothless; 'an priv. + &?;, &?;, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water bivalves, having no teeth at the hinge. [Written also Anodonta.]

An"o*dyne (n"*dn), a. [L. anodynus, Gr. &?; free from pain, stilling pain; 'an priv. + &?; pain: cf. F. anodin.] Serving to assuage pain; soothing.

> The anodyne draught of oblivion.
> Burke.

"The word [in a medical sense] in chiefly applied to the different preparations of opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus, and lettuce." Am. Cyc.

An"o*dyne, n. [L. anodynon. See Anodyne, a.] Any medicine which allays pain, as an opiate or narcotic; anything that soothes disturbed feelings.

An"o*dy`nous (&?;), a. Anodyne.

A*noil" (&?;), v. t. [OF. enoilier.] To anoint with oil. [Obs.] Holinshed.

A*noint" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Anointing.] [OF. enoint, p. p. of enoindre, fr. L. inungere; in + ungere, unguere, to smear, anoint. See Ointment, Unguent.] 1. To smear or rub over with oil or an unctuous substance; also, to spread over, as oil.

> And fragrant oils the stiffened limbs anoint.
> Dryden.

> He anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay.
> John ix. 6.

2. To apply oil to or to pour oil upon, etc., as a sacred rite, especially for consecration.

> Then shalt thou take the anointing oil, and pour it upon his [Aaron's] head and anoint him.
> Exod. xxix. 7.

> Anoint Hazael to be king over Syria.
> 1 Kings xix. 15.

The Lord's Anointed, Christ or the Messiah; also, a Jewish or other king by "divine right." 1 Sam. xxvi. 9.

A*noint", p. p. Anointed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*noint"er (&?;), n. One who anoints.

A*noint"ment (&?;), n. The act of anointing, or state of being anointed; also, an ointment. Milton.

||A*no"lis (&?;), n. [In the Antilles, anoli, anoalli, a lizard.] (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards which belong to the family Iguanidæ. They take the place in the New World of the chameleons in the Old, and in America are often called chameleons.

A*nom"al (&?;), n. Anything anomalous. [R.]

{ A*nom"a*li*ped (&?;)(#), A*nom"a*li*pede (&?;), } a. [L. anomalus irregular + pes, pedis, foot.] Having anomalous feet.

A*nom"a*li*ped, n. (Zoöl.) One of a group of perching birds, having the middle toe more or less united to the outer and inner ones.

A*nom"a*lism (&?;), n. An anomaly; a deviation from rule. Hooker.

{ A*nom`a*lis"tic (&?;), A*nom`a*lis"tic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. anomalistique.] 1. Irregular; departing from common or established rules.

2. (Astron.) Pertaining to the anomaly, or angular distance of a planet from its perihelion.

Anomalistic month. See under Month. -- Anomalistic revolution, the period in which a planet or satellite goes through the complete cycles of its changes of anomaly, or from any point in its elliptic orbit to the same again. -- Anomalistic, or Periodical year. See under Year.

A*nom`a*lis"tic*al*ly, adv. With irregularity.

A*nom`a*lo*flo"rous (&?;), a. [L. anomalus irregular + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having anomalous flowers.

A*nom"a*lous (&?;), a. [L. anomalus, Gr. &?; uneven, irregular; 'an priv. + &?; even, &?; same. See Same, and cf. Abnormal.] Deviating from a general rule, method, or analogy; abnormal; irregular; as, an anomalous proceeding.

A*nom"a*lous*ly, adv. In an anomalous manner.

A*nom"a*lous*ness, n. Quality of being anomalous.

A*nom"a*ly (&?;), n.; pl. Anomalies (&?;). [L. anomalia, Gr. &?;. See Anomalous.] 1. Deviation from the common rule; an irregularity; anything anomalous.

> We are enabled to unite into a consistent whole the various anomalies and contending principles that are found in the minds and affairs of men.
> Burke.

> As Professor Owen has remarked, there is no greater anomaly in nature than a bird that can not fly.
> Darwin.

2. (Astron.) (a) The angular distance of a planet from its perihelion, as seen from the sun. This is the true anomaly. The eccentric anomaly is a corresponding angle at the center of the elliptic orbit of the planet. The mean anomaly is what the anomaly would be if the planet's angular motion were uniform. (b) The angle measuring apparent irregularities in the motion of a planet.

3. (Nat. Hist.) Any deviation from the essential characteristics of a specific type.

||A*no"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; irregular; 'a priv. + no'mos law.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve shells, allied to the oyster, so called from their unequal valves, of which the lower is perforated for attachment.

An`o*moph"yl*lous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; irregular + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Having leaves irregularly placed.

{ ||An`o*mu"ra (&?;), ||An`o*mou"ra (&?;), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; lawless + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of decapod Crustacea, of which the hermit crab in an example.

{ An`o*mu"ral (&?;), An`o*mu"ran (&?;), } a. Irregular in the character of the tail or abdomen; as, the anomural crustaceans. [Written also anomoural, anomouran.]

An`o*mu"ran, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Anomura.

An"o*my (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;. See Anomia.] Disregard or violation of law. [R.] Glanvill.

A*non" (&?;), adv. [OE. anoon, anon, anan, lit., in one (moment), fr. AS. on in + n one. See On and One.] 1. Straightway; at once. [Obs.]

> The same is he that heareth the word, and anon with joy receiveth it.
> Matt. xiii. 20.

2. Soon; in a little while.

> As it shall better appear anon.
> Stow.

3. At another time; then; again.

> Sometimes he trots, . . . anon he rears upright.
> Shak.

Anon right, at once; right off. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Ever and anon, now and then; frequently; often.

> A pouncet box, which ever and anon
> He gave his nose.
> Shak.

||A*no"na, n. [NL. Cf. Ananas.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical or subtropical plants of the natural order Anonaceæ, including the soursop.

An`o*na"ceous, a. Pertaining to the order of plants including the soursop, custard apple, etc.

An"o*nym (&?;), n. [F. anonyme. See Anonymous.] 1. One who is anonymous; also sometimes used for "pseudonym."

2. A notion which has no name, or which can not be expressed by a single English word. [R.] J. R. Seeley.

An`o*nym"i*ty, n. The quality or state of being anonymous; anonymousness; also, that which anonymous. [R.]

> He rigorously insisted upon the rights of anonymity.
> Carlyle.

A*non"y*mous, a. [Gr. &?; without name; 'an priv. + &?;, Eol. for &?; name. See Name.] Nameless; of unknown name; also, of unknown or unavowed authorship; as, an anonymous benefactor; an anonymous pamphlet or letter.

<! p. 61 !>

A*non"y*mous*ly (*nn"*ms*l), adv. In an anonymous manner; without a name. Swift.

A*non"y*mous*ness, n. The state or quality of being anonymous. Coleridge.

An"o*phyte (n"*ft), n. [Gr. 'a`nw upward (fr. 'ana` up) + fyto`n a plant, fy`ein to grow.] (Bot.) A moss or mosslike plant which cellular stems, having usually an upward growth and distinct leaves.

||An"o*pla (n"*pl), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`noplos unarmed.] (Zoöl.) One of the two orders of Nemerteans. See Nemertina.

An*op"lo*there (n*p"l*thr), ||An`o*plo*the"ri*um (n`*pl*th"r*m), n. [From Gr. 'a`noplos unarmed ('an priv. + 'o`plon an implement, weapon) + qhri`on beast.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct quadrupeds of the order Ungulata, whose were first found in the gypsum quarries near Paris; characterized by the shortness and feebleness of their canine teeth (whence the name).

||An`o*plu"ra (n`*pl"r), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'an priv. + 'o`plon weapon, sting + o'yra` tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of insects which includes the lice.

{ ||A*nop"si*a (*np"s*), An"op`sy (n"p`s), } a. [Gr. 'an priv. + 'o`psis sight.] (Med.) Want or defect of sight; blindness.

{ ||An`o*rex"i*a (&?;), An"o*rex`y (&?;) } n. [Gr. &?;; 'an priv. + &?; desire, appetite, &?; desire.] (Med.) Want of appetite, without a loathing of food. Coxe.

A*nor"mal (&?;), a. [F. anormal. See Abnormal, Normal.] Not according to rule; abnormal. [Obs.]

A*norn (&?;), v. t. [OF. aörner, aöurner, fr. L. adornare to adorn. The form a- ourne was corrupted into anourne.] To adorn. [Obs.] Bp. Watson.

A*nor"thic (&?;), a. [See Anorthite.] (Min.) Having unequal oblique axes; as, anorthic crystals.

A*nor"thite (&?;), n. [Gr. 'an priv. + &?; straight (&?; sc. &?; right angle); not in a right angle.] A mineral of the feldspar family, commonly occurring in small glassy crystals, also a constituent of some igneous rocks. It is a lime feldspar. See Feldspar.

A*nor"tho*scope (&?;), n. [Gr. 'an priv. + &?; straight + -scope.] (Physics) An optical toy for producing amusing figures or pictures by means of two revolving disks, on one of which distorted figures are painted.

||A*nos"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'an priv. + &?; smell.] (Med.) Loss of the sense of smell.

An*oth"er (&?;), pron. & a. [An a, one + other.] 1. One more, in addition to a former number; a second or additional one, similar in likeness or in effect.

> Another yet! -- a seventh! I 'll see no more.
> Shak.

> Would serve to scale another Hero's tower.
> Shak.

2. Not the same; different.

> He winks, and turns his lips another way.
> Shak.

3. Any or some; any different person, indefinitely; any one else; some one else.

> Let another man praise thee, and not thine own mouth.
> Prov. xxvii. 2.

> While I am coming, another steppeth down before me.
> John v. 7.

As a pronoun another may have a possessive another's, pl. others, poss. pl. other'. It is much used in opposition to one; as, one went one way, another another. It is also used with one, in a reciprocal sense; as, "love one another," that is, let each love the other or others. "These two imparadised in one another's arms." Milton.

An*oth"er-gaines` (&?;), a. [Corrupted fr. another-gates.] Of another kind. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

An*oth"er-gates` (&?;), a. [Another + gate, or gait, way. Cf. Algates.] Of another sort. [Obs.] "Another-gates adventure." Hudibras.

An*oth"er-guess (&?;), a. [Corrupted fr. another-gates.] Of another sort. [Archaic]

> It used to go in another-guess manner.
> Arbuthnot.

A*not"ta (&?;), n. See Annotto.

An*ou"ra (?; 277), n. See Anura.

An*ou"rous (&?;), a. See Anurous.

||An"sa (&?;), n.; pl. Ansæ (&?;). [L., a handle.] (Astron.) A name given to either of the projecting ends of Saturn's ring.

An"sa*ted (&?;), a. [L. ansatus, fr. ansa a handle.] Having a handle. Johnson.

An"ser*a`ted (&?;), a. (Her.) Having the extremities terminate in the heads of eagles, lions, etc.; as, an anserated cross.

||An"se*res (&?;), n. pl. [L., geese.] (Zoöl.) A Linnæan order of aquatic birds swimming by means of webbed feet, as the duck, or of lobed feet, as the grebe. In this order were included the geese, ducks, auks, divers, gulls, petrels, etc.

||An`se*ri*for"mes (&?;), n. pl. (Zoöl.) A division of birds including the geese, ducks, and closely allied forms.

An"ser*ine (&?;), a. [L. anserinus, fr. anser a goose.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, a goose, or the skin of a goose.

2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Anseres.

An"ser*ous (&?;), a. [L. anser a goose.] Resembling a goose; silly; simple. Sydney Smith.

An"swer (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Answered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Answering.] [OE. andswerien, AS. andswerian, andswarian, to answer, fr. andswaru, n., answer. See Answer, n.] 1. To speak in defense against; to reply to in defense; as, to answer a charge; to answer an accusation.

2. To speak or write in return to, as in return to a call or question, or to a speech, declaration, argument, or the like; to reply to (a question, remark, etc.); to respond to.

> She answers him as if she knew his mind.
> Shak.

> So spake the apostate angel, though in pain: . . .
> And him thus answered soon his bold compeer.
> Milton.

3. To respond to satisfactorily; to meet successfully by way of explanation, argument, or justification, and the like; to refute.

> No man was able to answer him a word.
> Matt. xxii. 46.

> These shifts refuted, answer thine appellant.
> Milton.

> The reasoning was not and could not be answered.
> Macaulay.

4. To be or act in return or response to. Hence: (a) To be or act in compliance with, in fulfillment or satisfaction of, as an order, obligation, demand; as, he answered my claim upon him; the servant answered the bell.

> This proud king . . . studies day and night
> To answer all the debts he owes unto you.
> Shak.

(b) To render account to or for.

> I will . . . send him to answer thee.
> Shak.

(c) To atone; to be punished for.

> And grievously hath Cæzar answered it.
> Shak.

(d) To be opposite to; to face.

> The windows answering each other, we could just discern the glowing horizon them.
> Gilpin.

(e) To be or act an equivalent to, or as adequate or sufficient for; to serve for; to repay. [R.]

> Money answereth all things.
> Eccles. x. 19.

(f) To be or act in accommodation, conformity, relation, or proportion to; to correspond to; to suit.

> Weapons must needs be dangerous things, if they answered the bulk of so prodigious a person.
> Swift.

An"swer, v. i. 1. To speak or write by way of return (originally, to a charge), or in reply; to make response.

> There was no voice, nor any that answered.
> 1 Kings xviii. 26.

2. To make a satisfactory response or return. Hence: To render account, or to be responsible; to be accountable; to make amends; as, the man must answer to his employer for the money intrusted to his care.

> Let his neck answer for it, if there is any martial law.
> Shak.

3. To be or act in return. Hence: (a) To be or act by way of compliance, fulfillment, reciprocation, or satisfaction; to serve the purpose; as, gypsum answers as a manure on some soils.

> Do the strings answer to thy noble hand?
> Dryden.

(b) To be opposite, or to act in opposition. (c) To be or act as an equivalent, or as adequate or sufficient; as, a very few will answer. (d) To be or act in conformity, or by way of accommodation, correspondence, relation, or proportion; to conform; to correspond; to suit; -- usually with to.

> That the time may have all shadow and silence in it, and the place answer to convenience.
> Shak.

> If this but answer to my just belief,
> I 'll remember you.
> Shak.

> As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of man to man.
> Pro&?;. xxvii. 19.

An"swer, n. [OE. andsware, AS. andswaru; and against + swerian to swear. &?;, &?;. See Anti-, and Swear, and cf. 1st un-.] 1. A reply to a change; a defense.

> At my first answer no man stood with me.
> 2 Tim. iv. 16.

2. Something said or written in reply to a question, a call, an argument, an address, or the like; a reply.

> A soft answer turneth away wrath.
> Prov. xv. 1.

> I called him, but he gave me no answer.
> Cant. v. 6.

3. Something done in return for, or in consequence of, something else; a responsive action.

> Great the slaughter is
> Here made by the Roman; great the answer be
> Britons must take.
> Shak.

4. A solution, the result of a mathematical operation; as, the answer to a problem.

5. (Law) A counter-statement of facts in a course of pleadings; a confutation of what the other party has alleged; a responsive declaration by a witness in reply to a question. In Equity, it is the usual form of defense to the complainant's charges in his bill. Bouvier.

Syn. -- Reply; rejoinder; response. See Reply.

An"swer*a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Obliged to answer; liable to be called to account; liable to pay, indemnify, or make good; accountable; amenable; responsible; as, an agent is answerable to his principal; to be answerable for a debt, or for damages.

> Will any man argue that . . . he can not be justly punished, but is answerable only to God?
> Swift.

2. Capable of being answered or refuted; admitting a satisfactory answer.

> The argument, though subtle, is yet answerable.
> Johnson.

3. Correspondent; conformable; hence, comparable.

> What wit and policy of man is answerable to their discreet and orderly course?
> Holland.

> This revelation . . . was answerable to that of the apostle to the Thessalonians.
> Milton.

4. Proportionate; commensurate; suitable; as, an achievement answerable to the preparation for it.

5. Equal; equivalent; adequate. [Archaic]

> Had the valor of his soldiers been answerable, he had reached that year, as was thought, the utmost bounds of Britain.
> Milton.

An"swer*a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being answerable, liable, responsible, or correspondent.

An"swer*a*bly (&?;), adv. In an answerable manner; in due proportion or correspondence; suitably.

An"swer*er (&?;), n. One who answers.

An"swer*less (&?;), a. Having no answer, or impossible to be answered. Byron.

An 't (&?;). An it, that is, and it or if it. See An, conj. [Obs.]

An't (&?;). A contraction for are and am not; also used for is not; -- now usually written ain't. [Colloq. & illiterate speech.]

Ant-. See Anti-, prefix.

-ant. [F. -ant, fr. L. -antem or -entem, the pr. p. ending; also sometimes directly from L. -antem.] A suffix sometimes marking the agent for action; as, merchant, covenant, servant, pleasant, etc. Cf. - ent.

Ant (&?;), n. [OE. ante, amete, emete, AS. æmete akin to G. ameise. Cf. Emmet.] (Zoöl.) A hymenopterous insect of the Linnæan genus Formica, which is now made a family of several genera; an emmet; a pismire.

Among ants, as among bees, there are neuter or working ants, besides the males and females; the former are without wings. Ants live together in swarms, usually raising hillocks of earth, variously chambered within, where they maintain a perfect system of order, store their provisions, and nurture their young. There are many species, with diverse habits, as agricultural ants, carpenter ants, honey ants, foraging ants, amazon ants, etc. The white ants or Termites belong to the Neuroptera.

Ant bird (Zoöl.), one of a very extensive group of South American birds (Formicariidæ), which live on ants. The family includes many species, some of which are called ant shrikes, ant thrushes, and ant wrens. -- Ant rice (Bot.), a species of grass (Aristida oligantha) cultivated by the agricultural ants of Texas for the sake of its seed.

||An"ta (&?;), n.; pl. Antæ (&?;). [L.] (Arch.) A species of pier produced by thickening a wall at its termination, treated architecturally as a pilaster, with capital and base.

Porches, when columns stand between two antæ, are called in Latin in antis.

Ant*ac"id (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + acid.] (Med.) A remedy for acidity of the stomach, as an alkali or absorbent. -- a. Counteractive of acidity.

Ant*ac"rid (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + acrid.] Corrective of acrimony of the humors.

An*tæ"an (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to Antæus, a giant athlete slain by Hercules.

An*tag"o*nism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to struggle against; &?; against + &?; to contend or struggle, &?; contest: cf. F. antagonisme. See Agony.] Opposition of action; counteraction or contrariety of things or principles.

We speak of antagonism between two things, to or against a thing, and sometimes with a thing.

An*tag"o*nist (&?;), n. [L. antagonista, Gr. &?;; &?; against + &?; combatant, champion, fr. &?;: cf. F. antagoniste. See Antagonism.] 1. One who contends with another, especially in combat; an adversary; an opponent.

> Antagonist of Heaven's Almigthy King.
> Milton.

> Our antagonists in these controversies.
> Hooker.

2. (Anat.) A muscle which acts in opposition to another; as a flexor, which bends a part, is the antagonist of an extensor, which extends it.

3. (Med.) A medicine which opposes the action of another medicine or of a poison when absorbed into the blood or tissues.

Syn. -- Adversary; enemy; opponent; toe; competitor. See Adversary.

An*tag"o*nist, a. Antagonistic; opposing; counteracting; as, antagonist schools of philosophy.

{ An*tag`o*nis"tic (&?;), An*tag`o*nis"tic*al (&?;), } a. Opposing in combat, combating; contending or acting against; as, antagonistic forces. -- An*tag`o*nis"tic*al*ly, adv.

> They were distinct, adverse, even antagonistic.
> Milman.

An*tag"o*nize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antagonized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Antagonozing.] [Gr. &?;. See Antagonism.] To contend with; to oppose actively; to counteract.

An*tag"o*nize, v. i. To act in opposition.

An*tag"o*ny (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; contest: cf. F. (16th century) antagonie. See Antagonism.] Contest; opposition; antagonism. [Obs.]

> Antagony that is between Christ and Belial.
> Milton.

An*tal"gic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; pain: cf. F. antalgique.] (Med.) Alleviating pain. -- n. A medicine to alleviate pain; an anodyne. [R.]

Ant*al"ka*li (?; 277), Ant*al"ka*line (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + alkali.] Anything that neutralizes, or that counteracts an alkaline tendency in the system. Hooper.

Ant*al"ka*line, a. Of power to counteract alkalies.

<! p. 62 !>

Ant*am`bu*la"cral (nt*m`b*l"kral), a. (Zoöl.) Away from the ambulacral region.

||Ant`an*a*cla"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; a bending back and breaking. See Anaclastic.] (Rhet.) (a) A figure which consists in repeating the same word in a different sense; as, Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft. (b) A repetition of words beginning a sentence, after a long parenthesis; as, Shall that heart (which not only feels them, but which has all motions of life placed in them), shall that heart, etc.

||Ant`an*a*go"ge (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + anagoge.] (Rhet.) A figure which consists in answering the charge of an adversary, by a counter charge.

Ant`aph*ro*dis"i*ac (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + aphrodisiac.] (Med.) Capable of blunting the venereal appetite. -- n. Anything that quells the venereal appetite.

Ant`aph*ro*dit"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; Aphrodite: cf. F. antaphroditique.] (Med.) 1. Antaphrodisiac.

2. Antisyphilitic. [R.]

Ant`aph*ro*dit"ic, n. An antaphroditic medicine.

Ant`ap*o*plec"tic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + apoplectic.] (Med.) Good against apoplexy. -- n. A medicine used against apoplexy.

Ant*ar"chism (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; government.] Opposition to government in general. [R.]

Ant*ar"chist (&?;), n. One who opposes all government. [R.]

{ Ant`ar*chis"tic (&?;), Ant`ar*chis"tic*al (&?;), } a. Opposed to all human government. [R.]

Ant*arc"tic (&?;), a. [OE. antartik, OF. antartique, F. antarctique, L. antarcticus, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; bear. See Arctic.] Opposite to the northern or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied especially to a circle, distant from the pole 23° 28. Thus we say the antarctic pole, circle, ocean, region, current, etc.

||An*ta"res (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; similar to + &?; Mars. It was thought to resemble Mars in color.] The principal star in Scorpio: -- called also the Scorpion's Heart.

Ant`ar*thrit"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + arthritic.] (Med.) Counteracting or alleviating gout. -- n. A remedy against gout.

Ant`asth*mat"ic (? or ?; see Asthma; 277), a. [Pref. anti- + asthmatic.] (Med.) Opposing, or fitted to relieve, asthma. -- n. A remedy for asthma.

Ant"-bear` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An edentate animal of tropical America (the Tamanoir), living on ants. It belongs to the genus Myrmecophaga.

Ant" bird (&?;), (Zoöl.) See Ant bird, under Ant, n.

Ant"-cat`tle (&?;), n. pl. (Zoöl.) Various kinds of plant lice or aphids tended by ants for the sake of the honeydew which they secrete. See Aphips.

An"te- (n"t-). A Latin preposition and prefix; akin to Gr. 'anti`, Skr. anti, Goth. and-, anda- (only in comp.), AS. and-, ond-, (only in comp.: cf. Answer, Along), G. ant-, ent- (in comp.). The Latin ante is generally used in the sense of before, in regard to position, order, or time, and the Gr. 'anti` in that of opposite, or in the place of.

An"te, n. (Poker Playing) Each player's stake, which is put into the pool before (ante) the game begins.

An"te, v. t. & i. To put up (an ante).

An"te*act` (&?;), n. A preceding act.

An"te*al (&?;), a. [antea, ante, before. Cf. Ancient.] Being before, or in front. [R.] J. Fleming.

Ant"-eat`er (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of edentates and monotremes that feed upon ants. See Ant-bear, Pangolin, Aard-vark, and Echidna.

An`te*ce*da"ne*ous (&?;), a. [See Antecede.] Antecedent; preceding in time. "Capable of antecedaneous proof." Barrow.

An`te*cede" (&?;), v. t. & i. [L. antecedere; ante + cedere to go. See Cede.] To go before in time or place; to precede; to surpass. Sir M. Hale.

An`te*ced"ence (&?;), n. 1. The act or state of going before in time; precedence. H. Spenser.

2. (Astron.) An apparent motion of a planet toward the west; retrogradation.

An`te*ced"en*cy (&?;), n. The state or condition of being antecedent; priority. Fothherby.

An`te*ced"ent (&?;), a. [L. antecedens, -entis, p. pr. of antecedere: cf. F. antécédent.] 1. Going before in time; prior; anterior; preceding; as, an event antecedent to the Deluge; an antecedent cause.

2. Presumptive; as, an antecedent improbability.

Syn. -- Prior; previous; foregoing.

An`te*ced"ent, n. [Cf. F. antécédent.] 1. That which goes before in time; that which precedes. South.

> The Homeric mythology, as well as the Homeric language, has surely its antecedents.
> Max Miller.

2. One who precedes or goes in front. [Obs.]

> My antecedent, or my gentleman usher.
> Massinger.

3. pl. The earlier events of one's life; previous principles, conduct, course, history. J. H. Newman.

> If the troops . . . prove worthy of their antecedents, the victory is surely ours.
> Gen. G. McClellan.

4. (Gram.) The noun to which a relative refers; as, in the sentence "Solomon was the prince who built the temple," prince is the antecedent of who.

5. (Logic) (a) The first or conditional part of a hypothetical proposition; as, If the earth is fixed, the sun must move. (b) The first of the two propositions which constitute an enthymeme or contracted syllogism; as, Every man is mortal; therefore the king must die.

6. (Math.) The first of the two terms of a ratio; the first or third of the four terms of a proportion. In the ratio a:b, a is the antecedent, and b the consequent.

An`te*ced"ent*ly (&?;), adv. Previously; before in time; at a time preceding; as, antecedently to conversion. Barrow.

An`te*ces"sor (&?;), n. [L., fr. antecedere, antecessum. See Antecede, Ancestor.] 1. One who goes before; a predecessor.

> The successor seldom prosecuting his antecessor's devices.
> Sir E. Sandys.

2. An ancestor; a progenitor. [Obs.]

An"te*cham`ber (&?;), n. [Cf. F. antichambre.] 1. A chamber or apartment before the chief apartment and leading into it, in which persons wait for audience; an outer chamber. See Lobby.

2. A space viewed as the outer chamber or the entrance to an interior part.

> The mouth, the antechamber to the digestive canal.
> Todd & Bowman.

An"te*chap`el (&?;), n. The outer part of the west end of a collegiate or other chapel. Shipley.

An*te"cians (&?;), n. pl. See Antœcians.

An`te*com*mun"ion (&?;), n. A name given to that part of the Anglican liturgy for the communion, which precedes the consecration of the elements.

An`te*cur"sor (&?;), n. [L., fr. antecurrere to run before; ante + currere to run.] A forerunner; a precursor. [Obs.]

An"te*date` (&?;), n. 1. Prior date; a date antecedent to another which is the actual date.

2. Anticipation. [Obs.] Donne.

An"te*date` (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antedated; p. pr. & vb. n. Antedating.] 1. To date before the true time; to assign to an earlier date; thus, to antedate a deed or a bond is to give it a date anterior to the true time of its execution.

2. To precede in time.

3. To anticipate; to make before the true time.

> And antedate the bliss above.
> Pope.

> Who rather rose the day to antedate.
> Wordsworth.

An`te*di*lu"vi*al (&?;), a. [Pref. ante- + diluvial.] Before the flood, or Deluge, in Noah's time.

An`te*di*lu"vi*an (&?;), a. Of or relating to the period before the Deluge in Noah's time; hence, antiquated; as, an antediluvian vehicle. -- n. One who lived before the Deluge.

An"te*fact` (&?;), n. Something done before another act. [Obs.]

An"te*fix` (&?;), n.; pl. E. Antefixes (&?;); L. Antefixa (&?;). [L. ante + fixus fixed.] (Arch.) (a) An ornament fixed upon a frieze. (b) An ornament at the eaves, concealing the ends of the joint tiles of the roof. (c) An ornament of the cymatium of a classic cornice, sometimes pierced for the escape of water.

An`te*flex"ion (&?;), n. (Med.) A displacement forward of an organ, esp. the uterus, in such manner that its axis is bent upon itself. T. G. Thomas.

Ant" egg` (&?;). One of the small white egg-shaped pupæ or cocoons of the ant, often seen in or about ant-hills, and popularly supposed to be eggs.

An"te*lope (n"t*lp), n. [OF. antelop, F. antilope, from Gr. 'anqo`lops, -lopos, Eustathius, "Hexaëm.," p. 36, the origin of which is unknown.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of ruminant quadrupeds, intermediate between the deer and the goat. The horns are usually annulated, or ringed. There are many species in Africa and Asia.

> The antelope and wolf both fierce and fell.
> Spenser.

The common or bezoar antelope of India is Antilope bezoartica. The chamois of the Alps, the gazelle, the addax, and the eland are other species. See Gazelle. The pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra Americana) is found in the Rocky Mountains. See Pronghorn.

An`te*lu"can (&?;), a. [L. antelucanus; ante + lux light.] Held or being before light; -- a word applied to assemblies of Christians, in ancient times of persecution, held before light in the morning. "Antelucan worship." De Quincey.

An`te*me*rid"i*an (&?;), a. [L. antemeridianus; ante + meridianus belonging to midday or noon. See Meridian.] Being before noon; in or pertaining to the forenoon. (Abbrev. a. m.)

Ant`e*met"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + emetic.] (Med.) Tending to check vomiting. -- n. A remedy to check or allay vomiting.

An`te*mo*sa"ic (&?;), a. Being before the time of Moses.

An`te*mun"dane (&?;), a. Being or occurring before the creation of the world. Young.

An`te*mu"ral (&?;), n. [L. antemurale: ante + murus wall. See Mural.] An outwork of a strong, high wall, with turrets, in front of the gateway (as of an old castle), for defending the entrance.

An`te*na"tal (&?;), a. Before birth. Shelley.

An`te*ni"cene (&?;), a. [L.] Of or in the Christian church or era, anterior to the first council of Nice, held a. d. 325; as, antenicene faith.

An*ten"na (&?;), n.; pl. Antennæ (&?;). [L. antenna sail-yard; NL., a feeler, horn of an insect.] (Zoöl.) A movable, articulated organ of sensation, attached to the heads of insects and Crustacea. There are two in the former, and usually four in the latter. They are used as organs of touch, and in some species of Crustacea the cavity of the ear is situated near the basal joint. In insects, they are popularly called horns, and also feelers. The term in also applied to similar organs on the heads of other arthropods and of annelids.

An*ten"nal (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the antennæ. Owen.

An`ten*nif"er*ous (&?;), a. [Antenna + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing or having antennæ.

An*ten"ni*form (&?;), a. [Antenna + -form.] Shaped like antennæ.

An*ten"nule (&?;), n. [Dim. of antenna.] (Zoöl.) A small antenna; -- applied to the smaller pair of antennæ or feelers of Crustacea.

An`te*num"ber (&?;), n. A number that precedes another. [R.] Bacon.

An`te*nup"tial (&?;), a. Preceding marriage; as, an antenuptial agreement. Kent.

An`te*or"bit*al (&?;), a. & n. (Anat.) Same as Antorbital.

An`te*pas"chal (&?;), a. Pertaining to the time before the Passover, or before Easter.

An"te*past (&?;), n. [Pref. ante- + L. pastus pasture, food. Cf. Repast.] A foretaste.

> Antepasts of joy and comforts.
> Jer. Taylor.

||An`te*pen"di*um (&?;), n. [LL., fr. L. ante + pendere to hang.] (Eccl.) The hangings or screen in front of the altar; an altar cloth; the frontal. Smollett.

{ An`te*pe"nult (&?;), ||An`te*pe*nult"i*ma (&?;), } n. [L. antepaenultima (sc. syllaba) antepenultimate; ante before + paenultimus the last but one; paene almost + ultimus last.] (Pros.) The last syllable of a word except two, as -syl- in monosyllable.

An`te*pe*nult"i*mate (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the last syllable but two. -- n. The antepenult.

Ant`eph*i*al"tic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; nightmare.] (Med.) Good against nightmare. -- n. A remedy nightmare. Dunglison.

Ant`ep*i*lep"tic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + epileptic.] (Med.) Good against epilepsy. -- n. A medicine for epilepsy.

An"te*pone (&?;), v. t. [L. anteponere.] To put before; to prefer. [Obs.] Bailey.

An"te*port (&?;), n. [Cf. LL. anteporta.] An outer port, gate, or door.

An`te*por"ti*co (&?;), n. An outer porch or vestibule.

An`te*po*si"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. LL. antepositio. See Position.] (Gram.) The placing of a before another, which, by ordinary rules, ought to follow it.

An`te*pran"di*al (&?;), a. Preceding dinner.

An`te*pre*dic"a*ment (&?;), n. (Logic) A prerequisite to a clear understanding of the predicaments and categories, such as definitions of common terms. Chambers.

An*te"ri*or (&?;), a. [L. anterior, comp. of ante before.] 1. Before in time; antecedent.

> Antigonus, who was anterior to Polybius.
> Sir G. C. Lewis.

2. Before, or toward the front, in place; as, the anterior part of the mouth; -- opposed to posterior.

In comparative anatomy, anterior often signifies at or toward the head, cephalic; and in human anatomy it is often used for ventral.

Syn. -- Antecedent; previous; precedent; preceding; former; foregoing.

An*te`ri*or"i*ty (&?;), n. [LL. anterioritas.] The state of being anterior or preceding in time or in situation; priority. Pope.

An*te"ri*or*ly (&?;), adv. In an anterior manner; before.

An"te*ro- (&?;). A combining form meaning anterior, front; as, antero-posterior, front and back; antero-lateral, front side, anterior and at the side.

An"te*room (&?;), n. A room before, or forming an entrance to, another; a waiting room.

An"tes (&?;), n. pl. Antæ. See Anta.

An`te*stat"ure (&?;), n. (Fort.) A small intrenchment or work of palisades, or of sacks of earth.

An"te*stom`ach (&?;), n. A cavity which leads into the stomach, as in birds. Ray.

An"te*tem`ple (&?;), n. The portico, or narthex in an ancient temple or church.

An`te*ver"sion (&?;), n. [Pref. ante- + L. vertere, versum, to turn.] (Med.) A displacement of an organ, esp. of the uterus, in such manner that its whole axis is directed further forward than usual.

An`te*vert" (&?;), v. t. [L. antevertere; ante + vertere to turn.] 1. To prevent. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

2. (Med.) To displace by anteversion.

Ant*hel"ion (?; 277, 106), n.; pl. Anthelia (&?;). [Pref. anti + Gr. &?; sun.] (Meteor.) A halo opposite the sun, consisting of a colored ring or rings around the shadow of the spectator's own head, as projected on a cloud or on an opposite fog bank.

<! p. 63 !>

Ant"he*lix (nt"h*lks), n. (Anat.) Same as Antihelix.

An`thel*min"tic (n`thl*mn"tk), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. "e`lmins, - inqos, worm, esp. a tapeworm, or mawworm..] (Med.) Good against intestinal worms. -- n. An anthelmintic remedy. [Written also anthelminthic.]

An"them (n"thm), n. [OE. antym, antefne, AS. antefen, fr. LL. antiphona, fr. Gr. 'anti`fwna, neut. pl. of 'anti`fwnon antiphon, or anthem, n. neut., from 'anti`fwnos sounding contrary, returning a sound; 'anti` over against + fwnh` sound, voice: the anthem being sung by the choristers alternately, one half-choir answering the other: cf. OF. anthaine, anteine, antieune, F. antienne. See Antiphon.] 1. Formerly, a hymn sung in alternate parts, in present usage, a selection from the Psalms, or other parts of the Scriptures or the liturgy, set to sacred music.

2. A song or hymn of praise. Milton.

An"them, v. t. To celebrate with anthems. [Poet.]

> Sweet birds antheming the morn.
> Keats.

|| An*the"mi*on (&?;), [ fr. Gr. 'anqemi`s flower.] A floral ornament. See Palmette.

||An"the*mis (&?;), n. [Gr. 'anqemi`s, equiv. to 'a`nqos flower; an herb like our chamomile.] (Bot.) Chamomile; a genus of composite, herbaceous plants.

An"them*wise` (&?;), adv. Alternately. [Obs.] Bacon.

An"ther (&?;), n. [F. anthère, L. anthera a medicine composed of flowers, fr. Gr. &?; flowery, fr. 'anqei^n to bloom, 'a`nqos flower.] (Bot.) That part of the stamen containing the pollen, or fertilizing dust, which, when mature, is emitted for the impregnation of the ovary. -- An"ther*al (&?;), a.

||An`ther*id"i*um (&?;), n.; pl. Antheridia (&?;). [Anther + &?; (a Gr. diminutive ending).] (Bot.) The male reproductive apparatus in the lower plants, consisting of a cell or other cavity in which spermatozoids are produced; -- called also spermary. -- An`ther*id"i*al (&?;), a.

An`ther*if"er*ous (&?;), a. [Anther + -ferous.] (Bot.) (a) Producing anthers, as plants. (b) Supporting anthers, as a part of a flower. Gray.

An*ther"i*form (&?;), a. [Anther + -form.] Shaped like an anther; anther-shaped.

An`ther*og"e*nous (&?;), a. [Anther + -genous.] (Bot.) Transformed from anthers, as the petals of a double flower.

An"ther*oid (&?;), a. [Anther + - oid.] Resembling an anther.

{ An`ther*o*zoid (&?;), An`ther*o*zoo"id (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?; flowery + &?; animal + -oid. See Zooid.] (Bot.) One of the mobile male reproductive bodies in the antheridia of cryptogams.

||An*the"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; bloom, fr. 'anqei^n to bloom, 'a`nqos flower.] (Bot.) The period or state of full expansion in a flower. Gray.

Ant"-hill (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A mound thrown up by ants or by termites in forming their nests.

An*tho"bi*an (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + bi`os life.] (Zoöl.) A beetle which feeds on flowers.

||An`tho*bran"chi*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`nqos flower + &?; gills, n. pl.] (Zoöl.) A division of nudibranchiate Mollusca, in which the gills form a wreath or cluster upon the posterior part of the back. See Nudibranchiata, and Doris.

An`tho*car"pous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) Having some portion of the floral envelopes attached to the pericarp to form the fruit, as in the checkerberry, the mulberry, and the pineapple.

An`tho*cy"a*nin (&?;), n. Same as Anthokyan.

||An*tho"di*um (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; like flowers, flowery; 'a`nqos flower + &?; form.] (Bot.) The inflorescence of a compound flower in which many florets are gathered into a involucrate head.

An*thog"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + -graphy.] A description of flowers.

An"thoid (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + -oid.] Resembling a flower; flowerlike.

An`tho*ky"an (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + ky`anos blue.] (Chem.) The blue coloring matter of certain flowers. Same as Cyanin.

An"tho*lite (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + -lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant, like a petrified flower.

An`tho*log"ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to anthology; consisting of beautiful extracts from different authors, especially the poets.

> He published a geographical and anthological description of all empires and kingdoms . . . in this terrestrial globe.
> Wood.

An*thol"o*gist (&?;), n. One who compiles an anthology.

An*thol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. 'anqolo`gos flower gathering; 'a`nqos flower + le`gein to gather.] 1. A discourse on flowers. [R.]

2. A collection of flowers; a garland. [R.]

3. A collection of flowers of literature, that is, beautiful passages from authors; a collection of poems or epigrams; -- particularly applied to a collection of ancient Greek epigrams.

4. (Gr. Ch.) A service book containing a selection of pieces for the festival services.

An`tho*ma"ni*a (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + mani`a madness.] A extravagant fondness for flowers. [R.]

An"tho*ny's Fire` (&?;). See Saint Anthony's Fire, under Saint.

An*thoph"a*gous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + fagei^n to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating flowers; -- said of certain insects.

An"tho*phore (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; bearing flowers; 'a`nqos flower + &?; bearing, &?; to bear.] (Bot.) The stipe when developed into an internode between calyx and corolla, as in the Pink family. Gray.

An*thoph"o*rous (&?;), a. Flower bearing; supporting the flower.

An*thoph"yl*lite (&?;), n. [NL. anthophyllum clove.] A mineral of the hornblende group, of a yellowish gray or clove brown color. -- An`tho*phyl*lit"ic (&?;), a.

An"tho*rism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; to bound, define.] (Rhet.) A description or definition contrary to that which is given by the adverse party. [R.]

An"tho*tax`y (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`nqos flower + &?; order.] (Bot.) The arrangement of flowers in a cluster; the science of the relative position of flowers; inflorescence.

||An`tho*zo"a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`nqos flower + &?; animal.] (Zoöl.) The class of the Cœlenterata which includes the corals and sea anemones. The three principal groups or orders are Acyonaria, Actinaria, and Madreporaria.

An`tho*zo"an (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Anthozoa. -- n. One of the Anthozoa.

An"tho*zo"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the Anthozoa.

An"thra*cene (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; coal.] (Chem.) A solid hydrocarbon, C6H4.C2H2. C6H4, which accompanies naphthalene in the last stages of the distillation of coal tar. Its chief use is in the artificial production of alizarin. [Written also anthracin.]

An*thrac"ic (&?;), a. Of or relating to anthrax; as, anthracic blood.

An`thra*cif"er*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; coal + -ferous.] (Min.) Yielding anthracite; as, anthraciferous strata.

An"thra*cite (&?;), n. [L. anthracites a kind of bloodstone; fr. Gr. &?; like coals, fr. &?;, &?;, coal or charcoal. Cf. Anthrax.] A hard, compact variety of mineral coal, of high luster, differing from bituminous coal in containing little or no bitumen, in consequence of which it burns with a nearly non luminous flame. The purer specimens consist almost wholly of carbon. Also called glance coal and blind coal.

An"thra*cit"ic (&?;), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, anthracite; as, anthracitic formations.

An"thra*coid (&?;), a. [Anthrax + - oid.] (Biol.) Resembling anthrax in action; of the nature of anthrax; as, an anthracoid microbe.

An"thra*co*man`cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, coal + -mancy.] Divination by inspecting a burning coal.

An`thra*com"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; coal, carbon + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the amount of carbonic acid in a mixture.

An`thra*co*met"ric (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an anthracometer.

An*thrac"o*nite (&?;), n. [See Anthracite.] (Min.) A coal-black marble, usually emitting a fetid smell when rubbed; -- called also stinkstone and swinestone.

An`thra*qui"none (&?;), n. [Anthracene + quinone.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C6H4.C2O2. C6H4, subliming in shining yellow needles. It is obtained by oxidation of anthracene.

An"thrax (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; coal, carbuncle.] 1. (Med.) (a) A carbuncle. (b) A malignant pustule.

2. (Biol.) A microscopic, bacterial organism (Bacillus anthracis), resembling transparent rods. [See Illust. under Bacillus.]

3. An infectious disease of cattle and sheep. It is ascribed to the presence of a rod-shaped bacterium (Bacillus anthracis), the spores of which constitute the contagious matter. It may be transmitted to man by inoculation. The spleen becomes greatly enlarged and filled with bacteria. Called also splenic fever.

||An*thre"nus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a hornet.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small beetles, several of which, in the larval state, are very destructive to woolen goods, fur, etc. The common "museum pest" is A. varius; the carpet beetle is A. scrophulariæ. The larvæ are commonly confounded with moths.

{ An*throp"ic (&?;), An*throp"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; man.] (Zoöl.) Like or related to man; human. [R.] Owen.

||An*throp"i*dæ (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; man.] (Zoöl.) The group that includes man only.

An`thro*po*cen"tric (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; man + &?; center.] Assuming man as the center or ultimate end; -- applied to theories of the universe or of any part of it, as the solar system. Draper.

An`thro*po*gen"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to anthropogeny.

An`thro*pog"e*ny (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; man + &?; birth.] The science or study of human generation, or the origin and development of man.

An*throp"o*glot (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; man + &?;, &?;, tongue.] (Zoöl.) An animal which has a tongue resembling that of man, as the parrot.

An`thro*pog"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; man + -graphy.] That branch of anthropology which treats of the actual distribution of the human race in its different divisions, as distinguished by physical character, language, institutions, and customs, in contradistinction to ethnography, which treats historically of the origin and filiation of races and nations. P. Cyc.

An"thro*poid (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; man + - oid.] Resembling man; -- applied especially to certain apes, as the ourang or gorilla. -- n. An anthropoid ape.

An`thro*poid"al (&?;), a. Anthropoid.

||An`thro*poid"e*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Anthropoid.] (Zoöl.) The suborder of primates which includes the monkeys, apes, and man.

An`thro*pol"a*try (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; man + &?; worship.] Man worship.

An*throp"o*lite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; man + - lite.] (Paleon.) A petrifaction of the human body, or of any portion of it.

{ An`thro*po*log"ic (&?;), An`thro*po*log"ic*al (&?;), } a. Pertaining to anthropology; belonging to the nature of man. "Anthropologic wisdom." Kingsley. -- An`thro*po*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

An`thro*pol"o*gist (&?;), n. One who is versed in anthropology.

An`thro*pol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; man + -logy.] 1. The science of the structure and functions of the human body.

2. The science of man; -- sometimes used in a limited sense to mean the study of man as an object of natural history, or as an animal.

3. That manner of expression by which the inspired writers attribute human parts and passions to God.

An"thro*po*man`cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; man + -mancy.] Divination by the entrails of human being.

{ An`thro*po*met"ric (&?;), An`thro*po*met"ric*al (&?;), } a. Pertaining to anthropometry.

An`thro*pom"e*try (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; man + -mercy.] Measurement of the height and other dimensions of human beings, especially at different ages, or in different races, occupations, etc. Dunglison.

||An`thro*po*mor"pha (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Anthropomorphism.] (Zoöl.) The manlike, or anthropoid, apes.

An`thro*po*mor"phic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to anthropomorphism. Hadley. -- An`thro*po*mor"phic*al*ly (&?;), adv.

An`thro*po*mor"phism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; of human form; &?; man + &?; form.] 1. The representation of the Deity, or of a polytheistic deity, under a human form, or with human attributes and affections.

2. The ascription of human characteristics to things not human.

An`thro*po*mor"phist (&?;), n. One who attributes the human form or other human attributes to the Deity or to anything not human.

An`thro*po*mor"phite (&?;), n. One who ascribes a human form or human attributes to the Deity or to a polytheistic deity. Taylor. Specifically, one of a sect of ancient heretics who believed that God has a human form, etc. Tillotson.

An`thro*po*mor*phit"ic (&?;), a. (Biol.) to anthropomorphism. Kitto.

An`thro*po*mor"phi*tism (&?;), n. Anthropomorphism. Wordsworth.

An`thro*po*mor"phize (&?;), v. t. & i. To attribute a human form or personality to.

> You may see imaginative children every day anthropomorphizing.
> Lowell.

An`thro*po*mor*phol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + -logy. See Anthropomorphism.] The application to God of terms descriptive of human beings.

An`thro*po*mor"pho*sis (&?;), n. Transformation into the form of a human being.

An`thro*po*mor"phous (&?;), a. Having the figure of, or resemblance to, a man; as, an anthropomorphous plant. "Anthropomorphous apes." Darwin.

{ An`thro*po*path"ic (&?;), An`thro*po*path"ic*al (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to anthropopathy. [R.] -- An`thro*po*path"ic*al*ly, adv.

> The daring anthropopathic imagery by which the prophets often represent God as chiding, upbraiding, threatening.
> H. Rogers.

{ An`thro*pop"a*thism (&?;), An`thro*pop"a*thy (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?;; &?; man + &?; suffering, affection, passion, &?;, &?;, to suffer.] The ascription of human feelings or passions to God, or to a polytheistic deity.

> In its recoil from the gross anthropopathy of the vulgar notions, it falls into the vacuum of absolute apathy.
> Hare.

||An`thro*poph"a*gi (&?;), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. &?; eating men; &?; man + + &?; to eat.] Man eaters; cannibals. Shak.

{ An`thro*po*phag"ic (&?;), An`thro*po*phag"ic*al (&?;), } a. Relating to cannibalism or anthropophagy.

An`thro*poph`a*gin"i*an (&?;), n. One who east human flesh. [Ludicrous] Shak.

An`thro*poph"a*gite (&?;), n. A cannibal. W. Taylor.

An`thro*poph"a*gous (&?;), a. Feeding on human flesh; cannibal.

An`thro*poph"a*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] The eating of human flesh; cannibalism.

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An`thro*poph"u*ism (n`thr*pf"*z'm), n. [Gr. 'anqrwpofyh`s of man's nature; 'a`nqrwpos a man + fyh` nature.] Human nature. [R.] Gladstone.

An`thro*pos"co*py (-ps"k*p), n. [Gr. 'a`nqrwpos man + -scopy.] The art of discovering or judging of a man's character, passions. and inclinations from a study of his visible features. [R.]

An`thro*pos"o*phy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; man + &?; wisdom, knowledge.] Knowledge of the nature of man; hence, human wisdom.

An`thro*po*tom"ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to anthropotomy, or the dissection of human bodies.

An`thro*pot"o*mist (&?;), n. One who is versed in anthropotomy, or human anatomy.

An`thro*pot"o*my (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; man + &?; a cutting.] The anatomy or dissection of the human body; androtomy. Owen.

Ant`hyp*not"ic (&?;). See Antihypnotic.

Ant`hyp*o*chon"dri*ac (&?;), a. & n. See Antihypochondriac.

Ant`hys*ter"ic (&?;), a. & n. See Antihysteric.

An"ti (&?;). [Gr. &?; against. See Ante.] A prefix meaning against, opposite or opposed to, contrary, or in place of; -- used in composition in many English words. It is often shortened to ant-; as, antacid, antarctic.

||An"ti*æ (&?;), n. pl. [L., forelock.] (Zoöl.) The two projecting feathered angles of the forehead of some birds; the frontal points.

An`ti*al*bu"mid (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + -albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body formed from albumin by pancreatic and gastric digestion. It is convertible into antipeptone.

An`ti*al"bu*mose` (&?;), n. (Physiol.) See Albumose.

An`ti-A*mer"i*can (&?;), a. Opposed to the Americans, their aims, or interests, or to the genius of American institutions. Marshall.

An`ti*aph`ro*dis"i*ac (&?;), a. & n. Same as Antaphrodisiac.

An`ti*ap`o*plec"tic (&?;), a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antapoplectic.

An"ti*ar (&?;), n. [Jav. antjar.] A Virulent poison prepared in Java from the gum resin of one species of the upas tree (Antiaris toxicaria).

An`ti*a*rin (&?;), n. (Chem.) A poisonous principle obtained from antiar. Watts.

An`ti*asth*mat"ic (&?;), a. & n. Same as Antasthmatic.

An`ti*at*tri"tion (&?;), n. Anything to prevent the effects of friction, esp. a compound lubricant for machinery, etc., often consisting of plumbago, with some greasy material; antifriction grease.

||An`ti*bac*chi"us (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; + &?;. See Bacchius.] (Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the first two long, and the last short (#).

An`ti*bil"lous (&?;), a. Counteractive of bilious complaints; tending to relieve biliousness.

An`ti*brach"i*al (&?;), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the antibrachium, or forearm.

||An`ti*brach"i*um (&?;), n. [NL.] (Anat.) That part of the fore limb between the brachium and the carpus; the forearm.

An`ti*bro"mic (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; a stink.] An agent that destroys offensive smells; a deodorizer.

An`ti*burgh"er (&?;), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who seceded from the Burghers (1747), deeming it improper to take the Burgess oath.

An"tic (&?;), a. [The same word as antique; cf. It. antico ancient. See Antique.] 1. Old; antique. [Obs.] "Lords of antic fame." Phaer.

2. Odd; fantastic; fanciful; grotesque; ludicrous.

> The antic postures of a merry- andrew.

Addison.

> The Saxons . . . worshiped many idols, barbarous in name, some monstrous, all antic for shape.

Fuller.

An"tic, n. 1. A buffoon or merry-andrew; one that practices odd gesticulations; the Fool of the old play.

2. An odd imagery, device, or tracery; a fantastic figure.

> Woven with antics and wild imagery.
> Spenser.

3. A grotesque trick; a piece of buffoonery; a caper.

> And fraught with antics as the Indian bird
> That writhes and chatters in her wiry cage.
> Wordsworth.

4. (Arch.) A grotesque representation. [Obs.]

5. An antimask. [Obs. or R.]

> Performed by knights and ladies of his court
> In nature of an antic.
> Ford.

An"tic, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anticked (&?;), Antickt.] To make appear like a buffoon. [Obs.] Shak.

An"tic, v. i. To perform antics.

An`ti*ca*tarrh`al (&?;), a. (Med.) Efficacious against catarrh. -- n. An anticatarrhal remedy.

An`ti*cath"ode (&?;), n. (Phys.) The part of a vacuum tube opposite the cathode. Upon it the cathode rays impinge.

An`ti*cau*sod"ic (&?;), a. & n. (Med.) Same as Anticausotic.

An`ti*cau*sot"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; fever, &?; to burn.] (Med.) Good against an inflammatory fever. -- n. A remedy for such a fever.

An"ti*cham`ber, n. [Obs.] See Antechamber.

An"ti*chlor (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + chlorine.] (Chem.) Any substance (but especially sodium hyposulphite) used in removing the excess of chlorine left in paper pulp or stuffs after bleaching.

An"ti*christ (&?;), n. [L. Antichristus, Gr. &?;; &?; against + &?;.] A denier or opponent of Christ. Specif.: A great antagonist, person or power, expected to precede Christ's second coming.

An`ti*chris"tian (?; 106), a. Opposed to the Christian religion.

{ An`ti*chris"tian*ism (&?;), An`ti*chris*tian"i*ty (&?;), } n. Opposition or contrariety to the Christian religion.

An`ti*chris"tian*ly (&?;), adv. In an antichristian manner.

An`ti*chron"ic*al (&?;), a. Deviating from the proper order of time. -- An`ti*chron"ic*al*ly, adv.

An*tich"ro*nism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; against + &?; time.] Deviation from the true order of time; anachronism. [R.] Selden.

||An*tich"thon (&?;), n.; pl. Antichthones (&?;). [Gr. &?;; &?; against + &?; the earth.] 1. A hypothetical earth counter to ours, or on the opposite side of the sun. Grote.

2. pl. Inhabitants of opposite hemispheres. Whewell.

An*tic"i*pant (&?;), a. [L. anticipans, p. pr. of anticipare.] Anticipating; expectant; -- with of.

> Wakening guilt, anticipant of hell.
> Southey.

An*tic"i*pate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anticipated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Anticipating (&?;).] [L. anticipatus, p. p. of anticipare to anticipate; ante + capere to make. See Capable.] 1. To be before in doing; to do or take before another; to preclude or prevent by prior action.

> To anticipate and prevent the duke's purpose.
> R. Hall.

> He would probably have died by the hand of the executioner, if indeed the executioner had not been anticipated by the populace.
> Macaulay.

2. To take up or introduce beforehand, or before the proper or normal time; to cause to occur earlier or prematurely; as, the advocate has anticipated a part of his argument.

3. To foresee (a wish, command, etc.) and do beforehand that which will be desired.

4. To foretaste or foresee; to have a previous view or impression of; as, to anticipate the pleasures of a visit; to anticipate the evils of life.

Syn. -- To prevent; obviate; preclude; forestall; expect. -- To Anticipate, Expect. These words, as here compared, agree in regarding some future event as about to take place. Expect is the stringer. It supposes some ground or reason in the mind for considering the event as likely to happen. Anticipate is, literally, to take beforehand, and here denotes simply to take into the mind as conception of the future. Hence, to say, "I did not anticipate a refusal," expresses something less definite and strong than to say, " did not expect it." Still, anticipate is a convenient word to be interchanged with expect in cases where the thought will allow.

> Good with bad
> Expect to hear; supernal grace contending
> With sinfulness of men.
> Milton.

> I would not anticipate the relish of any happiness, nor feel the weight of any misery, before it actually arrives.
> Spectator.

> Timid men were anticipating another civil war.
> Macaulay.

An*tic`i*pa"tion (&?;), n. [L. anticipatio: cf. F. anticipation.] 1. The act of anticipating, taking up, placing, or considering something beforehand, or before the proper time in natural order.

> So shall my anticipation prevent your discovery.
> Shak.

2. Previous view or impression of what is to happen; instinctive prevision; foretaste; antepast; as, the anticipation of the joys of heaven.

> The happy anticipation of renewed existence in company with the spirits of the just.
> Thodey.

3. Hasty notion; intuitive preconception.

> Many men give themselves up to the first anticipations of their minds.
> Locke.

4. (Mus.) The commencing of one or more tones of a chord with or during the chord preceding, forming a momentary discord.

Syn. -- Preoccupation; preclusion; foretaste; prelibation; antepast; pregustation; preconception; expectation; foresight; forethought.

An*tic"i*pa*tive (&?;), a. Anticipating, or containing anticipation. "Anticipative of the feast to come." Cary. -- An*tic"i*pa*tive*ly, adv.

An*tic"i*pa`tor (&?;), n. One who anticipates.

An*tic"i*pa*to*ry (&?;), a. Forecasting; of the nature of anticipation. Owen.

> Here is an anticipatory glance of what was to be.
> J. C. Shairp.

An`ti*civ"ic (&?;), n. Opposed to citizenship.

An`ti*civ"ism (&?;), n. Opposition to the body politic of citizens. [Obs.] Carlyle.

An`ti*clas"tic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- = Gr. &?; to break.] Having to opposite curvatures, that is, curved longitudinally in one direction and transversely in the opposite direction, as the surface of a saddle.

An`ti*cli"max (&?;), n. (Rhet.) A sentence in which the ideas fall, or become less important and striking, at the close; -- the opposite of climax. It produces a ridiculous effect. Example:

> Next comes Dalhousie, the great god of war,
> Lieutenant-colonel to the Earl of Mar.

An`ti*cli"nal (-kl"nal), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. kli`nein to incline.] Inclining or dipping in opposite directions. See Synclinal.

Anticlinal line, Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line from which strata dip in opposite directions, as from the ridge of a roof. -- Anticlinal vertebra (Anat.), one of the dorsal vertebræ, which in many animals has an upright spine toward which the spines of the neighboring vertebræ are inclined.

An`ti*cli"nal, n. (Geol.) The crest or line in which strata slope or dip in opposite directions.

||An`ti*cli*no"ri*um (&?;), n.; pl. Anticlinoria (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; against + kli`nein to incline + 'o`ros mountain.] (Geol.) The upward elevation of the crust of the earth, resulting from a geanticlinal.

An"tic*ly (&?;), adv. Oddly; grotesquely.

An"tic-mask` (&?;), n. An antimask. B. Jonson.

An"tic*ness, n. The quality of being antic. Ford.

An`ti*con`sti*tu"tion*al (&?;), a. Opposed to the constitution; unconstitutional.

An`ti*con*ta"gious (&?;), a. (Med.) Opposing or destroying contagion.

An`ti*con*vul"sive (&?;), a. (Med.) Good against convulsions. J. Floyer.

An"ti*cor (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + L. cor heart; cf. F. antic&?;ur.] (Far.) A dangerous inflammatory swelling of a horse's breast, just opposite the heart.

An*ti"cous (&?;), a. [L. anticus in front, foremost, fr. ante before.] (Bot.) Facing toward the axis of the flower, as in the introrse anthers of the water lily.

An"ti*cy`clone (n"t*s`kln), n. (Meteorol.) A movement of the atmosphere opposite in character, as regards direction of the wind and distribution of barometric pressure, to that of a cyclone. -- An`ti*cy*clon"ic (&?;), a. -- An`ti*cy*clon"ic*al*ly (&?;), adv.

An"ti*do`tal (n"t*d`tal) a. Having the quality an antidote; fitted to counteract the effects of poison. Sir T. Browne. -- An"ti*do`tal*ly, adv.

An"ti*do`ta*ry (-d`t*r), a. Antidotal. -- n. An antidote; also, a book of antidotes.

An"ti*dote (n"t*dt), n. [L. antidotum, Gr. 'anti`doton (sc. fa`rmakon), fr. 'anti`dotos given against; 'anti` against + dido`nai to give: cf. F. antidote. See Dose, n.] 1. A remedy to counteract the effects of poison, or of anything noxious taken into the stomach; -- used with against, for, or to; as, an antidote against, for, or to, poison.

2. Whatever tends to prevent mischievous effects, or to counteract evil which something else might produce.

An"ti*dote, v. t. 1. To counteract or prevent the effects of, by giving or taking an antidote.

> Nor could Alexander himself . . . antidote . . . the poisonous draught, when it had once got into his veins.
> South.

2. To fortify or preserve by an antidote.

An`ti*dot"ic*al (n`t*dt"*kal), a. Serving as an antidote. -- An`ti*dot"ic*al*ly, adv.

An*tid"ro*mous (n*td"r*ms), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. dro`mos a running.] (Bot.) Changing the direction in the spiral sequence of leaves on a stem.

An`ti*dys`en*ter"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Good against dysentery. -- n. A medicine for dysentery.

An`ti*e*met"ic (&?;), a. &?; n. (Med.) Same as Antemetic.

An`ti*eph`i*al"tic (&?;), a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antephialtic.

An`ti*ep`i*lep"tic (&?;), a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antepileptic.

An`ti*fe"brile (&?;), a. & n. (Med.) Febrifuge.

An`ti*feb"rine (&?;), n. (Med.) Acetanilide.

An`ti-fed"er*al*ist (&?;), n. One of party opposed to a federative government; -- applied particularly to the party which opposed the adoption of the constitution of the United States. Pickering.

An`ti*fric"tion (&?;), n. Something to lessen friction; antiattrition. -- a. Tending to lessen friction.

An`ti*ga*las"tic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?;, &?;, milk.] Causing a diminution or a suppression of the secretion of milk.

An`ti-Gal"li*can (&?;), a. Opposed to what is Gallic or French.

An"ti*graph (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a transcribing: cf. F. antigraphe.] A copy or transcript.

An`ti*gug"gler (&?;) n. [Pref. anti- + guggle or gurgle.] A crooked tube of metal, to be introduced into the neck of a bottle for drawing out the liquid without disturbing the sediment or causing a gurgling noise.

An`ti*he"lix (&?;), n. (Anat.) The curved elevation of the cartilage of the ear, within or in front of the helix. See Ear.

An`ti*hem`or*rhag"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Tending to stop hemorrhage. -- n. A remedy for hemorrhage.

An`ti*hy`dro*phob"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Counteracting or preventing hydrophobia. -- n. A remedy for hydrophobia.

An`ti*hy*drop"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Good against dropsy. -- n. A remedy for dropsy.

An`ti*hyp*not"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Tending to prevent sleep. -- n. An antihypnotic agent.

An`ti*hyp`o*chon"dri*ac (&?;), a. (Med.) Counteractive of hypochondria. -- n. A remedy for hypochondria.

An`ti*hys*ter"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Counteracting hysteria. -- n. A remedy for hysteria.

An`ti*ic*ter"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Good against jaundice. -- n. A remedy for jaundice.

||An`ti*le*gom"e*na (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; against + &?; to speak; part. pass. &?;.] (Eccl.) Certain books of the New Testament which were for a time not universally received, but which are now considered canonical. These are the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epistles of James and Jude, the second Epistle of Peter, the second and third Epistles of John, and the Revelation. The undisputed books are called the Homologoumena.

An`ti*li*bra"tion (&?;), n. A balancing; equipoise. [R.] De Quincey.

An`ti*lith"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Tending to prevent the formation of urinary calculi, or to destroy them when formed. -- n. An antilithic medicine.

An`ti*log"a*rithm (&?;), n. (Math.) The number corresponding to a logarithm. The word has been sometimes, though rarely, used to denote the complement of a given logarithm; also the logarithmic cosine corresponding to a given logarithmic sine. -- An`ti*log`a*rith"mic (&?;), a.

An*til"o*gous (n*tl"*gs), a. Of the contrary name or character; -- opposed to analogous.

Antilogous pole (Eccl.), that pole of a crystal which becomes negatively electrified when heated.

An*til"o*gy (n*tl"*j), n.; pl. Antilogies (n*tl"*jz). [Gr. 'antilogi`a, fr. 'anti`logos contradictory; 'anti` against + le`gein to speak.] A contradiction between any words or passages in an author. Sir W. Hamilton.

<! p. 65 !>

An`ti*loi"mic (n`t*loi"mk), n. (Med.) A remedy against the plague. Brande & C.

An*til"o*pine (&?;), a. Of or relating to the antelope.

An*til"o*quist (&?;), n. A contradicter. [Obs.]

An*til"o*quy (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + L. loqui to speak.] Contradiction. [Obs.]

An`ti*lys"sic (&?;), a. & n. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; rage, madness.] (Med.) Antihydrophobic.

An`ti*ma*cas"sar (&?;), n. A cover for the back or arms of a chair or sofa, etc., to prevent them from being soiled by macassar or other oil from the hair.

An`ti*ma*gis"tric*al (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + magistrical for magistratical.] Opposed to the office or authority of magistrates. [Obs.] South.

An`ti*ma*la"ri*al (&?;), a. Good against malaria.

An"ti*mask` (&?;), n. A secondary mask, or grotesque interlude, between the parts of a serious mask. [Written also antimasque.] Bacon.

An`ti*ma"son (&?;), n. One opposed to Freemasonry. -- An`ti*ma*son"ic (&?;), a.

An`ti*ma"son*ry (&?;), n. Opposition to Freemasonry.

An`ti*me*phit"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Good against mephitic or deleterious gases. -- n. A remedy against mephitic gases. Dunglison.

An"ti*mere (&?;), n. [. anti- + - mere.] (Biol.) One of the two halves of bilaterally symmetrical animals; one of any opposite symmetrical or homotypic parts in animals and plants.

||An`ti*me*tab"o*le (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Rhet.) A figure in which the same words or ideas are repeated in transposed order.

||An`ti*me*tath"e*sis (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Rhet.) An antithesis in which the members are repeated in inverse order.

An*tim"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; like + &?; measure.] A modification of the quadrant, for measuring small angles. [Obs.]

{ An`ti*mo*nar"chic (&?;), An`ti*mo*nar"chic*al (&?;), } Opposed to monarchial government. Bp. Benson. Addison.

An`ti*mon"arch*ist (&?;), n. An enemy to monarchial government.

An`ti*mo"nate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A compound of antimonic acid with a base or basic radical. [Written also antimoniate.]

An`ti*mo"ni*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to antimony. -- n. (Med.) A preparation or medicine containing antimony.

Antimonial powder, a consisting of one part oxide of antimony and two parts phosphate of calcium; -- also called James's powder.

An`ti*mo"ni*a`ted (&?;), a. Combined or prepared with antimony; as, antimoniated tartar.

An`ti*mon"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, antimony; -- said of those compounds of antimony in which this element has its highest equivalence; as, antimonic acid.

An`ti*mo"ni*ous (&?;), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, antimony; -- said of those compounds of antimony in which this element has an equivalence next lower than the highest; as, antimonious acid.

An"ti*mo*nite` (&?;), n. 1. (Chem.) A compound of antimonious acid and a base or basic radical.

2. (Min.) Stibnite.

An`ti*mo"ni*u*ret`ed (&?;), a. (Chem.) Combined with or containing antimony; as, antimoniureted hydrogen. [Written also antimoniuretted.]

An"ti*mo*ny (?; 112), n. [LL. antimonium, of unknown origin.] (Chem.) An elementary substance, resembling a metal in its appearance and physical properties, but in its chemical relations belonging to the class of nonmetallic substances. Atomic weight, 120. Symbol, Sb.

It is of tin-white color, brittle, laminated or crystalline, fusible, and vaporizable at a rather low temperature. It is used in some metallic alloys, as type metal and bell metal, and also for medical preparations, which are in general emetics or cathartics. By ancient writers, and some moderns, the term is applied to native gray ore of antimony, or stibnite (the stibium of the Romans, and the sti`mmi of the Greeks, a sulphide of antimony, from which most of the antimony of commerce is obtained. Cervantite, senarmontite, and valentinite are native oxides of antimony.

An`ti*na"tion*al (&?;), a. Antagonistic to one's country or nation, or to a national government.

An`ti*ne*phrit"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Counteracting, or deemed of use in, diseases of the kidneys. -- n. An antinephritic remedy.

An`ti*no"mi*an (&?;), a. [See Antimony.] Of or pertaining to the Antinomians; opposed to the doctrine that the moral law is obligatory.

An`ti*no"mi*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who maintains that, under the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no use or obligation, but that faith alone is necessary to salvation. The sect of Antinomians originated with John Agricola, in Germany, about the year 1535. Mosheim.

An`ti*no"mi*an*ism (&?;), n. The tenets or practice of Antinomians. South.

An*tin"o*mist (&?;), n. An Antinomian. [R.] Bp. Sanderson.

An*tin"o*my (?; 277), n.; pl. Antinomies (&?;). [L. antinomia, Gr. &?;; &?; against + &?; law.] 1. Opposition of one law or rule to another law or rule.

> Different commentators have deduced from it the very opposite doctrines. In some instances this apparent antinomy is doubtful.
> De Quincey.

2. An opposing law or rule of any kind.

> As it were by his own antinomy, or counterstatute.
> Milton.

3. (Metaph.) A contradiction or incompatibility of thought or language; -- in the Kantian philosophy, such a contradiction as arises from the attempt to apply to the ideas of the reason, relations or attributes which are appropriate only to the facts or the concepts of experience.

An`ti*o"chi*an (&?;), a. 1. Pertaining to Antiochus, a contemporary with Cicero, and the founder of a sect of philosophers.

2. Of or pertaining to the city of Antioch, in Syria.

Antiochian epoch (Chron.), a method of computing time, from the proclamation of liberty granted to the city of Antioch, about the time of the battle of Pharsalia, B.C. 48.

An`ti*o`don*tal"gic (&?;), a. (Med.) Efficacious in curing toothache. -- n. A remedy for toothache.

An`ti*or*gas"tic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; to swell, as with lust.] (Med.) Tending to allay venereal excitement or desire; sedative.

An`ti*pa"pal (&?;), a. Opposed to the pope or to popery. Milton.

An`ti*par"al*lel (&?;), a. Running in a contrary direction. Hammond.

An`ti*par"al*lels (&?;), n. pl. (Geom.) Straight lines or planes which make angles in some respect opposite in character to those made by parallel lines or planes.

An`ti*par`a*lyt"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Good against paralysis. -- n. A medicine for paralysis.

An`ti*par`a*lyt"ic*al (&?;), a. Antiparalytic.

{ An`ti*pa*thet"ic (&?;), An`ti*pa*thet"ic*al (&?;), } a. Having a natural contrariety, or constitutional aversion, to a thing; characterized by antipathy; -- often followed by to. Fuller.

An`ti*path"ic (&?;), a. [NL. antipathicus, Gr. &?; of opposite feelings.] (Med.) Belonging to antipathy; opposite; contrary; allopathic.

An*tip"a*thist (&?;), n. One who has an antipathy. [R.] "Antipathist of light." Coleridge.

An*tip"a*thize (&?;), v. i. To feel or show antipathy. [R.]

An*tip"a*thous (&?;), a. Having a natural contrariety; adverse; antipathetic. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

An*tip"a*thy (&?;), n.; pl. Antipathies (&?;). [L. antipathia, Gr. &?;; &?; against + &?; to suffer. Cf. F. antipathie. See Pathos.] 1. Contrariety or opposition in feeling; settled aversion or dislike; repugnance; distaste.

> Inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments to others, are to be avoided.
> Washington.

2. Natural contrariety; incompatibility; repugnancy of qualities; as, oil and water have antipathy.

> A habit is generated of thinking that a natural antipathy exists between hope and reason.
> I. Taylor.

Antipathy is opposed to sympathy. It is followed by to, against, or between; also sometimes by for.

Syn. -- Hatred; aversion; dislike; disgust; distaste; enmity; ill will; repugnance; contrariety; opposition. See Dislike.

An`ti*pep"tone (&?;), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A product of gastric and pancreatic digestion, differing from hemipeptone in not being decomposed by the continued action of pancreatic juice.

An`ti*pe`ri*od"ic (&?;), n. (Med.) A remedy possessing the property of preventing the return of periodic paroxysms, or exacerbations, of disease, as in intermittent fevers.

An`ti*per`i*stal"tic (&?;), a. (Med.) Opposed to, or checking motion; acting upward; -- applied to an inverted action of the intestinal tube.

||An`ti*pe*ris"ta*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; against + &?; a standing around, fr. &?; to stand around; &?; around + &?; to stand.] Opposition by which the quality opposed asquires strength; resistance or reaction roused by opposition or by the action of an opposite principle or quality.

An`ti*per`i*stat"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to antiperistasis.

An`ti*pet"al*ous (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + petal.] (Bot.) Standing before a petal, as a stamen.

An`ti*phar"mic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; poison.] (Med.) Antidotal; alexipharmic.

An`ti*phlo*gis"tian (&?;), n. An opposer of the theory of phlogiston.

An`ti*phlo*gis"tic (&?;), a. 1. (Chem.) Opposed to the doctrine of phlogiston.

2. (Med.) Counteracting inflammation.

An`ti*phlo*gis"tic, n. (Med.) Any medicine or diet which tends to check inflammation. Coxe.

An"ti*phon (&?;), n. [LL. antiphona, fr. Gr. &?;. See Anthem.] 1. A musical response; alternate singing or chanting. See Antiphony, and Antiphone.

2. A verse said before and after the psalms. Shipley.

An*tiph"o*nal (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to antiphony, or alternate singing; sung alternately by a divided choir or opposite choirs. Wheatly. -- An*tiph"o*nal*ly, adv.

An*tiph"o*nal, n. A book of antiphons or anthems.

An*tiph"o*na*ry (&?;), n. [LL. antiphonarium. See Antiphoner.] A book containing a collection of antiphons; the book in which the antiphons of the breviary, with their musical notes, are contained.

An"ti*phone (&?;), n. (Mus.) The response which one side of the choir makes to the other in a chant; alternate chanting or signing.

An*tiph"o*ner (&?;), n. [F. antiphonaire. See Antiphon.] A book of antiphons. Chaucer.

An`ti*phon"ic (&?;), a. Antiphonal.

An*tiph"o*ny (&?;), n.; pl. Antiphonies (&?;). [See Antiphon.] 1. A musical response; also, antiphonal chanting or signing.

2. An anthem or psalm sung alternately by a choir or congregation divided into two parts. Also figuratively.

> O! never more for me shall winds intone,
> With all your tops, a vast antiphony.
> R. Browning.

||An*tiph"ra*sis (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to express by antithesis or negation.] (Rhet.) The use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning; as when a court of justice is called a court of vengeance.

{ An`ti*phras"tic (&?;), An`ti*phras"tic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to antiphrasis. -- An`ti*phras"tic*al*ly, adv.

An`ti*phthis"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Relieving or curing phthisis, or consumption. -- n. A medicine for phthisis.

An`ti*phys"ic*al (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + physical.] Contrary to nature; unnatural.

An`ti*phys"ic*al, a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; to inflate.] (Med.) Relieving flatulence; carminative.

An`ti*plas"tic (&?;), a. 1. Diminishing plasticity.

2. (Med.) Preventing or checking the process of healing, or granulation.

An`ti*po*dag"ric (&?;), a. (Med.) Good against gout. -- n. A medicine for gout.

An*tip"o*dal (&?;), a. 1. Pertaining to the antipodes; situated on the opposite side of the globe.

2. Diametrically opposite. "His antipodal shadow." Lowell.

An"ti*pode (&?;), n. One of the antipodes; anything exactly opposite.

> In tale or history your beggar is ever the just antipode to your king.
> Lamb.

The singular, antipode, is exceptional in formation, but has been used by good writers. Its regular English plural would be n"t*pdes, the last syllable rhyming with abodes, and this pronunciation is sometimes heard. The plural form (originally a Latin word without a singular) is in common use, and is pronounced, after the English method of Latin, n*tp"*dz.

An`ti*po"de*an (&?;), a. Pertaining to the antipodes, or the opposite side of the world; antipodal.

An*tip"o*des (&?;), n. [L. pl., fr. Gr. &?; with the feet opposite, pl. &?; &?;; &?; against + &?;, &?;, foot.] 1. Those who live on the side of the globe diametrically opposite.

2. The country of those who live on the opposite side of the globe. Latham.

3. Anything exactly opposite or contrary.

> Can there be a greater contrariety unto Christ's judgment, a more perfect antipodes to all that hath hitherto been gospel?
> Hammond.

An"ti*pole (&?;), n. The opposite pole; anything diametrically opposed. Geo. Eliot.

An"ti*pope (&?;), n. One who is elected, or claims to be, pope in opposition to the pope canonically chosen; esp. applied to those popes who resided at Avignon during the Great Schism.

An`tip*sor"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Of use in curing the itch. -- n. An antipsoric remedy.

||An`tip*to"sis (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; against + &?; a falling, a case, &?; to fall.] (Gram.) The putting of one case for another.

{ An`ti*pu`tre*fac"tive (&?;), An`ti*pu*tres"cent (&?;), } a. Counteracting, or preserving from, putrefaction; antiseptic.

An`ti*py"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?;, &?;, pus.] (Med.) Checking or preventing suppuration. -- n. An antipyic medicine.

||An`ti*py*re"sis (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; against + &?; to be feverish, fr. &?; fire.] (Med.) The condition or state of being free from fever.

An`ti*py*ret"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Efficacious in preventing or allaying fever. -- n. A febrifuge.

An`ti*py"rine (&?;), n. (Med.) An artificial alkaloid, believed to be efficient in abating fever.

An`ti*py*rot"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Good against burns or pyrosis. -- n. Anything of use in preventing or healing burns or pyrosis.

An`ti*qua"ri*an (&?;), a. [See Antiquary]. Pertaining to antiquaries, or to antiquity; as, antiquarian literature.

An`ti*qua"ri*an, n. 1. An antiquary.

2. A drawing paper of large size. See under Paper, n.

An`ti*qua"ri*an*ism (&?;), n. Character of an antiquary; study or love of antiquities. Warburton.

An`ti*qua"ri*an*ize (&?;), v. i. To act the part of an antiquary. [Colloq.]

An"ti*qua*ry (&?;), a. [L. antiquarius, fr. antiquus ancient. See Antique.] Pertaining to antiquity. [R.] "Instructed by the antiquary times." Shak.

An"ti*qua*ry, n.; pl. Antiquaries (&?;). One devoted to the study of ancient times through their relics, as inscriptions, monuments, remains of ancient habitations, statues, coins, manuscripts, etc.; one who searches for and studies the relics of antiquity.

An"ti*quate (&?;), v. t. [L. antiquatus, p. p. of antiquare, fr. antiquus ancient.] To make old, or obsolete; to make antique; to make old in such a degree as to put out of use; hence, to make void, or abrogate.

> Christianity might reasonably introduce new laws, and antiquate or abrogate old one.
> Sir M. Hale.

An"ti*qua`ted (&?;), a. Grown old. Hence: Bygone; obsolete; out of use; old-fashioned; as, an antiquated law. "Antiquated words." Dryden.

> Old Janet, for so he understood his antiquated attendant was denominated.
> Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- Ancient; old; antique; obsolete. See Ancient.

An"ti*qua`ted*ness, n. Quality of being antiquated.

An"ti*quate*ness (&?;), n. Antiquatedness. [Obs.]

An`ti*qua"tion (&?;), n. [L. antiquatio, fr. antiquare.] The act of making antiquated, or the state of being antiquated. Beaumont.

An*tique" (&?;), a. [F., fr. L. antiquus old, ancient, equiv. to anticus, from ante before. Cf. Antic.]

1. Old; ancient; of genuine antiquity; as, an antique statue. In this sense it usually refers to the flourishing ages of Greece and Rome.

> For the antique world excess and pride did hate.
> Spenser.

<! p. 66 !>

2. Old, as respects the present age, or a modern period of time; of old fashion; antiquated; as, an antique robe. "Antique words." Spenser.

3. Made in imitation of antiquity; as, the antique style of Thomson's "Castle of Indolence."

4. Odd; fantastic. [In this sense, written antic.]

Syn. -- Ancient; antiquated; obsolete; antic; old-fashioned; old. See Ancient.

An*tique" (&?;), n. [F. See Antique, a. ] In general, anything very old; but in a more limited sense, a relic or object of ancient art; collectively, the antique, the remains of ancient art, as busts, statues, paintings, and vases.

> Misshapen monuments and maimed antiques.
> Byron.

An*tique"ly, adv. In an antique manner.

An*tique"ness, n. The quality of being antique; an appearance of ancient origin and workmanship.

> We may discover something venerable in the antiqueness of the work.
> Addison.

An"ti*quist (&?;), n. An antiquary; a collector of antiques. [R.] Pinkerton.

An*tiq`ui*ta"ri*an (&?;), n. An admirer of antiquity. [Used by Milton in a disparaging sense.] [Obs.]

An*tiq"ui*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Antiquities (&?;). [L. antiquitas, fr. antiquus: cf. F. antiquité. See Antique.] 1. The quality of being ancient; ancientness; great age; as, a statue of remarkable antiquity; a family of great antiquity.

2. Old age. [Obs.]

> It not your voice broken? . . . and every part about you blasted with antiquity?
> Shak.

3. Ancient times; former ages; times long since past; as, Cicero was an eloquent orator of antiquity.

4. The ancients; the people of ancient times.

> That such pillars were raised by Seth all antiquity has &?;vowed.
> Sir W. Raleigh.

5. An old gentleman. [Obs.]

> You are a shrewd antiquity, neighbor Clench.
> B. Jonson.

6. A relic or monument of ancient times; as, a coin, a statue, etc.; an ancient institution. [In this sense, usually in the plural.] "Heathen antiquities." Bacon.

An`ti*ra*chit"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Good against the rickets.

An`ti*rent"er (&?;), n. One opposed to the payment of rent; esp. one of those who in 1840-47 resisted the collection of rents claimed by the patroons from the settlers on certain manorial lands in the State of New York. -- An`ti*rent"ism (&?;), n.

An`ti*sab`ba*ta"ri*an (&?;), n. (Eccl.) One of a sect which opposes the observance of the Christian Sabbath.

An`ti*sac`er*do"tal (&?;), a. Hostile to priests or the priesthood. Waterland.

{ An*tis"cians (&?;), ||An*tis"ci*i (&?;), } n. pl. [L. antiscii, Gr. &?;, pl.; &?; against + &?; shadow.] The inhabitants of the earth, living on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon are cast in opposite directions.

> The inhabitants of the north and south temperate zones are always Antiscians.
> Brande & C.

{ An`ti*sco*let"ic (&?;), An`ti*scol"ic (&?;), } a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; a worm.] (Med.) Anthelmintic.

An`ti*scor*bu"tic (&?;), a. (Med.) Counteracting scurvy. -- n. A remedy for scurvy.

An`ti*scor*bu"tic*al (&?;), a. (Med.) Antiscorbutic.

An`ti*scrip"tur*al (&?;), a. Opposed to, or not in accordance with, the Holy Scriptures.

An`ti*sep"al*ous (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + sepal.] (Bot.) Standing before a sepal, or calyx leaf.

{ An`ti*sep"tic (&?;), An`ti*sep"tic*al (&?;), } a. Counteracting or preventing putrefaction, or a putrescent tendency in the system; antiputrefactive.

Antiseptic surgery, that system of surgical practice which insists upon a systematic use of antiseptics in the performance of operations and the dressing of wounds.

An`ti*sep"tic, n. A substance which prevents or retards putrefaction, or destroys, or protects from, putrefactive organisms; as, salt, carbolic acid, alcohol, cinchona.

An`ti*sep"tic*al*ly (&?;), adv. By means of antiseptics.

An`ti*slav"er*y (&?;), a. Opposed to slavery. -- n. Opposition to slavery.

An`ti*so"cial (&?;), a. Tending to interrupt or destroy social intercourse; averse to society, or hostile to its existence; as, antisocial principles.

An`ti*so"cial*ist, n. One opposed to the doctrines and practices of socialists or socialism.

An`ti*so"lar (&?;), a. Opposite to the sun; -- said of the point in the heavens 180° distant from the sun.

An`ti*spas*mod"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Good against spasms. -- n. A medicine which prevents or allays spasms or convulsions.

An"ti*spast (&?;), n. [L. antispastus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to draw the contrary way; &?; against + &?; to draw.] (Pros.) A foot of four syllables, the first and fourth short, and the second and third long (#).

An`ti*spas"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;. See Antispast.] (Med.) (a) Believed to cause a revulsion of fluids or of humors from one part to another. [Obs.] (b) Counteracting spasms; antispasmodic. -- n. An antispastic agent.

An`ti*splen"e*tic (&?;; see Splenetic, 277), a. Good as a remedy against disease of the spleen. -- n. An antisplenetic medicine.

||An*tis"tro*phe (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to turn to the opposite side; &?; against + &?; to turn. See Strophe.] 1. In Greek choruses and dances, the returning of the chorus, exactly answering to a previous strophe or movement from right to left. Hence: The lines of this part of the choral song.

> It was customary, on some occasions, to dance round the altars whilst they sang the sacred hymns, which consisted of three stanzas or parts; the first of which, called strophe, was sung in turning from east to west; the other, named antistrophe, in returning from west to east; then they stood before the altar, and sang the epode, which was the last part of the song.
> Abp. Potter.

2. (Rhet.) (a) The repetition of words in an inverse order; as, the master of the servant and the servant of the master. (b) The retort or turning of an adversary's plea against him.

An`ti*stroph"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to an antistrophe.

||An*tis"tro*phon (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; turned opposite ways.] (Rhet.) An argument retorted on an opponent. Milton.

An`ti*stru"mat"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Antistrumous. -- n. A medicine for scrofula.

An`ti*stru"mous (&?;), a. (Med.) Good against scrofulous disorders. Johnson. Wiseman.

An`ti*syph`i*lit"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Efficacious against syphilis. -- n. A medicine for syphilis.

An`ti*the"ism (&?;), n. The doctrine of antitheists. -- An`ti*the*is"tic (&?;), a.

An`ti*the"ist, n. A disbeliever in the existence of God.

An*tith"e*sis (&?;), n.; pl. Antitheses. (&?;) [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to set against, to oppose; &?; against + &?; to set. See Thesis.] 1. (Rhet.) An opposition or contrast of words or sentiments occurring in the same sentence; as, "The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself." "He had covertly shot at Cromwell; he how openly aimed at the Queen."

2. The second of two clauses forming an antithesis.

3. Opposition; contrast.

An"ti*thet (&?;), n. [L. antitheton, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, antithetic.] An antithetic or contrasted statement. Bacon.

{ An`ti*thet"ic (&?;), An`ti*thet"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to antithesis, or opposition of words and sentiments; containing, or of the nature of, antithesis; contrasted.

An`ti*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. By way antithesis.

{ An`ti*tox"in, An`ti*tox"ine } (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + toxin.] A substance (sometimes the product of a specific micro-organism and sometimes naturally present in the blood or tissues of an animal), capable of producing immunity from certain diseases, or of counteracting the poisonous effects of pathogenic bacteria.

An"ti-trade` (&?;), n. A tropical wind blowing steadily in a direction opposite to the trade wind.

||An*tit"ra*gus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Anat.) A prominence on the lower posterior portion of the concha of the external ear, opposite the tragus. See Ear.

||An`ti*tro*chan"ter (&?;), n. (Anat.) An articular surface on the ilium of birds against which the great trochanter of the femur plays.

{ An*tit"ro*pal (&?;), An*tit"ro*pous (&?;), } a. [Pref. anti- + Gr. &?; turn, &?; to turn.] (Bot.) At the extremity most remote from the hilum, as the embryo, or inverted with respect to the seed, as the radicle. Lindley.

An"ti*ty`pal (&?;), a. Antitypical. [R.]

An"ti*type (-tp), n. [Gr. &?; of corresponding form; &?; against + &?; type, figure. See Type.] That of which the type is the pattern or representation; that which is represented by the type or symbol.

An`ti*typ"ic*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an antitype; explaining the type. -- An`ti*typ"ic*al*ly, adv.

An*tit"y*pous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Resisting blows; hard. [Obs.] Cudworth.

An*tit"y*py (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] Opposition or resistance of matter to force. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.

An`ti*vac`ci*na"tion (&?;), n. Opposition to vaccination. London Times.

An`ti*vac`ci*na"tion*ist, n. An antivaccinist.

An`ti*vac"ci*nist, n. One opposed to vaccination.

An`ti*va*ri"o*lous (&?;), a. Preventing the contagion of smallpox.

An`ti*ve*ne"re*al (&?;), a. Good against venereal poison; antisyphilitic.

An`ti*viv`i*sec"tion (&?;), n. Opposition to vivisection.

An`ti*viv`i*sec"tion*ist, n. One opposed to vivisection

An`ti*zym"ic (&?;), a. Preventing fermentation.

An`ti*zy*mot"ic (&?;), a. (Med.) Preventing fermentation or decomposition. -- n. An agent so used.

Ant"ler (&?;), n. [OE. auntelere, OF. antoillier, andoiller, endouiller, fr. F. andouiller, fr. an assumed LL. antocularis, fr. L. ante before + oculus eye. See Ocular.] (Zoöl.) The entire horn, or any branch of the horn, of a cervine animal, as of a stag.

> Huge stags with sixteen antlers.
> Macaulay.

The branch next to the head is called the brow antler, and the branch next above, the bez antler, or bay antler. The main stem is the beam, and the branches are often called tynes. Antlers are deciduous bony (not horny) growths, and are covered with a periosteum while growing. See Velvet.

Antler moth (Zoöl.), a destructive European moth (Cerapteryx graminis), which devastates grass lands.

Ant"lered (&?;), a. Furnished with antlers.

> The antlered stag.
> Cowper.

||Ant"li*a (&?;), n.; pl. Antilæ (&?;). [L., a pump, Gr, &?; hold of a ship] (Zoöl.) The spiral tubular proboscis of lepidopterous insects. See Lepidoptera.

Ant"-li`on (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A neuropterous insect, the larva of which makes in the sand a pitfall to capture ants, etc. The common American species is Myrmeleon obsoletus, the European is M. formicarius.

||An*tœ"ci (n*t"s), An*tœ"cians (-shanz), n. pl. [NL. antoeci, fr. Gr. pl. 'a`ntoiki; 'anti` opposite + o'ikei^n to live.] Those who live under the same meridian, but on opposite parallels of latitude, north and south of the equator.

||An`to*no*ma"si*a (?; 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to name instead; &?; + &?; to name, &?; name.] (Rhet.) The use of some epithet or the name of some office, dignity, or the like, instead of the proper name of the person; as when his majesty is used for a king, or when, instead of Aristotle, we say, the philosopher; or, conversely, the use of a proper name instead of an appellative, as when a wise man is called a Solomon, or an eminent orator a Cicero.

An`to*no*mas"tic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, antonomasia. -- An`to*no*mas"tic*al*ly (&?;), adv.

An*ton"o*ma*sy (&?;), n. Antonomasia.

An"to*nym (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a word used in substitution for another; &?; + &?;, &?;, a word.] A word of opposite meaning; a counterterm; -- used as a correlative of synonym. [R.] C. J. Smith.

Ant*or"bit*al (&?;), a. [Pref. anti- + orbital.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated in, the region of the front of the orbit. -- n. The antorbital bone.

Ant`or*gas"tic (&?;), a. See Antiorgastic.

Ant*o"zone (&?;), n. [Pref. anti- + ozone.] (Chem.) A compound formerly supposed to be modification of oxygen, but now known to be hydrogen dioxide; -- so called because apparently antagonistic to ozone, converting it into ordinary oxygen.

An"tral (&?;), a. (Anat.) Relating to an antrum.

An"tre (&?;), n. [F. antre, L. antrum, fr. Gr. &?;.] A cavern. [Obs.] Shak.

An*trorse" (n*trôrs"), a. [From L. ante + versun turned; apparently formed in imitation of retrorse.] (Bot.) Forward or upward in direction. Gray.

An`tro*vert" (&?;), v. t. To bend forward. [R.] Owen.

||An"trum (&?;), n.; pl. Antra (&?;). [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] A cavern or cavity, esp. an anatomical cavity or sinus. Huxley.

||An*trus"tion (&?;), n. [F., fr. LL. antrustio.] A vassal or voluntary follower of Frankish princes in their enterprises.

Ant" thrush` (&?;). (Zoöl.) (a) One of several species of tropical birds, of the Old World, of the genus Pitta, somewhat resembling the thrushes, and feeding chiefly on ants. (b) See Ant bird, under Ant.

||A*nu"bis (&?;), n. [L.] (Myth.) An Egyptian deity, the conductor of departed spirits, represented by a human figure with the head of a dog or fox.

||A*nu"ra (*n"r), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'an priv. + o'yra` a tail.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of amphibians characterized by the absence of a tail, as the frogs and toads. [Written also anoura.]

A*nu"rous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a tail, as the frogs and toads. [Also written anourous.]

An"u*ry (&?;), n. [Gr. 'an priv. + o'y^ron urine.] (Med.) Nonsecretion or defective secretion of urine; ischury.

||A"nus (&?;), n. [L., prob. for asnus: cf. Gr. &?; to sit, Skr. s.] (Anat.) The posterior opening of the alimentary canal, through which the excrements are expelled.

An"vil (&?;), n. [OE. anvelt, anfelt, anefelt, AS. anfilt, onfilt; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. anafalz, D. aanbeld.] 1. An iron block, usually with a steel face, upon which metals are hammered and shaped.

2. Anything resembling an anvil in shape or use. Specifically (Anat.), the incus. See Incus.

To be on the anvil, to be in a state of discussion, formation, or preparation, as when a scheme or measure is forming, but not matured. Swift.

An"vil, v. t. To form or shape on an anvil; to hammer out; as, anviled armor. Beau. & Fl.

Anx*i"e*tude (&?;), n. [L. anxietudo.] The state of being anxious; anxiety. [R.]

Anx*i"e*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Anxieties (&?;). [L. anxietas, fr. anxius: cf. F. anxiété. See Anxious.] 1. Concern or solicitude respecting some thing or event, future or uncertain, which disturbs the mind, and keeps it in a state of painful uneasiness.

2. Eager desire. J. D. Forbes

3. (Med.) A state of restlessness and agitation, often with general indisposition and a distressing sense of oppression at the epigastrium. Dunglison.

Syn. -- Care; solicitude; foreboding; uneasiness; perplexity; disquietude; disquiet; trouble; apprehension; restlessness. See Care.

<! p. 67 !>

Anx"ious (k"shs), a. [L. anxius, fr. angere to cause pain, choke; akin to Gr. 'a`gchein to choke. See Anger.] 1. Full of anxiety or disquietude; greatly concerned or solicitous, esp. respecting something future or unknown; being in painful suspense; -- applied to persons; as, anxious for the issue of a battle.

2. Accompanied with, or causing, anxiety; worrying; -- applied to things; as, anxious labor.

> The sweet of life, from which
> God hath bid dwell far off all anxious cares.
> Milton.

3. Earnestly desirous; as, anxious to please.

> He sneers alike at those who are anxious to preserve and at those who are eager for reform.
> Macaulay.

Anxious is followed by for, about, concerning, etc., before the object of solicitude.

Syn. -- Solicitous; careful; uneasy; unquiet; restless; concerned; disturbed; watchful.

Anx"ious*ly, adv. In an anxious manner; with painful uncertainty; solicitously.

Anx"ious*ness, n. The quality of being anxious; great solicitude; anxiety.

A"ny (&?;), a. & pron. [OE. æni, æni, eni, ani, oni, AS. nig, fr. n one. It is akin to OS. nig, OHG. einic, G. einig, D. eenig. See One.] 1. One indifferently, out of an indefinite number; one indefinitely, whosoever or whatsoever it may be.

Any is often used in denying or asserting without limitation; as, this thing ought not be done at any time; I ask any one to answer my question.

> No man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son.
> Matt. xi. 27.

2. Some, of whatever kind, quantity, or number; as, are there any witnesses present? are there any other houses like it? "Who will show us any good?" Ps. iv. 6.

It is often used, either in the singular or the plural, as a pronoun, the person or thing being understood; anybody; anyone; (pl.) any persons.

> If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, . . . and it shall be given him.
> Jas. i. 5.

> That if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem.
> Acts ix. 2.

At any rate, In any case, whatever may be the state of affairs; anyhow.

A"ny, adv. To any extent; in any degree; at all.

> You are not to go loose any longer.
> Shak.

> Before you go any farther.
> Steele.

A"ny*bod*y (&?;), n. 1. Any one out of an indefinite number of persons; anyone; any person.

> His Majesty could not keep any secret from anybody.
> Macaulay.

2. A person of consideration or standing. [Colloq.]

> All the men belonged exclusively to the mechanical and shopkeeping classes, and there was not a single banker or anybody in the list.
> Lond. Sat. Rev.

A"ny*how` (&?;), adv. In any way or manner whatever; at any rate; in any event.

> Anyhow, it must be acknowledged to be not a simple selforiginated error.
> J. H. Newman.

> Anyhow, the languages of the two nations were closely allied.
> E. A. Freeman.

A"ny*one (&?;), n. One taken at random rather than by selection; anybody. [Commonly written as two words.]

A"ny*thing (&?;), n. 1. Any object, act, state, event, or fact whatever; thing of any kind; something or other; aught; as, I would not do it for anything.

> Did you ever know of anything so unlucky?
> A. Trollope.

> They do not know that anything is amiss with them.
> W. G. Sumner.

2. Expressing an indefinite comparison; -- with as or like. [Colloq. or Lowx]

> I fear your girl will grow as proud as anything.
> Richardson.

Any thing, written as two words, is now commonly used in contradistinction to any person or anybody. Formerly it was also separated when used in the wider sense. "Necessity drove them to undertake any thing and venture any thing." De Foe.

Anything but, not at all or in any respect. "The battle was a rare one, and the victory anything but secure." Hawthorne. -- Anything like, in any respect; at all; as, I can not give anything like a fair sketch of his trials.

A"ny*thing, adv. In any measure; anywise; at all.

> Mine old good will and hearty affection towards you is not . . . anything at all quailed.
> Robynson (More's Utopia).

A`ny*thing*a"ri*an (&?;), n. One who holds to no particular creed or dogma.

{ A"ny*way (&?;), A"ny*ways (&?;), } adv. Anywise; at all. Tennyson. Southey.

A"ny*where (&?;), adv. In any place. Udall.

A"ny*whith`er (&?;), adv. To or towards any place. [Archaic] De Foe.

A"ny*wise (&?;), adv. In any wise or way; at all. "Anywise essential." Burke.

A*o"ni*an (*"n*an), a. [From Aonia, a part of Bœotia, in Greece.] Pertaining to Aonia, in Bœotia, or to the Muses, who were supposed to dwell there.

Aonian fount, the fountain of Aganippe, at the foot of Mount Helicon, not far from Thebes, and sacred to the Muses.

A"o*rist ("*rst), n. [Gr. 'ao`ristos indefinite; 'a priv. + "ori`zein to define, &?; boundary, limit.] (Gram.) A tense in the Greek language, which expresses an action as completed in past time, but leaves it, in other respects, wholly indeterminate.

A`o*ris"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'aoristiko`s.] Indefinite; pertaining to the aorist tense.

A*or"ta (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to lift, heave.] (Anat.) The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs; the main trunk of the arterial system.

In fishes and the early stages of all higher vertebrates the aorta divides near its origin into several branches (the aortic arches) which pass in pairs round the œsophagus and unite to form the systemic aorta. One or more pairs of these arches persist in amphibia and reptiles, but only one arch in birds and mammals, this being on the right side in the former, and on the left in the latter.

A*or"tic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the aorta.

||A`or*ti"tis (&?;), n. [Aorta + - itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the aorta.

||A"ou*dad (&?;), n. [The Moorish name.] (Zoöl.) An African sheeplike quadruped (the Ammotragus tragelaphus) having a long mane on the breast and fore legs. It is, perhaps, the chamois of the Old Testament.

A*pace" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + pace. OE. a pas at a walk, in which a is the article. See Pace.] With a quick pace; quick; fast; speedily.

> His dewy locks did drop with brine apace.
> Spenser.

> A visible triumph of the gospel draws on apace.
> I. Taylor.

A*pa"ches (&?;), n. pl.; sing. Apache (&?;). (Ethnol.) A group of nomadic North American Indians including several tribes native of Arizona, New Mexico, etc.

Ap`a*go"ge (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a leading away, fr. &?; to lead away; &?; from + &?; to lead.] (Logic) An indirect argument which proves a thing by showing the impossibility or absurdity of the contrary.

{ Ap`a*gog"ic (&?;), Ap`a*gog"ic*al (&?;), } a. Proving indirectly, by showing the absurdity, or impossibility of the contrary. Bp. Berkeley.

A*paid" (&?;), a. Paid; pleased. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*pair" (&?;), v. t. & i. To impair or become impaired; to injure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap`a*la"chi*an, a. See Appalachian.

Ap"an*age, n. Same as Appanage.

A*pan"thro*py (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; from + &?; man.] An aversion to the company of men; a love of solitude.

||A"par (&?;), A"pa*ra (&?;), n. [Native name apara.] (Zoöl.) See Mataco.

||A`pa*re"jo (&?;), n. [Sp.] A kind of pack saddle used in the American military service and among the Spanish Americans. It is made of leather stuffed with hay, moss, or the like.

||Ap`a*rith"me*sis (?; 277), n. [Gr. &?;, from &?; to count off or over.] (Rhet.) Enumeration of parts or particulars.

A*part" (&?;), adv. [F. à part; (L. ad) + part part. See Part.] 1. Separately, in regard to space or company; in a state of separation as to place; aside.

> Others apart sat on a hill retired.
> Milton.

> The Lord hath set apart him that is godly for himself.
> Ps. iv. 3.

2. In a state of separation, of exclusion, or of distinction, as to purpose, use, or character, or as a matter of thought; separately; independently; as, consider the two propositions apart.

3. Aside; away. "Wherefore lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughtiness." Jas. i. 21.

> Let Pleasure go, put Care apart.
> Keble.

4. In two or more parts; asunder; to piece; as, to take a piece of machinery apart.

A*part"ment (&?;), n. [F. appartement; cf. It. appartamento, fr. appartare to separate, set apart; all fr. L. ad + pars, partis, part. See Apart.] 1. A room in a building; a division in a house, separated from others by partitions. Fielding.

2. A set or suite of rooms. De Quincey.

3. A compartment. [Obs.] Pope.

A*part"ness (&?;), n. The quality of standing apart.

||Ap*as"tron (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; from + &?; star.] (Astron.) That point in the orbit of a double star where the smaller star is farthest from its primary.

Ap`a*thet"ic (&?;), Ap`a*thet"ic*al (&?;) a. [See Apathy.] Void of feeling; not susceptible of deep emotion; passionless; indifferent.

Ap`a*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. In an apathetic manner.

Ap"a*thist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. apathiste.] One who is destitute of feeling.

Ap`a*this"tic*al (&?;), a. Apathetic; une motional. [R.]

Ap"a*thy (&?;), n.; pl. Apathies (&?;). [L. apathia, Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, to suffer: cf. F. apathie. See Pathos.] Want of feeling; privation of passion, emotion, or excitement; dispassion; -- applied either to the body or the mind. As applied to the mind, it is a calmness, indolence, or state of indifference, incapable of being ruffled or roused to active interest or exertion by pleasure, pain, or passion. "The apathy of despair." Macaulay.

> A certain apathy or sluggishness in his nature which led him . . . to leave events to take their own course.
> Prescott.

> According to the Stoics, apathy meant the extinction of the passions by the ascendency of reason.
> Fleming.

In the first ages of the church, the Christians adopted the term to express a contempt of earthly concerns.

Syn. -- Insensibility; unfeelingness; indifference; unconcern; stoicism; supineness; sluggishness.

Ap"a*tite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; deceit, fr. &?; to deceive; it having been often mistaken for other minerals.] (Min.) Native phosphate of lime, occurring usually in six-sided prisms, color often pale green, transparent or translucent.

A`pau`mé" (&?;), n. See Appaumé.

Ape (p), n. [AS. apa; akin to D. aap, OHG. affo, G. affe, Icel. api, Sw. apa, Dan. abe, W. epa.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadrumanous mammal, esp. of the family Simiadæ, having teeth of the same number and form as in man, and possessing neither a tail nor cheek pouches. The name is applied esp. to species of the genus Hylobates, and is sometimes used as a general term for all Quadrumana. The higher forms, the gorilla, chimpanzee, and ourang, are often called anthropoid apes or man apes.

The ape of the Old Testament was probably the rhesus monkey of India, and allied forms.

2. One who imitates servilely (in allusion to the manners of the ape); a mimic. Byron.

3. A dupe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aped; p. pr. & vb. n. Aping.] To mimic, as an ape imitates human actions; to imitate or follow servilely or irrationally. "How he apes his sire." Addison.

> The people of England will not ape the fashions they have never tried.
> Burke.

A*peak" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + peak. Cf. F. à pic vertically.] (Naut.) In a vertical line. The anchor in apeak, when the cable has been sufficiently hove in to bring the ship over it, and the ship is them said to be hove apeak. [Spelt also apeek.]

Ape"hood (&?;), n. The state of being an ape.

A*pel"lous (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + L. pellis skin.] Destitute of skin. Brande & C.

Ap"en*nine (&?;), a. [L. Apenninus, fr. Celtic pen, or ben, peak, mountain.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, the Apennines, a chain of mountains extending through Italy.

A*pep"sy (&?;), n. [NL. apepsia, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; uncooked, undigested; 'a priv. + &?; cooked, &?; to cook, digest.] (Med.) Defective digestion, indigestion. Coxe.

Ap"er (&?;), n. One who apes.

||A*pe"re*a (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The wild Guinea pig of Brazil (Cavia aperea).

A*pe"ri*ent (&?;), a. [L. aperiens, p. pr. of aperire to uncover, open; ab + parire, parere, to bring forth, produce. Cf. Cover, Overt.] (Med.) Gently opening the bowels; laxative. -- n. An aperient medicine or food. Arbuthnot.

A*per"i*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. apéritif, fr. L. aperire.] Serving to open; aperient. Harvey.

A*pert" (&?;), a. [OF. apert, L. apertus, p. p. of aperire. See Aperient, and cf. Pert, a.] Open; evident; undisguised. [Archaic] Fotherby.

A*pert", adv. Openly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*per"tion (&?;), n. [L. apertio.] The act of opening; an opening; an aperture. [Archaic] Wiseman.

A*pert"ly, adv. Openly; clearly. [Archaic]

A*pert"ness, n. Openness; frankness. [Archaic]

Ap"er*ture (?; 135), n. [L. apertura, fr. aperire. See Aperient.] 1. The act of opening. [Obs.]

2. An opening; an open space; a gap, cleft, or chasm; a passage perforated; a hole; as, an aperture in a wall.

> An aperture between the mountains.
> Gilpin.

> The back aperture of the nostrils.
> Owen.

3. (Opt.) The diameter of the exposed part of the object glass of a telescope or other optical instrument; as, a telescope of four-inch aperture.

The aperture of microscopes is often expressed in degrees, called also the angular aperture, which signifies the angular breadth of the pencil of light which the instrument transmits from the object or point viewed; as, a microscope of 100° aperture.

Ap"er*y (&?;), n.; pl. Aperies. 1. A place where apes are kept. [R.] Kingsley.

2. The practice of aping; an apish action. Coleridge.

<! p. 68 !>

A*pet"al*ous (*pt"al*s), a. [Pref. a- not + petal.] (Bot.) Having no petals, or flower leaves. [See Illust. under Anther].

A*pet"al*ous*ness, n. The state of being apetalous.

A"pex (&?;), n.; pl. E. Apexes (&?;); L. Apices (&?;). [L.] 1. The tip, top, point, or angular summit of anything; as, the apex of a mountain, spire, or cone; the apex, or tip, of a leaf.

2. (Mining) The end or edge of a vein nearest the surface. [U.S.]

Apex of the earth's motion (Astron.), that point of the heavens toward which the earth is moving in its orbit.

||A*phær"e*sis (?; 277), n. [L.] Same as Apheresis.

||A*pha"ki*a (&?;), n. [NL.; Gr. 'a priv. + &?; seed of a lentil.] (Med.) An anomalous state of refraction caused by the absence of the crystalline lens, as after operations for cataract. The remedy is the use of powerful convex lenses. Dunglison.

A*pha"ki*al (&?;), a. (Med.) Pertaining to aphakia; as, aphakial eyes.

||Aph`a*nip"te*ra (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; invisible ('a priv. + &?; to appear) + &?; a wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of wingless insects, of which the flea in the type. See Flea.

Aph`a*nip"ter*ous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Aphaniptera.

Aph"a*nite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; invisible; 'a priv. + &?; to appear.] (Min.) A very compact, dark-colored &?;ock, consisting of hornblende, or pyroxene, and feldspar, but neither of them in perceptible grains.

Aph`a*nit"ic (&?;), a. (Min.) Resembling aphanite; having a very fine-grained structure.

{ ||A*pha"si*a (&?;), Aph"a*sy (&?;), } n. [NL. aphasia, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; not spoken; 'a priv. + &?; to speak: cf. F. aphasie.] (Med.) Loss of the power of speech, or of the appropriate use of words, the vocal organs remaining intact, and the intelligence being preserved. It is dependent on injury or disease of the brain.

A*pha"sic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or affected by, aphasia; speechless.

A*phel"ion (?; 277), n.; pl. Aphelia (&?;). [Gr. &?; + &?; sun.] (Astron.) That point of a planet's or comet's orbit which is most distant from the sun, the opposite point being the perihelion.

A*phe`li*o*trop"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; + &?; sun + &?; belonging to a turning.] Turning away from the sun; -- said of leaves, etc. Darwin.

A*phe`li*ot"ro*pism (&?;), n. The habit of bending from the sunlight; -- said of certain plants.

||A*phe"mi*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?; voice.] (Med.) Loss of the power of speaking, while retaining the power of writing; -- a disorder of cerebral origin.

A*pher"e*sis (?; 277), n. [L. aphaeresis, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to take away; &?; + &?; to take.] 1. (Gram.) The dropping of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word; e. g., cute for acute.

2. (Surg.) An operation by which any part is separated from the rest. [Obs.] Dunglison.

||Aph"e*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a letting go; &?; + &?; to let go.] The loss of a short unaccented vowel at the beginning of a word; -- the result of a phonetic process; as, squire for esquire. New Eng. Dict.

A*phet"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; letting go, fr. &?; to let go.] Shortened by dropping a letter or a syllable from the beginning of a word; as, an aphetic word or form. -- A*phet"ic*al*ly, adv. New Eng. Dict.

Aph"e*tism (&?;), n. An aphetized form of a word. New Eng. Dict.

Aph"e*tize (&?;), v. t. To shorten by aphesis.

> These words . . . have been aphetized.
> New Eng. Dict.

A"phid (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the genus Aphis; an aphidian.

Aph"i*des (&?;), n. pl. (Zoöl.) See Aphis.

A*phid"i*an (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Aphidæ. -- n. One of the aphides; an aphid.

Aph`i*div"o*rous (&?;). [Aphis + L. vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Devouring aphides; aphidophagous.

Aph`i*doph"a*gous (&?;), a. [Aphis + Gr. &?; to eat.] (Zoöl.) Feeding upon aphides, or plant lice, as do beetles of the family Coccinellidæ.

Aph`i*lan"thro*py (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; not loving man; 'a priv. + &?; to love + &?; man.] Want of love to mankind; -- the opposite of philanthropy. Coxe.

||A"phis (&?;), n.; pl. Aphides (&?;). [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera and family Aphidæ, including numerous species known as plant lice and green flies.

Besides the true males and females, there is a race of wingless asexual individuals which have the power of producing living young in rapid succession, and these in turn may produce others of the same kind for several generations, before sexual individuals appear. They suck the sap of plants by means of a tubular proboscis, and owing to the wonderful rapidity of their reproduction become very destructive to vegetation. Many of the Aphidæ excrete honeydew from two tubes near the end of the body.

A"phis li"on (&?;). (Zoöl.) The larva of the lacewinged flies (Chrysopa), which feeds voraciously upon aphids. The name is also applied to the larvæ of the ladybugs (Coccinella).

Aph`lo*gis"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; not inflammable; 'a priv. + &?; set on fire. See Phlogiston.] Flameless; as, an aphlogistic lamp, in which a coil of wire is kept in a state of continued ignition by alcohol, without flame.

{ ||A*pho"ni*a (&?;), Aph"o*ny (&?;), } n. [NL. aphonia, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; voiceless; 'a priv. + &?; voice: cf. F. aphonie.] (Med.) Loss of voice or vocal utterance.

{ A*phon"ic (&?;), Aph"o*nous (&?;), } a. Without voice; voiceless; nonvocal.

Aph"o*rism (&?;), n. [F. aphorisme, fr. Gr. &?; definition, a short, pithy sentence, fr. &?; to mark off by boundaries, to define; &?; from + &?; to separate, part. See Horizon.] A comprehensive maxim or principle expressed in a few words; a sharply defined sentence relating to abstract truth rather than to practical matters.

> The first aphorism of Hippocrates is, "Life is short, and the art is long."
> Fleming.

Syn. -- Axiom; maxim; adage; proverb; apothegm; saying; saw; truism; dictum. See Axiom.

{ Aph`o*ris*mat"ic (&?;), Aph`o*ris"mic (&?;), } a. Pertaining to aphorisms, or having the form of an aphorism.

Aph`o*ris"mer (&?;) n. A dealer in aphorisms. [Used in derogation or contempt.] Milton.

Aph"o*rist, n. A writer or utterer of aphorisms.

{ Aph`o*ris"tic (&?;), Aph`o*ris"tic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;.] In the form of, or of the nature of, an aphorism; in the form of short, unconnected sentences; as, an aphoristic style.

> The method of the book is aphoristic.
> De Quincey.

Aph`o*ris"tic*al*ly, adv. In the form or manner of aphorisms; pithily.

Aph"o*rize (&?;), v. i. To make aphorisms.

Aph"rite (&?;), n. (Min.) See under Calcite.

{ Aph`ro*dis"i*ac (&?;), Aph`ro*di*si"a*cal (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; pertaining to sensual love, fr. &?;. See Aphrodite.] Exciting venereal desire; provocative to venery.

Aph`ro*dis"i*ac, n. That which (as a drug, or some kinds of food) excites to venery.

Aph`ro*dis"i*an (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to Aphrodite or Venus. "Aphrodisian dames" [that is, courtesans]. C. Reade.

||Aph`ro*di"te (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] 1. (Classic Myth.) The Greek goddess of love, corresponding to the Venus of the Romans.

2. (Zoöl.) A large marine annelid, covered with long, lustrous, golden, hairlike setæ; the sea mouse.

3. (Zoöl.) A beautiful butterfly (Argunnis Aphrodite) of the United States.

Aph`ro*dit"ic (&?;), a. Venereal. [R.] Dunglison.

||Aph"tha (&?;), n. [Sing. of Aphthæ.] (Med.) (a) One of the whitish specks called aphthæ. (b) The disease, also called thrush.

||Aph"thæ (&?;), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. &?; (mostly in pl. &?;, Hipp.) an eruption, thrush, fr. &?; to set on fire, inflame.] (Med.) Roundish pearl-colored specks or flakes in the mouth, on the lips, etc., terminating in white sloughs. They are commonly characteristic of thrush.

Aph"thoid, a. [Aphtha + -oid.] Of the nature of aphthæ; resembling thrush.

Aph"thong (?; 277), n. [Gr. &?; silent; 'a priv. + &?; voice, sound, fr. &?; to sound.] A letter, or a combination of letters, employed in spelling a word, but in the pronunciation having no sound. -- Aph*thon"gal (&?;), a.

Aph"thous (&?;) a. [Cf. F. aphtheux.] Pertaining to, or caused by, aphthæ; characterized by aphtæ; as, aphthous ulcers; aphthous fever.

Aph"yl*lous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Destitute of leaves, as the broom rape, certain euphorbiaceous plants, etc.

A`pi*a"ceous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Umbelliferous.

A"pi*an (&?;), a. Belonging to bees.

A`pi*a"ri*an (&?;), a. Of or relating to bees.

A"pi*a*rist (&?;), n. One who keeps an apiary.

A"pi*a*ry (&?;), n. [L. apiarium, fr. apis bee.] A place where bees are kept; a stand or shed for bees; a beehouse.

Ap"ic*al (&?;), a. [L. apex, apicis, tip or summit.] At or belonging to an apex, tip, or summit. Gray.

||Ap"i*ces (&?;), n. pl. See Apex.

A*pi"cian (&?;), a. [L. Apicianus.] Belonging to Apicius, a notorious Roman epicure; hence applied to whatever is peculiarly refined or dainty and expensive in cookery. H. Rogers.

A*pic"u*lar, a. [NL. apiculus, dim. of L. apex, apicis.] Situated at, or near, the apex; apical.

{ A*pic"u*late (&?;), A*pic"u*la`ted (&?;), } a. [See Apicular.] (Bot.) Terminated abruptly by a small, distinct point, as a leaf.

Ap"i*cul`ture (?; 135), n. [L. apis bee + E. culture.] Rearing of bees for their honey and wax.

A*piece" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + piece.] Each by itself; by the single one; to each; as the share of each; as, these melons cost a shilling apiece. "Fined . . . a thousand pounds apiece." Hume.

A*pie"ces (&?;), adv. In pieces or to pieces. [Obs.] "Being torn apieces." Shak.

A*pik"ed (&?;), a. Trimmed. [Obs.]

> Full fresh and new here gear apiked was.
> Chaucer.

A"pi*ol (&?;), n. [L. apium parsley + -ol.] (Med.) An oily liquid derived from parsley.

A`pi*ol"o*gist (&?;), n. [L. apis bee + -logist (see -logy).] A student of bees. [R.] Emerson.

||A"pis (&?;), n. [L., bee.] (Zoöl.) A genus of insects of the order Hymenoptera, including the common honeybee (Apis mellifica) and other related species. See Honeybee.

Ap"ish (&?;), a. Having the qualities of an ape; prone to imitate in a servile manner. Hence: Apelike; fantastically silly; foppish; affected; trifling.

> The apish gallantry of a fantastic boy.
> Sir W. Scott.

Ap"ish*ly, adv. In an apish manner; with servile imitation; foppishly.

Ap"ish*ness, n. The quality of being apish; mimicry; foppery.

A*pit"pat, adv. [Pref. a- + pitpat.] With quick beating or palpitation; pitapat. Congreve.

Ap`la*cen"tal, a. [Pref. a- + placental.] Belonging to the Aplacentata; without placenta.

||Ap`la*cen*ta"ta, n. pl. [Pref. a- not + placenta.] (Zoöl.) Mammals which have no placenta.

||Ap`la*coph"o*ra (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?; a flat cake + &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of Amphineura in which the body is naked or covered with slender spines or setæ, but is without shelly plates.

Ap`la*nat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; disposed to wander, wandering, &?; to wander.] (Opt.) Having two or more parts of different curvatures, so combined as to remove spherical aberration; -- said of a lens.

Aplanatic focus of a lens (Opt.), the point or focus from which rays diverging pass the lens without spherical aberration. In certain forms of lenses there are two such foci; and it is by taking advantage of this fact that the best aplanatic object glasses of microscopes are constructed.

A*plan"a*tism (&?;), n. Freedom from spherical aberration.

A*plas"tic (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + plastic.] Not plastic or easily molded.

||A`plomb" (&?;), n. [F., lit. perpendicularity; &?; to + plomb lead. See Plumb.] Assurance of manner or of action; self-possession.

A*plot"o*my (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; simple + &?; a cutting.] (Surg.) Simple incision. Dunglison.

||A*plus"tre (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Rom. Antiq.) An ornamental appendage of wood at the ship's stern, usually spreading like a fan and curved like a bird's feather. Audsley.

||A*plys"i*a (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a dirty sponge, fr. &?; unwashed; 'a priv. + &?; to wash.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine mollusks of the order Tectibranchiata; the sea hare. Some of the species when disturbed throw out a deep purple liquor, which colors the water to some distance. See Illust. in Appendix.

||Ap*neu"mo*na (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?;, &?;, a lung.] (Zoöl.) An order of holothurians in which the internal respiratory organs are wanting; -- called also Apoda or Apodes.

||Ap*nœ"a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?;, &?;, breath, &?; to breathe, blow.] (Med.) Partial privation or suspension of breath; suffocation.

Ap"o (&?;). [Gr. &?;. See Ab-.] A prefix from a Greek preposition. It usually signifies from, away from, off, or asunder, separate; as, in apocope (a cutting off), apostate, apostle (one sent away), apocarpous.

A*poc"a*lypse (&?;), n. [L. apocalypsis, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to uncover, to disclose; &?; from + &?; to cover, conceal: cf. F. apocalypse.] 1. The revelation delivered to St. John, in the isle of Patmos, near the close of the first century, forming the last book of the New Testament.

2. Anything viewed as a revelation; a disclosure.

> The new apocalypse of Nature.
> Carlyle.

{ A*poc`a*lyp"tic (&?;), A*poc`a*lyp"tic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to a revelation, or, specifically, to the Revelation of St. John; containing, or of the nature of, a prophetic revelation.

Apocalyptic number, the number 666, mentioned in Rev. xiii. 18. It has been variously interpreted.

<! p. 69 !>

A*poc`a*lyp"tic (*pk`*lp"tk), A*poc`a*lyp"tist, n. The writer of the Apocalypse.

A*poc`a*lyp"tic*al*ly (&?;), adv. By revelation; in an apocalyptic manner.

Ap`o*car"pous, a. [Pref. apo- + Gr. karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) Either entirely or partially separate, as the carpels of a compound pistil; -- opposed to syncarpous. Lindley.

A*poc"o*pate (&?;), v. t. [LL. apocopatus, p. p. of apocopare to cut off, fr. L. apocore. See Apocope.] (Gram.) To cut off or drop; as, to apocopate a word, or the last letter, syllable, or part of a word.

{ A*poc"o*pate (&?;), A*poc"o*pa`ted (&?;), } a. Shortened by apocope; as, an apocopate form.

A*poc`o*pa"tion (&?;), n. Shortening by apocope; the state of being apocopated.

||A*poc"o*pe, n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; a cutting off, fr. &?; to cut off; &?; from + &?; to cut.] 1. The cutting off, or omission, of the last letter, syllable, or part of a word.

2. (Med.) A cutting off; abscission.

{ Ap`o*cris"i*a*ry (&?;), ||Ap`o*cris`i*a"ri*us (&?;), } n. [L. apocrisiarius, apocrisarius, fr. Gr. &?; answer, fr. &?; to answer; &?; from + &?; to separate.] (Eccl.) A delegate or deputy; especially, the pope's nuncio or legate at Constantinople.

Ap`o*crus"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; able to drive off, fr. &?; to drive off.] (Med.) Astringent and repellent. -- n. An apocrustic medicine.

A*poc"ry*pha (&?;), n. pl., but often used as sing. with pl. Apocryphas (&?;). [L. apocryphus apocryphal, Gr. &?; hidden, spurious, fr. &?; to hide; &?; from + &?; to hide.] 1. Something, as a writing, that is of doubtful authorship or authority; -- formerly used also adjectively. [Obs.] Locke.

2. Specif.: Certain writings which are received by some Christians as an authentic part of the Holy Scriptures, but are rejected by others.

Fourteen such writings, or books, formed part of the Septuagint, but not of the Hebrew canon recognized by the Jews of Palestine. The Council of Trent included all but three of these in the canon of inspired books having equal authority. The German and English Reformers grouped them in their Bibles under the title Apocrypha, as not having dogmatic authority, but being profitable for instruction. The Apocrypha is now commonly &?;mitted from the King James's Bible.

A*poc"ry*phal (&?;), a. 1. Pertaining to the Apocrypha.

2. Not canonical. Hence: Of doubtful authority; equivocal; mythic; fictitious; spurious; false.

> The passages . . . are, however, in part from apocryphal or fictitious works.
> Sir G. C. Lewis.

A*poc"ry*phal*ist, n. One who believes in, or defends, the Apocrypha. [R.]

A*poc"ry*phal*ly, adv. In an apocryphal manner; mythically; not indisputably.

A*poc"ry*phal*ness, n. The quality or state of being apocryphal; doubtfulness of credit or genuineness.

A*poc`y*na"ceous (&?;), Ap`o*cyn"e*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; dogbane; &?; from + &?; dog.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family of plants, of which the dogbane (Apocynum) is the type.

A*poc"y*nin (&?;), n. [From Apocynum, the generic name of dogbane.] (Chem.) A bitter principle obtained from the dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum).

{ Ap"od (&?;), Ap"o*dal (&?;), } a. [See Apod, n.] 1. Without feet; footless.

2. (Zoöl.) Destitute of the ventral fin, as the eels.

{ Ap"od (&?;), Ap"ode (&?;), } n.; pl. Apods (&?;) or Apodes (&?;). [Gr. &?;, &?;, footless; 'a priv. + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Zoöl.) One of certain animals that have no feet or footlike organs; esp. one of certain fabulous birds which were said to have no feet.

The bird of paradise formerly had the name Paradisea apoda, being supposed to have no feet, as these were wanting in the specimens first obtained from the East Indies.

||Ap"o*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;. See Apod, n.] (Zoöl.) (a) A group of cirripeds, destitute of footlike organs. (b) An order of Amphibia without feet. See Ophiomorpha. (c) A group of worms without appendages, as the leech.

Ap"o*dan (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Apodal.

{ Ap"o*deic"tic (&?;), Ap`o*dic"tic (&?;), Ap`o*deic"tic*al (&?;), Ap`o*dic"tic*al (&?;), } a. [L. apodicticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to point out, to show by argument; &?; from + &?; to show.] Self-evident; intuitively true; evident beyond contradiction. Brougham. Sir Wm. Hamilton.

Ap`o*deic"tic*al*ly, Ap`o*dic"tic*al*ly, adv. So as to be evident beyond contradiction.

Ap"o*deme (&?;), n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. &?; body.] (Zoöl.) One of the processes of the shell which project inwards and unite with one another, in the thorax of many Crustacea.

||Ap"o*des (&?;), n. pl. [NL., masc. pl. See Apoda.] (Zoöl.) (a) An order of fishes without ventral fins, including the eels. (b) A group of holothurians destitute of suckers. See Apneumona.

Ap`o*dic"tic (&?;), a. Same as Apodeictic.

||Ap`o*dix"is (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;.] Full demonstration.

||A*pod"o*sis (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to give back; &?; from, back again + &?; to give.] (Gram.) The consequent clause or conclusion in a conditional sentence, expressing the result, and thus distinguished from the protasis or clause which expresses a condition. Thus, in the sentence, "Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him," the former clause is the protasis, and the latter the apodosis.

Some grammarians extend the terms protasis and apodosis to the introductory clause and the concluding clause, even when the sentence is not conditional.

Ap"o*dous (&?;)(#), a. (Zoöl.) Apodal; apod.

||A*pod`y*te"ri*um (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to strip one's self.] (Anc. Arch.) The apartment at the entrance of the baths, or in the palestra, where one stripped; a dressing room.

Ap`o*ga"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; far from the earth.] Apogean.

Ap`o*gam"ic (&?;), a. Relating to apogamy.

A*pog"a*my (&?;), n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. &?; marriage.] (Bot.) The formation of a bud in place of a fertilized ovule or oöspore. De Bary.

Ap`o*ge"al (&?;), a. (Astron.) Apogean.

Ap`o*ge"an (&?;), a. Connected with the apogee; as, apogean (neap) tides, which occur when the moon has passed her apogee.

Ap"o*gee (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; from the earth; &?; from + &?;, &?;, earth: cf. F. apogée.] 1. (Astron.) That point in the orbit of the moon which is at the greatest distance from the earth.

Formerly, on the hypothesis that the earth is in the center of the system, this name was given to that point in the orbit of the sun, or of a planet, which was supposed to be at the greatest distance from the earth.

2. Fig.: The farthest or highest point; culmination.

Ap`o*ge`o*trop"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. apo- + Gr. &?; earth + &?; turning.] (Bot.) Bending away from the ground; -- said of leaves, etc. Darwin.

Ap"o*ge*ot"ro*pism (&?;), n. The apogeotropic tendency of some leaves, and other parts.

Ap"o*graph (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; from + &?; to write: cf. F. apographe.] A copy or transcript. Blount.

Ap`o*hy"al (&?;), a. [Pref. apo- + the Gr. letter Y.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a portion of the horn of the hyoid bone.

A*poise" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + poise.] Balanced.

A*po"lar (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + polar.] (Biol.) Having no radiating processes; -- applied particularly to certain nerve cells.

Ap`o*laus"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to enjoy.] Devoted to enjoyment.

A*pol`li*na"ri*an (&?;), a. [L. Apollinaris, fr. Apollo.] (Rom. Antiq.) In honor of Apollo; as, the Apollinarian games.

A*pol`li*na"ri*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea in the fourth century, who denied the proper humanity of Christ.

A*pol`li*na"ris wa"ter (&?;). An effervescing alkaline mineral water used as a table beverage. It is obtained from a spring in Apollinarisburg, near Bonn.

A*pol"lo (&?;), n. [L. Apollo, - linis, Gr. &?;.] (Classic Myth.) A deity among the Greeks and Romans. He was the god of light and day (the "sun god"), of archery, prophecy, medicine, poetry, and music, etc., and was represented as the model of manly grace and beauty; -- called also Phébus.

The Apollo Belvedere, a celebrated statue of Apollo in the Belvedere gallery of the Vatican palace at Rome, esteemed of the noblest representations of the human frame.

Ap`ol*lo"ni*an (&?;), Ap`ol*lon"ic (&?;), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Apollo.

A*pol"ly*on (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; destroying, fr. &?;, &?;, to destroy utterly; &?; from, entirely + &?; to destroy.] The Destroyer; -- a name used (Rev. ix. 11) for the angel of the bottomless pit, answering to the Hebrew Abaddon.

A*pol"o*ger (&?;), n. A teller of apologues. [Obs.]

{ A*pol`o*get"ic (&?;), A*pol`o*get"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to speak in defense of; &?; from + &?; speech, &?; to say, to speak. See Logic.] Defending by words or arguments; said or written in defense, or by way of apology; regretfully excusing; as, an apologetic essay. "To speak in a subdued and apologetic tone." Macaulay.

A*pol`o*get"ic*al*ly, adv. By way of apology.

A*pol`o*get"ics (&?;), n. That branch of theology which defends the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth the evidence of their divine authority.

A*pol"o*gist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. apologiste.] One who makes an apology; one who speaks or writes in defense of a faith, a cause, or an institution; especially, one who argues in defense of Christianity.

A*pol"o*gize (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apologized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Apologizing.] [Cf. F. apologiser.] 1. To make an apology or defense. Dr. H. More.

2. To make an apology or excuse; to make acknowledgment of some fault or offense, with expression of regret for it, by way of amends; -- with for; as, my correspondent apologized for not answering my letter.

> To apologize for his insolent language.
> Froude.

A*pol"o*gize, v. t. To defend. [Obs.]

> The Christians . . . were apologized by Plinie.
> Dr. G. Benson.

A*pol"o*gi`zer (&?;), n. One who makes an apology; an apologist.

Ap"o*logue (&?;), n. [L. apologous, Gr. &?;; &?; from + &?; speech, &?; to speak: cf. F. apologue.] A story or relation of fictitious events, intended to convey some moral truth; a moral fable.

An apologue differs from a parable in this;: the parable is drawn from events which take place among mankind, and therefore requires probability in the narrative; the apologue is founded on supposed actions of brutes or inanimate things, and therefore is not limited by strict rules of probability. Æsop's fables are good examples of apologues.

A*pol"o*gy (&?;), n.; pl. Apologies. [L. apologia, Gr. &?;; &?; from + &?;: cf. F. apologie. See Apologetic.] 1. Something said or written in defense or justification of what appears to others wrong, or of what may be liable to disapprobation; justification; as, Tertullian's Apology for Christianity.

> It is not my intention to make an apology for my poem; some will think it needs no excuse, and others will receive none.
> Dryden.

2. An acknowledgment intended as an atonement for some improper or injurious remark or act; an admission to another of a wrong or discourtesy done him, accompanied by an expression of regret.

3. Anything provided as a substitute; a makeshift.

> He goes to work devising apologies for window curtains.
> Dickens.

Syn. -- Excuse. An apology, in the original sense of the word, was a pleading off from some charge or imputation, by explaining and defending one's principles or conduct. It therefore amounted to a vindication. One who offers an apology, admits himself to have been, at least apparently, in the wrong, but brings forward some palliating circumstance, or tenders a frank acknowledgment, by way of reparation. We make an apology for some breach of propriety or decorum (like rude expressions, unbecoming conduct, etc.), or some deficiency in what might be reasonably expected. We offer an excuse when we have been guilty of some breach or neglect of duty; and we do it by way of extenuating our fault, and with a view to be forgiven. When an excuse has been accepted, an apology may still, in some cases, be necessary or appropriate. "An excuse is not grounded on the claim of innocence, but is rather an appeal for favor resting on some collateral circumstance. An apology mostly respects the conduct of individuals toward each other as equals; it is a voluntary act produced by feelings of decorum, or a desire for the good opinion of others." Crabb.

A*pol"o*gy (&?;), v. i. To offer an apology. [Obs.]

> For which he can not well apology.
> J. Webster.

Ap`o*me*com"e*ter, n. An instrument for measuring the height of objects. Knight.

Ap`o*me*com"e*try, n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. &?; length + -metry.] The art of measuring the distance of objects afar off. [Obs. or R.]

{ ||Ap`o*mor"phi*a (&?;), Ap`o*mor"phine (&?;), } n. [Pref. apo- + morphia, morphine.] (Chem.) A crystalline alkaloid obtained from morphia. It is a powerful emetic.

||Ap`o*neu*ro"sis (&?;), n.; pl. Aponeuroses (&?;). [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to pass into a tendon; &?; from + &?; to strain the sinews, &?; sinew, tendon, nerve.] (Anat.) Any one of the thicker and denser of the deep fasciæ which cover, invest, and the terminations and attachments of, many muscles. They often differ from tendons only in being flat and thin. See Fascia.

Ap`o*neu*rot"ic (&?;), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to an aponeurosis.

Ap`o*neu*rot"o*my (&?;), n. [Aponeurosis + Gr. &?; a cutting.] Dissection of aponeuroses.

Ap`o*pemp"tic (-pmp"tk), a. [Gr. 'apopemptiko`s, fr. 'apope`mpein to send off or away; 'apo` from + pe`mpein to send.] Sung or addressed to one departing; valedictory; as, apopemptic songs or hymns.
[1913 Webster]

||A*poph"a*sis (*pf"*ss), n. [Gr. 'apo`fasis denial, fr. 'apofa`nai to speak out, to deny.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a speaker formally declines to take notice of a favorable point, but in such a manner as to produce the effect desired. [For example, see Mark Antony's oration. Shak., Julius Cæsar, iii. 2.]

Ap`o*phleg*mat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; from + &?; full of phlegm. See Phlegmatic.] (Med.) Designed to facilitate discharges of phlegm or mucus from mouth or nostrils. -- n. An apophlegmatic medicine.

Ap`o*phleg"ma*tism, n. [Gr. &?;, Galen.] 1. (Med.) The action of apophlegmatics.

2. An apophlegmatic. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ap`o*phleg*mat"i*zant (&?;), n. (Med.) An apophlegmatic. [Obs.]

Ap`oph*thegm (&?;), n. See Apothegm.

Ap`oph*theg*mat"ic (&?;), Ap`oph*theg*mat"ic*al (&?;), a. Same as Apothegmatic.

||A*poph"y*ge (&?;), n. [Gr. 'apofygh` escape, in arch. the curve with which the shaft escapes into its base or capital, fr. 'apofey`gein to flee away; 'apo` from + fey`gein to flee: cf. F. apophyge.] (Arch.) The small hollow curvature given to the top or bottom of the shaft of a column where it expands to meet the edge of the fillet; -- called also the scape. Parker.

A*poph"yl*lite (&?;), n. [Pref. apo- + Gr. &?; leaf; so called from its foliated structure or easy cleavage.] (Min.) A mineral relating to the zeolites, usually occurring in square prisms or octahedrons with pearly luster on the cleavage surface. It is a hydrous silicate of calcium and potassium.

||A*poph"y*sis (&?;), n.; pl. -ses. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; offshoot, process of a bone, fr. &?; to grow from; &?; from + &?;, &?;, to grow.] 1. (Anat.) A marked prominence or process on any part of a bone.

2. (Bot.) An enlargement at the top of a pedicel or stem, as seen in certain mosses. Gray.

{ Ap`o*plec"tic (&?;)(#) Ap`o*plec"tic*al (&?;), } a. [L. apoplecticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;: cf. F. apoplectique. See Apoplexy.] Relating to apoplexy; affected with, inclined to, or symptomatic of, apoplexy; as, an apoplectic person, medicine, habit or temperament, symptom, fit, or stroke.

Ap`o*plec"tic, n. One liable to, or affected with, apoplexy.

Ap`o*plec"ti*form (&?;), Ap`o*plec"toid (&?;), a. [Apoplectic + -form, -oid.] Resembling apoplexy.

Ap"o*plex (&?;), n. Apoplexy. [Obs.] Dryden.

Ap`o*plexed (-plkst), a. Affected with apoplexy. [Obs.] Shak.

<! p. 70 !>

Ap"o*plex`y (p"*plks`), n. [OE. poplexye, LL. poplexia, apoplexia, fr. Gr. 'apoplhxi`a, fr. 'apoplh`ssein to cripple by a stroke; 'apo` from + plh`ssein to strike: cf. F. apoplexie. See Plague.] (Med.) Sudden diminution or loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion, usually caused by pressure on the brain.

The term is now usually limited to cerebral apoplexy, or loss of consciousness due to effusion of blood or other lesion within the substance of the brain; but it is sometimes extended to denote an effusion of blood into the substance of any organ; as, apoplexy of the lung.

Ap`o*ret"ic*al (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;. See Aporia.] Doubting; skeptical. [Obs.] Cudworth.

||A*po"ri*a (&?;), n.; pl. Aporias (&?;). [L., doubt, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; without passage, at a loss; 'a priv. + &?; passage.] (Rhet.) A figure in which the speaker professes to be at a loss what course to pursue, where to begin to end, what to say, etc.

||Ap`o*ro"sa (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Aporia.] (Zoöl.) A group of corals in which the coral is not porous; -- opposed to Perforata.

Ap`o*rose" (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Without pores.

A*port" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + port.] (Naut.) On or towards the port or left side; -- said of the helm.

||Ap`o*si`o*pe"sis (?; 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, from &?; to be quite silent.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which the speaker breaks off suddenly, as if unwilling or unable to state what was in his mind; as, "I declare to you that his conduct -- but I can not speak of that, here."

Ap`o*sit"ic, a. [Gr. &?;; &?; from + &?; food.] (Med.) Destroying the appetite, or suspending hunger.

A*pos"ta*sy (&?;), n.; pl. Apostasies (&?;). [OE. apostasie, F. apostasie, L. apostasia, fr. Gr. &?; a standing off from, a defection, fr. &?; to stand off, revolt; &?; from + &?; to stand. See Off and Stand.] An abandonment of what one has voluntarily professed; a total desertion of departure from one's faith, principles, or party; esp., the renunciation of a religious faith; as, Julian's apostasy from Christianity.

A*pos"tate (&?;), n. [L. apostata, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;. See Apostasy.] 1. One who has forsaken the faith, principles, or party, to which he before adhered; esp., one who has forsaken his religion for another; a pervert; a renegade.

2. (R. C. Ch.) One who, after having received sacred orders, renounces his clerical profession.

A*pos"tate, a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, apostasy; faithless to moral allegiance; renegade.

> So spake the apostate angel.
> Milton.

> A wretched and apostate state.
> Steele.

A*pos"tate, v. i. [L. apostatare.] To apostatize. [Obs.]

> We are not of them which apostate from Christ.
> Bp. Hall.

Ap`o*stat"ic (&?;), a. [L. apostaticus, Gr. &?;.] Apostatical. [R.]

Ap`o*stat"ic*al (&?;), a. Apostate.

> An heretical and apostatical church.
> Bp. Hall.

A*pos"ta*tize (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apostatized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Apostatizing.] [LL. apostatizare.] To renounce totally a religious belief once professed; to forsake one's church, the faith or principles once held, or the party to which one has previously adhered.

> He apostatized from his old faith in facts, took to believing in &?;emblances.
> Carlyle.

A*pos"te*mate (&?;), v. i. [See Aposteme.] To form an abscess; to swell and fill with pus. Wiseman.

A*pos`te*ma"tion (&?;), n. [LL. apostematio: cf. F. apostémation.] (Med.) The formation of an aposteme; the process of suppuration. [Written corruptly imposthumation.] Wiseman.

Ap`os*tem"a*tous (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of, an aposteme.

Ap"os*teme (&?;), n. [L. apostema, Gr. &?; the separation of corrupt matter into an ulcer, fr. &?; to stand off: cf. F. apostème. See Apostasy.] (Med.) An abscess; a swelling filled with purulent matter. [Written corruptly imposthume.]

||A` pos*te`ri*o"ri (&?;). [L. a (ab) + posterior latter.] 1. (Logic) Characterizing that kind of reasoning which derives propositions from the observation of facts, or by generalizations from facts arrives at principles and definitions, or infers causes from effects. This is the reverse of a priori reasoning.

2. (Philos.) Applied to knowledge which is based upon or derived from facts through induction or experiment; inductive or empirical.

{ A*pos"til (&?;), A*pos"tille (&?;), } n. [F. apostille. See Postil.] A marginal note on a letter or other paper; an annotation. Motley.

A*pos"tle (&?;), n. [OE. apostle, apostel, postle, AS. apostol, L. apostolus, fr. Gr. &?; messenger, one sent forth or away, fr. &?; to send off or away; &?; from + &?; to send; akin to G. stellen to set, E. stall: cf. F. apôtre, Of. apostre, apostle, apostele, apostole.] 1. Literally: One sent forth; a messenger. Specifically: One of the twelve disciples of Christ, specially chosen as his companions and witnesses, and sent forth to preach the gospel.

> He called unto him his disciples, and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles.
> Luke vi. 13.

The title of apostle is also applied to others, who, though not of the number of the Twelve, yet were equal with them in office and dignity; as, "Paul, called to be an apostle of Jesus Christ." 1 Cor. i. 1. In Heb. iii. 1, the name is given to Christ himself, as having been sent from heaven to publish the gospel. In the primitive church, other ministers were called apostles (Rom. xvi. 7).

2. The missionary who first plants the Christian faith in any part of the world; also, one who initiates any great moral reform, or first advocates any important belief; one who has extraordinary success as a missionary or reformer; as, Dionysius of Corinth is called the apostle of France, John Eliot the apostle to the Indians, Theobald Mathew the apostle of temperance.

3. (Civ. & Admiralty Law) A brief letter dimissory sent by a court appealed from to the superior court, stating the case, etc.; a paper sent up on appeals in the admiralty courts. Wharton. Burrill.

Apostles' creed, a creed of unknown origin, which was formerly ascribed to the apostles. It certainly dates back to the beginning of the sixth century, and some assert that it can be found in the writings of Ambrose in the fourth century. -- Apostle spoon (Antiq.), a spoon of silver, with the handle terminating in the figure of an apostle. One or more were offered by sponsors at baptism as a present to the godchild. B. Jonson.

A*pos"tle*ship (&?;), n. The office or dignity of an apostle.

A*pos"to*late (&?;), n. [L. apostolatus, fr. apostolus. See Apostle.] 1. The dignity, office, or mission, of an apostle; apostleship.

> Judas had miscarried and lost his apostolate.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. The dignity or office of the pope, as the holder of the apostolic see.

{ Ap`os*tol"ic (&?;), Ap`os*tol"ic*al (&?;), } a. [L. apostolicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. apostolique.] 1. Pertaining to an apostle, or to the apostles, their times, or their peculiar spirit; as, an apostolical mission; the apostolic age.

2. According to the doctrines of the apostles; delivered or taught by the apostles; as, apostolic faith or practice.

3. Of or pertaining to the pope or the papacy; papal.

Apostolical brief. See under Brief. -- Apostolic canons, a collection of rules and precepts relating to the duty of Christians, and particularly to the ceremonies and discipline of the church in the second and third centuries. -- Apostolic church, the Christian church; -- so called on account of its apostolic foundation, doctrine, and order. The churches of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem were called apostolic churches. -- Apostolic constitutions, directions of a nature similar to the apostolic canons, and perhaps compiled by the same authors or author. -- Apostolic fathers, early Christian writers, who were born in the first century, and thus touched on the age of the apostles. They were Polycarp, Clement, Ignatius, and Hermas; to these Barnabas has sometimes been added. -- Apostolic king (or majesty), a title granted by the pope to the kings of Hungary on account of the extensive propagation of Christianity by St. Stephen, the founder of the royal line. It is now a title of the emperor of Austria in right of the throne of Hungary. -- Apostolic see, a see founded and governed by an apostle; specifically, the Church of Rome; -- so called because, in the Roman Catholic belief, the pope is the successor of St. Peter, the prince of the apostles, and the only apostle who has successors in the apostolic office. -- Apostolical succession, the regular and uninterrupted transmission of ministerial authority by a succession of bishops from the apostles to any subsequent period. Hook.

Ap`os*tol"ic, n. [L. apostolicus.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of one of certain ascetic sects which at various times professed to imitate the practice of the apostles.

Ap`os*tol"ic*al*ly, adv. In an apostolic manner.

Ap`os*tol"ic*al*ness, n. Apostolicity. Dr. H. More.

{ Ap`os*tol"i*cism (&?;), A*pos`to*lic"i*ty (&?;), } n. The state or quality of being apostolical.

A*pos"tro*phe (&?;), n. [(1) L., fr. Gr. &?; a turning away, fr. &?; to turn away; &?; from + &?; to turn. (2) F., fr. L. apostrophus apostrophe, the turning away or omitting of a letter, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which the orator or writer suddenly breaks off from the previous method of his discourse, and addresses, in the second person, some person or thing, absent or present; as, Milton's apostrophe to Light at the beginning of the third book of "Paradise Lost."

2. (Gram.) The contraction of a word by the omission of a letter or letters, which omission is marked by the character ['] placed where the letter or letters would have been; as, call'd for called.

3. The mark ['] used to denote that a word is contracted (as in ne'er for never, can't for can not), and as a sign of the possessive, singular and plural; as, a boy's hat, boys' hats. In the latter use it originally marked the omission of the letter e.

The apostrophe is used to mark the plural of figures and letters; as, two 10's and three a's. It is also employed to mark the close of a quotation.

Ap`os*troph"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to an apostrophe, grammatical or rhetorical.

A*pos"tro*phize (&?;), v. t., [imp. & p. p. Apostrophized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Apostrophizing.] 1. To address by apostrophe.

2. To contract by omitting a letter or letters; also, to mark with an apostrophe (') or apostrophes.

A*pos"tro*phize, v. i. To use the rhetorical figure called apostrophe.

Ap"os*tume (&?;), n. See Aposteme. [Obs.]

Ap`o*tac"tite (&?;), n. [LL. pl. apotactitae, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; set apart; &?; from + &?; to arrange, ordain.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of ancient Christians, who, in supposed imitation of the first believers, renounced all their possessions.

A*pot"e*lesm (&?;), n. [See Apotelesmatic.] 1. The result or issue. [Obs.]

2. (Astrol.) The calculation and explanation of a nativity. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ap`o*tel`es*mat"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; effect of the stars on human destiny, fr. &?; to complete; &?; from + &?; to end, &?; end.] 1. Relating to the casting of horoscopes. [Archaic] Whewell.

2. Relating to an issue of fulfillment.

> In this way a passage in the Old Testament may have, or rather comprise, an apotelesmatic sense, i. e., one of after or final accomplishment.
> M. Stuart.

A*poth"e*ca*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Apothecaries. [OE. apotecarie, fr. LL. apothecarius, fr. L. apotheca storehouse, Gr. apo, fr. &?; to put away; &?; from + &?; to put: cf. F. apothicaire, OF. apotecaire. See Thesis.] One who prepares and sells drugs or compounds for medicinal purposes.

In England an apothecary is one of a privileged class of practitioners -- a kind of sub-physician. The surgeon apothecary is the ordinary family medical attendant. One who sells drugs and makes up prescriptions is now commonly called in England a druggist or a pharmaceutical chemist.

Apothecaries' weight, the system of weights by which medical prescriptions were formerly compounded. The pound and ounce are the same as in Troy weight; they differ only in the manner of subdivision. The ounce is divided into 8 drams, 24 scruples, 480 grains. See Troy weight.

||Apo`*the"ci*um, n.; pl. Apothecia (&?;). [NL.] (Bot.) The ascigerous fructification of lichens, forming masses of various shapes.

{ Ap"o*thegm, Ap"oph*thegm } (&?;), n. [Gr. 'apo`fqegma thing uttered, apothegm, from 'apofqe`ggesqai to speak out; 'apo` from + fqe`ggesqai to speak.] A short, pithy, and instructive saying; a terse remark, conveying some important truth; a sententious precept or maxim. [Apothegm is now the prevalent spelling in the United States.]

{ Ap`o*theg*mat"ic (&?;), Ap`o*theg*mat"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. 'apofqegmatiko`s.] Pertaining to, or in the manner of, an apothegm; sententious; pithy.

Ap`o*theg"ma*tist (&?;), n. A collector or maker of apothegms. Pope.

Ap`o*theg"ma*tize (&?;), v. i. To utter apothegms, or short and sententious sayings.

Ap"o*them (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?; that which is placed, &?; to place.] 1. (Math.) The perpendicular from the center to one of the sides of a regular polygon.

2. A deposit formed in a liquid extract of a vegetable substance by exposure to the air.

Ap`o*the"o*sis (?; 277), n. pl. Apotheoses (&?;). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to deify; &?; from + &?; to deify, &?; a god.] 1. The act of elevating a mortal to the rank of, and placing him among, "the gods;" deification.

2. Glorification; exaltation. "The apotheosis of chivalry." Prescott. "The noisy apotheosis of liberty and machinery." F. Harrison.

Ap`o*the"o*size (&?;), v. t. To exalt to the dignity of a deity; to declare to be a god; to deify; to glorify.

||A*poth"e*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a putting back or away, fr. &?;. See Apothecary.] (Arch.) (a) A place on the south side of the chancel in the primitive churches, furnished with shelves, for books, vestments, etc. Weale. (b) A dressing room connected with a public bath.

||A*pot"o*me (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a cutting off, fr. &?; to cut off; &?; from + &?; to cut.] 1. (Math.) The difference between two quantities commensurable only in power, as between √2 and 1, or between the diagonal and side of a square.

2. (Mus) The remaining part of a whole tone after a smaller semitone has been deducted from it; a major semitone. [Obs.]

Ap"o*zem (&?;), n. [L. apozema, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to extract by boiling; &?; from + &?; boil.] (Med.) A decoction or infusion. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Ap`o*zem"ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a decoction. [Obs.] J. Whitaker.

Ap*pair" (&?;), v. t. & i. [OF. empeirier, F. empire. See Impair.] To impair; to grow worse. [Obs.]

Ap`pa*la"chi*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to a chain of mountains in the United States, commonly called the Allegheny mountains.

The name Appalachian was given to the mountains by the Spaniards under De Soto, who derived it from the neighboring Indians. Am. Cyc.

Ap*pall" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appalled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Appalling.] [OF. appalir to grow pale, make pale; a (L. ad) + pâlir to grow pale, to make pale, pâle pale. See Pale, a., and cf. Pall.] 1. To make pale; to blanch. [Obs.]

> The answer that ye made to me, my dear, . . .
> Hath so appalled my countenance.
> Wyatt.

2. To weaken; to enfeeble; to reduce; as, an old appalled wight. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Wine, of its own nature, will not congeal and freeze, only it will lose the strength, and become appalled in extremity of cold.
> Holland.

3. To depress or discourage with fear; to impress with fear in such a manner that the mind shrinks, or loses its firmness; to overcome with sudden terror or horror; to dismay; as, the sight appalled the stoutest heart.

> The house of peers was somewhat appalled at this alarum.
> Clarendon.

Syn. -- To dismay; terrify; daunt; frighten; affright; scare; depress. See Dismay.

Ap*pall", v. i. 1. To grow faint; to become weak; to become dismayed or discouraged. [Obs.] Gower.

2. To lose flavor or become stale. [Obs.]

Ap*pall", n. Terror; dismay. [Poet.] Cowper.

Ap*pall"ing, a. Such as to appall; as, an appalling accident. -- Ap*pall"ing*ly, adv.

Ap*pall"ment (&?;), n. Depression occasioned by terror; dismay. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ap"pa*nage (&?;), n. [F. apanage, fr. OF. apaner to nourish, support, fr. LL. apanare to furnish with bread, to provision; L. ad + pains bread.] 1. The portion of land assigned by a sovereign prince for the subsistence of his younger sons.

2. A dependency; a dependent territory.

<! p. 71 !>

3. That which belongs to one by custom or right; a natural adjunct or accompaniment. "Wealth . . . the appanage of wit." Swift.

Ap*pan"a*gist (p*pn"*jst), n. [F. apanagiste.] A prince to whom an appanage has been granted.

Ap*par"ail*lyng (&?;), n. [See Apparel, n. & v.] Preparation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap"pa*ratus (&?;), n.; pl. Apparatus, also rarely Apparatuses (&?;). [L., from apparare, apparatum, to prepare; ad + prepare to make ready.] 1. Things provided as means to some end.

2. Hence: A full collection or set of implements, or utensils, for a given duty, experimental or operative; any complex instrument or appliance, mechanical or chemical, for a specific action or operation; machinery; mechanism.

3. (Physiol.) A collection of organs all of which unite in a common function; as, the respiratory apparatus.

Ap*par"el (&?;), n. [OE. apparel, apareil, OF. apareil, appareil, preparation, provision, furniture, OF. apareiller to match, prepare, F. appareiller; OF. a (L. ad) + pareil like, similar, fr. LL. pariculus, dim. of L. par equal. See Pair.] 1. External clothing; vesture; garments; dress; garb; external habiliments or array.

> Fresh in his new apparel, proud and young.
> Denham.

> At public devotion his resigned carriage made religion appear in the natural apparel of simplicity.
> Tatler.

2. A small ornamental piece of embroidery worn on albs and some other ecclesiastical vestments.

3. (Naut.) The furniture of a ship, as masts, sails, rigging, anchors, guns, etc.

Syn. -- Dress; clothing; vesture; garments; raiment; garb; costume; attire; habiliments.

Ap*par"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appareled, or Apparelled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Appareling, or Apparelling.] [OF. apareiller.] 1. To make or get (something) ready; to prepare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To furnish with apparatus; to equip; to fit out.

> Ships . . . appareled to fight.
> Hayward.

3. To dress or clothe; to attire.

> They which are gorgeously appareled, and live delicately, are in kings' courts.
> Luke vii. 25.

4. To dress with external ornaments; to cover with something ornamental; to deck; to embellish; as, trees appareled with flowers, or a garden with verdure.

> Appareled in celestial light.
> Wordsworth.

Ap*par"ence (&?;), n. [OF. aparence.] Appearance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap*par"en*cy (&?;), n. 1. Appearance. [Obs.]

2. Apparentness; state of being apparent. Coleridge.

3. The position of being heir apparent.

Ap*par"ent (&?;), a. [F. apparent, L. apparens, -entis, p. pr. of apparere. See Appear.] 1. Capable of being seen, or easily seen; open to view; visible to the eye; within sight or view.

> The moon . . . apparent queen.
> Milton.

2. Clear or manifest to the understanding; plain; evident; obvious; known; palpable; indubitable.

> It is apparent foul play.
> Shak.

3. Appearing to the eye or mind (distinguished from, but not necessarily opposed to, true or real); seeming; as the apparent motion or diameter of the sun.

> To live on terms of civility, and even of apparent friendship.
> Macaulay.

> What Berkeley calls visible magnitude was by astronomers called apparent magnitude.
> Reid.

Apparent horizon, the circle which in a level plain bounds our view, and is formed by the apparent meeting of the earth and heavens, as distinguished from the rational horizon. -- Apparent time. See Time. -- Heir apparent (Law), one whose to an estate is indefeasible if he survives the ancestor; -- in distinction from presumptive heir. See Presumptive.

Syn. -- Visible; distinct; plain; obvious; clear; certain; evident; manifest; indubitable; notorious.

Ap*par"ent, n. An heir apparent. [Obs.]

> I'll draw it [the sword] as apparent to the crown.
> Shak.

Ap*par"ent*ly, adv. 1. Visibly. [Obs.] Hobbes.

2. Plainly; clearly; manifestly; evidently.

> If he should scorn me so apparently.
> Shak.

3. Seemingly; in appearance; as, a man may be apparently friendly, yet malicious in heart.

Ap*par"ent*ness, n. Plainness to the eye or the mind; visibleness; obviousness. [R.] Sherwood.

Ap`pa*ri"tion (&?;), n. [F. apparition, L. apparitio, fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. The act of becoming visible; appearance; visibility. Milton.

> The sudden apparition of the Spaniards.
> Prescott.

> The apparition of Lawyer Clippurse occasioned much speculation in that portion of the world.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. The thing appearing; a visible object; a form.

> Which apparition, it seems, was you.
> Tatler.

3. An unexpected, wonderful, or preternatural appearance; a ghost; a specter; a phantom. "The heavenly bands . . . a glorious apparition." Milton.

> I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
> That shapes this monstrous apparition.
> Shak.

4. (Astron.) The first appearance of a star or other luminary after having been invisible or obscured; -- opposed to occultation.

Circle of perpetual apparition. See under Circle.

Ap`pa*ri"tion*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to an apparition or to apparitions; spectral. "An apparitional soul." Tylor.

Ap*par"i*tor (&?;), n. [L., fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. Formerly, an officer who attended magistrates and judges to execute their orders.

> Before any of his apparitors could execute the sentence, he was himself summoned away by a sterner apparitor to the other world.
> De Quincey.

2. (Law) A messenger or officer who serves the process of an ecclesiastical court. Bouvier.

||Ap`pau`mé" (&?;), n. [F. appaumé; &?; (l. ad) + paume the palm, fr. L. palma.] (Her.) A hand open and extended so as to show the palm.

Ap*pay" (&?;), v. t. [OF. appayer, apaier, LL. appacare, appagare, fr. L. ad + pacare to pacify, pax, pacis, peace. See Pay, Appease.] To pay; to satisfy or appease. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Ap*peach" (&?;), v. t. [OE. apechen, for empechen, OF. empeechier, F. empêcher, to hinder. See Impeach.] To impeach; to accuse; to asperse; to inform against; to reproach. [Obs.]

> And oft of error did himself appeach.
> Spenser.

Ap*peach"er, n. An accuser. [Obs.] Raleigh.

Ap*peach"ment (&?;), n. Accusation. [Obs.]

Ap*peal" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appealed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Appealing.] [OE. appelen, apelen, to appeal, accuse, OF. appeler, fr. L. appellare to approach, address, invoke, summon, call, name; akin to appellere to drive to; ad + pellere to drive. See Pulse, and cf. Peal.] 1. (Law) (a) To make application for the removal of (a cause) from an inferior to a superior judge or court for a rehearing or review on account of alleged injustice or illegality in the trial below. We say, the cause was appealed from an inferior court. (b) To charge with a crime; to accuse; to institute a private criminal prosecution against for some heinous crime; as, to appeal a person of felony.

2. To summon; to challenge. [Archaic]

> Man to man will I appeal the Norman to the lists.
> Sir W. Scott.

3. To invoke. [Obs.] Milton.

Ap*peal", v. t. 1. (Law) To apply for the removal of a cause from an inferior to a superior judge or court for the purpose of reëxamination of for decision. Tomlins.

> I appeal unto Cæsar.
> Acts xxv. 11.

2. To call upon another to decide a question controverted, to corroborate a statement, to vindicate one's rights, etc.; as, I appeal to all mankind for the truth of what is alleged. Hence: To call on one for aid; to make earnest request.

> I appeal to the Scriptures in the original.
> Horsley.

> They appealed to the sword.
> Macaulay.

Ap*peal", n. [OE. appel, apel, OF. apel, F. appel, fr. appeler. See Appeal, v. t.] 1. (Law) (a) An application for the removal of a cause or suit from an inferior to a superior judge or court for reëxamination or review. (b) The mode of proceeding by which such removal is effected. (c) The right of appeal. (d) An accusation; a process which formerly might be instituted by one private person against another for some heinous crime demanding punishment for the particular injury suffered, rather than for the offense against the public. (e) An accusation of a felon at common law by one of his accomplices, which accomplice was then called an approver. See Approvement. Tomlins. Bouvier.

2. A summons to answer to a charge. Dryden.

3. A call upon a person or an authority for proof or decision, in one's favor; reference to another as witness; a call for help or a favor; entreaty.

> A kind of appeal to the Deity, the author of wonders.
> Bacon.

4. Resort to physical means; recourse.

> Every milder method is to be tried, before a nation makes an appeal to arms.
> Kent.

Ap*peal"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Capable of being appealed against; that may be removed to a higher tribunal for decision; as, the cause is appealable.

2. That may be accused or called to answer by appeal; as, a criminal is appealable for manslaughter. [Obs.]

Ap*peal"ant (&?;), n. An appellant. [Obs.] Shak.

Ap*peal"er (&?;), n. One who makes an appeal.

Ap*peal"ing, a. That appeals; imploring. -- Ap*peal"ing*ly, adv. -- Ap*peal"ing*ness, n.

Ap*pear" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appeared (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Appearing.] [OE. apperen, aperen, OF. aparoir, F. apparoir, fr. L. appar&?;re to appear + par&?;reto come forth, to be visible; prob. from the same root as par&?;re to produce. Cf. Apparent, Parent, Peer, v. i.] 1. To come or be in sight; to be in view; to become visible.

> And God . . . said, Let . . . the dry land appear.
> Gen. i. 9.

2. To come before the public; as, a great writer appeared at that time.

3. To stand in presence of some authority, tribunal, or superior person, to answer a charge, plead a cause, or the like; to present one's self as a party or advocate before a court, or as a person to be tried.

> We must all appear before the judgment seat.
> Cor. v. 10.

> One ruffian escaped because no prosecutor dared to appear.
> Macaulay.

4. To become visible to the apprehension of the mind; to be known as a subject of observation or comprehension, or as a thing proved; to be obvious or manifest.

> It doth not yet appear what we shall be.
> 1 John iii. 2.

> Of their vain contest appeared no end.
> Milton.

5. To seem; to have a certain semblance; to look.

> They disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto men to fast.
> Matt. vi. 16.

Syn. -- To seem; look. See Seem.

Ap*pear", n. Appearance. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Ap*pear"ance (&?;), n. [F. apparence, L. apparentia, fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. The act of appearing or coming into sight; the act of becoming visible to the eye; as, his sudden appearance surprised me.

2. A thing seed; a phenomenon; a phase; an apparition; as, an appearance in the sky.

3. Personal presence; exhibition of the person; look; aspect; mien.

> And now am come to see . . .
> It thy appearance answer loud report.
> Milton.

4. Semblance, or apparent likeness; external show. pl. Outward signs, or circumstances, fitted to make a particular impression or to determine the judgment as to the character of a person or a thing, an act or a state; as, appearances are against him.

> There was upon the tabernacle, as it were, the appearance of fire.
> Num. ix. 15.

> For man looketh on the outward appearance.
> 1 Sam. xvi. 7.

> Judge not according to the appearance.
> John. vii. 24.

5. The act of appearing in a particular place, or in society, a company, or any proceedings; a coming before the public in a particular character; as, a person makes his appearance as an historian, an artist, or an orator.

> Will he now retire,
> After appearance, and again prolong
> Our expectation?
> Milton.

6. Probability; likelihood. [Obs.]

> There is that which hath no appearance.
> Bacon.

7. (Law) The coming into court of either of the parties; the being present in court; the coming into court of a party summoned in an action, either by himself or by his attorney, expressed by a formal entry by the proper officer to that effect; the act or proceeding by which a party proceeded against places himself before the court, and submits to its jurisdiction. Burrill. Bouvier. Daniell.

To put in an appearance, to be present; to appear in person. -- To save appearances, to preserve a fair outward show.

Syn. -- Coming; arrival; presence; semblance; pretense; air; look; manner; mien; figure; aspect.

Ap*pear"er (&?;), n. One who appears. Sir T. Browne.

Ap*pear"ing*ly, adv. Apparently. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ap*peas"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being appeased or pacified; placable. -- Ap*peas"a*ble*ness, n.

Ap*pease" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appealed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Appeasing.] [OE. apesen, apaisen, OF. apaisier, apaissier, F. apaiser, fr. a (L. ad) + OF. pais peace, F. paix, fr. L. pax, pacis. See Peace.] To make quiet; to calm; to reduce to a state of peace; to still; to pacify; to dispel (anger or hatred); as, to appease the tumult of the ocean, or of the passions; to appease hunger or thirst.

Syn. -- To pacify; quiet; conciliate; propitiate; assuage; compose; calm; allay; hush; soothe; tranquilize.

Ap*pease"ment (&?;), n. The act of appeasing, or the state of being appeased; pacification. Hayward.

Ap*peas"er (&?;), n. One who appeases; a pacifier.

Ap*pea"sive (&?;), a. Tending to appease.

Ap*pel"la*ble (&?;), a. Appealable.

Ap*pel"lan*cy (&?;), n. Capability of appeal.

Ap*pel"lant (&?;), a. [L. appellans, p. pr. of appellare; cf. F. appelant. See Appeal.] Relating to an appeal; appellate. "An appellant jurisdiction." Hallam.

Party appellant (Law), the party who appeals; appellant; -- opposed to respondent, or appellee. Tomlins.

Ap*pel"lant, n. 1. (Law) (a) One who accuses another of felony or treason. [Obs.] (b) One who appeals, or asks for a rehearing or review of a cause by a higher tribunal.

2. A challenger. [Obs.] Milton.

3. (Eccl. Hist.) One who appealed to a general council against the bull Unigenitus.

4. One who appeals or entreats.

Ap*pel"late (&?;), a. [L. appelatus, p. p. of appellare.] Pertaining to, or taking cognizance of, appeals. "Appellate jurisdiction." Blackstone. "Appellate judges." Burke.

Appelate court, a court having cognizance of appeals.

Ap*pel"late, n. A person or prosecuted for a crime. [Obs.] See Appellee.

Ap`pel*la"tion (&?;), n. [L. appellatio, fr. appellare: cf. F. appellation. See Appeal.] 1. The act of appealing; appeal. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. The act of calling by a name.

3. The word by which a particular person or thing is called and known; name; title; designation.

> They must institute some persons under the appellation of magistrates.
> Hume.

Syn. -- See Name.

Ap*pel"la*tive (&?;), a. [L. appellativus, fr. appellare: cf. F. appelatif. See Appeal.] 1. Pertaining to a common name; serving as a distinctive denomination; denominative; naming. Cudworth.

2. (Gram.) Common, as opposed to proper; denominative of a class.

Ap*pel"la*tive, n. [L. appelativum, sc. nomen.] 1. A common name, in distinction from a proper name. A common name, or appellative, stands for a whole class, genus, or species of beings, or for universal ideas. Thus, tree is the name of all plants of a particular class; plant and vegetable are names of things that grow out of the earth. A proper name, on the other hand, stands for a single thing; as, Rome, Washington, Lake Erie.

2. An appellation or title; a descriptive name.

> God chosen it for one of his appellatives to be the Defender of them.
> Jer. Taylor.

Ap*pel"la*tive*ly, adv. After the manner of nouns appellative; in a manner to express whole classes or species; as, Hercules is sometimes used appellatively, that is, as a common name, to signify a strong man.

Ap*pel"la*tive*ness, n. The quality of being appellative. Fuller.

Ap*pel"la*tory (&?;), a. [L. appellatorius, fr. appellare.] Containing an appeal.

> An appellatory libel ought to contain the name of the party appellant.
> Ayliffe.

Ap`pel*lee", n. [F. appelé, p. p. of appeler, fr. L. appellare.] (Law) (a) The defendant in an appeal; -- opposed to appellant. (b) The person who is appealed against, or accused of crime; -- opposed to appellor. Blackstone.

<! p. 72 !>

Ap`pel*lor" (p`pl*lôr"), n. [OF. apeleur, fr. L. appellator, fr. appellare.] (Law) (a) The person who institutes an appeal, or prosecutes another for a crime. Blackstone. (b) One who confesses a felony committed and accuses his accomplices. Blount. Burrill.

This word is rarely or never used for the plaintiff in appeal from a lower court, who is called the appellant. Appellee is opposed both to appellant and appellor.

Ap"pen*age, n. See Appanage.

Ap*pend" (p*pnd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appended; p. pr. & vb. n. Appending.] [L. appendere or F. appendre: cf. OE. appenden, apenden, to belong, OF. apendre, F. appendre, fr. L. appendre, v. i., to hang to, appendre, v. t., to hang to; ad + pendre, v. i., to hang, pendre, v. t., to hang. See Pendant.] 1. To hang or attach to, as by a string, so that the thing is suspended; as, a seal appended to a record; the inscription was appended to the column.

2. To add, as an accessory to the principal thing; to annex; as, notes appended to this chapter.

> A further purpose appended to the primary one.
> I. Taylor.

Ap*pend"age, n. 1. Something appended to, or accompanying, a principal or greater thing, though not necessary to it, as a portico to a house.

> Modesty is the appendage of sobriety.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. (Biol.) A subordinate or subsidiary part or organ; an external organ or limb, esp. of the articulates.

> Antennæ and other appendages used for feeling.
> Carpenter.

Syn. -- Addition; adjunct; concomitant.

Ap*pend"aged, a. Furnished with, or supplemented by, an appendage.

Ap*pend"ance, n. [F.] Something appendant.

Ap*pend"ant, a. [F. appendant, p. pr. of appendre. See Append, v. t.] 1. Hanging; annexed; adjunct; concomitant; as, a seal appendant to a paper.

> As they have transmitted the benefit to us, it is but reasonable we should suffer the appendant calamity.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. (Law) Appended by prescription, that is, a personal usage for a considerable time; -- said of a thing of inheritance belonging to another inheritance which is superior or more worthy; as, an advowson, common, etc. , which may be appendant to a manor, common of fishing to a freehold, a seat in church to a house. Wharton. Coke.

Ap*pend"ant, n. 1. Anything attached to another as incidental or subordinate to it.

2. (Law) A inheritance annexed by prescription to a superior inheritance.

{ Ap*pend"ence (&?;), Ap*pend"en*cy (&?;), } n. State of being appendant; appendance. [Obs.]

Ap*pend"i*cal (&?;), a. Of or like an appendix.

Ap*pend"i*cate (&?;), v. t. To append. [Obs.]

Ap*pend`i*ca"tion (&?;), n. An appendage. [Obs.]

Ap*pend`i*ci"tis (&?;), n. (Med.) Inflammation of the vermiform appendix.

Ap*pend"i*cle (&?;), n. [L. appendicula, dim. of. appendix.] A small appendage.

Ap`pen*dic"u*lar (&?;), a. Relating to an appendicle; appendiculate. [R.]

||Ap`pen*dic`u*la"ri*a (&?;), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small free-swimming Tunicata, shaped somewhat like a tadpole, and remarkable for resemblances to the larvæ of other Tunicata. It is the type of the order Copelata or Larvalia. See Illustration in Appendix.

||Ap`pen*dic`u*la"ta (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An order of annelids; the Polychæta.

Ap`pen*dic"u*late (&?;), a. [See Appendicle.] Having small appendages; forming an appendage.

Appendiculate leaf, a small appended leaf. Withering.

Ap*pen"dix (&?;), n.; pl. E. Appendixes (&?;), L. Appendices (&?;). [L. appendix, -dicis, fr. appendere. See Append.] 1. Something appended or added; an appendage, adjunct, or concomitant.

> Normandy became an appendix to England.
> Sir M. Hale.

2. Any literary matter added to a book, but not necessarily essential to its completeness, and thus distinguished from supplement, which is intended to supply deficiencies and correct inaccuracies.

Syn. -- See Supplement.

Ap*pen"sion (&?;), n. The act of appending. [Obs.]

Ap`per*ceive" (&?;), v. t. [F. apercevoir, fr. L. ad + percipere, perceptum, to perceive. See Perceive.] To perceive; to comprehend. Chaucer.

Ap`per*cep"tion (&?;), n. [Pref. ad- + perception: cf. F. apperception.] (Metaph.) The mind's perception of itself as the subject or actor in its own states; perception that reflects upon itself; sometimes, intensified or energetic perception. Leibnitz. Reid.

> This feeling has been called by philosophers the apperception or consciousness of our own existence.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Ap*per"il (&?;), n. Peril. [Obs.] Shak.

Ap`per*tain" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appertained (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Appertaining.] [OE. apperteinen, apertenen, OF. apartenir, F. appartenir, fr. L. appertinere; ad + pertinere to reach to, belong. See Pertain.] To belong or pertain, whether by right, nature, appointment, or custom; to relate.

> Things appertaining to this life.
> Hooker.

> Give it unto him to whom it appertaineth.
> Lev. vi. 5.

Ap`per*tain"ment, n. That which appertains to a person; an appurtenance. [Obs. or R.] Shak.

{ Ap*per"ti*nance (&?;), Ap*per"ti*nence (&?;), } n. See Appurtenance.

Ap*per"ti*nent (&?;), a. Belonging; appertaining. [Now usually written appurtenant.] Coleridge.

Ap*per"ti*nent, n. That which belongs to something else; an appurtenant. [Obs.] Shak.

Ap*pete" (&?;), v. t. [L. appetere: cf. F. appéter. See Appetite.] To seek for; to desire. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ap"pe*tence (&?;), n. [Cf. F. appétence. See Appetency.] A longing; a desire; especially an ardent desire; appetite; appetency.

Ap"pe*ten*cy (&?;), n.; pl. Appetencies (&?;). [L. appetentia, fr. appetere to strive after, long for. See Appetite.] 1. Fixed and strong desire; esp. natural desire; a craving; an eager appetite.

> They had a strong appetency for reading.
> Merivale.

2. Specifically: An instinctive inclination or propensity in animals to perform certain actions, as in the young to suck, in aquatic fowls to enter into water and to swim; the tendency of an organized body to seek what satisfies the wants of its organism.

> These lacteals have mouths, and by animal selection or appetency the absorb such part of the fluid as is agreeable to their palate.
> E. Darwin.

3. Natural tendency; affinity; attraction; -- used of inanimate objects.

Ap"pe*tent (&?;), a. [L. appetens, p. pr. of appetere.] Desiring; eagerly desirous. [R.]

> Appetent after glory and renown.
> Sir G. Buck.

Ap`pe*ti*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. [Cf. F. appétibilité.] The quality of being desirable. Bramhall.

Ap"pe*ti*ble (&?;), a. [L. appetibilis, fr. appetere: cf. F. appétible.] Desirable; capable or worthy of being the object of desire. Bramhall.

Ap"pe*tite (&?;), n. [OE. appetit, F. appétit, fr. L. appetitus, fr. appetere to strive after, long for; ad + petere to seek. See Petition, and cf. Appetence.] 1. The desire for some personal gratification, either of the body or of the mind.

> The object of appetite it whatsoever sensible good may be wished for; the object of will is that good which reason does lead us to seek.
> Hooker.

2. Desire for, or relish of, food or drink; hunger.

> Men must have appetite before they will eat.
> Buckle.

3. Any strong desire; an eagerness or longing.

> It God had given to eagles an appetite to swim.
> Jer. Taylor.

> To gratify the vulgar appetite for the marvelous.
> Macaulay.

4. Tendency; appetency. [Obs.]

> In all bodies there as an appetite of union.
> Bacon.

5. The thing desired. [Obs.]

> Power being the natural appetite of princes.
> Swift.

In old authors, appetite is followed by to or of, but regularly it should be followed by for before the object; as, an appetite for pleasure.

Syn. -- Craving; longing; desire; appetency; passion.

Ap`pe*ti"tion (&?;), n. [L. appetitio: cf. F. appétition.] Desire; a longing for, or seeking after, something. Holland.

Ap"pe*ti"tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. appétitif.] Having the quality of desiring gratification; as, appetitive power or faculty. Sir M. Hale.

Ap"pe*tize (&?;), v. t. To make hungry; to whet the appetite of. Sir W. Scott.

Ap"pe*ti`zer (&?;), n. Something which creates or whets an appetite.

Ap"pe*ti`zing (&?;), a. [Cf. F. appétissant.] Exciting appetite; as, appetizing food.

> The appearance of the wild ducks is very appetizing.
> Sir W. Scott.

Ap"pe*ti`zing, adv. So as to excite appetite.

Ap"pi*an (&?;), a. [L. Appius, Appianus.] Of or pertaining to Appius.

Appian Way, the great paved highway from ancient Rome trough Capua to Brundisium, now Brindisi, constructed partly by Appius Claudius, about 312 b. c.

Ap*plaud" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Applauding.] [L. applaudere; ad + plaudere to clash, to clap the hands: cf. F. applaudir. Cf. Explode.] 1. To show approval of by clapping the hands, acclamation, or other significant sign.

> I would applaud thee to the very echo,
> That should applaud again.
> Shak.

2. To praise by words; to express approbation of; to commend; to approve.

> By the gods, I do applaud his courage.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To praise; extol; commend; cry up; magnify; approve. See Praise.

Ap*plaud", v. i. To express approbation loudly or significantly.

Ap*plaud"er (&?;), n. One who applauds.

Ap*plaus"a*ble (&?;), a. Worthy of applause; praiseworthy. [Obs.]

Ap*plause" (&?;), n. [L. applaudere, applausum. See Applaud.] The act of applauding; approbation and praise publicly expressed by clapping the hands, stamping or tapping with the feet, acclamation, huzzas, or other means; marked commendation.

> The brave man seeks not popular applause.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Acclaim; acclamation; plaudit; commendation; approval.

Ap*plau"sive (&?;), a. [LL. applausivus.] Expressing applause; approbative. -- Ap*plau"sive*ly, adv.

Ap"ple (p"p'l), n. [OE. appel, eppel, AS. æppel, æpl; akin to Fries. & D. appel, OHG, aphul, aphol, G. apfel, Icel. epli, Sw. äple, Dan. æble, Gael. ubhall, W. afal, Arm. aval, Lith. oblys, Russ. iabloko; of unknown origin.] 1. The fleshy pome or fruit of a rosaceous tree (Pyrus malus) cultivated in numberless varieties in the temperate zones.

The European crab apple is supposed to be the original kind, from which all others have sprung.

2. (bot.) Any tree genus Pyrus which has the stalk sunken into the base of the fruit; an apple tree.

3. Any fruit or other vegetable production resembling, or supposed to resemble, the apple; as, apple of love, or love apple (a tomato), balsam apple, egg apple, oak apple.

4. Anything round like an apple; as, an apple of gold.

Apple is used either adjectively or in combination; as, apple paper or apple-paper, apple-shaped, apple blossom, apple dumpling, apple pudding.

Apple blight, an aphid which injures apple trees. See Blight, n. -- Apple borer (Zoöl.), a coleopterous insect (Saperda candida or bivittata), the larva of which bores into the trunk of the apple tree and pear tree. -- Apple brandy, brandy made from apples. -- Apple butter, a sauce made of apples stewed down in cider. Bartlett. -- Apple corer, an instrument for removing the cores from apples. -- Apple fly (Zoöl.), any dipterous insect, the larva of which burrows in apples. Apple flies belong to the genera Drosophila and Trypeta. -- Apple midge (Zoöl.) a small dipterous insect (Sciara mali), the larva of which bores in apples. -- Apple of the eye, the pupil. -- Apple of discord, a subject of contention and envy, so called from the mythological golden apple, inscribed "For the fairest," which was thrown into an assembly of the gods by Eris, the goddess of discord. It was contended for by Juno, Minerva, and Venus, and was adjudged to the latter. -- Apple of love, or Love apple, the tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). -- Apple of Peru, a large coarse herb (Nicandra physaloides) bearing pale blue flowers, and a bladderlike fruit inclosing a dry berry. -- Apples of Sodom, a fruit described by ancient writers as externally of fair appearance but dissolving into smoke and ashes when plucked; Dead Sea apples. The name is often given to the fruit of Solanum Sodomæum, a prickly shrub with fruit not unlike a small yellow tomato. -- Apple sauce, stewed apples. [U. S.] -- Apple snail or Apple shell (Zoöl.), a fresh-water, operculated, spiral shell of the genus Ampullaria. -- Apple tart, a tart containing apples. -- Apple tree, a tree which naturally bears apples. See Apple, 2. -- Apple wine, cider. -- Apple worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a small moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) which burrows in the interior of apples. See Codling moth. -- Dead Sea Apple. (a) pl. Apples of Sodom. Also Fig. "To seek the Dead Sea apples of politics." S. B. Griffin. (b) A kind of gallnut coming from Arabia. See Gallnut.

Ap"ple (p"p'l), v. i. To grow like an apple; to bear apples. Holland.

Ap"ple-faced` (&?;), a. Having a round, broad face, like an apple. "Apple-faced children." Dickens.

Ap"ple-jack` (&?;), n. Apple brandy. [U.S.]

Ap"ple-john`, n.. A kind of apple which by keeping becomes much withered; -- called also Johnapple. Shak.

Ap"ple pie` (&?;). A pie made of apples (usually sliced or stewed) with spice and sugar.

Apple-pie bed, a bed in which, as a joke, the sheets are so doubled (like the cover of an apple turnover) as to prevent any one from getting at his length between them. Halliwell Conybeare. -- Apple-pie order, perfect order or arrangement. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Ap"ple-squire` (&?;), n. A pimp; a kept gallant. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Ap*pli"a*ble (&?;), a. [See Apply.] Applicable; also, compliant. [Obs.] Howell.

Ap*pli"ance (&?;), n. 1. The act of applying; application; [Obs.] subservience. Shak.

2. The thing applied or used as a means to an end; an apparatus or device; as, to use various appliances; a mechanical appliance; a machine with its appliances.

Ap`pli*ca*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being applicable or fit to be applied.

Ap"pli*ca*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. aplicable, fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Capable of being applied; fit or suitable to be applied; having relevance; as, this observation is applicable to the case under consideration. -- Ap"pli*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Ap"pli*ca*bly, adv.

Ap"pli*can*cy (&?;), n. The quality or state of being applicable. [R.]

Ap"pli*cant (&?;), n. [L. applicans, p. pr. of applicare. See Apply.] One who apples for something; one who makes request; a petitioner.

> The applicant for a cup of water.
> Plumtre.

> The court require the applicant to appear in person.
> Z. Swift.

Ap"pli*cate (&?;), a. [L. applicatus, p. p. of applicare. See Apply.] Applied or put to some use.

> Those applicate sciences which extend the power of man over the elements.
> I. Taylor.

Applicate number (Math.), one which applied to some concrete case. -- Applicate ordinate, right line applied at right angles to the axis of any conic section, and bounded by the curve.

Ap"pli*cate (&?;), v. i. To apply. [Obs.]

> The act of faith is applicated to the object.
> Bp. Pearson.

Ap`pli*ca"tion (&?;), n. [L. applicatio, fr. applicare: cf. F. application. See Apply.] 1. The act of applying or laying on, in a literal sense; as, the application of emollients to a diseased limb.

2. The thing applied.

> He invented a new application by which blood might be stanched.
> Johnson.

3. The act of applying as a means; the employment of means to accomplish an end; specific use.

> If a right course . . . be taken with children, there will not be much need of the application of the common rewards and punishments.
> Locke.

4. The act of directing or referring something to a particular case, to discover or illustrate agreement or disagreement, fitness, or correspondence; as, I make the remark, and leave you to make the application; the application of a theory.

<! p. 73 !>

5. Hence, in specific uses: (a) That part of a sermon or discourse in which the principles before laid down and illustrated are applied to practical uses; the "moral" of a fable. (b) The use of the principles of one science for the purpose of enlarging or perfecting another; as, the application of algebra to geometry.

6. The capacity of being practically applied or used; relevancy; as, a rule of general application.

7. The act of fixing the mind or closely applying one's self; assiduous effort; close attention; as, to injure the health by application to study.

> Had his application been equal to his talents, his progress might have been greater.
> J. Jay.

8. The act of making request of soliciting; as, an application for an office; he made application to a court of chancery.

9. A request; a document containing a request; as, his application was placed on file.

Ap"pli*ca*tive (p"pl*k*tv), a. [Cf. F. applicatif, fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Capable of being applied or used; applying; applicatory; practical. Bramhall. -- Ap"pli*ca*tive*ly, adv.

Ap"pli*ca*to*ri*ly (&?;), adv. By way of application.

Ap"pli*ca*to*ry, a. Having the property of applying; applicative; practical. -- n. That which applies.

Ap*pli"ed*ly (&?;), adv. By application. [R.]

Ap*pli"er (&?;), n. He who, or that which, applies.

Ap*pli"ment (&?;), n. Application. [Obs.] Marston

||Ap`pli`qué" (?; 277), a. [F., fr. appliquer to put on.] Ornamented with a pattern (which has been cut out of another color or stuff) applied or transferred to a foundation; as, appliqué lace; appliqué work.

Ap*plot" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Applotting.] [Pref. ad- + plot.] To divide into plots or parts; to apportion. Milton.

Ap*plot"ment (&?;), n. Apportionment.

Ap*ply" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applied (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Applying.] [OF. aplier, F. appliquer, fr. L. applicare to join, fix, or attach to; ad + plicare to fold, to twist together. See Applicant, Ply.] 1. To lay or place; to put or adjust (one thing to another); -- with to; as, to apply the hand to the breast; to apply medicaments to a diseased part of the body.

> He said, and the sword his throat applied.
> Dryden.

2. To put to use; to use or employ for a particular purpose, or in a particular case; to appropriate; to devote; as, to apply money to the payment of a debt.

3. To make use of, declare, or pronounce, as suitable, fitting, or relative; as, to apply the testimony to the case; to apply an epithet to a person.

> Yet God at last
> To Satan, first in sin, his doom applied.
> Milton.

4. To fix closely; to engage and employ diligently, or with attention; to attach; to incline.

> Apply thine heart unto instruction.
> Prov. xxiii. 12.

5. To direct or address. [R.]

> Sacred vows . . . applied to grisly Pluto.
> Pope.

6. To betake; to address; to refer; -- used reflexively.

> I applied myself to him for help.
> Johnson.

7. To busy; to keep at work; to ply. [Obs.]

> She was skillful in applying his "humors."
> Sir P. Sidney.

8. To visit. [Obs.]

> And he applied each place so fast.
> Chapman.

Applied chemistry. See under Chemistry. -- Applied mathematics. See under Mathematics.

Ap*ply", v. i. 1. To suit; to agree; to have some connection, agreement, or analogy; as, this argument applies well to the case.

2. To make request; to have recourse with a view to gain something; to make application. (to); to solicit; as, to apply to a friend for information.

3. To ply; to move. [R.]

> I heard the sound of an oar applying swiftly through the water.
> T. Moore.

4. To apply or address one's self; to give application; to attend closely (to).

||Ap*pog`gia*tu"ra (&?;), n. [It., fr. appogiarre to lean, to rest; ap- (L. ad) + poggiare to mount, ascend, poggio hill, fr. L. podium an elevated place.] (Mus.) A passing tone preceding an essential tone, and borrowing the time it occupies from that; a short auxiliary or grace note one degree above or below the principal note unless it be of the same harmony; -- generally indicated by a note of smaller size, as in the illustration above. It forms no essential part of the harmony.

Ap*point" (p*point"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Appointing.] [OE. appointen, apointen, OF. apointier to prepare, arrange, lean, place, F. appointer to give a salary, refer a cause, fr. LL. appunctare to bring back to the point, restore, to fix the point in a controversy, or the points in an agreement; L. ad + punctum a point. See Point.] 1. To fix with power or firmness; to establish; to mark out.

> When he appointed the foundations of the earth.
> Prov. viii. 29.

2. To fix by a decree, order, command, resolve, decision, or mutual agreement; to constitute; to ordain; to prescribe; to fix the time and place of.

> Thy servants are ready to do whatsoever my lord the king shall appoint.
> 2 Sam. xv. 15.

> He hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness.
> Acts xvii. 31.

> Say that the emperor request a parley . . . and appoint the meeting.
> Shak.

3. To assign, designate, or set apart by authority.

> Aaron and his shall go in, and appoint them every one to his service.
> Num. iv. 19.

> These were cities appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them.
> Josh. xx. 9.

4. To furnish in all points; to provide with everything necessary by way of equipment; to equip; to fit out.

> The English, being well appointed, did so entertain them that their ships departed terribly torn.
> Hayward.

5. To point at by way, or for the purpose, of censure or commendation; to arraign. [Obs.]

> Appoint not heavenly disposition.
> Milton.

6. (Law) To direct, designate, or limit; to make or direct a new disposition of, by virtue of a power contained in a conveyance; -- said of an estate already conveyed. Burrill. Kent.

To appoint one's self, to resolve. [Obs.] Crowley.

Ap*point" (p*point"), v. i. To ordain; to determine; to arrange.

> For the Lord had appointed to defeat the good counsel of Ahithophel.
> 2 Sam. xvii. 14.

Ap*point"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being appointed or constituted.

Ap*point*ee" (&?;), n. [F. appointé, p. p. of appointer. See Appoint, v. t.] 1. A person appointed.

> The commission authorizes them to make appointments, and pay the appointees.
> Circular of Mass. Representatives (1768).

2. (law) A person in whose favor a power of appointment is executed. Kent. Wharton.

Ap*point"er (&?;), n. One who appoints, or executes a power of appointment. Kent.

Ap*point"ive (&?;), a. Subject to appointment; as, an appointive office. [R.]

Ap*point"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. appointement.] 1. The act of appointing; designation of a person to hold an office or discharge a trust; as, he erred by the appointment of unsuitable men.

2. The state of being appointed to som&?; service or office; an office to which one is appointed; station; position; an, the appointment of treasurer.

3. Stipulation; agreement; the act of fixing by mutual agreement. Hence:: Arrangement for a meeting; engagement; as, they made an appointment to meet at six.

4. Decree; direction; established order or constitution; as, to submit to the divine appointments.

> According to the appointment of the priests.
> Ezra vi. 9.

5. (Law) The exercise of the power of designating (under a "power of appointment") a person to enjoy an estate or other specific property; also, the instrument by which the designation is made.

6. Equipment, furniture, as for a ship or an army; whatever is appointed for use and management; outfit; (pl.) the accouterments of military officers or soldiers, as belts, sashes, swords.

> The cavaliers emulated their chief in the richness of their appointments.
> Prescott.

> I'll prove it in my shackles, with these hands
> Void of appointment, that thou liest.
> Beau. & Fl.

7. An allowance to a person, esp. to a public officer; a perquisite; -- properly only in the plural. [Obs.]

> An expense proportioned to his appointments and fortune is necessary.
> Chesterfield.

8. A honorary part or exercise, as an oration, etc., at a public exhibition of a college; as, to have an appointment. [U.S.]

Syn. -- Designation; command; order; direction; establishment; equipment.

Ap*point*or" (&?;), n. (Law) The person who selects the appointee. See Appointee, 2.

Ap*por"ter (&?;), n. [Cf. F. apporter to bring in, fr. L. apportare; ad + portare to bear.] A bringer in; an importer. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Ap*por"tion (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apportioned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Apportioning.] [OF. apportionner, LL. apportionare, fr. L. ad + portio. See Portion.] To divide and assign in just proportion; to divide and distribute proportionally; to portion out; to allot; as, to apportion undivided rights; to apportion time among various employments.

Ap*por"tion*ate*ness (&?;), n. The quality of being apportioned or in proportion. [Obs. & R.]

Ap*por"tion*er (&?;), n. One who apportions.

Ap*por"tion*ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. apportionnement, LL. apportionamentum.] The act of apportioning; a dividing into just proportions or shares; a division or shares; a division and assignment, to each proprietor, of his just portion of an undivided right or property. A. Hamilton.

Ap*pose" (&?;), v. t. [F. apposer to set to; &?; (L. ad) + poser to put, place. See Pose.] 1. To place opposite or before; to put or apply (one thing to another).

> The nymph herself did then appose,
> For food and beverage, to him all best meat.
> Chapman.

2. To place in juxtaposition or proximity.

Ap*pose", v. t. [For oppose. See Oppose.] To put questions to; to examine; to try. [Obs.] See Pose.

> To appose him without any accuser, and that secretly.
> Tyndale.

Ap*posed" (&?;), a. Placed in apposition; mutually fitting, as the mandibles of a bird's beak.

Ap*pos"er (&?;), n. An examiner; one whose business is to put questions. Formerly, in the English Court of Exchequer, an officer who audited the sheriffs' accounts.

Ap"po*site (&?;), a. [L. appositus, p. p. of apponere to set or put to; ad + ponere to put, place.] Very applicable; well adapted; suitable or fit; relevant; pat; -- followed by to; as, this argument is very apposite to the case. -- Ap"po*site*ly, adv. -- Ap"po*site*ness, n.

Ap`po*si"tion (&?;), n. [L. appositio, fr. apponere: cf. F. apposition. See Apposite.] 1. The act of adding; application; accretion.

> It grows . . . by the apposition of new matter.
> Arbuthnot.

2. The putting of things in juxtaposition, or side by side; also, the condition of being so placed.

3. (Gram.) The state of two nouns or pronouns, put in the same case, without a connecting word between them; as, I admire Cicero, the orator. Here, the second noun explains or characterizes the first.

Growth by apposition (Physiol.), a mode of growth characteristic of non vascular tissues, in which nutritive matter from the blood is transformed on the surface of an organ into solid unorganized substance.

Ap`po*si"tion*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to apposition; put in apposition syntactically. Ellicott.

Ap*pos"i*tive (&?;), a. Of or relating to apposition; in apposition. -- n. A noun in apposition. -- Ap*pos"i*tive*ly, adv.

> Appositive to the words going immediately before.
> Knatchbull.

Ap*prais"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being appraised.

Ap*prais"al (&?;), n. [See Appraise. Cf. Apprizal.] A valuation by an authorized person; an appraisement.

Ap*praise" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appraised (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Appraising.] [Pref. ad- + praise. See Praise, Price, Apprize, Appreciate.] 1. To set a value; to estimate the worth of, particularly by persons appointed for the purpose; as, to appraise goods and chattels.

2. To estimate; to conjecture.

> Enoch . . . appraised his weight.
> Tennyson.

3. To praise; to commend. [Obs.] R. Browning.

> Appraised the Lycian custom.
> Tennyson.

In the United States, this word is often pronounced, and sometimes written, apprize.

Ap*praise"ment (&?;), n. [See Appraise. Cf. Apprizement.] The act of setting the value; valuation by an appraiser; estimation of worth.

Ap*prais"er (&?;), n. [See Appraise, Apprizer.] One who appraises; esp., a person appointed and sworn to estimate and fix the value of goods or estates.

Ap`pre*ca"tion, n. [L. apprecari to pray to; ad + precari to pray, prex, precis, prayer.] Earnest prayer; devout wish. [Obs.]

> A solemn apprecation of good success.
> Bp. Hall.

Ap"pre*ca*to*ry (&?;), a. Praying or wishing good. [Obs.]"Apprecatory benedictions." Bp. Hall.

Ap*pre"ci*a*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. appréciable.] Capable of being appreciated or estimated; large enough to be estimated; perceptible; as, an appreciable quantity. -- Ap*pre"ci*a*bly, adv.

Ap*pre"ci*ant (&?;), a. Appreciative. [R.]

Ap*pre"ci*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appreciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Appreciating.] [L. appretiatus, p. p. of appretiare to value at a price, appraise; ad + pretiare to prize, pretium price. Cf. Appraise.] 1. To set a price or value on; to estimate justly; to value.

> To appreciate the motives of their enemies.
> Gibbon.

3. To raise the value of; to increase the market price of; -- opposed to depreciate. [U.S.]

> Lest a sudden peace should appreciate the money.
> Ramsay.

4. To be sensible of; to distinguish.

> To test the power of bees to appreciate color.
> Lubbock.

Syn. -- To Appreciate, Estimate, Esteem. Estimate is an act of judgment; esteem is an act of valuing or prizing, and when applied to individuals, denotes a sentiment of moral approbation. See Estimate. Appreciate lies between the two. As compared with estimate, it supposes a union of sensibility with judgment, producing a nice and delicate perception. As compared with esteem, it denotes a valuation of things according to their appropriate and distinctive excellence, and not simply their moral worth. Thus, with reference to the former of these (delicate perception), an able writer says. "Women have a truer appreciation of character than men;" and another remarks, "It is difficult to appreciate the true force and distinctive sense of terms which we are every day using." So, also, we speak of the difference between two things, as sometimes hardly appreciable. With reference to the latter of these (that of valuation as the result of a nice perception), we say, "It requires a peculiar cast of character to appreciate the poetry of Wordsworth;" "He who has no delicacy himself, can not appreciate it in others;" "The thought of death is salutary, because it leads us to appreciate worldly things aright." Appreciate is much used in cases where something is in danger of being overlooked or undervalued; as when we speak of appreciating the difficulties of a subject, or the risk of an undertaking. So Lord Plunket, referring to an "ominous silence" which prevailed among the Irish peasantry, says, "If you knew how to appreciate that silence, it is more formidable than the most clamorous opposition." In like manner, a person who asks some favor of another is apt to say, "I trust you will appreciate my motives in this request." Here we have the key to a very frequent use of the word. It is hardly necessary to say that appreciate looks on the favorable side of things. we never speak of appreciating a man's faults, but his merits. This idea of regarding things favorably appears more fully in the word appreciative; as when we speak of an appreciative audience, or an appreciative review, meaning one that manifests a quick perception and a ready valuation of excellence.

Ap*pre"ci*ate, v. i. To rise in value. [See note under Rise, v. i.] J. Morse.

Ap*pre"ci*a`ting*ly (&?;), adv. In an appreciating manner; with appreciation.

Ap*pre`ci*a"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. appréciation.] 1. A just valuation or estimate of merit, worth, weight, etc.; recognition of excellence.

2. Accurate perception; true estimation; as, an appreciation of the difficulties before us; an appreciation of colors.

> His foreboding showed his appreciation of Henry's character.
> J. R. Green.

3. A rise in value; -- opposed to depreciation.

Ap*pre"ci*a*tive (&?;), a. Having or showing a just or ready appreciation or perception; as, an appreciative audience. -- Ap*pre"ci*a*tive*ly, adv.

Ap*pre"ci*a*tive*ness, n. The quality of being appreciative; quick recognition of excellence.

Ap*pre"ci*a`tor (&?;), n. One who appreciates.

Ap*pre"ci*a*to*ry (&?;), a. Showing appreciation; appreciative; as, appreciatory commendation. -- Ap*pre"ci*a*to*ri*ly (&?;), adv.

<! p. 74 !>

Ap`pre*hend" (p`pr*hnd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprehending.] [L. apprehendere; ad + prehendere to lay hold of, seize; prae before + -hendere (used only in comp.); akin to Gr. chanda`nein to hold, contain, and E. get: cf. F. appréhender. See Prehensile, Get.] 1. To take or seize; to take hold of. [Archaic]

> We have two hands to apprehend it.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. Hence: To take or seize (a person) by legal process; to arrest; as, to apprehend a criminal.

3. To take hold of with the understanding, that is, to conceive in the mind; to become cognizant of; to understand; to recognize; to consider.

> This suspicion of Earl Reimund, though at first but a buzz, soon got a sting in the king's head, and he violently apprehended it.
> Fuller.

> The eternal laws, such as the heroic age apprehended them.
> Gladstone.

4. To know or learn with certainty. [Obs.]

> G. You are too much distrustful of my truth.
> E. Then you must give me leave to apprehend
> The means and manner how.
> Beau. & Fl.

5. To anticipate; esp., to anticipate with anxiety, dread, or fear; to fear.

> The opposition had more reason than the king to apprehend violence.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- To catch; seize; arrest; detain; capture; conceive; understand; imagine; believe; fear; dread. -- To Apprehend, Comprehend. These words come into comparison as describing acts of the mind. Apprehend denotes the laying hold of a thing mentally, so as to understand it clearly, at least in part. Comprehend denotes the embracing or understanding it in all its compass and extent. We may apprehended many truths which we do not comprehend. The very idea of God supposes that he may be apprehended, though not comprehended, by rational beings. "We may apprehended much of Shakespeare's aim and intention in the character of Hamlet or King Lear; but few will claim that they have comprehended all that is embraced in these characters." Trench.

Ap`pre*hend", v. i. 1. To think, believe, or be of opinion; to understand; to suppose.

2. To be apprehensive; to fear.

> It is worse to apprehend than to suffer.
> Rowe.

Ap`pre*hend"er (&?;), n. One who apprehends.

Ap`pre*hen`si*bi"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being apprehensible. [R.] De Quincey.

Ap`pre*hen"si*ble (&?;), a. [L. apprehensibilis. See Apprehend.] Capable of being apprehended or conceived. "Apprehensible by faith." Bp. Hall. -- Ap`*pre*hen"si*bly, adv.

Ap`pre*hen"sion (&?;), n. [L. apprehensio: cf. F. appréhension. See Apprehend.] 1. The act of seizing or taking hold of; seizure; as, the hand is an organ of apprehension. Sir T. Browne.

2. The act of seizing or taking by legal process; arrest; as, the felon, after his apprehension, escaped.

3. The act of grasping with the intellect; the contemplation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing any judgment; intellection; perception.

> Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul's naked intellection of an object.
> Glanvill.

4. Opinion; conception; sentiment; idea.

In this sense, the word often denotes a belief, founded on sufficient evidence to give preponderation to the mind, but insufficient to induce certainty; as, in our apprehension, the facts prove the issue.

> To false, and to be thought false, is all one in respect of men, who act not according to truth, but apprehension.
> South.

5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived; understanding; as, a man of dull apprehension.

6. Anticipation, mostly of things unfavorable; distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil.

> After the death of his nephew Caligula, Claudius was in no small apprehension for his own life.
> Addison.

Syn. -- Apprehension, Alarm. Apprehension springs from a sense of danger when somewhat remote, but approaching; alarm arises from danger when announced as near at hand. Apprehension is calmer and more permanent; alarm is more agitating and transient.

Ap`pre*hen"sive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. appréhensif. See Apprehend.] 1. Capable of apprehending, or quick to do so; apt; discerning.

> It may be pardonable to imagine that a friend, a kind and apprehensive . . . friend, is listening to our talk.
> Hawthorne.

2. Knowing; conscious; cognizant. [R.]

> A man that has spent his younger years in vanity and folly, and is, by the grace of God, apprehensive of it.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. Relating to the faculty of apprehension.

> Judgment . . . is implied in every apprehensive act.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

4. Anticipative of something unfavorable' fearful of what may be coming; in dread of possible harm; in expectation of evil.

> Not at all apprehensive of evils as a distance.
> Tillotson.

> Reformers . . . apprehensive for their lives.
> Gladstone.

5. Sensible; feeling; perceptive. [R.]

> Thoughts, my tormentors, armed with deadly stings,
> Mangle my apprehensive, tenderest parts.
> Milton.

Ap`pre*hen"sive*ly, adv. In an apprehensive manner; with apprehension of danger.

Ap`pre*hen"sive*ness, n. The quality or state of being apprehensive.

Ap*pren"tice (&?;), n. [OE. apprentice, prentice, OF. aprentis, nom. of aprentif, fr. apprendare to learn, L. apprendere, equiv. to apprehendere, to take hold of (by the mind), to comprehend. See Apprehend, Prentice.] 1. One who is bound by indentures or by legal agreement to serve a mechanic, or other person, for a certain time, with a view to learn the art, or trade, in which his master is bound to instruct him.

2. One not well versed in a subject; a tyro.

3. (Old law) A barrister, considered a learner of law till of sixteen years' standing, when he might be called to the rank of serjeant. [Obs.] Blackstone.

Ap*pren"tice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprenticed; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprenticing.] To bind to, or put under the care of, a master, for the purpose of instruction in a trade or business.

Ap*pren"tice*age, n. [F. apprentissage.] Apprenticeship. [Obs.]

Ap*pren"tice*hood, n. Apprenticeship. [Obs.]

Ap*pren"tice*ship, n. 1. The service or condition of an apprentice; the state in which a person is gaining instruction in a trade or art, under legal agreement.

2. The time an apprentice is serving (sometimes seven years, as from the age of fourteen to twenty-one).

{ Ap*pressed", Ap*prest" }, a. [p. p. appress, which is not in use. See Adpress.] (Bot.) Pressed close to, or lying against, something for its whole length, as against a stem. Gray.

Ap*prise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprised; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprising.] [F. appris, fem. apprise, p. p. apprendre to learn, to teach, to inform. Cf. Apprehend, Apprentice.] To give notice, verbal or written; to inform; -- followed by of; as, we will apprise the general of an intended attack; he apprised the commander of what he had done.

Ap*prise", n. Notice; information. [Obs.] Gower.

Ap*priz"al, n. See Appraisal.

Ap*prize", v. t. [The same as Appraise, only more accommodated to the English form of the L. pretiare.] To appraise; to value; to appreciate.

Ap*prize"ment, n. Appraisement.

Ap*priz"er, n. 1. An appraiser.

2. (Scots Law) A creditor for whom an appraisal is made. Sir W. Scott.

Ap*proach", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Approached; p. pr. & vb. n. Approaching.] [OE. approchen, aprochen, OF. approcher, LL. appropriare, fr. L. ad + propiare to draw near, prope near.] 1. To come or go near, in place or time; to draw nigh; to advance nearer.

> Wherefore approached ye so nigh unto the city?
> 2 Sam. xi. 20.

> But exhorting one another; and so much the more, as ye see the day approaching.
> Heb. x. 25.

2. To draw near, in a figurative sense; to make advances; to approximate; as, he approaches to the character of the ablest statesman.

Ap*proach", v. t. 1. To bring near; to cause to draw near; to advance. [Archaic] Boyle.

2. To come near to in place, time, or character; to draw nearer to; as, to approach the city; to approach my cabin; he approached the age of manhood.

> He was an admirable poet, and thought even to have approached Homer.
> Temple.

3. (Mil.) To take approaches to.

Ap*proach", n. [Cf. F. approche. See Approach, v. i.] 1. The act of drawing near; a coming or advancing near. "The approach of summer." Horsley.

> A nearer approach to the human type.
> Owen.

2. A access, or opportunity of drawing near.

> The approach to kings and principal persons.
> Bacon.

3. pl. Movements to gain favor; advances.

4. A way, passage, or avenue by which a place or buildings can be approached; an access. Macaulay.

5. pl. (Fort.) The advanced works, trenches, or covered roads made by besiegers in their advances toward a fortress or military post.

6. (Hort.) See Approaching.

Ap*proach`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being approachable; approachableness.

Ap*proach"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being approached; accessible; as, approachable virtue.

Ap*proach"a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being approachable; accessibility.

Ap*proach"er (&?;), n. One who approaches.

Ap*proach"ing, n. (Hort.) The act of ingrafting a sprig or shoot of one tree into another, without cutting it from the parent stock; -- called, also, inarching and grafting by approach.

Ap*proach"less, a. Impossible to be approached.

Ap*proach"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. approachement.] Approach. [Archaic] Holland.

Ap"pro*bate (&?;), a. [L. approbatus, p. p. of approbare to approve.] Approved. [Obs.] Elyot.

Ap"pro*bate (&?;), v. t. To express approbation of; to approve; to sanction officially.

> I approbate the one, I reprobate the other.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

This word is obsolete in England, but is occasionally heard in the United States, chiefly in a technical sense for license; as, a person is approbated to preach; approbated to keep a public house. Pickering (1816).

Ap`pro*ba"tion (&?;), n. [L. approbatio: cf. F. approbation. See Approve to prove.] 1. Proof; attestation. [Obs.] Shak.

2. The act of approving; an assenting to the propriety of a thing with some degree of pleasure or satisfaction; approval; sanction; commendation.

> Many . . . joined in a loud hum of approbation.
> Macaulay.

> The silent approbation of one's own breast.
> Melmoth.

> Animals . . . love approbation or praise.
> Darwin.

3. Probation or novitiate. [Obs.]

> This day my sister should the cloister enter,
> And there receive her approbation.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Approval; liking; sanction; consent; concurrence. -- Approbation, Approval. Approbation and approval have the same general meaning, assenting to or declaring as good, sanction, commendation; but approbation is stronger and more positive. "We may be anxious for the approbation of our friends; but we should be still more anxious for the approval of our own consciences." "He who is desirous to obtain universal approbation will learn a good lesson from the fable of the old man and his ass." "The work has been examined by several excellent judges, who have expressed their unqualified approval of its plan and execution."

Ap"pro*ba*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. approbatif.] Approving, or implying approbation. Milner.

Ap"pro*ba*tive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being approbative.

2. (Phren.) Love of approbation.

Ap"pro*ba`tor (&?;), n. [L.] One who approves. [R.]

Ap"pro*ba`to*ry (&?;), a. Containing or expressing approbation; commendatory. Sheldon.

Ap*promt" (?; 215), v. t. [Pref. ad- + promt.] To quicken; to prompt. [Obs.]

> To appromt our invention.
> Bacon.

Ap*proof" (&?;), n. [See Approve, and Proof.] 1. Trial; proof. [Archaic] Shak.

2. Approval; commendation. Shak.

Ap`pro*pin"quate (&?;), v. i. [L. appropinquatus, p. p. of appropinquare; ad + prope near.] To approach. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton.

Ap`pro*pin*qua"tion (&?;), n. [L. appropinquatio.] A drawing nigh; approach. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Ap`pro*pin"qui*ty (&?;), n. [Pref. ad- + propinquity.] Nearness; propinquity. [R.] J. Gregory.

Ap*pro"pre (&?;), v. t. [OE. appropren, apropren, OF. approprier, fr. L. appropriare. See Appropriate.] To appropriate. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ap*pro"pri*a*ble (&?;), a. [See Appropriate.] Capable of being appropriated, set apart, sequestered, or assigned exclusively to a particular use. Sir T. Browne.

Ap*pro"pri*a*ment (&?;), n. What is peculiarly one's own; peculiar qualification. [Obs.]

> If you can neglect
> Your own appropriaments.
> Ford.

Ap*pro"pri*ate (&?;), a. [L. appropriatus, p. p. of appropriare; ad + propriare to appropriate, fr. proprius one's own, proper. See Proper.] Set apart for a particular use or person. Hence: Belonging peculiarly; peculiar; suitable; fit; proper.

> In its strict and appropriate meaning.
> Porteus.

> Appropriate acts of divine worship.
> Stillingfleet.

> It is not at all times easy to find words appropriate to express our ideas.
> Locke.

Ap*pro"pri*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appropriated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Appropriating (&?;).] 1. To take to one's self in exclusion of others; to claim or use as by an exclusive right; as, let no man appropriate the use of a common benefit.

2. To set apart for, or assign to, a particular person or use, in exclusion of all others; -- with to or for; as, a spot of ground is appropriated for a garden; to appropriate money for the increase of the navy.

3. To make suitable; to suit. [Archaic] Paley.

4. (Eng. Eccl. Law) To annex, as a benefice, to a spiritual corporation, as its property. Blackstone.

Ap*pro"pri*ate (&?;), n. A property; attribute. [Obs.]

Ap*pro"pri*ate*ly, adv. In an appropriate or proper manner; fitly; properly.

Ap*pro"pri*ate*ness, n. The state or quality of being appropriate; peculiar fitness. Froude.

Ap*pro`pri*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. appropriatio: cf. F. appropriation.] 1. The act of setting apart or assigning to a particular use or person, or of taking to one's self, in exclusion of all others; application to a special use or purpose, as of a piece of ground for a park, or of money to carry out some object.

2. Anything, especially money, thus set apart.

> The Commons watched carefully over the appropriation.
> Macaulay.

3. (Law) (a) The severing or sequestering of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual corporation. Blackstone. (b) The application of payment of money by a debtor to his creditor, to one of several debts which are due from the former to the latter. Chitty.

Ap*pro"pri*a*tive (&?;), a. Appropriating; making, or tending to, appropriation; as, an appropriative act. -- Ap*pro"pri*a*tive*ness, n.

Ap*pro"pri*a`tor (&?;), n. 1. One who appropriates.

2. (Law) A spiritual corporation possessed of an appropriated benefice; also, an impropriator.

Ap*prov"a*ble (&?;), a. Worthy of being approved; meritorious. -- Ap*prov"a*ble*ness, n.

Ap*prov"al (&?;), n. Approbation; sanction.

> A censor . . . without whose approval n&?; capital sentences are to be executed.
> Temple.

Syn. -- See Approbation.

Ap*prov"ance (&?;), n. Approval. [Archaic] Thomson.

Ap*prove" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approved (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Approving.] [OE. aproven, appreven, to prove, OF. aprover, F. approuver, to approve, fr. L. approbare; ad + probare to esteem as good, approve, prove. See Prove, and cf. Approbate.] 1. To show to be real or true; to prove. [Obs.]

> Wouldst thou approve thy constancy? Approve
> First thy obedience.
> Milton.

2. To make proof of; to demonstrate; to prove or show practically.

> Opportunities to approve . . . worth.
> Emerson.

> He had approved himself a great warrior.
> Macaulay.

> 'T is an old lesson; Time approves it true.
> Byron.

> His account . . . approves him a man of thought.
> Parkman.

3. To sanction officially; to ratify; to confirm; as, to approve the decision of a court-martial.

4. To regard as good; to commend; to be pleased with; to think well of; as, we approve the measured of the administration.

5. To make or show to be worthy of approbation or acceptance.

> The first care and concern must be to approve himself to God.
> Rogers.

This word, when it signifies to be pleased with, to think favorably (of), is often followed by of.

> They had not approved of the deposition of James.
> Macaulay.

> They approved of the political institutions.
> W. Black.

<! p. 75 !>

Ap*prove" (p*prv"), v. t. [OF. aprouer; a (L. ad) + a form apparently derived fr. the pro, prod, in L. prodest it is useful or profitable, properly the preposition pro for. Cf. Improve.] (Eng. Law) To make profit of; to convert to one's own profit; -- said esp. of waste or common land appropriated by the lord of the manor.

Ap*prov"ed*ly (&?;), adv. So as to secure approbation; in an approved manner.

Ap*prove"ment (&?;), n. [Obs.] 1. Approbation.

> I did nothing without your approvement.
> Hayward.

2. (Eng. Law) a confession of guilt by a prisoner charged with treason or felony, together with an accusation of his accomplish and a giving evidence against them in order to obtain his own pardon. The term is no longer in use; it corresponded to what is now known as turning king's (or queen's) evidence in England, and state's evidence in the United States. Burrill. Bouvier.

Ap*prove"ment, n. (Old Eng. Law) Improvement of common lands, by inclosing and converting them to the uses of husbandry for the advantage of the lord of the manor. Blackstone.

Ap*prov"er (&?;), n. 1. One who approves. Formerly, one who made proof or trial.

2. An informer; an accuser. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. (Eng. Law) One who confesses a crime and accuses another. See 1st Approvement, 2.

Ap*prov"er, n. [See 2d Approve, v. t.] (Eng. Law) A bailiff or steward; an agent. [Obs.] Jacobs.

Ap*prov"ing, a. Expressing approbation; commending; as, an approving smile. -- Ap*prov"ing*ly, adv.

Ap*prox"i*mate (&?;), a. [L. approximatus, p. p. of approximare to approach; ad + proximare to come near. See Proximate.] 1. Approaching; proximate; nearly resembling.

2. Near correctness; nearly exact; not perfectly accurate; as, approximate results or values.

Approximate quantities (Math.), those which are nearly, but not, equal.

Ap*prox"i*mate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approximated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Approximating.] 1. To carry or advance near; to cause to approach.

> To approximate the inequality of riches to the level of nature.
> Burke.

2. To come near to; to approach.

> The telescope approximates perfection.
> J. Morse.

Ap*prox"i*mate, v. i. To draw; to approach.

Ap*prox"i*mate*ly (&?;), adv. With approximation; so as to approximate; nearly.

Ap*prox`i*ma"tion (&?;). n. [Cf. F. approximation, LL. approximatio.] 1. The act of approximating; a drawing, advancing or being near; approach; also, the result of approximating.

> The largest capacity and the most noble dispositions are but an approximation to the proper standard and true symmetry of human nature.
> I. Taylor.

2. An approach to a correct estimate, calculation, or conception, or to a given quantity, quality, etc.

3. (Math.) (a) A continual approach or coming nearer to a result; as, to solve an equation by approximation. (b) A value that is nearly but not exactly correct.

Ap*prox"i*ma*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. approximatif.] Approaching; approximate. -- Ap*prox"i*ma*tive*ly, adv. -- Ap*prox"i*ma*tive*ness, n.

Ap*prox"i*ma`tor (&?;), n. One who, or that which, approximates.

||Ap`pui" (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. ad + podium foothold, Gr. &?;, dim. of &?;, &?;, foot.] A support or supporter; a stay; a prop. [Obs.]

> If a vine be to climb trees that are of any great height, there would be stays and appuies set to it.
> Holland.

Point d'appui (&?;). [F., a point of support.] (Mil.) (a) A given point or body, upon which troops are formed, or by which are marched in line or column. (b) An advantageous defensive support, as a castle, morass, wood, declivity, etc.

Ap"pulse (?; 277), n. [L. appulsus, fr. appellere, appulsum, to drive to; ad + pellere to drive: cf. F. appulse.] 1. A driving or running towards; approach; impulse; also, the act of striking against.

> In all consonants there is an appulse of the organs.
> Holder.

2. (Astron.) The near approach of one heavenly body to another, or to the meridian; a coming into conjunction; as, the appulse of the moon to a star, or of a star to the meridian.

Ap*pul"sion (&?;), n. A driving or striking against; an appulse.

Ap*pul"sive (&?;), a. Striking against; impinging; as, the appulsive influence of the planets. P. Cyc.

Ap*pul"sive*ly, adv. By appulsion.

Ap*pur"te*nance (&?;), n. [OF. apurtenaunce, apartenance, F. appartenance, LL. appartenentia, from L. appertinere. See Appertain.] That which belongs to something else; an adjunct; an appendage; an accessory; something annexed to another thing more worthy; in common parlance and legal acceptation, something belonging to another thing as principal, and which passes as incident to it, as a right of way, or other easement to land; a right of common to pasture, an outhouse, barn, garden, or orchard, to a house or messuage. In a strict legal sense, land can never pass as an appurtenance to land. Tomlins. Bouvier. Burrill.

> Globes . . . provided as appurtenances to astronomy.
> Bacon.

> The structure of the eye, and of its appurtenances.
> Reid.

Ap*pur"te*nant (&?;), a. [F. appartenant, p. pr. of appartenir. See Appurtenance.] Annexed or pertaining to some more important thing; accessory; incident; as, a right of way appurtenant to land or buildings. Blackstone.

Common appurtenant. (Law) See under Common, n.

Ap*pur"te*nant, n. Something which belongs or appertains to another thing; an appurtenance.

> Mysterious appurtenants and symbols of redemption.
> Coleridge.

Ap"ri*cate (&?;), v. t. & i. [L. apricatus, p. p. of apricare, fr. apricus exposed to the sun, fr. aperire to uncover, open.] To bask in the sun. Boyle.

Ap`ri*ca"tion, n. Basking in the sun. [R.]

A"pri*cot, n. [OE. apricock, abricot, F. abricot, fr. Sp. albaricoque or Pg. albricoque, fr. Ar. albirqq, al-burqq. Though the E. and F. form abricot is derived from the Arabic through the Spanish, yet the Arabic word itself was formed from the Gr. praiko`kia, pl. (Diosc. c. 100) fr. L. praecoquus, praecox, early ripe. The older E. form apricock was prob. taken direct from Pg. See Precocious, Cook.] (Bot.) A fruit allied to the plum, of an orange color, oval shape, and delicious taste; also, the tree (Prunus Armeniaca of Linnæus) which bears this fruit. By cultivation it has been introduced throughout the temperate zone.

A"pril (&?;), n. [L. Aprilis. OE. also Averil, F. Avril, fr. L. Aprilis.] 1. The fourth month of the year.

2. Fig.: With reference to April being the month in which vegetation begins to put forth, the variableness of its weather, etc.

> The April's her eyes; it is love's spring.
> Shak.

April fool, one who is sportively imposed upon by others on the first day of April.

||A` pri*o"ri (&?;). [L. a (ab) + prior former.] 1. (Logic) Characterizing that kind of reasoning which deduces consequences from definitions formed, or principles assumed, or which infers effects from causes previously known; deductive or deductively. The reverse of a posteriori.

3. (Philos.) Applied to knowledge and conceptions assumed, or presupposed, as prior to experience, in order to make experience rational or possible.

> A priori, that is, form these necessities of the mind or forms of thinking, which, though first revealed to us by experience, must yet have preëxisted in order to make experience possible.
> Coleridge.

A`pri*o"rism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. apriorisme.] An a priori principle.

A`pri*or"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being innate in the mind, or prior to experience; a priori reasoning.

||A*proc"ta (*prk"t), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + prwkto`s anus.] (Zoöl.) A group of Turbellaria in which there is no anal aperture.

A*proc"tous (-ts), a. (Zoöl.) Without an anal orifice.

A"pron ("prn or "prn; 277), n. [OE. napron, OF. naperon, F. napperon, dim. of OF. nape, F. nappe, cloth, tablecloth, LL. napa, fr. L. mappa, napkin, table napkin. See Map.] 1. An article of dress, of cloth, leather, or other stuff, worn on the fore part of the body, to keep the clothes clean, to defend them from injury, or as a covering. It is commonly tied at the waist by strings.

2. Something which by its shape or use suggests an apron; as, (a) The fat skin covering the belly of a goose or duck. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. (b) A piece of leather, or other material, to be spread before a person riding on an outside seat of a vehicle, to defend him from the rain, snow, or dust; a boot. "The weather being too hot for the apron." Hughes. (c) (Gun.) A leaden plate that covers the vent of a cannon. (d) (Shipbuilding) A piece of carved timber, just above the foremost end of the keel. Totten. (e) A platform, or flooring of plank, at the entrance of a dock, against which the dock gates are shut. (f) A flooring of plank before a dam to cause the water to make a gradual descent. (g) (Mech.) The piece that holds the cutting tool of a planer. (h) (Plumbing) A strip of lead which leads the drip of a wall into a gutter; a flashing. (i) (Zoöl.) The infolded abdomen of a crab.

A"proned (&?;), a. Wearing an apron.

> A cobbler aproned, and a parson gowned.
> Pope.

A"pron*ful (&?;), n.; pl. Apronfuls (&?;). The quantity an apron can hold.

A"pron*less, a. Without an apron.

A"pron man` (&?;). A man who wears an apron; a laboring man; a mechanic. [Obs.] Shak.

A"pron string` (&?;). The string of an apron.

To be tied to a wife's or mother's apron strings, to be unduly controlled by a wife or mother.

> He was so made that he could not submit to be tied to the apron strings even of the best of wives.
> Macaulay.

Ap"ro*pos` (p"r*p`), a. & adv. [F. à propos; à (L. ad) + propos purpose, L. proposium plan, purpose, fr. proponere to propose. See Propound.] 1. Opportunely or opportune; seasonably or seasonable.

> A tale extremely apropos.
> Pope.

2. By the way; to the purpose; relevant; suitably to the place or subject; -- a word used to introduce an incidental observation, suited to the occasion, though not strictly belonging to the narration.

Apse (ps), n.; pl. Apses (- sz). [See Apsis.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A projecting part of a building, esp. of a church, having in the plan a polygonal or semicircular termination, and, most often, projecting from the east end. In early churches the Eastern apse was occupied by seats for the bishop and clergy. Hence: (b) The bishop's seat or throne, in ancient churches.

2. A reliquary, or case in which the relics of saints were kept.

This word is also written apsis and absis.

Ap"si*dal (p"s*dal), a. 1. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the apsides of an orbit.

2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to the apse of a church; as, the apsidal termination of the chancel.

Ap"si*des (p"s*dz), n. pl. See Apsis.

||Ap"sis (p"ss), n.; pl. Apsides (p"s*dz). See Apse. [L. apsis, absis, Gr. "apsi`s, "apsi^dos, a tying, fastening, the hoop of a wheel, the wheel, a bow, arch, vault, fr. "a`ptein to fasten.] 1. (Astron.) One of the two points of an orbit, as of a planet or satellite, which are at the greatest and least distance from the central body, corresponding to the aphelion and perihelion of a planet, or to the apogee and perigee of the moon. The more distant is called the higher apsis; the other, the lower apsis; and the line joining them, the line of apsides.

2. (Math.) In a curve referred to polar coördinates, any point for which the radius vector is a maximum or minimum.

3. (Arch.) Same as Apse.

Apt (&?;), a. [F. apte, L. aptus, fr. obsolete apere to fasten, to join, to fit, akin to apisci to reach, attain: cf. Gr. &?; to fasten, Skr. pta fit, fr. p to reach attain.] 1. Fit or fitted; suited; suitable; appropriate.

> They have always apt instruments.
> Burke.

> A river . . . apt to be forded by a lamb.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. Having an habitual tendency; habitually liable or likely; -- used of things.

> My vines and peaches . . . were apt to have a soot or smuttiness upon their leaves and fruit.
> Temple.

> This tree, if unprotected, is apt to be stripped of the leaves by a leaf-cutting ant.
> Lubbock.

3. Inclined; disposed customarily; given; ready; -- used of persons.

> Apter to give than thou wit be to ask.
> Beau. & Fl.

> That lofty pity with which prosperous folk are apt to remember their grandfathers.
> F. Harrison.

4. Ready; especially fitted or qualified (to do something); quick to learn; prompt; expert; as, a pupil apt to learn; an apt scholar. "An apt wit." Johnson.

> Live a thousand years,
> I shall not find myself so apt to die.
> Shak.

> I find thee apt . . . Now, Hamlet, hear.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Fit; meet; suitable; qualified; inclined; disposed; liable; ready; quick; prompt.

Apt, v. t. [L. aptare. See Aptate.] To fit; to suit; to adapt. [Obs.] " To apt their places." B. Jonson.

> That our speech be apted to edification.
> Jer. Taylor.

Apt"a*ble (&?;), a. [LL. aptabilis, fr. L. aptare.] Capable of being adapted. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Ap"tate (&?;), v. t. [L. aptatus, p. p. of aptare. See Apt.] To make fit. [Obs.] Bailey

||Ap"te*ra (&?;), n. pl. [NL. aptera, fr. Gr. &?; without wings; 'a priv. + &?; wing, &?; to fly.] (Zoöl.) Insects without wings, constituting the seventh Linnæn order of insects, an artificial group, which included Crustacea, spiders, centipeds, and even worms. These animals are now placed in several distinct classes and orders.

Ap"ter*al (&?;), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Apterous.

2. (Arch.) Without lateral columns; -- applied to buildings which have no series of columns along their sides, but are either prostyle or amphiprostyle, and opposed to peripteral. R. Cyc.

Ap"ter*an (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Aptera.

||Ap*te"ri*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Aptera.] (Zoöl.) Naked spaces between the feathered areas of birds. See Pteryliæ.

Ap"ter*ous (&?;), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Destitute of wings; apteral; as, apterous insects.

2. (Bot.) Destitute of winglike membranous expansions, as a stem or petiole; -- opposed to alate.

||Ap*ter"y*ges (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Apteryx.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including the genus Apteryx.

||Ap"te*ryx (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + pte`ryx wing. Cf. Aptera.] (Zoöl.) A genus of New Zealand birds about the size of a hen, with only short rudiments of wings, armed with a claw and without a tail; the kiwi. It is allied to the gigantic extinct moas of the same country. Five species are known.

Apt"i*tude (&?;), n. [F. aptitude, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus. See Apt, and cf. Attitude.] 1. A natural or acquired disposition or capacity for a particular purpose, or tendency to a particular action or effect; as, oil has an aptitude to burn.

> He seems to have had a peculiar aptitude for the management of irregular troops.
> Macaulay.

2. A general fitness or suitableness; adaptation.

> That sociable and helpful aptitude which God implanted between man and woman.
> Milton.

3. Readiness in learning; docility; aptness.

> He was a boy of remarkable aptitude.
> Macaulay.

Apt`i*tu"di*nal (&?;), a. Suitable; fit. [Obs.]

Apt"ly (&?;), adv. In an apt or suitable manner; fitly; properly; pertinently; appropriately; readily.

Apt"ness, n. 1. Fitness; suitableness; appropriateness; as, the aptness of things to their end.

> The aptness of his quotations.
> J. R. Green.

<! p. 76 !>

2. Disposition of the mind; propensity; as, the aptness of men to follow example.

3. Quickness of apprehension; readiness in learning; docility; as, an aptness to learn is more observable in some children than in others.

4. Proneness; tendency; as, the aptness of iron to rust.

Ap"tote (p"tt), n. [L. aptotum, Gr. &?; indeclinable; 'a priv. + &?; fallen, declined, &?; to fall.] (Gram.) A noun which has no distinction of cases; an indeclinable noun.

Ap*tot"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, aptotes; uninflected; as, aptotic languages.

||Ap"ty*chus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?;, &?;, fold.] (Zoöl.) A shelly plate found in the terminal chambers of ammonite shells. Some authors consider them to be jaws; others, opercula.

||A"pus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Apode, n.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water phyllopod crustaceans. See Phyllopod.

Ap`y*ret"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. a&?; not + pyretic.] (Med.) Without fever; -- applied to days when there is an intermission of fever. Dunglison.

{ ||Ap`y*rex"i*a (&?;), Ap`y*rex`y (&?;), } n. [NL. apyrexia, fr. Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to be feverish, fr. &?; fire: cf. F. apyrexie.] (Med.) The absence or intermission of fever.

Ap`y*rex"i*al (&?;), a. (Med.) Relating to apyrexy. "Apyrexial period." Brande & C.

Ap"y*rous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; fire.] Incombustible; capable of sustaining a strong heat without alteration of form or properties.

||A"qua (&?;), n. [L. See Ewer.] Water; -- a word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in various signification, determined by the word or words annexed.

Aqua ammoniæ, the aqueous solution of ammonia; liquid ammonia; often called aqua ammonia. -- Aqua marine (&?;), or Aqua marina (&?;). Same as Aquamarine. -- Aqua regia (&?;). [L., royal water] (Chem.), a very corrosive fuming yellow liquid consisting of nitric and hydrochloric acids. It has the power of dissolving gold, the "royal" metal. -- Aqua Tofana (&?;), a fluid containing arsenic, and used for secret poisoning, made by an Italian woman named Tofana, in the middle of the 17th century, who is said to have poisoned more than 600 persons. Francis. -- Aqua vitæ (&?;) [L., water of life. Cf. Eau de vie, Usquebaugh], a name given to brandy and some other ardent spirits. Shak.

||A`qua for"tis (&?;). [L., strong water.] (Chem.) Nitric acid. [Archaic]

A`qua*ma*rine" (&?;), n. (Min.) A transparent, pale green variety of beryl, used as a gem. See Beryl.

A`qua*punc"ture (&?;), n. [L. aqua water, + punctura puncture, pungere, punctum, to, prick.] (Med.) The introduction of water subcutaneously for the relief of pain.

||Aq`ua*relle" (&?;), n. [F., fr. Ital acquerello, fr. acqua water, L. aqua.] A design or painting in thin transparent water colors; also, the mode of painting in such colors.

Aq`ua*rel"list (&?;), n. A painter in thin transparent water colors.

{ A*qua"ri*al (&?;), A*qua"ri*an (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to an aquarium.

A*qua"ri*an, n. [L. (assumed) Aquarianus, fr. aqua: cf. F. Aquarien. See Aqua.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Christian in the primitive church who used water instead of wine in the Lord's Supper.

A*qua"ri*um (&?;), n.; pl. E. Aquariums (&?;), L. Aquaria (&?;). [L. See Aquarius, Ewer.] An artificial pond, or a globe or tank (usually with glass sides), in which living specimens of aquatic animals or plants are kept.

||A*qua"ri*us (&?;), n. [L. aquarius, adj., relating to water, and n., a water-carrier, fr. aqua. See Aqua.] (Astron.) (a) The Water-bearer; the eleventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 20th of January; -- so called from the rains which prevail at that season in Italy and the East. (b) A constellation south of Pegasus.

A*quat"ic (&?;), a. [L. aquaticus: cf. F. aquatique. See Aqua.] Pertaining to water; growing in water; living in, swimming in, or frequenting the margins of waters; as, aquatic plants and fowls.

A*quat`ic, n. 1. An aquatic animal or plant.

2. pl. Sports or exercises practiced in or on the water.

A*quat"ic*al (&?;), a. Aquatic. [R.]

Aq"ua*tile (&?;), a. [L. aquatilis: cf. F. aquatile.] Inhabiting the water. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

{ A"qua*tint (&?;), A`qua*tin"ta (&?;), } n. [It. acquatinta dyed water; acqua (L. aqua) water + tinto, fem. tinta, dyed. See Tint.] A kind of etching in which spaces are bitten by the use of aqua fortis, by which an effect is produced resembling a drawing in water colors or India ink; also, the engraving produced by this method.

Aq"ue*duct (&?;), n. [F. aqueduc, OF. aqueduct (Cotgr.), fr. L. aquaeductus; aquae, gen. of aqua water + ductus a leading, ducere to lead. See Aqua, Duke.] 1. A conductor, conduit, or artificial channel for conveying water, especially one for supplying large cities with water.

The term is also applied to a structure (similar to the ancient aqueducts), for conveying a canal over a river or hollow; more properly called an aqueduct bridge.

2. (Anat.) A canal or passage; as, the aqueduct of Sylvius, a channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain.

A*que"i*ty (&?;), n. Wateriness. [Obs.]

A"que*ous (&?;), a. [Cf. F. aqueux, L. aquosus, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aquose.] 1. Partaking of the nature of water, or abounding with it; watery.

> The aqueous vapor of the air.
> Tyndall.

2. Made from, or by means of, water.

> An aqueous deposit.
> Dana.

Aqueous extract, an extract obtained from a vegetable substance by steeping it in water. -- Aqueous humor (Anat.), one the humors of the eye; a limpid fluid, occupying the space between the crystalline lens and the cornea. (See Eye.) -- Aqueous rocks (Geol.), those which are deposited from water and lie in strata, as opposed to volcanic rocks, which are of igneous origin; -- called also sedimentary rocks.

A`que*ous*ness, n. Wateriness.

A*quif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. aqua water + -ferous.] Consisting or conveying water or a watery fluid; as, aquiferous vessels; the aquiferous system.

A"qui*form (&?;), a. [L. aqua water + -form.] Having the form of water.

||Aq"ui*la (&?;), n.; pl. Aquilæ (&?;). [L., an eagle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of eagles.

2. (Astron.) A northern constellation southerly from Lyra and Cygnus and preceding the Dolphin; the Eagle.

Aquila alba [L., white eagle], an alchemical name of calomel. Brande & C.

Aq"ui*la`ted (&?;), a. (Her.) Adorned with eagles' heads.

Aq"ui*line (?; 277), a. [L. aquilinus, fr. aquila eagle: cf. F. aquilin. See Eagle. ] 1. Belonging to or like an eagle.

2. Curving; hooked; prominent, like the beak of an eagle; -- applied particularly to the nose

> Terribly arched and aquiline his nose.
> Cowper.

Aq"ui*lon (&?;), n. [L. aquilo, - lonis: cf. F. aquilon.] The north wind. [Obs.] Shak.

A*quip"a*rous (&?;), a. [L. aqua water + parere to bring forth.] (Med.) Secreting water; -- applied to certain glands. Dunglison.

Aq`ui*ta"ni*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Aquitania, now called Gascony.

A*quose" (&?;), a. [L. aquosus watery, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aqueous.] Watery; aqueous. [R.] Bailey.

A*quos"i*ty (&?;), n. [LL. aquositas.] The condition of being wet or watery; wateriness. Huxley.

> Very little water or aquosity is found in their belly.
> Holland.

Ar (&?;), conj. Ere; before. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||A"ra (&?;), n. [L.] (Astron.) The Altar; a southern constellation, south of the tail of the Scorpion.

||A"ra (&?;), n. [Native Indian name.] (Zoöl.) A name of the great blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), native of South America.

Ar"ab (?; 277), n. [Prob. ultimately fr. Heb. arabah a desert, the name employed, in the Old Testament, to denote the valley of the Jordan and Dead Sea. Ar. Arab, Heb. arabi, arbi, arbim: cf. F. Arabe, L. Arabs, Gr. &?;.] One of a swarthy race occupying Arabia, and numerous in Syria, Northern Africa, etc.

Street Arab, a homeless vagabond in the streets of a city, particularly and outcast boy or girl. Tylor.

> The ragged outcasts and street Arabs who are shivering in damp doorways.
> Lond. Sat. Rev.

Ar`a*besque" (&?;), n. [F. arabesque, fr. It. arabesco, fr. Arabo Arab.] A style of ornamentation either painted, inlaid, or carved in low relief. It consists of a pattern in which plants, fruits, foliage, etc., as well as figures of men and animals, real or imaginary, are fantastically interlaced or put together.

It was employed in Roman imperial ornamentation, and appeared, without the animal figures, in Moorish and Arabic decorative art. (See Moresque.) The arabesques of the Renaissance were founded on Greco- Roman work.

Ar`a*besque", a. 1. Arabian. [Obs.]

2. Relating to, or exhibiting, the style of ornament called arabesque; as, arabesque frescoes.

Ar`a*besqued" (&?;), a. Ornamented in the style of arabesques.

A*ra"bi*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Arabia or its inhabitants.

Arabian bird, the phenix. Shak.

A*ra"bi*an, n. A native of Arabia; an Arab.

Ar"a*bic (&?;), a. [L. Arabicus, fr. Arabia.] Of or pertaining to Arabia or the Arabians.

Arabic numerals or figures, the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc., and the cipher 0. -- Gum arabic. See under Gum.

Ar"a*bic, n. The language of the Arabians.

The Arabic is a Semitic language, allied to the Hebrew. It is very widely diffused, being the language in which all Mohammedans must read the Koran, and is spoken as a vernacular tongue in Arabia, Syria, and Northern Africa.

A*rab"ic*al (&?;), a. Relating to Arabia; Arabic. -- A*rab"ic*al*ly, adv.

Ar"a*bin (&?;), n. 1. (Chem.) A carbohydrate, isomeric with cane sugar, contained in gum arabic, from which it is extracted as a white, amorphous substance.

2. Mucilage, especially that made of gum arabic.

Ar"a*bin*ose` (&?;), n. (Chem.) A sugar of the composition C5H10O5, obtained from cherry gum by boiling it with dilute sulphuric acid.

Ar"a*bism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. Arabisme.] An Arabic idiom peculiarly of language. Stuart.

Ar`a*bist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. Arabiste.] One well versed in the Arabic language or literature; also, formerly, one who followed the Arabic system of surgery.

Ar"a*ble (&?;), a. [F. arable, L. arabilis, fr. arare to plow, akin to Gr. &?;, E. ear, to plow. See Earable.] Fit for plowing or tillage; -- hence, often applied to land which has been plowed or tilled.

Ar"a*ble, n. Arable land; plow land.

Ar"a*by (&?;), n. The country of Arabia. [Archaic & Poetic]

||Ar`a*ca*nese" (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Aracan, a province of British Burmah. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aracan.

||A`ra*ça"ri (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird, of the genus Pleroglossius, allied to the toucans. There are several species.

A*race" (&?;), v. t. [OE. aracen, arasen, OF. arachier, esracier, F. arracher, fr. L. exradicare, eradicare. The prefix a- is perh. due to L. ab. See Eradicate.] To tear up by the roots; to draw away. [Obs.] Wyatt.

A*ra"ceous (&?;), a. [L. arum a genus of plants, fr. Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of plants, of which the genus Arum is the type.

A*rach"nid (&?;), n. An arachnidan. Huxley.

||A*rach"ni*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; spider.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Arthropoda. See Illustration in Appendix.

They have four pairs of legs, no antennæ nor wings, a pair of mandibles, and one pair of maxillæ or palpi. The head is usually consolidated with the thorax. The respiration is either by trancheæ or by pulmonary sacs, or by both. The class includes three principal orders: Araneina, or spiders; Arthrogastra, including scorpions, etc.; and Acarina, or mites and ticks.

A*rach"ni*dan (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; spider.] (Zoöl.) One of the Arachnida.

Ar`ach*nid"i*al (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Of or pertaining to the Arachnida. (b) Pertaining to the arachnidium.

||Ar`ach*nid"i*um (&?;), n. [NL. See Arachnida.] (Zoöl.) The glandular organ in which the material for the web of spiders is secreted.

||Ar`ach*ni"tis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + &?;.] (Med.) Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane.

A*rach"noid (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; like a cobweb; &?; spider, spider's web + &?; form.] 1. Resembling a spider's web; cobweblike.

2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a thin membrane of the brain and spinal cord, between the dura mater and pia mater.

3. (Bot.) Covered with, or composed of, soft, loose hairs or fibers, so as to resemble a cobweb; cobwebby.

A*rach"noid, n. 1. (Anat.) The arachnoid membrane.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the Arachnoidea.

Ar`ach*noid"al (&?;), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the arachnoid membrane; arachnoid.

||Ar`ach*noid"e*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Arachnida.

A*rach`no*log"ic*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to arachnology.

Ar`ach*nol"o*gist (&?;), n. One who is versed in, or studies, arachnology.

Ar`ach*nol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; spider + -logy.] The department of zoölogy which treats of spiders and other Arachnida.

A`ræ*om"e*ter (?; 277). See Areometer.

A*ræ"o*style (&?;), a. & n. [L. araeostylos, Gr. &?;; &?; at intervals + &?; pillar, column.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation.

A*ræ`o*sys"tyle (&?;), a. & n. [Gr. &?; as intervals + &?;. See Systyle.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation.

Ar`a*go*nese (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Aragon, in Spain, or to its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aragon, in Spain.

A*rag"o*nite (&?;), n. [From Aragon, in Spain.] (Min.) A mineral identical in composition with calcite or carbonate of lime, but differing from it in its crystalline form and some of its physical characters.

||A`ra*gua"to (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American monkey, the ursine howler (Mycetes ursinus). See Howler, n., 2.

A*raise"" (&?;), v. t. To raise. [Obs.] Shak.

Ar"ak (&?;), n. Same as Arrack.

{ Ar`a*mæan, Ar`a*me"an } (&?;), a. [L. Aramaeus, Gr. &?;, fr. Heb. Arm, i. e. Highland, a name given to Syria and Mesopotamia.] Of or pertaining to the Syrians and Chaldeans, or to their language; Aramaic. -- n. A native of Aram.

Ar`a*ma"ic (&?;), a. [See Aramæan, a.] Pertaining to Aram, or to the territory, inhabitants, language, or literature of Syria and Mesopotamia; Aramæan; -- specifically applied to the northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee. -- n. The Aramaic language.

Ar`a*ma"ism (&?;), n. An idiom of the Aramaic.

{ ||Ar`a*ne"i*da (&?;), ||Ar`a*ne*oid"e*a (&?;), } n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) See Araneina.

Ar`a*ne"i*dan (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Araneina or spiders. -- n. One of the Araneina; a spider.

Ar`a*ne"i*form (&?;) a. [L. aranea spider + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form of a spider. Kirby.

||A*ra`ne*i"na (*r`n*"n), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. aranea spider.] (Zoöl.) The order of Arachnida that includes the spiders.

They have mandibles, modified as poison fangs, leglike palpi, simple eyes, abdomen without segments, and spinnerets for spinning a web. They breathe by pulmonary sacs and tracheæ in the abdomen. See Illustration in Appendix.

A*ra"ne*ose` (*r"n*s`), a. [L. araneosus.] Of the aspect of a spider's web; arachnoid.

A*ra"ne*ous (-s), a. [L. araneosus, fr. aranea spider, spider's web.] Cobweblike; extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb; as, the araneous membrane of the eye. See Arachnoid. Derham.

<! p. 77 !>

||A*ran"go (*r"g), n.; pl. Arangoes (-gz). [The native name.] A bead of rough carnelian. Arangoes were formerly imported from Bombay for use in the African slave trade. McCulloch.

||A`ra*pai"ma (&?;), n. [Prob. native name.] (Zoöl.) A large fresh-water food fish of South America.

||A*ra"ra (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The palm (or great black) cockatoo, of Australia (Microglossus aterrimus).

A*ra"tion (&?;), n. [L. aratio, fr. arare to plow.] Plowing; tillage. [R.]

> Lands are said to be in a state of aration when they are under tillage.
> Brande.

Ar"a*to*ry (&?;), a. [LL. aratorius: cf. F. aratoire.] Contributing to tillage.

||Ar`au*ca"ri*a (&?;), n. [Araucania, a territory south of Chili.] (Bot.) A genus of tall conifers of the pine family. The species are confined mostly to South America and Australia. The wood cells differ from those of other in having the dots in their lateral surfaces in two or three rows, and the dots of contiguous rows alternating. The seeds are edible.

Ar`au*ca"ri*an (&?;), a. Relating to, or of the nature of, the Araucaria. The earliest conifers in geological history were mostly Araucarian. Dana.

{ Ar"ba*lest (&?;), Ar"ba*list (&?;), } n. [OF. arbaleste, LL. arbalista, for L. arcuballista; arcus bow + ballista a military engine. See Ballista.] (Antiq.) A crossbow, consisting of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger, and a mechanical device for bending the bow. It served to throw arrows, darts, bullets, etc. [Written also arbalet and arblast.] Fosbroke.

{ Ar"ba*lest`er (&?;), Ar"ba*list`er (&?;), } n. [OF. arblastere, OF. arbalestier. See Arbalest.] A crossbowman. [Obs.] Speed.

Ar"bi*ter (&?;), n. [L. arbiter; ar- (for ad) + the root of betere to go; hence properly, one who comes up to look on.] 1. A person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them.

In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical word.

2. Any person who has the power of judging and determining, or ordaining, without control; one whose power of deciding and governing is not limited.

> For Jove is arbiter of both to man.
> Cowper.

Syn. -- Arbitrator; umpire; director; referee; controller; ruler; governor.

Ar"bi*ter, v. t. To act as arbiter between. [Obs.]

Ar"bi*tra*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. arbitrable, fr. L. arbitrari. See Arbitrate, v. t.] Capable of being decided by arbitration; determinable. [Archaic] Bp. Hall.

Ar"bi*trage (&?;), n. [F., fr. arbiter to give judgment, L. arbitrari.] 1. Judgment by an arbiter; authoritative determination. [Archaic]

2. (Com) A traffic in bills of exchange (see Arbitration of Exchange); also, a traffic in stocks which bear differing values at the same time in different markets.

Ar"bi*tral (&?;), a. [L. arbitralis.] Of or relating to an arbiter or an arbitration. [R.]

Ar*bit"ra*ment (&?;), n. [LL. arbitramentum.] 1. Determination; decision; arbitration.

> The arbitrament of time.
> Everett.

> Gladly at this moment would MacIvor have put their quarrel to personal arbitrament.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. The award of arbitrators. Cowell.

Ar"bi*tra*ri*ly (&?;), adv. In an arbitrary manner; by will only; despotically; absolutely.

Ar"bi*tra*ri*ness, n. The quality of being arbitrary; despoticalness; tyranny. Bp. Hall.

Ar`bi*tra"ri*ous (&?;), a. [L. arbitrarius. See Arbitrary.] Arbitrary; despotic. [Obs.] -- Ar`bi*tra"ri*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.]

Ar"bi*tra*ry (&?;), a. [L. arbitrarius, fr. arbiter: cf. F. arbitraire. See Arbiter.] 1. Depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules; as, an arbitrary decision; an arbitrary punishment.

> It was wholly arbitrary in them to do so.
> Jer. Taylor.

> Rank pretends to fix the value of every one, and is the most arbitrary of all things.
> Landor.

2. Exercised according to one's own will or caprice, and therefore conveying a notion of a tendency to abuse the possession of power.

> Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of liberty abused licentiousness.
> Washington.

3. Despotic; absolute in power; bound by no law; harsh and unforbearing; tyrannical; as, an arbitrary prince or government. Dryden.

Arbitrary constant, Arbitrary function (Math.), a quantity of function that is introduced into the solution of a problem, and to which any value or form may at will be given, so that the solution may be made to meet special requirements. -- Arbitrary quantity (Math.), one to which any value can be assigned at pleasure.

Ar"bi*trate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arbitrated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arbitrating (&?;).] [L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to be a hearer or beholder of something, to make a decision, to give judgment, fr. arbiter. See Arbiter.] 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators; as, to choose to arbitrate a disputed case.

2. To decide, or determine generally. South.

> There shall your swords and lances arbitrate
> The swelling difference of your settled hate.
> Shak.

Ar"bi*trate (&?;), v. i. 1. To decide; to determine. Shak.

2. To act as arbitrator or judge; as, to arbitrate upon several reports; to arbitrate in disputes among neighbors; to arbitrate between parties to a suit.

Ar`bi*tra"tion (&?;), n. [F. arbitration, L. arbitratio, fr. arbitrari.] The hearing and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a person or persons chosen by the parties.

This may be done by one person; but it is usual to choose two or three called arbitrators; or for each party to choose one, and these to name a third, who is called the umpire. Their determination is called the award. Bouvier

Arbitration bond, a bond which obliges one to abide by the award of an arbitration. -- Arbitration of Exchange, the operation of converting the currency of one country into that of another, or determining the rate of exchange between such countries or currencies. An arbitrated rate is one determined by such arbitration through the medium of one or more intervening currencies.

Ar"bi*tra`tor (&?;), n. [L., fr. arbitrari: cf. F. arbitrateur.] 1. A person, or one of two or more persons, chosen by parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. See Arbitration.

2. One who has the power of deciding or prescribing without control; a ruler; a governor.

> Though Heaven be shut,
> And Heaven's high Arbitrators sit secure.
> Milton.

> Masters of their own terms and arbitrators of a peace.
> Addison.

Syn. -- Judge; umpire; referee; arbiter. See Judge.

Ar"bi*tra`trix (&?;), n. [L., fem. of arbitrator.] A female who arbitrates or judges.

Ar"bi*tress (&?;), n. [From Arbiter.] A female arbiter; an arbitratrix. Milton.

Ar"blast (&?;), n. A crossbow. See Arbalest.

Ar"bor (&?;), n. [OE. herber, herbere, properly a garden of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. herbarium. See Herb, and cf. Herbarium.] A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants, for shade; a bower. Sir P. Sidney.

Ar"bor, n. [Written also arbour.] [L., a tree, a beam.] 1. (Bot.) A tree, as distinguished from a shrub.

2. [Cf. F. arbre.] (Mech.) (a) An axle or spindle of a wheel or opinion. (b) A mandrel in lathe turning. Knight.

Arbor Day, a day appointed for planting trees and shrubs. [U.S.]

Ar"bo*ra*ry (&?;), a. [L. arborarius, fr. arbor tree.] Of or pertaining to trees; arboreal.

Ar"bo*ra`tor (&?;), n. [L., fr. arbor tree.] One who plants or who prunes trees. [Obs.] Evelyn.

||Ar"bor Di*a"næ (&?;). [L., the tree of Diana, or silver.] (Chem.) A precipitation of silver, in a beautiful arborescent form.

Ar*bo"re*al (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a tree, or to trees; of nature of trees. Cowley.

2. Attached to, found in or upon, or frequenting, woods or trees; as, arboreal animals.

> Woodpeckers are eminently arboreal.
> Darwin.

Ar"bored (&?;), a. Furnished with an arbor; lined with trees. "An arboreal walk." Pollok.

Ar*bo"re*ous (&?;), a. [L. arboreous, fr. arbor tree.] 1. Having the form, constitution, or habits, of a proper tree, in distinction from a shrub. Loudon.

2. Pertaining to, or growing on, trees; as, arboreous moss. Quincy.

Ar`bo*res"cence (&?;), n. The state of being arborescent; the resemblance to a tree in minerals, or crystallizations, or groups of crystals in that form; as, the arborescence produced by precipitating silver.

Ar`bo*res"cent (&?;), a. [L. arborescens, p. pr. of arborescere to become a tree, fr. arbor tree.] Resembling a tree; becoming woody in stalk; dendritic; having crystallizations disposed like the branches and twigs of a tree. "Arborescent hollyhocks." Evelyn.

Ar"bo*ret (&?;), n. [OF. arboret, dim. of arbre tree, L. arbor] A small tree or shrub. [Obs.] Spenser.

> Among thick-woven arborets, and flowers
> Imbordered on each bank.
> Milton.

||Ar`bo*re"tum (&?;), n.; pl. Arboreta (&?;). [L., a place grown with trees.] A place in which a collection of rare trees and shrubs is cultivated for scientific or educational purposes.

Ar*bor"ic*al (&?;), a. Relating to trees. [Obs.]

Ar*bor"i*cole (&?;), a. [L. arbor + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Tree-inhabiting; -- said of certain birds.

Ar`bor*i*cul"tur*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to arboriculture. Loudon.

Ar`bor*i*cul"ture (?; 135), n. [L. arbor tree + cultura. See Culture.] The cultivation of trees and shrubs, chiefly for timber or for ornamental purposes.

Ar`bor*i*cul"tur*ist, n. One who cultivates trees.

Ar*bor"i*form (&?;), a. Treelike in shape.

Ar"bor*ist (&?;), n. [F. arboriste, fr. L. arbor tree.] One who makes trees his study, or who is versed in the knowledge of trees. Howell.

Ar`bor*i*za"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. arborisation, fr. L. arbor tree.] The appearance or figure of a tree or plant, as in minerals or fossils; a dendrite.

Ar"bor*ized (&?;), a. Having a treelike appearance. "An arborized or moss agate." Wright.

Ar"bor*ous (&?;), a. Formed by trees. [Obs.]

> From under shady, arborous roof.
> Milton.

Ar"bor vine` (&?;). A species of bindweed.

||Ar"bor vi"tæ (&?;). [L., tree of life.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen tree of the cypress tribe, genus Thuja. The American species is the T. occidentalis.

2. (Anat.) The treelike disposition of the gray and white nerve tissues in the cerebellum, as seen in a vertical section.

Ar"bus*cle (&?;), n. [L. arbuscula small tree, shrub, dim. of arbor tree.] A dwarf tree, one in size between a shrub and a tree; a treelike shrub. Bradley.

Ar*bus"cu*lar (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to a dwarf tree; shrublike. Da Costa.

Ar*bus"tive (&?;), a. [L. arbustivus, fr. arbustum place where trees are planted.] Containing copses of trees or shrubs; covered with shrubs. Bartram.

{ Ar"bu*tus (&?;), Ar"bute (&?;), } n. [L. arbutus, akin to arbor tree.] The strawberry tree, a genus of evergreen shrubs, of the Heath family. It has a berry externally resembling the strawberry; the arbute tree.

Trailing arbutus (Bot.), a creeping or trailing plant of the Heath family (Epigæa repens), having white or usually rose-colored flowers with a delicate fragrance, growing in small axillary clusters, and appearing early in the spring; in New England known as mayflower; -- called also ground laurel. Gray.

Arc (&?;), n. [F. arc, L. arcus bow, arc. See Arch, n.] 1. (Geom.) A portion of a curved line; as, the arc of a circle or of an ellipse.

2. A curvature in the shape of a circular arc or an arch; as, the colored arc (the rainbow); the arc of Hadley's quadrant.

3. An arch. [Obs.]

> Statues and trophies, and triumphal arcs.
> Milton.

4. The apparent arc described, above or below the horizon, by the sun or other celestial body. The diurnal arc is described during the daytime, the nocturnal arc during the night.

Electric arc, Voltaic arc. See under Voltaic.

Ar*cade" (&?;), n. [F. arcade, Sp. arcada, LL. arcata, fr. L. arcus bow, arch.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A series of arches with the columns or piers which support them, the spandrels above, and other necessary appurtenances; sometimes open, serving as an entrance or to give light; sometimes closed at the back (as in the cut) and forming a decorative feature. (b) A long, arched building or gallery.

2. An arched or covered passageway or avenue.

Ar*cad"ed (&?;), a. Furnished with an arcade.

Ar*ca"di*a (&?;), n. [L. Arcadia, Gr. &?;.] 1. A mountainous and picturesque district of Greece, in the heart of the Peloponnesus, whose people were distinguished for contentment and rural happiness.

2. Fig.: Any region or scene of simple pleasure and untroubled quiet.

> Where the cow is, there is Arcadia.
> J. Burroughs.

{ Ar*ca"di*an (&?;), Ar*ca"dic (&?;), } a. [L. Arcadius, Arcadicus, fr. Arcadia: cf. F. Arcadien, Arcadique.] Of or pertaining to Arcadia; pastoral; ideally rural; as, Arcadian simplicity or scenery.

Ar*cane" (&?;), a. [L. arcanus.] Hidden; secret. [Obs.] "The arcane part of divine wisdom." Berkeley.

||Ar*ca"num (&?;), n.; pl. Arcana (&?;). [L., fr. arcanus closed, secret, fr. arca chest, box, fr. arcere to inclose. See Ark.] 1. A secret; a mystery; -- generally used in the plural.

> Inquiries into the arcana of the Godhead.
> Warburton.

2. (Med.) A secret remedy; an elixir. Dunglison.

||Arc`*bou`tant" (&?;), n. [F.] (Arch.) A flying buttress. Gwilt.

Arch (&?;), n. [F. arche, fr. LL. arca, for arcus. See Arc.] 1. (Geom.) Any part of a curved line.

2. (Arch.) (a) Usually a curved member made up of separate wedge-shaped solids, with the joints between them disposed in the direction of the radii of the curve; used to support the wall or other weight above an opening. In this sense arches are segmental, round (i. e., semicircular), or pointed. (b) A flat arch is a member constructed of stones cut into wedges or other shapes so as to support each other without rising in a curve.

Scientifically considered, the arch is a means of spanning an opening by resolving vertical pressure into horizontal or diagonal thrust.

3. Any place covered by an arch; an archway; as, to pass into the arch of a bridge.

4. Any curvature in the form of an arch; as, the arch of the aorta. "Colors of the showery arch." Milton.

Triumphal arch, a monumental structure resembling an arched gateway, with one or more passages, erected to commemorate a triumph.

Arch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arching.] 1. To cover with an arch or arches.

2. To form or bend into the shape of an arch.

> The horse arched his neck.
> Charlesworth.

Arch, v. i. To form into an arch; to curve.

<! p. 78 !>

Arch- (ärch-, except in archangel and one or two other words). [L. arch-, Gr. &?;. See Arch-.] A prefix signifying chief, as in archbuilder, archfiend.

Arch (ärch), a. [See Arch-, pref.] 1. Chief; eminent; greatest; principal.

> The most arch act of piteous massacre.
> Shak.

2. Cunning or sly; sportively mischievous; roguish; as, an arch look, word, lad.

> [He] spoke his request with so arch a leer.
> Tatler.

Arch, n. [See Arch-, pref.] A chief. [Obs.]

> My worthy arch and patron comes to-night.
> Shak.

-arch (&?;). [Gr. 'archo`s chief, commander, 'a`rchein to rule. See Arch, a.] A suffix meaning a ruler, as in monarch (a sole ruler).

Ar*chæ"an (&?;), a. [Gr. 'archai^os ancient, fr. 'archh` beginning.] Ancient; pertaining to the earliest period in geological history.

Ar*chæ"an, n. (Geol.) The earliest period in geological period, extending up to the Lower Silurian. It includes an Azoic age, previous to the appearance of life, and an Eozoic age, including the earliest forms of life.

This is equivalent to the formerly accepted term Azoic, and to the Eozoic of Dawson.

Ar`chæ*og"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; ancient + -graphy.] A description of, or a treatise on, antiquity or antiquities.

Ar`chæ*o*lith"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'archai^os ancient + liqiko`s pertaining to a stone.] (Archæol.) Of or pertaining to the earliest Stone age; -- applied to a prehistoric period preceding the Paleolithic age.

Ar`chæ*o*lo"gi*an (&?;), n. An archæologist.

{ Ar`chæ*o*log"ic (&?;), Ar`chæ*o*log"ic*al (&?;), } Relating to archæology, or antiquities; as, archæological researches. -- Ar`*chæ*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Ar`chæ*ol"o*gist (&?;), n. One versed in archæology; an antiquary. Wright.

Ar`chæ*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'archai^os ancient (fr. 'archh` beginning) + &?; discourse, &?; to speak.] The science or study of antiquities, esp. prehistoric antiquities, such as the remains of buildings or monuments of an early epoch, inscriptions, implements, and other relics, written manuscripts, etc.

||Ar`chæ*op"te*ryx (&?;), n. [Gr. 'archai^os ancient + pte`ryx wing.] (Paleon.) A fossil bird, of the Jurassic period, remarkable for having a long tapering tail of many vertebræ with feathers along each side, and jaws armed with teeth, with other reptilian characteristics.

Ar`chæ*o*stom"a*tous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'archai^os ancient + sto`ma mouth.] (Biol.) Applied to a gastrula when the blastopore does not entirely close up.

Ar`chæ*o*zo"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'archai^os ancient + zw^,on animal.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the earliest forms of animal life.

Ar*cha"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'archai:ko`s old-fashioned, fr. 'archai^os ancient.] Of or characterized by antiquity or archaism; antiquated; obsolescent.

Ar*cha"ic*al (&?;), a. Archaic. [R.] -- Ar*cha"ic*al*ly, adv.

Ar"cha*ism (&?;), n. [Gr. 'archai:smo`s, fr. 'archai^os ancient, fr. 'archh` beginning: cf. F. archaïsme. See Arch, a.] 1. An ancient, antiquated, or old-fashioned, word, expression, or idiom; a word or form of speech no longer in common use.

2. Antiquity of style or use; obsoleteness.

> A select vocabulary corresponding (in point of archaism and remoteness from ordinary use) to our Scriptural vocabulary.
> De Quincey.

Ar"cha*ist, n. 1. Am antiquary.

2. One who uses archaisms.

Ar`cha*is"tic (&?;), a. Like, or imitative of, anything archaic; pertaining to an archaism.

Ar"cha*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Archaized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Archaizing.] [Gr. 'archai:`zein.] To make appear archaic or antique. Mahaffy.

Arch`an"gel (&?;), n. [L. archangelus, Gr. 'archa`ggelos: cf. OF. archangel, F. archange. See Arch-, pref., and Angel.] 1. A chief angel; one high in the celestial hierarchy. Milton.

2. (Bot.) A term applied to several different species of plants (Angelica archangelica, Lamium album, etc.).

Arch`an*gel"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. archangélique.] Of or pertaining to archangels; of the nature of, or resembling, an archangel. Milton.

Arch`bish"op (&?;), n. [AS. arcebisceop, arcebiscop, L. archiepiscopus, fr. Gr. 'archiepi`skopos. See Bishop.] A chief bishop; a church dignitary of the first class (often called a metropolitan or primate) who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese.

Arch`bish"op*ric (&?;), n. [AS. arcebiscoprce. See -ric.] The jurisdiction or office of an archbishop; the see or province over which archbishop exercises archiepiscopal authority.

Arch" brick` (&?;). A wedge-shaped brick used in the building of an arch.

Arch`but"ler (&?;), n. [Pref. arch- + butler.] A chief butler; -- an officer of the German empire.

Arch`cham"ber*lain (&?;), n. [Cf. G. erzkämmerer. See Arch-, pref.] A chief chamberlain; -- an officer of the old German empire, whose office was similar to that of the great chamberlain in England.

Arch`chan"cel*lor (&?;), n. [Cf. Ger. erzkanzler. See Arch-, pref.] A chief chancellor; -- an officer in the old German empire, who presided over the secretaries of the court.

Arch`chem"ic (&?;), a. Of supreme chemical powers. [R.] "The archchemic sun." Milton.

Arch`dea"con (&?;), n. [AS. arcediacon, archidiacon, L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. &?;. See Arch-, pref., and Deacon.] In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, whom he assists, and by whom he is appointed, though with independent authority. Blackstone.

Arch`dea"con*ry, n. The district, office, or residence of an archdeacon. See Benefice.

> Every diocese is divided into archdeaconries.
> Blackstone.

Arch`dea"con*ship, n. The office of an archdeacon.

Arch`di"o*cese (&?;), n. [Pref. arch- + diocese.] The diocese of an archbishop.

Arch`du"cal (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an archduke or archduchy.

Arch`duch"ess (&?;), n. [Pref. arch- + duchess.] The consort of an archduke; also, a princess of the imperial family of Austria. See Archduke.

Arch`duch"y, n. The territory of an archduke or archduchess. Ash.

Arch`duke" (&?;), n. [Pref. arch- + duke.] A prince of the imperial family of Austria.

Formerly this title was assumed by the rulers of Lorraine, Brabant, Austria, etc. It is now appropriated to the descendants of the imperial family of Austria through the make line, all such male descendants being styled archduke, and all such female descendants archduchesses.

Arch`duke"dom (&?;), n. An archduchy.

||Ar`che*bi*o"sis (&?;), n. [Pref. arche- = archi- + Gr. bi`wsis, bi`os, life.] The origination of living matter from non-living. See Abiogenesis. Bastian.

Arched (&?;), a. Made with an arch or curve; covered with an arch; as, an arched door.

Ar`che*go"ni*al (&?;), a. Relating to the archegonium.

||Ar`che*go"ni*um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the first of a race.] (Bot.) The pistillidium or female organ in the higher cryptogamic plants, corresponding to the pistil in flowering plants.

Ar*cheg"o*ny (&?;), n. [See Archegonium.] (Biol.) Spontaneous generation; abiogenesis.

Ar*chel"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; an element or first principle + -logy.] The science of, or a treatise on, first principles. Fleming.

||Ar`chen*ceph"a*la (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. &?; + &?; the brain.] (Zoöl.) The division that includes man alone. R. Owen.

Arch`en"e*my (&?;), n. [Pref. arch- + enemy.] A principal enemy. Specifically, Satan, the grand adversary of mankind. Milton.

Arch`en*ter"ic (&?;), a. (Biol.) Relating to the archenteron; as, archenteric invagination.

||Arch`en"ter*on, n. [Pref. arch- + Gr. &?; intestine.] (Biol.) The primitive enteron or undifferentiated digestive sac of a gastrula or other embryo. See Illust. under Invagination.

Ar`che*ol"o*gy (&?;), n., Ar`che*o*log`ic*al (&?;), a. Same as Archæology, etc.

Arch"er (&?;), n. [archier, F. archer, LL. arcarius, fr. L. arcus bow. See Arc, Arch, n.] A bowman, one skilled in the use of the bow and arrow.

Arch"er*ess (&?;), n. A female archer. Markham.

Arch"er fish` (&?;). (Zoöl.) A small fish (Toxotes jaculator), of the East Indies; -- so called from its ejecting drops of water from its mouth at its prey. The name is also applied to Chætodon rostratus.

Arch"er*ship, n. The art or skill of an archer.

Arch"er*y (&?;), n. [OE. archerie.] 1. The use of the bow and arrows in battle, hunting, etc.; the art, practice, or skill of shooting with a bow and arrows.

2. Archers, or bowmen, collectively.

> Let all our archery fall off
> In wings of shot a-both sides of the van.
> Webster (1607).

Arch"es (&?;), pl. of Arch, n.

Court of arches, or Arches Court (Eng. Law), the court of appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, whereof the judge, who sits as deputy to the archbishop, is called the Dean of the Arches, because he anciently held his court in the church of St. Mary-le-Bow (de arcubus). It is now held in Westminster. Mozley & W.

Ar"che*ty`pal (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an archetype; consisting a model (real or ideal) or pattern; original. "One archetypal mind." Gudworth.

Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the world as it existed as an idea of God before the creation.

Ar"che*ty`pal*ly, adv. With reference to the archetype; originally. "Parts archetypally distinct." Dana.

Ar"che*type (är"k*tp), n. [L. archetypum, Gr. 'arche`typon, fr. 'arche`typos stamped first and as model; 'arche = 'archi + ty`pos stamp, figure, pattern, ty`ptein to strike: cf. F. archétype. See Arch- , pref.] 1. The original pattern or model of a work; or the model from which a thing is made or formed.

> The House of Commons, the archetype of all the representative assemblies which now meet.
> Macaulay.

> Types and shadows of that glorious archetype that was to come into the world.
> South.

2. (Coinage) The standard weight or coin by which others are adjusted.

3. (Biol.) The plan or fundamental structure on which a natural group of animals or plants or their systems of organs are assumed to have been constructed; as, the vertebrate archetype.

Ar`che*typ"ic*al (&?;), a. Relating to an archetype; archetypal.

||Ar*che"us (&?;), n. [LL. archus, Gr. 'archai^os ancient, primeval, fr. 'archh` beginning. See Archi-, pref.] The vital principle or force which (according to the Paracelsians) presides over the growth and continuation of living beings; the anima mundi or plastic power of the old philosophers. [Obs.] Johnson.

Ar"chi- (&?;). [L., archi-, Gr. 'archi-, a prefix which is from the same root as 'a`rchein to be first, to begin; 'archh the first place, beginning; 'archo`s chief. Cf. AS. arce-, erce-, OHG. erzi-, G. erz- .] A prefix signifying chief, arch; as, architect, archiepiscopal. In Biol. and Anat. it usually means primitive, original, ancestral; as, archipterygium, the primitive fin or wing.

||Ar`chi*an*nel"i*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL.; pref. archi- + annelida.] (Zoöl.) A group of Annelida remarkable for having no external segments or distinct ventral nerve ganglions.

Ar"chi*a`ter (&?;), n. [L. archiatrus, Gr. &?;; pref. &?; + &?; physician, &?; to heal.] Chief physician; -- a term applied, on the continent of Europe, to the first or body physician of princes and to the first physician of some cities. P. Cyc.

||Ar`chi*blas"tu*la (&?;), n. [Pref. archi + blastula.] (Biol.) A hollow blastula, supposed to be the primitive form; a cœloblastula.

Ar"chi*cal (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; able to govern, fr. &?; beginning, government. See Arch-, pref.] Chief; primary; primordial. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Ar`chi*di*ac"o*nal (&?;), a. [L. archidiaconus, Gr. &?;, equiv. to E. archdeacon.] Of or pertaining to an archdeacon.

> This offense is liable to be censured in an archidiaconal visitation.
> Johnson.

Ar`chi*e*pis"co*pa*cy (&?;), n. [Pref. archi- + episcopacy.] 1. That form of episcopacy in which the chief power is in the hands of archbishops.

2. The state or dignity of an archbishop.

Ar`chi*e*pis"co*pal (&?;), a. [Pref. archi- + episcopal.] Of or pertaining to an archbishop; as, Canterbury is an archiepiscopal see.

Ar`chi*e*pis`co*pal"i*ty (&?;), n. The station or dignity of an archbishop; archiepiscopacy. Fuller.

Ar`chi*e*pis"co*pate (&?;), n. [Pref. archi- + episcopate.] The office of an archbishop; an archbishopric.

||Ar*chi"e*rey (&?;), n. [Russ. archieréi, fr. Gr. &?;; pref. &?; (E. arch-) + priest.] The higher order of clergy in Russia, including metropolitans, archbishops, and bishops. Pinkerton.

Ar"chil (?; 277), n. [OF. orchel, orcheil, It. orcella, oricello, or OSp. orchillo. Cf. Orchil.] 1. A violet dye obtained from several species of lichen (Roccella tinctoria, etc.), which grow on maritime rocks in the Canary and Cape Verd Islands, etc. Tomlinson.

2. The plant from which the dye is obtained. [Written also orchal and orchil.]

Ar`chi*lo"chi*an (&?;), a. [L. Archilochius.] Of or pertaining to the satiric Greek poet Archilochus; as, Archilochian meter.

{ Ar"chi*mage (&?;), ||Ar`chi*ma"gus (&?;), } n. [NL.; pref. archi- + L. magus, Gr. &?;, a Magian.] 1. The high priest of the Persian Magi, or worshipers of fire.

2. A great magician, wizard, or enchanter. Spenser.

Ar`chi*man"drite (&?;), n. [L. archimandrita, LGr. &?;; pref. &?; (E. arch-) + &?; an inclosed space, esp. for cattle, a fold, a monastery.] (Gr. Church) (a) A chief of a monastery, corresponding to abbot in the Roman Catholic church. (b) A superintendent of several monasteries, corresponding to superior abbot, or father provincial, in the Roman Catholic church.

Ar`chi*me*de"an (&?;), a. [L. Archimedeus.] Of or pertaining to Archimedes, a celebrated Greek philosopher; constructed on the principle of Archimedes' screw; as, Archimedean drill, propeller, etc.

Archimedean screw, or Archimedes' screw, an instrument, said to have been invented by Archimedes, for raising water, formed by winding a flexible tube round a cylinder in the form of a screw. When the screw is placed in an inclined position, and the lower end immersed in water, by causing the screw to revolve, the water is raised to the upper end. Francis.

||Ar`chi*me"des (&?;), n. (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Bryzoa characteristic of the subcarboniferous rocks. Its form is that of a screw.

Arch"ing (&?;), n. 1. The arched part of a structure.

2. (Naut.) Hogging; -- opposed to sagging.

Ar`chi*pe*lag"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an archipelago.

Ar`chi*pel"a*go, n.; pl. - goes or -gos (&?;). [It. arcipelago, properly, chief sea; Gr. pref &?; + &?; sea, perh. akin to &?; blow, and expressing the beating of the waves. See Plague.]

1. The Grecian Archipelago, or Ægean Sea, separating Greece from Asia Minor. It is studded with a vast number of small islands.

2. Hence: Any sea or broad sheet of water interspersed with many islands or with a group of islands.

<! p. 79 !>

||Ar*chip`te*ryg"i*um (är*kp`t*rj"*m), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. 'archi- (E. arch- ) + ptery`gion wing, fin.] (Anat.) The primitive form of fin, like that of Ceratodus.

Ar"chi*tect (är"k*tkt), n. [L. architectus, architecton, Gr. &?; chief artificer, master builder; pref. 'archi- (E. archi- ) + &?; workman, akin to &?; art, skill, &?; to produce: cf. F. architecte, It. architetto. See Technical.] 1. A person skilled in the art of building; one who understands architecture, or makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and to superintend the artificers employed.

2. A contriver, designer, or maker.

> The architects of their own happiness.
> Milton.

> A French woman is a perfect architect in dress.
> Coldsmith.

Ar`chi*tec"tive (&?;), a. Used in building; proper for building. Derham.

{ Ar`chi*tec*ton"ic (&?;), Ar`chi*tec*ton"ic*al (&?;), } a. [L. architectonicus, Gr. &?;. See Architect.] 1. Pertaining to a master builder, or to architecture; evincing skill in designing or construction; constructive. "Architectonic wisdom." Boyle.

> These architectonic functions which we had hitherto thought belonged.
> J. C. Shairp.

2. Relating to the systemizing of knowledge.

Ar`chi*tec*ton"ic, n. [Cf. F. architectonique.] 1. The science of architecture.

2. The act of arranging knowledge into a system.

Ar`chi*tec*ton"ics, n. The science of architecture.

Ar"chi*tec`tor (&?;), n. An architect. [Obs.] North.

Ar"chi*tec`tress (&?;), n. A female architect.

Ar`chi*tec"tur*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the art of building; conformed to the rules of architecture. -- Ar`chi*tec"tur*al*ly, adv.

Ar"chi*tec`ture (?; 135), n. [L. architectura, fr. architectus: cf. F. architecture. See Architect.] 1. The art or science of building; especially, the art of building houses, churches, bridges, and other structures, for the purposes of civil life; -- often called civil architecture.

> Many other architectures besides Gothic.
> Ruskin.

3. Construction, in a more general sense; frame or structure; workmanship.

> The architecture of grasses, plants, and trees.
> Tyndall.

> The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine architecture.
> Burnet.

Military architecture, the art of fortifications. -- Naval architecture, the art of building ships.

||Ar`chi*teu"this (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. &?; + &?;, &?;, a kind of squid.] (Zoöl.) A genus of gigantic cephalopods, allied to the squids, found esp. in the North Atlantic and about New Zealand.

Ar"chi*trave (&?;), n. [F. architrave, fr. It. architrave; pref. archi- + trave beam, L. trabs.] (Arch.) (a) The lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column, esp. in classical architecture. See Column. (b) The group of moldings, or other architectural member, above and on both sides of a door or other opening, especially if square in form.

Ar"chi*traved (&?;), a. Furnished with an architrave. Cowper.

Ar"chi*val (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or contained in, archives or records. Tooke.

Ar"chive (&?;), n.; pl. Archives (&?;). [F. archives, pl., L. archivum, archium, fr. Gr. &?; government house, &?; &?; archives, fr. &?; the first place, government. See Archi-, pref.] 1. pl. The place in which public records or historic documents are kept.

> Our words . . . . become records in God's court, and are laid up in his archives as witnesses.
> Gov. of Tongue.

2. pl. Public records or documents preserved as evidence of facts; as, the archives of a country or family.

[Rarely used in sing.]

> Some rotten archive, rummaged out of some seldom explored press.
> Lamb.

Syn. -- Registers; records; chronicles.

Ar"chi*vist (&?;), n. [F. archiviste.] A keeper of archives or records. [R.]

Ar"chi*volt (&?;), n. [F. archivolte, fr. It. archivolto; pref. archi- + volto vault, arch. See Vault.] (Arch.) (a) The architectural member surrounding the curved opening of an arch, corresponding to the architrave in the case of a square opening. (b) More commonly, the molding or other ornaments with which the wall face of the voussoirs of an arch is charged.

{ Arch"lute (&?;), Arch"i*lute (&?;), } n. [Cf. F. archiluth, It. arciliuto.] (Mus.) A large theorbo, or double-necked lute, formerly in use, having the bass strings doubled with an octave, and the higher strings with a unison.

Arch"ly (&?;), adv. In an arch manner; with attractive slyness or roguishness; slyly; waggishly.

> Archly the maiden smiled.
> Longfellow.

Arch`mar"shal (&?;), n. [G. erzmarschall. See Arch-, pref.] The grand marshal of the old German empire, a dignity that to the Elector of Saxony.

Arch"ness, n. The quality of being arch; cleverness; sly humor free from malice; waggishness. Goldsmith.

Ar"chon (&?;), n. [L. archon, Gr. &?;, &?;, ruler, chief magistrate, p. pr. of &?; to be first, to rule.] (Antiq.) One of the chief magistrates in ancient Athens, especially, by preëminence, the first of the nine chief magistrates. -- Ar*chon"tic (&?;), a.

Ar"chon*ship, n. The office of an archon. Mitford.

Ar"chon*tate (&?;), n. [Cf. F. archontat.] An archon's term of office. Gibbon.

Ar"chonts (&?;), n. pl. [Gr. 'a`rchwn, p. pr. See Archon.] (Zoöl.) The group including man alone.

Arch`prel"ate (&?;), n. [Pref. arch- + prelate.] An archbishop or other chief prelate.

Arch`pres"by*ter (&?;), n. Same as Archpriest.

Arch`pres"by*ter*y (&?;), n. [Pref. arch- + presbytery.] The absolute dominion of presbytery. Milton.

Arch`priest" (&?;), n. A chief priest; also, a kind of vicar, or a rural dean.

Arch`pri"mate (&?;), n. [Pref. arch- + primate.] The chief primate. Milton.

Arch" stone` (&?;). A wedge-shaped stone used in an arch; a voussoir.

Arch`trai"tor (&?;), n. [Pref. arch- + traitor.] A chief or transcendent traitor. I. Watts.

Arch`treas"ur*er (?; 135), n. [Pref. arch- + treasurer.] A chief treasurer. Specifically, the great treasurer of the German empire.

Arch"way (&?;), n. A way or passage under an arch.

Arch`wife" (&?;), n. [Pref. arch- + wife.] A big, masculine wife. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Arch"wise (&?;), adv. Arch- shaped.

Arch"y (&?;), a. Arched; as, archy brows.

*ar"chy (&?;). [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; chief. See Arch-, pref.] A suffix properly meaning a rule, ruling, as in monarchy, the rule of one only. Cf. -arch.

Ar"ci*form (&?;), a. [L. arcus bow + -form.] Having the form of an arch; curved.

Arc"o*graph (&?;), n. [L. arcus (E. arc) + -graph.] An instrument for drawing a circular arc without the use of a central point; a cyclograph.

Arc*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. arctus shut in, narrow, p. p. of arcere to shut in: cf. F. arctation.] (Med.) Constriction or contraction of some natural passage, as in constipation from inflammation.

Arc"tic (&?;), a. [OE. artik, OF. artique, F. arctique, L. arcticus, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a bear, also a northern constellation so called; akin to L. ursus bear, Skr. &?;ksha.] Pertaining to, or situated under, the northern constellation called the Bear; northern; frigid; as, the arctic pole, circle, region, ocean; an arctic expedition, night, temperature.

The arctic circle is a lesser circle, parallel to the equator, 23° 28′ from the north pole. This and the antarctic circle are called the polar circles, and between these and the poles lie the frigid zones. See Zone.

Arc"tic, n. 1. The arctic circle.

2. A warm waterproof overshoe. [U.S.]

||Arc*tis"ca (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; bear.] (Zoöl.) A group of Arachnida. See Illust. in Appendix.

Arc`to*ge"al (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; the north + &?;, &?;, country.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to arctic lands; as, the arctogeal fauna.

||Arc*toid"e*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; bear + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A group of the Carnivora, that includes the bears, weasels, etc.

Arc*tu"rus (&?;), n. [L. Arcturus, Gr. &?; bearward, equiv. to &?;; &?; bear + &?; ward, guard. See Arctic.] (Anat.) A fixed star of the first magnitude in the constellation Boötes.

Arcturus has sometimes been incorrectly used as the name of the constellation, or even of Ursa Major.

> Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons [Rev. Ver.: "the Bear with her train"].
> Job xxxviii. 32.

Arc"u*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an arc.

Arcual measure of an angle (Math.), that in which the unit angle has its measuring arc equal to the radius of the circle.

{ Arc"u*ate (&?;), Arc"u*a`ted (&?;)(#), } a. [L. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare to shape like a bow, fr. arcus. See Arc.] Bent or curved in the form of a bow. "Arcuate stalks." Gray.

Arc"u*ate*ly (&?;), adv. In the form of a bow.

Arc`u*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. arcuatio.] 1. The act of bending or curving; incurvation; the state of being bent; crookedness. Coxe.

2. (Hort.) A mode of propagating trees by bending branches to the ground, and covering the small shoots with earth; layering. Chambers.

Ar"cu*ba*list (&?;), n. [See Arbalist.] A crossbow. Fosbroke.

Ar`cu*bal"ist*er (&?;), n. [L. arcuballistarius. Cf. Arbalister.] A crossbowman; one who used the arcubalist. Camden.

Ar"cu*bus (&?;), n. See Arquebus. [Obs.]

-ard, -art. The termination of many English words; as, coward, reynard, drunkard, mostly from the French, in which language this ending is of German origin, being orig. the same word as English hard. It usually has the sense of one who has to a high or excessive degree the quality expressed by the root; as, braggart, sluggard.

||Ar*das"sine (&?;), n. [F. (cf. Sp. ardacina), fr. ardasse a kind of silk thread, fr. Ar. & Per. ardan a kind of raw silk.] A very fine sort of Persian silk.

Ar"den*cy (&?;), n. 1. Heat. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

2. Warmth of passion or affection; ardor; vehemence; eagerness; as, the ardency of love or zeal.

Ar"dent (&?;), a. [OE. ardaunt, F. ardant, p. pr. of arder to burn, fr. L. ardere.] 1. Hot or burning; causing a sensation of burning; fiery; as, ardent spirits, that is, distilled liquors; an ardent fever.

2. Having the appearance or quality of fire; fierce; glowing; shining; as, ardent eyes. Dryden.

3. Warm, applied to the passions and affections; passionate; fervent; zealous; vehement; as, ardent love, feelings, zeal, hope, temper.

> An ardent and impetuous race.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- Burning; hot; fiery; glowing; intense; fierce; vehement; eager; zealous; keen; fervid; fervent; passionate; affectionate.

Ar"dent*ly (&?;), adv. In an ardent manner; eagerly; with warmth; affectionately; passionately.

Ar"dent*ness, n. Ardency. [R.]

Ar"dor (&?;), n. [L. ardor, fr. ardere to burn: cf. OF. ardor, ardur, F. ardeur.] [Spelt also ardour.] 1. Heat, in a literal sense; as, the ardor of the sun's rays.

2. Warmth or heat of passion or affection; eagerness; zeal; as, he pursues study with ardor; the fought with ardor; martial ardor.

3. pl. Bright and effulgent spirits; seraphim. [Thus used by Milton.]

Syn. -- Fervor; warmth; eagerness. See Fervor.

Ar"du*ous (?; 135), a. [L. arduus steep, high; akin to Ir. ard high, height.] 1. Steep and lofty, in a literal sense; hard to climb.

> Those arduous paths they trod.
> Pope.

2. Attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivities; difficult; laborious; as, an arduous employment, task, or enterprise.

Syn. -- Difficult; trying; laborious; painful; exhausting. -- Arduous, Hard, Difficult. Hard is simpler, blunter, and more general in sense than difficult; as, a hard duty to perform, hard work, a hard task, one which requires much bodily effort and perseverance to do. Difficult commonly implies more skill and sagacity than hard, as when there is disproportion between the means and the end. A work may be hard but not difficult. We call a thing arduous when it requires strenuous and persevering exertion, like that of one who is climbing a precipice; as, an arduous task, an arduous duty. "It is often difficult to control our feelings; it is still harder to subdue our will; but it is an arduous undertaking to control the unruly and contending will of others."

Ar"du*ous*ly, adv. In an arduous manner; with difficulty or laboriousness.

Ar"du*ous*ness, n. The quality of being arduous; difficulty of execution.

Ar"du*rous (&?;), a. Burning; ardent. [R.]

> Lo! further on,
> Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore.
> Cary.

Are (&?;). [AS. (Northumbrian) aron, akin to the 1st pers. pl. forms, Icel. erum, Goth. sijum, L. sumus, Gr. &?;, Skr. smas; all from a root as. &?; See Am and Is, and cf. Be.] The present indicative plural of the substantive verb to be; but etymologically a different word from be, or was. Am, art, are, and is, all come from the root as.

Are (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. area. See Area.] (Metric system) The unit of superficial measure, being a square of which each side is ten meters in length; 100 square meters, or about 119.6 square yards.

A"re*a ("r*; 277), n.; pl. Areas (-z) . [L. area a broad piece of level ground. Cf. Are, n.] 1. Any plane surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the ground within an inclosure; an open space in a building.

> The Alban lake . . . looks like the area of some vast amphitheater.
> Addison.

2. The inclosed space on which a building stands.

3. The sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building.

4. An extent of surface; a tract of the earth's surface; a region; as, vast uncultivated areas.

5. (Geom.) The superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; superficial extent; as, the area of a square or a triangle.

6. (Biol.) A spot or small marked space; as, the germinative area.

7. Extent; scope; range; as, a wide area of thought.

> The largest area of human history and man's common nature.
> F. Harrison.

Dry area. See under Dry.

{ A*read", A*reed" } (&?;), v. t. [OE. areden, AS. rdan to interpret. See Read.] 1. To tell, declare, explain, or interpret; to divine; to guess; as, to aread a riddle or a dream. [Obs.]

> Therefore more plain aread this doubtful case.
> Spenser.

2. To read. [Obs.] Drayton.

3. To counsel, advise, warn, or direct.

> But mark what I aread thee now. Avaunt!
> Milton.

4. To decree; to adjudge. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton.

A"re*al (&?;), a. [Cf. L. arealis, fr. area.] Of or pertaining to an area; as, areal interstices (the areas or spaces inclosed by the reticulate vessels of leaves).

A*rear" (&?;), v. t. & i. [AS. rran. See Rear.] To raise; to set up; to stir up. [Obs.]

A*rear", adv. [See Arrear, adv.] Backward; in or to the rear; behindhand. Spenser.

||A*re"ca (&?;), n. [Canarese adiki: cf. Pg. & Sp. areca.] (Bot.) A genus of palms, one species of which produces the areca nut, or betel nut, which is chewed in India with the leaf of the Piper Betle and lime.

A*reek" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + reek.] In a reeking condition. Swift.

Ar`e*fac"tion (&?;), n. [L. arefacere to dry.] The act of drying, or the state of growing dry.

> The arefaction of the earth.
> Sir M. Hale.

Ar"e*fy (&?;), v. t. [L. arere to be dry + -fly.] To dry, or make dry. Bacon.

A*re"na (&?;), n.; pl. E. Arenas (&?;); L. Arenæ (&?;). [L. arena, harena, sand, a sandy place.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other shows were exhibited; -- so called because it was covered with sand.

2. Any place of public contest or exertion; any sphere of action; as, the arenaof debate; the arena of life.

3. (Med.) "Sand" or "gravel" in the kidneys.

Ar`e*na"ceous (&?;), a. [L. arenaceus, fr. arena sand.] Sandy or consisting largely of sand; of the nature of sand; easily disintegrating into sand; friable; as, arenaceous limestone.

Ar`e*na"ri*ous (&?;), a. [L. arenarius, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; as, arenarious soil.

<! p. 80 !>

Ar`e*na"tion (r`*n"shn), n. [L. arenatio, fr. arena sand.] (Med.) A sand bath; application of hot sand to the body. Dunglison.

||Ar`en*da"tor (&?;), n. [LL. arendator, arrendator, fr. arendare, arrendare, to pay rent, fr. arenda yearly rent; ad + renda, F. rente, E. rent. Cf. Arrentation and Rent.] In some provinces of Russia, one who farms the rents or revenues.

A person who rents an estate belonging to the crown is called crown arendator. Tooke.

||A*reng" (&?;), ||A*ren"ga (&?;), n. [Malayan.] A palm tree (Saguerus saccharifer) which furnishes sago, wine, and fibers for ropes; the gomuti palm.

Ar`e*nic"o*lite (&?;), n. [L. arena sand + colere to cherish or live.] (Paleon.) An ancient wormhole in sand, preserved in the rocks. Dana.

A*ren`i*lit"ic (&?;), a. [L. arena sand + Gr. li`qos stone.] Of or pertaining to sandstone; as, arenilitic mountains. Kirwan.

Ar"e*nose (&?;), a. [L. arenosus, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; full of sand. Johnson.

A*ren"u*lous (&?;), a. [L. arenula fine sand, dim. of arena.] Full of fine sand; like sand. [Obs.]

A*re"o*la (&?;), n.; pl. Areolæ (&?;). [L. areola, dim. of area: cf. F. aréole. See Area.] 1. An interstice or small space, as between the cracks of the surface in certain crustaceous lichens; or as between the fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace; or as between the nervures of an insect's wing.

2. (Anat. & Med.) The colored ring around the nipple, or around a vesicle or pustule.

A*re"o*lar (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or like, an areola; filled with interstices or areolæ.

reolar tissue (Anat.), a form of fibrous connective tissue in which the fibers are loosely arranged with numerous spaces, or areolæ, between them.

{ A*re"o*late (&?;), A*re"o*la*ted, } a. [L. areola: cf. F. aréole.] Divided into small spaces or areolations, as the wings of insects, the leaves of plants, or the receptacle of compound flowers.

A`re*o*la"tion (&?;), n. 1. Division into areolæ. Dana.

2. Any small space, bounded by some part different in color or structure, as the spaces bounded by the nervures of the wings of insects, or those by the veins of leaves; an areola.

A"re*ole (&?;), n. Same as Areola.

A*re"o*let (&?;), n. [Dim. of L. areola.] (Zoöl.) A small inclosed area; esp. one of the small spaces on the wings of insects, circumscribed by the veins.

A`re*om"e*ter (?; 277), n. [Gr. 'araio`s thin, rare + -meter: cf. F. aréomètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of fluids; a form hydrometer.

{ A`re*o*met"ric (&?;), A`re*o*met"ric*al (&?;), } a. Pertaining to, or measured by, an areometer.

A`re*om"e*try (&?;), n. [Gr. 'araio`s thin, rare + -metry.] The art or process of measuring the specific gravity of fluids.

Ar`e*op"a*gist (&?;), n. See Areopagite.

Ar`e*op"a*gite (&?;), n. [L. Areopagites, Gr. &?;.] A member of the Areopagus. Acts xvii. 34.

Ar`e*op`a*git"ic (&?;), a. [L. Areopagiticus, Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to the Areopagus. Mitford.

Ar`e*op"a*gus, n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, and &?; &?;, hill of Ares (Mars' Hill).] The highest judicial court at Athens. Its sessions were held on Mars' Hill. Hence, any high court or tribunal

A*re"o*style (&?;), a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Aræostyle.

A*re`o*sys"tyle (&?;), a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Aræosystyle.

A*rere" (&?;), v. t. & i. See Arear. [Obs.] Ellis.

A*rest" (&?;), n. A support for the spear when couched for the attack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*ret" (&?;), v. t. [OE. aretten, OF. areter; a (L. ad) + OF. reter, L. reputare. See Repute.] To reckon; to ascribe; to impute. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ar`e*ta"ics (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; virtue.] The ethical theory which excludes all relations between virtue and happiness; the science of virtue; -- contrasted with eudemonics. J. Grote.

Ar`e*tol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; virtue + &?; discourse, &?; to speak: cf. F. arétologie.] That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it.

A*rew". adv. [See Arow, Row.] In a row. [Obs.] "All her teeth arew." Spenser.

Ar"gal (&?;), n. Crude tartar. See Argol.

Ar"gal, adv. A ludicrous corruption of the Latin word ergo, therefore. Shak.

{ ||Ar"gal (&?;), ||Ar"ga*li, } n. [Mongolian.] (Zoöl.) A species of wild sheep (Ovis ammon, or O. argali), remarkable for its large horns. It inhabits the mountains of Siberia and central Asia.

The bearded argali is the aoudad. See Aoudad. The name is also applied to the bighorn sheep of the Rocky Mountains. See Bighorn.

||Ar"ga*la (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The adjutant bird.

Ar"gand lamp` (&?;). [Named from the inventor, Aimé Argand of Geneva.] A lamp with a circular hollow wick and glass chimney which allow a current of air both inside and outside of the flame.

Argand burner, a burner for an Argand lamp, or a gas burner in which the principle of that lamp is applied.

||Ar"gas (&?;), n. A genus of venomous ticks which attack men and animals. The famous Persian Argas, also called Miana bug, is A. Persicus; that of Central America, called talaje by the natives, is A. Talaje.

Ar*ge"an (&?;), a. Pertaining to the ship Argo. See Argo.

Ar"gent (&?;), n. [F. argent, fr. L. argentum, silver; akin to Gr. 'a`rgyros silver, 'argo`s, 'argh`s, white, bright, Skr. rajata white, silver, raj to shine, Ir. arg white, milk, airgiod silver, money, and L. arguere to make clear. See Argue.] 1. Silver, or money. [Archaic]

2. (Fig. & Poet.) Whiteness; anything that is white.

> The polished argent of her breast.
> Tennyson.

3. (Her.) The white color in coats of arms, intended to represent silver, or, figuratively, purity, innocence, beauty, or gentleness; -- represented in engraving by a plain white surface. Weale.

Ar"gent, a. Made of silver; of a silvery color; white; shining.

> Yonder argent fields above.
> Pope.

Ar*gen"tal (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to silver; resembling, containing, or combined with, silver.

Ar"gen*tan, n. An alloy of nickel with copper and zinc; German silver.

Ar"gen*tate, a. [L. argentatus silvered.] (Bot.) Silvery white. Gray.

Ar`gen*ta"tion, n. [L. argentare to silver, fr. argentum silver. See Argent.] A coating or overlaying with silver. [R.] Johnson.

Ar*gen"tic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, silver; -- said of certain compounds of silver in which this metal has its lowest proportion; as, argentic chloride.

Ar`gen*tif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. argentum silver + -ferous: cf. F. argentifère.] Producing or containing silver; as, argentiferous lead ore or veins.

Ar"gen*tine (?; in the 2d sense, commonly ?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, silver; made of, or sounding like, silver; silvery.

> Celestial Dian, goddess argentine.
> Shak.

2. Of or pertaining to the Argentine Republic in South America.

Ar"gen*tine, n. [Cf. F. argentin, fr. L. argentum silver.] 1. (Min.) A siliceous variety of calcite, or carbonate of lime, having a silvery-white, pearly luster, and a waving or curved lamellar structure.

2. White metal coated with silver. Simmonds.

3. (Zoöl.) A fish of Europe (Maurolicus Pennantii) with silvery scales. The name is also applied to various fishes of the genus Argentina.

4. A citizen of the Argentine Republic.

Ar"gen*tite (&?;), n. [L. argentum silver.] (Min.) Sulphide of silver; -- also called vitreous silver, or silver glance. It has a metallic luster, a lead-gray color, and is sectile like lead.

Ar*gen"tous (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, silver; -- said of certain silver compounds in which silver has a higher proportion than in argentic compounds; as, argentous chloride.

Ar"gent*ry (&?;), n. [F. argenterie, fr. argent silver, L. argentum.] Silver plate or vessels. [Obs.]

> Bowls of frosted argentry.
> Howell.

Ar"gil (&?;), n. [F. argile, L. argilla white clay, akin to Gr. &?; or &?; argil, &?; white. See Argent.] (Min.) Clay, or potter's earth; sometimes pure clay, or alumina. See Clay.

Ar`gil*la"ceous (&?;), a. [L. argillaceus, fr. argilla.] Of the nature of clay; consisting of, or containing, argil or clay; clayey.

Argillaceous sandstone (Geol.), a sandstone containing much clay. -- Argillaceous iron ore, the clay ironstone. -- Argillaceous schist or state. See Argillite.

Ar`gil*lif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. argilla white clay + -ferous.] Producing clay; -- applied to such earths as abound with argil. Kirwan.

Ar"gil*lite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; clay + - lite.] (Min.) Argillaceous schist or slate; clay slate. Its colors is bluish or blackish gray, sometimes greenish gray, brownish red, etc. -- Ar`gil*lit"ic, a.

Ar*gil`lo-are`e*na"ceous (&?;), a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and sand, as a soil.

Ar*gil`lo-cal*ca"re*ous (&?;), a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and calcareous earth.

Ar*gil`lo-fer*ru"gi*nous (&?;), a. Containing clay and iron.

Ar*gil"lous (&?;), a. [L. argillosus, fr. argilla. See Argil.] Argillaceous; clayey. Sir T. Browne.

Ar"give (&?;), a. [L. Argivus, fr. Argos, Argi.] Of or performance to Argos, the capital of Argolis in Greece. -- n. A native of Argos. Often used as a generic term, equivalent to Grecian or Greek.

||Ar"go (&?;), n. [L. Argo, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Myth.) The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four companions to Colchis, in quest of the Golden Fleece.

2. (Astron.) A large constellation in the southern hemisphere, called also Argo Navis. In modern astronomy it is replaced by its three divisions, Carina, Puppis, and Vela.

Ar*go"an (&?;), a. Pertaining to the ship Argo.

Ar"goile (&?;), n. Potter's clay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ar"gol (&?;), n. [Cf. Argal, Orgal. Of unknown origin.] Crude tartar; an acidulous salt from which cream of tartar is prepared. It exists in the juice of grapes, and is deposited from wines on the sides of the casks. Ure.

Ar*gol"ic (&?;), a. [L. Argolicus, Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to Argolis, a district in the Peloponnesus.

Ar"gon (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; inactive.] (Chem.) A substance regarded as an element, contained in the atmosphere and remarkable for its chemical inertness. Rayleigh and Ramsay.

Ar"go*naut (&?;), n. [L. Argonauta, Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; sailor, &?; ship. See Argo.] 1. Any one of the legendary Greek heroes who sailed with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the Golden Fleece.

2. (Zoöl.) A cephalopod of the genus Argonauta.

||Ar`go*nau"ta (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A genus of Cephalopoda. The shell is called paper nautilus or paper sailor.

The animal has much resemblance to an Octopus. It has eight arms, two of which are expanded at the end and clasp the shell, but are never elevated in the air for sails as was formerly supposed. The creature swims beneath the surface by means of a jet of water, like other cephalopods. The male has no shell, and is much smaller than the female. See Hectocotylus.

Ar"go*naut"ic (&?;), a. [L. Argonauticus.] Of or pertaining to the Argonauts.

Ar"go*sy (&?;), n.; pl. Argosies (&?;). [Earlier ragusy, fr. ragusa meaning orig. a vessel of Ragusa.] A large ship, esp. a merchant vessel of the largest size.

> Where your argosies with portly sail . . .
> Do overpeer the petty traffickers.
> Shak.

||Ar`got" (&?;), n. [F. Of unknown origin.] A secret language or conventional slang peculiar to thieves, tramps, and vagabonds; flash.

Ar"gu*a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being argued; admitting of debate.

Ar"gue (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Argued (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arguing.] [OE. arguen, F. arguer, fr. L. argutare, freq. of arguere to make clear; from the same root as E. argent.] 1. To invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; to use arguments; to reason.

> I argue not
> Against Heaven's hand or will.
> Milton.

2. To contend in argument; to dispute; to reason; - - followed by with; as, you may argue with your friend without convincing him.

Ar"gue, v. t. 1. To debate or discuss; to treat by reasoning; as, the counsel argued the cause before a full court; the cause was well argued.

2. To prove or evince; too manifest or exhibit by inference, deduction, or reasoning.

> So many laws argue so many sins.
> Milton.

3. To persuade by reasons; as, to argue a man into a different opinion.

4. To blame; to accuse; to charge with. [Obs.]

> Thoughts and expressions . . . which can be truly argued of obscenity, profaneness, or immorality.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- to reason; evince; discuss; debate; expostulate; remonstrate; controvert. -- To Argue, Dispute, Debate. These words, as here compared, suppose a contest between two parties in respect to some point at issue. To argue is to adduce arguments or reasons in support of one's cause or position. To dispute is to call in question or deny the statements or arguments of the opposing party. To debate is to strive for or against in a somewhat formal manner by arguments.

> Men of many words sometimes argue for the sake of talking; men of ready tongues frequently dispute for the sake of victory; men in public life often debate for the sake of opposing the ruling party, or from any other motive than the love of truth.
> Crabb.

> Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud,
> Bold without caution, without honors proud.
> Falconer.

> Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate.
> Dryden.

Ar"gu*er (&?;), n. One who argues; a reasoner; a disputant.

Ar"gu*fy (&?;), v. t. & i. [Argue + -fy.] 1. To argue pertinaciously. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

2. To signify. [Colloq.]

||Ar"gu*lus (&?;), n. [NL., dim of Argus.] (Zoöl.) A genus of copepod Crustacea, parasitic of fishes; a fish louse. See Branchiura.

Ar"gu*ment (&?;), n. [F. argument, L. argumentum, fr. arguere to argue.] 1. Proof; evidence. [Obs.]

> There is.. no more palpable and convincing argument of the existence of a Deity.
> Ray.

> Why, then, is it made a badge of wit and an argument of parts for a man to commence atheist, and to cast off all belief of providence, all awe and reverence for religion?
> South.

2. A reason or reasons offered in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind; reasoning expressed in words; as, an argument about, concerning, or regarding a proposition, for or in favor of it, or against it.

3. A process of reasoning, or a controversy made up of rational proofs; argumentation; discussion; disputation.

> The argument is about things, but names.
> Locke.

4. The subject matter of a discourse, writing, or artistic representation; theme or topic; also, an abstract or summary, as of the contents of a book, chapter, poem.

> You and love are still my argument.
> Shak.

> The abstract or argument of the piece.
> Jeffrey.

> [Shields] with boastful argument portrayed.
> Milton.

5. Matter for question; business in hand. [Obs.]

> Sheathed their swords for lack of argument.
> Shak.

6. (Astron.) The quantity on which another quantity in a table depends; as, the altitude is the argument of the refraction.

7. (Math.) The independent variable upon whose value that of a function depends. Brande & C.

<! p. 81 !>

Ar"gu*ment (r"g*ment), v. i. [L. argumentari.] To make an argument; to argue. [Obs.] Gower.

Ar`gu*men"ta*ble (-men"t*b'l), a. [L. argumentabilis.] Admitting of argument. [R.] Chalmers.

Ar`gu*men"tal (&?;), a. [L. argumentalis.] Of, pertaining to, or containing, argument; argumentative.

Ar`gu*men*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. argumentatio, from argumentari: cf. F. argumentation.] 1. The act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true.

> Which manner of argumentation, how false and naught it is, . . . every man that hath with perceiveth.
> Tyndale.

2. Debate; discussion.

Syn. -- Reasoning; discussion; controversy. See Reasoning.

Ar`gu*men"ta*tive (&?;), a. 1. Consisting of, or characterized by, argument; containing a process of reasoning; as, an argumentative discourse.

2. Adductive as proof; indicative; as, the adaptation of things to their uses is argumentative of infinite wisdom in the Creator. [Obs.]

3. Given to argument; characterized by argument; disputatious; as, an argumentative writer.

--Ar`gu*men"ta*tive*ly, adv. -- Ar`gu*men"ta*tive*ness, n.

Ar"gu*men*tize (&?;), v. i. To argue or discuss. [Obs.] Wood.

||Ar"gus (&?;), n. [L. Argus, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Myth.) A fabulous being of antiquity, said to have had a hundred eyes, who has placed by Juno to guard Io. His eyes were transplanted to the peacock's tail.

2. One very vigilant; a guardian always watchful.

3. (Zoöl.) A genus of East Indian pheasants. The common species (A. giganteus) is remarkable for the great length and beauty of the wing and tail feathers of the male. The species A. Grayi inhabits Borneo.

Ar"gus-eyed (&?;), a. Extremely observant; watchful; sharp-sighted.

Ar"gus shell` (&?;) . (Zoöl.) A species of shell (Cypræa argus), beautifully variegated with spots resembling those in a peacock's tail.

Ar`gu*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. argutatio. See Argue.] Caviling; subtle disputation. [Obs.]

Ar*gute" (&?;), a. [L. argutus, p. p. of arguere. See Argue.] 1. Sharp; shrill. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. Sagacious; acute; subtle; shrewd.

> The active preacher . . . the argue schoolman.
> Milman.

Ar*gute"ly, adv. In a subtle; shrewdly.

Ar*gute"ness, n. Acuteness. Dryden.

A*rhi"zal (&?;), A*rhi"zous (&?;), A*rhyth"mic (&?;), A*rhyth"mous (&?;), a. See Arrhizal, Arrhizous, Arrhythmic, Arrhythmous.

||A"ri*a (&?;), n. [It., fr. L. aër. See Air.] (Mus.) An air or song; a melody; a tune.

The Italian term is now mostly used for the more elaborate accompanied melodies sung by a single voice, in operas, oratorios, cantatas, anthems, etc., and not so much for simple airs or tunes.

Ar"ian (&?;), a. & n. (Ethnol.) See Aryan.

A"ri*an (&?;), a. [L. Arianus.] Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to the doctrines of Arius, who held Christ to be inferior to God the Father in nature and dignity, though the first and noblest of all created beings. -- n. One who adheres to or believes the doctrines of Arius. Mosheim.

A"ri*an*ism (&?;), n. The doctrines of the Arians.

A"ri*an*ize (&?;), v. i. To admit or accept the tenets of the Arians; to become an Arian.

A"ri*an*ize, v. t. To convert to Arianism.

Ar"i*cine (&?;), n. [From Arica, in Chile.] (Chem.) An alkaloid, first found in white cinchona bark.

Ar"id (&?;), a. [L. aridus, fr. arere to be dry: cf. F. aride.] Exhausted of moisture; parched with heat; dry; barren. "An arid waste." Thomson.

A*rid"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Aridities (&?;). [L. ariditas, fr. aridus.] 1. The state or quality of being arid or without moisture; dryness.

2. Fig.: Want of interest of feeling; insensibility; dryness of style or feeling; spiritual drought. Norris.

Ar"id*ness (&?;), n. Aridity; dryness.

A"ri*el (&?;), n., or A"ri*el ga*zelle" (&?;). [Ar. aryil, ayyil, stag.] (Zoöl.) (a) A variety of the gazelle (Antilope, or Gazella, dorcas), found in Arabia and adjacent countries. (b) A squirrel-like Australian marsupial, a species of Petaurus. (c) A beautiful Brazilian toucan Ramphastos ariel).

||A"ri*es, n. [L.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The Ram; the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the vernal equinox, about the 21st of March. (b) A constellation west of Taurus, drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a ram.

2. (Rom. Antiq.) A battering-ram.

Ar"i*e*tate (&?;), v. i. [L. arietatus, p. p. of arietare, fr. aries ram.] To butt, as a ram. [Obs.]

Ar`i*e*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. arietatio.] 1. The act of butting like a ram; act of using a battering-ram. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. Act of striking or conflicting. [R.] Glanvill.

{ ||A`ri*et"ta (&?;), Ar`i*ette" (&?;), } n. [It. arietta, dim. of aria; F. ariette.] (Mus.) A short aria, or air. "A military ariette." Sir W. Scott.

A*right" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + right.] Rightly; correctly; in a right way or form; without mistake or crime; as, to worship God aright.

Ar"il (&?;), ||A*ril"lus (&?;), n. [From LL. arilli dry grapes, perh. fr. L. aridus dry: cf. F,. arille.] (Bot.) A exterior covering, forming a false coat or appendage to a seed, as the loose, transparent bag inclosing the seed of the white water lily. The mace of the nutmeg is also an aril. Gray.

Ar"il*late (&?;). Ar"l*la`ted (&?;), Ar"iled (&?;), a. [Cf. NL. arillatus, F. arillé.] Having an aril.

A"ri*man (&?;), n. See Ahriman.

Ar`i*o*la"tion (&?;), n. [L. ariolatio, hariolatio, fr. hariolari to prophesy, fr. hariolus soothsayer.] A soothsaying; a foretelling. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ar"i*ose (&?;), a. [It. arioso, fr. aria.] Characterized by melody, as distinguished from harmony.

> Mendelssohn wants the ariose beauty of Handel; vocal melody is not his forte; the interest of his airs is harmonic.
> Foreign Quart. Rev.

||A`ri*o"so (&?;), adv. & a. [It.] (Mus.) In the smooth and melodious style of an air; ariose.

A*rise" (*rz"), v. i. [imp. Arose (-rz"); p. pr. & vb. n. Arising; p. p. Arisen (- rz"'n).]. [AS. rsan; (equiv. to Goth. us-, ur-, G. er-, orig. meaning out) + rsan to rise; cf. Goth. urreisan to arise. See Rise.] 1. To come up from a lower to a higher position; to come above the horizon; to come up from one's bed or place of repose; to mount; to ascend; to rise; as, to arise from a kneeling posture; a cloud arose; the sun ariseth; he arose early in the morning.

2. To spring up; to come into action, being, or notice; to become operative, sensible, or visible; to begin to act a part; to present itself; as, the waves of the sea arose; a persecution arose; the wrath of the king shall arise.

> There arose up a new king . . . which knew not Joseph.
> Ex. i. 8.

> The doubts that in his heart arose.
> Milton.

3. To proceed; to issue; to spring.

> Whence haply mention may arise
> Of something not unseasonable to ask.
> Milton.

A*rise", n. Rising. [Obs.] Drayton.

A*rist" (&?;), 3d sing. pres. of Arise, for ariseth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||A*ris"ta (&?;), n. [L.] (Bot.) An awn. Gray.

Ar"is*tarch (&?;), n. [From Aristarchus, a Greek grammarian and critic, of Alexandria, about 200 b. c.] A severe critic. Knowles.

Ar`is*tar"chi*an (&?;), a. Severely critical.

Ar"is*tar`chy (&?;), n. Severely criticism.

Ar"is*tar`chy (&?;), n. Severe criticism. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

A*ris"tate (&?;), a. [L. aristatus, fr. arista. See Arista.] 1. (Bot.) Having a pointed, beardlike process, as the glumes of wheat; awned. Gray.

2. (Zoöl.) Having a slender, sharp, or spinelike tip.

Ar`is*toc"ra*cy (&?;), n.; pl. Aristocracies (&?;). [Gr. &?;; &?; best + &?; to be strong, to rule, &?; strength; &?; is perh. from the same root as E. arm, and orig. meant fitting: cf. F. aristocratie. See Arm, and Create, which is related to Gr. &?;.] 1. Government by the best citizens.

2. A ruling body composed of the best citizens. [Obs.]

> In the Senate
> Right not our quest in this, I will protest them
> To all the world, no aristocracy.
> B. Jonson.

3. A form a government, in which the supreme power is vested in the principal persons of a state, or in a privileged order; an oligarchy.

> The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted so many abuses, trough the degeneracy of the nobles, that the period of its duration seems approach.
> Swift.

4. The nobles or chief persons in a state; a privileged class or patrician order; (in a popular use) those who are regarded as superior to the rest of the community, as in rank, fortune, or intellect.

A*ris"to*crat (?; 277), n. [F. aristocrate. See Aristocracy.] 1. One of the aristocracy or people of rank in a community; one of a ruling class; a noble.

2. One who is overbearing in his temper or habits; a proud or haughty person.

> A born aristocrat, bred radical.
> Mrs. Browning.

3. One who favors an aristocracy as a form of government, or believes the aristocracy should govern.

> His whole family are accused of being aristocrats.
> Romilly.

{ Ar`is*to*crat"ic (&?;), Ar`is*to*crat"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. aristocratique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an aristocracy; consisting in, or favoring, a government of nobles, or principal men; as, an aristocratic constitution.

2. Partaking of aristocracy; befitting aristocracy; characteristic of, or originating with, the aristocracy; as, an aristocratic measure; aristocratic pride or manners. - - Ar`is*to*crat"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Ar`is*to*crat"ic*al*ness, n.

Ar"is*to*crat`ism (&?;), n. 1. The principles of aristocrats. Romilly.

2. Aristocrats, collectively. [R.]

Ar`is*tol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; dinner + -logy.] The science of dining. Quart. Rev.

Ar`is*to*phan"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Aristophanes, the Athenian comic poet.

Ar`is*to*te"li*an (?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher (384-322 b. c.). -- n. A follower of Aristotle; a Peripatetic. See Peripatetic.

Ar`is*to*te"li*an*ism (&?;). The philosophy of Aristotle, otherwise called the Peripatetic philosophy.

Ar`is*to*tel"ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to Aristotle or to his philosophy. "Aristotelic usage." Sir W. Hamilton.

Ar"is*to`tle's lan"tern (&?;). (Zoöl.) The five united jaws and accessory ossicles of certain sea urchins.

A*ris"tu*late (?; 135), a. [Dim. fr. arista.] (Bot.) Having a short beard or awn. Gray.

Ar"ith*man`cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; number + -mancy.] Divination by means of numbers.

A*rith"me*tic (&?;), n. [OE. arsmetike, OF. arismetique, L. arithmetica, fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr. &?; arithmetical, fr. &?; to number, fr. &?; number, prob. fr. same root as E. arm, the idea of counting coming from that of fitting, attaching. See Arm. The modern Eng. and French forms are accommodated to the Greek.] 1. The science of numbers; the art of computation by figures.

2. A book containing the principles of this science.

Arithmetic of sines, trigonometry. -- Political arithmetic, the application of the science of numbers to problems in civil government, political economy, and social science. -- Universal arithmetic, the name given by Sir Isaac Newton to algebra.

Ar`ith*met"ic*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to arithmetic; according to the rules or method of arithmetic.

Arithmetical complement of a logarithm. See Logarithm. -- Arithmetical mean. See Mean. -- Arithmetical progression. See Progression. -- Arithmetical proportion. See Proportion.

Ar`ith*met"ic*al*ly, adv. Conformably to the principles or methods of arithmetic.

A*rith`me*ti"cian (&?;), n. [Cf. F. arithméticien.] One skilled in arithmetic.

A*rith"mo*man"cy (&?;), n. Arithmancy.

Ar`ith*mom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; number + -meter: cf. F. arithmomètre.] A calculating machine.

Ark (&?;), n. [OE. ark, arke, arche, AS. arc, earc, earce, fr. L. arca, fr. arcere to inclose, keep off; akin to Gr. &?; to keep off.] 1. A chest, or coffer. [Obs.]

> Bearing that precious relic in an ark.
> Spenser.

2. (Jewish Hist.) The oblong chest of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, which supported the mercy seat with its golden cherubs, and occupied the most sacred place in the sanctuary. In it Moses placed the two tables of stone containing the ten commandments. Called also the Ark of the Covenant.

3. The large, chestlike vessel in which Noah and his family were preserved during the Deluge. Gen. vi. Hence: Any place of refuge.

4. A large flatboat used on Western American rivers to transport produce to market.

Ark"ite (&?;), a. Belonging to the ark. [R.] Faber.

Ark" shell` (&?;). (Zoöl.) A marine bivalve shell belonging to the genus Arca and its allies.

Arles (&?;), n. pl. [Cf. F. arrhes, Scot. airles. Cf. Earles penny.] An earnest; earnest money; money paid to bind a bargain. [Scot.]

Arles penny, earnest money given to servants. Kersey.

Arm (&?;), n. [AS. arm, earm; akin to OHG. aram, G., D., Dan., & Sw. arm, Icel. armr, Goth. arms, L. armus arm, shoulder, and prob. to Gr. &?; joining, joint, shoulder, fr. the root &?; to join, to fit together; cf. Slav. rame. &?;. See Art, Article.] 1. The limb of the human body which extends from the shoulder to the hand; also, the corresponding limb of a monkey.

2. Anything resembling an arm; as, (a) The fore limb of an animal, as of a bear. (b) A limb, or locomotive or prehensile organ, of an invertebrate animal. (c) A branch of a tree. (d) A slender part of an instrument or machine, projecting from a trunk, axis, or fulcrum; as, the arm of a steelyard. (e) (Naut) The end of a yard; also, the part of an anchor which ends in the fluke. (f) An inlet of water from the sea. (g) A support for the elbow, at the side of a chair, the end of a sofa, etc.

3. Fig.: Power; might; strength; support; as, the secular arm; the arm of the law.

> To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?
> Isa. lii. 1.

Arm's end, the end of the arm; a good distance off. Dryden. -- Arm's length, the length of the arm. -- Arm's reach, reach of the arm; the distance the arm can reach. -- To go (or walk) arm in arm, to go with the arm or hand of one linked in the arm of another. "When arm in armwe went along." Tennyson. -- To keep at arm's length, to keep at a distance (literally or figuratively); not to allow to come into close contact or familiar intercourse. -- To work at arm's length, to work disadvantageously.

Arm, n. [See Arms.] (Mil.) (a) A branch of the military service; as, the cavalry arm was made efficient. (b) A weapon of offense or defense; an instrument of warfare; -- commonly in the pl.

Arm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Armed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arming.] [OE. armen, F. armer, fr. L. armare, fr. arma, pl., arms. See arms.] 1. To take by the arm; to take up in one's arms. [Obs.]

> And make him with our pikes and partisans
> A grave: come, arm him.
> Shak.

> Arm your prize;
> I know you will not lose him.
> Two N. Kins.

2. To furnish with arms or limbs. [R.]

> His shoulders broad and strong,
> Armed long and round.
> Beau. & Fl.

3. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; as, to arm soldiers; to arm the country.

> Abram . . . armed his trained servants.
> Gen. xiv. 14.

4. To cover or furnish with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, security, or efficiency; as, to arm the hit of a sword; to arm a hook in angling.

5. Fig.: To furnish with means of defense; to prepare for resistance; to fortify, in a moral sense.

> Arm yourselves . . . with the same mind.
> 1 Pet. iv. 1.

To arm a magnet, to fit it with an armature.

Arm, v. i. To provide one's self with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance; to take arms. " 'Tis time to arm." Shak.

<! p. 82 !>

Ar*ma"da (är*m"d or är*mä"d), n. [Sp. armada, L. as if armata (sc. classic fleet), fr. armatus, p. p. of armare. See Arm, v. t. Army.] A fleet of armed ships; a squadron. Specifically, the Spanish fleet which was sent to assail England, a. d. 1558.

Ar`ma*dil"lo (är`m*dl"l), n.; pl. Armadillos (-lz). [Sp. armadillo, dim. of armado armed, p. p. of armar to arm. So called from being armed with a bony shell.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any edentate animal if the family Dasypidæ, peculiar to America. The body and head are incased in an armor composed of small bony plates. The armadillos burrow in the earth, seldom going abroad except at night. When attacked, they curl up into a ball, presenting the armor on all sides. Their flesh is good food. There are several species, one of which (the peba) is found as far north as Texas. See Peba, Poyou, Tatouay. (b) A genus of small isopod Crustacea that can roll themselves into a ball.

Ar*ma"do (är*m"d), n. Armada. [Obs.]

Ar"ma*ment (&?;), n. [L. armamenta, pl., utensils, esp. the tackle of a ship, fr. armare to arm: cf. LL. armamentum, F. armement.] 1. A body of forces equipped for war; -- used of a land or naval force. "The whole united armament of Greece." Glover.

2. (Mil. & Nav.) All the cannon and small arms collectively, with their equipments, belonging to a ship or a fortification.

3. Any equipment for resistance.

Ar`ma*men"ta*ry (&?;), n. [L. armamentarium, fr. armamentum: cf. F. armamentaire.] An armory; a magazine or arsenal. [R.]

Ar"ma*ture (&?;), n. [L. armatura, fr. armare to arm: cf. F. armature. See Arm, v. t., Armor.] 1. Armor; whatever is worn or used for the protection and defense of the body, esp. the protective outfit of some animals and plants.

2. (Magnetism) A piece of soft iron used to connect the two poles of a magnet, or electro-magnet, in order to complete the circuit, or to receive and apply the magnetic force. In the ordinary horseshoe magnet, it serves to prevent the dissipation of the magnetic force.

3. (Arch.) Iron bars or framing employed for the consolidation of a building, as in sustaining slender columns, holding up canopies, etc. Oxf. Gloss.

Arm"chair` (&?;), n. A chair with arms to support the elbows or forearms. Tennyson.

Armed (&?;), a. 1. Furnished with weapons of offense or defense; furnished with the means of security or protection. "And armed host." Dryden.

2. Furnished with whatever serves to add strength, force, or efficiency.

> A distemper eminently armed from heaven.
> De Foe.

3. (Her.) Having horns, beak, talons, etc; - - said of beasts and birds of prey.

Armed at all points (Blazoning), completely incased in armor, sometimes described as armed cap-à- pie. Cussans. -- Armed en flute. (Naut.) See under Flute. -- Armed magnet, a magnet provided with an armature. -- Armed neutrality. See under Neutrality.

Ar*me"ni*an (&?;), a. [Cf. F. Arménien, L. Armenias, fr. Armenia.] Of or pertaining to Armenia.

Armenian bole, a soft clayey earth of a bright red color found in Armenia, Tuscany, etc. -- Armenian stone. (a) The commercial name of lapis lazuli. (b) Emery.

Ar*me"ni*an, n. 1. A native or one of the people of Armenia; also, the language of the Armenians.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) An adherent of the Armenian Church, an organization similar in some doctrines and practices to the Greek Church, in others to the Roman Catholic.

Arm"et (&?;), n. [F., dim. of arme arm, or corrupted for healmet helmet.] A kind of helmet worn in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.

Arm"ful (&?;), n.; pl. Armfulus (&?;). As much as the arm can hold.

Arm"gaunt` (&?;), a. With gaunt or slender legs. (?) "An armgaunt steed." Shak.

This word is peculiar to Shakespeare. Its meaning has not yet been satisfactorily explained.

Arm"-gret` (&?;), a. Great as a man's arm. [Obs.]

> A wreath of gold, arm-gret.
> Chaucer.

Arm"hole` (&?;), n. [Arm + hole.] 1. The cavity under the shoulder; the armpit. Bacon.

2. A hole for the arm in a garment.

Ar*mif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. armifer; arma arms + ferre to bear.] Bearing arms or weapons. [R.]

Ar"mi*ger (&?;), n. [L. armiger armor bearer; arma arms + gerere to bear.] Formerly, an armor bearer, as of a knight, an esquire who bore his shield and rendered other services. In later use, one next in degree to a knight, and entitled to armorial bearings. The term is now superseded by esquire. Jacob.

Ar*mig"er*ous (&?;), a. Bearing arms. [R.]

> They belonged to the armigerous part of the population, and were entitled to write themselves Esquire.
> De Quincey.

Ar"mil (&?;), n. [L. armilla a bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. OF. armille.] 1. A bracelet. [Obs.]

2. An ancient astronomical instrument.

When composed of one ring placed in the plane of the equator for determining the time of the equinoxes, it is called an equinoctial armil; when of two or more rings, one in the plane of the meridian, for observing the solstices, it is called a solstitial armil. Whewell.

||Ar*mil"la (&?;), n.; pl. E. Armillas (&?;), L. Armillæ (&?;). [L., a bracelet.] 1. An armil.

2. (Zoöl.) A ring of hair or feathers on the legs.

Ar"mil*la*ry (&?;), a. [LL. armillarius, fr. L. armilla arm ring, bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. F. armillaire. See Arm, n.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a bracelet or ring; consisting of rings or circles.

Armillary sphere, an ancient astronomical machine composed of an assemblage of rings, all circles of the same sphere, designed to represent the positions of the important circles of the celestial sphere. Nichol.

Arm"ing (&?;), n. 1. The act of furnishing with, or taking, arms.

> The arming was now universal.
> Macaulay.

2. (Naut.) A piece of tallow placed in a cavity at the lower end of a sounding lead, to bring up the sand, shells, etc., of the sea bottom. Totten.

3. pl. (Naut.) Red dress cloths formerly hung fore and aft outside of a ship's upper works on holidays.

Arming press (Bookbinding), a press for stamping titles and designs on the covers of books.

Ar*min"i*an (?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Arminius of his followers, or to their doctrines. See note under Arminian, n.

Ar*min"i*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who holds the tenets of Arminius, a Dutch divine (b. 1560, d. 1609).

The Arminian doctrines are: 1. Conditional election and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination. 2. Universal redemption, or that the atonement was made by Christ for all mankind, though none but believers can be partakers of the benefit. 3. That man, in order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God. 4. That man may resist divine grace. 5. That man may relapse from a state of grace.

Ar*min"i*an*ism (&?;), n. The religious doctrines or tenets of the Arminians.

Ar*mip"o*tence (&?;), n. [L. armipotentia, fr. armipotents.] Power in arms. [R.] Johnson.

Ar*mip"o*tent (&?;), a. [L. armipotents; arma arms + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.] Powerful in arms; mighty in battle.

> The temple stood of Mars armipotent.
> Dryden.

{ Ar*mis"o*nant (&?;), Ar*mis"o*nous (&?;), } a. [L. armisonus; arma arms + sonare (p. pr. sonans) to sound.] Rustling in arms; resounding with arms. [Obs.]

Ar"mis*tice (&?;), n. [F. armistice, fr. (an assumed word) L. armistitium; arma arms + stare, statum (combining form, -stitum), to stand still.] A cessation of arms for a short time, by convention; a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement; a truce.

Arm"less (&?;), a. 1. Without any arm or branch.

2. Destitute of arms or weapons.

Arm"let (&?;), n. [Arm + -let.] 1. A small arm; as, an armlet of the sea. Johnson.

2. An arm ring; a bracelet for the upper arm.

3. Armor for the arm.

Ar*mo"ni*ac (&?;), a. Ammoniac. [Obs.]

Ar"mor (&?;), n. [OE. armure, fr. F. armure, OF. armeure, fr. L. armatura. See Armature.] [Spelt also armour.] 1. Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering worn to protect one's person in battle.

In English statues, armor is used for the whole apparatus of war, including offensive as well as defensive arms. The statues of armor directed what arms every man should provide.

2. Steel or iron covering, whether of ships or forts, protecting them from the fire of artillery.

Coat armor, the escutcheon of a person or family, with its several charges and other furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, etc. -- Submarine, a water- tight dress or covering for a diver. See under Submarine.

Ar"mor-bear`er (&?;), n. One who carries the armor or arms of another; an armiger. Judg. ix. 54.

Ar"mored (&?;), a. Clad with armor.

Ar"mor*er (&?;), n. [OE. armurer, armerer, fr. F. armurter, fr. armure armor.] 1. One who makes or repairs armor or arms.

2. Formerly, one who had care of the arms and armor of a knight, and who dressed him in armor. Shak.

3. One who has the care of arms and armor, cleans or repairs them, etc.

Ar*mo"ri*al (&?;), a. [F. armorial, fr. armoiries arms, coats of arms, for armoieries, fr. OF. armoier to paint arms, coats of arms, fr. armes, fr. L. arma. See Arms, Armory.] Belonging to armor, or to the heraldic arms or escutcheon of a family.

> Figures with armorial signs of race and birth.
> Wordsworth.

Armorial bearings. See Arms, 4.

{ Ar*mor"ic (&?;), Ar*mor"i*can (&?;), } a. [L. Armoricus, fr. Celtic ar on, at + mor sea.] Of or pertaining to the northwestern part of France (formerly called Armorica, now Bretagne or Brittany), or to its people. -- n. The language of the Armoricans, a Celtic dialect which has remained to the present times.

Ar*mor"i*can, n. A native of Armorica.

Ar"mor*ist (&?;), n. [F. armoriste.] One skilled in coat armor or heraldry. Cussans.

Ar"mor-plat`ed (&?;), a. Covered with defensive plates of metal, as a ship of war; steel-clad.

> This day will be launched . . . the first armor- plated steam frigate in the possession of Great Britain.
> Times (Dec. 29, 1860).

Ar"mo*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Armories (&?;). [OF. armaire, armarie, F. armoire, fr. L. armarium place for keeping arms; but confused with F. armoiries. See Armorial, Ambry.] 1. A place where arms and instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping.

2. Armor; defensive and offensive arms.

> Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears.
> Milton.

3. A manufactory of arms, as rifles, muskets, pistols, bayonets, swords. [U.S.]

4. Ensigns armorial; armorial bearings. Spenser.

5. That branch of heraldry which treats of coat armor.

> The science of heraldry, or, more justly speaking, armory, which is but one branch of heraldry, is, without doubt, of very ancient origin.
> Cussans.

{ Ar`mo*zeen", Ar`mo*zine" } (&?;), n. [armosin, armoisin.] A thick plain silk, generally black, and used for clerical. Simmonds.

Arm"pit` (&?;), n. [Arm + pit.] The hollow beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axilla.

Arm"rack` (&?;), n. A frame, generally vertical, for holding small arms.

Arms (&?;), n. pl. [OE. armes, F. arme, pl. armes, fr. L. arma, pl., arms, orig. fittings, akin to armus shoulder, and E. arm. See Arm, n.] 1. Instruments or weapons of offense or defense.

> He lays down his arms, but not his wiles.
> Milton.

> Three horses and three goodly suits of arms.
> Tennyson.

2. The deeds or exploits of war; military service or science. "Arms and the man I sing." Dryden.

3. (Law) Anything which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another with; an aggressive weapon. Cowell. Blackstone.

4. (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a family, consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, etc., as marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son.

5. (Falconry) The legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot. Halliwell.

Bred to arms, educated to the profession of a soldier. -- In arms, armed for war; in a state of hostility. -- Small arms, portable firearms known as muskets, rifles, carbines, pistols, etc. -- A stand of arms, a complete set for one soldier, as a musket, bayonet, cartridge box and belt; frequently, the musket and bayonet alone. -- To arms! a summons to war or battle. -- Under arms, armed and equipped and in readiness for battle, or for a military parade.

Arm's end, Arm's length, Arm's reach. See under Arm.

Ar"mure (&?;), n. [F. See Armor.] 1. Armor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A variety of twilled fabric ribbed on the surface.

Ar"my (&?;), n. [F. armée, fr. L. armata, fem. of armatus, p. p. of armare to arm. Cf. Armada.] 1. A collection or body of men armed for war, esp. one organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divisions, under proper officers.

2. A body of persons organized for the advancement of a cause; as, the Blue Ribbon Army.

3. A great number; a vast multitude; a host.

> An army of good words.
> Shak.

Standing army, a permanent army of professional soldiers, as distinguished from militia or volunteers.

Ar"my worm` (&?;). (Zoöl.) (a) A lepidopterous insect, which in the larval state often travels in great multitudes from field to field, destroying grass, grain, and other crops. The common army worm of the northern United States is Leucania unipuncta. The name is often applied to other related species, as the cotton worm. (b) The larva of a small two-winged fly (Sciara), which marches in large companies, in regular order. See Cotton worm, under Cotton.

||Ar"na (&?;), ||Ar"nee (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The wild buffalo of India (Bos, or Bubalus, arni), larger than the domestic buffalo and having enormous horns.

Ar*nat"to (&?;), n. See Annotto.

Ar"ni*ca (&?;), n. [Prob. a corruption of ptarmica.] (Bot.) A genus of plants; also, the most important species (Arnica montana), native of the mountains of Europe, used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant.

The tincture of arnica is applied externally as a remedy for bruises, sprains, etc.

Ar"ni*cin (&?;), n. [See Arnica.] (Chem.) An active principle of Arnica montana. It is a bitter resin.

Ar"ni*cine (&?;), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the arnica plant.

{ Ar"not (&?;), Ar"nut (&?;), } n. [Cf. D. aardnoot, E. earthut.] The earthnut. [Obs.]

Ar*not"to (&?;), n. Same as Annotto.

A"roid (&?;), A*roid"e*ous (&?;), a. [Arum + -oid.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, the Arum family of plants.

A*roint" (*roint"), interj. [Cf. Prov. E. rynt, rynt thee, roynt, or runt, terms used by milkmaids to a cow that has been milked, in order to drive her away, to make room for others; AS. rman to make room or way, fr. rm room. The final t is perh. for ta, for thou. Cf. Room space.] Stand off, or begone. [Obs.]

> Aroint thee, witch, the rump-fed ronyon cries.
> Shak.

A*roint", v. t. To drive or scare off by some exclamation. [R.] "Whiskered cats arointed flee." Mrs. Browning.

A*ro"ma (&?;), n. [L. aroma, Gr. &?;: cf. OE. aromaz, aromat, spice, F. aromate.] 1. The quality or principle of plants or other substances which constitutes their fragrance; agreeable odor; as, the aroma of coffee.

2. Fig.: The fine diffusive quality of intellectual power; flavor; as, the subtile aroma of genius.

{ Ar`o*mat"ic (&?;), Ar`o*mat"ic*al (&?;), } a. [L. aromaticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. aromatique. See Aroma.] Pertaining to, or containing, aroma; fragrant; spicy; strong-scented; odoriferous; as, aromatic balsam.

<! p. 83 !>

Aromatic compound (Chem.), one of a large class of organic substances, as the oils of bitter almonds, wintergreen, and turpentine, the balsams, camphors, etc., many of which have an aromatic odor. They include many of the most important of the carbon compounds and may all be derived from the benzene group, C6H6. The term is extended also to many of their derivatives. -- Aromatic vinegar. See under Vinegar.

Ar`o*mat"ic (r`*mt"k), n. A plant, drug, or medicine, characterized by a fragrant smell, and usually by a warm, pungent taste, as ginger, cinnamon, spices.

Ar`o*mat`i*za"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. aromatisation.] The act of impregnating or secting with aroma.

A*ro"ma*tize (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aromatized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aromatizing.] [L. aromatizare, Gr. &?;: cf. F. aromatiser.] To impregnate with aroma; to render aromatic; to give a spicy scent or taste to; to perfume. Bacon.

A*ro"ma*ti`zer (&?;), n. One who, or that which, aromatizes or renders aromatic. Evelyn.

A*ro"ma*tous (&?;), a. Aromatic. [Obs.] Caxton.

Ar"oph (&?;), n. [A contraction of aroma philosophorum.] A barbarous word used by the old chemists to designate various medical remedies. [Obs.]

A*rose" (&?;). The past or preterit tense of Arise.

A*round" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + round.] 1. In a circle; circularly; on every side; round.

2. In a circuit; here and there within the surrounding space; all about; as, to travel around from town to town.

3. Near; in the neighborhood; as, this man was standing around when the fight took place. [Colloq. U. S.]

See Round, the shorter form, adv. & prep., which, in some of the meanings, is more commonly used.

A*round", prep. 1. On all sides of; encircling; encompassing; so as to make the circuit of; about.

> A lambent flame arose, which gently spread
> Around his brows.
> Dryden.

2. From one part to another of; at random through; about; on another side of; as, to travel around the country; a house standing around the corner. [Colloq. U. S.]

A*rous"al (&?;), n. The act of arousing, or the state of being aroused.

> Whatever has associated itself with the arousal and activity of our better nature.
> Hare.

A*rouse" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aroused (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arousing.] [Pref. a- + rouse.] To excite to action from a state of rest; to stir, or put in motion or exertion; to rouse; to excite; as, to arouse one from sleep; to arouse the dormant faculties.

> Grasping his spear, forth issued to arouse
> His brother, mighty sovereign on the host.
> Cowper.

> No suspicion was aroused.
> Merivale.

A*row" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + row.] In a row, line, or rank; successively; in order. Shak.

> And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arow.
> Dryden.

A*roynt" (&?;), interj. See Aroint.

||Ar*peg"gio (&?;), n. [It., fr. arpeggiare to play on the harp, fr. arpa harp.] (Mus.) The production of the tones of a chord in rapid succession, as in playing the harp, and not simultaneously; a strain thus played.

{ Ar"pent (&?;), Ar"pen (&?;), } n. [F. arpent, fr. L. arepennis, arapennis. According to Columella, a Gallic word for a measure equiv. to half a Roman jugerum.] Formerly, a measure of land in France, varying in different parts of the country. The arpent of Paris was 4,088 sq. yards, or nearly five sixths of an English acre. The woodland arpent was about 1 acre, 1 rood, 1 perch, English.

Ar`pen*ta"tor (&?;), n. [See Arpent.] The Anglicized form of the French arpenteur, a land surveyor. [R.]

Ar"pine (&?;), n. An arpent. [Obs.] Webster (1623).

Ar"qua*ted (&?;), a. Shaped like a bow; arcuate; curved. [R.]

{ Ar"que*bus, Ar"que*buse } (?; 277), n. [F. arquebuse, OF. harquebuse, fr. D. haak-bus; cf. G. hakenbüchse a gun with a hook. See Hagbut.] A sort of hand gun or firearm a contrivance answering to a trigger, by which the burning match was applied. The musket was a later invention. [Written also harquebus.]

Ar`que*bus*ade" (&?;), n. [F. arquebusade shot of an arquebus; eau d'arquebusade a vulnerary for gunshot wounds.] 1. The shot of an arquebus. Ash.

2. A distilled water from a variety of aromatic plants, as rosemary, millefoil, etc.; -- originally used as a vulnerary in gunshot wounds. Parr.

Ar`que*bus*ier (&?;), n. [F. arquebusier.] A soldier armed with an arquebus.

> Soldiers armed with guns, of whatsoever sort or denomination, appear to have been called arquebusiers.
> E. Lodge.

Ar"qui*foux (&?;), n. Same as Alquifou.

Ar"rach (&?;), n. See Orach.

Ar"rack (?; 277), n. [Ar. araq sweat, juice, spirituous liquor, fr. araqa to sweat. Cf. Rack arrack.] A name in the East Indies and the Indian islands for all ardent spirits. Arrack is often distilled from a fermented mixture of rice, molasses, and palm wine of the cocoanut tree or the date palm, etc.

Ar*rag"o*nite (&?;), n. See Aragonite.

Ar*raign" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arraigned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arraigning.] [OE. arainen, arenen, OF. aragnier, aranier, araisnier, F. arraisonner, fr. LL. arrationare to address to call before court; L. ad + ratio reason, reasoning, LL. cause, judgment. See Reason.] 1. (Law) To call or set as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to the matter charged in an indictment or complaint. Blackstone.

2. To call to account, or accuse, before the bar of reason, taste, or any other tribunal.

> They will not arraign you for want of knowledge.
> Dryden.

> It is not arrogance, but timidity, of which the Christian body should now be arraigned by the world.
> I. Taylor.

Syn. -- To accuse; impeach; charge; censure; criminate; indict; denounce. See Accuse.

Ar*raign", n. Arraignment; as, the clerk of the arraigns. Blackstone. Macaulay.

Ar*raign" (&?;), v. t. [From OF. aramier, fr. LL. adhramire.] (Old Eng. Law) To appeal to; to demand; as, to arraign an assize of novel disseizin.

Ar*raign"er (&?;), n. One who arraigns. Coleridge.

Ar*raign"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. arraynement, aresnement.] 1. (Law) The act of arraigning, or the state of being arraigned; the act of calling and setting a prisoner before a court to answer to an indictment or complaint.

2. A calling to an account to faults; accusation.

> In the sixth satire, which seems only an Arraignment of the whole sex, there is a latent admonition.
> Dryden.

Ar*rai"ment, Ar*ray"ment (&?;), n. [From Array, v. t.] Clothes; raiment. [Obs.]

Ar*range" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Arranging (&?;).] [OE. arayngen, OF. arengier, F. arranger, fr. a (L. ad) + OF. rengier, rangier, F. ranger. See Range, v. t.] 1. To put in proper order; to dispose (persons, or parts) in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose; as, troops arranged for battle.

> So [they] came to the market place, and there he arranged his men in the streets.
> Berners.

> [They] were beginning to arrange their hampers.
> Boswell.

> A mechanism previously arranged.
> Paley.

2. To adjust or settle; to prepare; to determine; as, to arrange the preliminaries of an undertaking.

Syn. -- Adjust; adapt; range; dispose; classify.

Ar*range"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. arrangement.] 1. The act of arranging or putting in an orderly condition; the state of being arranged or put in order; disposition in suitable form.

2. The manner or result of arranging; system of parts disposed in due order; regular and systematic classification; as, arrangement of one's dress; the Linnæan arrangement of plants.

3. Preparatory proceeding or measure; preparation; as, we have made arrangement for receiving company.

4. Settlement; adjustment by agreement; as, the parties have made an arrangement between themselves concerning their disputes; a satisfactory arrangement.

5. (Mus.) (a) The adaptation of a composition to voices or instruments for which it was not originally written. (b) A piece so adapted; a transcription; as, a pianoforte arrangement of Beethoven's symphonies; an orchestral arrangement of a song, an opera, or the like.

Ar*ran"ger (&?;), n. One who arranges. Burke.

Ar"rant (&?;), a. [OE. erraunt, errant, errand, equiv. to E. errant wandering, which was first applied to vagabonds, as an errant rogue, an errant thief, and hence passed gradually into its present and worse sense. See Errant.] Notoriously or preëminently bad; thorough or downright, in a bad sense; shameless; unmitigated; as, an arrant rogue or coward.

> I discover an arrant laziness in my soul.
> Fuller.

2. Thorough or downright, in a good sense. [Obs.]

> An arrant honest woman.
> Burton.

Ar"rant*ly, adv. Notoriously, in an ill sense; infamously; impudently; shamefully. L'Estrange.

Ar"ras (&?;), n. [From Arras the capital of Artois, in the French Netherlands.] Tapestry; a rich figured fabric; especially, a screen or hangings of heavy cloth with interwoven figures.

> Stateliest couches, with rich arras spread.
> Cowper.

> Behind the arras I'll convey myself.
> Shak.

Ar"ras, v. t. To furnish with an arras. Chapman.

Ar`ras*ene" (&?;), n. [From Arras.] A material of wool or silk used for working the figures in embroidery.

||Ar*ras"tre (&?;), n. [Sp.] A rude apparatus for pulverizing ores, esp. those containing free gold.

Ar"ras*wise` (&?;), Ar"ras*ways`, adv. [Prob. a corruption of arriswise. See Arris.] Placed in such a position as to exhibit the top and two sides, the corner being in front; -- said of a rectangular form. Encyc. Brit. Cussans.

Ar*raught" (&?;). [The past tense of an old v. areach or arreach. Cf. Reach, obs. pret. raught.] Obtained; seized. Spenser.

Ar*ray" (&?;), n. [OE. arai, arrai, OF. arrai, arrei, arroi, order, arrangement, dress, F. arroi; a (L. ad) + OF. rai, rei, roi, order, arrangement, fr. G. or Scand.; cf. Goth. raidjan, garaidjan, to arrange, MHG. gereiten, Icel. reiði rigging, harness; akin to E. ready. Cf. Ready, Greith, Curry.] 1. Order; a regular and imposing arrangement; disposition in regular lines; hence, order of battle; as, drawn up in battle array.

> Wedged together in the closest array.
> Gibbon.

2. The whole body of persons thus placed in order; an orderly collection; hence, a body of soldiers.

> A gallant array of nobles and cavaliers.
> Prescott.

3. An imposing series of things.

> Their long array of sapphire and of gold.
> Byron.

4. Dress; garments disposed in order upon the person; rich or beautiful apparel. Dryden.

5. (Law) (a) A ranking or setting forth in order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impaneled in a cause. (b) The panel itself. (c) The whole body of jurors summoned to attend the court.

To challenge the array (Law), to except to the whole panel. Cowell. Tomlins. Blount. -- Commission of array (Eng. Hist.), a commission given by the prince to officers in every county, to muster and array the inhabitants, or see them in a condition for war. Blackstone.

Ar*ray", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrayed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arraying.] [OE. araien, arraien, fr. OE. arraier, arreier, arreer, arroier, fr. arrai. See Array, n.] 1. To place or dispose in order, as troops for battle; to marshal.

> By torch and trumpet fast arrayed,
> Each horseman drew his battle blade.
> Campbell.

> These doubts will be arrayed before their minds.
> Farrar.

2. To deck or dress; to adorn with dress; to cloth to envelop; -- applied esp. to dress of a splendid kind.

> Pharaoh . . . arrayed him in vestures of fine linen.
> Gen. xli.&?;.

> In gelid caves with horrid gloom arrayed.
> Trumbull.

3. (Law) To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone.

To array a panel, to set forth in order the men that are impaneled. Cowell. Tomlins.

Syn. -- To draw up; arrange; dispose; set in order.

Ar*ray"er, n. One who arrays. In some early English statutes, applied to an officer who had care of the soldiers' armor, and who saw them duly accoutered.

Ar*rear" (&?;), adv. [OE. arere, OF. arere, ariere, F. arrière, fr. L. ad + retro backward. See Rear.] To or in the rear; behind; backwards. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ar*rear", n. That which is behind in payment, or which remains unpaid, though due; esp. a remainder, or balance which remains due when some part has been paid; arrearage; -- commonly used in the plural, as, arrears of rent, wages, or taxes. Locke.

> For much I dread due payment by the Greeks
> Of yesterday's arrear.
> Cowper.

> I have a large arrear of letters to write.
> J. D. Forbes.

In arrear or In arrears, behind; backward; behindhand; in debt.

Ar*rear"age (&?;), n. [F. arrérage, fr. arrière, OF. arere. See Arrear.] That which remains unpaid and overdue, after payment of a part; arrears.

> The old arrearages . . . being defrayed.
> Howell.

{ Ar*rect" (&?;), Ar*rect"ed, } a. [L. arrectus, p. p. of arrigere to raise, erect; ad + regere to lead straight, to direct.] 1. Lifted up; raised; erect.

2. Attentive, as a person listening. [Obs.]

> God speaks not the idle and unconcerned hearer, but to the vigilant and arrect.
> Smalridge.

Ar*rect", v. t. 1. To direct. [Obs.]

> My supplication to you I arrect.
> Skelton.

2. [See Aret.] To impute. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Ar*rect"a*ry (&?;), n. [L. arrectarius, fr. arrigere o set up.] An upright beam. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ar`re*not"o*kous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; bearing males; &?; a male + &?; a bringing forth.] (Zoöl.) Producing males from unfertilized eggs, as certain wasps and bees.

Ar`ren*ta"tion (&?;). [Cf. F. arrenter to give or take as rent. See Arendator.] (O. Eng. Law) A letting or renting, esp. a license to inclose land in a forest with a low hedge and a ditch, under a yearly rent.

Ar*rep"tion (&?;), n. [L. arripere, arreptum, to seize, snatch; ad + rapere to snatch. See Rapacious.] The act of taking away. [Obs.] "This arreption was sudden." Bp. Hall.

Ar`rep*ti"tious (&?;), a. [L. arreptitius.] Snatched away; seized or possessed, as a demoniac; raving; mad; crack-brained. [Obs.]

> Odd, arreptitious, frantic extravagances.
> Howell.

Ar*rest" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrested; p. pr. & vb. n. Arresting.] [OE. aresten, OF. arester, F. arrêter, fr. LL. arrestare; L. ad + restare to remain, stop; re + stare to stand. See Rest remainder.] 1. To stop; to check or hinder the motion or action of; as, to arrest the current of a river; to arrest the senses.

> Nor could her virtues the relentless hand
> Of Death arrest.
> Philips.

2. (Law) To take, seize, or apprehend by authority of law; as, to arrest one for debt, or for a crime.

After this word Shakespeare uses of ("I arrest thee of high treason") or on; the modern usage is for.

3. To seize on and fix; to hold; to catch; as, to arrest the eyes or attention. Buckminster.

4. To rest or fasten; to fix; to concentrate. [Obs.]

> We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies.
> Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- To obstruct; delay; detain; check; hinder; stop; apprehend; seize; lay hold of.

Ar*rest", v. i. To tarry; to rest. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ar*rest", n. [OE. arest, arrest, OF. arest, F. arrêt, fr. arester. See Arrest, v. t., Arr&?;t.] 1. The act of stopping, or restraining from further motion, etc.; stoppage; hindrance; restraint; as, an arrest of development.

> As the arrest of the air showeth.
> Bacon.

2. (Law) The taking or apprehending of a person by authority of law; legal restraint; custody. Also, a decree, mandate, or warrant.

> William . . . ordered him to be put under arrest.
> Macaulay.

> [Our brother Norway] sends out arrests
> On Fortinbras; which he, in brief, obeys.
> Shak.

An arrest may be made by seizing or touching the body; but it is sufficient in the party be within the power of the officer and submit to the arrest. In Admiralty law, and in old English practice, the term is applied to the seizure of property.

3. Any seizure by power, physical or moral.

> The sad stories of fire from heaven, the burning of his sheep, etc., . . . were sad arrests to his troubled spirit.
> Jer. Taylor.

4. (Far.) A scurfiness of the back part of the hind leg of a horse; -- also named rat-tails. White.

Arrest of judgment (Law), the staying or stopping of a judgment, after verdict, for legal cause. The motion for this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judgment.

Ar`res*ta"tion (&?;), n. [F. arrestation, LL. arrestatio.] Arrest. [R.]

> The arrestation of the English resident in France was decreed by the National Convention.
> H. M. Williams.

Ar`res*tee" (&?;), n. [See Arrest, v.] (Scots Law) The person in whose hands is the property attached by arrestment.

Ar*rest"er (&?;), n. 1. One who arrests.

2. (Scots Law) The person at whose suit an arrestment is made. [Also written arrestor.]

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Ar*rest"ing (r*rst"ng), a. Striking; attracting attention; impressive.

> This most solemn and arresting occurrence.
> J. H. Newman.

Ar*rest"ive (-v), a. Tending to arrest. McCosh.

Ar*rest"ment, n. [OF. arrestement.] 1. (Scots Law) The arrest of a person, or the seizure of his effects; esp., a process by which money or movables in the possession of a third party are attached.

2. A stoppage or check. Darwin.

||Ar*rêt (&?;), n. [F. See Arrest, n.] (F. Law) (a) A judgment, decision, or decree of a court or high tribunal; also, a decree of a sovereign. (b) An arrest; a legal seizure.

Ar*ret" (&?;), v. t. Same as Aret. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ar`rha*phos"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to sew together.] Seamless. [R.]

{ Ar*rhi"zal (&?;), Ar*rhi"zous (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; not rooted; 'a priv. + &?; a root.] (Bot.) Destitute of a true root, as a parasitical plant.

{ Ar*rhyth"mic (&?;), Ar*rhyth"mous (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; rhythm.] (Med.) Being without rhythm or regularity, as the pulse.

Ar"rhyt*my (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; rhythm.] Want of rhythm. [R.]

Ar*ride" (&?;), v. t. [L. arridere; ad + ridere to laugh.] To please; to gratify. [Archaic] B. Jonson.

> Above all thy rarities, old Oxenford, what do most arride and solace me are thy repositories of moldering learning.
> Lamb.

Ar*riere" (&?;), n. [F. arrière. See Arrear.] "That which is behind"; the rear; -- chiefly used as an adjective in the sense of behind, rear, subordinate.

Arriere fee, Arriere fief, a fee or fief dependent on a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory. -- Arriere vassal, the vassal of a vassal.

Ar*riere"-ban` (&?;), n. [F., fr. OE. arban, heriban, fr. OHG. hariban, heriban, G. heerbann, the calling together of an army; OHG. heri an army + ban a public call or order. The French have misunderstood their old word, and have changed it into arrière-ban, though arrière has no connection with its proper meaning. See Ban, Abandon.] A proclamation, as of the French kings, calling not only their immediate feudatories, but the vassals of these feudatories, to take the field for war; also, the body of vassals called or liable to be called to arms, as in ancient France.

Ar"ris (&?;), n. [OF. areste, F. arête, fr. L. arista the top or beard of an ear of grain, the bone of a fish.] (Arch.) The sharp edge or salient angle formed by two surfaces meeting each other, whether plane or curved; - - applied particularly to the edges in moldings, and to the raised edges which separate the flutings in a Doric column. P. Cyc.

Arris fillet, a triangular piece of wood used to raise the slates of a roof against a chimney or wall, to throw off the rain. Gwilt. -- Arris gutter, a gutter of a V form fixed to the eaves of a building. Gwilt.

Ar"rish (&?;), n. [See Eddish.] The stubble of wheat or grass; a stubble field; eddish. [Eng.] [Written also arish, ersh, etc.]

> The moment we entered the stubble or arrish.
> Blackw. Mag.

Ar"ris*wise` (&?;), adv. Diagonally laid, as tiles; ridgewise.

Ar*riv"al (&?;), n. [From Arrive.] 1. The act of arriving, or coming; the act of reaching a place from a distance, whether by water (as in its original sense) or by land.

> Our watchmen from the towers, with longing eyes,
> Expect his swift arrival.
> Dryden.

2. The attainment or reaching of any object, by effort, or in natural course; as, our arrival at this conclusion was wholly unexpected.

3. The person or thing arriving or which has arrived; as, news brought by the last arrival.

> Another arrival still more important was speedily announced.
> Macaulay.

4. An approach. [Obs.]

> The house has a corner arrival.
> H. Walpole.

Ar*riv"ance (&?;), n. Arrival. [Obs.] Shak.

Ar*rive" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arrived (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arriving.] [OE. ariven to arrive, land, OF. ariver, F. arriver, fr. LL. arripare, adripare, to come to shore; L. ad + ripa the shore or sloping bank of a river. Cf. Riparian.] 1. To come to the shore or bank. In present usage: To come in progress by water, or by traveling on land; to reach by water or by land; -- followed by at (formerly sometimes by to), also by in and from. "Arrived in Padua." Shak.

> [Æneas] sailing with a fleet from Sicily, arrived . . . and landed in the country of Laurentum.
> Holland.

> There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived at Ipswich.
> Macaulay.

2. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, or experiment.

To arrive at, or attain to.

> When he arrived at manhood.
> Rogers.

> We arrive at knowledge of a law of nature by the generalization of facts.
> McCosh.

> If at great things thou wouldst arrive.
> Milton.

3. To come; said of time; as, the time arrived.

4. To happen or occur. [Archaic]

> Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives.
> Waller.

Ar*rive", v. t. 1. To bring to shore. [Obs.]

> And made the sea-trod ship arrive them.
> Chapman.

2. To reach; to come to. [Archaic]

> Ere he arrive the happy isle.
> Milton.

> Ere we could arrive the point proposed.
> Shak.

> Arrive at last the blessed goal.
> Tennyson.

Ar*rive", n. Arrival. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> How should I joy of thy arrive to hear!
> Drayton.

Ar*riv"er (&?;), n. One who arrives.

||Ar*ro"ba (&?;), n. [Sp. and Pg., from Ar. arrub, ar-rubu, a fourth part.] 1. A Spanish weight used in Mexico and South America = 25.36 lbs. avoir.; also, an old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil = 32.38 lbs. avoir.

2. A Spanish liquid measure for wine = 3.54 imp. gallons, and for oil = 2.78 imp. gallons.

Ar"ro*gance (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. arrogantia, fr. arrogans. See Arrogant.] The act or habit of arrogating, or making undue claims in an overbearing manner; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; lordliness; haughtiness; self-assumption; presumption.

> I hate not you for her proud arrogance.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Haughtiness; hauteur; assumption; lordliness; presumption; pride; disdain; insolence; conceit; conceitedness. See Haughtiness.

Ar"ro*gan*cy (&?;), n. Arrogance. Shak.

Ar"ro*gant (&?;), a. [F. arrogant, L. arrogans, p. pr. of arrogare. See Arrogate.] 1. Making, or having the disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or estimation; giving one's self an undue degree of importance; assuming; haughty; -- applied to persons.

> Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate.
> Shak.

2. Containing arrogance; marked with arrogance; proceeding from undue claims or self-importance; -- applied to things; as, arrogant pretensions or behavior.

Syn. -- Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overbearing; presumptuous; haughty. See Magisterial.

Ar"ro*gant*ly, adv. In an arrogant manner; with undue pride or self-importance.

Ar"ro*gant*ness, n. Arrogance. [R.]

Ar"ro*gate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrogated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Arrogating (&?;).] [L. arrogatus, p. p. of adrogare, arrogare, to ask, appropriate to one's self; ad + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] To assume, or claim as one's own, unduly, proudly, or presumptuously; to make undue claims to, from vanity or baseless pretensions to right or merit; as, the pope arrogated dominion over kings.

> He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dogmatically what was orthodox doctrine.
> Macaulay.

Ar`ro*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. arrogatio, fr. arrogare. Cf. Adrogation.] 1. The act of arrogating, or making exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to. Hall.

2. (Civ. Law) Adoption of a person of full age.

Ar"ro*ga*tive (&?;), a. Making undue claims and pretension; prone to arrogance. [R.] Dr. H. More.

||Ar`ron`disse`ment" (&?;), n. [F., fr. arrondir to make round; ad + rond round, L. rotundus.] A subdivision of a department. [France]

The territory of France, since the revolution, has been divided into departments, those into arrondissements, those into cantons, and the latter into communes.

Ar*rose" (&?;), v. t. [F. arroser.] To drench; to besprinkle; to moisten. [Obs.]

> The blissful dew of heaven does arrose you.
> Two N. Kins.

Ar*ro"sion (&?;), n. [L. arrodere, arrosum, to gnaw: cf. F. arrosion.] A gnawing. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ar"row (&?;), n. [OE. arewe, AS. arewe, earh; akin to Icel. ör, örvar, Goth. arhwazna, and perh. L. arcus bow. Cf. Arc.] A missile weapon of offense, slender, pointed, and usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow.

Broad arrow. (a) An arrow with a broad head. (b) A mark placed upon British ordnance and government stores, which bears a rude resemblance to a broad arrowhead.

Ar"row grass` (&?;), n. (Bot.) An herbaceous grasslike plant (Triglochin palustre, and other species) with pods opening so as to suggest barbed arrowheads.

Ar"row*head` (&?;), n. 1. The head of an arrow.

2. (Bot.) An aquatic plant of the genus Sagittaria, esp. S. sagittifolia, -- named from the shape of the leaves.

Ar"row*head`ed, a. Shaped like the head of an arrow; cuneiform.

Arrowheaded characters, characters the elements of which consist of strokes resembling arrowheads, nailheads, or wedges; -- hence called also nail-headed, wedge-formed, cuneiform, or cuneatic characters; the oldest written characters used in the country about the Tigris and Euphrates, and subsequently in Persia, and abounding among the ruins of Persepolis, Nineveh, and Babylon. See Cuneiform.

Ar"row*root` (&?;), n. 1. (Bot.) A west Indian plant of the genus Maranta, esp. M. arundinacea, now cultivated in many hot countries. It said that the Indians used the roots to neutralize the venom in wounds made by poisoned arrows.

2. A nutritive starch obtained from the rootstocks of Maranta arundinacea, and used as food, esp. for children an invalids; also, a similar starch obtained from other plants, as various species of Maranta and Curcuma.

Ar"row*wood` (&?;), n. A shrub (Viburnum dentatum) growing in damp woods and thickets; -- so called from the long, straight, slender shoots.

Ar"row*worm`, n. (Zoöl.) A peculiar transparent worm of the genus Sagitta, living at the surface of the sea. See Sagitta.

Ar"row*y (&?;), a. 1. Consisting of arrows.

> How quick they wheeled, and flying, behind them shot
> Sharp sleet of arrowy showers.
> Milton.

2. Formed or moving like, or in any respect resembling, an arrow; swift; darting; piercing. "His arrowy tongue." Cowper.

> By the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone.
> Byron.

> With arrowy vitalities, vivacities, and ingenuities.
> Carlyle.

||Ar*roy"o (&?;), n.; pl. Arroyos (&?;). [Sp., fr. LL. arrogium; cf. Gr. &?; river, stream, fr. &?; to flow.] 1. A water course; a rivulet.

2. The dry bed of a small stream. [Western U. S.]

||Ar"schin (&?;), n. See Arshine.

Arse, n. [AS. ears; ærs; akin to OHG. ars. G. arsch, D. aars, Sw. ars, Dan. arts, Gr. &?; (cf. &?; tail).] The buttocks, or hind part of an animal; the posteriors; the fundament; the bottom.

Ar"se*nal, n. [Sp. & F. arsenal arsenal, dockyard, or It. arzanale, arsenale (cf. It. & darsena dock); all fr. Ar. dr&?;in'a house of industry or fabrication; dr house + &?;in art, industry.] A public establishment for the storage, or for the manufacture and storage, of arms and all military equipments, whether for land or naval service.

Ar"se*nate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A salt of arsenic acid.

Ar*se"ni*ate, n. See Arsenate. [R.]

Ar"se*nic (är"s*nk; 277), n. [L. arsenicum, Gr. 'arseniko`n, 'arreniko`n, yellow orpiment, perh. fr. 'arseniko`s or better Attic 'arreniko`s masculine, 'a`rrhn male, on account of its strength, or fr. Per. zernkh: cf. F. arsenic.] 1. (Chem.) One of the elements, a solid substance resembling a metal in its physical properties, but in its chemical relations ranking with the nonmetals. It is of a steel- gray color and brilliant luster, though usually dull from tarnish. It is very brittle, and sublimes at 356° Fahrenheit. It is sometimes found native, but usually combined with silver, cobalt, nickel, iron, antimony, or sulphur. Orpiment and realgar are two of its sulphur compounds, the first of which is the true arsenicum of the ancients. The element and its compounds are active poisons. Specific gravity from 5.7 to 5.9. Atomic weight 75. Symbol As.

2. (Com.) Arsenious oxide or arsenious anhydride; -- called also arsenious acid, white arsenic, and ratsbane.

Ar*sen"ic, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic; -- said of those compounds of arsenic in which this element has its highest equivalence; as, arsenic acid.

Ar*sen"ic*al, a. Of or pertaining to, or containing, arsenic; as, arsenical vapor; arsenical wall papers.

Arsenical silver, an ore of silver containing arsenic.

Ar*sen"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arsenicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Arsenicating.] To combine with arsenic; to treat or impregnate with arsenic.

Ar*sen"i*cism, n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by slow poisoning with arsenic.

Ar"sen*ide (&?;), n. (Chem.) A compound of arsenic with a metal, or positive element or radical; -- formerly called arseniuret.

Ar`sen*if"er*ous (&?;), a. [Arsenic + -ferous.] Containing or producing arsenic.

Ar*se"ni*ous (&?;), a. [Cf. F. arsénieux.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, arsenic; as, arsenious powder or glass.

2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic, when having an equivalence next lower than the highest; as, arsenious acid.

Ar"sen*ite (&?;), n. [Cf. F. arsénite.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of arsenious acid with a base.

Ar`se*ni"u*ret (&?;), n. (Chem.) See Arsenide.

Ar`se*ni"u*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Combined with arsenic; -- said some elementary substances or radicals; as, arseniureted hydrogen. [Also spelt arseniuretted.]

Ar`sen*o*pyr"ite (&?;), n. [Arsenic + pyrite.] (Min.) A mineral of a tin-white color and metallic luster, containing arsenic, sulphur, and iron; -- also called arsenical pyrites and mispickel.

Arse"smart (&?;), n. Smartweed; water pepper. Dr. Prior.

||Ar"shine (är"shn), n. [Russ. arshin, of Turkish-Tartar origin; Turk. arshin, arshn, ell, yard.] A Russian measure of length = 2 ft. 4.246 inches.

Ar"sine (är"sn or -sn), n. [From Arsenic.] (Chem.) A compound of arsenic and hydrogen, AsH3, a colorless and exceedingly poisonous gas, having an odor like garlic; arseniureted hydrogen.

||Ar"sis (är"ss), n. [L. arsis, Gr. 'a`rsis a raising or lifting, an elevation of the voice, fr. a'i`rein to raise or lift up. Its ordinary use is the result of am early misapprehension; originally and properly it denotes the lifting of the hand in beating time, and hence the unaccented part of the rhythm.] 1. (Pros.) (a) That part of a foot where the ictus is put, or which is distinguished from the rest (known as the thesis) of the foot by a greater stress of voice. Hermann. (b) That elevation of voice now called metrical accentuation, or the rhythmic accent.

It is uncertain whether the arsis originally consisted in a higher musical tone, greater volume, or longer duration of sound, or in all combined.

2. (Mus.) The elevation of the hand, or that part of the bar at which it is raised, in beating time; the weak or unaccented part of the bar; -- opposed to thesis. Moore.

Ars`met"rike (ärz`mt"rk), n. [An erroneous form of arithmetic, as if from L. ars metrica the measuring art.] Arithmetic. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ar"son (är"s'n; 277), n. [OF. arson, arsun, fr. L. ardere, arsum, to burn.] (Law) The malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of another man, which by the common law is felony; the malicious and voluntary firing of a building or ship. Wharton.

The definition of this crime is varied by statues in different countries and states. The English law of arson has been considerably modified in the United States; in some of the States it has been materially enlarged, while in others, various degrees of arson have been established, with corresponding punishment. Burrill.

Art (ärt). The second person singular, indicative mode, present tense, of the substantive verb Be; but formed after the analogy of the plural are, with the ending -t, as in thou shalt, wilt, orig. an ending of the second person sing. pret. Cf. Be. Now used only in solemn or poetical style.

<! p. 85 !>

Art (ärt), n. [F. art, L. ars, artis, orig., skill in joining or fitting; prob. akin to E. arm, aristocrat, article.] 1. The employment of means to accomplish some desired end; the adaptation of things in the natural world to the uses of life; the application of knowledge or power to practical purposes.

> Blest with each grace of nature and of art.
> Pope.

2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; a system of principles and rules for attaining a desired end; method of doing well some special work; -- often contradistinguished from science or speculative principles; as, the art of building or engraving; the art of war; the art of navigation.

> Science is systematized knowledge . . . Art is knowledge made efficient by skill.
> J. F. Genung.

3. The systematic application of knowledge or skill in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupation or business requiring such knowledge or skill.

> The fishermen can't employ their art with so much success in so troubled a sea.
> Addison.

4. The application of skill to the production of the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation in which skill is so employed, as in painting and sculpture; one of the fine arts; as, he prefers art to literature.

5. pl. Those branches of learning which are taught in the academical course of colleges; as, master of arts.

> In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts.
> Pope.

> Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laborious a foundation.
> Goldsmith.

6. Learning; study; applied knowledge, science, or letters. [Archaic]

> So vast is art, so narrow human wit.
> Pope.

7. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain actions, acquired by experience, study, or observation; knack; as, a man has the art of managing his business to advantage.

8. Skillful plan; device.

> They employed every art to soothe . . . the discontented warriors.
> Macaulay.

9. Cunning; artifice; craft.

> Madam, I swear I use no art at all.
> Shak.

> Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in strength.
> Crabb.

10. The black art; magic. [Obs.] Shak.

Art and part (Scots Law), share or concern by aiding and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of a crime, whether by advice or by assistance in the execution; complicity.

The arts are divided into various classes. The useful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those in which the hands and body are more concerned than the mind; as in making clothes and utensils. These are called trades. The fine arts are those which have primarily to do with imagination and taste, and are applied to the production of what is beautiful. They include poetry, music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture; but the term is often confined to painting, sculpture, and architecture. The liberal arts (artes liberales, the higher arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, these seven branches of learning, -- grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of academical or collegiate education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master and bachelor of arts.

> In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity.
> Irving.

Syn. -- Science; literature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; calling; cunning; artifice; duplicity. See Science.

||Ar*te"mi*a (är*t"m*), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'A`rtemis, a Greek goddess.] (Zoöl.) A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp.

Ar`te*mi"si*a (ärt"mzh"* or ärt"msh"*), n. [L. Artemisia, Gr. 'Artemisi`a.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the plants called mugwort, southernwood, and wormwood. Of these A. absinthium, or common wormwood, is well known, and A. tridentata is the sage brush of the Rocky Mountain region.

Ar*te"ri*ac (&?;), a. [L. arteriacus, Gr. &?;. See Artery.] Of or pertaining to the windpipe.

Ar*te"ri*al (&?;), a. [Cf. F. artériel.] 1. Of or pertaining to an artery, or the arteries; as, arterial action; the arterial system.

2. Of or pertaining to a main channel (resembling an artery), as a river, canal, or railroad.

Arterial blood, blood which has been changed and vitalized (arterialized) during passage through the lungs.

Ar*te`ri*al*i*za"tion (&?;), n. (Physiol.) The process of converting venous blood into arterial blood during its passage through the lungs, oxygen being absorbed and carbonic acid evolved; -- called also aëration and hematosis.

Ar*te"ri*al*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arterialized; p. pr. & vb. n. Arterializing.] To transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs; to make arterial.

Ar*te`ri*og"ra*phy, n. [Gr. &?; + - graphy.] A systematic description of the arteries.

Ar*te"ri*ole (&?;), n. [NL. arteriola, dim. of L. arteria: cf. F. artériole.] A small artery.

Ar*te`ri*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; + - logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of arteries.

Ar*te`ri*ot"o*my (&?;), n. [L. arteriotomia, Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; a cutting.] 1. (Med.) The opening of an artery, esp. for bloodletting.

2. That part of anatomy which treats of the dissection of the arteries.

||Ar`te*ri"tis (&?;), n. [Artery + -etis.] Inflammation of an artery or arteries. Dunglison.

Ar"ter*y (&?;), n.; pl. Arteries (&?;). [L. arteria windpipe, artery, Gr. &?;.] 1. The trachea or windpipe. [Obs.] "Under the artery, or windpipe, is the mouth of the stomach." Holland.

2. (Anat.) One of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or arterial blood from the heart. They have tricker and more muscular walls than veins, and are connected with them by capillaries.

In man and other mammals, the arteries which contain arterialized blood receive it from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta. See Aorta. The pulmonary artery conveys the venous blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, whence the arterialized blood is returned through the pulmonary veins.

3. Hence: Any continuous or ramified channel of communication; as, arteries of trade or commerce.

Ar*te"sian (&?;), a. [F. artésien, fr. Artois in France, where many such wells have been made since the middle of the last century.] Of or pertaining to Artois (anciently called Artesium), in France.

Artesian wells, wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously like a fountain. They are usually of small diameter and often of great depth.

Art"ful (&?;), a. [From Art.] 1. Performed with, or characterized by, art or skill. [Archaic] "Artful strains." "Artful terms." Milton.

2. Artificial; imitative. Addison.

3. Using or exhibiting much art, skill, or contrivance; dexterous; skillful.

> He [was] too artful a writer to set down events in exact historical order.
> Dryden.

4. Cunning; disposed to cunning indirectness of dealing; crafty; as, an artful boy. [The usual sense.]

> Artful in speech, in action, and in mind.
> Pope.

> The artful revenge of various animals.
> Darwin.

Syn. -- Cunning; skillful; adroit; dexterous; crafty; tricky; deceitful; designing. See Cunning.

Art"ful*ly, adv. In an artful manner; with art or cunning; skillfully; dexterously; craftily.

Art"ful*ness, n. The quality of being artful; art; cunning; craft.

Ar"then (&?;), a. Same as Earthen. [Obs.] "An arthen pot." Holland.

{ Ar*thrit"ic (&?;), Ar*thrit"ic*al (&?;), } a. [L. arthriticus, Gr. 'arqritiko`s. See Arthritis.] 1. Pertaining to the joints. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. Of or pertaining to arthritis; gouty. Cowper.

||Ar*thri"tis (är*thr"ts), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'arqri^tis (as if fem. of 'arqri`tis belonging to the joints, sc. no`sos disease) gout, fr. 'a`rqron a joint.] (Med.) Any inflammation of the joints, particularly the gout.

Ar"thro*derm (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`rqron joint + 'derm.] (Zoöl.) The external covering of an Arthropod.

||Ar*thro"di*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; well articulated; 'a`rqron a joint + &?; shape.] (Anat.) A form of diarthrodial articulation in which the articular surfaces are nearly flat, so that they form only an imperfect ball and socket.

{ Ar*thro"di*al (&?;), Ar*throd"ic (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to arthrodia.

||Ar`thro*dyn"i*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`rqron joint + 'ody`nh pain.] (Med.) An affection characterized by pain in or about a joint, not dependent upon structural disease.

Ar`thro*dyn"ic, a. Pertaining to arthrodynia, or pain in the joints; rheumatic.

||Ar`thro*gas"tra (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`rqron joint + &?; stomach.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Arachnida, having the abdomen annulated, including the scorpions, harvestmen, etc.; pedipalpi.

Ar*throg"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`rqron joint + -graphy.] The description of joints.

Ar*throl"o*gy, n. [Gr. 'a`rqron joint + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of joints.

Ar"thro*mere (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a`rqron joint + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the body segments of Arthropods. See Arthrostraca. Packard.

||Ar`thro*pleu"ra (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`rqron joint + &?; the side.] (Zoöl.) The side or limb-bearing portion of an arthromere.

Ar"thro*pod (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Arthropoda.

||Ar*throp"o*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`rqron joint + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A large division of Articulata, embracing all those that have jointed legs. It includes Insects, Arachnida, Pychnogonida, and Crustacea. -- Ar*throp"o*dal (&?;), a.

||Ar`thro*pom"a*ta (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`rqron joint + &?; lid.] (Zoöl.) One of the orders of Branchiopoda. See Branchiopoda.

||Ar*thro"sis (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. 'a`rqron joint.] (Anat.) Articulation.

||Ar*thros"tra*ca, n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a`rqron joint + &?; a shell.] (Zoöl.) One of the larger divisions of Crustacea, so called because the thorax and abdomen are both segmented; Tetradecapoda. It includes the Amphipoda and Isopoda.

Ar`thro*zo"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a`rqron joint + &?; animal, fr. &?; an animal.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Articulata; articulate.

Ar"ti*ad (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; even, fr. &?; exactly.] (Chem.) Even; not odd; -- said of elementary substances and of radicals the valence of which is divisible by two without a remainder.

Ar"ti*choke (&?;), n. [It. articiocco, perh. corrupted fr. the same word as carciofo; cf. older spellings archiciocco, archicioffo, carciocco, and Sp. alcachofa, Pg. alcachofra; prob. fr. Ar. al-harshaf, al-kharshf.] (Bot.) 1. The Cynara scolymus, a plant somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated, and prickly involucre. The head (to which the name is also applied) is composed of numerous oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is much esteemed as an article of food.

2. See Jerusalem artichoke.

Ar"ti*cle (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus joint, akin to Gr. &?;, fr. a root ar to join, fit. See Art, n.] 1. A distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics; as, an article in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as, articles of agreement.

2. A literary composition, forming an independent portion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia.

3. Subject; matter; concern; distinct. [Obs.]

> A very great revolution that happened in this article of good breeding.
> Addison.

> This last article will hardly be believed.
> De Foe.

4. A distinct part. "Upon each article of human duty." Paley. "Each article of time." Habington.

> The articles which compose the blood.
> E. Darwin.

5. A particular one of various things; as, an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article.

> They would fight not for articles of faith, but for articles of food.
> Landor.

6. Precise point of time; moment. [Obs. or Archaic]

> This fatal news coming to Hick's Hall upon the article of my Lord Russell's trial, was said to have had no little influence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice.
> Evelyn.

7. (Gram.) One of the three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article.

8. (Zoöl.) One of the segments of an articulated appendage.

Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first made by the original thirteen States of the United States. They were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law until March, 1789. -- Articles of impeachment, an instrument which, in cases of impeachment, performs the same office which an indictment does in a common criminal case. -- Articles of war, rules and regulations, fixed by law, for the better government of the army. -- In the article of death [L. in articulo mortis], at the moment of death; in the dying struggle. -- Lords of the articles (Scot. Hist.), a standing committee of the Scottish Parliament to whom was intrusted the drafting and preparation of the acts, or bills for laws. -- The Thirty-nine Articles, statements (thirty-nine in number) of the tenets held by the Church of England.

Ar"ti*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Articled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Articling (&?;).] [Cf. F. articuler, fr. L. articulare. See Article, n., Articulate.] 1. To formulate in articles; to set forth in distinct particulars.

> If all his errors and follies were articled against him, the man would seem vicious and miserable.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles.

> He shall be articled against in the high court of admiralty.
> Stat. 33 Geo. III.

3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as, to article an apprentice to a mechanic.

Ar"ti*cle, v. i. To agree by articles; to stipulate; to bargain; to covenant. [R.]

> Then he articled with her that he should go away when he pleased.
> Selden.

Ar"ti*cled (&?;), a. Bound by articles; apprenticed; as, an articled clerk.

Ar*tic"u*lar (&?;), a. [L. articularis: cf. F. articulaire. See Article, n.] Of or pertaining to the joints; as, an articular disease; an articular process.

{ Ar*tic"u*lar (&?;), Ar*tic"u*la*ry (&?;), } n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

<! p. 86 !>

Ar*tic"u*lar*ly (är*tk"*lr*l), adv. In an articular or an articulate manner.

||Ar*tic`u*la"ta (är*tk`*l"t), n. pl. [Neut. pl. from L. articulatus furnished with joints, distinct, p. p. of articulare. See Article, v.] (Zoöl.) 1. One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers.

It includes those Invertebrata having the body composed of a series of ringlike segments (arthromeres). By some writers, the unsegmented worms (helminths) have also been included; by others it is restricted to the Arthropoda. It corresponds nearly with the Annulosa of some authors. The chief subdivisions are Arthropoda (Insects, Myriapoda, Malacopoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Crustacea); and Anarthropoda, including the Annelida and allied forms.

2. One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge.

3. A subdivision of the Crinoidea.

Ar*tic"u*late (&?;), a. [L. articulatus. See Articulata.] 1. Expressed in articles or in separate items or particulars. [Archaic] Bacon.

2. Jointed; formed with joints; consisting of segments united by joints; as, articulate animals or plants.

3. Distinctly uttered; spoken so as to be intelligible; characterized by division into words and syllables; as, articulate speech, sounds, words.

> Total changes of party and articulate opinion.
> Carlyle.

Ar*tic"u*late, n. (Zoöl.) An animal of the subkingdom Articulata.

Ar*tic"u*late (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Articulated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Articulating (&?;)]. 1. To utter articulate sounds; to utter the elementary sounds of a language; to enunciate; to speak distinctly.

2. To treat or make terms. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To join or be connected by articulation.

Ar*tic"u*late, v. t. 1. To joint; to unite by means of a joint; to put together with joints or at the joints.

2. To draw up or write in separate articles; to particularize; to specify. [Obs.]

3. To form, as the elementary sounds; to utter in distinct syllables or words; to enunciate; as, to articulate letters or language. "To articulate a word." Ray.

4. To express distinctly; to give utterance to.

> Luther articulated himself upon a process that hand already begun in the Christian church.
> Bibliotheca Sacra.

> To . . . articulate the dumb, deep want of the people.
> Carlyle.

Ar*tic"u*la`ted (&?;), a. 1. United by, or provided with, articulations; jointed; as, an articulated skeleton.

2. Produced, as a letter, syllable, or word, by the organs of speech; pronounced.

Ar*tic"u*late*ly (&?;), adv. 1. After the manner, or in the form, of a joint.

2. Article by article; in distinct particulars; in detail; definitely. Paley.

> I had articulately set down in writing our points.
> Fuller.

3. With distinct utterance of the separate sounds.

Ar*tic"u*late*ness, n. Quality of being articulate.

Ar*tic`u*la"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. articulation, fr. L. articulatio.] 1. (Anat.) A joint or juncture between bones in the skeleton.

Articulations may be immovable, when the bones are directly united (synarthrosis), or slightly movable, when they are united intervening substance (amphiarthrosis), or they may be more or less freely movable, when the articular surfaces are covered with synovial membranes, as in complete joints (diarthrosis). The last (diarthrosis) includes hinge joints, admitting motion in one plane only (ginglymus), ball and socket joints (enarthrosis), pivot and rotation joints, etc.

2. (Bot.) (a) The connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods. (b) One of the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. (c) One of the parts intercepted between the joints; also, a subdivision into parts at regular or irregular intervals as a result of serial intermission in growth, as in the cane, grasses, etc. Lindley.

3. The act of putting together with a joint or joints; any meeting of parts in a joint.

4. The state of being jointed; connection of parts. [R.]

> That definiteness and articulation of imagery.
> Coleridge.

5. The utterance of the elementary sounds of a language by the appropriate movements of the organs, as in pronunciation; as, a distinct articulation.

6. A sound made by the vocal organs; an articulate utterance or an elementary sound, esp. a consonant.

Ar*tic"u*la*tive (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to articulation. Bush.

Ar*tic"u*la`tor (&?;), n. One who, or that which, articulates; as: (a) One who enunciates distinctly. (b) One who prepares and mounts skeletons. (c) An instrument to cure stammering.

||Ar*tic"u*lus (&?;) n.; pl. Articuli (&?;). [L. See Article.] (Zoöl.) A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea; a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage.

Ar"ti*fice (&?;), n. [L. artificium, fr. artifex artificer; ars, artis, art + facere to make: cf. F. artifice.] 1. A handicraft; a trade; art of making. [Obs.]

2. Workmanship; a skillfully contrived work.

> The material universe.. in the artifice of God, the artifice of the best Mechanist.
> Cudworth.

3. Artful or skillful contrivance.

> His [Congreve's] plots were constructed without much artifice.
> Craik.

4. Crafty device; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate trick. [Now the usual meaning.]

> Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous artifices for the purpose of averting inquiry.
> Macaulay.

Ar*tif"i*cer (&?;), n. [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL. artificiarius.] 1. An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith.

2. One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer. "Artificer of fraud." Milton.

> The great Artificer of all that moves.
> Cowper.

3. A cunning or artful fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

4. (Mil.) A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also, one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military laboratory.

Syn. -- Artisan; artist. See Artisan.

Ar`ti*fi"cial (&?;), a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium: cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.] 1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.

> Artificial strife
> Lives in these touches, livelier than life.
> Shak.

2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine. "Artificial tears." Shak.

3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] Shak.

4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as, artificial grasses. Gibbon.

Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. -- Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based on superficial characters, and not expressing the true natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in botany, which is the same as the Linnæan system. -- Artificial horizon. See under Horizon. Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds from the heavenly bodies. -- Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc. -- Artificial numbers, logarithms. -- Artificial person (Law). See under Person. -- Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the natural sines, tangents, etc. Hutton.

Ar`ti*fi`ci*al"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality or appearance of being artificial; that which is artificial.

Ar`ti*fi"cial*ize (&?;), v. t. To render artificial.

Ar`ti*fi"cial*ly, adv. 1. In an artificial manner; by art, or skill and contrivance, not by nature.

2. Ingeniously; skillfully. [Obs.]

> The spider's web, finely and artificially wrought.
> Tillotson.

3. Craftily; artfully. [Obs.]

> Sharp dissembled so artificially.
> Bp. Burnet.

Ar`ti*fi"cial*ness, n. The quality of being artificial.

Ar`ti*fi"cious (&?;), a. [L. artificiosus.] Artificial. [Obs.] Johnson.

Art"i*lize (&?;), v. t. To make resemble. [Obs.]

> If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would naturalize art instead of artilizing nature.
> Bolingbroke.

Ar*til"ler*ist (&?;), n. A person skilled in artillery or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman.

Ar*til"ler*y (&?;), n. [OE. artilrie, OF. artillerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines and apparatus of all kinds used in war, vans laden with arms of any kind which follow camps; F. artillerie great guns, ordnance; OF. artillier to work artifice, to fortify, to arm, prob. from L. ars, artis, skill in joining something, art. See Art.] 1. Munitions of war; implements for warfare, as slings, bows, and arrows. [Obs.]

> And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad.
> 1 Sam. xx. 40.

2. Cannon; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, howitzers, etc., with their equipment of carriages, balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds.

The word is sometimes used in a more extended sense, including the powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of artillery.

3. The men and officers of that branch of the army to which the care and management of artillery are confided.

4. The science of artillery or gunnery. Campbell.

Artillery park, or Park of artillery. (a) A collective body of siege or field artillery, including the guns, and the carriages, ammunition, appurtenances, equipments, and persons necessary for working them. (b) The place where the artillery is encamped or collected. -- Artillery train, or Train of artillery, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, ready for marching.

Ar*til"ler*y*man (&?;), n. A man who manages, or assists in managing, a large gun in firing.

||Ar`ti*o*dac"ty*la (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; even + &?; finger or toe.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of the ungulate animals. The functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the middle finger in man) is asymmetrical and paired with the fourth digit, as in the hog, the sheep, and the ox; -- opposed to Perissodactyla.

Ar`ti*o*dac"tyle (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Artiodactyla.

Ar`ti*o*dac"ty*lous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Even-toed.

Ar"ti*san (?; 277), n. [F. artisan, fr. L. artitus skilled in arts, fr. ars, artis, art: cf. It. artigiano. See Art, n.] 1. One who professes and practices some liberal art; an artist. [Obs.]

2. One trained to manual dexterity in some mechanic art or trade; and handicraftsman; a mechanic.

> This is willingly submitted to by the artisan, who can . . . compensate his additional toil and fatigue.
> Hume.

Syn. -- Artificer; artist. -- Artisan, Artist, Artificer. An artist is one who is skilled in some one of the fine arts; an artisan is one who exercises any mechanical employment. A portrait painter is an artist; a sign painter is an artisan, although he may have the taste and skill of an artist. The occupation of the former requires a fine taste and delicate manipulation; that of the latter demands only an ordinary degree of contrivance and imitative power. An artificer is one who requires power of contrivance and adaptation in the exercise of his profession. The word suggest neither the idea of mechanical conformity to rule which attaches to the term artisan, nor the ideas of refinement and of peculiar skill which belong to the term artist.

Art"ist (&?;), n. [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars. See Art, n., and cf. Artiste.] 1. One who practices some mechanic art or craft; an artisan. [Obs.]

> How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast,
> Instruct the articles and reward their.
> Waller.

2. One who professes and practices an art in which science and taste preside over the manual execution.

The term is particularly applied to painters, sculptors, musicians, engravers, and architects. Elmes.

3. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any manual art or occupation. Pope.

4. An artful person; a schemer. [Obs.]

Syn. -- Artisan. See Artisan.

||Ar*tiste" (&?;), n. [F. See Artist.] One peculiarly dexterous and tasteful in almost any employment, as an opera dancer, a hairdresser, a cook.

This term should not be confounded with the English word artist.

{ Ar*tis"tic, Ar*tis"tic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. artistique, fr. artiste.] Of or pertaining to art or to artists; made in the manner of an artist; conformable to art; characterized by art; showing taste or skill. -- Ar*tis"tic*al*ly, adv.

Art"ist*ry (&?;), n. 1. Works of art collectively.

2. Artistic effect or quality. Southey.

3. Artistic pursuits; artistic ability. The Academy.

Art"less (&?;), a. 1. Wanting art, knowledge, or skill; ignorant; unskillful.

> Artless of stars and of the moving sand.
> Dryden.

2. Contrived without skill or art; inartistic. [R.]

> Artless and massy pillars.
> T. Warton.

3. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem; characterized by simplicity and sincerity; sincere; guileless; ingenuous; honest; as, an artless mind; an artless tale.

> They were plain, artless men, without the least appearance of enthusiasm or credulity about them.
> Porteus.

> O, how unlike the complex works of man,
> Heaven's easy, artless, unencumbered plan!
> Cowper.

Syn. -- Simple; unaffected; sincere; undesigning; guileless; unsophisticated; open; frank; candid.

Art"less*ly, adv. In an artless manner; without art, skill, or guile; unaffectedly. Pope.

Art"less*ness, n. The quality of being artless, or void of art or guile; simplicity; sincerity.

Art"ly, adv. With art or skill. [Obs.]

{ Ar`to*car"pe*ous (&?;), Ar`to*car"pous (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; bread + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the breadfruit, or to the genus Artocarpus.

Ar"to*type (&?;), n. [Art + type.] A kind of autotype.

Ar`to*ty"rite (&?;), n. [LL. Artotyritae, pl., fr. Gr. &?; bread + &?; cheese.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the primitive church, who celebrated the Lord's Supper with bread and cheese, alleging that the first oblations of men not only of the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. [Gen. iv. 3, 4.]

Ar"tow (&?;). A contraction of art thou. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Arts"man (&?;), n. A man skilled in an art or in arts. [Obs.] Bacon.

Art` un"ion (&?;). An association for promoting art (esp. the arts of design), and giving encouragement to artists.

||A"rum, n. [L. arum, aros, Gr. &?;.] A genus of plants found in central Europe and about the Mediterranean, having flowers on a spadix inclosed in a spathe. The cuckoopint of the English is an example.

> Our common arums -- the lords and ladies of village children.
> Lubbock.

The American "Jack in the pulpit" is now separated from the genus Arum.

Ar`un*del"ian (&?;), a. Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as, Arundel or Arundelian marbles, marbles from ancient Greece, bought by the Earl of Arundel in 1624.

Ar`un*dif"er*ous, a. [L. arundifer; arundo reed + ferre to bear.] Producing reeds or canes.

A*run`di*na"ceous (&?;), a. [L. arundinaceus, fr. arundo reed.] Of or pertaining to a reed; resembling the reed or cane.

Ar`un*din"e*ous (&?;), a. [L. arundineus, fr. arundo reed.] Abounding with reeds; reedy.

||A*rus"pex (&?;), n.; pl. Aruspices (&?;). [L. aruspex or haruspex.] One of the class of diviners among the Etruscans and Romans, who foretold events by the inspection of the entrails of victims offered on the altars of the gods.

A*rus"pice (&?;), n. [L. aruspex: cf. F. aruspice. Cf. Aruspex, Haruspice.] A soothsayer of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspex. [Written also haruspice.]

A*rus"pi*cy (&?;), n. [L. aruspicium, haruspicium.] Prognostication by inspection of the entrails of victims slain sacrifice.

Ar"val (&?;), n. [W. arwyl funeral; ar over + wylo to weep, or cf. arföl; Icel. arfr inheritance + Sw. öl ale. Cf. Bridal.] A funeral feast. [North of Eng.] Grose.

Ar"vi*cole (&?;), n. [L. arvum field + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) A mouse of the genus Arvicola; the meadow mouse. There are many species.

Ar"yan (är"yan or r"*an), n. [Skr. rya excellent, honorable; akin to the name of the country Iran, and perh. to Erin, Ireland, and the early name of this people, at least in Asia.] 1. One of a primitive people supposed to have lived in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Caspian Sea, and north of the Hindoo Koosh and Paropamisan Mountains, and to have been the stock from which sprang the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other races; one of that ethnological division of mankind called also Indo-European or Indo-Germanic.

<! p. 87 !>

2. The language of the original Aryans. [Written also Arian.]

Ar"yan (är"yan or r"*an), a. Of or pertaining to the people called Aryans; Indo-European; Indo-Germanic; as, the Aryan stock, the Aryan languages.

Ar"yan*ize, v. t. To make Aryan (a language, or in language). K. Johnston.

A*ryt"e*noid (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; shaped like a ladle; &?; a ladle + &?; form.] (Anat.) Ladle-shaped; -- applied to two small cartilages of the larynx, and also to the glands, muscles, etc., connected with them. The cartilages are attached to the cricoid cartilage and connected with the vocal cords.

As (z), adv. & conj. [OE. as, als, alse, also, al swa, AS. eal sw, lit. all so; hence, quite so, quite as: cf. G. als as, than, also so, then. See Also.] 1. Denoting equality or likeness in kind, degree, or manner; like; similar to; in the same manner with or in which; in accordance with; in proportion to; to the extent or degree in which or to which; equally; no less than; as, ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil; you will reap as you sow; do as you are bidden.

> His spiritual attendants adjured him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren.
> Macaulay.

As is often preceded by one of the antecedent or correlative words such, same, so, or as, in expressing an equality or comparison; as, give us such things as you please, and so long as you please, or as long as you please; he is not so brave as Cato; she is as amiable as she is handsome; come as quickly as possible. "Bees appear fortunately to prefer the same colors as we do." Lubbock. As, in a preceding part of a sentence, has such or so to answer correlatively to it; as with the people, so with the priest.

2. In the idea, character, or condition of, -- limiting the view to certain attributes or relations; as, virtue considered as virtue; this actor will appear as Hamlet.

> The beggar is greater as a man, than is the man merely as a king.
> Dewey.

3. While; during or at the same time that; when; as, he trembled as he spoke.

> As I return I will fetch off these justices.
> Shak.

4. Because; since; it being the case that.

> As the population of Scotland had been generally trained to arms . . . they were not indifferently prepared.
> Sir W. Scott.

[See Synonym under Because.]

5. Expressing concession. (Often approaching though in meaning).

> We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited.
> Macaulay.

6. That, introducing or expressing a result or consequence, after the correlatives so and such. [Obs.]

> I can place thee in such abject state, as help shall never find thee.
> Rowe.

So as, so that. [Obs.]

> The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination.
> Bacon.

7. As if; as though. [Obs. or Poetic]

> He lies, as he his bliss did know.
> Waller.

8. For instance; by way of example; thus; -- used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or citations.

9. Than. [Obs. & R.]

> The king was not more forward to bestow favors on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors.
> Fuller.

10. Expressing a wish. [Obs.] "As have," i. e., may he have. Chaucer.

As . . as. See So . . as, under So. -- As far as, to the extent or degree. "As far as can be ascertained." Macaulay. -- As far forth as, as far as. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- As for, or As to, in regard to; with respect to. -- As good as, not less than; not falling short of. -- As good as one's word, faithful to a promise. -- As if, or As though, of the same kind, or in the same condition or manner, that it would be if. -- As it were (as if it were), a qualifying phrase used to apologize for or to relieve some expression which might be regarded as inappropriate or incongruous; in a manner. -- As now, just now. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- As swythe, as quickly as possible. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- As well, also; too; besides. Addison. -- As well as, equally with, no less than. "I have understanding as well as you." Job xii. 3. -- As yet, until now; up to or at the present time; still; now.

As (&?;), n. [See Ace.] An ace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ambes-as, double aces.

||As (&?;), n.; pl. Asses (&?;). [L. as. See Ace.] 1. A Roman weight, answering to the libra or pound, equal to nearly eleven ounces Troy weight. It was divided into twelve ounces.

2. A Roman copper coin, originally of a pound weight (12 oz.); but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and afterwards to half an ounce.

||As"a (&?;), n. [NL. asa, of oriental origin; cf. Per. az mastic, Ar. as healing, is remedy.] An ancient name of a gum.

{ As`a*fet"i*da, As`a*fœt"i*da } (&?;), n. [Asa + L. foetidus fetid.] The fetid gum resin or inspissated juice of a large umbelliferous plant (Ferula asafœtida) of Persia and the East Indies. It is used in medicine as an antispasmodic. [Written also assafœtida.]

||As"a*phus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; indistinct, uncertain.] (Paleon.) A genus of trilobites found in the Lower Silurian formation. See Illust. in Append.

||As`a*ra*bac"ca (&?;), n. [L. asarum + bacca a berry. See Asarone.] (Bot.) An acrid herbaceous plant (Asarum Europæum), the leaves and roots of which are emetic and cathartic. It is principally used in cephalic snuffs.

As"a*rone (&?;), n. [L. asarum hazelwort, wild spikenard, Gr. 'a`saron] (Chem.) A crystallized substance, resembling camphor, obtained from the Asarum Europæum; -- called also camphor of asarum.

As*bes"tic (&?;), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling asbestus; inconsumable; asbestine.

As*bes"ti*form (&?;), a. [L. asbestus + -form.] Having the form or structure of asbestus.

As*bes"tine (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to asbestus, or partaking of its nature; incombustible; asbestic.

As*bes"tous (&?;), a. Asbestic.

{ As*bes"tus (&?;), As*bes"tos (?; 277), } n. [L. asbestos (NL. asbestus) a kind of mineral unaffected by fire, Gr. &?; (prop. an adj.) inextinguishable; 'a priv. + &?; to extinguish.] (Min.) A variety of amphibole or of pyroxene, occurring in long and delicate fibers, or in fibrous masses or seams, usually of a white, gray, or green-gray color. The name is also given to a similar variety of serpentine.

The finer varieties have been wrought into gloves and cloth which are incombustible. The cloth was formerly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and has been recommended for firemen's clothes. Asbestus in also employed in the manufacture of iron safes, for fireproof roofing, and for lampwicks. Some varieties are called amianthus. Dana.

As"bo*lin (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; soot.] (Chem.) A peculiar acrid and bitter oil, obtained from wood soot.

As"ca*rid (&?;), n.; pl. Ascarides (&?;) or Ascarids. [NL. ascaris, fr. Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A parasitic nematoid worm, espec. the roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, often occurring in the human intestine, and allied species found in domestic animals; also commonly applied to the pinworm (Oxyuris), often troublesome to children and aged persons.

As*cend" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ascended; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascending.] [L. ascendere; ad + scandere to climb, mount. See Scan.] 1. To move upward; to mount; to go up; to rise; -- opposed to descend.

> Higher yet that star ascends.
> Bowring.

> I ascend unto my father and your father.
> John xx. 17.

Formerly used with up.

> The smoke of it ascended up to heaven.
> Addison.

2. To rise, in a figurative sense; to proceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particulars to generals, from modern to ancient times, from one note to another more acute, etc.; as, our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity; to ascend to our first progenitor.

Syn. -- To rise; mount; climb; scale; soar; tower.

As*cend", v. t. To go or move upward upon or along; to climb; to mount; to go up the top of; as, to ascend a hill, a ladder, a tree, a river, a throne.

As*cend"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being ascended.

{ As*cend"an*cy (&?;), As*cend"ance (&?;), } n. Same as Ascendency.

As*cend"ant (&?;), n. [F. ascendant, L. ascendens; p. pr. of ascendere.] 1. Ascent; height; elevation. [R.]

> Sciences that were then in their highest ascendant.
> Temple.

2. (Astrol.) The horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which rises above the horizon at the moment of one's birth; supposed to have a commanding influence on a person's life and fortune.

Hence the phrases To be in the ascendant, to have commanding power or influence, and Lord of the ascendant, one who has possession of such power or influence; as, to rule, for a while, lord of the ascendant. Burke.

3. Superiority, or commanding influence; ascendency; as, one man has the ascendant over another.

> Chievres had acquired over the mind of the young monarch the ascendant not only of a tutor, but of a parent.
> Robertson.

4. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred; a relative in the ascending line; a progenitor; -- opposed to descendant. Ayliffe.

{ As*cend"ant (&?;), As*cend"ent (&?;), } a. 1. Rising toward the zenith; above the horizon.

> The constellation . . . about that time ascendant.
> Browne.

2. Rising; ascending. Ruskin.

3. Superior; surpassing; ruling.

> An ascendant spirit over him.
> South.

> The ascendant community obtained a surplus of wealth.
> J. S. Mill.

> Without some power of persuading or confuting, of defending himself against accusations, . . . no man could possibly hold an ascendent position.
> Grote.

As*cend"en*cy (&?;), n. Governing or controlling influence; domination; power.

> An undisputed ascendency.
> Macaulay.

> Custom has an ascendency over the understanding.
> Watts.

Syn. -- Control; authority; influence; sway; dominion; prevalence; domination.

As*cend"i*ble (&?;), a. [L. ascendibilis.] Capable of being ascended; climbable.

As*cend"ing, a. Rising; moving upward; as, an ascending kite. -- As*cend"ing*ly, adv.

Ascending latitude (Astron.), the increasing latitude of a planet. Ferguson. -- Ascending line (Geneol.), the line of relationship traced backward or through one's ancestors. One's father and mother, grandfather and grandmother, etc., are in the line direct ascending. -- Ascending node having, that node of the moon or a planet wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed northward. It is also called the northern node. Herschel. -- Ascending series. (Math.) (a) A series arranged according to the ascending powers of a quantity. (b) A series in which each term is greater than the preceding. -- Ascending signs, signs east of the meridian.

As*cen"sion, n. [F. ascension, L. ascensio, fr. ascendere. See Ascend.] 1. The act of ascending; a rising; ascent.

2. Specifically: The visible ascent of our Savior on the fortieth day after his resurrection. (Acts i. 9.) Also, Ascension Day.

3. An ascending or arising, as in distillation; also that which arises, as from distillation.

> Vaporous ascensions from the stomach.
> Sir T. Browne.

Ascension Day, the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide, the day on which commemorated our Savior's ascension into heaven after his resurrection; -- called also Holy Thursday. -- Right ascension (Astron.), that degree of the equinoctial, counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with a star, or other celestial body, in a right sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the meridian with the star; -- expressed either in degrees or in time. -- Oblique ascension (Astron.), an arc of the equator, intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator which rises together with a star, in an oblique sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the horizon with a star. It is little used in modern astronomy.

As*cen"sion*al (&?;), a. Relating to ascension; connected with ascent; ascensive; tending upward; as, the ascensional power of a balloon.

Ascensional difference (Astron.), the difference between oblique and right ascension; -- used chiefly as expressing the difference between the time of the rising or setting of a body and six o'clock, or six hours from its meridian passage.

As*cen"sive (&?;), a. [See Ascend.] 1. Rising; tending to rise, or causing to rise. Owen.

2. (Gram.) Augmentative; intensive. Ellicott.

As*cent" (&?;). [Formed like descent, as if from a F. ascente, fr. a verb ascendre, fr. L. ascendere. See Ascend, Descent.] 1. The act of rising; motion upward; rise; a mounting upward; as, he made a tedious ascent; the ascent of vapors from the earth.

> To him with swift ascent he up returned.
> Milton.

2. The way or means by which one ascends.

3. An eminence, hill, or high place. Addison.

4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the angle it makes with a horizontal line; inclination; rising grade; as, a road has an ascent of five degrees.

As`cer*tain" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascertained (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Ascertaining.] [OF. acertener; a (L. ad) + certain. See Certain.] 1. To render (a person) certain; to cause to feel certain; to make confident; to assure; to apprise. [Obs.]

> When the blessed Virgin was so ascertained.
> Jer. Taylor.

> Muncer assured them that the design was approved of by Heaven, and that the Almighty had in a dream ascertained him of its effects.
> Robertson.

2. To make (a thing) certain to the mind; to free from obscurity, doubt, or change; to make sure of; to fix; to determine. [Archaic]

> The divine law . . . ascertaineth the truth.
> Hooker.

> The very deferring [of his execution] shall increase and ascertain the condemnation.
> Jer. Taylor.

> The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority . . . persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers.
> Smollett.

> The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule and measure of taxation.
> Gibbon.

3. To find out or learn for a certainty, by trial, examination, or experiment; to get to know; as, to ascertain the weight of a commodity, or the purity of a metal.

> He was there only for the purpose of ascertaining whether a descent on England was practicable.
> Macaulay.

As`cer*tain"a*ble (&?;), a. That may be ascertained. -- As`cer*tain"a*ble*ness, n. -- As`cer*tain"a*bly, adv.

As`cer*tain"er (&?;), n. One who ascertains.

As`cer*tain"ment (&?;), n. The act of ascertaining; a reducing to certainty; a finding out by investigation; discovery.

> The positive ascertainment of its limits.
> Burke.

As*ces"san*cy (&?;), n. As*ces"sant (&?;), a. See Acescency, Acescent. [Obs.]

As*cet"ic (&?;) a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to exercise, to practice gymnastics.] Extremely rigid in self-denial and devotions; austere; severe.

> The stern ascetic rigor of the Temple discipline.
> Sir W. Scott.

As*cet"ic, n. In the early church, one who devoted himself to a solitary and contemplative life, characterized by devotion, extreme self-denial, and self-mortification; a hermit; a recluse; hence, one who practices extreme rigor and self-denial in religious things.

> I am far from commending those ascetics that take up their quarters in deserts.
> Norris.

Ascetic theology, the science which treats of the practice of the theological and moral virtues, and the counsels of perfection. Am. Cyc.

As*cet"i*cism (&?;), n. The condition, practice, or mode of life, of ascetics.

As"cham (&?;), n. [From Roger Ascham, who was a great lover of archery.] A sort of cupboard, or case, to contain bows and other implements of archery.

||As"ci, n. pl. See Ascus.

As"cian, n. One of the Ascii.

As*cid"i*an (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; bladder, pouch.] (Zoöl.) One of the Ascidioidea, or in a more general sense, one of the Tunicata. Also as an adj.

||As*cid`i*a"ri*um (&?;), n. [NL. See Ascidium.] (Zoöl.) The structure which unites together the ascidiozooids in a compound ascidian.

As*cid"i*form, a. [Gr. &?; a pouch + - form.] (Zoöl.) Shaped like an ascidian.

||As*cid`i*oid"e*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. ascidium + -oid. See Ascidium.] (Zoöl.) A group of Tunicata, often shaped like a two-necked bottle. The group includes, social, and compound species. The gill is a netlike structure within the oral aperture. The integument is usually leathery in texture. See Illustration in Appendix.

<! p. 88 !>

As*cid`i*o*zo"oid (s*sd`**z"oid), n. [Ascidium + zooid.] (Zoöl.) One of the individual members of a compound ascidian. See Ascidioidea.

||As*cid"i*um (s*sd"*m), n.; pl. Ascidia (-). [NL., fr. ascus. See Ascus.] 1. (Bot.) A pitcher-shaped, or flask-shaped, organ or appendage of a plant, as the leaves of the pitcher plant, or the little bladderlike traps of the bladderwort (Utricularia).

2. pl. (Zoöl.) A genus of simple ascidians, which formerly included most of the known species. It is sometimes used as a name for the Ascidioidea, or for all the Tunicata.

As*cig"er*ous (&?;), a. [Ascus + - gerous.] (Bot.) Having asci. Loudon.

{ ||As"ci*i (&?;), As"cians (&?;), } n. pl. [L. ascii, pl. of ascius, Gr. &?; without shadow; 'a priv. + &?; shadow.] Persons who, at certain times of the year, have no shadow at noon; -- applied to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, a vertical sun.

||As*ci"tes (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?; disease), fr. &?; bladder, belly.] (Med.) A collection of serous fluid in the cavity of the abdomen; dropsy of the peritoneum. Dunglison.

{ As*cit"ic (&?;), As*cit"ic*al (&?;), } a. Of, pertaining to, or affected by, ascites; dropsical.

As`ci*ti"tious (&?;), a. [See Adscititious.] Supplemental; not inherent or original; adscititious; additional; assumed.

> Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name.
> Pope.

As*cle"pi*ad (&?;), n. (Gr. & L. Pros.) A choriambic verse, first used by the Greek poet Asclepias, consisting of four feet, viz., a spondee, two choriambi, and an iambus.

As*cle`pi*a*da"ceous, a. [See Asclepias.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the Milkweed family.

||As*cle"pi*as, n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, named from Asclepios or Aesculapius.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the milkweed, swallowwort, and some other species having medicinal properties.

Asclepias butterfly (Zoöl.), a large, handsome, red and black butterfly (Danais Archippus), found in both hemispheres. It feeds on plants of the genus Asclepias.

||As`co*coc"cus (&?;), n.; pl. Ascococci (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. 'asko`s bladder, bag + &?; kernel.] (Biol.) A form of micrococcus, found in putrid meat infusions, occurring in peculiar masses, each of which is inclosed in a hyaline capsule and contains a large number of spherical micrococci.

As"co*spore (&?;), n. [Ascus + spore.] (Bot.) One of the spores contained in the asci of lichens and fungi. [See Illust. of Ascus.]

As*crib"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being ascribed; attributable.

As*cribe" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascribed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Ascribing.] [L. ascribere, adscribere, to ascribe; ad + scribere to write: cf. OF. ascrire. See Scribe.] 1. To attribute, impute, or refer, as to a cause; as, his death was ascribed to a poison; to ascribe an effect to the right cause; to ascribe such a book to such an author.

> The finest [speech] that is ascribed to Satan in the whole poem.
> Addison.

2. To attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance; to consider or allege to belong.

Syn. -- To Ascribe, Attribute, Impute. Attribute denotes, 1. To refer some quality or attribute to a being; as, to attribute power to God. 2. To refer something to its cause or source; as, to attribute a backward spring to icebergs off the coast. Ascribe is used equally in both these senses, but involves a different image. To impute usually denotes to ascribe something doubtful or wrong, and hence, in general literature, has commonly a bad sense; as, to impute unworthy motives. The theological sense of impute is not here taken into view.

> More than good-will to me attribute naught.
> Spenser.

> Ascribes his gettings to his parts and merit.
> Pope.

> And fairly quit him of the imputed blame.
> Spenser.

As"cript (&?;), a. See Adscript. [Obs.]

As*crip"tion (&?;), n. [L. ascriptio, fr. ascribere. See Ascribe.] The act of ascribing, imputing, or affirming to belong; also, that which is ascribed.

As`crip*ti"tious (&?;), a. [L. ascriptitius, fr. ascribere.] 1. Ascribed.

2. Added; additional. [Obs.]

> An ascriptitious and supernumerary God.
> Farindon.

As"cus (&?;), n.; pl. Asci (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a bladder.] (Bot.) A small membranous bladder or tube in which are inclosed the seedlike reproductive particles or sporules of lichens and certain fungi.

A-sea, adv. [Pref. a- + sea.] On the sea; at sea; toward the sea.

A*sep"tic (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + septic.] Not liable to putrefaction; nonputrescent. -- n. An aseptic substance.

A*sex"u*al (?; 135), a. [Pref. a- not + sexual.] (Biol.) Having no distinct sex; without sexual action; as, asexual reproduction. See Fission and Gemmation.

A*sex"u*al*ly (&?;), adv. In an asexual manner; without sexual agency.

Ash (sh), n. [OE. asch, esh, AS. æsc; akin to OHG. asc, Sw. & Dan. ask, Icel. askr, D. esch, G. esche.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of trees of the Olive family, having opposite pinnate leaves, many of the species furnishing valuable timber, as the European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and the white ash (F. Americana).

Prickly ash (Zanthoxylum Americanum) and Poison ash (Rhus venenata) are shrubs of different families, somewhat resembling the true ashes in their foliage. -- Mountain ash. See Roman tree, and under Mountain.

2. The tough, elastic wood of the ash tree.

Ash is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound term; as, ash bud, ash wood, ash tree, etc.

Ash, n., sing. of Ashes.

Ash is rarely used in the singular except in connection with chemical or geological products; as, soda ash, coal which yields a red ash, etc., or as a qualifying or combining word; as, ash bin, ash heap, ash hole, ash pan, ash pit, ash-grey, ash-colored, pearlash, potash.

Bone ash, burnt powered; bone earth. -- Volcanic ash. See under Ashes.

Ash, v. t. To strew or sprinkle with ashes. Howell.

A*shame (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + shame: cf. AS. scamian to shame (where - is the same as Goth. us-, G. er-, and orig. meant out), gescamian, gesceamian, to shame.] To shame. [R.] Barrow.

A*shamed" (&?;), a. [Orig. a p. p. of ashame, v. t.] Affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt, or a conviction or consciousness of some wrong action or impropriety. "I am ashamed to beg." Wyclif.

> All that forsake thee shall be ashamed.
> Jer. xvii. 13.

> I began to be ashamed of sitting idle.
> Johnson.

> Enough to make us ashamed of our species.
> Macaulay.

> An ashamed person can hardly endure to meet the gaze of those present.
> Darwin.

Ashamed seldom precedes the noun or pronoun it qualifies. By a Hebraism, it is sometimes used in the Bible to mean disappointed, or defeated.

A*sham"ed*ly (&?;), adv. Bashfully. [R.]

Ash`an*tee" (&?;), n.; pl. Ashantees (&?;). A native or an inhabitant of Ashantee in Western Africa.

Ash`an*tee", a. Of or pertaining to Ashantee.

Ash"-col`ored (&?;), a. Of the color of ashes; a whitish gray or brownish gray.

Ash"en (&?;), a. [See Ash, the tree.] Of or pertaining to the ash tree. "Ashen poles." Dryden.

Ash"en, a. Consisting of, or resembling, ashes; of a color between brown and gray, or white and gray.

> The ashen hue of age.
> Sir W. Scott.

Ash"en (&?;), n., obs. pl. for Ashes. Chaucer.

Ash"er*y (&?;), n. 1. A depository for ashes.

2. A place where potash is made.

Ash"es (&?;), n. pl. [OE. asche, aske, AS. asce, æsce, axe; akin to OHG. asca, G. asche, D. asch, Icel. & Sw. aska, Dan. aske, Goth. azgo.] 1. The earthy or mineral particles of combustible substances remaining after combustion, as of wood or coal.

2. Specifically: The remains of the human body when burnt, or when "returned to dust" by natural decay.

> Their martyred blood and ashes sow.
> Milton.

> The coffins were broken open. The ashes were scattered to the winds.
> Macaulay.

3. The color of ashes; deathlike paleness.

> The lip of ashes, and the cheek of flame.
> Byron.

In dust and ashes, In sackcloth and ashes, with humble expression of grief or repentance; -- from the method of mourning in Eastern lands. -- Volcanic ashes, or Volcanic ash, the loose, earthy matter, or small fragments of stone or lava, ejected by volcanoes.

Ash"-fire, n. A low fire used in chemical operations.

Ash"-fur`nace (&?;), Ash"-ov`en (&?;), n. A furnace or oven for fritting materials for glass making.

A*shine" (&?;), a. Shining; radiant.

{ Ash"lar, Ash"ler } (&?;), n. [OE. ascheler, achiler, OF. aiseler, fr. aiselle, dim. of ais plank, fr. L. axis, assis, plank, axle. See Axle.] 1. (Masonry) (a) Hewn or squared stone; also, masonry made of squared or hewn stone.

> Rough ashlar, a block of freestone as brought from the quarry. When hammer-dressed it is known as common ashlar.
> Knight.

(b) In the United States especially, a thin facing of squared and dressed stone upon a wall of rubble or brick. Knight.

{ Ash"lar*ing, Ash"ler*ing, } n. 1. The act of bedding ashlar in mortar.

2. Ashlar when in thin slabs and made to serve merely as a case to the body of the wall. Brande & C.

3. (Carp.) The short upright pieces between the floor beams and rafters in garrets. See Ashlar, 2.

A*shore" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + shore.] On shore or on land; on the land adjacent to water; to the shore; to the land; aground (when applied to a ship); -- sometimes opposed to aboard or afloat.

> Here shall I die ashore.
> Shak.

> I must fetch his necessaries ashore.
> Shak.

Ash"to*reth (&?;), n.; pl. Ashtaroth (&?;). The principal female divinity of the Phœnicians, as Baal was the principal male divinity. W. Smith.

Ash` Wednes"day (sh` wnz"d). The first day of Lent; -- so called from a custom in the Roman Catholic church of putting ashes, on that day, upon the foreheads of penitents.

Ash"weed` (&?;), n. (Bot.) [A corruption of ache-weed; F. ache. So named from the likeness of its leaves to those of ache (celery).] Goutweed.

Ash"y (&?;), a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, ashes; filled, or strewed with, ashes.

2. Ash-colored; whitish gray; deadly pale. Shak.

Ashy pale, pale as ashes. Shak.

A"sian (&?;), a. [L. Asianus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, L. Asia.] Of or pertaining to Asia; Asiatic. "Asian princes." Jer. Taylor. -- n. An Asiatic.

A"si*arch (&?;), n. [L. Asiarcha, Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; ruler.] One of the chiefs or pontiffs of the Roman province of Asia, who had the superintendence of the public games and religious rites. Milner.

A`si*at"ic (&?;), a. [L. Asiaticus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to Asia or to its inhabitants. -- n. A native, or one of the people, of Asia.

A`si*at"i*cism (&?;), n. Something peculiar to Asia or the Asiatics.

A*side" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + side.] 1. On, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest; out of the way; apart.

> Thou shalt set aside that which is full.
> 2 Kings iv. 4.

> But soft! but soft! aside: here comes the king.
> Shak.

> The flames were blown aside.
> Dryden.

2. Out of one's thoughts; off; away; as, to put aside gloomy thoughts. "Lay aside every weight." Heb. xii. 1.

3. So as to be heard by others; privately.

> Then lords and ladies spake aside.
> Sir W. Scott.

To set aside (Law), to annul or defeat the effect or operation of, by a subsequent decision of the same or of a superior tribunal; to declare of no authority; as, to set aside a verdict or a judgment.

A*side", n. Something spoken aside; as, a remark made by a stageplayer which the other players are not supposed to hear.

||A*si"lus (&?;), n. [L., a gadfly.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large and voracious two-winged flies, including the bee killer and robber fly.

{ As`i*ne"go, As`si*ne"go } (&?;), n. [Sp. asnico, dim. of asno an ass.] A stupid fellow. [Obs.] Shak.

As"i*nine (&?;), a. [L. asininus, fr. asinus ass. See Ass.] Of or belonging to, or having the qualities of, the ass, as stupidity and obstinacy. "Asinine nature." B. Jonson. "Asinine feast." Milton.

As`i*nin"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being asinine; stupidity combined with obstinacy.

A*si"phon*ate (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a siphon or breathing tube; -- said of many bivalve shells. -- n. An asiphonate mollusk.

{ ||As`i*pho"ne*a (&?;), ||A*si`pho*na"ta (&?;), ||As`i*phon"i*da (&?;), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?; a tube.] (Zoöl.) A group of bivalve mollusks destitute of siphons, as the oyster; the asiphonate mollusks.

||A*si"ti*a (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; food.] (Med.) Want of appetite; loathing of food.

Ask (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Asking.] [OE. asken, ashen, axien, AS. scian, csian; akin to OS. scn, OHG. eiscn, Sw. ska, Dan. æske, D. eischen, G. heischen, Lith. jëskóti, OSlav. iskati to seek, Skr. ish to desire. √5.] 1. To request; to seek to obtain by words; to petition; to solicit; -- often with of, in the sense of from, before the person addressed.

> Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God.
> Judg. xviii. 5.

> If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you.
> John xv. 7.

2. To require, demand, claim, or expect, whether by way of remuneration or return, or as a matter of necessity; as, what price do you ask?

> Ask me never so much dowry.
> Gen. xxxiv. 12.

> To whom men have committed much, of him they will ask the more.
> Luke xii. 48.

> An exigence of state asks a much longer time to conduct a design to maturity.
> Addison.

3. To interrogate or inquire of or concerning; to put a question to or about; to question.

> He is of age; ask him: he shall speak for himself.
> John ix. 21.

> He asked the way to Chester.
> Shak.

4. To invite; as, to ask one to an entertainment.

5. To publish in church for marriage; -- said of both the banns and the persons. Fuller.

Syn. -- To beg; request; seek; petition; solicit; entreat; beseech; implore; crave; require; demand; claim; exhibit; inquire; interrogate. See Beg.

Ask, v. i. 1. To request or petition; -- usually followed by for; as, to ask for bread.

> Ask, and it shall be given you.
> Matt. vii. 7.

2. To make inquiry, or seek by request; -- sometimes followed by after.

> Wherefore . . . dost ask after my name?
> Gen. xxxii. 29.

Ask (&?;), n. [See 2d Asker.] (Zoöl.) A water newt. [Scot. & North of Eng.]

{ A*skance" (&?;), A*skant" (&?;), } adv. [Cf. D. schuin, schuins, sideways, schuiven to shove, schuinte slope. Cf. Asquint.] Sideways; obliquely; with a side glance; with disdain, envy, or suspicion.

> They dart away; they wheel askance.
> Beattie.

> My palfrey eyed them askance.
> Landor.

> Both . . . were viewed askance by authority.
> Gladstone.

A*skance", v. t. To turn aside. [Poet.]

> O, how are they wrapped in with infamies
> That from their own misdeeds askance their eyes!
> Shak.

Ask"er, n. One who asks; a petitioner; an inquirer. Shak.

Ask"er, n. [A corruption of AS. a&?;exe lizard, newt.] (Zoöl.) An ask; a water newt. [Local Eng.]

A*skew", adv. & a. [Pref. a- + skew.] Awry; askance; asquint; oblique or obliquely; -- sometimes indicating scorn, or contempt, or entry. Spenser.

Ask"ing, n. 1. The act of inquiring or requesting; a petition; solicitation. Longfellow.

2. The publishing of banns.

<! p. 89 !>

A*slake" (*slk"), v. t. & i. [AS. slacian, slacian, to slacken. Cf. Slake.] To mitigate; to moderate; to appease; to abate; to diminish. [Archaic] Chaucer.

A*slant" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + slant.] Toward one side; in a slanting direction; obliquely.

> [The shaft] drove through his neck aslant.
> Dryden.

A*slant", prep. In a slanting direction over; athwart.

> There is a willow grows aslant a brook.
> Shak.

A*sleep", a. & adv. [Pref. a- + sleep.] 1. In a state of sleep; in sleep; dormant.

> Fast asleep the giant lay supine.
> Dryden.

> By whispering winds soon lulled asleep.
> Milton.

2. In the sleep of the grave; dead.

> Concerning them which are asleep . . . sorrow not, even as others which have no hope.
> 1 Thess. iv. 13.

3. Numbed, and, usually, tingling. Udall.

> Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb, and, as we call it, asleep.
> Bacon.

A*slope" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + slope.] Slopingly; aslant; declining from an upright direction; sloping. "Set them not upright, but aslope." Bacon.

A*slug" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + slug to move slowly.] Sluggishly. [Obs.] Fotherby.

A*smear" (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + smear.] Smeared over. Dickens.

As`mo*ne"an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the patriotic Jewish family to which the Maccabees belonged; Maccabean; as, the Asmonean dynasty. [Written also Asmonæan.]

As`mo*ne"an, n. One of the Asmonean family. The Asmoneans were leaders and rulers of the Jews from 168 to 35 b. c.

A*soak" (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + soak.] Soaking.

A*so"ma*tous (&?;), a. [L. asomatus, Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; body.] Without a material body; incorporeal. Todd.

As"o*nant (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + sonant.] Not sounding or sounded. [R.] C. C. Felton.

Asp (&?;), n. (Bot.) Same as Aspen. "Trembling poplar or asp." Martyn.

Asp (sp), n. [L. aspis, fr. Gr. 'aspi`s: cf. OF. aspe, F. aspic.] (Zoöl.) A small, hooded, poisonous serpent of Egypt and adjacent countries, whose bite is often fatal. It is the Naja haje. The name is also applied to other poisonous serpents, esp. to Vipera aspis of southern Europe. See Haje.

||As*pal"a*thus (&?;), n. [L. aspalathus, Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) (a) A thorny shrub yielding a fragrant oil. Ecclus. xxiv. 15. (b) A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosæ. The species are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope.

As*par"a*gine (&?;), n. [Cf. F. asparagine.] (Chem.) A white, nitrogenous, crystallizable substance, C4H8N2O3+H2O, found in many plants, and first obtained from asparagus. It is believed to aid in the disposition of nitrogenous matter throughout the plant; -- called also altheine.

As`pa*rag"i*nous (&?;), a. Pertaining or allied to, or resembling, asparagus; having shoots which are eaten like asparagus; as, asparaginous vegetables.

As*par"a*gus (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;; cf. &?; to swell with sap or juice, and Zend &?;paregha prong, sprout, Pers. asparag, Lith. spurgas sprout, Skr. sphurj to swell. Perh. the Greek borrowed from the Persian. Cf. Sparrowgrass.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants belonging to the natural order Liliaceæ, and having erect much branched stems, and very slender branchlets which are sometimes mistaken for leaves. Asparagus racemosus is a shrubby climbing plant with fragrant flowers. Specifically: The Asparagus officinalis, a species cultivated in gardens.

2. The young and tender shoots of A. officinalis, which form a valuable and well-known article of food.

This word was formerly pronounced sparrowgrass; but this pronunciation is now confined exclusively to uneducated people.

Asparagus beetle (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Crioceris asparagi) injurious to asparagus.

As*par"tic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived, asparagine; as, aspartic acid.

As"pect (&?;), n. [L. aspectus, fr. aspicere, aspectum, to look at; ad + spicere, specere, to look, akin to E. spy.] 1. The act of looking; vision; gaze; glance. [R.] "The basilisk killeth by aspect." Bacon.

> His aspect was bent on the ground.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. Look, or particular appearance of the face; countenance; mien; air. "Serious in aspect." Dryden.

> [Craggs] with aspect open shall erect his head.
> Pope.

3. Appearance to the eye or the mind; look; view. "The aspect of affairs." Macaulay.

> The true aspect of a world lying in its rubbish.
> T. Burnet.

4. Position or situation with regard to seeing; that position which enables one to look in a particular direction; position in relation to the points of the compass; as, a house has a southern aspect, that is, a position which faces the south.

5. Prospect; outlook. [Obs.]

> This town affords a good aspect toward the hill from whence we descended.
> Evelyn.

6. (Astrol.) The situation of planets or stars with respect to one another, or the angle formed by the rays of light proceeding from them and meeting at the eye; the joint look of planets or stars upon each other or upon the earth. Milton.

The aspects which two planets can assume are five; sextile, &?;, when the planets are 60° apart; quartile, or quadrate, &?;, when their distance is 90° or the quarter of a circle; trine, &?;, when the distance is 120°; opposition, &?;, when the distance is 180°, or half a circle; and conjunction, &?;, when they are in the same degree. Astrology taught that the aspects of the planets exerted an influence on human affairs, in some situations for good and in others for evil.

7. (Astrol.) The influence of the stars for good or evil; as, an ill aspect. Shak.

> The astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects.
> Bacon.

Aspect of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane.

As*pect" (&?;), v. t. [L. aspectare, v. intens. of aspicere. See Aspect, n.] To behold; to look at. [Obs.]

As*pect"a*ble (&?;), a. [L. aspectabilis.] Capable of being; visible. "The aspectable world." Ray. "Aspectable stars." Mrs. Browning.

As*pect"ant (&?;), a. (Her.) Facing each other.

As*pect"ed, a. Having an aspect. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

As*pec"tion (&?;), n. [L. aspectio, fr. aspicere to look at.] The act of viewing; a look. [Obs.]

{ Asp"en (s"pn), Asp (sp), } n. [AS. æsp, æps; akin to OHG. aspa, Icel. ösp, Dan. æsp, Sw. asp, D. esp, G. espe, äspe, aspe; cf. Lettish apsa, Lith. apuszis.] (Bot.) One of several species of poplar bearing this name, especially the Populus tremula, so called from the trembling of its leaves, which move with the slightest impulse of the air.

Asp"en (s"pn), a. Of or pertaining to the aspen, or resembling it; made of aspen wood.

> Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze.
> Gay.

As"per (s"pr), a. [OE. aspre, OF. aspre, F. âpre, fr. L. asper rough.] Rough; rugged; harsh; bitter; stern; fierce. [Archaic] "An asper sound." Bacon.

||As"per (s"pr), n. [L. spiritus asper rough breathing.] (Greek Gram.) The rough breathing; a mark () placed over an initial vowel sound or over ρ to show that it is aspirated, that is, pronounced with h before it; thus "ws, pronounced hs, "rh`twr, pronounced hr"tr.

||As"per, n. [F. aspre or It. aspro, fr. MGr. 'a`spron, 'a`spros, white (prob. from the whiteness of new silver coins).] A Turkish money of account (formerly a coin), of little value; the 120th part of a piaster.

As"per*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Asperating.] [L. asperatus, p. p. of asperare, fr. asper rough.] To make rough or uneven.

> The asperated part of its surface.
> Boyle.

As`per*a"tion (&?;), n. The act of asperating; a making or becoming rough. Bailey.

||As*per"ges (&?;), n. [L., Thou shalt sprinkle.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) The service or ceremony of sprinkling with holy water. (b) The brush or instrument used in sprinkling holy water; an aspergill.

{ As"per*gill (&?;), ||As`per*gil"lum (&?;), } n. [LL. aspergillum, fr. L. aspergere. See Asperse, v. t.] 1. The brush used in the Roman Catholic church for sprinkling holy water on the people. [Also written aspergillus.]

2. (Zoöl.) See Wateringpot shell.

As`per*gil"li*form (&?;), a. [Aspergillum + -form.] (Bot.) Resembling the aspergillum in form; as, an aspergilliform stigma. Gray.

{ As`per*i*fo"li*ate (&?;), As`per*i*fo"li*ous (&?;), } a. [L. asper rough + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having rough leaves.

By some applied to the natural order now called Boraginaceæ or borageworts.

As*per"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Asperities (&?;). [L. asperitas, fr. asper rough: cf. F. aspérité.] 1. Roughness of surface; unevenness; -- opposed to smoothness. "The asperities of dry bodies." Boyle.

2. Roughness or harshness of sound; that quality which grates upon the ear; raucity.

3. Roughness to the taste; sourness; tartness.

4. Moral roughness; roughness of manner; severity; crabbedness; harshness; -- opposed to mildness. "Asperity of character." Landor.

> It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received.
> Johnson.

5. Sharpness; disagreeableness; difficulty.

> The acclivities and asperities of duty.
> Barrow.

Syn. -- Acrimony; moroseness; crabbedness; harshness; sourness; tartness. See Acrimony.

A*sper"ma*tous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?;, &?;, seed.] (Bot.) Aspermous.

A*sper"mous, a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; seed.] (Bot.) Destitute of seeds; aspermatous.

A*sperne" (&?;), v. t. [L. aspernari; a (ab) + spernari.] To spurn; to despise. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

As"per*ous (&?;), a. [See Asper, a.] Rough; uneven. Boyle.

As*perse" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspersed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspersing.] [L. aspersus, p. p. of aspergere to scatter, sprinkle; ad + spargere to strew. See Sparse.] 1. To sprinkle, as water or dust, upon anybody or anything, or to besprinkle any one with a liquid or with dust. Heywood.

2. To bespatter with foul reports or false and injurious charges; to tarnish in point of reputation or good name; to slander or calumniate; as, to asperse a poet or his writings; to asperse a man's character.

> With blackest crimes aspersed.
> Cowper.

Syn. -- To slander; defame; detract from; calumniate; vilify. -- To Asperse, Defame, Slander, Calumniate. These words have in common the idea of falsely assailing the character of another. To asperse is figuratively to cast upon a character hitherto unsullied the imputation of blemishes or faults which render it offensive or loathsome. To defame is to detract from a man's honor and reputation by charges calculated to load him with infamy. Slander (etymologically the same as scandal) and calumniate, from the Latin, have in common the sense of circulating reports to a man's injury from unworthy or malicious motives. Men asperse their neighbors by malignant insinuations; they defame by advancing charges to blacken or sully their fair fame; they slander or calumniate by spreading injurious reports which are false, or by magnifying slight faults into serious errors or crimes.

As*persed" (&?;), a. 1. (Her.) Having an indefinite number of small charges scattered or strewed over the surface. Cussans.

2. Bespattered; slandered; calumniated. Motley.

As*pers"er (&?;), n. One who asperses; especially, one who vilifies another.

As*per"sion (&?;), n. [L. aspersio, fr. aspergere: cf. F. aspersion.] 1. A sprinkling, as with water or dust, in a literal sense.

> Behold an immersion, not and aspersion.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. The spreading of calumniations reports or charges which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body with foul water; calumny.

> Every candid critic would be ashamed to cast wholesale aspersions on the entire body of professional teachers.
> Grote.

> Who would by base aspersions blot thy virtue.
> Dryden.

As*pers"ive (&?;), a. Tending to asperse; defamatory; slanderous. -- As*pers"ive*ly, adv.

||As`per`soir" (&?;), n. [F.] An aspergill.

||As`per*so"ri*um (&?;), n.; pl. Aspersoria (&?;). [LL. See Asperse.] 1. The stoup, basin, or other vessel for holy water in Roman Catholic churches.

2. A brush for sprinkling holy water; an aspergill.

{ As"phalt (&?;), As*phal"tum (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?;, of eastern origin: cf. F. asphalte.] 1. Mineral pitch, Jews' pitch, or compact native bitumen. It is brittle, of a black or brown color and high luster on a surface of fracture; it melts and burns when heated, leaving no residue. It occurs on the surface and shores of the Dead Sea, which is therefore called Asphaltites, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found also in many parts of Asia, Europe, and America. See Bitumen.

2. A composition of bitumen, pitch, lime, and gravel, used for forming pavements, and as a water-proof cement for bridges, roofs, etc.; asphaltic cement. Artificial asphalt is prepared from coal tar, lime, sand, etc.

Asphalt stone, Asphalt rock, a limestone found impregnated with asphalt.

As"phalt, v. t. To cover with asphalt; as, to asphalt a roof; asphalted streets.

||As`phalte" (&?;), n. [F. See Asphalt.] Asphaltic mastic or cement. See Asphalt, 2.

As*phal"tic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or containing, asphalt; bituminous. "Asphaltic pool." "Asphaltic slime." Milton.

As*phal"tite (&?;), a. Asphaltic.

As*phal"tite (&?;), a. Asphaltic. Bryant.

||As*phal"tus, n. See Asphalt.

As"pho*del (&?;), n. [L. asphodelus, Gr. &?;. See Daffodil.] (Bot.) A general name for a plant of the genus Asphodelus. The asphodels are hardy perennial plants, several species of which are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers.

The name is also popularly given to species of other genera. The asphodel of the early English and French poets was the daffodil. The asphodel of the Greek poets is supposed to be the Narcissus poeticus. Dr. Prior.

> Pansies, and violets, and asphodel.
> Milton.

As*phyc"tic (&?;), a. Pertaining to asphyxia.

{ ||As*phyx"i*a (&?;), As*phyx"y (&?;), } n. [NL. asphyxia, fr. Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to throb, beat.] (Med.) Apparent death, or suspended animation; the condition which results from interruption of respiration, as in suffocation or drowning, or the inhalation of irrespirable gases.

As*phyx"i*al (&?;), a. Of or relating to asphyxia; as, asphyxial phenomena.

As*phyx"i*ate (&?;), v. t. To bring to a state of asphyxia; to suffocate. [Used commonly in the past pple.]

As*phyx"i*a`ted (&?;), As*phyx"ied (&?;), p. p. In a state of asphyxia; suffocated.

As*phyx`i*a"tion (&?;), n. The act of causing asphyxia; a state of asphyxia.

As"pic (&?;), n. [F. See Asp.] 1. The venomous asp. [Chiefly poetic] Shak. Tennyson.

2. A piece of ordnance carrying a 12 pound shot. [Obs.]

As"pic, n. [F., a corrupt. of spic (OF. espi, F. épi), L. spica (spicum, spicus), ear, spike. See Spike.] A European species of lavender (Lavandula spica), which produces a volatile oil. See Spike.

As"pic, n. [F., prob. fr. aspic an asp.] A savory meat jelly containing portions of fowl, game, fish, hard boiled eggs, etc. Thackeray.

||As`pi*do*bran"chi*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, shield + &?; gills.] (Zoöl.) A group of Gastropoda, with limpetlike shells, including the abalone shells and keyhole limpets.

As*pir"ant (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. aspirant, p. pr. of aspirer. See Aspire.] Aspiring.

As*pir"ant, n. [Cf. F. aspirant.] One who aspires; one who eagerly seeks some high position or object of attainment.

> In consequence of the resignations . . . the way to greatness was left clear to a new set of aspirants.
> Macaulay.

As"pi*rate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspirated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspirating (&?;).] [L. aspiratus, p. p. of aspirare to breathe toward or upon, to add the breathing h; ad + spirare to breathe, blow. Cf. Aspire.] To pronounce with a breathing, an aspirate, or an h sound; as, we aspirate the words horse and house; to aspirate a vowel or a liquid consonant.

As"pi*rate (&?;), n. 1. A sound consisting of, or characterized by, a breath like the sound of h; the breathing h or a character representing such a sound; an aspirated sound.

<! p. 90 !>

2. A mark of aspiration () used in Greek; the asper, or rough breathing. Bentley.

3. An elementary sound produced by the breath alone; a surd, or nonvocal consonant; as, f, th in thin, etc.

{ As"pi*rate (s"p*rt), As"pi*ra"ted (-r"td), } a. [L. aspiratus, p. p.] Pronounced with the h sound or with audible breath.

> But yet they are not aspirate, i. e., with such an aspiration as h.
> Holder.

As`pi*ra"tion (&?;), n. [L. aspiratio, fr. aspirare: cf. F. aspiration.] 1. The act of aspirating; the pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emission of breath; an aspirated sound.

> If aspiration be defined to be an impetus of breathing.
> Wilkins.

2. The act of breathing; a breath; an inspiration.

3. The act of aspiring of a ardently desiring; strong wish; high desire. "Aspirations after virtue." Johnson.

> Vague aspiration after military renown.
> Prescott.

As"pi*ra`tor (&?;), n. 1. (Chem.) An apparatus for passing air or gases through or over certain liquids or solids, or for exhausting a closed vessel, by means of suction.

2. (Med.) An instrument for the evacuation of the fluid contents of tumors or collections of blood.

As*pir"a*to*ry (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to breathing; suited to the inhaling of air

As*pire" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aspired (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspiring.] [F. aspirer, L. aspirare. See Aspirate, v. t.] 1. To desire with eagerness; to seek to attain something high or great; to pant; to long; -- followed by to or after, and rarely by at; as, to aspire to a crown; to aspire after immorality.

> Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell;
> Aspiring to be angels, men rebel.
> Pope.

2. To rise; to ascend; to tower; to soar.

> My own breath still foments the fire,
> Which flames as high as fancy can aspire.
> Waller.

As*pire", v. t. To aspire to; to long for; to try to reach; to mount to. [Obs.]

> That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds.
> Shak.

As*pire", n. Aspiration. [Obs.] Chapman.

As*pire"ment (&?;), n. Aspiration. [Obs.]

As*pir"er (&?;), n. One who aspires.

As*pir"ing, a. That aspires; as, an Aspiring mind. -- As*pir"ing*ly, adv. -- As*pir"ing*ness, n.

Asp"ish (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or like, an asp.

As`por*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. asportatio, fr. asportare to carry away; abs = ab + portare to bear, carry.] (Law) The felonious removal of goods from the place where they were deposited.

It is adjudged to be larceny, though the goods are not carried from the house or apartment. Blackstone.

A*sprawl" (&?;), adv. & a. Sprawling.

A*squat" (&?;), adv. & a. Squatting.

A*squint" (&?;), adv. [Cf. Askant, Squint.] With the eye directed to one side; not in the straight line of vision; obliquely; awry, so as to see distortedly; as, to look asquint.

Ass (&?;), n. [OE. asse, AS. assa; akin to Icel. asni, W. asen, asyn, L. asinus, dim. aselus, Gr. &?;; also to AS. esol, OHG. esil, G. esel, Goth. asilus, Dan. æsel, Lith. asilas, Bohem. osel, Pol. osiel. The word is prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. ath&?;n she ass. Cf. Ease.] 1. (Zoöl.) A quadruped of the genus Equus (E. asinus), smaller than the horse, and having a peculiarly harsh bray and long ears. The tame or domestic ass is patient, slow, and sure-footed, and has become the type of obstinacy and stupidity. There are several species of wild asses which are swift-footed.

2. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a dolt. Shak.

Asses' Bridge. [L. pons asinorum.] The fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid, "The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another." [Sportive] "A schoolboy, stammering out his Asses' Bridge." F. Harrison. -- To make an ass of one's self, to do or say something very foolish or absurd.

As`sa*fœt"i*da (&?;), n. Same as Asafetida.

As"sa*gai (&?;), As"se*gai (&?;), n. [Pg. azagaia, Sp. azagaya, fr. a Berber word. Cf. Lancegay.] A spear used by tribes in South Africa as a missile and for stabbing, a kind of light javelin.

||As*sa"i (&?;). [It., fr. L. ad + satis enough. See Assets.] (Mus.) A direction equivalent to very; as, adagio assai, very slow.

As*sail" (s*sl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assailed (-sld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Assailing.] [OE. assailen, asailen, OF. asaillir, assailler, F. assaillir; a (L. ad) + saillir to burst out, project, fr. L. salire to leap, spring; cf. L. assilire to leap or spring upon. See Sally.] 1. To attack with violence, or in a vehement and hostile manner; to assault; to molest; as, to assail a man with blows; to assail a city with artillery.

> No rude noise mine ears assailing.
> Cowper.

> No storm can now assail
> The charm he wears within.
> Keble.

2. To encounter or meet purposely with the view of mastering, as an obstacle, difficulty, or the like.

> The thorny wilds the woodmen fierce assail.
> Pope.

3. To attack morally, or with a view to produce changes in the feelings, character, conduct, existing usages, institutions; to attack by words, hostile influence, etc.; as, to assail one with appeals, arguments, abuse, ridicule, and the like.

> The papal authority . . . assailed.
> Hallam.

> They assailed him with keen invective; they assailed him with still keener irony.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- To attack; assault; invade; encounter; fall upon. See Attack.

As*sail"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being assailed.

As*sail"ant (&?;), a. [F. assaillant, p. pr. of assaillir.] Assailing; attacking. Milton.

As*sail"ant, n. [F. assaillant.] One who, or that which, assails, attacks, or assaults; an assailer.

> An assailant of the church.
> Macaulay.

As*sail"er (&?;), n. One who assails.

As*sail"ment (&?;), n. The act or power of assailing; attack; assault. [R.]

> His most frequent assailment was the headache.
> Johnson.

As"sa*mar (&?;), n. [L. assare to roast + amarus, bitter.] (Chem.) The peculiar bitter substance, soft or liquid, and of a yellow color, produced when meat, bread, gum, sugar, starch, and the like, are roasted till they turn brown.

As`sam*ese" (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Assam, a province of British India, or to its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Assam.

||As`sa*pan" (&?;), ||As`sa*pan"ic (&?;), n. [Prob. Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The American flying squirrel (Pteromys volucella).

As*sart" (s*särt"), n. [OF. essart the grubbing up of trees, fr. essarter to grub up or clear ground of bushes, shrubs, trees, etc., fr. LL. exartum, exartare, for exsaritare; L. ex + sarire, sarrire, saritum, to hoe, weed.] 1. (Old Law) The act or offense of grubbing up trees and bushes, and thus destroying the thickets or coverts of a forest. Spelman. Cowell.

2. A piece of land cleared of trees and bushes, and fitted for cultivation; a clearing. Ash.

Assart land, forest land cleared of woods and brush.

As*sart", v. t. To grub up, as trees; to commit an assart upon; as, to assart land or trees. Ashmole.

As*sas"sin (&?;), n. [F. (cf. It. assassino), fr. Ar. ‘hashishin one who has drunk of the hashish. Under its influence the Assassins of the East, followers of the Shaikh al-Jabal (Old Man of the Mountain), were said to commit the murders required by their chief.] One who kills, or attempts to kill, by surprise or secret assault; one who treacherously murders any one unprepared for defense.

As*sas"sin, v. t. To assassinate. [Obs.] Stillingfleet.

As*sas"sin*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assassinated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Assassinating (&?;).] [LL. assassinatus, p. p. of assassinare.] 1. To kill by surprise or secret assault; to murder by treacherous violence.

> Help, neighbors, my house is broken open by force, and I am ravished, and like to be assassinated.
> Dryden.

2. To assail with murderous intent; hence, by extended meaning, to maltreat exceedingly. [Archaic]

> Your rhymes assassinate our fame.
> Dryden.

> Such usage as your honorable lords
> Afford me, assassinated and betrayed.
> Milton.

Syn. -- To kill; murder; slay. See Kill.

As*sas"sin*ate (&?;), n. [F. assassinat.] 1. An assassination, murder, or murderous assault. [Obs.]

> If I had made an assassinate upon your father.
> B. Jonson.

2. An assassin. [Obs.] Dryden.

As*sas`si*na"tion (&?;), n. The act of assassinating; a killing by treacherous violence.

As*sas"si*na`tor (&?;), n. An assassin.

As*sas"sin*ous (&?;), a. Murderous. Milton.

As*sas"tion (&?;), n. [F., fr. LL. assatio, fr. L. assare to roast.] Roasting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

As*sault" (&?;), n. [OE. asaut, assaut, OF. assaut, asalt, F. assaut, LL. assaltus; L. ad + saltus a leaping, a springing, salire to leap. See Assail.] 1. A violent onset or attack with physical means, as blows, weapons, etc.; an onslaught; the rush or charge of an attacking force; onset; as, to make assault upon a man, a house, or a town.

> The Spanish general prepared to renew the assault.
> Prescott.

> Unshaken bears the assault
> Of their most dreaded foe, the strong southwest.
> Wordsworth.

2. A violent onset or attack with moral weapons, as words, arguments, appeals, and the like; as, to make an assault on the prerogatives of a prince, or on the constitution of a government. Clarendon.

3. (Law) An apparently violent attempt, or willful offer with force or violence, to do hurt to another; an attempt or offer to beat another, accompanied by a degree of violence, but without touching his person, as by lifting the fist, or a cane, in a threatening manner, or by striking at him, and missing him. If the blow aimed takes effect, it is a battery. Blackstone. Wharton.

> Practically, however, the word assault is used to include the battery.
> Mozley & W.

Syn. -- Attack; invasion; incursion; descent; onset; onslaught; charge; storm.

As*sault", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assaulting.] [From Assault, n.: cf. OF. assaulter, LL. assaltare.] 1. To make an assault upon, as by a sudden rush of armed men; to attack with unlawful or insulting physical violence or menaces.

> Insnared, assaulted, overcome, led bound.
> Milton.

2. To attack with moral means, or with a view of producing moral effects; to attack by words, arguments, or unfriendly measures; to assail; as, to assault a reputation or an administration.

> Before the gates, the cries of babes newborn, . . .
> Assault his ears.
> Dryden.

In the latter sense, assail is more common.

Syn. -- To attack; assail; invade; encounter; storm; charge. See Attack.

As*sault"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being assaulted.

As*sault"er (&?;), n. One who assaults, or violently attacks; an assailant. E. Hall.

As*say" (&?;), n. [OF. asai, essai, trial, F. essa. See Essay, n.] 1. Trial; attempt; essay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> I am withal persuaded that it may prove much more easy in the assay than it now seems at distance.
> Milton.

2. Examination and determination; test; as, an assay of bread or wine. [Obs.]

> This can not be, by no assay of reason.
> Shak.

3. Trial by danger or by affliction; adventure; risk; hardship; state of being tried. [Obs.]

> Through many hard assays which did betide.
> Spenser.

4. Tested purity or value. [Obs.]

> With gold and pearl of rich assay.
> Spenser.

5. (Metallurgy) The act or process of ascertaining the proportion of a particular metal in an ore or alloy; especially, the determination of the proportion of gold or silver in bullion or coin.

6. The alloy or metal to be assayed. Ure.

Assay and essay are radically the same word; but modern usage has appropriated assay chiefly to experiments in metallurgy, and essay to intellectual and bodily efforts. See Essay.

Assay is used adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as, assay balance, assay furnace.

Assay master, an officer who assays or tests gold or silver coin or bullion. -- Assay ton, a weight of 29,166 grams.

As*say", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assayed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Assaying.] [OF. asaier, essaier, F. essayer, fr. essai. See Assay, n., Essay, v.] 1. To try; to attempt; to apply. [Obs. or Archaic]

> To-night let us assay our plot.
> Shak.

> Soft words to his fierce passion she assayed.
> Milton.

2. To affect. [Obs.]

> When the heart is ill assayed.
> Spenser.

3. To try tasting, as food or drink. [Obs.]

4. To subject, as an ore, alloy, or other metallic compound, to chemical or metallurgical examination, in order to determine the amount of a particular metal contained in it, or to ascertain its composition.

As*say", v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. [Archaic. In this sense essay is now commonly used.]

> She thrice assayed to speak.
> Dryden.

As*say"a*ble (&?;), a. That may be assayed.

As*say"er, n. One who assays. Specifically: One who examines metallic ores or compounds, for the purpose of determining the amount of any particular metal in the same, especially of gold or silver.

As*say"ing, n. The act or process of testing, esp. of analyzing or examining metals and ores, to determine the proportion of pure metal.

||Asse (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A small foxlike animal (Vulpes cama) of South Africa, valued for its fur.

As`se*cu*ra"tion (&?;), n. [LL. assecuratio, fr. assecurare.] Assurance; certainty. [Obs.]

As`se*cure" (&?;), v. t. [LL. assecurare.] To make sure or safe; to assure. [Obs.] Hooker.

As`se*cu"tion (&?;), n. [F. assécution, fr. L. assequi to obtain; ad + sequi to follow.] An obtaining or acquiring. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

As"se*gai (&?;), n. Same as Assagai.

As*sem"blage, n. [Cf. F. assemblage. See Assemble.] 1. The act of assembling, or the state of being assembled; association.

> In sweet assemblage every blooming grace.
> Fenton.

2. A collection of individuals, or of individuals, or of particular things; as, a political assemblage; an assemblage of ideas.

Syn. -- Company; group; collection; concourse; gathering; meeting; convention. Assemblage, Assembly. An assembly consists only of persons; an assemblage may be composed of things as well as persons, as, an assemblage of incoherent objects. Nor is every assemblage of persons an assembly; since the latter term denotes a body who have met, and are acting, in concert for some common end, such as to hear, to deliberate, to unite in music, dancing, etc. An assemblage of skaters on a lake, or of horse jockeys at a race course, is not an assembly, but might be turned into one by collecting into a body with a view to discuss and decide as to some object of common interest.

As*sem"blance, n. [Cf. OF. assemblance.] 1. Resemblance; likeness; appearance. [Obs.]

> Care I for the . . . stature, bulk, and big assemblance of a man? Give me the spirit.
> Shak.

2. An assembling; assemblage. [Obs.]

> To weete [know] the cause of their assemblance.
> Spenser.

As*sem"ble (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assembled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Assembling (&?;).] [F. assembler, fr. LL. assimulare to bring together to collect; L. ad + simul together; akin to similis like, Gr. &?; at the same time, and E. same. Cf. Assimilate, Same.] To collect into one place or body; to bring or call together; to convene; to congregate.

> Thither he assembled all his train.
> Milton.

> All the men of Israel assembled themselves.
> 1 Kings viii. 2.

As*sem"ble, v. i. To meet or come together, as a number of individuals; to convene; to congregate. Dryden.

> The Parliament assembled in November.
> W. Massey.

As*sem"ble, v. i. To liken; to compare. [Obs.]

> Bribes may be assembled to pitch.
> Latimer.

As*sem"bler (&?;), n. One who assembles a number of individuals; also, one of a number assembled.

As*sem"bly (&?;), n.; pl. Assemblies (&?;). [F. assemblée, fr. assembler. See Assemble.] 1. A company of persons collected together in one place, and usually for some common purpose, esp. for deliberation and legislation, for worship, or for social entertainment.

2. A collection of inanimate objects. [Obs.] Howell.

3. (Mil.) A beat of the drum or sound of the bugle as a signal to troops to assemble.

In some of the United States, the legislature, or the popular branch of it, is called the Assembly, or the General Assembly. In the Presbyterian Church, the General Assembly is the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, composed of ministers and ruling elders delegated from each presbytery; as, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, or of Scotland.

<! p. 91 !>

Assembly room, a room in which persons assemble, especially for dancing. -- Unlawful assembly (Law), a meeting of three or more persons on a common plan, in such a way as to cause a reasonable apprehension that they will disturb the peace tumultuously. -- Westminster Assembly, a convocation, consisting chiefly of divines, which, by act of Parliament, assembled July 1, 1643, and remained in session some years. It framed the "Confession of Faith," the "Larger Catechism," and the "Shorter Catechism," which are still received as authority by Presbyterians, and are substantially accepted by Congregationalists.

Syn. -- See Assemblage.

As*sem"bly*man (s*sm"bl*man), n.; pl. Assemblymen (- men). A member of an assembly, especially of the lower branch of a state legislature.

As*sent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assented; p. pr. & vb. n. Assenting.] [F. assentir, L. assentire, assentiri; ad + sentire to feel, think. See Sense.] To admit a thing as true; to express one's agreement, acquiescence, concurrence, or concession.

> Who informed the governor . . . And the Jews also assented, saying that these things were so.
> Acts xxiv. 9.

> The princess assented to all that was suggested.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- To yield; agree; acquiesce; concede; concur.

As*sent" (&?;), n. [OE. assent, fr. assentir. See Assent, v.] The act of assenting; the act of the mind in admitting or agreeing to anything; concurrence with approval; consent; agreement; acquiescence.

> Faith is the assent to any proposition, on the credit of the proposer.
> Locke.

> The assent, if not the approbation, of the prince.
> Prescott.

> Too many people read this ribaldry with assent and admiration.
> Macaulay.

Royal assent, in England, the assent of the sovereign to a bill which has passed both houses of Parliament, after which it becomes law.

Syn. -- Concurrence; acquiescence; approval; accord. -- Assent, Consent. Assent is an act of the understanding, consent of the will or feelings. We assent to the views of others when our minds come to the same conclusion with theirs as to what is true, right, or admissible. We consent when there is such a concurrence of our will with their desires and wishes that we decide to comply with their requests. The king of England gives his assent, not his consent, to acts of Parliament, because, in theory at least, he is not governed by personal feelings or choice, but by a deliberate, judgment as to the common good. We also use assent in cases where a proposal is made which involves but little interest or feeling. A lady may assent to a gentleman's opening the window; but if he offers himself in marriage, he must wait for her consent.

As`sen*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. assentatio. See Assent, v.] Insincere, flattering, or obsequious assent; hypocritical or pretended concurrence.

> Abject flattery and indiscriminate assentation degrade as much as indiscriminate contradiction and noisy debate disgust.
> Ld. Chesterfield.

As`sen*ta"tor, n. [L., fr. assentari to assent constantly.] An obsequious; a flatterer. [R.]

As*sent"a*to*ry (&?;), a. Flattering; obsequious. [Obs.] -- As*sent"a*to*ri*ly, adv. [Obs.]

As*sent"er (&?;), n. One who assents.

As*sen"tient, a. Assenting.

As*sent"ing (&?;), a. Giving or implying assent. -- As*sent"ing*ly, adv.

As*sent"ive (&?;), a. Giving assent; of the nature of assent; complying. -- As*sent"ive*ness, n.

As*sent"ment, n. Assent; agreement. [Obs.]

As*sert" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Asserting.] [L. assertus, p. p. of asserere to join or fasten to one's self, claim, maintain; ad + serere to join or bind together. See Series.] 1. To affirm; to declare with assurance, or plainly and strongly; to state positively; to aver; to asseverate.

> Nothing is more shameful . . . than to assert anything to be done without a cause.
> Ray.

2. To maintain; to defend. [Obs. or Archaic]

> That . . . I may assert Eternal Providence,
> And justify the ways of God to men.
> Milton.

> I will assert it from the scandal.
> Jer. Taylor.

3. To maintain or defend, as a cause or a claim, by words or measures; to vindicate a claim or title to; as, to assert our rights and liberties.

To assert one's self, to claim or vindicate one's rights or position; to demand recognition.

Syn. -- To affirm; aver; asseverate; maintain; protest; pronounce; declare; vindicate. -- To Assert, Affirm, Maintain, Vindicate. To assert is to fasten to one's self, and hence to claim. It is, therefore, adversative in its nature. We assert our rights and privileges, or the cause of tree institutions, as against opposition or denial. To affirm is to declare as true. We assert boldly; we affirm positively. To maintain is to uphold, and insist upon with earnestness, whatever we have once asserted; as, to maintain one's cause, to maintain an argument, to maintain the ground we have taken. To vindicate is to use language and measures of the strongest kind, in defense of ourselves and those for whom we act. We maintain our assertions by adducing proofs, facts, or arguments; we are ready to vindicate our rights or interests by the utmost exertion of our powers.

As*sert"er (&?;), n. One who asserts; one who avers pr maintains; an assertor.

> The inflexible asserter of the rights of the church.
> Milman.

As*ser"tion (&?;), n. [L. assertio, fr. asserere.] 1. The act of asserting, or that which is asserted; positive declaration or averment; affirmation; statement asserted; position advanced.

> There is a difference between assertion and demonstration.
> Macaulay.

2. Maintenance; vindication; as, the assertion of one's rights or prerogatives.

As*sert"ive (&?;), a. Positive; affirming confidently; affirmative; peremptory.

> In a confident and assertive form.
> Glanvill.

As*sert"ive*ly, adv. -- As*sert"ive*ness, n.

As*sert"or (&?;), n. [L., fr. asserere.] One who asserts or avers; one who maintains or vindicates a claim or a right; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator; a defender; an asserter.

> The assertors of liberty said not a word.
> Macaulay.

> Faithful assertor of thy country's cause.
> Prior.

As`ser*to"ri*al (&?;), a. Asserting that a thing is; -- opposed to problematical and apodeictical.

As*sert"o*ry (&?;), a. [L. assertorius, fr. asserere.] Affirming; maintaining.

> Arguments . . . assertory, not probatory.
> Jer. Taylor.

> An assertory, not a promissory, declaration.
> Bentham.

> A proposition is assertory, when it enounces what is known as actual.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

As*sess" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assessed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Assessing.] [OF. assesser to regulate, settle, LL. assessare to value for taxation, fr. L. assidere, supine as if assessum, to sit by, esp. of judges in a court, in LL. to assess, tax. Cf. Assize, v., Cess.] 1. To value; to make a valuation or official estimate of for the purpose of taxation.

2. To apportion a sum to be paid by (a person, a community, or an estate), in the nature of a tax, fine, etc.; to impose a tax upon (a person, an estate, or an income) according to a rate or apportionment.

3. To determine and impose a tax or fine upon (a person, community, estate, or income); to tax; as, the club assessed each member twenty-five cents.

4. To fix or determine the rate or amount of.

> This sum is assessed and raised upon individuals by commissioners in the act.
> Blackstone.

As*sess"a*ble (&?;), a. Liable to be assessed or taxed; as, assessable property.

As`sess*ee" (&?;), n. One who is assessed.

As*ses"sion (&?;), n. [L. assessio, fr. assid&?;re to sit by or near; ad + sed&?;re to sit. See Sit.] A sitting beside or near.

As*sess"ment (&?;), n. [LL. assessamentum.] 1. The act of assessing; the act of determining an amount to be paid; as, an assessment of damages, or of taxes; an assessment of the members of a club.

2. A valuation of property or profits of business, for the purpose of taxation; such valuation and an adjudging of the proper sum to be levied on the property; as, an assessment of property or an assessment on property.

An assessment is a valuation made by authorized persons according to their discretion, as opposed to a sum certain or determined by law. It is a valuation of the property of those who are to pay the tax, for the purpose of fixing the proportion which each man shall pay. Blackstone. Burrill.

3. The specific sum levied or assessed.

4. An apportionment of a subscription for stock into successive installments; also, one of these installments (in England termed a "call"). [U. S.]

As*sess"or, n. [L., one who sits beside, the assistant of a judge, fr. assid&?;re. See Assession. LL., one who arranges of determines the taxes, fr. assid&?;re. See Assess, v., and cf. Cessor.] 1. One appointed or elected to assist a judge or magistrate with his special knowledge of the subject to be decided; as legal assessors, nautical assessors. Mozley & W.

2. One who sits by another, as next in dignity, or as an assistant and adviser; an associate in office.

> Whence to his Son,
> The assessor of his throne, he thus began.
> Milton.

> With his ignorance, his inclinations, and his fancy, as his assessors in judgment.
> I. Taylor.

3. One appointed to assess persons or property for the purpose of taxation. Bouvier.

As`ses*so"ri*al (&?;), a. [Cf. F. assessorial, fr. L. assessor.] Of or pertaining to an assessor, or to a court of assessors. Coxe.

As*sess"or*ship (&?;), n. The office or function of an assessor.

As"set (&?;), n. Any article or separable part of one's assets.

As"sets (&?;), n. pl. [OF. asez enough, F. assez, fr. L. ad + satis, akin to Gr. &?; enough, Goth. saps full. Cf. Assai, Satisfy.] 1. (Law) (a) Property of a deceased person, subject by law to the payment of his debts and legacies; - - called assets because sufficient to render the executor or administrator liable to the creditors and legatees, so far as such goods or estate may extend. Story. Blackstone. (b) Effects of an insolvent debtor or bankrupt, applicable to the payment of debts.

2. The entire property of all sorts, belonging to a person, a corporation, or an estate; as, the assets of a merchant or a trading association; -- opposed to liabilities.

In balancing accounts the assets are put on the Cr. side and the debts on the Dr. side.

As*sev"er (&?;), v. t. [Cf. OF. asseverer, fr. L. asseverare.] See Asseverate. [Archaic]

As*sev"er*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asseverated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Asseverating (&?;).] [L. asseveratus, p. p. of asseverare to assert seriously or earnestly; ad + severus. See Severe.] To affirm or aver positively, or with solemnity.

Syn. -- To affirm; aver; protest; declare. See Affirm.

As*sev`er*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. asseveratio.] The act of asseverating, or that which is asseverated; positive affirmation or assertion; solemn declaration.

> Another abuse of the tongue I might add, -- vehement asseverations upon slight and trivial occasions.
> Ray.

As*sev"er*a*tive, a. Characterized by asseveration; asserting positively.

As*sev"er*a*to*ry, a. Asseverative.

As*sib"i*late, v. t. [L. assibilatus, p. p. of assibilare to hiss out; ad + sibilare to hiss.] To make sibilant; to change to a sibilant. J. Peile.

As*sib`i*la"tion, n. Change of a non- sibilant letter to a sibilant, as of -tion to -shun, duke to ditch.

As`si*de"an, n. [Heb. khsad to be pious.] One of a body of devoted Jews who opposed the Hellenistic Jews, and supported the Asmoneans.

As"si*dent (&?;), a. [L. assidens, p. pr. of assid&?;re to sit by: cf. F. assident. See Assession.] (Med.) Usually attending a disease, but not always; as, assident signs, or symptoms.

As*sid"u*ate (&?;), a. [L. assiduatus, p. p. of assiduare to use assiduously.] Unremitting; assiduous. [Obs.] "Assiduate labor." Fabyan.

As`si*du"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Assiduities (&?;). [L. assiduitas: cf. F. assiduite. See Assiduous.] 1. Constant or close application or attention, particularly to some business or enterprise; diligence.

> I have, with much pains and assiduity, qualified myself for a nomenclator.
> Addison.

2. Studied and persevering attention to a person; - - usually in the plural.

As*sid"u*ous (&?;), a. [L. assiduus, fr. assid&?;re to sit near or close; ad + sedre to sit. See Sit.] 1. Constant in application or attention; devoted; attentive; unremitting.

> She grows more assiduous in her attendance.
> Addison.

2. Performed with constant diligence or attention; unremitting; persistent; as, assiduous labor.

> To weary him with my assiduous cries.
> Milton.

Syn. -- Diligent; attentive; sedulous; unwearied; unintermitted; persevering; laborious; indefatigable.

As*sid"u*ous*ly, adv. -- As*sid"u*ous*ness, n.

As*siege" (&?;), v. t. [OE. asegen, OF. asegier, F. assiéger, fr. LL. assediare, assidiare, to besiege. See Siege.] To besiege. [Obs.] "Assieged castles." Spenser.

As*siege", n. A siege. [Obs.] Chaucer.

As`si*en"tist, n. [Cf. F. assientiste, Sp. asentista.] A shareholder of the Assiento company; one of the parties to the Assiento contract. Bancroft.

||As`si*en"to (&?;), n. [Sp. asiento seat, contract or agreement, fr. asentar to place on a chair, to adjust, to make an agreement; a (L. ad) + sentar, a participial verb; as if there were a L. sedentare to cause to sit, fr. sedens, sedentis, p. pr. of sed&?;re to sit.] A contract or convention between Spain and other powers for furnishing negro slaves for the Spanish dominions in America, esp. the contract made with Great Britain in 1713.

As*sign" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assigned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Assigning.] [OE. assignen, asignen, F. assigner, fr. L. assignare; ad + signare to mark, mark out, designate, signum mark, sign. See Sign.] 1. To appoint; to allot; to apportion; to make over.

> In the order I assign to them.
> Loudon.

> The man who could feel thus was worthy of a better station than that in which his lot had been assigned.
> Southey.

> He assigned to his men their several posts.
> Prescott.

2. To fix, specify, select, or designate; to point out authoritatively or exactly; as, to assign a limit; to assign counsel for a prisoner; to assign a day for trial.

> All as the dwarf the way to her assigned.
> Spenser.

> It is not easy to assign a period more eventful.
> De Quincey.

3. (Law) To transfer, or make over to another, esp. to transfer to, and vest in, certain persons, called assignees, for the benefit of creditors.

To assign dower, to set out by metes and bounds the widow's share or portion in an estate. Kent.

As*sign", n. [From Assign, v.] A thing pertaining or belonging to something else; an appurtenance. [Obs.]

> Six French rapiers and poniards, with their assigns, as girdles, hangers, and so.
> Shak.

As*sign", n. [See Assignee.] (Law) A person to whom property or an interest is transferred; as, a deed to a man and his heirs and assigns.

As*sign`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being assignable.

As*sign"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being assigned, allotted, specified, or designated; as, an assignable note or bill; an assignable reason; an assignable quantity.

||As`si`gnat" (?; 277), n. [F. assignat, fr. L. assignatus, p. p. of assignare.] One of the notes, bills, or bonds, issued as currency by the revolutionary government of France (1790-1796), and based on the security of the lands of the church and of nobles which had been appropriated by the state.

As`sig*na"tion (&?;), n. [L. assignatio, fr. assignare: cf. F. assignation.] 1. The act of assigning or allotting; apportionment.

> This order being taken in the senate, as touching the appointment and assignation of those provinces.
> Holland.

2. An appointment of time and place for meeting or interview; -- used chiefly of love interviews, and now commonly in a bad sense.

> While nymphs take treats, or assignations give.
> Pope.

3. A making over by transfer of title; assignment.

House of assignation, a house in which appointments for sexual intercourse are fulfilled.

As`sign*ee", n. [F. assigné, p. p. of assigner. See Assign, v., and cf. Assign an assignee.] (Law) (a) A person to whom an assignment is made; a person appointed or deputed by another to do some act, perform some business, or enjoy some right, privilege, or property; as, an assignee of a bankrupt. See Assignment (c). An assignee may be by special appointment or deed, or be created by jaw; as an executor. Cowell. Blount. (b) pl. In England, the persons appointed, under a commission of bankruptcy, to manage the estate of a bankrupt for the benefit of his creditors.

<! p. 92 !>

As*sign"er (s*sn"r), n. One who assigns, appoints, allots, or apportions.

As*sign"ment (&?;), n. [LL. assignamentum: cf. OF. assenement.] 1. An allotting or an appointment to a particular person or use; or for a particular time, as of a cause or causes in court.

2. (Law) (a) A transfer of title or interest by writing, as of lease, bond, note, or bill of exchange; a transfer of the whole of some particular estate or interest in lands. (b) The writing by which an interest is transferred. (c) The transfer of the property of a bankrupt to certain persons called assignees, in whom it is vested for the benefit of creditors.

Assignment of dower, the setting out by metes and bounds of the widow's thirds or portion in the deceased husband's estate, and allotting it to her.

Assignment is also used in law as convertible with specification; assignment of error in proceedings for review being specification of error; and assignment of perjury or fraud in indictment being specifications of perjury or fraud.

As`sign*or" (&?;), n. [L. assignator. Cf. Assigner.] (Law) An assigner; a person who assigns or transfers an interest; as, the assignor of a debt or other chose in action.

As*sim`i*la*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being assimilable. [R.] Coleridge.

As*sim"i*la*ble (&?;), a. That may be assimilated; that may be likened, or appropriated and incorporated.

As*sim"i*late (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assimilated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Assimilating (&?;).] [L. assimilatus, p. p. of assimilare; ad + similare to make like, similis like. See Similar, Assemble, Assimilate.] 1. To bring to a likeness or to conformity; to cause a resemblance between. Sir M. Hale.

> To assimilate our law to the law of Scotland.
> John Bright.

> Fast falls a fleecy; the downy flakes
> Assimilate all objects.
> Cowper.

2. To liken; to compa&?;e. [R.]

3. To appropriate and transform or incorporate into the substance of the assimilating body; to absorb or appropriate, as nourishment; as, food is assimilated and converted into organic tissue.

> Hence also animals and vegetables may assimilate their nourishment.
> Sir I. Newton.

> His mind had no power to assimilate the lessons.
> Merivale.

As*sim"i*late, v. i. 1. To become similar or like something else. [R.]

2. To change and appropriate nourishment so as to make it a part of the substance of the assimilating body.

> Aliment easily assimilated or turned into blood.
> Arbuthnot.

3. To be converted into the substance of the assimilating body; to become incorporated; as, some kinds of food assimilate more readily than others.

> I am a foreign material, and cannot assimilate with the church of England.
> J. H. Newman.

As*sim`i*la"tion (&?;), n. [L. assimilatio: cf. F. assimilation.] 1. The act or process of assimilating or bringing to a resemblance, likeness, or identity; also, the state of being so assimilated; as, the assimilation of one sound to another.

> To aspire to an assimilation with God.
> Dr. H. More.

> The assimilation of gases and vapors.
> Sir J. Herschel.

2. (Physiol.) The conversion of nutriment into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption, whether in plants or animals.

> Not conversing the body, not repairing it by assimilation, but preserving it by ventilation.
> Sir T. Browne.

The term assimilation has been limited by some to the final process by which the nutritive matter of the blood is converted into the substance of the tissues and organs.

As*sim"i*la*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. LL. assimilativus, F. assimilatif.] Tending to, or characterized by, assimilation; that assimilates or causes assimilation; as, an assimilative process or substance.

As*sim"i*la*to*ry (&?;), a. Tending to assimilate, or produce assimilation; as, assimilatory organs.

As*sim"u*late (&?;), v. t. [L. assimulatus, p. p. of assimulare, equiv. to assimilare. See Assimilate, v. t.] 1. To feign; to counterfeit; to simulate; to resemble. [Obs.] Blount.

2. To assimilate. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

As*sim`u*la"tion (&?;), n. [L. assimulatio, equiv. to assimilatio.] Assimilation. [Obs.] Bacon.

As`si*ne"go (&?;), n. See Asinego.

Ass"ish (&?;), a. Resembling an ass; asinine; stupid or obstinate.

> Such . . . appear to be of the assich kind . . .
> Udall.

As*sist" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assisting.] [L. assistere; ad + sistere to cause to stand, to stand, from stare to stand: cf. F. assister. See Stand.] To give support to in some undertaking or effort, or in time of distress; to help; to aid; to succor.

> Assist me, knight. I am undone!
> Shak.

Syn. -- To help; aid; second; back; support; relieve; succor; befriend; sustain; favor. See Help.

As*sist", v. i. 1. To lend aid; to help.

> With God not parted from him, as was feared,
> But favoring and assisting to the end.
> Milton.

2. To be present as a spectator; as, to assist at a public meeting. [A Gallicism] Gibbon. Prescott.

As*sist"ance (&?;), n. [Cf. F. assistance.] 1. The act of assisting; help; aid; furtherance; succor; support.

> Without the assistance of a mortal hand.
> Shak.

2. An assistant or helper; a body of helpers. [Obs.]

> Wat Tyler [was] killed by valiant Walworth, the lord mayor of London, and his assistance, . . . John Cavendish.
> Fuller.

3. Persons present. [Obs. or a Gallicism]

As*sist"ant (&?;), a. [Cf. F. assistant, p. pr. of assister.] 1. Helping; lending aid or support; auxiliary.

> Genius and learning . . . are mutually and greatly assistant to each other.
> Beattie.

2. (Mil.) Of the second grade in the staff of the army; as, an assistant surgeon. [U.S.]

In the English army it designates the third grade in any particular branch of the staff. Farrow.

As*sist"ant (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, assists; a helper; an auxiliary; a means of help.

> Four assistants who his labor share.
> Pope.

> Rhymes merely as assistants to memory.
> Mrs. Chapone.

2. An attendant; one who is present. Dryden.

As*sist"ant*ly, adv. In a manner to give aid. [R.]

As*sist"er, n. An assistant; a helper.

As*sist"ful (&?;), a. Helpful.

As*sist"ive (&?;), a. Lending aid, helping.

As*sist"less, a. Without aid or help. [R.] Pope.

As*sist"or (&?;), n. (Law) A assister.

As*sith"ment (&?;), n. See Assythment. [Obs.]

As*size" (&?;), n. [OE. assise, asise, OF. assise, F. assises, assembly of judges, the decree pronounced by them, tax, impost, fr. assis, assise, p. p. of asseoir, fr. L. assid&?;re to sit by; ad + sedre to sit. See Sit, Size, and cf. Excise, Assess.] 1. An assembly of knights and other substantial men, with a bailiff or justice, in a certain place and at a certain time, for public business. [Obs.]

2. (Law) (a) A special kind of jury or inquest. (b) A kind of writ or real action. (c) A verdict or finding of a jury upon such writ. (d) A statute or ordinance in general. Specifically: (1) A statute regulating the weight, measure, and proportions of ingredients and the price of articles sold in the market; as, the assize of bread and other provisions; (2) A statute fixing the standard of weights and measures. (e) Anything fixed or reduced to a certainty in point of time, number, quantity, quality, weight, measure, etc.; as, rent of assize. Glanvill. Spelman. Cowell. Blackstone. Tomlins. Burrill. [This term is not now used in England in the sense of a writ or real action, and seldom of a jury of any kind, but in Scotch practice it is still technically applied to the jury in criminal cases. Stephen. Burrill. Erskine.] (f) A court, the sitting or session of a court, for the trial of processes, whether civil or criminal, by a judge and jury. Blackstone. Wharton. Encyc. Brit. (g) The periodical sessions of the judges of the superior courts in every county of England for the purpose of administering justice in the trial and determination of civil and criminal cases; -- usually in the plural. Brande. Wharton. Craig. Burrill. (h) The time or place of holding the court of assize; -- generally in the plural, assizes.

3. Measure; dimension; size. [In this sense now corrupted into size.]

> An hundred cubits high by just assize.
> Spenser.

[Formerly written, as in French, assise.]

As*size", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Assizing.] [From Assize, n.: cf. LL. assisare to decree in assize. Cf. Asses, v.] 1. To assess; to value; to rate. [Obs.] Gower.

2. To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by an ordinance or regulation of authority. [Obs.]

As*siz"er (&?;), n. An officer who has the care or inspection of weights and measures, etc.

As*siz"or (&?;), n. (Scots Law) A juror.

As*so"ber (&?;), v. t. [Pref. ad- + sober. Cf. Ensober.] To make or keep sober. [Obs.] Gower.

As*so`cia*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being associable, or capable of association; associableness. "The associability of feelings." H. Spencer.

As*so"cia*ble (&?;), a. [See Associate.] 1. Capable of being associated or joined.

> We know feelings to be associable only by the proved ability of one to revive another.
> H. Spencer.

2. Sociable; companionable. [Obs.]

3. (Med.) Liable to be affected by sympathy with other parts; -- said of organs, nerves, muscles, etc.

> The stomach, the most associable of all the organs of the animal body.
> Med. Rep.

As*so"cia*ble*ness, n. Associability.

As*so"ci*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Associated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Associating (&?;).] [L. associatus, p. p. of associare; ad + sociare to join or unite, socius companion. See Social.] 1. To join with one, as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate; as, to associate others with us in business, or in an enterprise.

2. To join or connect; to combine in acting; as, particles of gold associated with other substances.

3. To connect or place together in thought.

> He succeeded in associating his name inseparably with some names which will last as long as our language.
> Macaulay.

4. To accompany; to keep company with. [Obs.]

> Friends should associate friends in grief and woe.
> Shak.

As*so"ci*ate, v. i. 1. To unite in company; to keep company, implying intimacy; as, congenial minds are disposed to associate.

2. To unite in action, or to be affected by the action of a different part of the body. E. Darwin.

As*so"ci*ate (&?;), a. [L. associatus, p. p.] 1. Closely connected or joined with some other, as in interest, purpose, employment, or office; sharing responsibility or authority; as, an associate judge.

> While I descend . . . to my associate powers.
> Milton.

2. Admitted to some, but not to all, rights and privileges; as, an associate member.

3. (Physiol.) Connected by habit or sympathy; as, associate motions, such as occur sympathetically, in consequence of preceding motions. E. Darwin.

As*so"ci*ate, n. 1. A companion; one frequently in company with another, implying intimacy or equality; a mate; a fellow.

2. A partner in interest, as in business; or a confederate in a league.

3. One connected with an association or institution without the full rights or privileges of a regular member; as, an associate of the Royal Academy.

4. Anything closely or usually connected with another; an concomitant.

> The one [idea] no sooner comes into the understanding, than its associate appears with it.
> Locke.

Syn. -- Companion; mate; fellow; friend; ally; partner; coadjutor; comrade; accomplice.

As*so"ci*a`ted (&?;), a. Joined as a companion; brought into association; accompanying; combined.

Associated movements (Physiol.), consensual movements which accompany voluntary efforts without our consciousness. Dunglison.

As*so"ci*ate*ship (&?;), n. The state of an associate, as in Academy or an office.

As*so`ci*a"tion (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. association, LL. associatio, fr. L. associare.] 1. The act of associating, or state of being associated; union; connection, whether of persons of things. "Some . . . bond of association." Hooker.

> Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God.
> Boyle.

2. Mental connection, or that which is mentally linked or associated with a thing.

> Words . . . must owe their powers association.
> Johnson.

> Why should . . . the holiest words, with all their venerable associations, be profaned?
> Coleridge.

3. Union of persons in a company or society for some particular purpose; as, the American Association for the Advancement of Science; a benevolent association. Specifically, as among the Congregationalists, a society, consisting of a number of ministers, generally the pastors of neighboring churches, united for promoting the interests of religion and the harmony of the churches.

Association of ideas (Physiol.), the combination or connection of states of mind or their objects with one another, as the result of which one is said to be revived or represented by means of the other. The relations according to which they are thus connected or revived are called the law of association. Prominent among them are reckoned the relations of time and place, and of cause and effect. Porter.

As*so`ci*a"tion*al (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to association, or to an association.

2. Pertaining to the theory held by the associationists.

As*so`ci*a"tion*ism (&?;), n. (Philos.) The doctrine or theory held by associationists.

As*so`ci*a"tion*ist, n. (Philos.) One who explains the higher functions and relations of the soul by the association of ideas; e. g., Hartley, J. C. Mill.

As*so"ci*a*tive (&?;), a. Having the quality of associating; tending or leading to association; as, the associative faculty. Hugh Miller.

As*so"ci*a`tor (&?;), n. An associate; a confederate or partner in any scheme.

> How Pennsylvania's air agrees with Quakers,
> And Carolina's with associators.
> Dryden.

As*soil" (&?;), v. t. [OF. assoiler, absoiler, assoldre, F. absoudre, L. absolvere. See Absolve.] 1. To set free; to release. [Archaic]

> Till from her hands the spright assoiled is.
> Spenser.

2. To solve; to clear up. [Obs.]

> Any child might soon be able to assoil this riddle.
> Bp. Jewel.

3. To set free from guilt; to absolve. [Archaic]

> Acquitted and assoiled from the guilt.
> Dr. H. More.

> Many persons think themselves fairly assoiled, because they are . . . not of scandalous lives.
> Jer. Taylor.

4. To expiate; to atone for. [Archaic] Spenser.

> Let each act assoil a fault.
> E. Arnold.

5. To remove; to put off. [Obs.]

> She soundly slept, and careful thoughts did quite assoil.
> Spenser.

As*soil", v. t. [Pref. ad- + soil.] To soil; to stain. [Obs. or Poet.] Beau. & Fl.

> Ne'er assoil my cobwebbed shield.
> Wordsworth.

As*soil"ment (&?;), n. Act of assoiling, or state of being assoiled; absolution; acquittal.

As*soil"ment, n. A soiling; defilement.

As*soil"zie (&?;), As*soil"yie, v. t. [Old form assoile. See Assoil.] (Scots Law) To absolve; to acquit by sentence of court.

> God assoilzie him for the sin of bloodshed.
> Sir W. Scott.

As"so*nance (&?;), n. [Cf. F. assonance. See Assonant.] 1. Resemblance of sound. "The disagreeable assonance of ‘sheath' and ‘sheathed.'" Steevens.

2. (Pros.) A peculiar species of rhyme, in which the last acce`ted vow`l and tnose whioh follow it in one word correspond in sound with the vowels of another word, while the consonants of the two words are unlike in sound; as, calamo and platano, baby and chary.

> The assonance is peculiar to the Spaniard.
> Hallam.

3. Incomplete correspondence.

> Assonance between facts seemingly remote.
> Lowell.

As"so*nant (&?;), a. [L. assonans, p. pr. of assonare to sound to, to correspond to in sound; ad + sonare to sound, sonus sound: cf. F. assonant. See Sound.] 1. Having a resemblance of sounds.

2. (Pros.) Pertaining to the peculiar species of rhyme called assonance; not consonant.

As`so*nan"tal (&?;), a. Assonant.

As"so*nate (&?;), v. i. [L. assonare, assonatum, to respond to.] To correspond in sound.

As*sort" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assorting.] [F. assortir; &?; (L. ad) + sortir to cast or draw lots, to obtain by lot, L. sortiri, fr. sors, sortis, lot. See Sort.] 1. To separate and distribute into classes, as things of a like kind, nature, or quality, or which are suited to a like purpose; to classify; as, to assort goods. [Rarely applied to persons.]

> They appear . . . no ways assorted to those with whom they must associate.
> Burke.

2. To furnish with, or make up of, various sorts or a variety of goods; as, to assort a cargo.

As*sort", v. i. To agree; to be in accordance; to be adapted; to suit; to fall into a class or place. Mitford.

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As*sort"ed (s*sôrt"d), a. Selected; culled.

As*sort"ment (-ment), n. [Cf. F. assortiment.] 1. Act of assorting, or distributing into sorts, kinds, or classes.

2. A collection or quantity of things distributed into kinds or sorts; a number of things assorted.

3. A collection containing a variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, demands, or purposes; as, an assortment of goods.

As*sot" (&?;), v. t. [OF. asoter, F. assoter; &?; (L. ad) + sot stupid. See Sot.] To besot; to befool; to beguile; to infatuate. [Obs.]

> Some ecstasy assotted had his sense.
> Spenser.

As*sot", a. Dazed; foolish; infatuated. [Obs.]

> Willie, I ween thou be assot.
> Spenser.

As*suage" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assuaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuaging (&?;).] [OE. asuagen, aswagen, OF. asoagier, asuagier, fr. assouagier, fr. L. ad + suavis sweet. See Sweet.] To soften, in a figurative sense; to allay, mitigate, ease, or lessen, as heat, pain, or grief; to appease or pacify, as passion or tumult; to satisfy, as appetite or desire.

> Refreshing winds the summer's heat assuage.
> Addison.

> To assuage the sorrows of a desolate old man
> Burke.

> The fount at which the panting mind assuages
> Her thirst of knowledge.
> Byron.

Syn. -- To alleviate; mitigate; appease; soothe; calm; tranquilize; relieve. See Alleviate.

As*suage", v. i. To abate or subside. [Archaic] "The waters assuaged." Gen. vii. 1.

> The plague being come to a crisis, its fury began to assuage.
> De Foe.

As*suage"ment (&?;), n. [OF. assouagement, asuagement.] Mitigation; abatement.

As*sua"ger (&?;), n. One who, or that which, assuages.

As*sua"sive (&?;), a. [From assuage, as if this were fr. a supposed L. assuadere to persuade to; or from E. pref. ad + -suasive as in persuasive.] Mitigating; tranquilizing; soothing. [R.]

> Music her soft assuasive voice applies.
> Pope.

As*sub"ju*gate (&?;), v. t. [Pref. ad- + subjugate.] To bring into subjection. [Obs.] Shak.

As`sue*fac"tion (&?;), n. [L. assuefacere to accustom to; assuetus (p. p. of assuescere to accustom to) + facere to make; cf. OF. assuefaction.] The act of accustoming, or the state of being accustomed; habituation. [Obs.]

> Custom and studies efform the soul like wax, and by assuefaction introduce a nature.
> Jer. Taylor.

As"sue*tude (&?;), n. [L. assuetudo, fr. assuetus accustomed.] Accustomedness; habit; habitual use.

> Assuetude of things hurtful doth make them lose their force to hurt.
> Bacon.

As*sum"a*ble (&?;), a. That may be assumed.

As*sum"a*bly, adv. By way of assumption.

As*sume" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assumed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Assuming.] [L. assumere; ad + sumere to take; sub + emere to take, buy: cf. F. assumer. See Redeem.] 1. To take to or upon one's self; to take formally and demonstratively; sometimes, to appropriate or take unjustly.

> Trembling they stand while Jove assumes the throne.
> Pope.

> The god assumed his native form again.
> Pope.

2. To take for granted, or without proof; to suppose as a fact; to suppose or take arbitrarily or tentatively.

> The consequences of assumed principles.
> Whewell.

3. To pretend to possess; to take in appearance.

> Ambition assuming the mask of religion.
> Porteus.

> Assume a virtue, if you have it not.
> Shak.

4. To receive or adopt.

> The sixth was a young knight of lesser renown and lower rank, assumed into that honorable company.
> Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- To arrogate; usurp; appropriate.

As*sume", v. i. 1. To be arrogant or pretentious; to claim more than is due. Bp. Burnet.

2. (Law) To undertake, as by a promise. Burrill.

As*sumed" (&?;), a. 1. Supposed.

2. Pretended; hypocritical; make-believe; as, an assumed character.

As*sum"ed*ly (&?;), adv. By assumption.

As*sum"ent (&?;), n. [L. assumentum, fr. ad + suere to sew.] A patch; an addition; a piece put on. [Obs.] John Lewis (1731).

As*sum"er (&?;), n. One who assumes, arrogates, pretends, or supposes. W. D. Whitney.

As*sum"ing, a. Pretentious; taking much upon one's self; presumptuous. Burke.

||As*sump"sit (?; 215), n. [L., he undertook, pret. of L. assumere. See Assume.] (Law) (a) A promise or undertaking, founded on a consideration. This promise may be oral or in writing not under seal. It may be express or implied. (b) An action to recover damages for a breach or nonperformance of a contract or promise, express or implied, oral or in writing not under seal. Common or indebitatus assumpsit is brought for the most part on an implied promise. Special assumpsit is founded on an express promise or undertaking. Wharton.

As*sumpt" (?; 215), v. t. [L. assumptus, p. p. of assumere. See Assume.] To take up; to elevate; to assume. [Obs.] Sheldon.

As*sumpt", n. [L. assumptum, p. p. neut. of assumere.] That which is assumed; an assumption. [Obs.]

> The sun of all your assumpts is this.
> Chillingworth.

As*sump"tion (?; 215), n. [OE. assumpcioun a taking up into heaven, L. assumptio a taking, fr. assumere: cf. F. assomption. See Assume.] 1. The act of assuming, or taking to or upon one's self; the act of taking up or adopting.

> The assumption of authority.
> Whewell.

2. The act of taking for granted, or supposing a thing without proof; supposition; unwarrantable claim.

> This gives no sanction to the unwarrantable assumption that the soul sleeps from the period of death to the resurrection of the body.
> Thodey.

> That calm assumption of the virtues.
> W. Black.

3. The thing supposed; a postulate, or proposition assumed; a supposition.

> Hold! says the Stoic; your assumption's wrong.
> Dryden.

4. (Logic) The minor or second proposition in a categorical syllogism.

5. The taking of a person up into heaven. Hence: (Rom. Cath. & Greek Churches) A festival in honor of the ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven.

As*sump"tive (&?;), a. [L. assumptivus, fr. assumptus, fr. assumere.] Assumed, or capable of being assumed; characterized by assumption; making unwarranted claims. -- As*sump"tive*ly, adv.

Assumptive arms (Her.), originally, arms which a person had a right to assume, in consequence of an exploit; now, those assumed without sanction of the Heralds' College. Percy Smith.

As*sur"ance (&?;), n. [OE. assuraunce, F. assurance, fr. assurer. See Assure.] 1. The act of assuring; a declaration tending to inspire full confidence; that which is designed to give confidence.

> Whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead.
> Acts xvii. 31.

> Assurances of support came pouring in daily.
> Macaulay.

2. The state of being assured; firm persuasion; full confidence or trust; freedom from doubt; certainty.

> Let us draw with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience.
> Heb. x. 22.

3. Firmness of mind; undoubting, steadiness; intrepidity; courage; confidence; self-reliance.

> Brave men meet danger with assurance.
> Knolles.

> Conversation with the world will give them knowledge and assurance.
> Locke.

4. Excess of boldness; impudence; audacity; as, his assurance is intolerable.

5. Betrothal; affiance. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

6. Insurance; a contract for the payment of a sum on occasion of a certain event, as loss or death.

Recently, assurance has been used, in England, in relation to life contingencies, and insurance in relation to other contingencies. It is called temporary assurance, in the time within which the contingent event must happen is limited. See Insurance.

7. (Law) Any written or other legal evidence of the conveyance of property; a conveyance; a deed.

In England, the legal evidences of the conveyance of property are called the common assurances of the kingdom. Blackstone.

As*sure (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assured (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Assuring.] [OF. aseürer, F. assurer, LL. assecurare; L. ad + securus secure, sure, certain. See Secure, Sure, and cf. Insure.] 1. To make sure or certain; to render confident by a promise, declaration, or other evidence.

> His promise that thy seed shall bruise our foe . . .
> Assures me that the bitterness of death
> Is past, and we shall live.
> Milton.

2. To declare to, solemnly; to assert to (any one) with the design of inspiring belief or confidence.

> I dare assure thee that no enemy
> Shall ever take alive the noble Brutus.
> Shak.

3. To confirm; to make certain or secure.

> And it shall be assured to him.
> Lev. xxvii. 19.

> And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall assure our hearts before him.
> 1 John iii. 19.

4. To affiance; to betroth. [Obs.] Shak.

5. (Law) To insure; to covenant to indemnify for loss, or to pay a specified sum at death. See Insure.

Syn. -- To declare; aver; avouch; vouch; assert; asseverate; protest; persuade; convince.

As*sured" (&?;), a. Made sure; safe; insured; certain; indubitable; not doubting; bold to excess.

As*sured", n. One whose life or property is insured.

As*sur"ed*ly (&?;), adv. Certainly; indubitably. "The siege assuredly I'll raise." Shak.

As*sur"ed*ness, n. The state of being assured; certainty; full confidence.

As*sur"er (&?;), n. 1. One who assures. Specifically: One who insures against loss; an insurer or underwriter.

2. One who takes out a life assurance policy.

As*sur"gen*cy (&?;), n. Act of rising.

> The . . . assurgency of the spirit through the body.
> Coleridge.

As*sur"gent (&?;), a. [L. assurgens, p. pr. of assurgere; ad + surgere to rise.] Ascending; (Bot.) rising obliquely; curving upward. Gray.

As*sur"ing (&?;), a. That assures; tending to assure; giving confidence. -- As*sur"ing*ly, adv.

As*swage", v. See Assuage.

As*syr"i*an (&?;), a. [L. Assyrius.] Of or pertaining to Assyria, or to its inhabitants. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Assyria; the language of Assyria.

As*syr`i*o*log"ic*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Assyriology; as, Assyriological studies.

As*syr`i*ol"o*gist (&?;), n. One versed in Assyriology; a student of Assyrian archæology.

As*syr`i*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Assyria + -logy.] The science or study of the antiquities, language, etc., of ancient Assyria.

As*syth"ment (&?;), n. [From OF. aset, asez, orig. meaning enough. See Assets.] Indemnification for injury; satisfaction. [Chiefly in Scots law]

||As"ta*cus (&?;), n. [L. astacus a crab, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A genus of crustaceans, containing the crawfish of fresh-water lobster of Europe, and allied species of western North America. See Crawfish.

A*star"board (&?;), adv. (Naut.) Over to the starboard side; -- said of the tiller.

A*start" (&?;), v. t. & i. Same as Astert. [Obs.]

||As*tar"te (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a Phœnician goddess.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bivalve mollusks, common on the coasts of America and Europe.

A*state" (&?;), n. Estate; state. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*stat"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + static.] (Magnetism) Having little or no tendency to take a fixed or definite position or direction: thus, a suspended magnetic needle, when rendered astatic, loses its polarity, or tendency to point in a given direction.

Astatic pair (Magnetism), a pair of magnetic needles so mounted as to be nearly or quite astatic, as in some galvanometers.

A*stat"ic*al*ly (&?;), adv. In an astatic manner.

A*stat"i*cism (&?;), n. The state of being astatic.

A*stay" (&?;), adv. (Naut.) An anchor is said to be astay, when, in heaving it, an acute angle is formed between the cable and the surface of the water.

As"te*ism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; refined and witty talk, fr. &?; of the town, polite, witty, fr. &?; city: cf. F. astéisme.] (Rhet.) Genteel irony; a polite and ingenious manner of deriding another.

As"tel (s"tl), n. [OE. astelle piece of wood, OF. astele splinter, shaving, F. attelle, astelle: cf. L. astula, dim. of assis board.] (Mining) An arch, or ceiling, of boards, placed over the men's heads in a mine.

As"ter (s"tr), n. [L. aster aster, star, Gr. 'asth`r star. See Star.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbs with compound white or bluish flowers; starwort; Michaelmas daisy.

2. (Floriculture) A plant of the genus Callistephus. Many varieties (called China asters, German asters, etc.) are cultivated for their handsome compound flowers.

||As*te"ri*as (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; starred, fr. 'asth`r star.] (Zoöl.) A genus of echinoderms.

Formerly the group of this name included nearly all starfishes and ophiurans. Now it is restricted to a genus including the commonest shore starfishes.

As*te"ri*a`ted (&?;), a. [See Asterias.] Radiated, with diverging rays; as, asteriated sapphire.

As`ter*id"i*an (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Asterioidea. -- n. A starfish; one of the Asterioidea.

{ ||As*te`ri*oid"e*a (&?;), ||As`ter*id"e*a (&?;), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'asteri`as + -oid. See Asterias.] (Zoöl.) A class of Echinodermata including the true starfishes. The rays vary in number and always have ambulacral grooves below. The body is star-shaped or pentagonal.

||As*te"ri*on (&?;), n. [Gr. 'aste`rion starry.] (Anat.) The point on the side of the skull where the lambdoid, parieto-mastoid and occipito-mastoid sutures.

||As`ter*is"cus (&?;), n. [L., an asterisk. See Asterisk.] (Anat.) The smaller of the two otoliths found in the inner ear of many fishes.

As"ter*isk (&?;), n. [L. asteriscus, Gr. &?;, dim. of 'asth`r star. See Aster.] The figure of a star, thus, &?;, used in printing and writing as a reference to a passage or note in the margin, to supply the omission of letters or words, or to mark a word or phrase as having a special character.

As`ter*ism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. 'asth`r star; cf. F. astérisme.] 1. (Astron.) (a) A constellation. [Obs.] (b) A small cluster of stars.

2. (Printing) (a) An asterisk, or mark of reference. [R.] (b) Three asterisks placed in this manner, , to direct attention to a particular passage.

3. (Crystallog.) An optical property of some crystals which exhibit a star-shaped by reflected light, as star sapphire, or by transmitted light, as some mica.

A*stern" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + stern.] (Naut.) 1. In or at the hinder part of a ship; toward the hinder part, or stern; backward; as, to go astern.

2. Behind a ship; in the rear. "A gale of wind right astern." De Foe. "Left this strait astern." Drake.

To bake astern, to go stern foremost. -- To be astern of the reckoning, to be behind the position given by the reckoning. -- To drop astern, to fall or be left behind. -- To go astern, to go backward, as from the action of currents or winds.

A*ster"nal (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + sternal.] (Anat.) Not sternal; -- said of ribs which do not join the sternum.

As"ter*oid (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; starlike, starry; 'asth`r star + &?; form: cf. F. astéroïde. See Aster.] A starlike body; esp. one of the numerous small planets whose orbits lie between those of Mars and Jupiter; -- called also planetoids and minor planets.

As`ter*oid"al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an asteroid, or to the asteroids.

||As`te*rol"e*pis (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'asth`r star + &?; scale.] (Paleon.) A genus of fishes, some of which were eighteen or twenty feet long, found in a fossil state in the Old Red Sandstone. Hugh Miller.

<! p. 94 !>

As`ter*oph"yl*lite (s`tr*f"l*lt), n. [Gr. 'asth`r star + fy`llon leaf.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant from the coal formations of Europe and America, now regarded as the branchlets and foliage of calamites.

A*stert (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + start; OE. asterten, asturten.] To start up; to befall; to escape; to shun. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*stert", v. i. To escape. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ ||As`the*ni"a (&?;), As"the*ny (&?;), } n. [NL. asthenia, Gr. 'asqe`nia; 'a priv. + sqe`nos strength.] (Med.) Want or loss of strength; debility; diminution of the vital forces.

As*then"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'asqeniko`s; 'a priv. + sqe`nos strength.] (Med.) Characterized by, or pertaining to, debility; weak; debilitating.

||As`the*no"pi*a (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + sqe`nos strength + 'w`ps eye.] Weakness of sight. Quain. -- As`the*nop"ic (&?;), a.

Asth"ma (?; 277), n. [Gr. &?; short-drawn breath, fr. &?; to blow, for &?;: cf. Skr. v, Goth. waian, to blow, E. wind.] (Med.) A disease, characterized by difficulty of breathing (due to a spasmodic contraction of the bronchi), recurring at intervals, accompanied with a wheezing sound, a sense of constriction in the chest, a cough, and expectoration.

{ Asth*mat"ic (&?;), Asth*mat"ic*al (&?;), } a. [L. asthmaticus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to asthma; as, an asthmatic cough; liable to, or suffering from, asthma; as, an asthmatic patient. -- Asth*mat"ic*al*ly, adv.

Asth*mat"ic, n. A person affected with asthma.

As`tig*mat"ic (&?;), a. (Med. & Opt.) Affected with, or pertaining to, astigmatism; as, astigmatic eyes; also, remedying astigmatism; as, astigmatic lenses.

A*stig"ma*tism (&?;), n. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?;, &?;, a prick of a pointed instrument, a spot, fr. &?; to prick: cf. F. astigmatisme.] (Med. & Opt.) A defect of the eye or of a lens, in consequence of which the rays derived from one point are not brought to a single focal point, thus causing imperfect images or indistinctness of vision.

The term is applied especially to the defect causing images of lines having a certain direction to be indistinct, or imperfectly seen, while those of lines transverse to the former are distinct, or clearly seen.

As*tip"u*late (&?;), v. i. [L. astipulari; ad + stipulari to stipulate.] To assent. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

As*tip`u*la"tion (&?;), n. [L. astipulatio.] Stipulation; agreement. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

A*stir" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + stir.] Stirring; in a state of activity or motion; out of bed.

{ A*stom"a*tous (&?;), As"to*mous (&?;), } a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?;, &?;, mouth.] Not possessing a mouth.

{ As*ton" (&?;), As*tone" (&?;), } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astoned, Astond, or Astound.] [See Astonish.] To stun; to astonish; to stupefy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

As*ton"ied (&?;), p. p. Stunned; astonished. See Astony. [Archaic]

> And I astonied fell and could not pray.
> Mrs. Browning.

As*ton"ish (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astonished (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Astonishing.] [OE. astonien, astunian, astonen, OF. estoner, F. étonner, fr. L. ex out + tonare to thunder, but perhaps influenced by E. stun. See Thunder, Astound, Astony.] 1. To stun; to render senseless, as by a blow. [Obs.]

> Enough, captain; you have astonished him. [Fluellen had struck Pistol].
> Shak.

> The very cramp-fish [i. e., torpedo] . . . being herself not benumbed, is able to astonish others.
> Holland.

2. To strike with sudden fear, terror, or wonder; to amaze; to surprise greatly, as with something unaccountable; to confound with some sudden emotion or passion.

> Musidorus . . . had his wits astonished with sorrow.
> Sidney.

> I, Daniel . . . was astonished at the vision.
> Dan. viii. 27.

Syn. -- To amaze; astound; overwhelm; surprise. -- Astonished, Surprised. We are surprised at what is unexpected. We are astonished at what is above or beyond our comprehension. We are taken by surprise. We are struck with astonishment. C. J. Smith. See Amaze.

As*ton"ish*ed*ly (&?;), adv. In an astonished manner. [R.] Bp. Hall.

As*ton"ish*ing, a. Very wonderful; of a nature to excite astonishment; as, an astonishing event.

Syn. -- Amazing; surprising; wonderful; marvelous.

As*ton"ish*ing*ly, adv. -- As*ton"ish*ing*ness, n.

As*ton"ish*ment (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. estonnement, F. étonnement.] 1. The condition of one who is stunned. Hence: Numbness; loss of sensation; stupor; loss of sense. [Obs.]

> A coldness and astonishment in his loins, as folk say.
> Holland.

2. Dismay; consternation. [Archaic] Spenser.

3. The overpowering emotion excited when something unaccountable, wonderful, or dreadful is presented to the mind; an intense degree of surprise; amazement.

> Lest the place
> And my quaint habits breed astonishment.
> Milton.

4. The object causing such an emotion.

> Thou shalt become an astonishment.
> Deut. xxviii. 37.

Syn. -- Amazement; wonder; surprise.

As*ton"y (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astonied (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Astonying. See Astone.] To stun; to bewilder; to astonish; to dismay. [Archaic]

> The captain of the Helots . . . strake Palladius upon the side of his head, that he reeled astonied.
> Sir P. Sidney.

> This sodeyn cas this man astonied so,
> That reed he wex, abayst, and al quaking.
> Chaucer.

A*stoop" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + stoop.] In a stooping or inclined position. Gay.

As*tound" (&?;), a. [OE. astouned, astound, astoned, p. p. of astone. See Astone.] Stunned; astounded; astonished. [Archaic] Spenser.

> Thus Ellen, dizzy and astound.
> As sudden ruin yawned around.
> Sir W. Scott.

As*tound", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astounded, [Obs.] Astound; p. pr. & vb. n. Astounding.] [See Astound, a.] 1. To stun; to stupefy.

> No puissant stroke his senses once astound.
> Fairfax.

2. To astonish; to strike with amazement; to confound with wonder, surprise, or fear.

> These thoughts may startle well, but not astound
> The virtuous mind.
> Milton.

As*tound"ing, a. Of a nature to astound; astonishing; amazing; as, an astounding force, statement, or fact. -- As*tound"ing*ly, adv.

As*tound"ment (&?;), n. Amazement. Coleridge.

As`tra*chan" (&?;), a. & n. See Astrakhan.

A*strad"dle (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + straddle.] In a straddling position; astride; bestriding; as, to sit astraddle a horse.

As*træ"an (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; starry.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the genus Astræa or the family Astræidæ. -- n. A coral of the family Astræidæ; a star coral.

As"tra*gal (&?;), n. [L. astragalus, Gr. &?; the ankle bone, a molding in the capital of the Ionic column.] 1. (Arch.) A convex molding of rounded surface, generally from half to three quarters of a circle.

2. (Gun.) A round molding encircling a cannon near the mouth.

As*trag"a*lar (&?;), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the astragalus.

As*trag"a*loid (&?;), a. [Astragalus + -oid.] (Anat.) Resembling the astragalus in form.

As*trag"a*lo*man`cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; ankle bone, die + -mancy.] Divination by means of small bones or dice.

||As*trag"a*lus (&?;), n. [L. See Astragal.] 1. (Anat.) The ankle bone, or hock bone; the bone of the tarsus which articulates with the tibia at the ankle.

2. (Bot.) A genus of papilionaceous plants, of the tribe Galegeæ, containing numerous species, two of which are called, in English, milk vetch and licorice vetch. Gum tragacanth is obtained from different oriental species, particularly the A. gummifer and A. verus.

3. (Arch.) See Astragal, 1.

As`tra*khan" (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Astrakhan in Russia or its products; made of an Astrakhan skin. - - n. The skin of stillborn or young lambs of that region, the curled wool of which resembles fur.

As"tral (&?;), a. [L. astralis, fr. astrum star, Gr. &?;: cf. F. astral. See Star.] Pertaining to, coming from, or resembling, the stars; starry; starlike.

> Shines only with an astral luster.
> I. Taylor.

> Some astral forms I must invoke by prayer.
> Dryden.

Astral lamp, an Argand lamp so constructed that no shadow is cast upon the table by the flattened ring-shaped reservoir in which the oil is contained. -- Astral spirits, spirits formerly supposed to live in the heavenly bodies or the aërial regions, and represented in the Middle Ages as fallen angels, spirits of the dead, or spirits originating in fire.

A*strand" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + strand.] Stranded. Sir W. Scott.

A*stray" (&?;), adv. & a. [See Estray, Stray.] Out of the right, either in a literal or in a figurative sense; wandering; as, to lead one astray.

> Ye were as sheep going astray.
> 1 Pet. ii. 25.

As*trict" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astricted; p. pr. & vb. n. Astricting.] [L. astrictus, p. p. of astringere. See Astringe.] 1. To bind up; to confine; to constrict; to contract.

> The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricted.
> Arbuthnot.

2. To bind; to constrain; to restrict; to limit. [R.]

> The mind is astricted to certain necessary modes or forms of thought.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

3. (Scots Law) To restrict the tenure of; as, to astrict lands. See Astriction, 4. Burrill.

As*trict", a. Concise; contracted. [Obs.] Weever.

As*tric"tion (&?;), n. [L. astrictio.] 1. The act of binding; restriction; also, obligation. Milton.

2. (Med.) (a) A contraction of parts by applications; the action of an astringent substance on the animal economy. Dunglison. (b) Constipation. Arbuthnot.

3. Astringency. [Obs.] Bacon.

4. (Scots Law) An obligation to have the grain growing on certain lands ground at a certain mill, the owner paying a toll. Bell.

The lands were said to be astricted to the mill.

As*tric"tive (&?;), a. Binding; astringent. -- n. An astringent. -- As*tric"tive*ly, adv.

As*tric"to*ry (&?;), a. Astrictive. [R.]

A*stride" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + stride.] With one leg on each side, as a man when on horseback; with the legs stretched wide apart; astraddle.

> Placed astride upon the bars of the palisade.
> Sir W. Scott.

> Glasses with horn bows sat astride on his nose.
> Longfellow.

As*trif"er*ous (acr/s*trf"r*s), a. [L. astrifer; astrum star + ferre to bear.] Bearing stars. [R.] Blount.

As*tringe" (s*trnj"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astringed (-trnjd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Astringing (-jng).] [L. astringere; ad + stringere to draw tight. Cf. Astrict, and see Strain, v. t.] 1. To bind fast; to constrict; to contract; to cause parts to draw together; to compress.

> Which contraction . . . astringeth the moisture of the brain and thereby sendeth tears into the eyes.
> Bacon.

2. To bind by moral or legal obligation. Wolsey.

As*trin"gen*cy (s*trn"jen*s), n. The quality of being astringent; the power of contracting the parts of the body; that quality in medicines or other substances which causes contraction of the organic textures; as, the astringency of tannin.

As*trin"gent (-jent), a. [L. astringens, p. pr. of astringere: cf. F. astringent. See Astringe.] 1. Drawing together the tissues; binding; contracting; -- opposed to laxative; as, astringent medicines; a butter and astringent taste; astringent fruit.

2. Stern; austere; as, an astringent type of virtue.

As*trin"gent, n. A medicine or other substance that produces contraction in the soft organic textures, and checks discharges of blood, mucus, etc.

> External astringents are called styptics.
> Dunglison.

As*trin"gent*ly, adv. In an astringent manner.

As*trin"ger (&?;), n. [OE. ostreger, OF. ostrucier, F. autoursier, fr. OF. austour, ostor, hawk, F. autour; cf. L. acceptor, for accipiter, hawk.] A falconer who keeps a goshawk. [Obs.] Shak. Cowell. [Written also austringer.]

As"tro- (&?;). The combining form of the Greek word 'a`stron, meaning star.

{ As"tro*fel, As"tro*fell } (&?;), n. A bitter herb, probably the same as aster, or starwort. Spenser.

As*trog"e*ny (&?;), n. [Astro- + Gr. &?; birth.] The creation or evolution of the stars or the heavens. H. Spencer.

As*trog"no*sy (&?;), n. [Astro- + Gr. &?; knowledge.] The science or knowledge of the stars, esp. the fixed stars. Bouvier.

As*trog"o*ny (&?;), n. Same as Astrogeny. -- As`*tro*gon"ic (&?;), a.

As*trog"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Astro'cf + -graphy.] The art of describing or delineating the stars; a description or mapping of the heavens.

As"tro*ite (&?;), n. [L. astroites: cf. F. astroite.] A radiated stone or fossil; star-stone. [Obs.] [Written also astrite and astrion.]

As"tro*labe (s"tr*lb), n. [OE. astrolabie, astrilabe, OF. astrelabe, F. astrolabe, LL. astrolabium, fr. Gr. 'astrola`bon; 'a`stron star + &?;, &?;, to take.] 1. (Astron.) An instrument for observing or showing the positions of the stars. It is now disused.

Among the ancients, it was essentially the armillary sphere. A graduated circle with sights, for taking altitudes at sea, was called an astrolabe in the 18th century. It is now superseded by the quadrant and sextant.

2. A stereographic projection of the sphere on the plane of a great circle, as the equator, or a meridian; a planisphere. Whewell.

As*trol"a*ter (&?;), n. A worshiper of the stars. Morley.

As*trol"a*try (&?;), n. [Astro- + Gr. &?; service, worship: cf. F. astrolâtrie.] The worship of the stars.

As`tro*li*thol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Astro- + lithology.] The science of aërolites.

As*trol"o*ger (&?;), n. [See Astrology.] 1. One who studies the stars; an astronomer. [Obs.]

2. One who practices astrology; one who professes to foretell events by the aspects and situation of the stars.

As`tro*lo"gi*an (&?;), n. [OF. astrologien.] An astrologer. [Obs.]

{ As`tro*log"ic (&?;), As`tro*log"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Gr. 'astrologiko`s.] Of or pertaining to astrology; professing or practicing astrology. "Astrologic learning." Hudibras. "Astrological prognostication." Cudworth. -- As`tro*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

As*trol"o*gize (&?;), v. t. & i. To apply astrology to; to study or practice astrology.

As*trol"o*gy (s*trl"*j), n. [F. astrologie, L. astrologia, fr. Gr. 'astrologi`a, fr. 'astrolo`gos astronomer, astrologer; 'asth`r star + lo`gos discourse, le`gein to speak. See Star.] In its etymological signification, the science of the stars; among the ancients, synonymous with astronomy; subsequently, the art of judging of the influences of the stars upon human affairs, and of foretelling events by their position and aspects.

Astrology was much in vogue during the Middle Ages, and became the parent of modern astronomy, as alchemy did of chemistry. It was divided into two kinds: judicial astrology, which assumed to foretell the fate and acts of nations and individuals, and natural astrology, which undertook to predict events of inanimate nature, such as changes of the weather, etc.

As`tro*man"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; astrology.] Of or pertaining to divination by means of the stars; astrologic. [R.] Dr. H. More.

As`tro*me`te*or*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Astro- + meteorology.] The investigation of the relation between the sun, moon, and stars, and the weather. -- As`*tro*me`te*or`o*log"ic*al (&?;), a. -- As`tro*me`te*or*ol"o*gist (&?;), n.

As*trom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Astro- + meter.] An instrument for comparing the relative amount of the light of stars.

As*trom"e*try (&?;), n. [Astro- + metry.] The art of making measurements among the stars, or of determining their relative magnitudes.

As*tron"o*mer (&?;), n. [See Astronomy.] 1. An astrologer. [Obs.] Shak.

2. One who is versed in astronomy; one who has a knowledge of the laws of the heavenly orbs, or the principles by which their motions are regulated, with their various phenomena.

> An undevout astronomer is mad.
> Young.

As`tro*no"mi*an (&?;), n. [OE. & OF. astronomien. See Astronomy.] An astrologer. [Obs.]

As`tro*nom"ic (&?;), a. Astronomical.

<! p. 95 !>

As`tro*nom"ic*al (-*kal), a. [L. astronomicus, Gr. 'astronomiko`s: cf. F. astronomique.] Of or pertaining to astronomy; in accordance with the methods or principles of astronomy. -- As`tro*nom"ic*al*ly, adv.

Astronomical clock. See under Clock. - - Astronomical day. See under Day. -- Astronomical fractions, Astronomical numbers. See under Sexagesimal.

As*tron"o*mize, v. i. [Gr. &?;.] To study or to talk astronomy. [R.]

> They astronomized in caves.
> Sir T. Browne.

As*tron"o*my (&?;), n. [OE. astronomie, F. astronomie, L. astronomia, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; astronomer; 'asth`r star + &?; to distribute, regulate. See Star, and Nomad.] 1. Astrology. [Obs.]

> Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck;
> And yet methinks I have astronomy.
> Shak.

2. The science which treats of the celestial bodies, of their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolution, eclipses, constitution, physical condition, and of the causes of their various phenomena.

3. A treatise on, or text-book of, the science.

Physical astronomy. See under Physical.

As"tro*phel (&?;), n. See Astrofel. [Obs.]

As`tro*pho*tog"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Astro- + photography.] The application of photography to the delineation of the sun, moon, and stars.

As`tro*phys"ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to the physics of astronomical science.

||As*troph"y*ton (&?;), n. [Astro- + Gr. fyton a plant.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ophiurans having the arms much branched.

As"tro*scope (&?;), n. [Astro- + scope.] An old astronomical instrument, formed of two cones, on whose surface the constellations were delineated.

As*tros"co*py (&?;), n. Observation of the stars. [Obs.]

As`tro*the*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Astro- + theology.] Theology founded on observation or knowledge of the celestial bodies. Derham.

A*struc"tive (&?;), a. [L. astructus, p. p. of astruere to build up; ad + struere to build.] Building up; constructive; -- opposed to destructive. [Obs.]

A*strut" (&?;), a. & adv. 1. Sticking out, or puffed out; swelling; in a swelling manner. [Archaic]

> Inflated and astrut with self-conceit.
> Cowper.

2. In a strutting manner; with a strutting gait.

As*tu"cious (&?;), a. [F. astucieux. See Astute.] Subtle; cunning; astute. [R.] Sir W. Scott. -- As*tu"cious*ly, adv. [R.]

As*tu"ci*ty (&?;), n. [See Astucious.] Craftiness; astuteness. [R.] Carlyle.

A*stun" (&?;), v. t. [See Astony, Stun.] To stun. [Obs.] "Breathless and astunned." Somerville.

As*tu"ri*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Asturias in Spain. -- n. A native of Asturias.

As*tute" (&?;), a. [L. astutus, fr. astus craft, cunning; perh. cognate with E. acute.] Critically discerning; sagacious; shrewd; subtle; crafty.

Syn. -- Keen; eagle-eyed; penetrating; skilled; discriminating; cunning; sagacious; subtle; wily; crafty.

As*tute"ly, adv. -- As*tute"ness, n.

A*sty"lar (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; pillar.] (arch.) Without columns or pilasters. Weale.

A*styl"len (&?;), n. (Mining) A small dam to prevent free passage of water in an adit or level.

A*sun"der (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + sunder.] Apart; separate from each other; into parts; in two; separately; into or in different pieces or places.

> I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder.
> Zech. xi. 10.

> As wide asunder as pole and pole.
> Froude.

||A*su"ra (&?;), n. (Hind. Myth.) An enemy of the gods, esp. one of a race of demons and giants.

||As"wail (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The sloth bear (Melursus labiatus) of India.

A*sweve" (&?;), v. t. [AS. aswebban; a + swebban. See Sweven.] To stupefy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*swing" (&?;), adv. In a state of swinging.

A*swoon" (&?;), adv. In a swoon. Chaucer.

A*swooned" (&?;), adv. In a swoon.

A*sy"lum (&?;), n.; pl. E. Asylums (&?;), L. Asyla (&?;). [L. asylum, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; exempt from spoliation, inviolable; 'a priv. + &?; right of seizure.] 1. A sanctuary or place of refuge and protection, where criminals and debtors found shelter, and from which they could not be forcibly taken without sacrilege.

> So sacred was the church to some, that it had the right of an asylum or sanctuary.
> Ayliffe.

The name was anciently given to temples, altars, statues of the gods, and the like. In later times Christian churches were regarded as asylums in the same sense.

2. Any place of retreat and security.

> Earth has no other asylum for them than its own cold bosom.
> Southey.

3. An institution for the protection or relief of some class of destitute, unfortunate, or afflicted persons; as, an asylum for the aged, for the blind, or for the insane; a lunatic asylum; an orphan asylum.

A*sym"me*tral (&?;), a. Incommensurable; also, unsymmetrical. [Obs.] D. H. More.

{ As`ym*met"ric (&?;), As`ym*met"ri*cal (&?;), } a. [See Asymmetrous.] 1. Incommensurable. [Obs.]

2. Not symmetrical; wanting proportion; esp., not bilaterally symmetrical. Huxley.

A*sym"me*trous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Asymmetrical. [Obs.] Barrow.

A*sym"me*try (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; symmetry.] 1. Want of symmetry, or proportion between the parts of a thing, esp. want of bilateral symmetry.

2. (Math.) Incommensurability. [Obs.] Barrow.

As"ymp*tote (?; 215), n. [Gr. &?; not falling together; 'a priv. + &?; to fall together; &?; with + &?; to fall. Cf. Symptom.] (Math.) A line which approaches nearer to some curve than assignable distance, but, though infinitely extended, would never meet it. Asymptotes may be straight lines or curves. A rectilinear asymptote may be conceived as a tangent to the curve at an infinite distance.

A*syn"ar*tete` (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; not united, disconnected; 'a priv. + &?; with + &?; to fasten to.] Disconnected; not fitted or adjusted. -- A*syn"ar*tet"ic (&?;), a.

Asynartete verse (Pros.), a verse of two members, having different rhythms; as when the first consists of iambuses and the second of trochees.

As`yn*det"ic (&?;), a. [See Asyndeton.] Characterized by the use of asyndeton; not connected by conjunctions. -- As`yn*det"ic*al*ly, adv.

A*syn"de*ton (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; unconnected; 'a priv. + &?; bound together, fr. &?;; &?; with + &?; to bind.] (Rhet.) A figure which omits the connective; as, I came, I saw, I conquered. It stands opposed to polysyndeton.

A*sys"to*le (&?;), n. [Pref. a- not + systole.] (Physiol.) A weakening or cessation of the contractile power of the heart.

A*sys"to*lism (&?;), n. The state or symptoms characteristic of asystole.

At (&?;), prep. [AS. æt; akin to OHG. az, Goth., OS., & Icel. at, Sw. åt, Dan. & L. ad.] Primarily, this word expresses the relations of presence, nearness in place or time, or direction toward; as, at the ninth hour; at the house; to aim at a mark. It is less definite than in or on; at the house may be in or near the house. From this original import are derived all the various uses of at. It expresses: -

1. A relation of proximity to, or of presence in or on, something; as, at the door; at your shop; at home; at school; at hand; at sea and on land.

2. The relation of some state or condition; as, at war; at peace; at ease; at your service; at fault; at liberty; at risk; at disadvantage.

3. The relation of some employment or action; occupied with; as, at engraving; at husbandry; at play; at work; at meat (eating); except at puns.

4. The relation of a point or position in a series, or of degree, rate, or value; as, with the thermometer at 80°; goods sold at a cheap price; a country estimated at 10,000 square miles; life is short at the longest.

5. The relations of time, age, or order; as, at ten o'clock; at twenty-one; at once; at first.

6. The relations of source, occasion, reason, consequence, or effect; as, at the sight; at this news; merry at anything; at this declaration; at his command; to demand, require, receive, deserve, endure at your hands.

7. Relation of direction toward an object or end; as, look at it; to point at one; to aim at a mark; to throw, strike, shoot, wink, mock, laugh at any one.

At all, At home, At large, At last, At length, At once, etc. See under All, Home, Large, Last (phrase and syn.), Length, Once, etc. -- At it, busily or actively engaged. -- At least. See Least and However. -- At one. See At one, in the Vocabulary.

Syn. -- In, At. When reference to the interior of any place is made prominent in is used. It is used before the names of countries and cities (esp. large cities); as, we live in America, in New York, in the South. At is commonly employed before names of houses, institutions, villages, and small places; as, Milton was educated at Christ's College; money taken in at the Customhouse; I saw him at the jeweler's; we live at Beachville. At may be used before the name of a city when it is regarded as a mere point of locality. "An English king was crowned at Paris." Macaulay. "Jean Jacques Rousseau was born at Geneva, June, 28, 1712." J. Morley. In regard to time, we say at the hour, on the day, in the year; as, at 9 o'clock, on the morning of July 5th, in the year 1775.

At"a*bal (&?;), n. [Sp. atabal, fr. Ar. at-tabl the drum, tabala to beat the drum. Cf. Tymbal.] A kettledrum; a kind of tabor, used by the Moors. Croly.

A*tac"a*mite (&?;), n. [From the desert of Atacama, where found.] (Min.) An oxychloride of copper, usually in emerald-green prismatic crystals.

At`aft"er (&?;), prep. After. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At"a*ghan (&?;), n. See Yataghan.

A*take" (&?;), v. t. To overtake. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At"a*man (&?;), n. [Russ. ataman': cf. Pol. hetman, G. hauptmann headman, chieftain. Cf. Hetman.] A hetman, or chief of the Cossacks.

{ ||At`a*rax"i*a (&?;), At"a*rax`y (&?;), } n. [NL. ataraxia, Gr. 'ataraxi`a; 'a priv. + tarakto`s disturbed, tara`ssein to disturb.] Perfect peace of mind, or calmness.

{ A*taunt" (&?;), A*taunt"o (&?;), } adv. [F. autant as much (as possible).] (Naut.) Fully rigged, as a vessel; with all sails set; set on end or set right.

A*tav"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. atavique.] Pertaining to a remote ancestor, or to atavism.

At"a*vism (&?;), n. [L. atavus an ancestor, fr. avus a grandfather.] (a) The recurrence, or a tendency to a recurrence, of the original type of a species in the progeny of its varieties; resemblance to remote rather than to near ancestors; reversion to the original form. (b) (Biol.) The recurrence of any peculiarity or disease of an ancestor in a subsequent generation, after an intermission for a generation or two.

> Now and then there occur cases of what physiologists call atavism, or reversion to an ancestral type of character.
> J. Fiske

{ ||A*tax"i*a (&?;), At"ax*y (&?;), } n. [NL. ataxia, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; out of order; 'a priv. + &?; ordered, arranged, &?; to put in order: cf. F. ataxie.] 1. Disorder; irregularity. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

2. (Med.) (a) Irregularity in disease, or in the functions. (b) The state of disorder that characterizes nervous fevers and the nervous condition.

Locomotor ataxia. See Locomotor.

A*tax"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. ataxique. See Ataxia.] (Med.) Characterized by ataxy, that is, (a) by great irregularity of functions or symptoms, or (b) by a want of coordinating power in movements.

Ataxic fever, malignant typhus fever. Pinel.

At`a*zir" (&?;), n. [OF., fr. Ar. al- tasr influence.] (Astron.) The influence of a star upon other stars or upon men. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ate (?; 277), the preterit of Eat.

A"te (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] (Greek. Myth.) The goddess of mischievous folly; also, in later poets, the goddess of vengeance.

-ate (&?;). [From the L. suffix -atus, the past participle ending of verbs of the 1st conj.] 1. As an ending of participles or participial adjectives it is equivalent to - ed; as, situate or situated; animate or animated.

2. As the ending of a verb, it means to make, to cause, to act, etc.; as, to propitiate (to make propitious); to animate (to give life to).

3. As a noun suffix, it marks the agent; as, curate, delegate. It also sometimes marks the office or dignity; as, tribunate.

4. In chemistry it is used to denote the salts formed from those acids whose names end -ic (excepting binary or halogen acids); as, sulphate from sulphuric acid, nitrate from nitric acid, etc. It is also used in the case of certain basic salts.

A*tech"nic (&?;), a. [Pref. a- not + technic.] Without technical or artistic knowledge.

> Difficult to convey to the atechnic reader.
> Etching & Engr.

||At"e*les (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; incomplete; 'a priv. + &?; completion.] (Zoöl.) A genus of American monkeys with prehensile tails, and having the thumb wanting or rudimentary. See Spider monkey, and Coaita.

||A`te*lier" (&?;) n. [F.] A workshop; a studio.

A*tel"lan (&?;), a. [L. Atellanus, fr. Atella, an ancient town of the Osci, in Campania.] Of or pertaining to Atella, in ancient Italy; as, Atellan plays; farcical; ribald. -- n. A farcical drama performed at Atella.

A*thal"a*mous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; nuptial bed.] (Bot.) Not furnished with shields or beds for the spores, as the thallus of certain lichens.

Ath"a*maunt (&?;), n. Adamant. [Obs.]

> Written in the table of athamaunt.
> Chaucer.

Ath`a*na"sian (?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria in the 4th century.

Athanasian creed, a formulary, confession, or exposition of faith, formerly supposed to have been drawn up by Athanasius; but this opinion is now rejected, and the composition is ascribed by some to Hilary, bishop of Arles (5th century). It is a summary of what was called the orthodox faith.

Ath"a*nor (&?;), n. [F., fr. Ar. at- tannr, fr. Heb. tannr an oven or furnace.] A digesting furnace, formerly used by alchemists. It was so constructed as to maintain uniform and durable heat. Chambers.

||Ath`e*ca"ta (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?; chest, box.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hydroidea in which the zooids are naked, or not inclosed in a capsule. See Tubularian.

A"the*ism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. athéisme. See Atheist.] 1. The disbelief or denial of the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being.

> Atheism is a ferocious system, that leaves nothing above us to excite awe, nor around us to awaken tenderness.
> R. Hall.

> Atheism and pantheism are often wrongly confounded.
> Shipley.

2. Godlessness.

A"the*ist, n. [Gr. &?; without god; 'a priv. + &?; god: cf. F. athéiste.] 1. One who disbelieves or denies the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being.

2. A godless person. [Obs.]

Syn. -- Infidel; unbeliever.

See Infidel.

{ A`the*is"tic (&?;), A`the*is"tic*al (&?;), } a. 1. Pertaining to, implying, or containing, atheism; -- applied to things; as, atheistic doctrines, opinions, or books.

> Atheistical explications of natural effects.
> Barrow.

2. Disbelieving the existence of a God; impious; godless; -- applied to persons; as, an atheistic writer. -- A`the*is"tic*al*ly, adv. -- A`the*is"tic*al*ness, n.

A"the*ize (&?;), v. t. To render atheistic or godless. [R.]

> They endeavored to atheize one another.
> Berkeley.

A"the*ize, v. i. To discourse, argue, or act as an atheist. [R.] -- A"the*i`zer (&?;), n. Cudworth.

<! p. 96 !>

Ath"el*ing (th"l*ng), n. [AS. æðeling noble, fr. æðele noble, akin to G. adel nobility, edel noble. The word æðel, E. ethel, is in many AS. proper names, as Ethelwolf, noble wolf; Ethelbald, noble bold; Ethelbert, noble bright.] An Anglo-Saxon prince or nobleman; esp., the heir apparent or a prince of the royal family. [Written also Adeling and Ætheling.]

Ath`e*ne"um, Ath`e*næ"um (&?;), n.; pl. E. Atheneums (&?;), L. Athenæa (&?;). [L. Athenaeum, Gr. 'Aqhn`aion a temple of Minerva at Athens, fr. 'Aqhna^, contr. fr. 'Aqhna`a, 'Aqhnai`a, in Homer 'Aqh`nh, 'Aqhnai`n, Athene (called Minerva by the Romans), the tutelary goddess of Athens.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A temple of Athene, at Athens, in which scholars and poets were accustomed to read their works and instruct students.

2. A school founded at Rome by Hadrian.

3. A literary or scientific association or club.

4. A building or an apartment where a library, periodicals, and newspapers are kept for use.

A*the"ni*an (&?;), a. [Cf. F. Athénien.] Of or pertaining to Athens, the metropolis of Greece. -- n. A native or citizen of Athens.

A`the*o*log"ic*al (&?;), a. Opposed to theology; atheistic. Bp. Montagu.

A`the*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Pref. a- not + theology.] Antagonism to theology. Swift.

A"the*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; without God. See Atheist.] 1. Atheistic; impious. [Obs.] Milton.

2. Without God, neither accepting nor denying him.

> I should say science was atheous, and therefore could not be atheistic.
> Bp. of Carlisle.

Ath"er*ine (&?;), n. [NL. atherina, fr. Gr. &?; a kind of smelt.] (Zoöl.) A small marine fish of the family Atherinidæ, having a silvery stripe along the sides. The European species (Atherina presbyter) is used as food. The American species (Menidia notata) is called silversides and sand smelt. See Silversides.

A*ther"man*cy (*thr"mn*s), n. [See Athermanous.] Inability to transmit radiant heat; impermeability to heat. Tyndall.

A*ther"ma*nous (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + qermai`nein to heat, qe`rma heat: cf. F. athermane.] (Chem.) Not transmitting heat; -- opposed to diathermanous.

A*ther"mous (&?;), a. (Chem.) Athermanous.

Ath"er*oid (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a beard, or an ear, of grain + -oid.] Shaped like an ear of grain.

||Ath`e*ro"ma (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; gr&?;ats, meal.] (Med.) (a) An encysted tumor containing curdy matter. (b) A disease characterized by thickening and fatty degeneration of the inner coat of the arteries.

Ath`e*rom"a*tous (&?;), a. (Med.) Of, pertaining to, or having the nature of, atheroma. Wiseman.

||Ath`e*to"sis (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; not fixed; 'a priv. + &?; to set.] (Med.) A variety of chorea, marked by peculiar tremors of the fingers and toes.

A*think" (&?;), v. t. To repent; to displease; to disgust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*thirst" (&?;), a. [OE. ofthurst, AS. ofpyrsted, p. p. of ofpyrstan; pref. of-, intensive + pyrstan to thirst. See Thirst.] 1. Wanting drink; thirsty.

2. Having a keen appetite or desire; eager; longing. "Athirst for battle." Cowper.

Ath"lete (&?;), n. [L. athleta, Gr. &?; prizefighter, fr. &?; to contend for a prize, &?;, Hom. &?;, contest, &?; prize; fr. the same root as E. wed: cf. F. athlète.] 1. (Antiq.) One who contended for a prize in the public games of ancient Greece or Rome.

2. Any one trained to contend in exercises requiring great physical agility and strength; one who has great activity and strength; a champion.

3. One fitted for, or skilled in, intellectual contests; as, athletes of debate.

Ath`let"ic (&?;), a. [L. athleticus, Gr. &?;. See Athlete.] 1. Of or pertaining to athletes or to the exercises practiced by them; as, athletic games or sports.

2. Befitting an athlete; strong; muscular; robust; vigorous; as, athletic Celts. "Athletic soundness." South. -- Ath*let"ic*al*ly (&?;), adv.

Ath*let"i*cism (&?;), n. The practice of engaging in athletic games; athletism.

Ath*let"ics (&?;), n. The art of training by athletic exercises; the games and sports of athletes.

Ath"le*tism (&?;), n. The state or practice of an athlete; the characteristics of an athlete.

A*thwart" (&?;), prep. [Pref. a- + thwart.] 1. Across; from side to side of.

> Athwart the thicket lone.
> Tennyson.

2. (Naut.) Across the direction or course of; as, a fleet standing athwart our course.

Athwart hawse, across the stem of another vessel, whether in contact or at a small distance. -- Athwart ships, across the ship from side to side, or in that direction; -- opposed to fore and aft.

A*thwart", adv. 1. Across, especially in an oblique direction; sidewise; obliquely.

> Sometimes athwart, sometimes he strook him straight.
> Spenser.

2. Across the course; so as to thwart; perversely.

> All athwart there came
> A post from Wales loaden with heavy news.
> Shak.

A*tilt" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + tilt.] 1. In the manner of a tilter; in the position, or with the action, of one making a thrust. "To run atilt at men." Hudibras.

2. In the position of a cask tilted, or with one end raised. [In this sense sometimes used as an adjective.]

> Abroach, atilt, and run
> Even to the lees of honor.
> Beau. & Fl.

At"i*my (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; honor.] (Gr. Antiq.) Public disgrace or stigma; infamy; loss of civil rights. Mitford.

-a"tion (&?;). [L. -ationem. See -tion.] A suffix forming nouns of action, and often equivalent to the verbal substantive in -ing. It sometimes has the further meanings of state, and that which results from the action. Many of these nouns have verbs in -ate; as, alliterate -ation, narrate -ation; many are derived through the French; as, alteration, visitation; and many are formed on verbs ending in the Greek formative -ize (Fr. -ise); as, civilization, demoralization.

A-tip"toe (&?;), adv. On tiptoe; eagerly expecting.

> We all feel a-tiptoe with hope and confidence.
> F. Harrison.

||At*lan"ta (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small glassy heteropod mollusks found swimming at the surface in mid ocean. See Heteropod.

At*lan"tal (&?;), a. (Anat.) (a) Relating to the atlas. (b) Anterior; cephalic. Barclay.

At`lan*te"an (&?;), a. [L. Atlant&?;us.] 1. Of or pertaining to the isle Atlantis, which the ancients allege was sunk, and overwhelmed by the ocean.

2. Pertaining to, or resembling, Atlas; strong.

> With Atlantean shoulders, fit to bear
> The weight of mightiest monarchies.
> Milton.

||At*lan"tes (&?;), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, pl. of &?;. See Atlas.] (Arch.) Figures or half figures of men, used as columns to support an entablature; -- called also telamones. See Caryatides. Oxf. Gloss.

At*lan"tic (&?;), a. [L. Atlanticus, fr. Atlas. See Atlas and Atlantes.] 1. Of or pertaining to Mt. Atlas in Libya, and hence applied to the ocean which lies between Europe and Africa on the east and America on the west; as, the Atlantic Ocean (called also the Atlantic); the Atlantic basin; the Atlantic telegraph.

2. Of or pertaining to the isle of Atlantis.

3. Descended from Atlas.

> The seven Atlantic sisters.
> Milton.

||At*lan"ti*des (&?;), n. pl. [L. See Atlantes.] The Pleiades or seven stars, fabled to have been the daughters of Atlas.

At"las (&?;), n.; pl. Atlases (&?;). [L. Atlas, -antis, Gr. &?;, &?;, one of the older family of gods, who bears up the pillars of heaven; also Mt. Atlas, in W. Africa, regarded as the pillar of heaven. It is from the root of &?; to bear. See Tolerate.] 1. One who sustains a great burden.

2. (Anat.) The first vertebra of the neck, articulating immediately with the skull, thus sustaining the globe of the head, whence the name.

3. A collection of maps in a volume; -- supposed to be so called from a picture of Atlas supporting the world, prefixed to some collections. This name is said to have been first used by Mercator, the celebrated geographer, in the 16th century.

4. A volume of plates illustrating any subject.

5. A work in which subjects are exhibited in a tabular from or arrangement; as, an historical atlas.

6. A large, square folio, resembling a volume of maps; -- called also atlas folio.

7. A drawing paper of large size. See under Paper, n.

Atlas powder, a nitroglycerin blasting compound of pasty consistency and great explosive power.

At"las, n. [Ar., smooth.] A rich kind of satin manufactured in India. Brande & C.

At`mi*dom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, smoke, vapor + -meter; cf. F. atmidomètre.] An instrument for measuring the evaporation from water, ice, or snow. Brande & C.

At"mo (&?;), n. [Contr. fr. atmosphere.] (Physics) The standard atmospheric pressure used in certain physical measurements calculations; conventionally, that pressure under which the barometer stands at 760 millimeters, at a temperature of 0° Centigrade, at the level of the sea, and in the latitude of Paris. Sir W. Thomson.

{ At`mo*log"ic (&?;), At`mo*log"ic*al (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to atmology. "Atmological laws of heat." Whewell.

At*mol"o*gist (&?;), n. One who is versed in atmology.

At*mol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; vapor + - logy.] (Physics) That branch of science which treats of the laws and phenomena of aqueous vapor. Whewell.

At*mol"y*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; vapor + &?; a loosing, &?; to loose.] (Chem.) The act or process of separating mingled gases of unequal diffusibility by transmission through porous substances.

At`mol*y*za"tion, n. (Chem.) Separation by atmolysis.

At"mo*lyze (&?;), v. t. (Chem.) To subject to atmolysis; to separate by atmolysis.

At"mo*ly`zer (&?;), n. (Chem.) An apparatus for effecting atmolysis.

At*mom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; smoke, vapor + -meter: cf. F. atmomètre.] An instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation from a moist surface; an evaporometer. Huxley.

At"mos*phere (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; vapor (akin to Skr. tman breath, soul, G. athem breath) + &?; sphere: cf. F. atmosphère. See Sphere.] 1. (Physics) (a) The whole mass of aëriform fluid surrounding the earth; -- applied also to the gaseous envelope of any celestial orb, or other body; as, the atmosphere of Mars. (b) Any gaseous envelope or medium.

> An atmosphere of cold oxygen.
> Miller.

2. A supposed medium around various bodies; as, electrical atmosphere, a medium formerly supposed to surround electrical bodies. Franklin.

3. The pressure or weight of the air at the sea level, on a unit of surface, or about 14.7 Ibs. to the sq. inch.

> Hydrogen was liquefied under a pressure of 650 atmospheres.
> Lubbock.

4. Any surrounding or pervading influence or condition.

> The chillest of social atmospheres.
> Hawthorne.

5. The portion of air in any locality, or affected by a special physical or sanitary condition; as, the atmosphere of the room; a moist or noxious atmosphere.

{ At`mos*pher"ic (&?;), At`mos*pher"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. atmosphérique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the atmosphere; of the nature of, or resembling, the atmosphere; as, atmospheric air; the atmospheric envelope of the earth.

2. Existing in the atmosphere.

> The lower atmospheric current.
> Darwin.

3. Caused, or operated on, by the atmosphere; as, an atmospheric effect; an atmospheric engine.

4. Dependent on the atmosphere. [R.]

> In am so atmospherical a creature.
> Pope.

Atmospheric engine, a steam engine whose piston descends by the pressure of the atmosphere, when the steam which raised it is condensed within the cylinder. Tomlinson. -- Atmospheric line (Steam Engin.), the equilibrium line of an indicator card. Steam is expanded "down to the atmosphere" when its pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere. (See Indicator card.) -- Atmospheric pressure, the pressure exerted by the atmosphere, not merely downwards, but in every direction. In amounts to about 14.7 Ibs. on each square inch. -- Atmospheric railway, one in which pneumatic power, obtained from compressed air or the creation of a vacuum, is the propelling force. -- Atmospheric tides. See under Tide.

At`mos*pher"ic*al*ly (&?;), adv. In relation to the atmosphere.

At`mos*phe*rol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Atmosphere + -logy.] The science or a treatise on the atmosphere.

At"o*kous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; barren; 'a priv. + &?; offspring.] (Zoöl.) Producing only asexual individuals, as the eggs of certain annelids.

A*toll" (&?;), n. [The native name in the Indian Ocean.] A coral island or islands, consisting of a belt of coral reef, partly submerged, surrounding a central lagoon or depression; a lagoon island.

At"om (&?;), n. [L. atomus, Gr. &?;, uncut, indivisible; 'a priv. + &?;, verbal adj. of &?; to cut: cf. F. atome. See Tome.] 1. (Physics) (a) An ultimate indivisible particle of matter. (b) An ultimate particle of matter not necessarily indivisible; a molecule. (c) A constituent particle of matter, or a molecule supposed to be made up of subordinate particles.

These three definitions correspond to different views of the nature of the ultimate particles of matter. In the case of the last two, the particles are more correctly called molecules. Dana.

2. (Chem.) The smallest particle of matter that can enter into combination; one of the elementary constituents of a molecule.

3. Anything extremely small; a particle; a whit.

> There was not an atom of water.
> Sir J. Ross.

At"om, v. t. To reduce to atoms. [Obs.] Feltham.

{ A*tom"ic (&?;), A*tom"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. atomique.] 1. Of or pertaining to atoms.

2. Extremely minute; tiny.

Atomic philosophy, or Doctrine of atoms, a system which, assuming that atoms are endued with gravity and motion, accounted thus for the origin and formation of all things. This philosophy was first broached by Leucippus, was developed by Democritus, and afterward improved by Epicurus, and hence is sometimes denominated the Epicurean philosophy. -- Atomic theory, or the Doctrine of definite proportions (Chem.), teaches that chemical combinations take place between the supposed ultimate particles or atoms of bodies, in some simple ratio, as of one to one, two to three, or some other, always expressible in whole numbers. -- Atomic weight (Chem.), the weight of the atom of an element as compared with the weight of the atom of hydrogen, taken as a standard.

A*tom"ic*al*ly, adv. In an atomic manner; in accordance with the atomic philosophy.

At`o*mi"cian (&?;), n. An atomist. [R.]

A*tom"i*cism (&?;), n. Atomism. [Obs.]

At`o*mic"i*ty (&?;), n. [Cf. F. atomicité.] (Chem.) Degree of atomic attraction; equivalence; valence; also (a later use) the number of atoms in an elementary molecule. See Valence.

At"om*ism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. atomisme.] The doctrine of atoms. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic.

At"om*ist, n. [Cf. F. atomiste.] One who holds to the atomic philosophy or theory. Locke.

At`om*is"tic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to atoms; relating to atomism. [R.]

> It is the object of the mechanical atomistic philosophy to confound synthesis with synartesis.
> Coleridge.

At`om*i*za"tion, n. 1. The act of reducing to atoms, or very minute particles; or the state of being so reduced.

2. (Med.) The reduction of fluids into fine spray.

At"om*ize, v. t. To reduce to atoms, or to fine spray.

> The liquids in the form of spray are said to be pulverized, nebulized, or atomized.
> Dunglison.

<! p. 97 !>

At"om*i`zer (t"m*`zr), n. One who, or that which, atomizes; esp., an instrument for reducing a liquid to spray for disinfecting, cooling, or perfuming.

At`om*ol"o*gy (t`m*l"*j), n. [Atom + -logy.] The doctrine of atoms. Cudworth.

At"om*y (t"m*), n. An atom; a mite; a pigmy.

At"o*my (&?;), n. [For anatomy, taken as an atomy.] A skeleton. [Ludicrous] Shak.

A*ton"a*ble (&?;), a. Admitting an atonement; capable of being atoned for; expiable.

At one" (&?;). [OE. at on, atone, atoon, attone.] 1. In concord or friendship; in agreement (with each other); as, to be, bring, make, or set, at one, i. e., to be or bring in or to a state of agreement or reconciliation.

> If gentil men, or othere of hir contree
> Were wrothe, she wolde bringen hem atoon.
> Chaucer.

2. Of the same opinion; agreed; as, on these points we are at one.

3. Together. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*tone" (*tn"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Atoned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Atoning.] [From at one, , i. e., to be, or cause to be, at one. See At one.] 1. To agree; to be in accordance; to accord. [Obs.]

> He and Aufidius can no more atone
> Than violentest contrariety.
> Shak.

2. To stand as an equivalent; to make reparation, compensation, or amends, for an offense or a crime.

> The murderer fell, and blood atoned for blood.
> Pope.

> The ministry not atoning for their former conduct by any wise or popular measure.
> Junius.

A*tone", v. t. 1. To set at one; to reduce to concord; to reconcile, as parties at variance; to appease. [Obs.]

> I would do much
> To atone them, for the love I bear to Cassio.
> Shak.

2. To unite in making. [Obs. & R.]

> The four elements . . . have atoned
> A noble league.
> Ford.

3. To make satisfaction for; to expiate.

> Or each atone his guilty love with life.
> Pope.

A*tone"ment (&?;), n. 1. (Literally, a setting at one.) Reconciliation; restoration of friendly relations; agreement; concord. [Archaic]

> By whom we have now received the atonement.
> Rom. v. 11.

> He desires to make atonement
> Betwixt the Duke of Gloucester and your brothers.
> Shak.

2. Satisfaction or reparation made by giving an equivalent for an injury, or by doing of suffering that which will be received in satisfaction for an offense or injury; expiation; amends; -- with for. Specifically, in theology: The expiation of sin made by the obedience, personal suffering, and death of Christ.

> When a man has been guilty of any vice, the best atonement be can make for it is, to warn others.
> Spectator.

> The Phocians behaved with, so much gallantry, that they were thought to have made a sufficient atonement for their former offense.
> Potter.

A*ton"er (&?;), n. One who makes atonement.

At*ones (&?;), adv. [See At one.] [Obs.]

> Down he fell atones as a stone.
> Chaucer.

A*ton"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. atonique. See Atony.] 1. (Med.) Characterized by atony, or want of vital energy; as, an atonic disease.

2. (Gram.) Unaccented; as, an atonic syllable.

3. Destitute of tone vocality; surd. Rush.

A*ton"ic, n. 1. (Gram.) A word that has no accent.

2. An element of speech entirely destitute of vocality, or produced by the breath alone; a nonvocal or surd consonant; a breathing. Rush.

3. (Med.) A remedy capable of allaying organic excitement or irritation. Dunglison.

At"o*ny (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; slackness; 'a priv. + &?; tone, strength, &?; to stretch: cf. F. atonie.] (Med.) Want of tone; weakness of the system, or of any organ, especially of such as are contractile.

A*top" (&?;), adv. On or at the top. Milton.

{ At`ra*bi*la"ri*an (&?;), At`ra*bi*la"ri*ous (&?;), } a. [LL. atrabilarius, fr. L. atra bilis black bile: cf. F. atrabilaire, fr. atrabile.] Affected with melancholy; atrabilious. Arbuthnot.

At`ra*bi*la"ri*an, n. A person much given to melancholy; a hypochondriac. I. Disraeli.

At`ra*bil"iar (&?;), a. Melancholy; atrabilious.

At`ra*bil"ia*ry (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to atra bilis or black bile, a fluid formerly supposed to be produced by the kidneys.

2. Melancholic or hypohondriac; atrabilious; -- from the supposed predominance of black bile, to the influence of which the ancients attributed hypochondria, melancholy, and mania.

Atrabiliary arteries, capsules, and veins (Anat.), those pertaining to the kidney; -- called also renal arteries, capsules, and veins.

At`ra*bil"ious (&?;), a. Melancholic or hypochondriac; atrabiliary. Dunglision.

> A hard-faced, atrabilious, earnest-eyed race.
> Lowell.

> He was constitutionally atrabilious and scornful.
> Froude.

At`ra*men*ta"ceous (&?;), a. [L. atramentum ink, fr. ater black.] Black, like ink; inky; atramental. [Obs.] Derham.

{ At`ra*men"tal (&?;), At`ra*men"tous (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to ink; inky; black, like ink; as, atramental galls; atramentous spots.

At`ra*men*ta"ri*ous (&?;), a. [Cf. F. atramentaire. See Atramentaceous.] Like ink; suitable for making ink. Sulphate of iron (copperas, green vitriol) is called atramentarious, as being used in making ink.

At*rede (&?;), v. t. [OE. at (AS. æt) out + rede.] To surpass in council. [Obs.]

> Men may the olde atrenne, but hat atrede.
> Chaucer.

At*renne" (&?;), v. t. [OE. at + renne to run.] To outrun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||A*tre"si*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; not perforated.] (Med.) Absence or closure of a natural passage or channel of the body; imperforation.

A"tri*al, a. Of or pertaining to an atrium.

A*trip" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + trip.] (Naut.) (a) Just hove clear of the ground; -- said of the anchor. (b) Sheeted home, hoisted taut up and ready for trimming; -- said of sails. (c) Hoisted up and ready to be swayed across; -- said of yards.

||A"tri*um (&?;), n.; pl. Atria (&?;). [L., the fore court of a Roman house.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A square hall lighted from above, into which rooms open at one or more levels. (b) An open court with a porch or gallery around three or more sides; especially at the entrance of a basilica or other church. The name was extended in the Middle Ages to the open churchyard or cemetery.

2. (Anat.) The main part of either auricle of the heart as distinct from the auricular appendix. Also, the whole articular portion of the heart.

3. (Zoöl.) A cavity in ascidians into which the intestine and generative ducts open, and which also receives the water from the gills. See Ascidioidea.

||At`ro*cha (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?; a circle.] (Zoöl.) A kind of chætopod larva in which no circles of cilia are developed.

A*tro"cious (&?;), a. [L. atrox, atrocis, cruel, fierce: cf. F. atroce.] 1. Extremely heinous; full of enormous wickedness; as, atrocious quilt or deeds.

2. Characterized by, or expressing, great atrocity.

> Revelations . . . so atrocious that nothing in history approaches them.
> De Quincey.

3. Very grievous or violent; terrible; as, atrocious distempers. [Obs.] Cheyne.

Syn. -- Atrocious, Flagitious, Flagrant. Flagitious points to an act as grossly wicked and vile; as, a flagitious proposal. Flagrant marks the vivid impression made upon the mind by something strikingly wrong or erroneous; as, a flagrant misrepresentation; a flagrant violation of duty. Atrocious represents the act as springing from a violent and savage spirit. If Lord Chatham, instead of saying "the atrocious crime of being a young man," had used either of the other two words, his irony would have lost all its point, in his celebrated reply to Sir Robert Walpole, as reported by Dr. Johnson.

-- A*tro"cious*ly, adv. -- A*tro"cious*ness, n.

A*troc"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Atrocities (&?;). [F. atrocité, L. atrocitas, fr. atrox, atrocis, cruel.] 1. Enormous wickedness; extreme heinousness or cruelty.

2. An atrocious or extremely cruel deed.

> The atrocities which attend a victory.
> Macaulay.

A*troph"ic, a. Relating to atrophy.

At"ro*phied (&?;), p. a. Affected with atrophy, as a tissue or organ; arrested in development at a very early stage; rudimentary.

At"ro*phy (&?;), n. [L. atrophia, Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to nourish: cf. F. atrophie.] A wasting away from want of nourishment; diminution in bulk or slow emaciation of the body or of any part. Milton.

At"ro*phy, v. t. [p. p. Atrophied (&?;).] To cause to waste away or become abortive; to starve or weaken.

At"ro*phy, v. i. To waste away; to dwindle.

A*tro"pi*a (&?;), n. Same as Atropine.

At"ro*pine (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; inflexible; hence &?; &?;, one of the three Parcæ; 'a priv. + &?; to turn.] (Chem.) A poisonous, white, crystallizable alkaloid, extracted from the Atropa belladonna, or deadly nightshade, and the Datura Stramonium, or thorn apple. It is remarkable for its power in dilating the pupil of the eye. Called also daturine.

At"ro*pism (&?;), n. (Med.) A condition of the system produced by long use of belladonna.

At"ro*pous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; to turn.] (Bot.) Not inverted; orthotropous.

A"trous (&?;), a. [L. ater.] Coal-black; very black.

||A*try"pa (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?; a hole.] (Paleon.) A extinct genus of Branchiopoda, very common in Silurian limestones.

At"ta*bal (&?;), n. See Atabal.

||At*tac"ca (&?;). [It., fr. attaccare to tie, bind. See Attach.] (Mus.) Attack at once; -- a direction at the end of a movement to show that the next is to follow immediately, without any pause.

At*tach" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attached (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Attaching.] [OF. atachier, F. attacher, to tie or fasten: cf. Celt. tac, tach, nail, E. tack a small nail, tack to fasten. Cf. Attack, and see Tack.] 1. To bind, fasten, tie, or connect; to make fast or join; as, to attach one thing to another by a string, by glue, or the like.

> The shoulder blade is . . . attached only to the muscles.
> Paley.

> A huge stone to which the cable was attached.
> Macaulay.

2. To connect; to place so as to belong; to assign by authority; to appoint; as, an officer is attached to a certain regiment, company, or ship.

3. To win the heart of; to connect by ties of love or self-interest; to attract; to fasten or bind by moral influence; -- with to; as, attached to a friend; attaching others to us by wealth or flattery.

> Incapable of attaching a sensible man.
> Miss Austen.

> God . . . by various ties attaches man to man.
> Cowper.

4. To connect, in a figurative sense; to ascribe or attribute; to affix; -- with to; as, to attach great importance to a particular circumstance.

> Top this treasure a curse is attached.
> Bayard Taylor.

5. To take, seize, or lay hold of. [Obs.] Shak.

6. To take by legal authority: (a) To arrest by writ, and bring before a court, as to answer for a debt, or a contempt; -- applied to a taking of the person by a civil process; being now rarely used for the arrest of a criminal. (b) To seize or take (goods or real estate) by virtue of a writ or precept to hold the same to satisfy a judgment which may be rendered in the suit. See Attachment, 4.

> The earl marshal attached Gloucester for high treason.
> Miss Yonge.

Attached column (Arch.), a column engaged in a wall, so that only a part of its circumference projects from it.

Syn. -- To affix; bind; tie; fasten; connect; conjoin; subjoin; annex; append; win; gain over; conciliate.

At*tach" (&?;), v. i. 1. To adhere; to be attached.

> The great interest which attaches to the mere knowledge of these facts cannot be doubted.
> Brougham.

2. To come into legal operation in connection with anything; to vest; as, dower will attach. Cooley.

At*tach", n. An attachment. [Obs.] Pope.

At*tach"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being attached; esp., liable to be taken by writ or precept.

||At`ta*ché" (&?;), n. [F., p. p. of attacher. See Attach, v. t.] One attached to another person or thing, as a part of a suite or staff. Specifically: One attached to an embassy.

At*tach"ment (&?;), n. [F. attachment.] 1. The act attaching, or state of being attached; close adherence or affection; fidelity; regard; an&?; passion of affection that binds a person; as, an attachment to a friend, or to a party.

2. That by which one thing is attached to another; connection; as, to cut the attachments of a muscle.

> The human mind . . . has exhausted its forces in the endeavor to rend the supernatural from its attachment to this history.
> I. Taylor.

3. Something attached; some adjunct attached to an instrument, machine, or other object; as, a sewing machine attachment (i. e., a device attached to a sewing machine to enable it to do special work, as tucking, etc.).

4. (Giv. Law) (a) A seizure or taking into custody by virtue of a legal process. (b) The writ or percept commanding such seizure or taking.

The term is applied to a seizure or taking either of persons or property. In the serving of process in a civil suit, it is most generally applied to the taking of property, whether at common law, as a species of distress, to compel defendant's appearance, or under local statutes, to satisfy the judgment the plaintiff may recover in the action. The terms attachment and arrest are both applied to the taking or apprehension of a defendant to compel an appearance in a civil action. Attachments are issued at common law and in chancery, against persons for contempt of court. In England, attachment is employed in some cases where capias is with us, as against a witness who fails to appear on summons. In some of the New England States a writ of attachment is a species of mesne process upon which the property of a defendant may be seized at the commencement of a suit and before summons to him, and may be held to satisfy the judgment the plaintiff may recover. In other States this writ can issue only against absconding debtors and those who conceal themselves. See Foreign, Garnishment, Trustee process. Bouvier. Burrill. Blackstone.

Syn. -- Attachment, Affection. The leading idea of affection is that of warmth and tenderness; the leading idea of attachment is that of being bound to some object by strong and lasting ties. There is more of sentiment (and sometimes of romance) in affection, and more of principle in preserving attachment. We speak of the ardor of the one, and the fidelity of the other. There is another distinction in the use and application of these words. The term attachment is applied to a wider range of objects than affection. A man may have a strong attachment to his country, to his profession, to his principles, and even to favorite places; in respect to none of these could we use the word affection.

At*tack" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attacked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Attacking.] [F. attaquer, orig. another form of attacher to attack: cf. It. attacare to fasten, attack. See Attach, Tack a small nail.] 1. To fall upon with force; to assail, as with force and arms; to assault. "Attack their lines." Dryden.

2. To assail with unfriendly speech or writing; to begin a controversy with; to attempt to overthrow or bring into disrepute, by criticism or satire; to censure; as, to attack a man, or his opinions, in a pamphlet.

3. To set to work upon, as upon a task or problem, or some object of labor or investigation.

4. To begin to affect; to begin to act upon, injuriously or destructively; to begin to decompose or waste.

> On the fourth of March he was attacked by fever.
> Macaulay.

> Hydrofluoric acid . . . attacks the glass.
> B. Stewart.

Syn. -- To Attack, Assail, Assault, Invade. These words all denote a violent onset; attack being the generic term, and the others specific forms of attack. To attack is to commence the onset; to assail is to make a sudden and violent attack, or to make repeated attacks; to assault (literally, to leap upon) is to attack physically by a had-to-hand approach or by unlawful and insulting violence; to invade is to enter by force on what belongs to another. Thus, a person may attack by offering violence of any kind; he may assail by means of missile weapons; he may assault by direct personal violence; a king may invade by marching an army into a country. Figuratively, we may say, men attack with argument or satire; they assail with abuse or reproaches; they may be assaulted by severe temptations; the rights of the people may be invaded by the encroachments of the crown.

At*tack", v. i. To make an onset or attack.

At*tack", n. [Cf. F. attaque.] 1. The act of attacking, or falling on with force or violence; an onset; an assault; -- opposed to defense.

2. An assault upon one's feelings or reputation with unfriendly or bitter words.

3. A setting to work upon some task, etc.

4. An access of disease; a fit of sickness.

5. The beginning of corrosive, decomposing, or destructive action, by a chemical agent.

At*tack"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being attacked.

At*tack"er (&?;), n. One who attacks.

{ At"ta*gas (&?;), At"ta*gen (&?;), } n. [L. attagen a kind of bird, Gr. &?;, &?;.] (Zoöl.) A species of sand grouse (Syrrghaptes Pallasii) found in Asia and rarely in southern Europe.

<! p. 98 !>

At"ta*ghan (t"t*gn), n. See Yataghan.

At*tain" (t*tn"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attained (-tnd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Attaining.] [Of. atteinen, atteignen, atainen, OF. ateindre, ataindre, F. atteindre, fr. L. attingere; ad + tangere to touch, reach. See Tangent, and cf. Attinge, Attaint.] 1. To achieve or accomplish, that is, to reach by efforts; to gain; to compass; as, to attain rest.

> Is he wise who hopes to attain the end without the means?
> Abp. Tillotson.

2. To gain or obtain possession of; to acquire. [Obs. with a material object.] Chaucer.

3. To get at the knowledge of; to ascertain. [Obs.]

> Not well attaining his meaning.
> Fuller.

4. To reach or come to, by progression or motion; to arrive at. "Canaan he now attains." Milton.

5. To overtake. [Obs.] Bacon.

6. To reach in excellence or degree; to equal.

Syn. -- To Attain, Obtain, Procure. Attain always implies an effort toward an object. Hence it is not synonymous with obtain and procure, which do not necessarily imply such effort or motion. We procure or obtain a thing by purchase or loan, and we obtain by inheritance, but we do not attain it by such means.

At*tain", v. i. 1. To come or arrive, by motion, growth, bodily exertion, or efforts toward a place, object, state, etc.; to reach.

> If by any means they might attain to Phenice.
> Acts xxvii. 12.

> Nor nearer might the dogs attain.
> Sir W. Scott.

> To see your trees attain to the dignity of timber.
> Cowper.

> Few boroughs had as yet attained to power such as this.
> J. R. Green.

2. To come or arrive, by an effort of mind.

> Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, I can not attain unto it.
> Ps. cxxxix. 6.

At*tain", n. Attainment. [Obs.]

At*tain`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being attainable; attainableness.

At*tain"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Capable of being attained or reached by efforts of the mind or body; capable of being compassed or accomplished by efforts directed to the object.

> The highest pitch of perfection attainable in this life.
> Addison.

2. Obtainable. [Obs.]

> General Howe would not permit the purchase of those articles [clothes and blankets] in Philadelphia, and they were not attainable in the country.
> Marshall.

At*tain"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being attainable; attainability.

At*tain"der (&?;), n. [OF. ataindre, ateindre, to accuse, convict. Attainder is often erroneously referred to F. teindre tie stain. See Attaint, Attain.] 1. The act of attainting, or the state of being attainted; the extinction of the civil rights and capacities of a person, consequent upon sentence of death or outlawry; as, an act of attainder. Abbott.

Formerly attainder was the inseparable consequence of a judicial or legislative sentence for treason or felony, and involved the forfeiture of all the real and personal property of the condemned person, and such "corruption of blood" that he could neither receive nor transmit by inheritance, nor could he sue or testify in any court, or claim any legal protection or rights. In England attainders are now abolished, and in the United States the Constitution provides that no bill of attainder shall be passed; and no attainder of treason (in consequence of a judicial sentence) shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

2. A stain or staining; state of being in dishonor or condemnation. [Obs.]

> He lived from all attainder of suspect.
> Shak.

Bill of attainder, a bill brought into, or passed by, a legislative body, condemning a person to death or outlawry, and attainder, without judicial sentence.

At*tain"ment (&?;), n. 1. The act of attaining; the act of arriving at or reaching; hence, the act of obtaining by efforts.

> The attainment of every desired object.
> Sir W. Jones.

2. That which is attained to, or obtained by exertion; acquirement; acquisition; (pl.), mental acquirements; knowledge; as, literary and scientific attainments.

At*taint" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attainting.] [OE. atteynten to convict, fr. atteynt, OF. ateint, p. p. of ateindre, ataindre. The meanings 3, 4, 5, and 6 were influenced by a supposed connection with taint. See Attain, Attainder.] 1. To attain; to get act; to hit. [Obs.]

2. (Old Law) To find guilty; to convict; -- said esp. of a jury on trial for giving a false verdict. [Obs.]

> Upon sufficient proof attainted of some open act by men of his own condition.
> Blackstone.

3. (Law) To subject (a person) to the legal condition formerly resulting from a sentence of death or outlawry, pronounced in respect of treason or felony; to affect by attainder.

> No person shall be attainted of high treason where corruption of blood is incurred, but by the oath of two witnesses.
> Stat. 7 & 8 Wm. III.

4. To accuse; to charge with a crime or a dishonorable act. [Archaic]

5. To affect or infect, as with physical or mental disease or with moral contagion; to taint or corrupt.

> My tender youth was never yet attaint
> With any passion of inflaming love.
> Shak.

6. To stain; to obscure; to sully; to disgrace; to cloud with infamy.

> For so exceeding shone his glistring ray,
> That Ph&?;bus' golden face it did attaint.
> Spenser.

> Lest she with blame her honor should attaint.
> Spenser.

At*taint", p. p. Attainted; corrupted. [Obs.] Shak.

At*taint", n. [OF. attainte. See Attaint, v.] 1. A touch or hit. Sir W. Scott.

2. (Far.) A blow or wound on the leg of a horse, made by overreaching. White.

3. (Law) A writ which lies after judgment, to inquire whether a jury has given a false verdict in any court of record; also, the convicting of the jury so tried. Bouvier.

4. A stain or taint; disgrace. See Taint. Shak.

5. An infecting influence. [R.] Shak.

At*taint"ment (&?;), n. Attainder; attainture; conviction.

At*tain"ture (&?;), n. Attainder; disgrace.

At"tal (&?;), n. Same as Attle.

At*tame" (&?;), v. t. [OF. atamer, from Latin. See Attaminate.] 1. To pierce; to attack. [Obs.]

2. To broach; to begin.

> And right anon his tale he hath attamed.
> Chaucer.

At*tam"i*nate (&?;), v. t. [L. attaminare; ad + root of tangere. See Contaminate.] To corrupt; to defile; to contaminate. [Obs.] Blount.

At"tar (&?;), n. [Per. 'atar perfume, essence, Ar. 'itr, fr. 'atara to smell sweet. Cf. Otto.] A fragrant essential oil; esp., a volatile and highly fragrant essential oil obtained from the petals of roses. [Also written otto and ottar.]

At*task" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + task.] To take to task; to blame. Shak.

At*taste (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + taste.] To taste or cause to taste. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At"te (&?;). At the. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At*tem"per (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attempered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Attempering.] [OF. atemprer, fr. L. attemperare; ad + temperare to soften, temper. See Temper, and cf. Attemperate.] 1. To reduce, modify, or moderate, by mixture; to temper; to regulate, as temperature.

> If sweet with bitter . . . were not attempered still.
> Trench.

2. To soften, mollify, or moderate; to soothe; to temper; as, to attemper rigid justice with clemency.

3. To mix in just proportion; to regulate; as, a mind well attempered with kindness and justice.

4. To accommodate; to make suitable; to adapt.

> Arts . . . attempered to the lyre.
> Pope.

This word is now not much used, the verb temper taking its place.

At*tem"per*a*ment (&?;), n. [OF. attemprement.] A tempering, or mixing in due proportion.

At*tem"per*ance (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. atemprance.] Temperance; attemperament. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At*tem"per*ate (&?;), a. [L. attemperatus, p. p. of attemperare. See Attemper.] Tempered; proportioned; properly adapted.

> Hope must be . . . attemperate to the promise.
> Hammond.

At*tem"per*ate (&?;), v. t. To attemper. [Archaic]

At*tem`per*a"tion (&?;), n. The act of attempering or regulating. [Archaic] Bacon.

At*tem"per*ly, adv. Temperately. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At*tem"per*ment (&?;), n. Attemperament.

At*tempt" (?; 215), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attempted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attempting.] [OF. atenter, also spelt atempter, F. attenter, fr. L. attentare to attempt; ad + tentare, temptare, to touch, try, v. intens. of tendere to stretch. See Tempt, and cf. Attend.] 1. To make trial or experiment of; to try; to endeavor to do or perform (some action); to assay; as, to attempt to sing; to attempt a bold flight.

> Something attempted, something done,
> Has earned a night's repose.
> Longfellow.

2. To try to move, by entreaty, by afflictions, or by temptations; to tempt. [Obs. or Archaic]

> It made the laughter of an afternoon
> That Vivien should attempt the blameless king.
> Thackeray.

3. To try to win, subdue, or overcome; as, one who attempts the virtue of a woman.

> Dear sir, of force I must attempt you further:
> Take some remembrance of us, as a tribute.
> Shak.

4. To attack; to make an effort or attack upon; to try to take by force; as, to attempt the enemy's camp.

> Without attempting his adversary's life.
> Motley.

Syn. -- See Try.

At*tempt", v. i. To make an attempt; -- with upon. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

At*tempt", n. A essay, trial, or endeavor; an undertaking; an attack, or an effort to gain a point; esp. an unsuccessful, as contrasted with a successful, effort.

> By his blindness maimed for high attempts.
> Milton.

Attempt to commit a crime (Law), such an intentional preparatory act as will apparently result, if not extrinsically hindered, in a crime which it was designed to effect. Wharton.

Syn. -- Attempt, Endeavor, Effort, Exertion, Trial. These words agree in the idea of calling forth our powers into action. Trial is the generic term; it denotes a putting forth of one's powers with a view to determine what they can accomplish; as, to make trial of one's strength. An attempt is always directed to some definite and specific object; as, "The attempt, and not the deed, confounds us." Shak. An endeavor is a continued attempt; as, "His high endeavor and his glad success." Cowper. Effort is a specific putting forth of strength in order to carry out an attempt. Exertion is the putting forth or active exercise of any faculty or power. "It admits of all degrees of effort and even natural action without effort." C. J. Smith. See Try.

At*tempt"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being attempted, tried, or attacked. Shak.

At*tempt"er (?; 215), n. 1. One who attempts; one who essays anything.

2. An assailant; also, a temper. [Obs.]

At*tempt"ive (&?;), a. Disposed to attempt; adventurous. [Obs.] Daniel.

At*tend" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attended; p. pr. & vb. n. Attending.] [OE. atenden, OF. atendre, F. attendre, to expect, to wait, fr. L. attendre to stretch, (sc. animum), to apply the mind to; ad + tendere to stretch. See Tend.] 1. To direct the attention to; to fix the mind upon; to give heed to; to regard. [Obs.]

> The diligent pilot in a dangerous tempest doth not attend the unskillful words of the passenger.
> Sir P. Sidney.

2. To care for; to look after; to take charge of; to watch over.

3. To go or stay with, as a companion, nurse, or servant; to visit professionally, as a physician; to accompany or follow in order to do service; to escort; to wait on; to serve.

> The fifth had charge sick persons to attend.
> Spenser.

> Attends the emperor in his royal court.
> Shak.

> With a sore heart and a gloomy brow, he prepared to attend William thither.
> Macaulay.

4. To be present with; to accompany; to be united or consequent to; as, a measure attended with ill effects.

> What cares must then attend the toiling swain.
> Dryden.

5. To be present at; as, to attend church, school, a concert, a business meeting.

6. To wait for; to await; to remain, abide, or be in store for. [Obs.]

> The state that attends all men after this.
> Locke.

> Three days I promised to attend my doom.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- To Attend, Mind, Regard, Heed, Notice. Attend is generic, the rest are specific terms. To mind is to attend so that it may not be forgotten; to regard is to look on a thing as of importance; to heed is to attend to a thing from a principle of caution; to notice is to think on that which strikes the senses. Crabb. See Accompany.

At*tend" (&?;), v. i. 1. To apply the mind, or pay attention, with a view to perceive, understand, or comply; to pay regard; to heed; to listen; -- usually followed by to.

> Attend to the voice of my supplications.
> Ps. lxxxvi. 6.

> Man can not at the same time attend to two objects.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. To accompany or be present or near at hand, in pursuance of duty; to be ready for service; to wait or be in waiting; -- often followed by on or upon.

> He was required to attend upon the committee.
> Clarendon.

3. (with to) To take charge of; to look after; as, to attend to a matter of business.

4. To wait; to stay; to delay. [Obs.]

> For this perfection she must yet attend,
> Till to her Maker she espoused be.
> Sir J. Davies.

Syn. -- To Attend, Listen, Hearken. We attend with a view to hear and learn; we listen with fixed attention, in order to hear correctly, or to consider what has been said; we hearken when we listen with a willing mind, and in reference to obeying.

At*tend"ance (&?;), n. [OE. attendance, OF. atendance, fr. atendre, F. attendre. See Attend, v. t.] 1. Attention; regard; careful application. [Obs.]

> Till I come, give attendance to reading.
> 1 Tim. iv. 13.

2. The act of attending; state of being in waiting; service; ministry; the fact of being present; presence.

> Constant attendance at church three times a day.
> Fielding.

3. Waiting for; expectation. [Obs.]

> Languishing attendance and expectation of death.
> Hooker.

4. The persons attending; a retinue; attendants.

> If your stray attendance by yet lodged.
> Milton.

At*tend"an*cy (&?;), n. The quality of attending or accompanying; attendance; an attendant. [Obs.]

At*tend"ant (&?;), a. [F. attendant, p. pr. of attendre. See Attend, v. t.] 1. Being present, or in the train; accompanying; in waiting.

> From the attendant flotilla rang notes triumph.
> Sir W. Scott.

> Cherub and Seraph . . . attendant on their Lord.
> Milton.

2. Accompanying, connected with, or immediately following, as consequential; consequent; as, intemperance with all its attendant evils.

> The natural melancholy attendant upon his situation added to the gloom of the owner of the mansion.
> Sir W. Scott.

3. (Law) Depending on, or owing duty or service to; as, the widow attendant to the heir. Cowell.

Attendant keys (Mus.), the keys or scales most nearly related to, or having most in common with, the principal key; those, namely, of its fifth above, or dominant, its fifth below (fourth above), or subdominant, and its relative minor or major.

At*tend"ant, n. 1. One who attends or accompanies in any character whatever, as a friend, companion, servant, agent, or suitor. "A train of attendants." Hallam.

2. One who is present and takes part in the proceedings; as, an attendant at a meeting.

3. That which accompanies; a concomitant.

> [A] sense of fame, the attendant of noble spirits.
> Pope.

4. (Law) One who owes duty or service to, or depends on, another. Cowell.

At*tend"e*ment (&?;), n. Intent. [Obs.] Spenser.

At*tend"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, attends.

At*tend"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. atendement.] An attendant circumstance. [Obs.]

> The uncomfortable attendments of hell.
> Sir T. Browne.

At*tent" (&?;), a. [L. attentus, p. p. of attendere. See Attend, v. t.] Attentive; heedful. [Archaic]

> Let thine ears be attent unto the prayer.
> 2 Chron. vi. 40.

At*tent", n. Attention; heed. [Obs.] Spenser.

{ At*ten"tate (&?;), At*ten"tat (&?;), } n. [L. attentatum, pl. attentata, fr. attentare to attempt: cf. F. attentat criminal attempt. See Attempt.] 1. An attempt; an assault. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. (Law) (a) A proceeding in a court of judicature, after an inhibition is decreed. (b) Any step wrongly innovated or attempted in a suit by an inferior judge.

At*ten"tion (&?;), n. [L. attentio: cf. F. attention.] 1. The act or state of attending or heeding; the application of the mind to any object of sense, representation, or thought; notice; exclusive or special consideration; earnest consideration, thought, or regard; obedient or affectionate heed; the supposed power or faculty of attending.

<! p. 99 !>

> They say the tongues of dying men
> Enforce attention like deep harmony.
> Shak.

Attention is consciousness and something more. It is consciousness voluntarily applied, under its law of limitations, to some determinate object; it is consciousness concentrated. Sir W. Hamilton.

2. An act of civility or courtesy; care for the comfort and pleasure of others; as, attentions paid to a stranger.

To pay attention to, To pay one's attentions to, to be courteous or attentive to; to wait upon as a lover; to court.

Syn. -- Care; heed; study; consideration; application; advertence; respect; regard.

At*ten"tive (t*tn"tv), a. [Cf. F. attentif.] 1. Heedful; intent; observant; regarding with care or attention.

Attentive is applied to the senses of hearing and seeing, as, an attentive ear or eye; to the application of the mind, as in contemplation; or to the application of the mind, in every possible sense, as when a person is attentive to the words, and to the manner and matter, of a speaker at the same time.

2. Heedful of the comfort of others; courteous.

Syn. -- Heedful; intent; observant; mindful; regardful; circumspect; watchful.

-- At*ten"tive*ly, adv. -- At*ten"tive*ness, n.

At*tent"ly, adv. Attentively. [Obs.] Barrow.

At*ten"u*ant (&?;), a. [L. attenuans, p. pr. of attenuare: cf. F. atténuant. See Attenuate.] Making thin, as fluids; diluting; rendering less dense and viscid; diluent. -- n. (Med.) A medicine that thins or dilutes the fluids; a diluent.

At*ten"u*ate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attenuated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Attenuating (&?;).] [L. attenuatus, p. p. of attenuare; ad + tenuare to make thin, tenuis thin. See Thin.] 1. To make thin or slender, as by mechanical or chemical action upon inanimate objects, or by the effects of starvation, disease, etc., upon living bodies.

2. To make thin or less consistent; to render less viscid or dense; to rarefy. Specifically: To subtilize, as the humors of the body, or to break them into finer parts.

3. To lessen the amount, force, or value of; to make less complex; to weaken.

> To undersell our rivals . . . has led the manufacturer to . . . attenuate his processes, in the allotment of tasks, to an extreme point.
> I. Taylor.

> We may reject and reject till we attenuate history into sapless meagerness.
> Sir F. Palgrave.

At*ten"u*ate, v. i. To become thin, slender, or fine; to grow less; to lessen.

> The attention attenuates as its sphere contracts.
> Coleridge.

{ At*ten"u*ate (&?;), At*ten"u*a`ted (&?;), } a. [L. attenuatus, p. p.] 1. Made thin or slender.

2. Made thin or less viscid; rarefied. Bacon.

At*ten`u*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. attenuatio: cf. F. atténuation.] 1. The act or process of making slender, or the state of being slender; emaciation.

2. The act of attenuating; the act of making thin or less dense, or of rarefying, as fluids or gases.

3. The process of weakening in intensity; diminution of virulence; as, the attenuation of virus.

At"ter (&?;), n. [AS. tter.] Poison; venom; corrupt matter from a sore. [Obs.] Holland.

At"ter*cop (&?;), n. [AS. attercoppa a spider; tter poison + coppa head, cup.] 1. A spider. [Obs.]

2. A peevish, ill-natured person. [North of Eng.]

At*ter*rate (&?;), v. t. [It. atterrare (cf. LL. atterrare to cast to earth); L. ad + terra earth, land.] To fill up with alluvial earth. [Obs.] Ray.

At`ter*ra"tion (&?;), n. The act of filling up with earth, or of forming land with alluvial earth. [Obs.]

At"test" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attested; p. pr. & vb. n. Attesting.] [L. attestari; ad + testari to bear witness: cf. F. attester.] 1. To bear witness to; to certify; to affirm to be true or genuine; as, to attest the truth of a writing, a copy of record.

> Facts . . . attested by particular pagan authors.
> Addison.

2. To give proof of; to manifest; as, the ruins of Palmyra attest its ancient magnificence.

3. To call to witness; to invoke. [Archaic]

> The sacred streams which Heaven's imperial state
> Attests in oaths, and fears to violate.
> Dryden.

At*test", n. Witness; testimony; attestation. [R.]

> The attest of eyes and ears.
> Shak.

At`tes*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. attestatio: cf. F. attestation.] The act of attesting; testimony; witness; a solemn or official declaration, verbal or written, in support of a fact; evidence. The truth appears from the attestation of witnesses, or of the proper officer. The subscription of a name to a writing as a witness, is an attestation.

At*test"a*tive (&?;), a. Of the nature of attestation.

{ At*test"er (&?;), At*test"or (&?;), } n. One who attests.

At*test"ive (&?;), a. Attesting; furnishing evidence.

At"tic (&?;), a. [L. Atticus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to Attica, in Greece, or to Athens, its principal city; marked by such qualities as were characteristic of the Athenians; classical; refined.

Attic base (Arch.), a peculiar form of molded base for a column or pilaster, described by Vitruvius, applied under the Roman Empire to the Ionic and Corinthian and "Roman Doric" orders, and imitated by the architects of the Renaissance. -- Attic faith, inviolable faith. -- Attic purity, special purity of language. -- Attic salt, Attic wit, a poignant, delicate wit, peculiar to the Athenians. -- Attic story. See Attic, n. -- Attic style, a style pure and elegant.

At"tic, n. [In sense (a) from F. attique, orig. meaning Attic. See Attic, a.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A low story above the main order or orders of a facade, in the classical styles; -- a term introduced in the 17th century. Hence: (b) A room or rooms behind that part of the exterior; all the rooms immediately below the roof.

2. An Athenian; an Athenian author.

At"tic*al (&?;), a. Attic. [Obs.] Hammond.

At"ti*cism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] 1. A favoring of, or attachment to, the Athenians.

2. The style and idiom of the Greek language, used by the Athenians; a concise and elegant expression.

At"ti*cize (&?;), v. t. [Gr. &?;.] To conform or make conformable to the language, customs, etc., of Attica.

At"ti*cize, v. i. 1. To side with the Athenians.

2. To use the Attic idiom or style; to conform to the customs or modes of thought of the Athenians.

At*tig"u*ous (&?;), a. [L. attiguus, fr. attingere to touch. See Attain.] Touching; bordering; contiguous. [Obs.]

-- At*tig"u*ous*ness, n. [Obs.]

At*tinge" (&?;), v. t. [L. attingere to touch. See Attain.] To touch lightly. [Obs.] Coles.

At*tire" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attired (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Attiring.] [OE. atiren to array, dispose, arrange, OF. atirier; à (L. ad) + F. tire rank, order, row; of Ger. origin: cf. As. tier row, OHG. ziar, G. zier, ornament, zieren to adorn. Cf. Tire a headdress.] To dress; to array; to adorn; esp., to clothe with elegant or splendid garments.

> Finely attired in a robe of white.
> Shak.

> With the linen miter shall he be attired.
> Lev. xvi. 4.

At*tire", n. 1. Dress; clothes; headdress; anything which dresses or adorns; esp., ornamental clothing.

> Earth in her rich attire.
> Milton.

> I 'll put myself in poor and mean attire.
> Shak.

> Can a maid forget her ornament, or a bride her attire?
> Jer. ii. 32.

2. The antlers, or antlers and scalp, of a stag or buck.

3. (Bot.) The internal parts of a flower, included within the calyx and the corolla. [Obs.] Johnson.

At*tired" (&?;), p. p. (Her.) Provided with antlers, as a stag.

At*tire"ment (&?;), n. Attire; adornment.

At*tir"er (&?;), n. One who attires.

At"ti*tude (&?;), n. [It. attitudine, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus suited, fitted: cf. F. attitude. Cf. Aptitude.] 1. (Paint. & Sculp.) The posture, action, or disposition of a figure or a statue.

2. The posture or position of a person or an animal, or the manner in which the parts of his body are disposed; position assumed or studied to serve a purpose; as, a threatening attitude; an attitude of entreaty.

3. Fig.: Position as indicating action, feeling, or mood; as, in times of trouble let a nation preserve a firm attitude; one's mental attitude in respect to religion.

> The attitude of the country was rapidly changing.
> J. R. Green.

To strike an attitude, to take an attitude for mere effect.

Syn. -- Attitude, Posture. Both of these words describe the visible disposition of the limbs. Posture relates to their position merely; attitude refers to their fitness for some specific object. The object of an attitude is to set forth exhibit some internal feeling; as, attitude of wonder, of admiration, of grief, etc. It is, therefore, essentially and designedly expressive. Its object is the same with that of gesture; viz., to hold forth and represent. Posture has no such design. If we speak of posture in prayer, or the posture of devotion, it is only the natural disposition of the limbs, without any intention to show forth or exhibit.

> 'T is business of a painter in his choice of attitudes (posituræ) to foresee the effect and harmony of the lights and shadows.
> Dryden.

> Never to keep the body in the same posture half an hour at a time.
> Bacon.

At`ti*tu"di*nal (&?;), a. Relating to attitude.

At`ti*tu`di*na"ri*an (&?;), n. One who attitudinizes; a posture maker.

At`ti*tu`di*na"ri*an*ism (&?;), n. A practicing of attitudes; posture making.

At`ti*tu"di*nize (&?;), v. i. To assume affected attitudes; to strike an attitude; to pose.

> Maria, who is the most picturesque figure, was put to attitudinize at the harp.
> Hannah More.

At`ti*tu"di*ni`zer (&?;), n. One who practices attitudes.

At"tle (&?;), n. [Cf. Addle mire.] (Mining) Rubbish or refuse consisting of broken rock containing little or no ore. Weale.

At*tol"lent (&?;), a. [L. attollens, p. pr. of attollere; ad + tollere to lift.] Lifting up; raising; as, an attollent muscle. Derham.

At*tonce" (&?;), adv. [At + once.] At once; together. [Obs.] Spenser.

At*tone" (&?;), adv. See At one. [Obs.]

At*torn" (&?;), v. i. [OF. atorner, aturner, atourner, to direct, prepare, dispose, attorn (cf. OE. atornen to return, adorn); à (L. ad) + torner to turn; cf. LL. attornare to commit business to another, to attorn; ad + tornare to turn, L. tornare to turn in a lathe, to round off. See Turn, v. t.] 1. (Feudal Law) To turn, or transfer homage and service, from one lord to another. This is the act of feudatories, vassals, or tenants, upon the alienation of the estate. Blackstone.

2. (Modern Law) To agree to become tenant to one to whom reversion has been granted.

At*tor"ney (&?;), n.; pl. Attorneys (&?;). [OE. aturneye, OF. atorné, p. p. of atorner: cf. LL. atturnatus, attornatus, fr. attornare. See Attorn.] 1. A substitute; a proxy; an agent. [Obs.]

> And will have no attorney but myself.
> Shak.

2. (Law) (a) One who is legally appointed by another to transact any business for him; an attorney in fact. (b) A legal agent qualified to act for suitors and defendants in legal proceedings; an attorney at law.

An attorney is either public or private. A private attorney, or an attorney in fact, is a person appointed by another, by a letter or power of attorney, to transact any business for him out of court; but in a more extended sense, this class includes any agent employed in any business, or to do any act in pais, for another. A public attorney, or attorney at law, is a practitioner in a court of law, legally qualified to prosecute and defend actions in such court, on the retainer of clients. Bouvier. - - The attorney at law answers to the procurator of the civilians, to the solicitor in chancery, and to the proctor in the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts, and all of these are comprehended under the more general term lawyer. In Great Britain and in some states of the United States, attorneys are distinguished from counselors in that the business of the former is to carry on the practical and formal parts of the suit. In many states of the United States however, no such distinction exists. In England, since 1873, attorneys at law are by statute called solicitors.

A power, letter, or warrant, of attorney, a written authority from one person empowering another to transact business for him.

At*tor"ney (&?;), v. t. To perform by proxy; to employ as a proxy. [Obs.] Shak.

At*tor"ney-gen"er*al (&?;), n.; (pl. Attorney-generals or Attorneys-general). (Law) The chief law officer of the state, empowered to act in all litigation in which the law- executing power is a party, and to advise this supreme executive whenever required. Wharton.

At*tor"ney*ism (&?;), n. The practice or peculiar cleverness of attorneys.

At*tor"ney*ship, n. The office or profession of an attorney; agency for another. Shak.

At*torn"ment (&?;), n. [OF. attornement, LL. attornamentum. See Attorn.] (Law) The act of a feudatory, vassal, or tenant, by which he consents, upon the alienation of an estate, to receive a new lord or superior, and transfers to him his homage and service; the agreement of a tenant to acknowledge the purchaser of the estate as his landlord. Burrill. Blackstone.

At*tract" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attracting.] [L. attractus, p. p. of attrahere; ad + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t.] 1. To draw to, or cause to tend to; esp. to cause to approach, adhere, or combine; or to cause to resist divulsion, separation, or decomposition.

> All bodies and all parts of bodies mutually attract themselves and one another.
> Derham.

2. To draw by influence of a moral or emotional kind; to engage or fix, as the mind, attention, etc.; to invite or allure; as, to attract admirers.

> Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze.
> Milton.

Syn. -- To draw; allure; invite; entice; influence.

At*tract", n. Attraction. [Obs.] Hudibras.

At*tract`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality or fact of being attractable. Sir W. Jones.

At*tract"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being attracted; subject to attraction. -- At*tract"a*ble*ness, n.

At*tract"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, attracts.

At*tract"ile (&?;), a. Having power to attract.

At*tract"ing, a. That attracts. - - At*tract"ing*ly, adv.

At*trac"tion (&?;), n. [L. attractio: cf. F. attraction.] 1. (Physics) An invisible power in a body by which it draws anything to itself; the power in nature acting mutually between bodies or ultimate particles, tending to draw them together, or to produce their cohesion or combination, and conversely resisting separation.

Attraction is exerted at both sensible and insensible distances, and is variously denominated according to its qualities or phenomena. Under attraction at sensible distances, there are, --

(1.) Attraction of gravitation, which acts at all distances throughout the universe, with a force proportional directly to the product of the masses of the bodies and inversely to the square of their distances apart.

(2.) Magnetic, diamagnetic, and electrical attraction, each of which is limited in its sensible range and is polar in its action, a property dependent on the quality or condition of matter, and not on its quantity.

Under attraction at insensible distances, there are, --

(1.) Adhesive attraction, attraction between surfaces of sensible extent, or by the medium of an intervening substance.

(2.) Cohesive attraction, attraction between ultimate particles, whether like or unlike, and causing simply an aggregation or a union of those particles, as in the absorption of gases by charcoal, or of oxygen by spongy platinum, or the process of solidification or crystallization. The power in adhesive attraction is strictly the same as that of cohesion.

(3.) Capillary attraction, attraction causing a liquid to rise, in capillary tubes or interstices, above its level outside, as in very small glass tubes, or a sponge, or any porous substance, when one end is inserted in the liquid. It is a special case of cohesive attraction.

(4.) Chemical attraction, or affinity, that peculiar force which causes elementary atoms, or groups of atoms, to unite to form molecules.

2. The act or property of attracting; the effect of the power or operation of attraction. Newton.

3. The power or act of alluring, drawing to, inviting, or engaging; an attractive quality; as, the attraction of beauty or eloquence.

4. That which attracts; an attractive object or feature.

Syn. -- Allurement; enticement; charm.

At*tract"ive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. attractif.] 1. Having the power or quality of attracting or drawing; as, the attractive force of bodies. Sir I. Newton.

2. Attracting or drawing by moral influence or pleasurable emotion; alluring; inviting; pleasing. "Attractive graces." Milton. "Attractive eyes." Thackeray.

> Flowers of a livid yellow, or fleshy color, are most attractive to flies.
> Lubbock.

-- At*tract"ive*ly, adv. -- At*tract"ive*ness, n.

At*tract"ive, n. That which attracts or draws; an attraction; an allurement.

> Speaks nothing but attractives and invitation.
> South.

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At`trac*tiv"i*ty (t`trk*tv"*t), n. The quality or degree of attractive power.

At*tract"or (t*trkt"r), n. One who, or that which, attracts. Sir T. Browne

At"tra*hent (&?;), a. [L. attrahens, p. pr. of attrahere. See Attract, v. t.] Attracting; drawing; attractive.

At"tra*hent, n. 1. That which attracts, as a magnet.

> The motion of the steel to its attrahent

. Glanvill.

2. (Med.) A substance which, by irritating the surface, excites action in the part to which it is applied, as a blister, an epispastic, a sinapism.

At*trap" (&?;), v. t. [F. attraper to catch; à (L. ad) + trappe trap. See Trap (for taking game).] To entrap; to insnare. [Obs.] Grafton.

At*trap", v. t. [Pref. ad + trap to adorn.] To adorn with trapping; to array. [Obs.]

> Shall your horse be attrapped . . . more richly?
> Holland.

At`trec*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. attrectatio; ad + tractare to handle.] Frequent handling or touching. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

At*trib"u*ta*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being attributed; ascribable; imputable.

> Errors . . . attributable to carelessness.
> J. D. Hooker.

At*trib"ute (t"tr*bt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Attributing.] [L. attributus, p. p. of attribuere; ad + tribuere to bestow. See Tribute.] To ascribe; to consider (something) as due or appropriate (to); to refer, as an effect to a cause; to impute; to assign; to consider as belonging (to).

> We attribute nothing to God that hath any repugnancy or contradiction in it.
> Abp. Tillotson.

> The merit of service is seldom attributed to the true and exact performer.
> Shak.

Syn. -- See Ascribe.

At"tri*bute (&?;), n. [L. attributum.] 1. That which is attributed; a quality which is considered as belonging to, or inherent in, a person or thing; an essential or necessary property or characteristic.

> But mercy is above this sceptered away; . . .
> It is an attribute to God himself.
> Shak.

2. Reputation. [Poetic] Shak.

3. (Paint. & Sculp.) A conventional symbol of office, character, or identity, added to any particular figure; as, a club is the attribute of Hercules.

4. (Gram.) Quality, etc., denoted by an attributive; an attributive adjunct or adjective.

At`tri*bu"tion (&?;), n. [L. attributio: cf. F. attribution.] 1. The act of attributing or ascribing, as a quality, character, or function, to a thing or person, an effect to a cause.

2. That which is ascribed or attributed.

At*trib"u*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. attributif.] Attributing; pertaining to, expressing, or assigning an attribute; of the nature of an attribute.

At*trib"u*tive, n., (Gram.) A word that denotes an attribute; esp. a modifying word joined to a noun; an adjective or adjective phrase.

At*trib"u*tive*ly, adv. In an attributive manner.

At*trite" (&?;), a. [L. attritus, p. p. of atterere; ad + terere to rub. See Trite.] 1. Rubbed; worn by friction. Milton.

2. (Theol.) Repentant from fear of punishment; having attrition of grief for sin; -- opposed to contrite.

At*tri"tion (&?;), n. [L. attritio: cf. F. attrition.] 1. The act of rubbing together; friction; the act of wearing by friction, or by rubbing substances together; abrasion.

> Effected by attrition of the inward stomach.
> Arbuthnot.

2. The state of being worn. Johnson.

3. (Theol.) Grief for sin arising only from fear of punishment or feelings of shame. See Contrition. Wallis.

At"try (&?;), a. [See Atter.] Poisonous; malignant; malicious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

At*tune" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attuned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Attuning.] [Pref. ad- + tune.]

1. To tune or put in tune; to make melodious; to adjust, as one sound or musical instrument to another; as, to attune the voice to a harp.

2. To arrange fitly; to make accordant.

> Wake to energy each social aim,
> Attuned spontaneous to the will of Jove.
> Beattie.

A*twain" (&?;), adv. [OE. atwaine, atwinne; pref. a- + twain.] In twain; asunder. [Obs. or Poetic] "Cuts atwain the knots." Tennyson.

A*tween" (&?;), adv. or prep. [See Atwain, and cf. Between.] Between. [Archaic] Spenser. Tennyson.

A*twirl" (&?;), a. & adv. [Pref. a- + twist.] Twisted; distorted; awry. [R.] Halliwell.

A*twite" (&?;), v. t. [OE. attwyten, AS. ætwtan. See Twit.] To speak reproachfully of; to twit; to upbraid. [Obs.]

A*twixt" (&?;), adv. Betwixt. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*two" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + two.] In two; in twain; asunder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ A*typ"ic (&?;), A*typ"ic*al, } a. [Pref. a- not + typic, typical.] That has no type; devoid of typical character; irregular; unlike the type.

||Au`bade" (&?;), n. [F., fr. aube the dawn, fr. L. albus white.] An open air concert in the morning, as distinguished from an evening serenade; also, a pianoforte composition suggestive of morning. Grove.

> The crowing cock . . .
> Sang his aubade with lusty voice and clear.
> Longfellow.

||Au`baine" (&?;), n. [F., fr. aubain an alien, fr. L. alibi elsewhere.] Succession to the goods of a stranger not naturalized. Littré.

Droit d'aubaine (&?;), the right, formerly possessed by the king of France, to all the personal property of which an alien died possessed. It was abolished in 1819. Bouvier.

Aube (&?;), n. [See Ale.] An alb. [Obs.] Fuller.

||Au`berge" (&?;), n. [F.] An inn. Beau. & Fl.

||Au"bin (&?;), n. [F.] A broken gait of a horse, between an amble and a gallop; -- commonly called a Canterbury gallop.

Au"burn (&?;), a. [OE. auburne blonde, OF. alborne, auborne, fr. LL. alburnus whitish, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Alburn.] 1. Flaxen- colored. [Obs.] Florio.

2. Reddish brown.

> His auburn locks on either shoulder flowed.
> Dryden.

||Au*che"ni*um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; the neck.] (Zoöl.) The part of the neck nearest the back.

Auc"ta*ry (&?;), n. [L. auctarium.] That which is superadded; augmentation. [Obs.] Baxter.

Auc"tion (&?;), n. [L. auctio an increasing, a public sale, where the price was called out, and the article to be sold was adjudged to the last increaser of the price, or the highest bidder, fr. L. augere, auctum, to increase. See Augment.] 1. A public sale of property to the highest bidder, esp. by a person licensed and authorized for the purpose; a vendue.

2. The things sold by auction or put up to auction.

> Ask you why Phryne the whole auction buys ?
> Pope.

In the United States, the more prevalent expression has been "sales at auction," that is, by an increase of bids (Lat. auctione). This latter form is preferable.

Dutch auction, the public offer of property at a price beyond its value, then gradually lowering the price, till some one accepts it as purchaser. P. Cyc.

Auc"tion, v. t. To sell by auction.

Auc"tion*a*ry (&?;), a. [L. auctionarius.] Of or pertaining to an auction or an auctioneer. [R.]

> With auctionary hammer in thy hand.
> Dryden.

Auc`tion*eer" (&?;), n. A person who sells by auction; a person whose business it is to dispose of goods or lands by public sale to the highest or best bidder.

Auc`tion*eer", v. t. To sell by auction; to auction.

> Estates . . . advertised and auctioneered away.
> Cowper.

Au`cu*pa"tion (&?;), n. [L. aucupatio, fr. auceps, contr. for aviceps; avis bird + capere to take.] Birdcatching; fowling. [Obs.] Blount.

Au*da"cious (&?;), a. [F. audacieux, as if fr. LL. audaciosus (not found), fr. L. audacia audacity, fr. audax, -acis, bold, fr. audere to dare.] 1. Daring; spirited; adventurous.

> As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides
> Audacious.
> Milton.

2. Contemning the restraints of law, religion, or decorum; bold in wickedness; presumptuous; impudent; insolent. " Audacious traitor." Shak. " Such audacious neighborhood." Milton.

3. Committed with, or proceedings from, daring effrontery or contempt of law, morality, or decorum. "Audacious cruelty." "Audacious prate." Shak.

Au*da"cious*ly, adv. In an audacious manner; with excess of boldness; impudently.

Au*da"cious*ness, n. The quality of being audacious; impudence; audacity.

Au*dac"i*ty (&?;), n. 1. Daring spirit, resolution, or confidence; venturesomeness.

> The freedom and audacity necessary in the commerce of men.
> Tatler.

2. Reckless daring; presumptuous impudence; -- implying a contempt of law or moral restraints.

> With the most arrogant audacity.
> Joye.

Au`di*bil"i*ty (&?;), n. The quality of being audible; power of being heard; audible capacity.

Au"di*ble (&?;), a. [LL. audibilis, fr. L. audire, auditum, to hear: cf. Gr. &?; ear, L. auris, and E. ear.] Capable of being heard; loud enough to be heard; actually heard; as, an audible voice or whisper.

Au"di*ble, n. That which may be heard. [Obs.]

> Visibles are swiftlier carried to the sense than audibles.
> Bacon.

Au"di*ble*ness, n. The quality of being audible.

Au"di*bly, adv. So as to be heard.

Au"di*ence (&?;), n. [F. audience, L. audientia, fr. audire to hear. See Audible, a.] 1. The act of hearing; attention to sounds.

> Thou, therefore, give due audience, and attend.
> Milton.

2. Admittance to a hearing; a formal interview, esp. with a sovereign or the head of a government, for conference or the transaction of business.

> According to the fair play of the world,
> Let me have audience: I am sent to speak.
> Shak.

3. An auditory; an assembly of hearers. Also applied by authors to their readers.

> Fit audience find, though few.
> Milton.

> He drew his audience upward to the sky.
> Dryden.

Court of audience, or Audience court (Eng.), a court long since disused, belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury; also, one belonging to the Archbishop of York. Mozley & W. -- In general (or open) audience, publicly. -- To give audience, to listen; to admit to an interview.

Au"di*ent (&?;), a. [L. audiens, p. pr. of audire. See Audible, a.] Listening; paying attention; as, audient souls. Mrs. Browning.

Au"di*ent, n. A hearer; especially a catechumen in the early church. [Obs.] Shelton.

Au`di*om"e*ter (&?;), n. [L. audire to hear + -meter.] (Acous.) An instrument by which the power of hearing can be gauged and recorded on a scale.

Au"di*phone (&?;), n. [L. audire to hear + Gr. &?; sound.] An instrument which, placed against the teeth, conveys sound to the auditory nerve and enables the deaf to hear more or less distinctly; a dentiphone.

Au"dit (&?;), n. [L. auditus a hearing, fr. audire. See Audible, a.] 1. An audience; a hearing. [Obs.]

> He appeals to a high audit.
> Milton.

2. An examination in general; a judicial examination.

Specifically: An examination of an account or of accounts, with the hearing of the parties concerned, by proper officers, or persons appointed for that purpose, who compare the charges with the vouchers, examine witnesses, and state the result.

3. The result of such an examination, or an account as adjusted by auditors; final account.

> Yet I can make my audit up.
> Shak.

4. A general receptacle or receiver. [Obs.]

> It [a little brook] paid to its common audit no more than the revenues of a little cloud.
> Jer. Taylor.

Audit ale, a kind of ale, brewed at the English universities, orig. for the day of audit. -- Audit house, Audit room, an appendage to a cathedral, for the transaction of its business.

Au"dit (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Audited; p. pr. & vb. n. Auditing.] To examine and adjust, as an account or accounts; as, to audit the accounts of a treasure, or of parties who have a suit depending in court.

Au"dit, v. i. To settle or adjust an account.

> Let Hocus audit; he knows how the money was disbursed.
> Arbuthnot.

||Au*di"ta que*re"la (&?;). [L., the complaint having been heard.] (Law) A writ which lies for a party against whom judgment is recovered, but to whom good matter of discharge has subsequently accrued which could not have been availed of to prevent such judgment. Wharton.

Au*di"tion (&?;), n. [L. auditio.] The act of hearing or listening; hearing.

> Audition may be active or passive; hence the difference between listening and simple hearing.
> Dunglison.

Au"di*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. auditif.] Of or pertaining to hearing; auditory. [R.] Cotgrave.

Au"di*tor (&?;), n. [L. auditor, fr. audire. See Audible, a.] 1. A hearer or listener. Macaulay.

2. A person appointed and authorized to audit or examine an account or accounts, compare the charges with the vouchers, examine the parties and witnesses, allow or reject charges, and state the balance.

3. One who hears judicially, as in an audience court.

In the United States government, and in the State governments, there are auditors of the treasury and of the public accounts. The name is also applied to persons employed to check the accounts of courts, corporations, companies, societies, and partnerships.

Au`di*to"ri*al (&?;), a. Auditory. [R.]

Au`di*to"ri*um (&?;), n. [L. See Auditory, n.] The part of a church, theater, or other public building, assigned to the audience.

In ancient churches the auditorium was the nave, where hearers stood to be instructed; in monasteries it was an apartment for the reception of strangers.

Au"di*tor*ship (&?;), n. The office or function of auditor.

Au"di*to*ry (&?;), a. [L. auditorius.] Of or pertaining to hearing, or to the sense or organs of hearing; as, the auditory nerve. See Ear.

Auditory canal (Anat.), the tube from the auditory meatus or opening of the ear to the tympanic membrane.

Au"di*to*ry, n. [L. auditorium.] 1. An assembly of hearers; an audience.

2. An auditorium. Udall.

Au"di*tress (&?;), n. A female hearer. Milton.

Au*dit"u*al (&?;), a. Auditory. [R.] Coleridge.

Auf (f), n. [OE. auph, aulf, fr. Icel. lfr elf. See Elf.] [Also spelt oaf, ouphe.] A changeling or elf child, -- that is, one left by fairies; a deformed or foolish child; a simpleton; an oaf. [Obs.] Drayton.

||Au` fait" (` f"). [F. Lit., to the deed, act, or point. Fait is fr. L. factum. See Fact.] Expert; skillful; well instructed.

Au*ge"an (&?;), a. 1. (Class. Myth.) Of or pertaining to Augeus, king of Elis, whose stable contained 3000 oxen, and had not been cleaned for 30 years. Hercules cleansed it in a single day.

2. Hence: Exceedingly filthy or corrupt.

Augean stable (Fig.), an accumulation of corruption or filth almost beyond the power of man to remedy.

Au"ger (&?;), n. [OE. augoure, nauger, AS. nafegr, fr. nafu, nafa, nave of a wheel + gr spear, and therefore meaning properly and originally a nave-bore. See Nave (of a wheel) and 2d Gore, n.] 1. A carpenter's tool for boring holes larger than those bored by a gimlet. It has a handle placed crosswise by which it is turned with both hands. A pod auger is one with a straight channel or groove, like the half of a bean pod. A screw auger has a twisted blade, by the spiral groove of which the chips are discharge.

2. An instrument for boring or perforating soils or rocks, for determining the quality of soils, or the nature of the rocks or strata upon which they lie, and for obtaining water.

Auger bit, a bit with a cutting edge or blade like that of an anger.

||Au*get" (&?;), n. [F., dim. of auge trough, fr. L. alveus hollow, fr. alvus belly.] (Mining) A priming tube connecting the charge chamber with the gallery, or place where the slow match is applied. Knight.

{ Aught (&?;), Aucht } (&?;), n. [AS. &?;ht, fr. gan to own, p. p. hte.] Property; possession. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Aught (&?;), n. [OE. aught, ought, awiht, AS. wiht, ever + wiht. √136. See Aye ever, and Whit, Wight.] Anything; any part. [Also written ought.]

> There failed not aught of any good thing which the Lord has spoken.
> Josh. xxi. 45

> But go, my son, and see if aught be wanting.
> Addison.

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Aught (t), adv. At all; in any degree. Chaucer.

Au"gite ("jt), n. [L. augites, Gr. a'ygi`ths, fr. a'ygh` brightness: cf. F. augite.] A variety of pyroxene, usually of a black or dark green color, occurring in igneous rocks, such as basalt; -- also used instead of the general term pyroxene.

Au*git"ic (*jt"k), a. Pertaining to, or like, augite; containing augite as a principal constituent; as, augitic rocks.

Aug*ment" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Augmented; p. pr. & vb. n. Augmenting.] [L. augmentare, fr. augmentum an increase, fr. augere to increase; perh. akin to Gr. &?;, &?;, E. wax, v., and eke, v.: cf. F. augmenter.] 1. To enlarge or increase in size, amount, or degree; to swell; to make bigger; as, to augment an army by reëforcements; rain augments a stream; impatience augments an evil.

> But their spite still serves
> His glory to augment.
> Milton.

2. (Gram.) To add an augment to.

Aug*ment", v. i. To increase; to grow larger, stronger, or more intense; as, a stream augments by rain.

Aug"ment (&?;), n. [L. augmentum: cf. F. augment.] 1. Enlargement by addition; increase.

2. (Gram.) A vowel prefixed, or a lengthening of the initial vowel, to mark past time, as in Greek and Sanskrit verbs.

In Greek, the syllabic augment is a prefixed &?;, forming an intial syllable; the temporal augment is an increase of the quantity (time) of an initial vowel, as by changing &?; to &?;.

Aug*ment"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of augmentation. Walsh.

Aug`men*ta"tion (&?;), n. [LL. augmentatio: cf. F. augmentation.] 1. The act or process of augmenting, or making larger, by addition, expansion, or dilation; increase.

2. The state of being augmented; enlargement.

3. The thing added by way of enlargement.

4. (Her.) A additional charge to a coat of arms, given as a mark of honor. Cussans.

5. (Med.) The stage of a disease in which the symptoms go on increasing. Dunglison.

6. (Mus.) In counterpoint and fugue, a repetition of the subject in tones of twice the original length.

Augmentation court (Eng. Hist.), a court erected by Stat. 27 Hen. VIII., to augment the revenues of the crown by the suppression of monasteries. It was long ago dissolved. Encyc. Brit.

Syn. -- Increase; enlargement; growth; extension; accession; addition.

Aug*ment"a*tive (&?;), a. [Cf. F. augmentatif.] Having the quality or power of augmenting; expressing augmentation. -- Aug*ment"a*tive*ly, adv.

Aug*ment"a*tive, n. (Gram.) A word which expresses with augmented force the idea or the properties of the term from which it is derived; as, dullard, one very dull. Opposed to diminutive. Gibbs.

Aug*ment"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, augments or increases anything.

Au"grim (&?;), n. See Algorism. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Augrim stones, pebbles formerly used in numeration. -- Noumbres of Augrim, Arabic numerals. Chaucer.

Au"gur (&?;), n. [L. Of uncertain origin: the first part of the word is perh. fr. L. avis bird, and the last syllable, gur, equiv. to the Skr. gar to call, akin to L. garrulus garrulous.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An official diviner who foretold events by the singing, chattering, flight, and feeding of birds, or by signs or omens derived from celestial phenomena, certain appearances of quadrupeds, or unusual occurrences.

2. One who foretells events by omens; a soothsayer; a diviner; a prophet.

> Augur of ill, whose tongue was never found
> Without a priestly curse or boding sound.
> Dryden.

Au"gur, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Augured (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Auguring.] 1. To conjecture from signs or omens; to prognosticate; to foreshow.

> My auguring mind assures the same success.
> Dryden.

2. To anticipate, to foretell, or to indicate a favorable or an unfavorable issue; as, to augur well or ill.

Au"gur, v. t. To predict or foretell, as from signs or omens; to betoken; to presage; to infer.

> It seems to augur genius.
> Sir W. Scott.

> I augur everything from the approbation the proposal has met with.
> J. F. W. Herschel.

Syn. -- To predict; forebode; betoken; portend; presage; prognosticate; prophesy; forewarn.

Au"gu*ral (&?;), a. [L. auguralis.] Of or pertaining to augurs or to augury; betokening; ominous; significant; as, an augural staff; augural books. "Portents augural." Cowper.

Au"gu*rate (&?;), v. t. & i. [L. auguratus, p. p. of augurari to augur.] To make or take auguries; to augur; to predict. [Obs.] C. Middleton.

Au"gu*rate (&?;), n. The office of an augur. Merivale.

Au`gu*ra"tion (&?;), n. [L. auguratio.] The practice of augury.

Au"gur*er (&?;), n. An augur. [Obs.] Shak.

Au*gu"ri*al (&?;), a. [L. augurialis.] Relating to augurs or to augury. Sir T. Browne.

Au"gu*rist (&?;), n. An augur. [R.]

Au"gur*ize (&?;), v. t. To augur. [Obs.] Blount.

Au"gu*rous (&?;), a. Full of augury; foreboding. [Obs.] "Augurous hearts." Chapman.

Au"gur*ship (&?;), n. The office, or period of office, of an augur. Bacon.

Au"gu*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Auguries (&?;). [L. aucurium.] 1. The art or practice of foretelling events by observing the actions of birds, etc.; divination.

2. An omen; prediction; prognostication; indication of the future; presage.

> From their flight strange auguries she drew.
> Drayton.

> He resigned himself . . . with a docility that gave little augury of his future greatness.
> Prescott.

3. A rite, ceremony, or observation of an augur.

Au*gust" (&?;), a. [L. augustus; cf. augere to increase; in the language of religion, to honor by offerings: cf. F. auguste. See Augment.] Of a quality inspiring mingled admiration and reverence; having an aspect of solemn dignity or grandeur; sublime; majestic; having exalted birth, character, state, or authority. "Forms august." Pope. "August in visage." Dryden. "To shed that august blood." Macaulay.

> So beautiful and so august a spectacle.
> Burke.

> To mingle with a body so august.
> Byron.

Syn. -- Grand; magnificent; majestic; solemn; awful; noble; stately; dignified; imposing.

Au"gust (&?;), n. [L. Augustus. See note below, and August, a.] The eighth month of the year, containing thirty-one days.

The old Roman name was Sextilis, the sixth month from March, the month in which the primitive Romans, as well as Jews, began the year. The name was changed to August in honor of Augustus Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome, on account of his victories, and his entering on his first consulate in that month.

Au*gus"tan (&?;), a. [L. Augustanus, fr. Augustus. See August, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to Augustus Cæsar or to his times.

2. Of or pertaining to the town of Augsburg.

Augustan age of any national literature, the period of its highest state of purity and refinement; -- so called because the reign of Augustus Cæsar was the golden age of Roman literature. Thus the reign of Louis XIV. (b. 1638) has been called the Augustan age of French literature, and that of Queen Anne (b. 1664) the Augustan age of English literature. -- Augustan confession (Eccl. Hist.), or confession of Augsburg, drawn up at Augusta Vindelicorum, or Augsburg, by Luther and Melanchthon, in 1530, contains the principles of the Protestants, and their reasons for separating from the Roman Catholic church.

{ Au*gus"tine (&?;), Au`gus*tin"i*an (&?;), } n. (Eccl.) A member of one of the religious orders called after St. Augustine; an Austin friar.

Au`gus*tin"i*an, a. Of or pertaining to St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo in Northern Africa (b. 354 -- d. 430), or to his doctrines.

Augustinian canons, an order of monks once popular in England and Ireland; -- called also regular canons of St. Austin, and black canons. -- Augustinian hermits or Austin friars, an order of friars established in 1265 by Pope Alexander IV. It was introduced into the United States from Ireland in 1790. -- Augustinian nuns, an order of nuns following the rule of St. Augustine. -- Augustinian rule, a rule for religious communities based upon the 109th letter of St. Augustine, and adopted by the Augustinian orders.

Au`gus*tin"i*an, n. One of a class of divines, who, following St. Augustine, maintain that grace by its nature is effectual absolutely and creatively, not relatively and conditionally.

{ Au`gus*tin"i*an*ism (&?;), Au*gus"tin*ism }, n. The doctrines held by Augustine or by the Augustinians.

Au*gust"ly, adv. In an august manner.

Au*gust"ness, n. The quality of being august; dignity of mien; grandeur; magnificence.

Auk (&?;), n. [Prov. E. alk; akin to Dan. alke, Icel. & Sw. alka.] (Zoöl.) A name given to various species of arctic sea birds of the family Alcidæ. The great auk, now extinct, is Alca (or Plautus) impennis. The razor-billed auk is A. torda. See Puffin, Guillemot, and Murre.

Auk"ward (&?;), a. See Awkward. [Obs.]

Au*la"ri*an (&?;), a. [L. aula hall. Cf. LL. aularis of a court.] Relating to a hall.

Au*la"ri*an, n. At Oxford, England, a member of a hall, distinguished from a collegian. Chalmers.

Auld (&?;), a. [See Old.] Old; as, Auld Reekie (old smoky), i. e., Edinburgh. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Auld` lang syne" (&?;). A Scottish phrase used in recalling recollections of times long since past. "The days of auld lang syne."

Au*let"ic (&?;), a. [L. auleticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; flute.] Of or pertaining to a pipe (flute) or piper. [R.] Ash.

Au"lic, a. [L. aulicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; hall, court, royal court.] Pertaining to a royal court.

> Ecclesiastical wealth and aulic dignities.
> Landor.

Aulic council (Hist.), a supreme court of the old German empire; properly the supreme court of the emperor. It ceased at the death of each emperor, and was renewed by his successor. It became extinct when the German empire was dissolved, in 1806. The term is now applied to a council of the war department of the Austrian empire, and the members of different provincial chanceries of that empire are called aulic councilors. P. Cyc.

Au"lic, n. The ceremony observed in conferring the degree of doctor of divinity in some European universities. It begins by a harangue of the chancellor addressed to the young doctor, who then receives the cap, and presides at the disputation (also called the aulic).

Auln (&?;), n. An ell. [Obs.] See Aune.

{ Aul"nage (&?;), Aul"na*ger (&?;), } n. See Alnage and Alnager.

Aum (&?;), n. Same as Aam.

Au*mail" (&?;), v. t. [OE. for amel, enamel.] To figure or variegate. [Obs.] Spenser.

Aum"bry (&?;), n. Same as Ambry.

Au"me*ry (&?;), n. A form of Ambry, a closet; but confused with Almonry, as if a place for alms.

Aun"cel (&?;), n. A rude balance for weighing, and a kind of weight, formerly used in England. Halliwell.

Aun"cet*ry (&?;), n. Ancestry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Aune (&?;), n. [F. See Alnage.] A French cloth measure, of different parts of the country (at Paris, 0.95 of an English ell); -- now superseded by the meter.

Aunt (änt), n. [OF. ante, F. tante, L. amita father's sister. Cf. Amma.] 1. The sister of one's father or mother; -- correlative to nephew or niece. Also applied to an uncle's wife.

Aunt is sometimes applied as a title or term of endearment to a kind elderly woman not thus related.

2. An old woman; and old gossip. [Obs.] Shak.

3. A bawd, or a prostitute. [Obs.] Shak.

Aunt Sally, a puppet head placed on a pole and having a pipe in its mouth; also a game, which consists in trying to hit the pipe by throwing short bludgeons at it.

Aun"ter (&?;), n. Adventure; hap. [Obs.]

In aunters, perchance.

{ Aun"ter, Aun"tre } (&?;), v. t. [See Adventure.] To venture; to dare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Aunt"ie, Aunt"y } (&?;), n. A familiar name for an aunt. In the southern United States a familiar term applied to aged negro women.

Aun"trous (&?;), a. Adventurous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Au"ra (&?;), n.; pl. Auræ (&?;). [L. aura air, akin to Gr. &?;.] 1. Any subtile, invisible emanation, effluvium, or exhalation from a substance, as the aroma of flowers, the odor of the blood, a supposed fertilizing emanation from the pollen of flowers, etc.

2. (Med.) The peculiar sensation, as of a light vapor, or cold air, rising from the trunk or limbs towards the head, a premonitory symptom of epilepsy or hysterics.

Electric aura, a supposed electric fluid, emanating from an electrified body, and forming a mass surrounding it, called the electric atmosphere. See Atmosphere, 2.

Au"ral (&?;), a. [L. aura air.] Of or pertaining to the air, or to an aura.

Au"ral, a. [L. auris ear.] Of or pertaining to the ear; as, aural medicine and surgery.

Au*ran`ti*a"ceous (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the Aurantiaceæ, an order of plants (formerly considered natural), of which the orange is the type.

Au"rate (&?;), n. [L. auratus, p. p. of aurare to gild, fr. aurum gold: cf. F. aurate.] (Chem.) A combination of auric acid with a base; as, aurate or potassium.

Au"ra*ted (&?;), a. [See Aurate.] 1. Resembling or containing gold; gold-colored; gilded.

2. (Chem.) Combined with auric acid.

Au"ra*ted (&?;), a. Having ears. See Aurited.

Au"re*ate (&?;), a. [L. aureatus, fr. aureus golden, fr. aurum gold.] Golden; gilded. Skelton.

||Au*re"li*a (?; 106), n. [NL., fr. L. aurum gold: cf. F. aurélie. Cf. Chrysalis.] (Zoöl.) (a) The chrysalis, or pupa of an insect, esp. when reflecting a brilliant golden color, as that of some of the butterflies. (b) A genus of jellyfishes. See Discophora.

Au*re"li*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the aurelia.

Au*re"li*an, n. An amateur collector and breeder of insects, esp. of butterflies and moths; a lepidopterist.

{ ||Au*re"o*la (&?;), Au"re*ole (&?;), } n. [F. auréole, fr. L. aureola, (fem adj.) of gold (sc. corona crown), dim. of aureus. See Aureate, Oriole.] 1. (R. C. Theol.) A celestial crown or accidental glory added to the bliss of heaven, as a reward to those (as virgins, martyrs, preachers, etc.) who have overcome the world, the flesh, and the devil.

2. The circle of rays, or halo of light, with which painters surround the figure and represent the glory of Christ, saints, and others held in special reverence.

Limited to the head, it is strictly termed a nimbus; when it envelops the whole body, an aureola. Fairholt.

3. A halo, actual or figurative.

> The glorious aureole of light seen around the sun during total eclipses.
> Proctor.

> The aureole of young womanhood.
> O. W. Holmes.

4. (Anat.) See Areola, 2.

Au"ric (&?;), a. [L. aurum gold.] 1. Of or pertaining to gold.

2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, gold; -- said of those compounds of gold in which this element has its higher valence; as, auric oxide; auric chloride.

Au`ri*chal"ce*ous (&?;), a. [L. aurichalcum, for orichalcum brass.] (Zoöl.) Brass-colored.

Au`ri*chal"cite (&?;), n. [See Aurichalceous.] (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of copper and zinc, found in pale green or blue crystalline aggregations. It yields a kind of brass on reduction.

Au"ri*cle (&?;), n. [L. auricula, dim. of auris ear. See Ear.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The external ear, or that part of the ear which is prominent from the head. (b) The chamber, or one of the two chambers, of the heart, by which the blood is received and transmitted to the ventricle or ventricles; -- so called from its resemblance to the auricle or external ear of some quadrupeds. See Heart.

2. (Zoöl.) An angular or ear-shaped lobe.

3. An instrument applied to the ears to give aid in hearing; a kind of ear trumpet. Mansfield.

Au"ri*cled (&?;), a. Having ear-shaped appendages or lobes; auriculate; as, auricled leaves.

||Au*ric"u*la (&?;), n.; pl. L. Auriculæ (&?;), E. Auriculas (&?;). [L. auricula. See Auricle.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A species of Primula, or primrose, called also, from the shape of its leaves, bear's-ear. (b) (b) A species of Hirneola (H. auricula), a membranaceous fungus, called also auricula Judæ, or Jew's-ear. P. Cyc.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of air-breathing mollusks mostly found near the sea, where the water is brackish (b) One of the five arched processes of the shell around the jaws of a sea urchin.

<! p. 102 !>

Au*ric"u*lar (*rk"*lr), a. [LL. auricularis: cf. F. auriculaire. See Auricle.] 1. Of or pertaining to the ear, or to the sense of hearing; as, auricular nerves.

2. Told in the ear, i. e., told privately; as, auricular confession to the priest.

> This next chapter is a penitent confession of the king, and the strangest . . . that ever was auricular.
> Milton.

3. Recognized by the ear; known by the sense of hearing; as, auricular evidence. "Auricular assurance." Shak.

4. Received by the ear; known by report. "Auricular traditions." Bacon.

5. (Anat.) Pertaining to the auricles of the heart.

Auricular finger, the little finger; so called because it can be readily introduced into the ear passage.

||Au*ric`u*la"ri*a (&?;), n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. LL. auricularis.] (Zoöl.) A kind of holothurian larva, with soft, blunt appendages. See Illustration in Appendix.

Au*ric"u*lar*ly, adv. In an auricular manner.

Au*ric"u*lars (&?;), n. pl. (Zoöl.) A circle of feathers surrounding the opening of the ear of birds.

{ Au*ric"u*late (&?;), Au*ric"u*la`ted (&?;), } a. [See Auricle.] (Biol.) Having ears or appendages like ears; eared. Esp.: (a) (Bot.) Having lobes or appendages like the ear; shaped like the ear; auricled. (b) (Zoöl.) Having an angular projection on one or both sides, as in certain bivalve shells, the foot of some gastropods, etc.

Auriculate leaf, one having small appended leaves or lobes on each side of its petiole or base.

Au*rif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. aurifer; aurum gold + ferre to bear: cf. F. aurifère.] Gold-bearing; containing or producing gold.

> Whence many a bursting stream auriferous plays.
> Thomson.

Auriferous pyrites, iron pyrites (iron disulphide), containing some gold disseminated through it.

Au"ri*flamme (&?;), n. See Oriflamme.

Au"ri*form (&?;), a. [L. auris ear + -form.] Having the form of the human ear; ear-shaped.

||Au*ri"ga (&?;), n. [L., charioteer.] (Anat.) The Charioteer, or Wagoner, a constellation in the northern hemisphere, situated between Perseus and Gemini. It contains the bright star Capella.

Au*ri"gal (&?;), a. [L. aurigalis.] Of or pertaining to a chariot. [R.]

Au`ri*ga"tion (&?;), n. [L. aurigatio, fr. aurigare to be a charioteer, fr. auriga.] The act of driving a chariot or a carriage. [R.] De Quincey.

Au*rig"ra*phy (&?;), n. [L. aurum gold + -graphy.] The art of writing with or in gold.

Au"rin ("rn), n. [L. aurum gold.] (Chem.) A red coloring matter derived from phenol; -- called also, in commerce, yellow corallin.

Au`ri*phryg"i*ate (`r*fr"j*t), a. [LL. auriphrigiatus; L. aurum gold + LL. phrygiare to adorn with Phrygian needlework, or with embroidery; perhaps corrupted from some other word. Cf. Orfrays.] Embroidered or decorated with gold. [R.] Southey.

Au`ri*pig"ment (`r*pg"ment), n. See Orpiment. [Obs.]

Au"ri*scalp ("r*sklp), n. [L. auris ear + scalpere to scrape.] An earpick.

Au"ri*scope (-skp), n. [L. auris + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for examining the condition of the ear.

Au*ris"co*py (*rs"k*p), n. Examination of the ear by the aid of the auriscope.

Au"rist ("rst), n. [L. auris ear.] One skilled in treating and curing disorders of the ear.

Au"ri*ted (&?;), a. [L. auritus, fr. auris ear.] (Zoöl.) Having lobes like the ear; auriculate.

Au*riv"o*rous (&?;), a. [L. aurum gold + vorare to devour.] Gold-devouring. [R.] H. Walpole.

Au`ro*ceph"a*lous (&?;), a. [Aurum + cephalous.] (Zoöl.) Having a gold-colored head.

Au`ro*chlo"ride (&?;), n. [Aurum + chloride.] (Chem.) The trichloride of gold combination with the chloride of another metal, forming a double chloride; -- called also chloraurate.

Au"rochs ("rks), n. [G. auerochs, OHG. rohso; r (cf. AS. r) + ohso ox, G. ochs. Cf. Owre, Ox.] (Zoöl.) The European bison (Bison bonasus, or Europæus), once widely distributed, but now nearly extinct, except where protected in the Lithuanian forests, and perhaps in the Caucasus. It is distinct from the Urus of Cæsar, with which it has often been confused.

Au`ro*cy"a*nide (&?;), n. [Aurum + cyanide.] (Chem.) A double cyanide of gold and some other metal or radical; -- called also cyanaurate.

Au*ro"ra (&?;), n.; pl. E. Auroras (&?;), L. (rarely used) Auroræ (&?;). [L. aurora, for ausosa, akin to Gr. &?;, &?;, dawn, Skr. ushas, and E. east.] 1. The rising light of the morning; the dawn of day; the redness of the sky just before the sun rises.

2. The rise, dawn, or beginning. Hawthorne.

3. (Class. Myth.) The Roman personification of the dawn of day; the goddess of the morning. The poets represented her a rising out of the ocean, in a chariot, with rosy fingers dropping gentle dew.

4. (Bot.) A species of crowfoot. Johnson.

5. The aurora borealis or aurora australis (northern or southern lights).

Aurora borealis (&?;), i. e., northern daybreak; popularly called northern lights. A luminous meteoric phenomenon, visible only at night, and supposed to be of electrical origin. This species of light usually appears in streams, ascending toward the zenith from a dusky line or bank, a few degrees above the northern horizon; when reaching south beyond the zenith, it forms what is called the corona, about a spot in the heavens toward which the dipping needle points. Occasionally the aurora appears as an arch of light across the heavens from east to west. Sometimes it assumes a wavy appearance, and the streams of light are then called merry dancers. They assume a variety of colors, from a pale red or yellow to a deep red or blood color. The Aurora australis (&?;) is a corresponding phenomenon in the southern hemisphere, the streams of light ascending in the same manner from near the southern horizon.

Au*ro"ral (&?;), a. Belonging to, or resembling, the aurora (the dawn or the northern lights); rosy.

> Her cheeks suffused with an auroral blush.
> Longfellow.

Au"rous (&?;), a. 1. Containing gold.

2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, gold; -- said of those compounds of gold in which this element has its lower valence; as, aurous oxide.

||Au"rum (&?;), n. [L.] Gold.

Aurum fulminans (&?;). See Fulminate. -- Aurum mosaicum (&?;). See Mosaic.

Aus*cult" (&?;), v. i. & t. To auscultate.

Aus"cul*tate (&?;), v. i. & t. To practice auscultation; to examine by auscultation.

Aus`cul*ta"tion (&?;), n. [L. ausculcatio, fr. auscultare to listen, fr. a dim. of auris, orig. ausis, ear. See Auricle, and cf. Scout, n.] 1. The act of listening or hearkening to. Hickes.

2. (Med.) An examination by listening either directly with the ear (immediate auscultation) applied to parts of the body, as the abdomen; or with the stethoscope (mediate auscultation), in order to distinguish sounds recognized as a sign of health or of disease.

Aus"cul*ta`tor (&?;), n. One who practices auscultation.

Aus*cul"ta*to*ry (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to auscultation. Dunglison.

Au*so"ni*an (&?;), a. [L. Ausonia, poetic name for Italy.] Italian. Milton.

Aus"pi*cate (&?;), a. [L. auspicatus, p. p. of auspicari to take auspices, fr. auspex a bird seer, an augur, a contr. of avispex; avis bird + specere, spicere, to view. See Aviary, Spy.] Auspicious. [Obs.] Holland.

Aus"pi*cate (&?;), v. t. 1. To foreshow; to foretoken. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. To give a favorable turn to in commencing; to inaugurate; -- a sense derived from the Roman practice of taking the auspicium, or inspection of birds, before undertaking any important business.

> They auspicate all their proceedings.
> Burke.

Aus"pice (&?;), n.; pl. Auspices (&?;). [L. auspicium, fr. auspex: cf. F. auspice. See Auspicate, a.] 1. A divining or taking of omens by observing birds; an omen as to an undertaking, drawn from birds; an augury; an omen or sign in general; an indication as to the future.

2. Protection; patronage and care; guidance.

> Which by his auspice they will nobler make.
> Dryden.

In this sense the word is generally plural, auspices; as, under the auspices of the king.

Aus*pi"cial (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to auspices; auspicious. [R.]

Aus*pi"cious (&?;), a. [See Auspice.] 1. Having omens or tokens of a favorable issue; giving promise of success, prosperity, or happiness; predicting good; as, an auspicious beginning.

> Auspicious union of order and freedom.
> Macaulay.

2. Prosperous; fortunate; as, auspicious years. "Auspicious chief." Dryden.

3. Favoring; favorable; propitious; -- applied to persons or things. "Thy auspicious mistress." Shak. "Auspicious gales." Pope.

Syn. -- See Propitious.

-- Aus*pi"cious*ly, adv. -- Aus*pi"cious*ness, n.

||Aus"ter (&?;), n. [L. auster a dry, hot, south wind; the south.] The south wind. Pope.

Aus*tere" (&?;), [F. austère, L. austerus, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to parch, dry. Cf. Sear.] 1. Sour and astringent; rough to the state; having acerbity; as, an austere crab apple; austere wine.

2. Severe in modes of judging, or living, or acting; rigid; rigorous; stern; as, an austere man, look, life.

> From whom the austere Etrurian virtue rose.
> Dryden.

3. Unadorned; unembellished; severely simple.

Syn. -- Harsh; sour; rough; rigid; stern; severe; rigorous; strict.

Aus*tere"ly, adv. Severely; rigidly; sternly.

> A doctrine austerely logical.
> Macaulay.

Aus*tere"ness, n. 1. Harshness or astringent sourness to the taste; acerbity. Johnson.

2. Severity; strictness; austerity. Shak.

Aus*ter"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Austerities (&?;). [F. austérité, L. austerias, fr. austerus. See Austere.] 1. Sourness and harshness to the taste. [Obs.] Horsley.

2. Severity of manners or life; extreme rigor or strictness; harsh discipline.

> The austerity of John the Baptist.
> Milton.

3. Plainness; freedom from adornment; severe simplicity.

> Partly owing to the studied austerity of her dress, and partly to the lack of demonstration in her manners.
> Hawthorne.

Aus"tin (&?;), a. Augustinian; as, Austin friars.

Aus"tral (&?;), a. [L. australis, fr. auster: cf. F. austral.] Southern; lying or being in the south; as, austral land; austral ocean.

Austral signs (Astron.), the last six signs of the zodiac, or those south of the equator.

Aus`tral*a"sian (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Australasia; as, Australasian regions. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Australasia.

Aus*tra"li*an (&?;), a. [From L. Terra Australis southern land.] Of or pertaining to Australia. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Australia.

Aus"tral*ize (&?;), v. i. [See Austral.] To tend toward the south pole, as a magnet. [Obs.]

> They [magnets] do septentrionate at one extreme, and australize at another.
> Sir T. Browne.

Aus"tri*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Austria, or to its inhabitants. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Austria.

Aus"trine (&?;), n. [L. austrinus, from auster south.] Southern; southerly; austral. [Obs.] Bailey.

Aus"tro-Hun*ga"ri*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the monarchy composed of Austria and Hungary.

Aus"tro*man`cy (&?;), n. [L. auster south wind + -mancy.] Soothsaying, or prediction of events, from observation of the winds.

Au"tar*chy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; independence; a'yto`s self + 'arkei^n to be sufficient.] Self- sufficiency. [Obs.] Milton.

Au*then"tic (&?;), a. [OE. autentik, OF. autentique, F. authentique, L. authenticus coming from the real author, of original or firsthand authority, from Gr. &?;, fr. &?; suicide, a perpetrator or real author of any act, an absolute master; a'yto`s self + a form "enths (not found), akin to L. sons and perh. orig. from the p. pr. of e'i^nai to be, root as, and meaning the one it really is. See Am, Sin, n., and cf. Effendi.] 1. Having a genuine original or authority, in opposition to that which is false, fictitious, counterfeit, or apocryphal; being what it purports to be; genuine; not of doubtful origin; real; as, an authentic paper or register.

> To be avenged
> On him who had stole Jove's authentic fire.
> Milton.

2. Authoritative. [Obs.] Milton.

3. Of approved authority; true; trustworthy; credible; as, an authentic writer; an authentic portrait; authentic information.

4. (Law) Vested with all due formalities, and legally attested.

5. (Mus.) Having as immediate relation to the tonic, in distinction from plagal, which has a correspondent relation to the dominant in the octave below the tonic.

Syn. -- Authentic, Genuine. These words, as here compared, have reference to historical documents. We call a document genuine when it can be traced back ultimately to the author or authors from whom it professes to emanate. Hence, the word has the meaning, "not changed from the original, uncorrupted, unadulterated:" as, a genuine text. We call a document authentic when, on the ground of its being thus traced back, it may be relied on as true and authoritative (from the primary sense of "having an author, vouched for"); hence its extended signification, in general literature, of trustworthy, as resting on unquestionable authority or evidence; as, an authentic history; an authentic report of facts.

> A genuine book is that which was written by the person whose name it bears, as the author of it. An authentic book is that which relates matters of fact as they really happened. A book may be genuine without being, authentic, and a book may be authentic without being genuine.
> Bp. Watson.

It may be said, however, that some writers use authentic (as, an authentic document) in the sense of "produced by its professed author, not counterfeit."

Au*then"tic, n. An original (book or document). [Obs.] "Authentics and transcripts." Fuller.

Au*then"tic*al (&?;), a. Authentic. [Archaic]

Au*then"tic*al*ly, adv. In an authentic manner; with the requisite or genuine authority.

Au*then*tic*al*ness, n. The quality of being authentic; authenticity. [R.] Barrow.

Au*then"ti*cate (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Authenticated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Authenticating (&?;).] [Cf. LL. authenticare.] 1. To render authentic; to give authority to, by the proof, attestation, or formalities required by law, or sufficient to entitle to credit.

> The king serves only as a notary to authenticate the choice of judges.
> Burke.

2. To prove authentic; to determine as real and true; as, to authenticate a portrait. Walpole.

Au`then*tic"i*ty (&?;), n. [Cf. F. authenticité.] 1. The quality of being authentic or of established authority for truth and correctness.

2. Genuineness; the quality of being genuine or not corrupted from the original.

In later writers, especially those on the evidences of Christianity, authenticity is often restricted in its use to the first of the above meanings, and distinguished from qenuineness.

Au*then"tic*ly (&?;), adv. Authentically.

Au*then"tic*ness, n. The quality of being authentic; authenticity. [R.] Hammond.

Au*then"tics (&?;), n. (Ciwil Law) A collection of the Novels or New Constitutions of Justinian, by an anonymous author; -- so called on account of its authenticity. Bouvier.

Au"thor ("thr), n. [OE. authour, autour, OF. autor, F. auteur, fr. L. auctor, sometimes, but erroneously, written autor or author, fr. augere to increase, to produce. See Auction, n.] 1. The beginner, former, or first mover of anything; hence, the efficient cause of a thing; a creator; an originator.

<! p. 103 !>

> Eternal King; thee, Author of all being.
> Milton.

2. One who composes or writes a book; a composer, as distinguished from an editor, translator, or compiler.

> The chief glory of every people arises from its authors.
> Johnson.

3. The editor of a periodical. [Obs.]

4. An informant. [Archaic] Chaucer.

Au"thor ("thr), v. t. 1. To occasion; to originate. [Obs.]

> Such an overthrow . . . I have authored.
> Chapman.

2. To tell; to say; to declare. [Obs.]

> More of him I dare not author.
> Massinger.

Au"thor*ess, n. A female author. Glover.

The word is not very much used, author being commonly applied to a female writer as well as to a male.

Au*tho"ri*al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to an author. "The authorial &?;we.'" Hare.

Au"thor*ism ("thr*z'm), n. Authorship. [R.]

Au*thor"i*ta*tive (&?;), a. 1. Having, or proceeding from, due authority; entitled to obedience, credit, or acceptance; determinate; commanding.

> The sacred functions of authoritative teaching.
> Barrow.

2. Having an air of authority; positive; dictatorial; peremptory; as, an authoritative tone.

> The mock authoritative manner of the one, and the insipid mirth of the other.
> Swift.

-- Au*thor"i*ta*tive*ly, adv. -- Au*thor"i*ta*tive*ness, n.

Au*thor"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Authorities (&?;). [OE. autorite, auctorite, F. autorité, fr. L. auctoritas, fr. auctor. See Author, n.] 1. Legal or rightful power; a right to command or to act; power exercised buy a person in virtue of his office or trust; dominion; jurisdiction; authorization; as, the authority of a prince over subjects, and of parents over children; the authority of a court.

> Thus can the demigod, Authority,
> Make us pay down for our offense.
> Shak.

> By what authority doest thou these things ?
> Matt. xxi. 23.

2. Government; the persons or the body exercising power or command; as, the local authorities of the States; the military authorities. [Chiefly in the plural.]

3. The power derived from opinion, respect, or esteem; influence of character, office, or station, or mental or moral superiority, and the like; claim to be believed or obeyed; as, an historian of no authority; a magistrate of great authority.

4. That which, or one who, is claimed or appealed to in support of opinions, actions, measures, etc. Hence: (a) Testimony; witness. "And on that high authority had believed." Milton. (b) A precedent; a decision of a court, an official declaration, or an opinion, saying, or statement worthy to be taken as a precedent. (c) A book containing such a statement or opinion, or the author of the book. (d) Justification; warrant.

> Wilt thou be glass wherein it shall discern
> Authority for sin, warrant for blame.
> Shak.

Au"thor*i`za*ble (&?;), a. [LL. authorisabilis.] Capable of being authorized. Hammond.

Au`thor*i*za"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. autorisation.] The act of giving authority or legal power; establishment by authority; sanction or warrant.

> The authorization of laws.
> Motley.

> A special authorization from the chief.
> Merivale.

Au"thor*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Authorized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Authorizing.] [OE. autorize, F. autoriser, fr. LL. auctorizare, authorisare. See Author.] 1. To clothe with authority, warrant, or legal power; to give a right to act; to empower; as, to authorize commissioners to settle a boundary.

2. To make legal; to give legal sanction to; to legalize; as, to authorize a marriage.

3. To establish by authority, as by usage or public opinion; to sanction; as, idioms authorized by usage.

4. To sanction or confirm by the authority of some one; to warrant; as, to authorize a report.

> A woman's story at a winter's fire,
> Authorized by her grandam.
> Shak.

5. To justify; to furnish a ground for. Locke.

To authorize one's self, to rely for authority. [Obs.]

> Authorizing himself, for the most part, upon other histories.
> Sir P. Sidney.

Au"thor*ized (&?;), a. 1. Possessed of or endowed with authority; as, an authorized agent.

2. Sanctioned by authority.

The Authorized Version of the Bible is the English translation of the Bible published in 1611 under sanction of King James I. It was "appointed to be read in churches," and has been the accepted English Bible. The Revised Version was published in a complete form in 1855.

Au"thor*i`zer (&?;), n. One who authorizes.

Au"thor*less, a. Without an author; without authority; anonymous.

Au"thor*ly, a. Authorial. [R.] Cowper.

Au"thor*ship, n. 1. The quality or state of being an author; function or dignity of an author.

2. Source; origin; origination; as, the authorship of a book or review, or of an act, or state of affairs.

Au"tho*type (&?;), n. A type or block containing a facsimile of an autograph. Knight.

Au"to- (&?;). [Gr. &?; self.] A combining form, with the meaning of self, one's self, one's own, itself, its own.

Au`to*bi*og"ra*pher (&?;), n. [Auto- + biographer.] One who writers his own life or biography.

{ Au`to*bi`o*graph"ic (&?;), Au`to*bi`o*graph"ic*al (&?;), } a. Pertaining to, or containing, autobiography; as, an autobiographical sketch. "Such traits of the autobiographic sort." Carlyle. -- Au`to*bi`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Au`to*bi*og"ra*phist (&?;), n. One who writes his own life; an autobiographer. [R.]

Au`to*bi*og"ra*phy (&?;), n.; pl. Autobiographies (&?;). [Auto- + biography.] A biography written by the subject of it; memoirs of one's life written by one's self.

{ Au`to*car"pous (&?;), Au`to*car"pi*an (&?;), } a. [Auto- + Gr. karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.) Consisting of the ripened pericarp with no other parts adnate to it, as a peach, a poppy capsule, or a grape.

Au`to*ceph"a*lous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; independent; &?; self + &?; head.] (Eccl. Hist.) Having its own head; independent of episcopal or patriarchal jurisdiction, as certain Greek churches.

Au`to*chron"o*graph (&?;), n. [Auto- + chronograph.] An instrument for the instantaneous self- recording or printing of time. Knight.

Au*toch"thon (&?;), n.; pl. E. Authochthons (&?;), L. Autochthones (&?;). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, pl. &?;, from the land itself; a'yto`s self + &?; earth, land.] 1. One who is supposed to rise or spring from the ground or the soil he inhabits; one of the original inhabitants or aborigines; a native; -- commonly in the plural. This title was assumed by the ancient Greeks, particularly the Athenians.

2. That which is original to a particular country, or which had there its origin.

{ Au*toch"tho*nal (&?;), Au`thoch*thon"ic (&?;), Au*toch"tho*nous (&?;), } a. Aboriginal; indigenous; native.

Au*toch"tho*nism (&?;), n. The state of being autochthonal.

Au*toch"tho*ny, n. An aboriginal or autochthonous condition.

Au"to*clave (&?;), n. [F., fr. Gr. a'yto`s self + L. clavis key.] A kind of French stewpan with a steam-tight lid. Knight.

Au*toc"ra*cy (&?;), n.; pl. Autocracies. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. autocratie. See Autocrat.] 1. Independent or self-derived power; absolute or controlling authority; supremacy.

> The divine will moves, not by the external impulse or inclination of objects, but determines itself by an absolute autocracy.
> South.

2. Supreme, uncontrolled, unlimited authority, or right of governing in a single person, as of an autocrat.

3. Political independence or absolute sovereignty (of a state); autonomy. Barlow.

4. (Med.) The action of the vital principle, or of the instinctive powers, toward the preservation of the individual; also, the vital principle. [In this sense, written also autocrasy.] Dunglison.

Au"to*crat (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; self + &?; strength, &?; strong: cf. F. autocrate. See Hard, a.] 1. An absolute sovereign; a monarch who holds and exercises the powers of government by claim of absolute right, not subject to restriction; as, Autocrat of all the Russias (a title of the Czar).

2. One who rules with undisputed sway in any company or relation; a despot.

> The autocrat of the breakfast table.
> Holmes.

{ Au`to*crat"ic (&?;), Au`to*crat"ic*al (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to autocracy or to an autocrat; absolute; holding independent and arbitrary powers of government. -- Au`to*crat"ic*al*ly, adv.

Au*toc"ra*tor (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;.] An autocrat. [Archaic]

Au`to*cra*tor"ic*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to an autocrator; absolute. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

||Au*toc"ra*trix (&?;), n. [NL.] A female sovereign who is independent and absolute; -- a title given to the empresses of Russia.

Au"to*crat*ship (&?;), n. The office or dignity of an autocrat.

||Au"to-da-fé" (&?;), n.; pl. Autos-da-fé (&?;). [Pg., act of the faith; auto act, fr. L. actus + da of the + fé faith, fr. L. fides.] 1. A judgment of the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal condemning or acquitting persons accused of religious offenses.

2. An execution of such sentence, by the civil power, esp. the burning of a heretic. It was usually held on Sunday, and was made a great public solemnity by impressive forms and ceremonies.

3. A session of the court of Inquisition.

||Au"to-de-fe" (&?;), n.; pl. Autos-de-fe. [Sp., act of faith.] Same as Auto- da-fé.

Au"to*di*dact` (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; self- taught.] One who is self-taught; an automath.

Au`to*dy*nam"ic (&?;), a. [Auto- + dynamic.] Supplying its own power; -- applied to an instrument of the nature of a water-ram.

Au`to*fec`un*da"tion (&?;), n. [Auto- + fecundation.] (Biol.) Self-impregnation. Darwin.

Au*tog"a*mous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Characterized by autogamy; self-fertilized.

Au*tog"a*my (&?;), n. [Auto- + Gr. &?; marriage.] (Bot.) Self-fertilization, the fertilizing pollen being derived from the same blossom as the pistil acted upon.

Au`to*ge"ne*al (&?;), a. Self-produced; autogenous.

||Au`to*gen"e*sis (&?;), n. [Auto- + genesis.] (Biol.) Spontaneous generation.

Au`to*ge*net"ic (&?;), a. (Biol.) Relating to autogenesis; self-generated.

Au*tog"e*nous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; self + root of &?; to be born.] 1. (Biol.) Self- generated; produced independently.

2. (Anat.) Developed from an independent center of ossification. Owen.

Autogenous soldering, the junction by fusion of the joining edges of metals without the intervention of solder.

Au*tog"e*nous*ly (&?;), adv. In an autogenous manner; spontaneously.

Au"to*graph (&?;), n. [F. autographe, fr. Gr. &?; autographic; &?; self + &?; to write.] That which is written with one's own hand; an original manuscript; a person's own signature or handwriting.

Au"to*graph (&?;), a. In one's own handwriting; as, an autograph letter; an autograph will.

Au*tog"ra*phal (&?;), a. Autographic. [Obs.]

{ Au`to*graph"ic (&?;), Au`to*graph"ic*al (&?;), } a. 1. Pertaining to an autograph, or one's own handwriting; of the nature of an autograph.

2. Pertaining to, or used in, the process of autography; as, autographic ink, paper, or press.

Au*tog"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Cf. F. autographie.] 1. The science of autographs; a person's own handwriting; an autograph.

2. A process in lithography by which a writing or drawing is transferred from paper to stone. Ure.

Au*tol"a*try (&?;), n. [Auto- + Gr. &?; worship.] Self-worship. Farrar.

Au"to*math (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; self + &?;, &?;, to learn.] One who is self-taught. [R.] Young.

{ Au`to*mat"ic (&?;), Au`to*mat"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. automatique. See Automaton.] 1. Having an inherent power of action or motion.

> Nothing can be said to be automatic.
> Sir H. Davy.

2. Pertaining to, or produced by, an automaton; of the nature of an automaton; self-acting or self-regulating under fixed conditions; -- esp. applied to machinery or devices in which certain things formerly or usually done by hand are done by the machine or device itself; as, the automatic feed of a lathe; automatic gas lighting; an automatic engine or switch; an automatic mouse.

3. Not voluntary; not depending on the will; mechanical; as, automatic movements or functions.

> Unconscious or automatic reasoning.
> H. Spenser.

Automatic arts, such economic arts or manufacture as are carried on by self-acting machinery. Ure.

Au`to*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. In an automatic manner.

Au*tom"a*tism (&?;), n. The state or quality of being automatic; the power of self-moving; automatic, mechanical, or involuntary action. (Metaph.) A theory as to the activity of matter.

Au*tom"a*ton (&?;), n.; pl. L. Automata (&?;), E. Automatons (&?;). [L. fr. Gr. &?;, neut. of &?; self-moving; &?; self + a root ma, man, to strive, think, cf. &?; to strive. See Mean, v. i.] 1. Any thing or being regarded as having the power of spontaneous motion or action. Huxley.

> So great and admirable an automaton as the world.
> Boyle.

> These living automata, human bodies.
> Boyle.

2. A self-moving machine, or one which has its motive power within itself; -- applied chiefly to machines which appear to imitate spontaneously the motions of living beings, such as men, birds, etc.

Au*tom"a*tous (&?;), a. [L. automatus, Gr. &?;. See Automaton.] Automatic. [Obs.] "Automatous organs." Sir T. Browne.

Au`to*mor"phic (&?;), a. [Auto- + Gr. &?; for, shape.] Patterned after one's self.

> The conception which any one frames of another's mind is more or less after the pattern of his own mind, -- is automorphic.
> H. Spenser.

Au`to*mor"phism (&?;), n. Automorphic characterization. H. Spenser.

Au`to*nom"a*sy (&?;), n. [Auto- + Gr. &?; a name, fr. &?; a name; or for E. antonomasia.] (Rhet.) The use of a word of common or general signification for the name of a particular thing; as, "He has gone to town," for, "He has gone to London."

Au`to*nom"ic (&?;), a. Having the power of self-government; autonomous. Hickok.

Au"ton"o*mist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. automiste. See Autonomy.] One who advocates autonomy.

Au*ton"o*mous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; self + &?; to assign, hold, sway.] 1. Independent in government; having the right or power of self-government.

2. (Biol.) Having independent existence or laws.

Au*ton"o*my (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. autonomie. See Autonomous.] 1. The power or right of self-government; self-government, or political independence, of a city or a state.

2. (Metaph.) The sovereignty of reason in the sphere of morals; or man's power, as possessed of reason, to give law to himself. In this, according to Kant, consist the true nature and only possible proof of liberty. Fleming.

||Au*toph"a*gi (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; self + &?; to eat.] (Zoöl.) Birds which are able to run about and obtain their own food as soon as hatched.

Au*toph"o*by (&?;), n. [Auto- + Gr. &?; fear.] Fear of one's self; fear of being egotistical. [R.] Hare.

Au*toph"o*ny (&?;), n. [Auto- + Gr. &?; a sound.] (Med.) An auscultatory process, which consists in noting the tone of the observer's own voice, while he speaks, holding his head close to the patient's chest. Dunglison.

Au`to*plas"tic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to autoplasty.

Au"to*plas`ty (&?;), n. [Auto- + - plasty.] (Surg.) The process of artificially repairing lesions by taking a piece of healthy tissue, as from a neighboring part, to supply the deficiency caused by disease or wounds.

{ Au*top"sic (&?;), Au*top"sic*al (&?;), } a. Pertaining to autopsy; autoptical. [Obs.]

Au*top"so*rin (&?;), n. [Auto- + Gr. &?; the itch.] (Med.) That which is given under the doctrine of administering a patient's own virus.

Au"top*sy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; seen by one's self; &?; self + &?; seen: cf. F. autopsie. See Optic, a.] 1. Personal observation or examination; seeing with one's own eyes; ocular view.

> By autopsy and experiment.
> Cudworth.

2. (Med.) Dissection of a dead body, for the purpose of ascertaining the cause, seat, or nature of a disease; a post- mortem examination.

{ Au*top"tic (*tp"tk), Au*top"tic*al (-tk*al), } a. [Gr. a'ytoptiko`s: cf. F. autoptique.] Seen with one's own eyes; belonging to, or connected with, personal observation; as, autoptic testimony or experience.

<! p. 104 !>

Au*top"tic*al*ly (*tp"t*kal*l), adv. By means of ocular view, or one's own observation. Sir T. Browne.

{ Au`to*sche`di*as"tic (`t*sk`d*s"tk), Au`to*sche`di*as"tic*al (-s"t*kal), } a. [Auto- + Gr. schedia`zein to do hastily. See Schediasm.] Extemporary; offhand. [R.] Dean Martin.

Au`to*styl"ic (&?;), a. [Auto- + Gr. sty^los pillar.] (Anat.) Having the mandibular arch articulated directly to the cranium, as in the skulls of the Amphibia.

Au"to*the`ism (&?;), n. [Auto- + theism.] 1. The doctrine of God's self- existence. [R.]

2. Deification of one's self; self-worship. [R.]

Au"to*the`ist, n. One given to self- worship. [R.]

Au"to*type (&?;), n. [Auto- + - type: cf. F. autotype.] 1. A facsimile.

2. A photographic picture produced in sensitized pigmented gelatin by exposure to light under a negative; and subsequent washing out of the soluble parts; a kind of picture in ink from a gelatin plate.

Au`to*ty*pog"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Auto- + typography.] A process resembling "nature printing," by which drawings executed on gelatin are impressed into a soft metal plate, from which the printing is done as from copperplate.

Au*tot"y*py (&?;), n. The art or process of making autotypes.

Au"tumn (&?;), n. [L. auctumnus, autumnus, perh. fr. a root av to satisfy one's self: cf. F. automne. See Avarice.] 1. The third season of the year, or the season between summer and winter, often called "the fall." Astronomically, it begins in the northern temperate zone at the autumnal equinox, about September 23, and ends at the winter solstice, about December 23; but in popular language, autumn, in America, comprises September, October, and November.

In England, according to Johnson, autumn popularly comprises August, September, and October. In the southern hemisphere, the autumn corresponds to our spring.

2. The harvest or fruits of autumn. Milton.

3. The time of maturity or decline; latter portion; third stage.

> Dr. Preston was now entering into the autumn of the duke's favor.
> Fuller.

> Life's autumn past, I stand on winter's verge.
> Wordsworth.

Au*tum"nal (&?;), a. [L. auctumnalis, autumnalis: cf. F. automnal.] 1. Of, belonging to, or peculiar to, autumn; as, an autumnal tint; produced or gathered in autumn; as, autumnal fruits; flowering in autumn; as, an autumnal plant.

> Thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks
> In Vallombrosa.
> Milton.

2. Past the middle of life; in the third stage.

> An autumnal matron.
> Hawthorne.

Autumnal equinox, the time when the sun crosses the equator, as it proceeds southward, or when it passes the autumnal point. -- Autumnal point, the point of the equator intersected by the ecliptic, as the sun proceeds southward; the first point of Libra. -- Autumnal signs, the signs Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius, through which the sun passes between the autumnal equinox and winter solstice.

Aux`a*nom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; to cause to increase + -meter.] An instrument to measure the growth of plants. Goodale.

||Aux*e"sis (&?;), n. [NL., Gr. &?; increase, fr. &?;, &?;, to increase.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a grave and magnificent word is put for the proper word; amplification; hyperbole.

Aux*et"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to, or containing, auxesis; amplifying.

Aux*il"iar (?; 106), a. [L. auxiliaris: cf. F. auxiliaire. See Auxiliary.] Auxiliary. [Archaic]

> The auxiliar troops and Trojan hosts appear.
> Pope.

Aux*il"iar, n. An auxiliary. [Archaic] Milton.

Aux*il"iar*ly, adv. By way of help. Harris.

Aux*il"ia*ry (?; 106), a. [L. auxiliarius, fr. auxilium help, aid, fr. augere to increase.] Conferring aid or help; helping; aiding; assisting; subsidiary; as auxiliary troops.

Auxiliary scales (Mus.), the scales of relative or attendant keys. See under Attendant, a. -- Auxiliary verbs (Gram.). See Auxiliary, n., 3.

Aux*il"ia*ry, n.; pl. Auxiliaries (&?;). 1. A helper; an assistant; a confederate in some action or enterprise.

2. (Mil.) pl. Foreign troops in the service of a nation at war; (rarely in sing.), a member of the allied or subsidiary force.

3. (Gram.) A verb which helps to form the voices, modes, and tenses of other verbs; -- called, also, an auxiliary verb; as, have, be, may, can, do, must, shall, and will, in English; être and avoir, in French; avere and essere, in Italian; estar and haber, in Spanish.

4. (Math.) A quantity introduced for the purpose of simplifying or facilitating some operation, as in equations or trigonometrical formulæ. Math. Dict.

Aux*il"ia*to*ry (&?;), a. Auxiliary; helping. [Obs.]

||A"va (&?;), n. Same as Kava. Johnston.

Av`a*da*vat" (&?;), n. Same as Amadavat.

A*vail" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Availed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Availing.] [OE. availen, fr. F. &?; (L. ad) + valoir to be worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, to be worth. See Valiant.] 1. To turn to the advantage of; to be of service to; to profit; to benefit; to help; as, artifices will not avail the sinner in the day of judgment.

> O, what avails me now that honor high !
> Milton.

2. To promote; to assist. [Obs.] Pope.

To avail one's self of, to make use of; take advantage of.

> Then shall they seek to avail themselves of names.
> Milton.

> I have availed myself of the very first opportunity.
> Dickens.

A*vail", v. i. To be of use or advantage; to answer the purpose; to have strength, force, or efficacy sufficient to accomplish the object; as, the plea in bar must avail, that is, be sufficient to defeat the suit; this scheme will not avail; medicines will not avail to check the disease. "What signs avail ?" Milton.

> Words avail very little with me, young man.
> Sir W. Scott.

A*vail" (&?;), n. 1. Profit; advantage toward success; benefit; value; as, labor, without economy, is of little avail.

> The avail of a deathbed repentance.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. pl. Proceeds; as, the avails of a sale by auction.

> The avails of their own industry.
> Stoddard.

Syn. -- Use; benefit; utility; profit; service.

A*vail", v. t. & i. See Avale, v. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*vail`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Availabilities (&?;). 1. The quality of being available; availableness.

The word is sometimes used derogatively in the sense of "mere availableness," or capability of success without regard to worthiness.

> He was . . . nominated for his availability.
> Lowell.

2. That which is available.

A*vail"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Having sufficient power, force, or efficacy, for the object; effectual; valid; as, an available plea. [Obs.]

> Laws human are available by consent.
> Hooker.

2. Such as one may avail one's self of; capable of being used for the accomplishment of a purpose; usable; profitable; advantageous; convertible into a resource; as, an available measure; an available candidate.

> Struggling to redeem, as he did, the available months and days out of so many that were unavailable.
> Carlyle.

> Having no available funds with which to pay the calls on new shares.
> H. Spenser.

A*vail"a*ble*ness, n. 1. Competent power; validity; efficacy; as, the availableness of a title. [Obs.]

2. Quality of being available; capability of being used for the purpose intended. Sir M. Hale.

A*vail"a*bly, adv. In an available manner; profitably; advantageously; efficaciously.

A*vail"ment (&?;), n. Profit; advantage. [Obs.]

Av"a*lanche` (?; 277), n. [F. avalanche, fr. avaler to descend, to let down, from aval down, downward; &?; (L. ad) + val, L. vallis, valley. See Valley.] 1. A large mass or body of snow and ice sliding swiftly down a mountain side, or falling down a precipice.

2. A fall of earth, rocks, etc., similar to that of an avalanche of snow or ice.

3. A sudden, great, or irresistible descent or influx of anything.

A*vale" (&?;), v. t. & i. [F. avaler to descend, to let down. See Avalanche.] 1. To cause to descend; to lower; to let fall; to doff. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To bring low; to abase. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

3. (v. i.) To descend; to fall; to dismount. [Obs.]

> And from their sweaty courses did avale.
> Spenser.

A*vant" (&?;), n. [For avant-guard. Cf. Avaunt, Van.] The front of an army. [Obs.] See Van.

A*vant"-cou`ri*er (&?;), n. [F., fr. avant before + courrier. See Avaunt, and Courier.] A person dispatched before another person or company, to give notice of his or their approach.

A*vant"-guard` (?; √277), n. [F. avant before + E. guard, F. avant-garde. See Avaunt.] The van or advanced body of an army. See Vanguard.

Av"a*rice (v"*rs), n. [F. avaritia, fr. avarus avaricious, prob. fr. avre to covet, fr. a root av to satiate one's self: cf. Gr. 'a`menai, 'a^sai, to satiate, Skr. av to satiate one's self, rejoice, protect.] 1. An excessive or inordinate desire of gain; greediness after wealth; covetousness; cupidity.

> To desire money for its own sake, and in order to hoard it up, is avarice.
> Beattie.

2. An inordinate desire for some supposed good.

> All are taught an avarice of praise.
> Goldsmith.

Av`a*ri"cious (&?;), a. [Cf. F. avaricieux.] Actuated by avarice; greedy of gain; immoderately desirous of accumulating property.

Syn. -- Greedy; stingy; rapacious; griping; sordid; close. -- Avaricious, Covetous, Parsimonious, Penurious, Miserly, Niggardly. The avaricious eagerly grasp after it at the expense of others, though not of necessity with a design to save, since a man may be covetous and yet a spendthrift. The penurious, parsimonious, and miserly save money by disgraceful self- denial, and the niggardly by meanness in their dealing with others. We speak of persons as covetous in getting, avaricious in retaining, parsimonious in expending, penurious or miserly in modes of living, niggardly in dispensing.

-- Av`a*ri"cious*ly, adv. -- Av`a*ri"cious*ness, n.

Av"a*rous (&?;), a. [L. avarus.] Avaricious. [Obs.]

A*vast" (&?;), interj. [Corrupted from D. houd vast hold fast. See Hold, v. t., and Fast, a.] (Naut.) Cease; stop; stay. "Avast heaving." Totten.

Av`a*tar" (&?;), n. [Skr. avatâra descent; ava from + root t to cross, pass over.] 1. (Hindoo Myth.) The descent of a deity to earth, and his incarnation as a man or an animal; -- chiefly associated with the incarnations of Vishnu.

2. Incarnation; manifestation as an object of worship or admiration.

A*vaunce" (&?;), v. t. & i. [See Advance.] To advance; to profit. Chaucer.

A*vaunt" (&?;), interj. [F. avant forward, fr. L. ab + ante before. Cf. Avant, Advance.] Begone; depart; -- a word of contempt or abhorrence, equivalent to the phrase "Get thee gone."

A*vaunt", v. t. & i. 1. To advance; to move forward; to elevate. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To depart; to move away. [Obs.] Coverdale.

A*vaunt", v. t. & i. [OF. avanter; à (L. ad) + vanter. See Vaunt.] To vaunt; to boast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*vaunt", n. A vaunt; to boast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*vaunt"our (&?;), n. [OF. avanteur.] A boaster. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||A"ve (&?;), n. [L., hail.] 1. An ave Maria.

> He repeated Aves and Credos.
> Macaulay.

2. A reverential salutation.

> Their loud applause and aves vehement.
> Shak.

A*vel (&?;), v. t. [L. avellere.] To pull away. [Obs.]

> Yet are not these parts avelled.
> Sir T. Browne.

A*vel"lane (&?;), a. [Cf. It. avellana a filbert, fr. L. Avella or Abella a city of Campania.] (Her.) In the form of four unhusked filberts; as, an avellane cross.

{ ||A"ve Ma*ri"a (&?;), A"ve Ma"ry (&?;). } [From the first words of the Roman Catholic prayer to the Virgin Mary; L. ave hail, Maria Mary.] 1. A salutation and prayer to the Virgin Mary, as mother of God; -- used in the Roman Catholic church.

> To number Ave Maries on his beads.
> Shak.

2. A particular time (as in Italy, at the ringing of the bells about half an hour after sunset, and also at early dawn), when the people repeat the Ave Maria.

> Ave Maria ! blessed be the hour !
> Byron.

||A*ve"na (&?;), n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses, including the common oat (Avena sativa); the oat grasses.

Av`e*na"ceous (&?;), a. [L. avenaceus, fr. avena oats.] Belonging to, or resembling, oats or the oat grasses.

Av"e*nage (&?;), n. [F. avenage, fr. L. avena oats.] (Old Law) A quantity of oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent. Jacob.

Av"e*ner (&?;), n. [OF. avenier, fr. aveine, avaine, avoine, oats, F. avoine, L. avena.] (Feud. Law) An officer of the king's stables whose duty it was to provide oats for the horses. [Obs.]

A*venge" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avenged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Avenging (&?;).] [OF. avengier; L. ad + vindicare to lay claim to, to avenge, revenge. See Vengeance.] 1. To take vengeance for; to exact satisfaction for by punishing the injuring party; to vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on a wrongdoer.

> He will avenge the blood of his servants.
> Deut. xxxii. 43.

> Avenge, O Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones
> Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold.
> Milton.

> He had avenged himself on them by havoc such as England had never before seen.
> Macaulay.

2. To treat revengefully; to wreak vengeance on. [Obs.]

> Thy judgment in avenging thine enemies.
> Bp. Hall.

Syn. -- To Avenge, Revenge. To avenge is to inflict punishment upon evil doers in behalf of ourselves, or others for whom we act; as, to avenge one's wrongs; to avenge the injuries of the suffering and innocent. It is to inflict pain for the sake of vindication, or retributive justice. To revenge is to inflict pain or injury for the indulgence of resentful and malicious feelings. The former may at times be a duty; the latter is one of the worst exhibitions of human character.

> I avenge myself upon another, or I avenge another, or I avenge a wrong. I revenge only myself, and that upon another.
> C. J. Smith.

A*venge", v. i. To take vengeance. Levit. xix. 18.

A*venge", n. Vengeance; revenge. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*venge"ance (&?;), n. Vengeance. [Obs.]

A*venge"ful (&?;), a. Vengeful. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*venge"ment (&?;), n. The inflicting of retributive punishment; satisfaction taken. [R.] Milton.

A*ven"ger (&?;), n. 1. One who avenges or vindicates; as, an avenger of blood.

2. One who takes vengeance. [Obs.] Milton.

A*ven"ger*ess, n. A female avenger. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*ve"ni*ous (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + L. vena a vein.] (Bot.) Being without veins or nerves, as the leaves of certain plants.

Av"e*nor (&?;), n. See Avener. [Obs.]

Av"ens (&?;), n. [OF. avence.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Geum, esp. Geum urbanum, or herb bennet.

Av"en*tail (&?;), n. [OF. esventail. Cf. Ventail.] The movable front to a helmet; the ventail.

Av"en*tine (&?;), a. Pertaining to Mons Aventinus, one of the seven hills on which Rome stood. Bryant.

Av"en*tine, n. A post of security or defense. [Poetic]

> Into the castle's tower,
> The only Aventine that now is left him.
> Beau. & Fl.

A*ven"tre (&?;), v. t. To thrust forward (at a venture), as a spear. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*ven"ture (?; 135), n. [See Adventure, n.] 1. Accident; chance; adventure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Old Law) A mischance causing a person's death without felony, as by drowning, or falling into the fire.

A*ven"tu*rine (&?;), n. [F. aventurine: cf. It. avventurino.] 1. A kind of glass, containing gold-colored spangles. It was produced in the first place by the accidental (par aventure) dropping of some brass filings into a pot of melted glass.

2. (Min.) A variety of translucent quartz, spangled throughout with scales of yellow mica.

Aventurine feldspar, a variety of oligoclase with internal firelike reflections due to the presence of minute crystals, probably of hematite; sunstone.

Av"e*nue (&?;), n. [F. avenue, fr. avenir to come to, L. advenire. See Advene.] 1. A way or opening for entrance into a place; a passage by which a place may by reached; a way of approach or of exit. "The avenues leading to the city by land." Macaulay.

> On every side were expanding new avenues of inquiry.
> Milman.

2. The principal walk or approach to a house which is withdrawn from the road, especially, such approach bordered on each side by trees; any broad passageway thus bordered.

> An avenue of tall elms and branching chestnuts.
> W. Black.

3. A broad street; as, the Fifth Avenue in New York.

A"ver ("vr), n. [OF. aver domestic animal, whence LL. averia, pl. cattle. See Habit, and cf. Average.] A work horse, or working ox. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.]

<! p. 105 !>

A*ver" (*vr"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averred (*vrd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Averring.] [F. avérer, LL. adverare, averare; L. ad + versus true. See Verity.] 1. To assert, or prove, the truth of. [Obs.]

2. (Law) To avouch or verify; to offer to verify; to prove or justify. See Averment.

3. To affirm with confidence; to declare in a positive manner, as in confidence of asserting the truth.

> It is sufficient that the very fact hath its foundation in truth, as I do seriously aver is the case.
> Fielding.

> Then all averred I had killed the bird.
> Coleridge.

Syn. -- To assert; affirm; asseverate. See Affirm.

Av"er*age (&?;), n. [OF. average, LL. averagium, prob. fr. OF. aver, F. avoir, property, horses, cattle, etc.; prop. infin., to have, from L. habere to have. Cf. F. avérage small cattle, and avarie (perh. of different origin) damage to ship or cargo, port dues. The first meaning was perh. the service of carting a feudal lord's wheat, then charge for carriage, the contribution towards loss of things carried, in proportion to the amount of each person's property. Cf. Aver, n., Avercorn, Averpenny.] 1. (OLd Eng. Law) That service which a tenant owed his lord, to be done by the work beasts of the tenant, as the carriage of wheat, turf, etc.

2. [Cf. F. avarie damage to ship or cargo.] (Com.) (a) A tariff or duty on goods, etc. [Obs.] (b) Any charge in addition to the regular charge for freight of goods shipped. (c) A contribution to a loss or charge which has been imposed upon one of several for the general benefit; damage done by sea perils. (d) The equitable and proportionate distribution of loss or expense among all interested.

General average, a contribution made, by all parties concerned in a sea adventure, toward a loss occasioned by the voluntary sacrifice of the property of some of the parties in interest for the benefit of all. It is called general average, because it falls upon the gross amount of ship, cargo, and freight at risk and saved by the sacrifice. Kent. -- Particular average signifies the damage or partial loss happening to the ship, or cargo, or freight, in consequence of some fortuitous or unavoidable accident; and it is borne by the individual owners of the articles damaged, or by their insurers. -- Petty averages are sundry small charges, which occur regularly, and are necessarily defrayed by the master in the usual course of a voyage; such as port charges, common pilotage, and the like, which formerly were, and in some cases still are, borne partly by the ship and partly by the cargo. In the clause commonly found in bills of lading, "primage and average accustomed," average means a kind of composition established by usage for such charges, which were formerly assessed by way of average. Arnould. Abbott. Phillips.

3. A mean proportion, medial sum or quantity, made out of unequal sums or quantities; an arithmetical mean. Thus, if A loses 5 dollars, B 9, and C 16, the sum is 30, and the average 10.

4. Any medial estimate or general statement derived from a comparison of diverse specific cases; a medium or usual size, quantity, quality, rate, etc. "The average of sensations." Paley.

5. pl. In the English corn trade, the medial price of the several kinds of grain in the principal corn markets.

On an average, taking the mean of unequal numbers or quantities.

Av"er*age (&?;), a. 1. Pertaining to an average or mean; medial; containing a mean proportion; of a mean size, quality, ability, etc.; ordinary; usual; as, an average rate of profit; an average amount of rain; the average Englishman; beings of the average stamp.

2. According to the laws of averages; as, the loss must be made good by average contribution.

Av"er*age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averaged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Averaging.] 1. To find the mean of, when sums or quantities are unequal; to reduce to a mean.

2. To divide among a number, according to a given proportion; as, to average a loss.

3. To do, accomplish, get, etc., on an average.

Av"er*age, v. i. To form, or exist in, a mean or medial sum or quantity; to amount to, or to be, on an average; as, the losses of the owners will average twenty five dollars each; these spars average ten feet in length.

A"ver*corn` (&?;), n. [Aver, n. + corn.] (Old Eng. Law) A reserved rent in corn, formerly paid to religious houses by their tenants or farmers. Kennet.

A*ver"ment (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. averement, LL. averamentum. See Aver, v. t.] 1. The act of averring, or that which is averred; affirmation; positive assertion.

> Signally has this averment received illustration in the course of recent events.
> I. Taylor.

2. Verification; establishment by evidence. Bacon.

3. (Law) A positive statement of facts; an allegation; an offer to justify or prove what is alleged.

In any stage of pleadings, when either party advances new matter, he avers it to be true, by using this form of words: "and this he is ready to verify." This was formerly called an averment. It modern pleading, it is termed a verification. Blackstone.

{ A*ver"nal (&?;), A*ver"ni*an (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to Avernus, a lake of Campania, in Italy, famous for its poisonous vapors, which ancient writers fancied were so malignant as to kill birds flying over it. It was represented by the poets to be connected with the infernal regions.

Av"er*pen`ny (&?;), n. [Aver, n. + penny.] (Old Eng. Law) Money paid by a tenant in lieu of the service of average.

A*ver"ro*ism (&?;), n. The tenets of the Averroists.

A*ver"ro*ist, n. One of a sect of peripatetic philosophers, who appeared in Italy before the restoration of learning; so denominated from Averroes, or Averrhoes, a celebrated Arabian philosopher. He held the doctrine of monopsychism.

Av`er*run"cate (&?;), v. t. [L. averruncare to avert; a, ab, off + verruncare to turn; formerly derived from ab and eruncare to root out. Cf. Aberuncate.] 1. To avert; to ward off. [Obs.] Hudibras.

2. To root up. [Obs.] Johnson.

Av`er*run*ca"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. averroncation.] 1. The act of averting. [Obs.]

2. Eradication. [R.] De Quincey.

Av`er*run*ca"tor (&?;), n. [Cf. Aberuncator.] An instrument for pruning trees, consisting of two blades, or a blade and a hook, fixed on the end of a long rod.

Av`er*sa"tion (&?;), n. [L. aversatio, fr. aversari to turn away, v. intens. of avertere. See Avert.] A turning from with dislike; aversion. [Obs.or Archaic]

> Some men have a natural aversation to some vices or virtues, and a natural affection to others.
> Jer. Taylor.

A*verse" (&?;), a. [L. aversus, p. p. of avertere. See Avert.] 1. Turned away or backward. [Obs.]

> The tracks averse a lying notice gave,
> And led the searcher backward from the cave.
> Dryden.

2. Having a repugnance or opposition of mind; disliking; disinclined; unwilling; reluctant.

> Averse alike to flatter, or offend.
> Pope.

> Men who were averse to the life of camps.
> Macaulay.

> Pass by securely as men averse from war.
> Micah ii. 8.

The prevailing usage now is to employ to after averse and its derivatives rather than from, as was formerly the usage. In this the word is in agreement with its kindred terms, hatred, dislike, dissimilar, contrary, repugnant, etc., expressing a relation or an affection of the mind to an object.

Syn. -- Averse, Reluctant, Adverse. Averse expresses an habitual, though not of necessity a very strong, dislike; as, averse to active pursuits; averse to study. Reluctant, a term of the of the will, implies an internal struggle as to making some sacrifice of interest or feeling; as, reluctant to yield; reluctant to make the necessary arrangements; a reluctant will or consent. Adverse denotes active opposition or hostility; as, adverse interests; adverse feelings, plans, or movements; the adverse party.

A*verse", v. t. & i. To turn away. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

A*verse"ly, adv. 1. Backward; in a backward direction; as, emitted aversely.

2. With repugnance or aversion; unwillingly.

A*verse"ness, n. The quality of being averse; opposition of mind; unwillingness.

A*ver"sion (&?;), n. [L. aversio: cf. F. aversion. See Avert.] 1. A turning away. [Obs.]

> Adhesion to vice and aversion from goodness.
> Bp. Atterbury.

2. Opposition or repugnance of mind; fixed dislike; antipathy; disinclination; reluctance.

> Mutual aversion of races.
> Prescott.

> His rapacity had made him an object of general aversion.
> Macaulay.

It is now generally followed by to before the object. [See Averse.] Sometimes towards and for are found; from is obsolete.

> A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subjection.
> Addison.

> His aversion towards the house of York.
> Bacon.

> It is not difficult for a man to see that a person has conceived an aversion for him.
> Spectator.

> The Khasias . . . have an aversion to milk.
> J. D. Hooker.

3. The object of dislike or repugnance.

> Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire.
> Pope.

Syn. -- Antipathy; dislike; repugnance; disgust. See Dislike.

A*vert" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Averted; p. pr. & vb. n. Averting.] [L. avertere; a, ab + vertere to turn: cf. OF. avertir. See Verse, n.] To turn aside, or away; as, to avert the eyes from an object; to ward off, or prevent, the occurrence or effects of; as, how can the danger be averted? "To avert his ire." Milton.

> When atheists and profane persons do hear of so many discordant and contrary opinions in religion, it doth avert them from the church.
> Bacon.

> Till ardent prayer averts the public woe.
> Prior.

A*vert", v. i. To turn away. [Archaic]

> Cold and averting from our neighbor's good.
> Thomson.

A*vert"ed, a. Turned away, esp. as an expression of feeling; also, offended; unpropitious.

> Who scornful pass it with averted eye.
> Keble.

A*vert"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, averts.

A*vert"i*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being averted; preventable.

A*ver"ti*ment (&?;), n. Advertisement. [Obs.]

||A"ves (&?;), n. pl. [L., pl. of avis bird.] (Zoöl.) The class of Vertebrata that includes the birds.

Aves, or birds, have a complete double circulation, oviparous, reproduction, front limbs peculiarly modified as wings; and they bear feathers. All existing birds have a horny beak, without teeth; but some Mesozoic fossil birds (Odontornithes) had conical teeth inserted in both jaws. The principal groups are: Carinatæ, including all existing flying birds; Ratitæ, including the ostrich and allies, the apteryx, and the extinct moas; Odontornithes, or fossil birds with teeth.

The ordinary birds are classified largely by the structure of the beak and feet, which are in direct relation to their habits. See Beak, Bird, Odontonithes.

||A*ves"ta (&?;), n. The Zoroastrian scriptures. See Zend-Avesta.

A"vi*an (&?;), a. Of or instrument to birds.

A"vi*a*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Aviaries (&?;). [L. aviarium, fr. aviarius pertaining to birds, fr. avis bird, akin to Gr, &?;, Skr. vi.] A house, inclosure, large cage, or other place, for keeping birds confined; a bird house.

> Lincolnshire may be termed the aviary of England.
> Fuller.

A`vi*a"tion (&?;), n. The art or science of flying.

A"vi*a`tor (&?;), n. (a) An experimenter in aviation. (b) A flying machine.

||A*vic"u*la (&?;), n. [L., small bird.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine bivalves, having a pearly interior, allied to the pearl oyster; -- so called from a supposed resemblance of the typical species to a bird.

A*vic"u*lar (&?;), a. [L. avicula a small bird, dim. of avis bird.] Of or pertaining to a bird or to birds.

||A*vic`u*la"ri*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Avicular.] (Zoöl.) See prehensile processes on the cells of some Bryozoa, often having the shape of a bird's bill.

A"vi*cul`ture (?; 135), n. [L. avis bird + cultura culture.] (Zoöl.) Rearing and care of birds.

Av"id (&?;), a. [L. avidus, fr. av&?;re to long: cf. F. avide. See Avarice.] Longing eagerly for; eager; greedy. "Avid of gold, yet greedier of renown." Southey.

A*vid"i*ous (&?;), a. Avid.

A*vid"i*ous*ly, adv. Eagerly; greedily.

A*vid"i*ty (&?;), n. [L. aviditas, fr. avidus: cf. F. avidité. See Avid.] Greediness; strong appetite; eagerness; intenseness of desire; as, to eat with avidity.

> His books were received and read with avidity.
> Milward.

A*vie" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + vie.] Emulously. [Obs.]

||A`vi*fau"na (&?;), n. [NL., fr. L. avis bird + E. fauna.] (Zoöl.) The birds, or all the kinds of birds, inhabiting a region.

Av`i*ga"to (&?;), n. See Avocado.

A`vignon" ber"ry (&?;). (Bot.) The fruit of the Rhamnus infectorius, eand of other species of the same genus; -- so called from the city of Avignon, in France. It is used by dyers and painters for coloring yellow. Called also French berry.

A*vile" (&?;), v. t. [OF. aviler, F. avilir; a (L. ad) + vil vile. See Vile.] To abase or debase; to vilify; to depreciate. [Obs.]

> Want makes us know the price of what we avile.
> B. Jonson.

A*vis" (&?;), n. [F. avis. See Advice.] Advice; opinion; deliberation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*vise" (&?;), v. t. [F. aviser. See Advise, v. t.] 1. To look at; to view; to think of. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To advise; to counsel. [Obs.] Shak.

To avise one's self, to consider with one's self, to reflect, to deliberate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Now therefore, if thou wilt enriched be,
> Avise thee well, and change thy willful mood.
> Spenser.

A*vise", v. i. To consider; to reflect. [Obs.]

A*vise"ful (&?;), a. Watchful; circumspect. [Obs.]

> With sharp, aviseful eye.
> Spenser.

A*vise"ly, adv. Advisedly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*vise"ment (&?;), n. Advisement; observation; deliberation. [Obs.]

A*vi"sion (&?;), n. Vision. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*vi"so (&?;), n. [Sp.] 1. Information; advice.

2. An advice boat, or dispatch boat.

||Av`o*ca"do (&?;), n. [Corrupted from the Mexican ahuacatl: cf. Sp. aguacate, F. aguacaté, avocat, G. avogadobaum.] The pulpy fruit of Persea gratissima, a tree of tropical America. It is about the size and shape of a large pear; -- called also avocado pear, alligator pear, midshipman's butter.

||Av`o*cat (&?;), n. [F.] An advocate.

Av"o*cate (&?;), v. t. [L. avocatus, p. p. of avocare; a, ab + vocare to call. Cf. Avoke, and see Vocal, a.] To call off or away; to withdraw; to transfer to another tribunal. [Obs. or Archaic]

> One who avocateth his mind from other occupations.
> Barrow.

> He, at last, . . . avocated the cause to Rome.
> Robertson.

Av`o*ca"tion (&?;), n. [L. avocatio.] 1. A calling away; a diversion. [Obs. or Archaic]

> Impulses to duty, and powerful avocations from sin.
> South.

2. That which calls one away from one's regular employment or vocation.

> Heaven is his vocation, and therefore he counts earthly employments avocations.
> Fuller.

> By the secular cares and avocations which accompany marriage the clergy have been furnished with skill in common life.
> Atterbury.

In this sense the word is applied to the smaller affairs of life, or occasional calls which summon a person to leave his ordinary or principal business. Avocation (in the singular) for vocation is usually avoided by good writers.

3. pl. Pursuits; duties; affairs which occupy one's time; usual employment; vocation.

> There are professions, among the men, no more favorable to these studies than the common avocations of women.
> Richardson.

> In a few hours, above thirty thousand men left his standard, and returned to their ordinary avocations.
> Macaulay.

<! p. 106 !>

> An irregularity and instability of purpose, which makes them choose the wandering avocations of a shepherd, rather than the more fixed pursuits of agriculture.
> Buckle.

A*vo"ca*tive (*v"k*tv), a. Calling off. [Obs.]

A*vo"ca*tive, n. That which calls aside; a dissuasive.

{ Av"o*cet, Av"o*set } (v"*st), n. [F. avocette: cf. It. avosetta, Sp. avoceta.] (Zoöl.) A grallatorial bird, of the genus Recurvirostra; the scooper. The bill is long and bend upward toward the tip. The American species is R. Americana. [Written also avocette.]

A*void" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avoided; p. pr. & vb. n. Avoiding.] [OF. esvuidier, es (L. ex) + vuidier, voidier, to empty. See Void, a.] 1. To empty. [Obs.] Wyclif.

2. To emit or throw out; to void; as, to avoid excretions. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

3. To quit or evacuate; to withdraw from. [Obs.]

> Six of us only stayed, and the rest avoided
> the room.
> Bacon.

4. To make void; to annul or vacate; to refute.

> How can these grants of the king's be avoided?
> Spenser.

5. To keep away from; to keep clear of; to endeavor no to meet; to shun; to abstain from; as, to avoid the company of gamesters.

> What need a man forestall his date of grief.
> And run to meet what he would most avoid ?
> Milton.

> He carefully avoided every act which could goad them into open hostility.
> Macaulay.

6. To get rid of. [Obs.] Shak.

7. (Pleading) To defeat or evade; to invalidate. Thus, in a replication, the plaintiff may deny the defendant's plea, or confess it, and avoid it by stating new matter. Blackstone.

Syn. -- To escape; elude; evade; eschew. -- To Avoid, Shun. Avoid in its commonest sense means, to keep clear of, an extension of the meaning, to withdraw one's self from. It denotes care taken not to come near or in contact; as, to avoid certain persons or places. Shun is a stronger term, implying more prominently the idea of intention. The words may, however, in many cases be interchanged.

> No man can pray from his heart to be kept from temptation, if the take no care of himself to avoid it.
> Mason.

> So Chanticleer, who never saw a fox,
> Yet shunned him as a sailor shuns the rocks.
> Dryden.

A*void", v. i. 1. To retire; to withdraw. [Obs.]

> David avoided out of his presence.
> 1 Sam. xviii. 11.

2. (Law) To become void or vacant. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

A*void"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Capable of being vacated; liable to be annulled or made invalid; voidable.

> The charters were not avoidable for the king's nonage.
> Hale.

2. Capable of being avoided, shunned, or escaped.

A*void"ance (&?;), n. 1. The act of annulling; annulment.

2. The act of becoming vacant, or the state of being vacant; -- specifically used for the state of a benefice becoming void by the death, deprivation, or resignation of the incumbent.

> Wolsey, . . . on every avoidance of St. Peter's chair, was sitting down therein, when suddenly some one or other clapped in before him.
> Fuller.

3. A dismissing or a quitting; removal; withdrawal.

4. The act of avoiding or shunning; keeping clear of. "The avoidance of pain." Beattie.

5. The courts by which anything is carried off.

> Avoidances and drainings of water.
> Bacon.

A*void"er (&?;), n. 1. The person who carries anything away, or the vessel in which things are carried away. Johnson.

2. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes.

A*void"less, a. Unavoidable; inevitable.

Av`oir*du*pois" (v`r*d*poiz"), n. & a. [OE. aver de peis, goods of weight, where peis is fr. OF. peis weight, F. poids, L. pensum. See Aver, n., and Poise, n.] 1. Goods sold by weight. [Obs.]

2. Avoirdupois weight.

3. Weight; heaviness; as, a woman of much avoirdupois. [Colloq.]

Avoirdupois weight, a system of weights by which coarser commodities are weighed, such as hay, grain, butter, sugar, tea.

The standard Avoirdupois pound of the United States is equivalent to the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water at 62° Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 inches, and the water weighed in the air with brass weights. In this system of weights 16 drams make 1 ounce, 16 ounces 1 pound, 25 pounds 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 hundred weight, and 20 hundred weight 1 ton. The above pound contains 7,000 grains, or 453.54 grams, so that 1 pound avoirdupois is equivalent to 1 31-144 pounds troy. (See Troy weight.) Formerly, a hundred weight was reckoned at 112 pounds, the ton being 2,240 pounds (sometimes called a long ton).

A*voke" (&?;), v. t. [Cf. Avocate.] To call from or back again. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Av"o*late (&?;), v. i. [L. avolare; a (ab) + volare to fly.] To fly away; to escape; to exhale. [Obs.]

Av`o*la"tion (&?;), n. [LL. avolatio.] The act of flying; flight; evaporation. [Obs.]

Av"o*set (&?;), n. Same as Avocet.

A*vouch" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avouched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Avouching.] [OF. avochier, LL. advocare to recognize the existence of a thing, to advocate, fr. L. advocare to call to; ad + vocare to call. Cf. Avow to declare, Advocate, and see Vouch, v. t.] 1. To appeal to; to cite or claim as authority. [Obs.]

> They avouch many successions of authorities.
> Coke.

2. To maintain a just or true; to vouch for.

> We might be disposed to question its authenticity, it if were not avouched by the full evidence.
> Milman.

3. To declare or assert positively and as matter of fact; to affirm openly.

> If this which he avouches does appear.
> Shak.

> Such antiquities could have been avouched for the Irish.
> Spenser.

4. To acknowledge deliberately; to admit; to confess; to sanction.

> Thou hast avouched the Lord this day to be thy God.
> Deut. xxvi. 17.

A*vouch" (&?;), n. Evidence; declaration. [Obs.]

> The sensible and true avouch
> Of mine own eyes.
> Shak.

A*vouch"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being avouched.

A*vouch"er (&?;), n. One who avouches.

A*vouch"ment (&?;), n. The act of avouching; positive declaration. [Obs.] Milton.

A*vou"trer (&?;), n. See Advoutrer. [Obs.]

A*vou"trie (&?;), n. [OF.] Adultery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*vow" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Avowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Avowing.] [F. avouver, fr. L. advocare to call to (whence the meanings, to call upon as superior; recognize as lord, own, confess); ad + vocare to call. See Advocate, Avouch.] 1. To declare openly, as something believed to be right; to own or acknowledge frankly; as, a man avows his principles or his crimes.

> Which I to be the of Israel's God
> Avow, and challenge Dagon to the test.
> Milton.

2. (Law) To acknowledge and justify, as an act done. See Avowry. Blackstone.

Syn. -- To acknowledge; own; confess. See Confess.

A*vow", n. [Cf. F. aveu.] Avowal. [Obs.] Dryden.

A*vow", v. t. & i. [OF. avouer, fr. LL. votare to vow, fr. L. votun. See Vote, n.] To bind, or to devote, by a vow. [Obs.] Wyclif.

A*vow", n. A vow or determination. [Archaic]

A*vow"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being avowed, or openly acknowledged, with confidence. Donne.

A*vow"al (&?;), n. An open declaration; frank acknowledgment; as, an avowal of such principles. Hume.

A*vow"ance (&?;), n. 1. Act of avowing; avowal.

2. Upholding; defense; vindication. [Obs.]

> Can my avowance of king-murdering be collected from anything here written by me?
> Fuller.

A*vow"ant (&?;), n. (Law) The defendant in replevin, who avows the distress of the goods, and justifies the taking. Cowell.

A*vowed" (&?;), a. Openly acknowledged or declared; admitted. -- A*vow"ed*ly (&?;), adv.

A*vow`ee" (&?;), n. [F. avoué. Cf. Advowee, Advocate, n.] The person who has a right to present to a benefice; the patron; an advowee. See Advowson.

A*vow"er (&?;), n. One who avows or asserts.

A*vow"ry (&?;), n. [OE. avouerie protection, authority, OF. avouerie. See Avow to declare.] 1. An advocate; a patron; a patron saint. [Obs.]

> Let God alone be our avowry.
> Latimer.

2. The act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an action of replevin, avows and justifies the taking in his own right. Blackstone.

When an action of replevin is brought, the distrainer either makes avowry, that is, avours taking the distress in his own right, or the right of his wife, and states the reason if it, as for arrears of rent, damage done, or the like; or makes cognizance, that is, acknowledges the taking, but justifies in an another's right, as his bailiff or servant.

A*vow"try, v. t. Adultery. See Advoutry.

A*voy"er (&?;), n. [F.] A chief magistrate of a free imperial city or canton of Switzerland. [Obs.]

A*vulse" (&?;), v. t. [L. avulsus, p. p. of avellere to tear off; a (ab) + vellere to pluck.] To pluck or pull off. Shenstone.

A*vul"sion (&?;), n. [L. avulsio.] 1. A tearing asunder; a forcible separation.

> The avulsion of two polished superficies.
> Locke.

2. A fragment torn off. J. Barlow.

3. (Law) The sudden removal of lands or soil from the estate of one man to that of another by an inundation or a current, or by a sudden change in the course of a river by which a part of the estate of one man is cut off and joined to the estate of another. The property in the part thus separated, or cut off, continues in the original owner. Wharton. Burrill.

A*vun"cu*lar (&?;), a. [L. avunculus uncle.] Of or pertaining to an uncle.

> In these rare instances, the law of pedigree, whether direct or avuncular, gives way.
> I. Taylor.

A*wait" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awaited; p. pr. & vb. n. Awaiting.] [OF. awaitier, agaitier; &?; (L. ad) + waitier, gaitier to watch, F. guetter. See Wait.] 1. To watch for; to look out for. [Obs.]

2. To wait on, serve, or attend. [Obs.]

3. To wait for; to stay for; to expect. See Expect.

> Betwixt these rocky pillars Gabriel sat,
> Chief of the angelic guards, awaiting night.
> Milton.

4. To be in store for; to be ready or in waiting for; as, a glorious reward awaits the good.

> O Eve, some farther change awaits us night.
> Milton.

A*wait", v. i. 1. To watch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To wait (on or upon). [Obs.]

3. To wait; to stay in waiting. Darwin.

A*wait", n. A waiting for; ambush; watch; watching; heed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*wake" (&?;), v. t. [imp. Awoke (&?;), Awaked (&?;); p. p. Awaked; (Obs.) Awaken, Awoken; p. pr. & vb. n. Awaking. The form Awoke is sometimes used as a p. p.] [AS. wæcnan, v. i. (imp. awc), and wacian, v. i. (imp. awacode). See Awaken, Wake.] 1. To rouse from sleep; to wake; to awaken.

> Where morning's earliest ray . . . awake her.
> Tennyson.

> And his disciples came to him, and awoke him, saying, Lord, save us; we perish.
> Matt. viii. 25.

2. To rouse from a state resembling sleep, as from death, stupidity., or inaction; to put into action; to give new life to; to stir up; as, to awake the dead; to awake the dormant faculties.

> I was soon awaked from this disagreeable reverie.
> Goldsmith.

> It way awake my bounty further.
> Shak.

> No sunny gleam awakes the trees.
> Keble.

A*wake" (&?;), v. i. To cease to sleep; to come out of a state of natural sleep; and, figuratively, out of a state resembling sleep, as inaction or death.

> The national spirit again awoke.
> Freeman.

> Awake to righteousness, and sin not.
> 1 Cor. xv. 34.

A*wake", a. [From awaken, old p. p. of awake.] Not sleeping or lethargic; roused from sleep; in a state of vigilance or action.

> Before whom awake I stood.
> Milton.

> She still beheld,
> Now wide awake, the vision of her sleep.
> Keats.

> He was awake to the danger.
> Froude.

A*wak"en (&?;), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Awakened (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Awakening.] [OE. awakenen, awaknen, AS. wæcnan, wæcnian, v. i.; pref. on- + wæcnan to wake. Cf. Awake, v. t.] To rouse from sleep or torpor; to awake; to wake.

> [He] is dispatched
> Already to awaken whom thou nam'st.
> Cowper.

> Their consciences are thoroughly awakened.
> Tillotson.

Syn. -- To arouse; excite; stir up; call forth.

A*wak"en*er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, awakens.

A*wak"en*ing, a. Rousing from sleep, in a natural or a figurative sense; rousing into activity; exciting; as, the awakening city; an awakening discourse; the awakening dawn. -- A*wak"en*ing*ly, adv.

A*wak"en*ing, n. The act of awaking, or ceasing to sleep. Specifically: A revival of religion, or more general attention to religious matters than usual.

A*wak"en*ment (&?;), n. An awakening. [R.]

A*want"ing (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + wanting.] Missing; wanting. [Prov. Scot. & Eng.] Sir W. Hamilton.

A*ward" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Awarding.] [OF. eswarder to look at, consider, decide, judge; es (L. ex) + warder, garder, to observe, take heed, keep, fr. OHG. wartn to watch, guard. See Ward.] To give by sentence or judicial determination; to assign or apportion, after careful regard to the nature of the case; to adjudge; as, the arbitrators awarded damages to the complainant.

> To review
> The wrongful sentence, and award a new.
> Dryden.

A*ward", v. i. To determine; to make an award.

A*ward", n. [Cf. OF. award, awart, esgart. See Award, v. t.] 1. A judgment, sentence, or final decision. Specifically: The decision of arbitrators in a case submitted."Impatient for the award." Cowper.

> An award had been given against.
> Gilpin.

2. The paper containing the decision of arbitrators; that which is warded. Bouvier.

A*ward"er (&?;), n. One who awards, or assigns by sentence or judicial determination; a judge.

A*ware" (&?;), a. [OE. iwar, AS. gewær, fr. wær wary. The pref. ge- orig. meant together, completely. &?;. See Wary.] 1. Watchful; vigilant or on one's guard against danger or difficulty.

2. Apprised; informed; cognizant; conscious; as, he was aware of the enemy's designs.

> Aware of nothing arduous in a task
> They never undertook.
> Cowper.

A*warn" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. a- + warn, AS. gewarnian. See Warn, v. t.] To warn. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*wash" (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + wash.] Washed by the waves or tide; -- said of a rock or strip of shore, or (Naut.) of an anchor, etc., when flush with the surface of the water, so that the waves break over it.

A*way" (&?;), adv. [AS. aweg, anweg, onweg; on on + weg way.] 1. From a place; hence.

> The sound is going away.
> Shak.

> Have me away, for I am sore wounded.
> 2 Chron. xxxv. 23.

2. Absent; gone; at a distance; as, the master is away from home.

3. Aside; off; in another direction.

> The axis of rotation is inclined away from the sun.
> Lockyer.

4. From a state or condition of being; out of existence.

> Be near me when I fade away.
> Tennyson.

5. By ellipsis of the verb, equivalent to an imperative: Go or come away; begone; take away.

> And the Lord said . . . Away, get thee down.
> Exod. xix. 24.

6. On; in continuance; without intermission or delay; as, sing away. [Colloq.]

It is much used in phrases signifying moving or going from; as, go away, run away, etc.; all signifying departure, or separation to a distance. Sometimes without the verb; as, whither away so fast ? "Love hath wings, and will away." Waller. It serves to modify the sense of certain verbs by adding that of removal, loss, parting with, etc.; as, to throw away; to trifle away; to squander away, etc. Sometimes it has merely an intensive force; as, to blaze away.

Away with, bear, abide. [Obs. or Archaic] "The calling of assemblies, I can not away with." (Isa. i. 13), i. e., "I can not bear or endure [it]." -- Away with one, signifies, take him away. "Away with him, crucify him." John xix. 15. -- To make away with. (a) To kill or destroy. (b) To carry off.

<! p. 107 !>

A*way"-go"ing (*w"go"ng), a. (Law) Sown during the last years of a tenancy, but not ripe until after its expiration; -- said of crops. Wharton.

A*way"ward (*w"wrd), adv. Turned away; away. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Awe (), n. [OE. ae, aghe, fr. Icel. agi; akin to AS. ege, ga, Goth. agis, Dan. ave chastisement, fear, Gr. 'a`chos pain, distress, from the same root as E. ail. √3. Cf. Ugly.] 1. Dread; great fear mingled with respect. [Obs. or Obsolescent]

> His frown was full of terror, and his voice
> Shook the delinquent with such fits of awe.
> Cowper.

2. The emotion inspired by something dreadful and sublime; an undefined sense of the dreadful and the sublime; reverential fear, or solemn wonder; profound reverence.

> There is an awe in mortals' joy,
> A deep mysterious fear.
> Keble.

> To tame the pride of that power which held the Continent in awe.
> Macaulay.

> The solitude of the desert, or the loftiness of the mountain, may fill the mind with awe -- the sense of our own littleness in some greater presence or power.
> C. J. Smith.

To stand in awe of, to fear greatly; to reverence profoundly.

Syn. -- See Reverence.

Awe (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Awing.] To strike with fear and reverence; to inspire with awe; to control by inspiring dread.

> That same eye whose bend doth awe the world.
> Shak.

> His solemn and pathetic exhortation awed and melted the bystanders.
> Macaulay.

A*wea"ried (&?;), p. p. Wearied. [Poetic]

A*wea"ry (&?;), a. [Pref. a- + weary.] Weary. [Poetic] "I begin to be aweary of thee." Shak.

A*weath"er (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + weather.] (Naut.) On the weather side, or toward the wind; in the direction from which the wind blows; -- opposed to alee; as, helm aweather! Totten.

A*weigh" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + weigh.] (Naut.) Just drawn out of the ground, and hanging perpendicularly; atrip; -- said of the anchor. Totten.

Awe"less (&?;), a. See Awless.

Awe"some (&?;), a. 1. Causing awe; appalling; awful; as, an awesome sight. Wright.

2. Expressive of awe or terror.

> An awesome glance up at the auld castle.
> Sir W. Scott.

Awe"some*ness, n. The quality of being awesome.

Awe"-strick`en (&?;), a. Awe- struck.

Awe"-struck` (&?;), a. Struck with awe. Milton.

Aw"ful (&?;), a. 1. Oppressing with fear or horror; appalling; terrible; as, an awful scene. "The hour of Nature's awful throes." Hemans.

2. Inspiring awe; filling with profound reverence, or with fear and admiration; fitted to inspire reverential fear; profoundly impressive.

> Heaven's awful Monarch.
> Milton.

3. Struck or filled with awe; terror- stricken. [Obs.]

> A weak and awful reverence for antiquity.
> I. Watts.

4. Worshipful; reverential; law-abiding. [Obs.]

> Thrust from the company of awful men.
> Shak.

5. Frightful; exceedingly bad; great; -- applied intensively; as, an awful bonnet; an awful boaster. [Slang]

Syn. -- See Frightful.

Aw"ful*ly, adv. 1. In an awful manner; in a manner to fill with terror or awe; fearfully; reverently.

2. Very; excessively. [Slang]

Aw"ful*ness, n. 1. The quality of striking with awe, or with reverence; dreadfulness; solemnity; as, the awfulness of this sacred place.

> The awfulness of grandeur.
> Johnson.

2. The state of being struck with awe; a spirit of solemnity; profound reverence. [Obs.]

> Producing in us reverence and awfulness.
> Jer. Taylor.

A*whape" (&?;), v. t. [Cf. whap blow.] To confound; to terrify; to amaze. [Obs.] Spenser.

A*while" (&?;), adv. [Adj. a + while time, interval.] For a while; for some time; for a short time.

A*wing" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + wing.] On the wing; flying; fluttering. Wallace.

Awk (k), a. [OE. auk, awk (properly) turned away; (hence) contrary, wrong, from Icel. öfigr, öfugr, afigr, turning the wrong way, fr. af off, away; cf. OHG. abuh, Skr. apc turned away, fr. apa off, away + a root ak, ak, to bend, from which come also E. angle, anchor.] 1. Odd; out of order; perverse. [Obs.]

2. Wrong, or not commonly used; clumsy; sinister; as, the awk end of a rod (the but end). [Obs.] Golding.

3. Clumsy in performance or manners; unhandy; not dexterous; awkward. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Awk, adv. Perversely; in the wrong way. L'Estrange.

Awk"ly, adv. 1. In an unlucky (left-handed) or perverse manner. [Obs.] Holland.

2. Awkwardly. [Obs.] Fuller.

Awk"ward (k"werd), a. [Awk + -ward.] 1. Wanting dexterity in the use of the hands, or of instruments; not dexterous; without skill; clumsy; wanting ease, grace, or effectiveness in movement; ungraceful; as, he was awkward at a trick; an awkward boy.

> And dropped an awkward courtesy.
> Dryden.

2. Not easily managed or effected; embarrassing.

> A long and awkward process.
> Macaulay.

> An awkward affair is one that has gone wrong, and is difficult to adjust.
> C. J. Smith.

3. Perverse; adverse; untoward. [Obs.] "Awkward casualties." "Awkward wind." Shak.

> O blind guides, which being of an awkward religion, do strain out a gnat, and swallow up a cancel.
> Udall.

Syn. -- Ungainly; unhandy; clownish; lubberly; gawky; maladroit; bungling; inelegant; ungraceful; unbecoming. -- Awkward, Clumsy, Uncouth. Awkward has a special reference to outward deportment. A man is clumsy in his whole person, he is awkward in his gait and the movement of his limbs. Clumsiness is seen at the first view. Awkwardness is discovered only when a person begins to move. Hence the expressions, a clumsy appearance, and an awkward manner. When we speak figuratively of an awkward excuse, we think of a want of ease and grace in making it; when we speak of a clumsy excuse, we think of the whole thing as coarse and stupid. We apply the term uncouth most frequently to that which results from the want of instruction or training; as, uncouth manners; uncouth language.

-- Awk"ward*ly (k"werd*l), adv. -- Awk"ward*ness, n.

Awl (l), n. [OE. aul, awel, al, AS. l, awel; akin to Icel. alr, OHG. la, G. ahle, Lith. yla, Skr. r.] A pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood; used by shoemakers, saddlers, cabinetmakers, etc. The blade is differently shaped and pointed for different uses, as in the brad awl, saddler's awl, shoemaker's awl, etc.

Aw"less ("ls), a. 1. Wanting reverence; void of respectful fear. "Awless insolence." Dryden.

2. Inspiring no awe. [Obs.] "The awless throne." Shak. [Written also aweless]

Aw"less*ness, n. The quality of being awless.

Awl"-shaped` (l"shpt`), a. 1. Shaped like an awl.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Subulate. See Subulate. Gray.

Awl"wort` (l"wûrt`), n. [Awl + wort.] (Bot.) A plant (Subularia aquatica), with awl-shaped leaves.

Awm (m), n. See Aam.

Awn (n), n. [OE. awn, agune, from Icel. ögn, pl. agnir; akin to Sw. agn, Dan. avne, Goth. ahana, OHG. agana, G. agen, ahne, chaff, Gr. 'a`chnh, AS. egla; prob. from same root as E. acute. See 3d Ear.] 1. (Bot.) The bristle or beard of barley, oats, grasses, etc., or any similar bristlelike appendage; arista. Gray.

Awned (nd), a. (Bot.) Furnished with an awn, or long bristle-shaped tip; bearded. Gray.

Awn"ing (&?;), n. [Origin uncertain: cf. F. auvent awing, or Pers. wan, wang, anything suspended, or LG. havening a place sheltered from wind and weather, E. haven.] 1. A rooflike cover, usually of canvas, extended over or before any place as a shelter from the sun, rain, or wind.

2. (Naut.) That part of the poop deck which is continued forward beyond the bulkhead of the cabin.

Awn"inged (&?;), a. Furnished with an awning.

Awn"less, a. Without awns or beard.

Awn"y (&?;), a. Having awns; bearded.

A*work" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + work.] At work; in action. "Set awork." Shak.

A*work"ing, adv. [Pref. a- + working.] At work; in action. [Archaic or Colloq.] Spenser.

{ A*wreak", A*wreke", } (&?;), v. t. & i. To avenge. [Obs.] See Wreak.

A*wrong" (&?;), adv. [Pref. a- + wrong.] Wrongly. Ford.

A*wry" (&?;), adv. & a. [Pref. a- + wry.] 1. Turned or twisted toward one side; not in a straight or true direction, or position; out of the right course; distorted; obliquely; asquint; with oblique vision; as, to glance awry. "Your crown's awry." Shak.

> Blows them transverse, ten thousand leagues awry.
> Into the devious air.
> Milton.

2. Aside from the line of truth, or right reason; unreasonable or unreasonably; perverse or perversely.

> Or by her charms
> Draws him awry, enslaved.
> Milton.

> Nothing more awry from the law of God and nature than that a woman should give laws to men.
> Milton.

Aw"some (&?;), a. Same as Awesome.

{ Ax, Axe, } (&?;), n. [OE. ax, axe, AS. eax, æx, acas; akin to D. akse, OS. accus, OHG. acchus, G. axt, Icel. öx, öxi, Sw. yxe, Dan. ökse, Goth. aqizi, Gr. &?;, L. ascia; not akin to E. acute.] A tool or instrument of steel, or of iron with a steel edge or blade, for felling trees, chopping and splitting wood, hewing timber, etc. It is wielded by a wooden helve or handle, so fixed in a socket or eye as to be in the same plane with the blade. The broadax, or carpenter's ax, is an ax for hewing timber, made heavier than the chopping ax, and with a broader and thinner blade and a shorter handle.

The ancient battle-ax had sometimes a double edge.

The word is used adjectively or in combination; as, axhead or ax head; ax helve; ax handle; ax shaft; ax-shaped; axlike.

This word was originally spelt with e, axe; and so also was nearly every corresponding word of one syllable: as, flaxe, taxe, waxe, sixe, mixe, pixe, oxe, fluxe, etc. This superfluous e is not dropped; so that, in more than a hundred words ending in x, no one thinks of retaining the e except in axe. Analogy requires its exclusion here.

"The spelling ax is better on every ground, of etymology, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which has of late become prevalent." New English Dict. (Murray).

Ax (&?;), v. t. & i. [OE. axien and asken. See Ask.] To ask; to inquire or inquire of.

This word is from Saxon, and is as old as the English language. Formerly it was in good use, but now is regarded as a vulgarism. It is still dialectic in England, and is sometimes heard among the uneducated in the United States. "And Pilate axide him, Art thou king of Jewis?" "Or if he axea fish." Wyclif. 'bdThe king axed after your Grace's welfare." Pegge.

Ax"al (&?;), a. [See Axial.] [R.]

{ Axe (&?;), Axe"man (&?;), etc.} See Ax, Axman.

Ax"i*al (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to an axis; of the nature of, or resembling, an axis; around an axis.

> To take on an axial, and not an equatorial, direction.
> Nichol.

2. (Anat.) Belonging to the axis of the body; as, the axial skeleton; or to the axis of any appendage or organ; as, the axial bones.

Axial line (Magnetism), the line taken by the magnetic force in passing from one pole of a horseshoe magnet to the other. Faraday.

Ax"i*al*ly (&?;), adv. In relation to, or in a line with, an axis; in the axial (magnetic) line.

Ax"il (&?;), n. [L. axilla. Cf. Axle.] (Bot.) The angle or point of divergence between the upper side of a branch, leaf, or petiole, and the stem or branch from which it springs. Gray.

Ax"ile (&?;), a. Situated in the axis of anything; as an embryo which lies in the axis of a seed. Gray.

||Ax*il"la (&?;), n.; pl. Axillae (&?;). [L.] (Anat.) The armpit, or the cavity beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder.

2. (Bot.) An axil.

Ax"il*lar (&?;), a. Axillary.

{ Ax"il*la*ries (&?;), Ax"il*lars (&?;), } n. pl. (Zoöl.) Feathers connecting the under surface of the wing and the body, and concealed by the closed wing.

Ax"il*la*ry (&?;), a. [See Axil.] 1. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the axilla or armpit; as, axillary gland, artery, nerve.

2. (Bot.) Situated in, or rising from, an axil; of or pertaining to an axil. "Axillary buds." Gray.

Ax"i*nite (&?;), n. [Named in allusion to the form of the crystals, fr. Gr. &?; an ax.] (Min.) A borosilicate of alumina, iron, and lime, commonly found in glassy, brown crystals with acute edges.

Ax*in"o*man`cy (&?;), n. [L. axinomantia, Gr. &?; ax + -mancy.] A species of divination, by means of an ax or hatchet.

Ax"i*om (&?;), n. [L. axioma, Gr. &?; that which is thought worthy, that which is assumed, a basis of demonstration, a principle, fr. &?; to think worthy, fr. &?; worthy, weighing as much as; cf. &?; to lead, drive, also to weigh so much: cf F. axiome. See Agent, a.] 1. (Logic & Math.) A self-evident and necessary truth, or a proposition whose truth is so evident as first sight that no reasoning or demonstration can make it plainer; a proposition which it is necessary to take for granted; as, "The whole is greater than a part;" "A thing can not, at the same time, be and not be."

2. An established principle in some art or science, which, though not a necessary truth, is universally received; as, the axioms of political economy.

Syn. -- Axiom, Maxim, Aphorism, Adage. An axiom is a self-evident truth which is taken for granted as the basis of reasoning. A maxim is a guiding principle sanctioned by experience, and relating especially to the practical concerns of life. An aphorism is a short sentence pithily expressing some valuable and general truth or sentiment. An adage is a saying of long-established authority and of universal application.

{ Ax`i*o*mat"ic (&?;), Ax`i*o*mat"ic*al, } a. [Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to an axiom; having the nature of an axiom; self-evident; characterized by axioms. "Axiomatical truth." Johnson.

> The stores of axiomatic wisdom.
> I. Taylor.

Ax`i*o*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. By the use of axioms; in the form of an axiom.

||Ax"is (&?;), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The spotted deer (Cervus axis or Axis maculata) of India, where it is called hog deer and parrah (Moorish name).

Ax"is (&?;), n.; pl. Axes (&?;). [L. axis axis, axle. See Axle.] A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, on which it revolves, or may be supposed to revolve; a line passing through a body or system around which the parts are symmetrically arranged.

2. (Math.) A straight line with respect to which the different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically arranged; as, the axis of a cylinder, i. e., the axis of a cone, that is, the straight line joining the vertex and the center of the base; the axis of a circle, any straight line passing through the center.

3. (Bot.) The stem; the central part, or longitudinal support, on which organs or parts are arranged; the central line of any body. Gray.

4. (Anat.) (a) The second vertebra of the neck, or vertebra dentata. (b) Also used of the body only of the vertebra, which is prolonged anteriorly within the foramen of the first vertebra or atlas, so as to form the odontoid process or peg which serves as a pivot for the atlas and head to turn upon.

5. (Crystallog.) One of several imaginary lines, assumed in describing the position of the planes by which a crystal is bounded.

6. (Fine Arts) The primary or secondary central line of any design.

Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line or ridge from which the strata slope downward on the two opposite sides. -- Synclinal axis, a line from which the strata slope upward in opposite directions, so as to form a valley. -- Axis cylinder (Anat.), the neuraxis or essential, central substance of a nerve fiber; -- called also axis band, axial fiber, and cylinder axis. -- Axis in peritrochio, the wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers. -- Axis of a curve (Geom.), a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords of a curve; called a principal axis, when cutting them at right angles, in which case it divides the curve into two symmetrical portions, as in the parabola, which has one such axis, the ellipse, which has two, or the circle, which has an infinite number. The two axes of the ellipse are the major axis and the minor axis, and the two axes of the hyperbola are the transverse axis and the conjugate axis. -- Axis of a lens, the straight line passing through its center and perpendicular to its surfaces. -- Axis of a telescope or microscope, the straight line with which coincide the axes of the several lenses which compose it. -- Axes of coördinates in a plane, two straight lines intersecting each other, to which points are referred for the purpose of determining their relative position: they are either rectangular or oblique. -- Axes of coördinates in space, the three straight lines in which the coördinate planes intersect each other. -- Axis of a balance, that line about which it turns. -- Axis of oscillation, of a pendulum, a right line passing through the center about which it vibrates, and perpendicular to the plane of vibration. -- Axis of polarization, the central line around which the prismatic rings or curves are arranged. Brewster. -- Axis of revolution (Descriptive Geom.), a straight line about which some line or plane is revolved, so that the several points of the line or plane shall describe circles with their centers in the fixed line, and their planes perpendicular to it, the line describing a surface of revolution, and the plane a solid of revolution. -- Axis of symmetry (Geom.), any line in a plane figure which divides the figure into two such parts that one part, when folded over along the axis, shall coincide with the other part. -- Axis of the equator, ecliptic, horizon (or other circle considered with reference to the sphere on which it lies), the diameter of the sphere which is perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Hutton. -- Axis of the Ionic capital (Arch.), a line passing perpendicularly through the middle of the eye of the volute. - - Neutral axis (Mech.), the line of demarcation between the horizontal elastic forces of tension and compression, exerted by the fibers in any cross section of a girder. - - Optic axis of a crystal, the direction in which a ray of transmitted light suffers no double refraction. All crystals, not of the isometric system, are either uniaxial or biaxial. -- Optic axis, Visual axis (Opt.), the straight line passing through the center of the pupil, and perpendicular to the surface of the eye. -- Radical axis of two circles (Geom.), the straight line perpendicular to the line joining their centers and such that the tangents from any point of it to the two circles shall be equal to each other. -- Spiral axis (Arch.), the axis of a twisted column drawn spirally in order to trace the circumvolutions without. - - Axis of abscissas and Axis of ordinates. See Abscissa.

<! p. 108 !>

Ax"le (ks"'l), n. [OE. axel, exel, shoulder, AS. eaxl; akin to AS. eax axle, Sw. & Dan. axel shoulder, axle, G. achse axle, achsel shoulder, L. axis axle, Gr. 'a`xwn, Skr. aksha, L. axilla shoulder joint: cf. F. essieu, axle, OF. aissel, fr. dim. of L. axis. √205. Cf. 2d Axis.] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which revolves with a wheel.

2. A transverse bar or shaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or carriage; an axletree.

3. An axis; as, the sun's axle.

> Had from her axle torn
> The steadfast earth.
> Milton.

Railway axles are called leading and trailing from their position in the front or in the rear of a car or truck respectively.

Ax"le box` (&?;). 1. A bushing in the hub of a wheel, through which the axle passes.

2. The journal box of a rotating axle, especially a railway axle.

In railway construction, the axle guard, or pedestal, with the superincumbent weight, rests on the top of the box (usually with a spring intervening), and holds it in place by flanges. The box rests upon the journal bearing and key, which intervene between the inner top of the box and the axle.

Ax"led (&?;), a. Having an axle; -- used in composition.

> Merlin's agate-axled car.
> T. Warton.

Ax"le guard` (&?;). The part of the framing of a railway car or truck, by which an axle box is held laterally, and in which it may move vertically; -- also called a jaw in the United States, and a housing in England.

Ax"le*tree` (&?;), n. [Cf. Icel. öxultr&?;.] 1. A bar or beam of wood or iron, connecting the opposite wheels of a carriage, on the ends of which the wheels revolve.

2. A spindle or axle of a wheel. [Obs.]

Ax"man (&?;), n.; pl. Axmen (&?;). One who wields an ax.

Ax"min`ster (&?;), n. An Axminster carpet, an imitation Turkey carpet, noted for its thick and soft pile; -- so called from Axminster, Eng.

||Ax"o*lotl (&?;), n. [The native name.] (Zoöl.) An amphibian of the salamander tribe found in the elevated lakes of Mexico; the siredon.

When it breeds in captivity the young develop into true salamanders of the genus Amblystoma. This also occurs naturally under favorable conditions, in its native localities; although it commonly lives and breeds in a larval state, with persistent external gills. See Siredon.

Ax"stone` (&?;), n. (Min.) A variety of jade. It is used by some savages, particularly the natives of the South Sea Islands, for making axes or hatchets.

Ax"tree (&?;), n. Axle or axletree. [Obs.] Drayton.

Ax"unge (&?;), n. [F. axonge, L. axungia; axis wheel + ungere to grease.] Fat; grease; esp. the fat of pigs or geese; usually (Pharm.), lard prepared for medical use.

Ay (&?;), interj. Ah! alas! "Ay me! I fondly dream ‘Had ye been there.'" Milton.

Ay (&?;), adv. Same as Aye.

||A"yah (&?;), n. [Pg. aia, akin to Sp. aya a governess, ayo a tutor.] A native nurse for children; also, a lady's maid. [India]

{ Aye, Ay } (&?;), adv. [Perh. a modification of yea, or from the interjection of admiration or astonishment, OE. ei, ey, why, hey, ay, well, ah, ha. Cf. MHG. & G. ei, Dan. ej. Or perh. akin to aye ever.] Yes; yea; -- a word expressing assent, or an affirmative answer to a question. It is much used in viva voce voting in legislative bodies, etc.

This word is written I in the early editions of Shakespeare and other old writers.

Aye (&?;), n. An affirmative vote; one who votes in the affirmative; as, "To call for the ayes and noes;" "The ayes have it."

{ Aye, Ay } (&?;), adv. [Icel. ei, ey; akin to AS. , wa, always, Goth. aiws an age, Icel. æfi, OHG, &?;wa, L. aevum, Gr. &?; an age, &?;, &?;, ever, always, G. je, Skr. &?;va course. &?;, &?;. Cf. Age, v., Either, a., Or, conj.] Always; ever; continually; for an indefinite time.

> For his mercies aye endure.
> Milton.

For aye, always; forever; eternally.

Aye"-aye` (&?;), n. [From the native name, prob. from its cry.] (Zoöl.) A singular nocturnal quadruped, allied to the lemurs, found in Madagascar (Cheiromys Madagascariensis), remarkable for its long fingers, sharp nails, and rodent-like incisor teeth.

Aye"green` (&?;), n. [Aye ever + green.] (Bot.) The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum). Halliwell.

{ A*yen", A*yein" (&?;), A*yeins" (&?;) }, adv. & prep. [OE. &?;, &?;. See Again.] Again; back against. [Obs.] Chaucer.

A*yen"ward (&?;), adv. Backward. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ayle (&?;), n. [OE. ayel, aiel, OF. aiol, aiel, F. aïeul, a dim. of L. avus grandfather.] A grandfather. [Obs.]

Writ of Ayle, an ancient English writ which lay against a stranger who had dispossessed the demandant of land of which his grandfather died seized.

Ay"me` (&?;), n. [Cf. F. ahi interj.] The utterance of the ejaculation "Ay me !" [Obs.] See Ay, interj. "Aymees and hearty heigh-hoes." J. Fletcher.

A*yond" (&?;), prep. & adv. Beyond. [North of Eng.]

A*yont" (&?;), prep. & adv. Beyond. [Scot.]

{ A"y*rie, A"y*ry } (&?;), n. See Aerie. Drayton.

Ayr"shire (&?;), n. (Agric.) One of a superior breed of cattle from Ayrshire, Scotland. Ayrshires are notable for the quantity and quality of their milk.

||A*yun`ta*mi*en"to (&?;), n. [Sp., fr. OSp. ayuntar to join.] In Spain and Spanish America, a corporation or body of magistrates in cities and towns, corresponding to mayor and aldermen.

A*za"le*a (?; 97), n.; pl. Azaleas (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; dry, -- so called because supposed to grow best in dry ground.] (Bot.) A genus of showy flowering shrubs, mostly natives of China or of North America; false honeysuckle. The genus is scarcely distinct from Rhododendron.

Az"a*role (&?;), n. [F. azerole, the name of the fruit, fr. Ar. az-zo'r&?;r: cf. It. azzeruolo, Sp. acerolo.] (Bot.) The Neapolitan medlar (Cratægus azarolus), a shrub of southern Europe; also, its fruit.

A*zed"a*rach (&?;), n. [F. azédarac, Sp. acederaque, Pers. zddirakht noble tree.] 1. (Bot.) A handsome Asiatic tree (Melia azedarach), common in the southern United States; -- called also, Pride of India, Pride of China, and Bead tree.

2. (Med.) The bark of the roots of the azedarach, used as a cathartic and emetic.

Az"i*muth (&?;), n. [OE. azimut, F. azimut, fr. Ar. as-sum&?;t, pl. of as-samt a way, or perh., a point of the horizon and a circle extending to it from the zenith, as being the Arabic article: cf. It. azzimutto, Pg. azimuth, and Ar. samt-al-r's the vertex of the heaven. Cf. Zenith.] (Astron. & Geodesy) (a) The quadrant of an azimuth circle. (b) An arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and a vertical circle passing through the center of any object; as, the azimuth of a star; the azimuth or bearing of a line surveying.

In trigonometrical surveying, it is customary to reckon the azimuth of a line from the south point of the horizon around by the west from 0° to 360°.

Azimuth circle, or Vertical circle, one of the great circles of the sphere intersecting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. Hutton. -- Azimuth compass, a compass resembling the mariner's compass, but having the card divided into degrees instead of rhumbs, and having vertical sights; used for taking the magnetic azimuth of a heavenly body, in order to find, by comparison with the true azimuth, the variation of the needle. -- Azimuth dial, a dial whose stile or gnomon is at right angles to the plane of the horizon. Hutton. -- Magnetic azimuth, an arc of the horizon, intercepted between the vertical circle passing through any object and the magnetic meridian. This is found by observing the object with an azimuth compass.

Az"i*muth`al (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the azimuth; in a horizontal circle.

Azimuthal error of a transit instrument, its deviation in azimuth from the plane of the meridian.

Az"o- (&?;). [See Azote.] (Chem.) A combining form of azote; (a) Applied loosely to compounds having nitrogen variously combined, as in cyanides, nitrates, etc. (b) Now especially applied to compounds containing a two atom nitrogen group uniting two hydrocarbon radicals, as in azobenzene, azobenzoic, etc. These compounds furnish many artificial dyes. See Diazo-.

Az`o*ben"zene (&?;), n. [Azo- + benzene.] (Chem.) A substance (C6H5.N2.C6H5) derived from nitrobenzene, forming orange red crystals which are easily fusible.

A*zo"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. 'a priv. + &?; life, from &?; to live.] Destitute of any vestige of organic life, or at least of animal life; anterior to the existence of animal life; formed when there was no animal life on the globe; as, the azoic. rocks.

Azoic age (Geol.), the age preceding the existence of animal life, or anterior to the paleozoic tome. Azoic is also used as a noun, age being understood. See Archæan, and Eozoic.

Az`o*le"ic (&?;), a. [Azo- + oleic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to an acid produced by treating oleic with nitric acid. [R.]

A*zon"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; zone, region.] Confined to no zone or region; not local.

A*zo"ri*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the Azores. -- n. A native of the Azores.

Az"ote (?; 277), n. [F. azote, fr. Gr. 'a priv. + &?; life; -- so named by Lavoisier because it is incapable of supporting life.] Same as Nitrogen. [R.]

Az"oth (&?;), n. [LL. azoch, azoth, fr. Ar. az-zauq mercury.] (Alchemy) (a) The first principle of metals, i. e., mercury, which was formerly supposed to exist in all metals, and to be extractable from them. (b) The universal remedy of Paracelsus.

A*zot"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to azote, or nitrogen; formed or consisting of azote; nitric; as, azotic gas; azotic acid. [R.] Carpenter.

Az"o*tite (&?;), n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of azotous, or nitrous, acid with a base; a nitrite. [R.]

Az"o*tize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Azotized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Azotizing (&?;).] To impregnate with azote, or nitrogen; to nitrogenize.

Az`o*tom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Azote + - meter.] (Chem.) An apparatus for measuring or determining the proportion of nitrogen; a nitrometer.

A*zo"tous (&?;), a. Nitrous; as, azotous acid. [R.]

Az"tec (&?;), a. Of or relating to one of the early races in Mexico that inhabited the great plateau of that country at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1519. -- n. One of the Aztec race or people.

Az"ure (?; 277), a. [F. & OSp. azur, Sp. azul, through Ar. from Per. ljaward, or ljuward, lapis lazuli, a blue color, ljaward, ljuward, azure, cerulean, the initial l having been dropped, perhaps by the influence of the Ar. azr-aq azure, blue. Cf. G. lasur, lasurstein, azure color, azure stone, and NL. lapis lazuli.] Sky-blue; resembling the clear blue color of the unclouded sky; cerulean; also, cloudless.

Azure stone (Min.), the lapis lazuli; also, the lazulite.

Az"ure, n. 1. The lapis lazuli. [Obs.]

2. The clear blue color of the sky; also, a pigment or dye of this color. "In robes of azure." Wordsworth.

3. The blue vault above; the unclouded sky.

> Not like those steps
> On heaven's azure.
> Milton.

4. (Her.) A blue color, represented in engraving by horizontal parallel lines.

Az"ure, v. t. To color blue.

Az"ured (&?;), a. Of an azure color; sky-blue. "The azured harebell." Shak.

A*zu"re*ous (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of a fine blue color; azure.

Az"u*rine (&?;), a. [Cf. Azurn.] Azure.

Az"u*rine, n. (Zoöl.) The blue roach of Europe (Leuciscus cæruleus); -- so called from its color.

Az"u*rite (&?;), n. (Min.) Blue carbonate of copper; blue malachite.

Az"urn (&?;), a. [Cf. OF. azurin, asurin, LL. azurinus. See Azure, a.] Azure. [Obs.]

> Thick set with agate, and the azurn sheen
> Of turkis blue, and emerald green.
> Milton.

Az"y*gous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; yoke.] Odd; having no fellow; not one of a pair; single; as, the azygous muscle of the uvula.

{ Az"ym, Az"yme } (&?;), n. [F. azyme unleavened, L. azymus, fr. Gr. &?;; 'a priv. + &?; leaven.] Unleavened bread.

A*zym"ic (&?;), a. Azymous.

Az"y*mite (&?;), n. [Cf. F. azymite.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who administered the Eucharist with unleavened bread; -- a name of reproach given by those of the Greek church to the Latins.

Az"y*mous (&?;), a. [See Azym.] Unleavened; unfermented. "Azymous bread." Dunglison.

<! p. 109 pr=SA !>

B.

B (b) is the second letter of the English alphabet. (See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 196, 220.) It is etymologically related to p, v, f, w, and m, letters representing sounds having a close organic affinity to its own sound; as in Eng. bursar and purser; Eng. bear and Lat. ferre; Eng. silver and Ger. silber; Lat. cubitum and It. gomito; Eng. seven, Anglo-Saxon seofon, Ger. sieben, Lat. septem, Gr."epta`, Sanskrit saptan. The form of letter B is Roman, from the Greek B (Beta), of Semitic origin. The small b was formed by gradual change from the capital B.

In Music, B is the nominal of the seventh tone in the model major scale (the scale of C major), or of the second tone in its relative minor scale (that of A minor). B stands for B flat, the tone a half step , or semitone, lower than B. In German, B stands for our B, while our B natural is called H (pronounced hä).

Ba (bä), v. t. [Cf. OF. baer to open the mouth, F. bayer.] To kiss. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Baa (bä), v. i. [Cf. G. bäen; an imitative word.] To cry baa, or bleat as a sheep.

> He treble baas for help, but none can get.
> Sir P. Sidney.

Baa (bä), n.; pl. Baas (bäz). [Cf. G. bä.] The cry or bleating of a sheep; a bleat.

Baa"ing, n. The bleating of a sheep. Marryat.

Ba"al (b"al), n.; Heb. pl. Baalim (-m). [Heb. ba'al lord.] 1. (Myth.) The supreme male divinity of the Phoenician and Canaanitish nations.

The name of this god occurs in the Old Testament and elsewhere with qualifying epithets subjoined, answering to the different ideas of his character; ; as, Baal-berith (the Covenant Baal), Baal-zebub (Baal of the fly).

2. pl. The whole class of divinities to whom the name Baal was applied. Judges x. 6.

Ba"al*ism (-z'm), n. Worship of Baal; idolatry.

{ Ba"al*ist (&?;), Ba"al*ite (&?;), } n. A worshiper of Baal; a devotee of any false religion; an idolater.

||Ba"ba (&?;), n. [F.] A kind of plum cake.

Bab"bitt (&?;), v. t. To line with Babbitt metal.

Bab"bitt met`al (&?;). [From the inventor, Isaac Babbitt of Massachusetts.] A soft white alloy of variable composition (as a nine parts of tin to one of copper, or of fifty parts of tin to five of antimony and one of copper) used in bearings to diminish friction.

Bab"ble (bb"b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Babbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Babbling.] [Cf.LG. babbeln, D. babbelen, G. bappeln, bappern, F. babiller, It. babbolare; prob. orig., to keep saying ba, imitative of a child learning to talk.] 1. To utter words indistinctly or unintelligibly; to utter inarticulate sounds; as, a child babbles.

2. To talk incoherently; to utter unmeaning words.

3. To talk much; to chatter; to prate.

4. To make a continuous murmuring noise, as shallow water running over stones.

> In every babbling brook he finds a friend.
> Wordsworth.

Hounds are said to babble, or to be babbling, when they are too noisy after having found a good scent.

Syn. -- To prate; prattle; chatter; gossip.

Bab"ble, v. t. 1. To utter in an indistinct or incoherent way; to repeat, as words, in a childish way without understanding.

> These [words] he used to babble in all companies.
> Arbuthnot.

2. To disclose by too free talk, as a secret.

Bab"ble, n. 1. Idle talk; senseless prattle; gabble; twaddle. "This is mere moral babble." Milton.

2. Inarticulate speech; constant or confused murmur.

> The babble of our young children.
> Darwin.

> The babble of the stream.
> Tennyson.

Bab"ble*ment (&?;), n. Babble. Hawthorne.

Bab"bler (&?;), n. 1. An idle talker; an irrational prater; a teller of secrets.

> Great babblers, or talkers, are not fit for trust.
> L'Estrange.

2. A hound too noisy on finding a good scent.

3. (Zoöl.) A name given to any one of a family (Timalinæ) of thrushlike birds, having a chattering note.

Bab"ble*ry (&?;), n. Babble. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Babe (bb), n. [Cf. Ir. bab, baban, W. baban, maban.]

1. An infant; a young child of either sex; a baby.

2. A doll for children. Spenser.

Babe"hood (&?;), n. Babyhood. [R.] Udall.

Ba"bel (&?;), n. [Heb. Bbel, the name of the capital of Babylonia; in Genesis associated with the idea of "confusion."] 1. The city and tower in the land of Shinar, where the confusion of languages took place.

> Therefore is the name of it called Babel.
> Gen. xi. 9.

2. Hence: A place or scene of noise and confusion; a confused mixture of sounds, as of voices or languages.

> That babel of strange heathen languages.
> Hammond.

> The grinding babel of the street

. R. L. Stevenson.

Bab"er*y (&?;), n. [Perh. orig. for baboonery. Cf. Baboon, and also Babe.] Finery of a kind to please a child. [Obs.] "Painted babery." Sir P. Sidney.

{ Ba"bi*an (&?;), Ba"bi*on } (&?;), n. [See Baboon.] A baboon. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

||Bab"il*lard (&?;), n. [F., a babbler.] (Zoöl.) The lesser whitethroat of Europe; -- called also babbling warbler.

Bab"ing*ton*ite (&?;), n. [From Dr. Babbington.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in triclinic crystals approaching pyroxene in angle, and of a greenish black color. It is a silicate of iron, manganese, and lime.

{ ||Bab`i*rous"sa, ||Bab`i*rus"sa} (&?;), n. [F. babiroussa, fr. Malay bb hog + rsa deer.] (Zoöl.) A large hoglike quadruped (Sus, or Porcus, babirussa) of the East Indies, sometimes domesticated; the Indian hog. Its upper canine teeth or tusks are large and recurved.

Bab"ish (&?;), a. Like a babe; a childish; babyish. [R.] "Babish imbecility." Drayton. - - Bab"ish*ly, adv. -- Bab"ish*ness, n. [R.]

Bab"ism (&?;), n. [From Bab (Pers. bab a gate), the title assumed by the founder, Mirza Ali Mohammed.] The doctrine of a modern religious sect, which originated in Persia in 1843, being a mixture of Mohammedan, Christian, Jewish, and Parsee elements.

Bab"ist, n. A believer in Babism.

||Bab"lah (&?;), n. [Cf. Per. babl a species of mimosa yielding gum arabic.] The rind of the fruit of several East Indian species of acacia; neb-neb. It contains gallic acid and tannin, and is used for dyeing drab.

{ ||Ba"boo, ||Ba"bu } (bä"b), n. [Hind. bb.] A Hindoo gentleman; a native clerk who writes English; also, a Hindoo title answering to Mr. or Esquire. Whitworth.

Bab*oon" (&?;), n. [OE. babewin, baboin, fr. F. babouin, or LL. babewynus. Of unknown origin; cf. D. baviaan, G. pavian, baboon, F. babine lip of ape, dogs, etc., dial. G. bäppe mouth.] (Zoöl.) One of the Old World Quadrumana, of the genera Cynocephalus and Papio; the dog-faced ape. Baboons have dog- like muzzles and large canine teeth, cheek pouches, a short tail, and naked callosities on the buttocks. They are mostly African. See Mandrill, and Chacma, and Drill an ape.

Bab*oon"ery (&?;), n. Baboonish behavior. Marryat.

Bab*oon"ish, a. Like a baboon.

Ba"by (b"b), n.; pl. Babies (-bz). [Dim. of babe.] An infant or young child of either sex; a babe.

2. A small image of an infant; a doll.

Babies in the eyes, the minute reflection which one sees of one's self in the eyes of another.

> She clung about his neck, gave him ten kisses,
> Toyed with his locks, looked babies in his eyes.
> Heywood.

Ba"by, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an infant; young or little; as, baby swans. "Baby figure" Shak.

Ba"by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Babied (-bd); p. pr. & vb. n. Babying.] To treat like a young child; to keep dependent; to humor; to fondle. Young.

Ba"by farm` (&?;). A place where the nourishment and care of babies are offered for hire.

Ba"by farm`er (&?;). One who keeps a baby farm.

Ba"by farm`ing. The business of keeping a baby farm.

Ba"by*hood (&?;), n. The state or period of infancy.

Ba"by*house` (&?;), n. A place for children's dolls and dolls' furniture. Swift.

Ba"by*ish, a. Like a baby; childish; puerile; simple. -- Ba"by*ish*ly, adv. -- Ba"by*ish*ness, n.

Ba"by*ism (&?;), n. 1. The state of being a baby.

2. A babyish manner of acting or speaking.

Ba"by jump`er (&?;). A hoop suspended by an elastic strap, in which a young child may be held secure while amusing itself by jumping on the floor.

Bab`y*lo"ni*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the real or to the mystical Babylon, or to the ancient kingdom of Babylonia; Chaldean.

Bab`y*lo"ni*an, n. 1. An inhabitant of Babylonia (which included Chaldea); a Chaldean.

2. An astrologer; -- so called because the Chaldeans were remarkable for the study of astrology.

{ Bab`y*lon"ic (&?;), Bab`y*lon"ic*al (&?;), } a. 1. Pertaining to Babylon, or made there; as, Babylonic garments, carpets, or hangings.

2. Tumultuous; disorderly. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

Bab"y*lo`nish (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to, or made in, Babylon or Babylonia. "A Babylonish garment." Josh. vii. 21.

2. Pertaining to the Babylon of Revelation xiv. 8.

3. Pertaining to Rome and papal power. [Obs.]

> The . . . injurious nickname of Babylonish. Gage.

4. Confused; Babel-like.

{ ||Bab`y*rous"sa, ||Bab`y*rus"sa } (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Babiroussa.

Ba"by*ship (&?;), n. The quality of being a baby; the personality of an infant.

Bac (&?;), n. [F. See Back a vat.] 1. A broad, flat-bottomed ferryboat, usually worked by a rope.

2. A vat or cistern. See 1st Back.

Bac"ca*lau"re*ate (&?;), n. [NL. baccalaureatus, fr. LL. baccalaureus a bachelor of arts, fr. baccalarius, but as if fr. L. bacca lauri bayberry, from the practice of the bachelor's wearing a garland of bayberries. See Bachelor.] 1. The degree of bachelor of arts (B.A. or A.B.), the first or lowest academical degree conferred by universities and colleges.

2. A baccalaureate sermon. [U.S.]

Bac`ca*lau"re*ate, a. Pertaining to a bachelor of arts.

Baccalaureate sermon, in some American colleges, a sermon delivered as a farewell discourse to a graduating class.

{ ||Bac`ca*ra", Bac`ca*rat" } (&?;), n. [F.] A French game of cards, played by a banker and punters.

{ Bac*ca"re, Bac*ka"re } (&?;), interj. Stand back! give place! -- a cant word of the Elizabethan writers, probably in ridicule of some person who pretended to a knowledge of Latin which he did not possess.

> Baccare! you are marvelous forward.
> Shak.

Bac"cate (&?;), a. [L. baccatus, fr. L. bacca berry.] (Bot.) Pulpy throughout, like a berry; -- said of fruits. Gray.

Bac"ca*ted (&?;), a. 1. Having many berries.

2. Set or adorned with pearls. [Obs.]

Bac"cha*nal (bk"k*nal), a. [L. Bacchanalis. See Bacchanalia.] 1. Relating to Bacchus or his festival.

2. Engaged in drunken revels; drunken and riotous or noisy.

Bac"cha*nal (&?;), n. 1. A devotee of Bacchus; one who indulges in drunken revels; one who is noisy and riotous when intoxicated; a carouser. "Tipsy bacchanals." Shak.

2. pl. The festival of Bacchus; the bacchanalia.

3. Drunken revelry; an orgy.

4. A song or a dance in honor of Bacchus.

||Bac`cha*na"li*a (-n"l*), n. pl. [L. Bacchanal a place devoted to Bacchus; in the pl. Bacchanalia a feast of Bacchus, fr. Bacchus the god of wine, Gr. Ba`kchos.]

1. (Myth.) A feast or an orgy in honor of Bacchus.

2. Hence: A drunken feast; drunken revels; an orgy.

Bac`cha*na"li*an (-n"l*an; 106), a. Of or pertaining to the festival of Bacchus; relating to or given to reveling and drunkenness.

> Even bacchanalian madness has its charms.
> Cowper.

Bac`cha*na"li*an, n. A bacchanal; a drunken reveler.

Bac`cha*na"li*an*ism (&?;), n. The practice of bacchanalians; bacchanals; drunken revelry.

Bac"chant (&?;), n.; pl. E. Bacchants, L. Bacchantes. [L. bacchans, -antis, p. pr. of bacchari to celebrate the festival of Bacchus.] 1. A priest of Bacchus.

2. A bacchanal; a reveler. Croly.

Bac"chant, a. Bacchanalian; fond of drunken revelry; wine-loving; reveling; carousing. Byron.

Bac"chante (&?;), n.; L. pl. Bacchantes. 1. A priestess of Bacchus.

2. A female bacchanal.

Bac*chan"tic (&?;), a. Bacchanalian.

{ Bac"chic (&?;), Bac"chic*al (&?;) }, a. [L. Bacchicus, Gr. Bakchiko`s.] Of or relating to Bacchus; hence, jovial, or riotous, with intoxication.

||Bac*chi"us (&?;), n.; pl. Bacchii (&?;). [L. Bacchius pes, Gr. "o Bakchei^os (sc. poy`s foot).] (Pros.) A metrical foot composed of a short syllable and two long ones; according to some, two long and a short.

Bac"chus (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ba`kchos.] (Myth.) The god of wine, son of Jupiter and Semele.

Bac*cif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. baccifer; bacca berry + ferre to bear.] Producing berries. " Bacciferous trees." Ray.

Bac"ci*form (&?;), a. [L. bacca berry + -form.] Having the form of a berry.

Bac*civ"o*rous (&?;), a. [L. bacca berry + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Eating, or subsisting on, berries; as, baccivorous birds.

Bace (&?;), n., a., & v. See Base. [Obs.] Spenser.

{Bach"a*rach, Back"a*rack } (&?;), n. A kind of wine made at Bacharach on the Rhine.

Bach"e*lor (bch"*lr), n. [OF. bacheler young man, F. bachelier (cf. Pr. bacalar, Sp. bachiller, Pg. bacharel, It. baccalare), LL. baccalarius the tenant of a kind of farm called baccalaria, a soldier not old or rich enough to lead his retainers into battle with a banner, a person of an inferior academical degree aspiring to a doctorate. In the latter sense, it was afterward changed to baccalaureus. See Baccalaureate, n.] 1. A man of any age who has not been married.

> As merry and mellow an old bachelor as ever followed a hound.
> W. Irving.

2. An unmarried woman. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

<! p. 110 pr=SA !>

3. A person who has taken the first or lowest degree in the liberal arts, or in some branch of science, at a college or university; as, a bachelor of arts.

4. A knight who had no standard of his own, but fought under the standard of another in the field; often, a young knight.

5. In the companies of London tradesmen, one not yet admitted to wear the livery; a junior member. [Obs.]

6. (Zoöl.) A kind of bass, an edible fresh-water fish (Pomoxys annularis) of the southern United States.

Bach"e*lor*dom (bch"*lr*dm), n. The state of bachelorhood; the whole body of bachelors.

Bach"e*lor*hood (-hd), n. The state or condition of being a bachelor; bachelorship.

Bach"e*lor*ism (-z'm), n. Bachelorhood; also, a manner or peculiarity belonging to bachelors. W. Irving.

Bach"e*lor's but"ton (&?;), (Bot.) A plant with flowers shaped like buttons; especially, several species of Ranunculus, and the cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) and globe amaranth (Gomphrena).

Bachelor's buttons, a name given to several flowers "from their similitude to the jagged cloathe buttons, anciently worne in this kingdom," according to Johnson's Gerarde, p. 472 (1633); but by other writers ascribed to "a habit of country fellows to carry them in their pockets to divine their success with their sweethearts." Dr. Prior.

Bach"e*lor*ship, n. The state of being a bachelor.

Bach"el*ry (&?;), n. [OF. bachelerie.] The body of young aspirants for knighthood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ba*cil"lar (&?;), a. [L. bacillum little staff.] (Biol.) Shaped like a rod or staff.

||Bac"il*la`ri*æ (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr.L. bacillum, dim. of baculum stick.] (Biol.) See Diatom.

Bac"il*la*ry (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to little rods; rod-shaped.

Ba*cil"li*form (&?;), a. [L. bacillum little staff + -form.] Rod-shaped.

Ba*cil"lus (&?;), n.; pl. Bacilli (&?;). [NL., for L. bacillum. See Bacillarle.] (Biol.) A variety of bacterium; a microscopic, rod-shaped vegetable organism.

Back (bk), n. [F. bac: cf. Arm. bag, bak a bark, D. bak tray, bowl.] 1. A large shallow vat; a cistern, tub, or trough, used by brewers, distillers, dyers, picklers, gluemakers, and others, for mixing or cooling wort, holding water, hot glue, etc.

Hop back, Jack back, the cistern which receives the infusion of malt and hops from the copper. -- Wash back, a vat in which distillers ferment the wort to form wash. -- Water back, a cistern to hold a supply of water; esp. a small cistern at the back of a stove, or a group of pipes set in the fire box of a stove or furnace, through which water circulates and is heated.

2. A ferryboat. See Bac, 1.

Back (bk), n. [AS. bæc, bac; akin to Icel., Sw., & LG. bak, Dan. bag; cf. OHG. bahho ham, Skr. bhaj to turn, OSlav. bg flight. Cf. Bacon.] 1. In human beings, the hinder part of the body, extending from the neck to the end of the spine; in other animals, that part of the body which corresponds most nearly to such part of a human being; as, the back of a horse, fish, or lobster.

2. An extended upper part, as of a mountain or ridge.

> [The mountains] their broad bare backs upheave
> Into the clouds.
> Milton.

3. The outward or upper part of a thing, as opposed to the inner or lower part; as, the back of the hand, the back of the foot, the back of a hand rail.

> Methought Love pitying me, when he saw this,
> Gave me your hands, the backs and palms to kiss.
> Donne.

4. The part opposed to the front; the hinder or rear part of a thing; as, the back of a book; the back of an army; the back of a chimney.

5. The part opposite to, or most remote from, that which fronts the speaker or actor; or the part out of sight, or not generally seen; as, the back of an island, of a hill, or of a village.

6. The part of a cutting tool on the opposite side from its edge; as, the back of a knife, or of a saw.

7. A support or resource in reserve.

> This project
> Should have a back or second, that might hold,
> If this should blast in proof.
> Shak.

8. (Naut.) The keel and keelson of a ship.

9. (Mining) The upper part of a lode, or the roof of a horizontal underground passage.

10. A garment for the back; hence, clothing. [Obs.]

> A bak to walken inne by daylight.
> Chaucer.

Behind one's back, when one is absent; without one's knowledge; as, to ridicule a person behind his back. -- Full back, Half back, Quarter back (Football), players stationed behind those in the front line. -- To be or lie on one's back, to be helpless. -- To put, or get, one's back up, to assume an attitude of obstinate resistance (from the action of a cat when attacked). [Colloq.] -- To see the back of, to get rid of. -- To turn the back, to go away; to flee. -- To turn the back on one, to forsake or neglect him.

Back, a. 1. Being at the back or in the rear; distant; remote; as, the back door; back settlements.

2. Being in arrear; overdue; as, back rent.

3. Moving or operating backward; as, back action.

Back charges, charges brought forward after an account has been made up. -- Back filling (Arch.), the mass of materials used in filling up the space between two walls, or between the inner and outer faces of a wall, or upon the haunches of an arch or vault. -- Back pressure. (Steam Engine) See under Pressure. -- Back rest, a guide attached to the slide rest of a lathe, and placed in contact with the work, to steady it in turning. -- Back slang, a kind of slang in which every word is written or pronounced backwards; as, nam for man. -- Back stairs, stairs in the back part of a house; private stairs. Also used adjectively. See Back stairs, Backstairs, and Backstair, in the Vocabulary. -- Back step (Mil.), the retrograde movement of a man or body of men, without changing front. -- Back stream, a current running against the main current of a stream; an eddy. -- To take the back track, to retrace one's steps; to retreat. [Colloq.]

Back (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Backed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Backing.]

1. To get upon the back of; to mount.

> I will back him [a horse] straight.
> Shak.

2. To place or seat upon the back. [R.]

> Great Jupiter, upon his eagle backed,
> Appeared to me.
> Shak.

3. To drive or force backward; to cause to retreat or recede; as, to back oxen.

4. To make a back for; to furnish with a back; as, to back books.

5. To adjoin behind; to be at the back of.

> A garden . . . with a vineyard backed.
> Shak.

> The chalk cliffs which back the beach.
> Huxley.

6. To write upon the back of; as, to back a letter; to indorse; as, to back a note or legal document.

7. To support; to maintain; to second or strengthen by aid or influence; as, to back a friend. "The Parliament would be backed by the people." Macaulay.

> Have still found it necessary to back and fortify their laws with rewards and punishments.
> South.

> The mate backed the captain manfully.
> Blackw. Mag.

8. To bet on the success of; -- as, to back a race horse.

To back an anchor (Naut.), to lay down a small anchor ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being fastened to the crown of the large one. -- To back the field, in horse racing, to bet against a particular horse or horses, that some one of all the other horses, collectively designated "the field", will win. -- To back the oars, to row backward with the oars. -- To back a rope, to put on a preventer. -- To back the sails, to arrange them so as to cause the ship to move astern. -- To back up, to support; to sustain; as, to back up one's friends. -- To back a warrant (Law), is for a justice of the peace, in the county where the warrant is to be executed, to sign or indorse a warrant, issued in another county, to apprehend an offender. -- To back water (Naut.), to reverse the action of the oars, paddles, or propeller, so as to force the boat or ship backward.

Back, v. i. 1. To move or go backward; as, the horse refuses to back.

2. (Naut.) To change from one quarter to another by a course opposite to that of the sun; -- used of the wind.

3. (Sporting) To stand still behind another dog which has pointed; -- said of a dog. [Eng.]

To back and fill, to manage the sails of a ship so that the wind strikes them alternately in front and behind, in order to keep the ship in the middle of a river or channel while the current or tide carries the vessel against the wind. Hence: (Fig.) To take opposite positions alternately; to assert and deny. [Colloq.] -- To back out, To back down, to retreat or withdraw from a promise, engagement, or contest; to recede. [Colloq.]

> Cleon at first . . . was willing to go; but, finding that he [Nicias] was in earnest, he tried to back out.
> Jowett (Thucyd. )

Back, adv. [Shortened from aback.] 1. In, to, or toward, the rear; as, to stand back; to step back.

2. To the place from which one came; to the place or person from which something is taken or derived; as, to go back for something left behind; to go back to one's native place; to put a book back after reading it.

3. To a former state, condition, or station; as, to go back to private life; to go back to barbarism.

4. (Of time) In times past; ago. "Sixty or seventy years back." Gladstone.

5. Away from contact; by reverse movement.

> The angel of the Lord . . . came, and rolled back the stone from the door.
> Matt. xxviii. 2.

6. In concealment or reserve; in one's own possession; as, to keep back the truth; to keep back part of the money due to another.

7. In a state of restraint or hindrance.

> The Lord hath kept thee back from honor.
> Numb. xxiv. 11.

8. In return, repayment, or requital.

> What have I to give you back?
> Shak.

9. In withdrawal from a statement, promise, or undertaking; as, he took back the offensive words.

10. In arrear; as, to be back in one's rent. [Colloq.]

Back and forth, backwards and forwards; to and fro. -- To go back on, to turn back from; to abandon; to betray; as, to go back on a friend; to go back on one's professions. [Colloq.]

Back"a*rack (bk"*rk), n. See Bacharach.

Bac*ka"re (&?;), interj. Same as Baccare.

Back"band` (-bnd), n. [2d back, n. + band.] (Saddlery) The band which passes over the back of a horse and holds up the shafts of a carriage.

Back"bite`, v. t. [2d back, n. + bite.] To wound by clandestine detraction; to censure meanly or spitefully (an absent person); to slander or speak evil of (one absent). Spenser.

Back"bite`, v. i. To censure or revile the absent.

> They are arrant knaves, and will backbite.
> Shak.

Back"bit`er (&?;), n. One who backbites; a secret calumniator or detractor.

Back"bit`ing (&?;), n. Secret slander; detraction.

> Backbiting, and bearing of false witness.
> Piers Plowman.

Back"board` (&?;), n. [2d back, n. + board.]

1. A board which supports the back when one is sitting;

specifically, the board athwart the after part of a boat.

2. A board serving as the back part of anything, as of a wagon.

3. A thin stuff used for the backs of framed pictures, mirrors, etc.

4. A board attached to the rim of a water wheel to prevent the water from running off the floats or paddles into the interior of the wheel. W. Nicholson.

5. A board worn across the back to give erectness to the figure. Thackeray.

Back"bond` (-bnd`), n. [Back, adv. + bond.] (Scots Law) An instrument which, in conjunction with another making an absolute disposition, constitutes a trust.

Back"bone" (-bn`), n. [2d back, n. + bone.]

1. The column of bones in the back which sustains and gives firmness to the frame; the spine; the vertebral or spinal column.

2. Anything like, or serving the purpose of, a backbone.

> The lofty mountains on the north side compose the granitic axis, or backbone of the country.
> Darwin.

> We have now come to the backbone of our subject.
> Earle.

3. Firmness; moral principle; steadfastness.

> Shelley's thought never had any backbone.
> Shairp.

To the backbone, through and through; thoroughly; entirely. "Staunch to the backbone." Lord Lytton.

Back"boned" (&?;), a. Vertebrate.

Back"cast` (-kst`), n. [Back, adv. + cast.] Anything which brings misfortune upon one, or causes failure in an effort or enterprise; a reverse. [Scot.]

Back" door" (&?;). A door in the back part of a building; hence, an indirect way. Atterbury.

Back"door", a. Acting from behind and in concealment; backstairs; as, backdoor intrigues.

Back"down` (&?;), n. A receding or giving up; a complete surrender. [Colloq.]

Backed (bkt), a. Having a back; fitted with a back; as, a backed electrotype or stereotype plate. Used in composition; as, broad-backed; hump-backed.

Back"er (bk"r), n. One who, or that which, backs; especially one who backs a person or thing in a contest.

Back"fall` (-fl`), n. [2d back, n. + fall.] A fall or throw on the back in wrestling.

Back"friend` (&?;), n. [Back, n. or adv. + friend.] A secret enemy. [Obs.] South.

Back"gam`mon (&?;), n. [Origin unknown; perhaps fr. Dan. bakke tray + E. game; or very likely the first part is from E. back, adv., and the game is so called because the men are often set back.] A game of chance and skill, played by two persons on a "board" marked off into twenty-four spaces called "points". Each player has fifteen pieces, or "men", the movements of which from point to point are determined by throwing dice. Formerly called tables.

Backgammon board , a board for playing backgammon, often made in the form of two rectangular trays hinged together, each tray containing two "tables".

Back"gam`mon, v. t. In the game of backgammon, to beat by ending the game before the loser is clear of his first "table".

Back"ground` (&?;), n. [Back, a. + ground.]

1. Ground in the rear or behind, or in the distance, as opposed to the foreground, or the ground in front.

2. (Paint.) The space which is behind and subordinate to a portrait or group of figures.

The distance in a picture is usually divided into foreground, middle distance, and background. Fairholt.

3. Anything behind, serving as a foil; as, the statue had a background of red hangings.

4. A place in obscurity or retirement, or out of sight.

> I fancy there was a background of grinding and waiting before Miss Torry could produce this highly finished . . . performance.
> Mrs. Alexander.

> A husband somewhere in the background.
> Thackeray.

To place in the background, to make of little consequence.

Back"hand` (&?;), n. [Back, adv. + hand.] A kind of handwriting in which the downward slope of the letters is from left to right.

Back"hand`, a. 1. Sloping from left to right; -- said of handwriting.

2. Backhanded; indirect; oblique. [R.]

Back"hand`ed, a. 1. With the hand turned backward; as, a backhanded blow.

2. Indirect; awkward; insincere; sarcastic; as, a backhanded compliment.

3. Turned back, or inclining to the left; as, backhanded letters.

Back"hand`ed*ness, n. State of being backhanded; the using of backhanded or indirect methods.

Back"hand`er (&?;), n. A backhanded blow.

Back"house` (&?;), n. [Back, a. + house.] A building behind the main building. Specifically: A privy; a necessary.

Back"ing, n. 1. The act of moving backward, or of putting or moving anything backward.

2. That which is behind, and forms the back of, anything, usually giving strength or stability.

3. Support or aid given to a person or cause.

4. (Bookbinding) The preparation of the back of a book with glue, etc., before putting on the cover.

Back"joint` (&?;), n. [Back, a. or adv. + joint.] (Arch.) A rebate or chase in masonry left to receive a permanent slab or other filling.

Back"lash` (-lsh`), n. [Back, adv. + lash.] (Mech.) The distance through which one part of connected machinery, as a wheel, piston, or screw, can be moved without moving the connected parts, resulting from looseness in fitting or from wear; also, the jarring or reflex motion caused in badly fitting machinery by irregularities in velocity or a reverse of motion.

Back"less, a. Without a back.

Back"log` (-lg`; 115), n. [Back, a. + log.] A large stick of wood, forming the back of a fire on the hearth. [U.S.]

> There was first a backlog, from fifteen to four and twenty inches in diameter and five feet long, imbedded in the ashes.
> S. G. Goodrich.

{ Back"piece` (&?;), Back"plate` (&?;), } n. [Back, n. or a. + piece, plate.] A piece, or plate, which forms the back of anything, or which covers the back; armor for the back.

<! p. 111 pr=SA !>

{ Back"rack (bk"rk), Back"rag (bk"rg), } n. See Bacharach.

Backs (bks), n. pl. Among leather dealers, the thickest and stoutest tanned hides.

Back"saw` (bk"s`), n. [2d back, n. + saw.] A saw (as a tenon saw) whose blade is stiffened by an added metallic back.

Back"set` (-st`), n. [Back, adv. + set.] 1. A check; a relapse; a discouragement; a setback.

2. Whatever is thrown back in its course, as water.

> Slackwater, or the backset caused by the overflow.
> Harper's Mag.

Back"set`, v. t. To plow again, in the fall; -- said of prairie land broken up in the spring. [Western U.S.]

Back"set"tler (-st"lr), n. [Back, a. + settler.] One living in the back or outlying districts of a community.

> The English backsettlers of Leinster and Munster.
> Macaulay.

{ ||Back"sheesh`, ||Back"shish` } (&?;), n. [Pers. bakhshsh, fr. bakhshdan to give.] In Egypt and the Turkish empire, a gratuity; a "tip".

Back"side` (-sd`), n. [Back, a. + side.] The hinder part, posteriors, or rump of a person or animal.

Backside (one word) was formerly used of the rear part or side of any thing or place, but in such senses is now two words.

Back"sight` (-st`), n. [Back, adv. + sight.] (Surv.) The reading of the leveling staff in its unchanged position when the leveling instrument has been taken to a new position; a sight directed backwards to a station previously occupied. Cf. Foresight, n., 3.

Back"slide" (-sld"; 277), v. i. [imp. Backslid (&?;); p. p. Backslidden (&?;), Backslid; p. pr. & vb. n. Backsliding.] [Back, adv. + slide.] To slide back; to fall away; esp. to abandon gradually the faith and practice of a religion that has been professed.

Back"slid"er (&?;), n. One who backslides.

Back"slid"ing, a. Slipping back; falling back into sin or error; sinning.

> Turn, O backsliding children, saith the Lord.
> Jer. iii. 14.

Back"slid"ing, n. The act of one who backslides; abandonment of faith or duty.

> Our backslidings are many.
> Jer. xiv. 7.

Back"staff` (&?;), n. An instrument formerly used for taking the altitude of the heavenly bodies, but now superseded by the quadrant and sextant; -- so called because the observer turned his back to the body observed.

Back" stairs` (-stârz`) n.. Stairs in the back part of a house, as distinguished from the front stairs; hence, a private or indirect way.

{ Back"stairs`, Back"stair` }, a. Private; indirect; secret; intriguing; -- as if finding access by the back stairs.

> A backstairs influence.
> Burke.

> Female caprice and backstair influence.
> Trevelyan.

Back"stay` (-st`), n. [Back, a. or n. + stay.] 1. (Naut.) A rope or stay extending from the masthead to the side of a ship, slanting a little aft, to assist the shrouds in supporting the mast. [Often used in the plural.]

2. A rope or strap used to prevent excessive forward motion.

Back"ster (&?;), n. [See Baxter.] A baker. [Obs.]

Back"stitch` (&?;), n. [Back, adv. + stitch.] A stitch made by setting the needle back of the end of the last stitch, and bringing it out in front of the end.

Back"stitch`, v. t. To sew with backstitches; as, to backstitch a seam.

Back"stress (&?;), n. A female baker. [Obs.]

Back"sword` (&?;), n. [2d back, n. + sword.] 1. A sword with one sharp edge.

2. In England, a stick with a basket handle, used in rustic amusements; also, the game in which the stick is used. Also called singlestick. Halliwell.

{ Back"ward (&?;), Back"wards (&?;), } adv. [Back, adv. + -ward.] 1. With the back in advance or foremost; as, to ride backward.

2. Toward the back; toward the rear; as, to throw the arms backward.

3. On the back, or with the back downward.

> Thou wilt fall backward.
> Shak.

4. Toward, or in, past time or events; ago.

> Some reigns backward.
> Locke.

5. By way of reflection; reflexively. Sir J. Davies.

6. From a better to a worse state, as from honor to shame, from religion to sin.

> The work went backward.
> Dryden.

7. In a contrary or reverse manner, way, or direction; contrarily; as, to read backwards.

> We might have . . . beat them backward home.
> Shak.

Back"ward, a. 1. Directed to the back or rear; as, backward glances.

2. Unwilling; averse; reluctant; hesitating; loath.

> For wiser brutes were backward to be slaves.
> Pope.

3. Not well advanced in learning; not quick of apprehension; dull; inapt; as, a backward child. "The backward learner." South.

4. Late or behindhand; as, a backward season.

5. Not advanced in civilization; undeveloped; as, the country or region is in a backward state.

6. Already past or gone; bygone. [R.]

> And flies unconscious o'er each backward year.
> Byron.

Back"ward, n. The state behind or past. [Obs.]

> In the dark backward and abysm of time.
> Shak.

Back"ward, v. t. To keep back; to hinder. [Obs.]

Back`war*da"tion (&?;), n. [Backward, v. t. + -ation.] (Stock Exchange) The seller's postponement of delivery of stock or shares, with the consent of the buyer, upon payment of a premium to the latter; -- also, the premium so paid. See Contango. Biddle.

Back"ward*ly (&?;), adv. 1. Reluctantly; slowly; aversely. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

2. Perversely; ill. [Obs.]

> And does he think so backwardly of me?
> Shak.

Back"ward*ness, n. The state of being backward.

Back"wash` (&?;), v. t. To clean the oil from (wool) after combing. Ash.

Back"wa`ter (&?;), n. [Back, a. or adv. + -water.] 1. Water turned back in its course by an obstruction, an opposing current, or the flow of the tide, as in a sewer or river channel, or across a river bar.

2. An accumulation of water overflowing the low lands, caused by an obstruction.

3. Water thrown back by the turning of a waterwheel, or by the paddle wheels of a steamer.

Back"woods" (&?;), n. pl. [Back, a. + woods.] The forests or partly cleared grounds on the frontiers.

Back"woods"man (&?;), n.; pl. Backwoodsmen (&?;). A man living in the forest in or beyond the new settlements, especially on the western frontiers of the older portions of the United States. Fisher Ames.

Back"worm` (&?;), n. [2d back, n. + worm.] A disease of hawks. See Filanders. Wright.

Ba"con (&?;), n. [OF. bacon, fr. OHG. bacho, bahho, flitch of bacon, ham; akin to E. back. Cf. Back the back side.] The back and sides of a pig salted and smoked; formerly, the flesh of a pig salted or fresh.

Bacon beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle (Dermestes lardarius) which, especially in the larval state, feeds upon bacon, woolens, furs, etc. See Dermestes. -- To save one's bacon, to save one's self or property from harm or loss. [Colloq.]

Ba*co"ni*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to his system of philosophy.

Baconian method, the inductive method. See Induction.

Bac*te"ri*a (&?;), n. pl. See Bacterium.

Bac*te"ri*al (&?;), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to bacteria.

Bac*te"ri*ci`dal (&?;), a. Destructive of bacteria.

Bac*te"ri*cide (bk*t"r*sd), n. [Bacterium + L. caedere to kill] (Biol.) Same as Germicide.

Bac*te"ri*o*log`ic*al (bk*t`r**lj"*kal), a. Of or pertaining to bacteriology; as, bacteriological studies.

Bac*te"ri*ol`o*gist, n. One skilled in bacteriology.

Bac*te"ri*ol`o*gy (&?;), n. [Bacterium + -logy.] (Biol.) The science relating to bacteria.

Bac*te`ri*o*scop"ic (&?;), a. (Biol.) Relating to bacterioscopy; as, a bacterioscopic examination.

Bac*te`ri*os"co*pist (&?;), n. (Biol.) One skilled in bacterioscopic examinations.

Bac*te`ri*os"co*py (-s"k*p), n. [Bacterium + -scopy.] (Biol.) The application of a knowledge of bacteria for their detection and identification, as in the examination of polluted water.

Bac*te"ri*um (&?;), n.; pl. Bacteria (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. bakth`rion, bak`tron, a staff: cf. F. bactérie.] (Biol.) A microscopic vegetable organism, belonging to the class Algæ, usually in the form of a jointed rodlike filament, and found in putrefying organic infusions. Bacteria are destitute of chlorophyll, and are the smallest of microscopic organisms. They are very widely diffused in nature, and multiply with marvelous rapidity, both by fission and by spores. Certain species are active agents in fermentation, while others appear to be the cause of certain infectious diseases. See Bacillus.

{ Bac"te*roid (&?;), Bac`te*roid"al (&?;), } a. [Bacterium + -oid.] (Biol.) Resembling bacteria; as, bacteroid particles.

Bac"tri*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Bactria in Asia. -- n. A native of Bactria.

Bactrian camel, the two-humped camel.

Bac"ule (&?;), n. [F.] (Fort.) See Bascule.

Bac"u*line (&?;), a. [L. baculum staff.] Of or pertaining to the rod or punishment with the rod.

Bac"u*lite (&?;), n. [L. baculum stick, staff; cf. F. baculite.] (Paleon.) A cephalopod of the extinct genus Baculites, found fossil in the Cretaceous rocks. It is like an uncoiled ammonite.

Bac`u*lom"e*try (&?;), n. [L. baculum staff + -metry.] Measurement of distance or altitude by a staff or staffs.

Bad (bd), imp. of Bid. Bade. [Obs.] Dryden.

Bad (bd), a. [Compar. Worse (wûs); superl. Worst (wûst).] [Probably fr. AS. bæddel hermaphrodite; cf. bædling effeminate fellow.] Wanting good qualities, whether physical or moral; injurious, hurtful, inconvenient, offensive, painful, unfavorable, or defective, either physically or morally; evil; vicious; wicked; -- the opposite of good; as, a bad man; bad conduct; bad habits; bad soil; bad air; bad health; a bad crop; bad news.

Sometimes used substantively.

> The strong antipathy of good to bad.
> Pope.

Syn. -- Pernicious; deleterious; noxious; baneful; injurious; hurtful; evil; vile; wretched; corrupt; wicked; vicious; imperfect.

Bad"der (&?;), compar. of Bad, a. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bad"der*locks (&?;), n. [Perh. for Balderlocks, fr. Balder the Scandinavian deity.] (Bot.) A large black seaweed (Alaria esculenta) sometimes eaten in Europe; -- also called murlins, honeyware, and henware.

Bad"dish, a. Somewhat bad; inferior. Jeffrey.

Bade (bd). A form of the past tense of Bid.

Badge (&?;), n. [LL. bagea, bagia, sign, prob. of German origin; cf. AS. beág, beáh, bracelet, collar, crown, OS. bg- in comp., AS. bgan to bow, bend, G. biegen. See Bow to bend.] 1. A distinctive mark, token, sign, or cognizance, worn on the person; as, the badge of a society; the badge of a policeman. "Tax gatherers, recognized by their official badges." Prescott.

2. Something characteristic; a mark; a token.

> Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge.
> Shak.

3. (Naut.) A carved ornament on the stern of a vessel, containing a window or the representation of one.

Badge (&?;), v. t. To mark or distinguish with a badge.

Badge"less, a. Having no badge. Bp. Hall.

Badg"er (&?;), n. [Of uncertain origin; perh. fr. an old verb badge to lay up provisions to sell again.] An itinerant licensed dealer in commodities used for food; a hawker; a huckster; -- formerly applied especially to one who bought grain in one place and sold it in another. [Now dialectic, Eng.]

Badg"er, n. [OE. bageard, prob. fr. badge + -ard, in reference to the white mark on its forehead. See Badge, n.] 1. A carnivorous quadruped of the genus Meles or of an allied genus. It is a burrowing animal, with short, thick legs, and long claws on the fore feet. One species (M. vulgaris), called also brock, inhabits the north of Europe and Asia; another species (Taxidea Americana or Labradorica) inhabits the northern parts of North America. See Teledu.

2. A brush made of badgers' hair, used by artists.

Badger dog. (Zoöl.) See Dachshund.

Badg"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Badgered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Badgering.] [For sense 1, see 2d Badger; for 2, see 1st Badger.] 1. To tease or annoy, as a badger when baited; to worry or irritate persistently.

2. To beat down; to cheapen; to barter; to bargain.

Badg"er*er (&?;), n. 1. One who badgers.

2. A kind of dog used in badger baiting.

Badg"er*ing, n. 1. The act of one who badgers.

2. The practice of buying wheat and other kinds of food in one place and selling them in another for a profit. [Prov. Eng.]

Badg"er-legged` (&?;), a. Having legs of unequal length, as the badger was thought to have. Shak.

||Bad`i*a"ga (bd`"g or bd*yä"g), n. [Russ. badiaga.] (Zoöl.) A fresh-water sponge (Spongilla), common in the north of Europe, the powder of which is used to take away the livid marks of bruises.

||Ba"di*an (&?;), n. [F. badiane, fr. Per. bdin anise.] (Bot.) An evergreen Chinese shrub of the Magnolia family (Illicium anisatum), and its aromatic seeds; Chinese anise; star anise.

Ba*di"geon (b*dj"n), n. [F.] A cement or paste (as of plaster and freestone, or of sawdust and glue or lime) used by sculptors, builders, and workers in wood or stone, to fill holes, cover defects, or finish a surface.

||Ba`di`nage" (&?;), n. [F., fr. badiner to joke, OF. to trifle, be silly, fr. badin silly.] Playful raillery; banter. "He . . . indulged himself only in an elegant badinage." Warburton.

Bad" lands" (&?;). Barren regions, especially in the western United States, where horizontal strata (Tertiary deposits) have been often eroded into fantastic forms, and much intersected by cañons, and where lack of wood, water, and forage increases the difficulty of traversing the country, whence the name, first given by the Canadian French, Mauvaises Terres (bad lands).

Bad"ly, adv. In a bad manner; poorly; not well; unskillfully; imperfectly; unfortunately; grievously; so as to cause harm; disagreeably; seriously.

Badly is often used colloquially for very much or very greatly, with words signifying to want or need.

Bad"min*ton (&?;), n. [From the name of the seat of the Duke of Beaufort in England.] 1. A game, similar to lawn tennis, played with shuttlecocks.

2. A preparation of claret, spiced and sweetened.

Bad"ness, n. The state of being bad.

||Bæ"no*mere (&?;), n. [Gr. bai`nein to walk + -mere.] (Zoöl.) One of the somites (arthromeres) that make up the thorax of Arthropods. Packard.

Bæ"no*pod (&?;), n. [Gr. bai`nein to walk + -pod.] (Zoöl.) One of the thoracic legs of Arthropods.

||Bæ"no*some (&?;), n. [Gr. bai`nein to walk + -some body.] (Zoöl.) The thorax of Arthropods. Packard.

Baff (bf), n. A blow; a stroke. [Scot.] H. Miller.

Baf"fle (bf"f'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baffled (-f'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Baffling (-flng).] [Cf. Lowland Scotch bauchle to treat contemptuously, bauch tasteless, abashed, jaded, Icel. bgr uneasy, poor, or bgr, n., struggle, bægja to push, treat harshly, OF. beffler, beffer, to mock, deceive, dial. G. bäppe mouth, beffen to bark, chide.]

1. To cause to undergo a disgraceful punishment, as a recreant knight. [Obs.]

> He by the heels him hung upon a tree,
> And baffled so, that all which passed by
> The picture of his punishment might see.
> Spenser.

2. To check by shifts and turns; to elude; to foil.

> The art that baffles time's tyrannic claim.
> Cowper.

3. To check by perplexing; to disconcert, frustrate, or defeat; to thwart. "A baffled purpose." De Quincey.

> A suitable scripture ready to repel and baffle them all.
> South.

> Calculations so difficult as to have baffled, until within a . . . recent period, the most enlightened nations.
> Prescott.

> The mere intricacy of a question should not baffle us.
> Locke.

Baffling wind (Naut.), one that frequently shifts from one point to another.

Syn. -- To balk; thwart; foil; frustrate; defeat.

Baf"fle, v. i. 1. To practice deceit. [Obs.] Barrow.

2. To struggle against in vain; as, a ship baffles with the winds. [R.]

Baf"fle, n. A defeat by artifice, shifts, and turns; discomfiture. [R.] "A baffle to philosophy." South.

Baf"fle*ment (bf"f'l*ment), n. The process or act of baffling, or of being baffled; frustration; check.

Baf"fler (bf"flr), n. One who, or that which, baffles.

<! p. 112 pr=SA !>

Baf"fling (bf"flng), a. Frustrating; discomfiting; disconcerting; as, baffling currents, winds, tasks. -- Baff"ling*ly, adv. -- Baff"ling*ness, n.

Baft (bft). n. Same as Bafta.

Baf"ta (bf"t), n. [Cf. Per. baft woven, wrought.] A coarse stuff, usually of cotton, originally made in India. Also, an imitation of this fabric made for export.

Bag (bg), n. [OE. bagge; cf. Icel. baggi, and also OF. bague, bundle, LL. baga.] 1. A sack or pouch, used for holding anything; as, a bag of meal or of money.

2. A sac, or dependent gland, in animal bodies, containing some fluid or other substance; as, the bag of poison in the mouth of some serpents; the bag of a cow.

3. A sort of silken purse formerly tied about men's hair behind, by way of ornament. [Obs.]

4. The quantity of game bagged.

5. (Com.) A certain quantity of a commodity, such as it is customary to carry to market in a sack; as, a bag of pepper or hops; a bag of coffee.

Bag and baggage, all that belongs to one. -- To give one the bag, to disappoint him. [Obs.] Bunyan.

Bag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bagged (bgd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bagging] 1. To put into a bag; as, to bag hops.

2. To seize, capture, or entrap; as, to bag an army; to bag game.

3. To furnish or load with a bag or with a well filled bag.

> A bee bagged with his honeyed venom.
> Dryden.

Bag, v. i. 1. To swell or hang down like a full bag; as, the skin bags from containing morbid matter.

2. To swell with arrogance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. To become pregnant. [Obs.] Warner. (Alb. Eng.).

||Ba*gasse" (&?;), n. [F.] Sugar cane, as it comes crushed from the mill. It is then dried and used as fuel. Also extended to the refuse of beetroot sugar.

||Bag`a*telle" (bg`*tl"), n. [F., fr. It. bagatella; cf. Prov. It. bagata trifle, OF. bague, Pr. bagua, bundle. See Bag, n.] 1. A trifle; a thing of no importance.

> Rich trifles, serious bagatelles.
> Prior.

2. A game played on an oblong board, having, at one end, cups or arches into or through which balls are to be driven by a rod held in the hand of the player.

Bag"gage (bg"gj), n. [F. bagage, from OF. bague bundle. In senses 6 and 7 cf. F. bagasse a prostitute. See Bag, n.] 1. The clothes, tents, utensils, and provisions of an army.

"The term itself is made to apply chiefly to articles of clothing and to small personal effects." Farrow.

2. The trunks, valises, satchels, etc., which a traveler carries with him on a journey; luggage.

> The baronet's baggage on the roof of the coach.
> Thackeray.

> We saw our baggage following below.
> Johnson.

The English usually call this luggage.

3. Purulent matter. [Obs.] Barrough.

4. Trashy talk. [Obs.] Ascham.

5. A man of bad character. [Obs.] Holland.

6. A woman of loose morals; a prostitute.

> A disreputable, daring, laughing, painted French baggage.
> Thackeray.

7. A romping, saucy girl. [Playful] Goldsmith.

Bag"gage mas`ter (&?;). One who has charge of the baggage at a railway station or upon a line of public travel. [U.S.]

Bag"ga*ger (&?;), n. One who takes care of baggage; a camp follower. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

||Bag"ga*la (&?;), n. [Ar. "fem. of baghl a mule." Balfour.] (Naut.) A two-masted Arab or Indian trading vessel, used in the Indian Ocean.

Bag"gi*ly (&?;), adv. In a loose, baggy way.

Bag"ging, n. 1. Cloth or other material for bags.

2. The act of putting anything into, or as into, a bag.

3. The act of swelling; swelling.

Bag"ging, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Reaping peas, beans, wheat, etc., with a chopping stroke. [Eng.]

Bag"gy (&?;), a. Resembling a bag; loose or puffed out, or pendent, like a bag; flabby; as, baggy trousers; baggy cheeks.

Bag"man (&?;), n.; pl. Bagmen (&?;). A commercial traveler; one employed to solicit orders for manufacturers and tradesmen. Thackeray.

Bag" net` (nt`). A bag-shaped net for catching fish.

Bagn"io (&?;), n. [It. bagno, fr. L. balneum. Cf. Bain.] 1. A house for bathing, sweating, etc.; -- also, in Turkey, a prison for slaves. [Obs.]

2. A brothel; a stew; a house of prostitution.

Bag"pipe (&?;), n. A musical wind instrument, now used chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland.

It consists of a leather bag, which receives the air by a tube that is stopped by a valve; and three sounding pipes, into which the air is pressed by the performer. Two of these pipes produce fixed tones, namely, the bass, or key tone, and its fifth, and form together what is called the drone; the third, or chanter, gives the melody.

Bag"pipe, v. t. To make to look like a bagpipe.

To bagpipe the mizzen (Naut.), to lay it aback by bringing the sheet to the mizzen rigging. Totten.

Bag"pip`er (&?;), n. One who plays on a bagpipe; a piper. Shak.

Bag"reef` (&?;), n. [Bag + reef.] (Naut.) The lower reef of fore and aft sails; also, the upper reef of topsails. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

||Bague (&?;), n. [F., a ring] (Arch.) The annular molding or group of moldings dividing a long shaft or clustered column into two or more parts.

{ Ba*guet", Ba*guette" } (&?;), n. [F. baguette, prop. a rod&?; It. bacchetta, fr. L. baculum, baculu&?; stick, staff.] 1. (Arch.) A small molding, like the astragal, but smaller; a bead.

2. (Zoöl) One of the minute bodies seen in the divided nucleoli of some Infusoria after conjugation.

Bag"wig" (&?;), n. A wig, in use in the 18th century, with the hair at the back of the head in a bag.

Bag"worm` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of several lepidopterous insects which construct, in the larval state, a baglike case which they carry about for protection. One species (Platœceticus Gloveri) feeds on the orange tree. See Basket worm.

Bah (&?;), interj. An exclamation expressive of extreme contempt.

> Twenty-five years ago the vile ejaculation, Bah! was utterly unknown to the English public.
> De Quincey.

||Ba*har" (&?;), n. [Ar. bahr, from bahara to charge with a load.] A weight used in certain parts of the East Indies, varying considerably in different localities, the range being from 223 to 625 pounds.

Baigne (bn), v. t. [F. baigner to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] To soak or drench. [Obs.] Carew.

Bail (bl), n. [F. baille a bucket, pail; cf. LL. bacula, dim. of bacca a sort of vessel. Cf. Bac.] A bucket or scoop used in bailing water out of a boat. [Obs.]

> The bail of a canoe . . . made of a human skull.
> Capt. Cook.

Bail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bailed (bld); p. pr. & vb. n. Bailing.] 1. To lade; to dip and throw; -- usually with out; as, to bail water out of a boat.

> Buckets . . . to bail out the water.
> Capt. J. Smith.

2. To dip or lade water from; -- often with out to express completeness; as, to bail a boat.

> By the help of a small bucket and our hats we bailed her out.
> R. H. Dana, Jr.

Bail, v. t. [OF. bailler to give, to deliver, fr. L. bajulare to bear a burden, keep in custody, fr. bajulus he who bears burdens.] 1. To deliver; to release. [Obs.]

> Ne none there was to rescue her, ne none to bail.
> Spenser.

2. (Law) (a) To set free, or deliver from arrest, or out of custody, on the undertaking of some other person or persons that he or they will be responsible for the appearance, at a certain day and place, of the person bailed.

The word is applied to the magistrate or the surety. The magistrate bails (but admits to bail is commoner) a man when he liberates him from arrest or imprisonment upon bond given with sureties. The surety bails a person when he procures his release from arrest by giving bond for his appearance. Blackstone.

(b) To deliver, as goods in trust, for some special object or purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed on the part of the bailee, or person intrusted; as, to bail cloth to a tailor to be made into a garment; to bail goods to a carrier. Blackstone. Kent.

Bail, n. [OF. bail guardian, administrator, fr. L. bajulus. See Bail to deliver.] 1. Custody; keeping. [Obs.]

> Silly Faunus now within their bail.
> Spenser.

2. (Law) (a) The person or persons who procure the release of a prisoner from the custody of the officer, or from imprisonment, by becoming surety for his appearance in court.

> The bail must be real, substantial bondsmen.
> Blackstone.

> A. and B. were bail to the arrest in a suit at law.
> Kent.

(b) The security given for the appearance of a prisoner in order to obtain his release from custody of the officer; as, the man is out on bail; to go bail for any one.

> Excessive bail ought not to be required.
> Blackstone.

Bail, n. [OE. beyl; cf. Dan. böile a bending, ring, hoop, Sw. bögel, bygel, and Icel. beyla hump, swelling, akin to E. bow to bend.] 1. The arched handle of a kettle, pail, or similar vessel, usually movable. Forby.

2. A half hoop for supporting the cover of a carrier's wagon, awning of a boat, etc.

Bail, n. [OF. bail, baille. See Bailey.] 1. (Usually pl.) A line of palisades serving as an exterior defense. [Written also bayle.] [Obs.]

2. The outer wall of a feudal castle. Hence: The space inclosed by it; the outer court. Holinshed.

3. A certain limit within a forest. [Eng.]

4. A division for the stalls of an open stable.

5. (Cricket) The top or cross piece (or either of the two cross pieces) of the wicket.

Bail"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Having the right or privilege of being admitted to bail, upon bond with sureties; -- used of persons. "He's bailable, I'm sure." Ford.

2. Admitting of bail; as, a bailable offense.

3. That can be delivered in trust; as, bailable goods.

Bail" bond` (bnd`). (Law) (a) A bond or obligation given by a prisoner and his surety, to insure the prisoner's appearance in court, at the return of the writ. (b) Special bail in court to abide the judgment. Bouvier.

Bail`ee" (bl`"), n. [OF. baillé, p. p. of bailler. See Bail to deliver.] (Law) The person to whom goods are committed in trust, and who has a temporary possession and a qualified property in them, for the purposes of the trust. Blackstone.

In penal statutes the word includes those who receive goods for another in good faith. Wharton.

Bail"er (&?;), n. (Law) See Bailor.

Bail"er, n. 1. One who bails or lades.

2. A utensil, as a bucket or cup, used in bailing; a machine for bailing water out of a pit.

Bai"ley (&?;), n. [The same word as bail line of palisades; cf. LL. ballium bailey, OF. bail, baille, a palisade, baillier to inclose, shut.] 1. The outer wall of a feudal castle. [Obs.]

2. The space immediately within the outer wall of a castle or fortress. [Obs.]

3. A prison or court of justice; -- used in certain proper names; as, the Old Bailey in London; the New Bailey in Manchester. [Eng.] Oxf. Gloss.

Bail"ie (&?;), n. [See Bailiff.] An officer in Scotland, whose office formerly corresponded to that of sheriff, but now corresponds to that of an English alderman.

Bail"iff (&?;), n. [OF. baillif, F. bailli, custodian, magistrate, fr. L. bajulus porter. See Bail to deliver.]

1. Originally, a person put in charge of something; especially, a chief officer, magistrate, or keeper, as of a county, town, hundred, or castle; one to whom powers of custody or care are intrusted. Abbott.

> Lausanne is under the canton of Berne, governed by a bailiff sent every three years from the senate.
> Addison.

2. (Eng. Law) A sheriff's deputy, appointed to make arrests, collect fines, summon juries, etc.

In American law the term bailiff is seldom used except sometimes to signify a sheriff's officer or constable, or a party liable to account to another for the rent and profits of real estate. Burrill.

3. An overseer or under steward of an estate, who directs husbandry operations, collects rents, etc. [Eng.]

Bail"iff*wick (&?;), n. See Bailiwick. [Obs.]

Bail"i*wick (&?;), n. [Bailie, bailiff + wick a village.] (Law) The precincts within which a bailiff has jurisdiction; the limits of a bailiff's authority.

Bail"lie (&?;), n. 1. Bailiff. [Obs.]

2. Same as Bailie. [Scot.]

Bail"ment (&?;), n. 1. (Law) The action of bailing a person accused.

> Bailment . . . is the saving or delivery of a man out of prison before he hath satisfied the law.
> Dalton.

2. (Law) A delivery of goods or money by one person to another in trust, for some special purpose, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed. Blackstone.

In a general sense it is sometimes used as comprehending all duties in respect to property. Story.

Bail`or" (&?;), n. (Law) One who delivers goods or money to another in trust.

Bail"piece` (&?;), n. (Law) A piece of parchment, or paper, containing a recognizance or bail bond.

Bain (bn; as F., bN), n. [F. bain, fr. L. balneum. Cf. Bagnio.] A bath; a bagnio. [Obs.] Holland.

||Bain`-ma`rie" (&?;), n. [F.] A vessel for holding hot water in which another vessel may be heated without scorching its contents; -- used for warming or preparing food or pharmaceutical preparations.

||Bai"ram (&?;), n. [Turk. baïrm.] The name of two Mohammedan festivals, of which one is held at the close of the fast called Ramadan, and the other seventy days after the fast.

Bairn (bârn), n. [Scot. bairn, AS. bearn, fr. beran to bear; akin to Icel., OS., & Goth. barn. See Bear to support.] A child. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

> Has he not well provided for the bairn?
> Beau. & Fl.

Baise"mains` (&?;), n. pl. [F., fr. baiser to kiss + mains hands.] Respects; compliments. [Obs.]

Bait (bt), n. [Icel. beita food, beit pasture, akin to AS. bt food, Sw. bete. See Bait, v. t.] 1. Any substance, esp. food, used in catching fish, or other animals, by alluring them to a hook, snare, inclosure, or net.

2. Anything which allures; a lure; enticement; temptation. Fairfax.

3. A portion of food or drink, as a refreshment taken on a journey; also, a stop for rest and refreshment.

4. A light or hasty luncheon.

Bait bug (Zoöl.), a crustacean of the genus Hippa found burrowing in sandy beaches. See Anomura.

Bait, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baited; p. pr. & vb. n. Baiting.] [OE. baiten, beitn, to feed, harass, fr. Icel. beita, orig., to cause to bite, fr. bta. √87. See Bite.]

1. To provoke and harass; esp., to harass or torment for sport; as, to bait a bear with dogs; to bait a bull.

2. To give a portion of food and drink to, upon the road; as, to bait horses. Holland.

3. To furnish or cover with bait, as a trap or hook.

> A crooked pin . . . baited with a vile earthworm.
> W. Irving.

Bait, v. i. To stop to take a portion of food and drink for refreshment of one's self or one's beasts, on a journey.

> Evil news rides post, while good news baits.
> Milton.

> My lord's coach conveyed me to Bury, and thence baiting at Newmarket.
> Evelyn.

Bait, v. i. [F. battre de l'aile (or des ailes), to flap or flutter. See Batter, v. t.] To flap the wings; to flutter as if to fly; or to hover, as a hawk when she stoops to her prey. "Kites that bait and beat." Shak.

Bait"er (&?;), n. One who baits; a tormentor.

Baize (bz), n. [For bayes, pl. fr. OF. baie; cf. F. bai bay-colored. See Bay a color.] A coarse woolen stuff with a long nap; -- usually dyed in plain colors.

> A new black baize waistcoat lined with silk.
> Pepys.

||Ba*joc"co (&?;), n. [It., fr. bajo brown, bay, from its color.] A small copper coin formerly current in the Roman States, worth about a cent and a half.

Bake (bk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baked (bkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Baking.] [AS. bacan; akin to D. bakken, OHG. bacchan, G. backen, Icel. & Sw. baka, Dan. bage, Gr. fw`gein to roast.] 1. To prepare, as food, by cooking in a dry heat, either in an oven or under coals, or on heated stone or metal; as, to bake bread, meat, apples.

Baking is the term usually applied to that method of cooking which exhausts the moisture in food more than roasting or broiling; but the distinction of meaning between roasting and baking is not always observed.

2. To dry or harden (anything) by subjecting to heat, as, to bake bricks; the sun bakes the ground.

3. To harden by cold.

> The earth . . . is baked with frost.
> Shak.

> They bake their sides upon the cold, hard stone.
> Spenser.

Bake, v. i. 1. To do the work of baking something; as, she brews, washes, and bakes. Shak.

2. To be baked; to become dry and hard in heat; as, the bread bakes; the ground bakes in the hot sun.

Bake, n. The process, or result, of baking.

Bake"house` (-hous`), n. [AS. bæchs. See Bake, v. t., and House.] A house for baking; a bakery.

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{ Bake"meat` (bk"mt`), Baked"-meat` (bkt"-), } n. A pie; baked food. [Obs.] Gen. xl. 17. Shak.

Bak"en (&?;), p. p. of Bake. [Obs. or Archaic]

Bak"er (&?;), n. [AS. bæcere. See Bake, v. t.] 1. One whose business it is to bake bread, biscuit, etc.

2. A portable oven in which baking is done. [U.S.]

A baker's dozen, thirteen. -- Baker foot, a distorted foot. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. -- Baker's itch, a rash on the back of the hand, caused by the irritating properties of yeast. -- Baker's salt, the subcarbonate of ammonia, sometimes used instead of soda, in making bread.

Bak"er-legged` (&?;), a. Having legs that bend inward at the knees.

Bak"er*y (&?;), n. 1. The trade of a baker. [R.]

2. A place for baking bread; a bakehouse.

Bak"ing, n. 1. The act or process of cooking in an oven, or of drying and hardening by heat or cold.

2. The quantity baked at once; a batch; as, a baking of bread.

Baking powder, a substitute for yeast, usually consisting of an acid, a carbonate, and a little farinaceous matter.

Bak"ing*ly, adv. In a hot or baking manner.

Bak"is*tre (&?;), n. [See Baxter.] A baker. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ ||Bak"sheesh`, Bak"shish` } (&?;), n. Same as Backsheesh.

Ba"laam (&?;), n. A paragraph describing something wonderful, used to fill out a newspaper column; -- an allusion to the miracle of Balaam's ass speaking. Numb. xxii. 30. [Cant]

Balaam basket or box (Print.), the receptacle for rejected articles. Blackw. Mag.

||Bal"a*chong (&?;), n. [Malay blachn.] A condiment formed of small fishes or shrimps, pounded up with salt and spices, and then dried. It is much esteemed in China.

||Bal`æ*noi"de*a (&?;), n. [NL., from L. balaena whale + -oid.] (Zoöl) A division of the Cetacea, including the right whale and all other whales having the mouth fringed with baleen. See Baleen.

Bal"ance (bl"ans), n. [OE. balaunce, F. balance, fr. L. bilanx, bilancis, having two scales; bis twice (akin to E. two) + lanx plate, scale.] 1. An apparatus for weighing.

In its simplest form, a balance consists of a beam or lever supported exactly in the middle, having two scales or basins of equal weight suspended from its extremities. Another form is that of the Roman balance, our steelyard, consisting of a lever or beam, suspended near one of its extremities, on the longer arm of which a counterpoise slides. The name is also given to other forms of apparatus for weighing bodies, as to the combinations of levers making up platform scales; and even to devices for weighing by the elasticity of a spring.

2. Act of weighing mentally; comparison; estimate.

> A fair balance of the advantages on either side.
> Atterbury.

3. Equipoise between the weights in opposite scales.

4. The state of being in equipoise; equilibrium; even adjustment; steadiness.

> And hung a bottle on each side
> To make his balance true.
> Cowper.

> The order and balance of the country were destroyed.
> Buckle.

> English workmen completely lose their balance.
> J. S. Mill.

5. An equality between the sums total of the two sides of an account; as, to bring one's accounts to a balance; -- also, the excess on either side; as, the balance of an account. "A balance at the banker's." Thackeray.

> I still think the balance of probabilities leans towards the account given in the text.
> J. Peile.

6. (Horol.) A balance wheel, as of a watch, or clock. See Balance wheel (in the Vocabulary).

7. (Astron.) (a) The constellation Libra. (b) The seventh sign in the Zodiac, called Libra, which the sun enters at the equinox in September.

8. A movement in dancing. See Balance, v. t., 8.

Balance electrometer, a kind of balance, with a poised beam, which indicates, by weights suspended from one arm, the mutual attraction of oppositely electrified surfaces. Knight. -- Balance fish. (Zoöl) See Hammerhead. -- Balance knife, a carving or table knife the handle of which overbalances the blade, and so keeps it from contact with the table. -- Balance of power (Politics), such an adjustment of power among sovereign states that no one state is in a position to interfere with the independence of the others; international equilibrium; also, the ability (of a state or a third party within a state) to control the relations between sovereign states or between dominant parties in a state. -- Balance sheet (Bookkeeping), a paper showing the balances of the open accounts of a business, the debit and credit balances footing up equally, if the system of accounts be complete and the balances correctly taken. -- Balance thermometer, a thermometer mounted as a balance so that the movement of the mercurial column changes the inclination of the tube. With the aid of electrical or mechanical devices adapted to it, it is used for the automatic regulation of the temperature of rooms warmed artificially, and as a fire alarm. -- Balance of torsion. See Torsion Balance. -- Balance of trade (Pol. Econ.), an equilibrium between the money values of the exports and imports of a country; or more commonly, the amount required on one side or the other to make such an equilibrium. -- Balance valve, a valve whose surfaces are so arranged that the fluid pressure tending to seat, and that tending to unseat, the valve, are nearly in equilibrium; esp., a puppet valve which is made to operate easily by the admission of steam to both sides. See Puppet valve. -- Hydrostatic balance. See under Hydrostatic. -- To lay in balance, to put up as a pledge or security. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To strike a balance, to find out the difference between the debit and credit sides of an account.

Bal"ance (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Balanced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Balancing (&?;).] [From Balance, n.: cf. F. balancer.] 1. To bring to an equipoise, as the scales of a balance by adjusting the weights; to weigh in a balance.

2. To support on a narrow base, so as to keep from falling; as, to balance a plate on the end of a cane; to balance one's self on a tight rope.

3. To equal in number, weight, force, or proportion; to counterpoise, counterbalance, counteract, or neutralize.

> One expression . . . must check and balance another.
> Kent.

4. To compare in relative force, importance, value, etc.; to estimate.

> Balance the good and evil of things.
> L'Estrange.

5. To settle and adjust, as an account; to make two accounts equal by paying the difference between them.

> I am very well satisfied that it is not in my power to balance accounts with my Maker.
> Addison.

6. To make the sums of the debits and credits of an account equal; -- said of an item; as, this payment, or credit, balances the account.

7. To arrange accounts in such a way that the sum total of the debits is equal to the sum total of the credits; as, to balance a set of books.

8. (Dancing) To move toward, and then back from, reciprocally; as, to balance partners.

9. (Naut.) To contract, as a sail, into a narrower compass; as, to balance the boom mainsail.

Balanced valve. See Balance valve, under Balance, n.

Syn. -- To poise; weigh; adjust; counteract; neutralize; equalize.

Bal"ance, v. i. 1. To have equal weight on each side; to be in equipoise; as, the scales balance.

2. To fluctuate between motives which appear of equal force; to waver; to hesitate.

> He would not balance or err in the determination of his choice.
> Locke.

3. (Dancing) To move toward a person or couple, and then back.

Bal"ance*a*ble (&?;), a. Such as can be balanced.

Bal"ance*ment (&?;), n. The act or result of balancing or adjusting; equipoise; even adjustment of forces. [R.] Darwin.

Bal"an*cer (&?;), n. 1. One who balances, or uses a balance.

2. (Zoöl.) In Diptera, the rudimentary posterior wing.

Bal"ance*reef` (&?;), n. (Naut.) The last reef in a fore-and-aft sail, taken to steady the ship.

Bal"ance wheel` (&?;). 1. (Horology) (a) A wheel which regulates the beats or pulses of a watch or chronometer, answering to the pendulum of a clock; -- often called simply a balance. (b) A ratchet-shaped scape wheel, which in some watches is acted upon by the axis of the balance wheel proper (in those watches called a balance).

2. (Mach.) A wheel which imparts regularity to the movements of any engine or machine; a fly wheel.

Bal`a*nif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. balanus acorn + -ferous.] Bearing or producing acorns.

Bal"a*nite (&?;), n. [L. balanus acorn: cf. F. balanite.] (Paleon.) A fossil balanoid shell.

||Bal`a*no*glos"sus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ba`lanos acorn + glw^ssa tongue.] (Zoöl) A peculiar marine worm. See Enteropneusta, and Tornaria.

Bal"a*noid (&?;), a. [Gr. balanos acorn + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an acorn; -- applied to a group of barnacles having shells shaped like acorns. See Acornshell, and Barnacle.

Bal"as ru`by (&?;). [OE. bales, balais, F. balais, LL. balascus, fr. Ar. balakhsh, so called from Badakhshan, Balashan, or Balaxiam, a place in the neighborhood of Samarcand, where this ruby is found.] (Min.) A variety of spinel ruby, of a pale rose red, or inclining to orange. See Spinel.

Ba*laus"tine (&?;), n. [L. balaustium, Gr. balay`stion.] (Bot.) The pomegranate tree (Punica granatum). The bark of the root, the rind of the fruit, and the flowers are used medicinally.

{ Bal*bu"ti*ate (&?;), Bal*bu"ci*nate (&?;), } v. i. [L. balbutire, fr. balbus stammering: cf. F. balbutier.] To stammer. [Obs.]

||Bal*bu"ti*es (&?;), n. (Med.) The defect of stammering; also, a kind of incomplete pronunciation.

Bal"con (&?;), n. A balcony. [Obs.] Pepys.

Bal"co*nied (&?;), a. Having balconies.

Bal"co*ny (bl"k*n; 277), n.; pl. Balconies (-nz). [It. balcone; cf. It. balco, palco, scaffold, fr. OHG. balcho, palcho, beam, G. balken. See Balk beam.] 1. (Arch.) A platform projecting from the wall of a building, usually resting on brackets or consoles, and inclosed by a parapet; as, a balcony in front of a window. Also, a projecting gallery in places of amusement; as, the balcony in a theater.

2. A projecting gallery once common at the stern of large ships.

"The accent has shifted from the second to the first syllable within these twenty years." Smart (1836).

Bald (bld), a. [OE. balled, ballid, perh. the p. p. of ball to reduce to the roundness or smoothness of a ball, by removing hair. √85. But cf. W. bali whiteness in a horse's forehead.] 1. Destitute of the natural or common covering on the head or top, as of hair, feathers, foliage, trees, etc.; as, a bald head; a bald oak.

> On the bald top of an eminence.
> Wordsworth.

2. Destitute of ornament; unadorned; bare; literal.

> In the preface to his own bald translation.
> Dryden.

3. Undisguised. " Bald egotism." Lowell.

4. Destitute of dignity or value; paltry; mean. [Obs.]

5. (Bot.) Destitute of a beard or awn; as, bald wheat.

6. (Zoöl.) (a) Destitute of the natural covering. (b) Marked with a white spot on the head; bald-faced.

Bald buzzard (Zoöl.), the fishhawk or osprey. -- Bald coot (Zoöl.), a name of the European coot (Fulica atra), alluding to the bare patch on the front of the head.

Bal"da*chin (&?;), n. [LL. baldachinus, baldechinus, a canopy of rich silk carried over the host; fr. Bagdad, It. Baldacco, a city in Turkish Asia from whence these rich silks came: cf. It. baldacchino. Cf. Baudekin.] 1. A rich brocade; baudekin. [Obs.]

2. (Arch.) A structure in form of a canopy, sometimes supported by columns, and sometimes suspended from the roof or projecting from the wall; generally placed over an altar; as, the baldachin in St. Peter's.

3. A portable canopy borne over shrines, etc., in procession.

[Written also baldachino, baldaquin, etc.]

Bald" ea"gle (&?;). (Zoöl.) The white-headed eagle (Haliæetus leucocephalus) of America. The young, until several years old, lack the white feathers on the head.

The bald eagle is represented in the coat of arms, and on the coins, of the United States.

Bal"der (&?;), n. [Icel. Baldr, akin to E. bold.] (Scan. Myth.) The most beautiful and beloved of the gods; the god of peace; the son of Odin and Freya. [Written also Baldur.]

Bal"der*dash (&?;), n. [Of uncertain origin: cf. Dan. balder noise, clatter, and E. dash; hence, perhaps, unmeaning noise, then hodgepodge, mixture; or W. baldorduss a prattling, baldordd, baldorddi, to prattle.] 1. A worthless mixture, especially of liquors.

> Indeed beer, by a mixture of wine, hath lost both name and nature, and is called balderdash.
> Taylor (Drink and Welcome).

2. Senseless jargon; ribaldry; nonsense; trash.

Bal"der*dash (&?;), v. t. To mix or adulterate, as liquors.

> The wine merchants of Nice brew and balderdash, and even
> mix it with pigeon's dung and quicklime.
> Smollett.

Bald"-faced` (&?;), a. Having a white face or a white mark on the face, as a stag.

Bald"head` (&?;), n. 1. A person whose head is bald. 2 Kings ii. 23.

2. (Zoöl.) A white-headed variety of pigeon.

Bald"head`ed, a. Having a bald head.

Bald"ly, adv. Nakedly; without reserve; inelegantly.

Bald"ness, n. The state or condition of being bald; as, baldness of the head; baldness of style.

> This gives to their syntax a peculiar character of simplicity and baldness.
> W. D. Whitney.

Bald"pate` (&?;), n. 1. A baldheaded person. Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) The American widgeon (Anas Americana).

{ Bald"pate` (&?;), Bald"pat`ed (&?;), } a. Destitute of hair on the head; baldheaded. Shak.

Bald"rib` (&?;), n. A piece of pork cut lower down than the sparerib, and destitute of fat. [Eng.] Southey.

Bal"dric (&?;), n. [OE. baudric, bawdrik, through OF. (cf. F. baudrier and LL. baldringus, baldrellus), from OHG. balderich, cf. balz, palz, akin to E. belt. See Belt, n.] A broad belt, sometimes richly ornamented, worn over one shoulder, across the breast, and under the opposite arm; less properly, any belt. [Also spelt bawdrick.]

> A radiant baldric o'er his shoulder tied
> Sustained the sword that glittered at his side.
> Pope.

Bald"win (&?;), n. (Bot.) A kind of reddish, moderately acid, winter apple. [U.S.]

Bale (&?;), n. [OE. bale, OF. bale, F. balle, LL. bala, fr. OHG. balla, palla, pallo, G. ball, balle, ballen, ball, round pack; cf. D. baal. Cf. Ball a round body.] A bundle or package of goods in a cloth cover, and corded for storage or transportation; also, a bundle of straw, hay, etc., put up compactly for transportation.

Bale of dice, a pair of dice. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Baling.] To make up in a bale. Goldsmith.

Bale, v. t. See Bail, v. t., to lade.

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Bale (bl), n. [AS. bealo, bealu, balu; akin to OS. balu, OHG. balo, Icel. böl, Goth. balweins.] 1. Misery; calamity; misfortune; sorrow.

> Let now your bliss be turned into bale.
> Spenser.

2. Evil; an evil, pernicious influence; something causing great injury. [Now chiefly poetic]

Bal`e*ar"ic (bl`*r"k), a. [L. Balearicus, fr. Gr. baliarei^s the Balearic Islands.] Of or pertaining to the isles of Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, etc., in the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Valencia.

Balearic crane. (Zoöl.) See Crane.

Ba*leen" (b*ln"), n. [F. baleine whale and whalebone, L. balaena a whale; cf. Gr. fa`laina.] (Zoöl. & Com.) Plates or blades of "whalebone," from two to twelve feet long, and sometimes a foot wide, which in certain whales (Balænoidea) are attached side by side along the upper jaw, and form a fringelike sieve by which the food is retained in the mouth.

Bale"fire` (bl"fr), n. [AS. blfr the fire of the funeral pile; bl fire, flame (akin to Icel. bl, OSlav. bl, white, Gr. falo`s bright, white, Skr. bhla brightness) + fr, E. fire.] A signal fire; an alarm fire.

> Sweet Teviot! on thy silver tide
> The glaring balefires blaze no more.
> Sir W. Scott.

Bale"ful (bl"fl), a. [AS. bealoful. See Bale misery.] 1. Full of deadly or pernicious influence; destructive. "Baleful enemies." Shak.

> Four infernal rivers that disgorge
> Into the burning lake their baleful streams.
> Milton.

2. Full of grief or sorrow; woeful; sad. [Archaic]

Bale"ful*ly, adv. In a baleful manner; perniciously.

Bale"ful*ness, n. The quality or state of being baleful.

||Bal"i*sa`ur (bl"*sä`r), n. [Hind.] (Zoöl.) A badgerlike animal of India (Arctonyx collaris).

Bal"is*ter (bl"s*tr or b*ls"tr), n. [OF. balestre. See Ballista.] A crossbow. [Obs.] Blount.

Bal"is*toid (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Like a fish of the genus Balistes; of the family Balistidæ. See Filefish.

||Bal`is*tra"ri*a (&?;), n. [LL.] (Anc. Fort.) A narrow opening, often cruciform, through which arrows might be discharged. Parker.

||Ba*lize" (&?;), n. [F. balise; cf. Sp. balisa.] A pole or a frame raised as a sea beacon or a landmark.

Balk (bk), n. [AS. balca beam, ridge; akin to Icel. blkr partition, bjlki beam, OS. balko, G. balken; cf. Gael. balc ridge of earth between two furrows. Cf. Balcony, Balk, v. t., 3d Bulk.] 1. A ridge of land left unplowed between furrows, or at the end of a field; a piece missed by the plow slipping aside.

> Bad plowmen made balks of such ground.
> Fuller.

2. A great beam, rafter, or timber; esp., the tie- beam of a house. The loft above was called "the balks."

> Tubs hanging in the balks.
> Chaucer.

3. (Mil.) One of the beams connecting the successive supports of a trestle bridge or bateau bridge.

4. A hindrance or disappointment; a check.

> A balk to the confidence of the bold undertaker.
> South.

5. A sudden and obstinate stop; a failure.

6. (Baseball) A deceptive gesture of the pitcher, as if to deliver the ball.

Balk line (Billiards), a line across a billiard table near one end, marking a limit within which the cue balls are placed in beginning a game; also, a line around the table, parallel to the sides, used in playing a particular game, called the balk line game.

Balk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Balked (bkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Balking.] [From Balk a beam; orig. to put a balk or beam in one's way, in order to stop or hinder. Cf., for sense 2, AS. on balcan legan to lay in heaps.]

1. To leave or make balks in. [Obs.] Gower.

2. To leave heaped up; to heap up in piles. [Obs.]

> Ten thousand bold Scots, two and twenty knights,
> Balk'd in their own blood did Sir Walter see.
> Shak.

3. To omit, miss, or overlook by chance. [Obs.]

4. To miss intentionally; to avoid; to shun; to refuse; to let go by; to shirk. [Obs. or Obsolescent]

> By reason of the contagion then in London, we balked the inns.
> Evelyn.

> Sick he is, and keeps his bed, and balks his meat.
> Bp. Hall.

> Nor doth he any creature balk,
> But lays on all he meeteth.
> Drayton.

5. To disappoint; to frustrate; to foil; to baffle; to thwart; as, to balk expectation.

> They shall not balk my entrance.
> Byron.

Balk, v. i. 1. To engage in contradiction; to be in opposition. [Obs.]

> In strifeful terms with him to balk.
> Spenser.

2. To stop abruptly and stand still obstinately; to jib; to stop short; to swerve; as, the horse balks.

This has been regarded as an Americanism, but it occurs in Spenser's "Faërie Queene," Book IV., 10, xxv.

> Ne ever ought but of their true loves talkt,
> Ne ever for rebuke or blame of any balkt.

Balk, v. i. [Prob. from D. balken to bray, bawl.] To indicate to fishermen, by shouts or signals from shore, the direction taken by the shoals of herring.

Balk"er (&?;), n. [See 2d Balk.] One who, or that which, balks.

Balk"er (&?;), n. [See last Balk.] A person who stands on a rock or eminence to espy the shoals of herring, etc., and to give notice to the men in boats which way they pass; a conder; a huer.

Balk"ing*ly, adv. In a manner to balk or frustrate.

Balk"ish, a. Uneven; ridgy. [R.] Holinshed.

Balk"y (bk"), a. Apt to balk; as, a balky horse.

Ball (bl), n. [OE. bal, balle; akin to OHG. balla, palla, G. ball, Icel. böllr, ball; cf. F. balle. Cf. 1st Bale, n., Pallmall.] 1. Any round or roundish body or mass; a sphere or globe; as, a ball of twine; a ball of snow.

2. A spherical body of any substance or size used to play with, as by throwing, knocking, kicking, etc.

3. A general name for games in which a ball is thrown, kicked, or knocked. See Baseball, and Football.

4. Any solid spherical, cylindrical, or conical projectile of lead or iron, to be discharged from a firearm; as, a cannon ball; a rifle ball; -- often used collectively; as, powder and ball. Spherical balls for the smaller firearms are commonly called bullets.

5. (Pyrotechnics & Mil.) A flaming, roundish body shot into the air; a case filled with combustibles intended to burst and give light or set fire, or to produce smoke or stench; as, a fire ball; a stink ball.

6. (Print.) A leather-covered cushion, fastened to a handle called a ballstock; -- formerly used by printers for inking the form, but now superseded by the roller.

7. A roundish protuberant portion of some part of the body; as, the ball of the thumb; the ball of the foot.

8. (Far.) A large pill, a form in which medicine is commonly given to horses; a bolus. White.

9. The globe or earth. Pope.

> Move round the dark terrestrial ball.
> Addison.

Ball and socket joint, a joint in which a ball moves within a socket, so as to admit of motion in every direction within certain limits. -- Ball bearings, a mechanical device for lessening the friction of axle bearings by means of small loose metal balls. -- Ball cartridge, a cartridge containing a ball, as distinguished from a blank cartridge, containing only powder. -- Ball cock, a faucet or valve which is opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating in water at the end of a lever. -- Ball gudgeon, a pivot of a spherical form, which permits lateral deflection of the arbor or shaft, while retaining the pivot in its socket. Knight. -- Ball lever, the lever used in a ball cock. -- Ball of the eye, the eye itself, as distinguished from its lids and socket; -- formerly, the pupil of the eye. -- Ball valve (Mach.), a contrivance by which a ball, placed in a circular cup with a hole in its bottom, operates as a valve. -- Ball vein (Mining), a sort of iron ore, found in loose masses of a globular form, containing sparkling particles. -- Three balls, or Three golden balls, a pawnbroker's sign or shop.

Syn. -- See Globe.

Ball, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Balled (bld); p. pr. & vb. n. Balling.] To gather balls which cling to the feet, as of damp snow or clay; to gather into balls; as, the horse balls; the snow balls.

Ball, v. t. 1. (Metal.) To heat in a furnace and form into balls for rolling.

2. To form or wind into a ball; as, to ball cotton.

Ball, n. [F. bal, fr. OF. baler to dance, fr. LL. ballare. Of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. ba`llein to toss or throw, or pa`llein, pa`llesqai, to leap, bound, balli`zein to dance, jump about; or cf. 1st Ball, n.] A social assembly for the purpose of dancing.

Bal"lad (&?;), n. [OE. balade, OF. balade, F. ballade, fr. Pr. ballada a dancing song, fr. ballare to dance; cf. It. ballata. See 2d Ball, n., and Ballet.] A popular kind of narrative poem, adapted for recitation or singing; as, the ballad of Chevy Chase; esp., a sentimental or romantic poem in short stanzas.

Bal"lad, v. i. To make or sing ballads. [Obs.]

Bal"lad, v. t. To make mention of in ballads. [Obs.]

Bal*lade" (&?;), n. [See Ballad, n.] A form of French versification, sometimes imitated in English, in which three or four rhymes recur through three stanzas of eight or ten lines each, the stanzas concluding with a refrain, and the whole poem with an envoy.

Bal"lad*er (&?;), n. A writer of ballads.

Bal"lad mon`ger (&?;). [See Monger.] A seller or maker of ballads; a poetaster. Shak.

Bal"lad*ry (&?;), n. [From Ballad, n.] Ballad poems; the subject or style of ballads. "Base balladry is so beloved." Drayton.

{ Bal"la*hoo, Bal"la*hou } (bl"l*h), n. A fast-sailing schooner, used in the Bermudas and West Indies.

Bal"la*rag (-rg), v. t. [Corrupted fr. bullirag.] To bully; to threaten. [Low] T. Warton.

Bal"last (bl"last), n. [D. ballast; akin to Dan. baglast, ballast, OSw. barlast, Sw. ballast. The first part is perh. the same word as E. bare, adj.; the second is last a burden, and hence the meaning a bare, or mere, load. See Bare, a., and Last load.] 1. (Naut.) Any heavy substance, as stone, iron, etc., put into the hold to sink a vessel in the water to such a depth as to prevent capsizing.

2. Any heavy matter put into the car of a balloon to give it steadiness.

3. Gravel, broken stone, etc., laid in the bed of a railroad to make it firm and solid.

4. The larger solids, as broken stone or gravel, used in making concrete.

5. Fig.: That which gives, or helps to maintain, uprightness, steadiness, and security.

> It [piety] is the right ballast of prosperity.
> Barrow.

Ballast engine, a steam engine used in excavating and for digging and raising stones and gravel for ballast. -- Ship in ballast, a ship carrying only ballast.

Bal"last, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ballasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ballasting.] 1. To steady, as a vessel, by putting heavy substances in the hold.

2. To fill in, as the bed of a railroad, with gravel, stone, etc., in order to make it firm and solid.

3. To keep steady; to steady, morally.

> 'T is charity must ballast the heart.
> Hammond.

Bal"last*age (&?;), n. (Law) A toll paid for the privilege of taking up ballast in a port or harbor.

Bal"last*ing, n. That which is used for steadying anything; ballast.

Bal"la*try (&?;), n. See Balladry. [Obs.] Milton.

||Bal"let` (bl"l` or bl"lt; 277), n. [F., a dim. of bal dance. See 2d Ball, n.] 1. An artistic dance performed as a theatrical entertainment, or an interlude, by a number of persons, usually women. Sometimes, a scene accompanied by pantomime and dancing.

2. The company of persons who perform the ballet.

3. (Mus.) A light part song, or madrigal, with a fa la burden or chorus, -- most common with the Elizabethan madrigal composers.

4. (Her.) A bearing in coats of arms, representing one or more balls, which are denominated bezants, plates, etc., according to color.

Ball"-flow`er (&?;), n. (Arch.) An ornament resembling a ball placed in a circular flower, the petals of which form a cup round it, -- usually inserted in a hollow molding.

||Bal*lis"ta (&?;), n.; pl. Ballistæ (&?;). [L. ballista, balista, fr. Gr. ballein to throw.] An ancient military engine, in the form of a crossbow, used for hurling large missiles.

Bal"lis*ter (bl"ls*tr or bl*ls"tr), n. [L. ballista. Cf. Balister.] A crossbow. [Obs.]

Bal*lis"tic (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the ballista, or to the art of hurling stones or missile weapons by means of an engine.

2. Pertaining to projection, or to a projectile.

Ballistic pendulum, an instrument consisting of a mass of wood or other material suspended as a pendulum, for measuring the force and velocity of projectiles by means of the arc through which their impact impels it.

Bal*lis"tics (&?;), n. [Cf. F. balistique. See Ballista.] The science or art of hurling missile weapons by the use of an engine. Whewell.

||Bal"li*um (&?;), n. [LL.] See Bailey.

Bal*loon" (&?;), n. [F. ballon, aug. of balle ball: cf. It. ballone. See 1st Ball, n., and cf. Pallone.] 1. A bag made of silk or other light material, and filled with hydrogen gas or heated air, so as to rise and float in the atmosphere; especially, one with a car attached for aërial navigation.

2. (Arch.) A ball or globe on the top of a pillar, church, etc., as at St. Paul's, in London. [R.]

3. (Chem.) A round vessel, usually with a short neck, to hold or receive whatever is distilled; a glass vessel of a spherical form.

4. (Pyrotechnics) A bomb or shell. [Obs.]

5. A game played with a large inflated ball. [Obs.]

6. (Engraving) The outline inclosing words represented as coming from the mouth of a pictured figure.

Air balloon, a balloon for aërial navigation. -- Balloon frame (Carp.), a house frame constructed altogether of small timber. -- Balloon net, a variety of woven lace in which the weft threads are twisted in a peculiar manner around the warp.

Bal*loon", v. t. To take up in, or as if in, a balloon.

Bal*loon", v. i. 1. To go up or voyage in a balloon.

2. To expand, or puff out, like a balloon.

Bal*looned" (&?;), a. Swelled out like a balloon.

Bal*loon"er (&?;), n. One who goes up in a balloon; an aëronaut.

Bal*loon" fish` (&?;). (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Diodon or the genus Tetraodon, having the power of distending its body by taking air or water into its dilatable esophagus. See Globefish, and Bur fish.

Bal*loon"ing, n. 1. The art or practice of managing balloons or voyaging in them.

2. (Stock Exchange) The process of temporarily raising the value of a stock, as by fictitious sales. [U.S.]

Bal*loon"ing spi"der (&?;). (Zoöl.) A spider which has the habit of rising into the air. Many kinds (esp. species of Lycosa) do this while young by ejecting threads of silk until the force of the wind upon them carries the spider aloft.

Bal*loon"ist, n. An aëronaut.

Bal*loon"ry (&?;), n. The art or practice of ascending in a balloon; aëronautics.

Bal"lot (bl"lt), n. [F. ballotte, fr. It. ballotta. See Ball round body.]

1. Originally, a ball used for secret voting. Hence: Any printed or written ticket used in voting.

2. The act of voting by balls or written or printed ballots or tickets; the system of voting secretly by balls or by tickets.

> The insufficiency of the ballot.
> Dickens.

<! p. 115 pr=SA !>

3. The whole number of votes cast at an election, or in a given territory or electoral district.

Ballot box, a box for receiving ballots.

Bal"lot (bl"lt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Balloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Balloting.] [F. ballotter to toss, to ballot, or It. ballottare. See Ballot, n.] To vote or decide by ballot; as, to ballot for a candidate.

Bal"lot, v. t. To vote for or in opposition to.

> None of the competitors arriving to a sufficient number of balls, they fell to ballot some others.
> Sir H. Wotton.

Bal"lo*tade` (bl"l*täd` or - td`), n. [F. ballottade, fr. ballotter to toss. See Ballot, v. i.] (Man.) A leap of a horse, as between two pillars, or upon a straight line, so that when his four feet are in the air, he shows only the shoes of his hind feet, without jerking out.

Bal`lo*ta"tion (&?;), n. Voting by ballot. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Bal"lot*er (&?;), n. One who votes by ballot.

Bal"lo*tin (&?;), n. [F.] An officer who has charge of a ballot box. [Obs.] Harrington.

Bal"low (&?;), n. A cudgel. [Obs.] Shak.

Ball"proof` (&?;), a. Incapable of being penetrated by balls from firearms.

Ball"room` (&?;), n. A room for balls or dancing.

Balm (bäm), n. [OE. baume, OF. bausme, basme, F. baume, L. balsamum balsam, from Gr. ba`lsamon; perhaps of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. bsm. Cf. Balsam.]

1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant of the genus Melissa.

2. The resinous and aromatic exudation of certain trees or shrubs. Dryden.

3. Any fragrant ointment. Shak.

4. Anything that heals or that mitigates pain. "Balm for each ill." Mrs. Hemans.

Balm cricket (Zoöl.), the European cicada. Tennyson. -- Balm of Gilead (Bot.), a small evergreen African and Asiatic tree of the terebinthine family (Balsamodendron Gileadense). Its leaves yield, when bruised, a strong aromatic scent; and from this tree is obtained the balm of Gilead of the shops, or balsam of Mecca. This has a yellowish or greenish color, a warm, bitterish, aromatic taste, and a fragrant smell. It is valued as an unguent and cosmetic by the Turks. The fragrant herb Dracocephalum Canariense is familiarly called balm of Gilead, and so are the American trees, Populus balsamifera, variety candicans (balsam poplar), and Abies balsamea (balsam fir).

Balm, v. t. To anoint with balm, or with anything medicinal. Hence: To soothe; to mitigate. [Archaic] Shak.

Balm"i*fy (&?;), v. t. [Balm + - fy.] To render balmy. [Obs.] Cheyne.

Balm"i*ly, adv. In a balmy manner. Coleridge.

Bal*mor"al (&?;), n. [From Balmoral Castle, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.] 1. A long woolen petticoat, worn immediately under the dress.

2. A kind of stout walking shoe, laced in front.

> A man who uses his balmorals to tread on your toes.
> George Eliot.

Balm"y (&?;), a. 1. Having the qualities of balm; odoriferous; aromatic; assuaging; soothing; refreshing; mild. "The balmy breeze." Tickell.

> Tired nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep!
> Young.

2. Producing balm. "The balmy tree." Pope.

Syn. -- Fragrant; sweet-scented; odorous; spicy.

Bal"ne*al (&?;), a. [L. balneum bath.] Of or pertaining to a bath. Howell.

Bal"ne*a*ry (&?;), n. [L. balnearium, fr. balneum bath.] A bathing room. Sir T. Browne.

Bal`ne*a"tion (&?;), n. [LL. balneare to bathe, fr. L. balneum bath.] The act of bathing. [R.]

Bal"ne*a*to*ry (&?;), a. [L. balneatorius.] Belonging to a bath. [Obs.]

Bal`ne*og"ra*phy (&?;), n. [L. balneum bath + -graphy.] A description of baths.

Bal`ne*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [L. balneum bath + -logy.] A treatise on baths; the science of bathing.

Bal`ne*o*ther"a*py (&?;), n. [L. balneum bath + Gr. qerapey`ein to heal.] The treatment of disease by baths.

Bal"o*tade` (bl"l*täd` or - td`), n. See Ballotade.

||Bal"sa (&?;), n. [Sp. or Pg. balsa.] (Naut.) A raft or float, used principally on the Pacific coast of South America.

Bal"sam (bl"sam), n. [L. balsamum the balsam tree or its resin, Gr. ba`lsamon. See Balm, n.] 1. A resin containing more or less of an essential or volatile oil.

The balsams are aromatic resinous substances, flowing spontaneously or by incision from certain plants. A great variety of substances pass under this name, but the term is now usually restricted to resins which, in addition to a volatile oil, contain benzoic and cinnamic acid. Among the true balsams are the balm of Gilead, and the balsams of copaiba, Peru, and Tolu. There are also many pharmaceutical preparations and resinous substances, possessed of a balsamic smell, to which the name balsam has been given.

2. (Bot.) (a) A species of tree (Abies balsamea). (b) An annual garden plant (Impatiens balsamina) with beautiful flowers; balsamine.

3. Anything that heals, soothes, or restores.

> Was not the people's blessing a balsam to thy blood?
> Tennyson.

Balsam apple (Bot.), an East Indian plant (Momordica balsamina), of the gourd family, with red or orange- yellow cucumber-shaped fruit of the size of a walnut, used as a vulnerary, and in liniments and poultices. -- Balsam fir (Bot.), the American coniferous tree, Abies balsamea, from which the useful Canada balsam is derived. -- Balsam of copaiba. See Copaiba. -- Balsam of Mecca, balm of Gilead. -- Balsam of Peru, a reddish brown, syrupy balsam, obtained from a Central American tree (Myroxylon Pereiræ and used as a stomachic and expectorant, and in the treatment of ulcers, etc. It was long supposed to be a product of Peru. -- Balsam of Tolu, a reddish or yellowish brown semisolid or solid balsam, obtained from a South American tree (Myroxylon toluiferum). It is highly fragrant, and is used as a stomachic and expectorant. -- Balsam tree, any tree from which balsam is obtained, esp. the Abies balsamea. -- Canada balsam, Balsam of fir, Canada turpentine, a yellowish, viscid liquid, which, by time and exposure, becomes a transparent solid mass. It is obtained from the balm of Gilead (or balsam) fir (Abies balsamea) by breaking the vesicles upon the trunk and branches. See Balm.

Bal"sam (&?;), v. t. To treat or anoint with balsam; to relieve, as with balsam; to render balsamic.

Bal`sam*a"tion (bl`sam*"shn or bl`-), n. 1. The act of imparting balsamic properties.

2. The art or process of embalming.

{ Bal*sam"ic (bl*sm"k or bl-; 277), Bal*sam"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. balsamique.] Having the qualities of balsam; containing, or resembling, balsam; soft; mitigative; soothing; restorative.

Bal`sam*if"er*ous (bl`sam*f"r*s or bl`-), a. [Balsam + -ferous.] Producing balsam.

Bal"sam*ine (&?;), n. [Cf. F. balsamine, fr. Gr. balsami`nh balsam plant.] (Bot.) The Impatiens balsamina, or garden balsam.

Bal"sam*ous (&?;), a. Having the quality of balsam; containing balsam. "A balsamous substance." Sterne.

Bal"ter (&?;), v. t. [Etymol. uncertain. Cf. Bloodboltered.] To stick together. [Obs.] Holland.

Bal"tic (&?;), a. [NL. mare Balticum, fr. L. balteus belt, from certain straits or channels surrounding its isles, called belts. See Belt.] Of or pertaining to the sea which separates Norway and Sweden from Jutland, Denmark, and Germany; situated on the Baltic Sea.

{ Bal"ti*more bird` (&?;). Bal"ti*more o"ri*ole (&?;). } (Zoöl.) A common American bird (Icterus galbula), named after Lord Baltimore, because its colors (black and orange red) are like those of his coat of arms; -- called also golden robin.

Bal"us*ter (&?;), n. [F. balustre, It. balaustro, fr. L. balaustium the flower of the wild pomegranate, fr. Gr. balay`stion; -- so named from the similarity of form.] (Arch.) A small column or pilaster, used as a support to the rail of an open parapet, to guard the side of a staircase, or the front of a gallery. See Balustrade. [Corrupted into banister.]

Bal"us*tered (-trd), a. Having balusters. Dryden.

Bal"us*trade` (-trd`), n. [F. balustrade, It. balaustrata fr. balaustro. See Baluster.] (Arch.) A row of balusters topped by a rail, serving as an open parapet, as along the edge of a balcony, terrace, bridge, staircase, or the eaves of a building.

Bam (bm), n. [Prob. a contr. of bamboozle.] An imposition; a cheat; a hoax. Garrick.

> To relieve the tedium, he kept plying them with all manner of bams.
> Prof. Wilson.

Bam, v. t. To cheat; to wheedle. [Slang] Foote.

||Bam*bi"no (bäm*b"n), n. [It., a little boy, fr. bambo silly; cf. Gr. bambali`zein, bambai`nein, to chatter.] A child or baby; esp., a representation in art of the infant Christ wrapped in swaddling clothes.

Bam*boc`ci*ade" (&?;), n. [It. bambocciata, fr. Bamboccio a nickname of Peter Van Laer, a Dutch genre painter; properly, a child, simpleton, puppet, fr. bambo silly.] (Paint.) A representation of a grotesque scene from common or rustic life.

Bam*boo" (bm*b"), n. [Malay bambu, mambu.] (Bot.) A plant of the family of grasses, and genus Bambusa, growing in tropical countries.

The most useful species is Bambusa arundinacea, which has a woody, hollow, round, straight, jointed stem, and grows to the height of forty feet and upward. The flowers grow in large panicles, from the joints of the stalk, placed three in a parcel, close to their receptacles. Old stalks grow to five or six inches in diameter, and are so hard and durable as to be used for building, and for all sorts of furniture, for water pipes, and for poles to support palanquins. The smaller stalks are used for walking sticks, flutes, etc.

Bam*boo", v. t. To flog with the bamboo.

Bam*boo"zle (-z'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bamboozled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bamboozling (&?;).] [Said to be of Gipsy origin.] To deceive by trickery; to cajole by confusing the senses; to hoax; to mystify; to humbug. [Colloq.] Addison.

> What oriental tomfoolery is bamboozling you?
> J. H. Newman.

Bam*boo"zler (bm*b"zlr), n. A swindler; one who deceives by trickery. [Colloq.] Arbuthnot.

||Ban (bn), n. A kind of fine muslin, made in the East Indies from the fiber of the banana leaf stalks.

Ban (bn), n. [AS. bann command, edict; akin to D. ban, Icel. bann, Dan. band, OHG. ban, G. bann, a public proclamation, as of interdiction or excommunication, Gr. fa`nai to say, L. fari to speak, Skr. bhan to speak; cf. F. ban, LL. bannum, of G. origin. √86. Cf. Abandon, Fame.] 1. A public proclamation or edict; a public order or notice, mandatory or prohibitory; a summons by public proclamation.

2. (Feudal & Mil.) A calling together of the king's (esp. the French king's) vassals for military service; also, the body of vassals thus assembled or summoned. In present usage, in France and Prussia, the most effective part of the population liable to military duty and not in the standing army.

3. pl. Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in church. See Banns (the common spelling in this sense).

4. An interdiction, prohibition, or proscription. "Under ban to touch." Milton.

5. A curse or anathema. "Hecate's ban." Shak.

6. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a delinquent for offending against a ban; as, a mulct paid to a bishop by one guilty of sacrilege or other crimes.

Ban of the empire (German Hist.), an imperial interdict by which political rights and privileges, as those of a prince, city, or district, were taken away.

Ban, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banned (bnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Banning.] [OE. bannen, bannien, to summon, curse, AS. bannan to summon; akin to Dan. bande, forbande, to curse, Sw. banna to revile, bannas to curse. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] 1. To curse; to invoke evil upon. Sir W. Scott.

2. To forbid; to interdict. Byron.

Ban, v. i. To curse; to swear. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ban, n. [Serv. ban; cf. Russ. & Pol. pan a master, lord, Per. ban.] An ancient title of the warden of the eastern marches of Hungary; now, a title of the viceroy of Croatia and Slavonia.

Ban"al (&?;), a. [F., fr. ban an ordinance.] Commonplace; trivial; hackneyed; trite.

Ba*nal"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Banalities (&?;). [F. banalité. See Banal.] Something commonplace, hackneyed, or trivial; the commonplace, in speech.

> The highest things were thus brought down to the banalities of discourse.
> J. Morley.

Ba*na"na (b*nä"n; 277), n. [Sp. banana, name of the fruit.] (Bot.) A perennial herbaceous plant of almost treelike size (Musa sapientum); also, its edible fruit. See Musa.

The banana has a soft, herbaceous stalk, with leaves of great length and breadth. The flowers grow in bunches, covered with a sheath of a green or purple color; the fruit is five or six inches long, and over an inch in diameter; the pulp is soft, and of a luscious taste, and is eaten either raw or cooked. This plant is a native of tropical countries, and furnishes an important article of food.

Banana bird (Zoöl.), a small American bird (Icterus leucopteryx), which feeds on the banana. -- Banana quit (Zoöl.), a small bird of tropical America, of the genus Certhiola, allied to the creepers.

Ban"at (&?;), n. [Cf. F. & G. banat. See Ban a warden.] The territory governed by a ban.

{ Banc (&?;), ||Ban"cus (&?;), Bank (&?;), } n. [OF. banc, LL. bancus. See Bank, n.] A bench; a high seat, or seat of distinction or judgment; a tribunal or court.

In banc, In banco (the ablative of bancus), In bank, in full court, or with full judicial authority; as, sittings in banc (distinguished from sittings at nisi prius).

||Ban"co (&?;), n. [It. See Bank.] A bank, especially that of Venice.

This term is used in some parts of Europe to indicate bank money, as distinguished from the current money, when this last has become depreciated.

Band (bnd), n. [OE. band, bond, Icel. band; akin to G., Sw., & D. band, OHG. bant, Goth. bandi, Skr. bandha a binding, bandh to bind, for bhanda, bhandh, also to E. bend, bind. In sense 7, at least, it is fr. F. bande, from OHG. bant. √90. See Bind, v. t., and cf. Bend, Bond, 1st Bandy.] 1. A fillet, strap, or any narrow ligament with which a thing is encircled, or fastened, or by which a number of things are tied, bound together, or confined; a fetter.

> Every one's bands were loosed.
> Acts xvi. 26.

2. (Arch.) (a) A continuous tablet, stripe, or series of ornaments, as of carved foliage, of color, or of brickwork, etc. (b) In Gothic architecture, the molding, or suite of moldings, which encircles the pillars and small shafts.

3. That which serves as the means of union or connection between persons; a tie. "To join in Hymen's bands." Shak.

4. A linen collar or ruff worn in the 16th and 17th centuries.

5. pl. Two strips of linen hanging from the neck in front as part of a clerical, legal, or academic dress.

6. A narrow strip of cloth or other material on any article of dress, to bind, strengthen, ornament, or complete it. "Band and gusset and seam." Hood.

<! p. 116 pr=SA !>

7. A company of persons united in any common design, especially a body of armed men.

> Troops of horsemen with his bands of foot.
> Shak.

8. A number of musicians who play together upon portable musical instruments, especially those making a loud sound, as certain wind instruments (trumpets, clarinets, etc.), and drums, or cymbals.

9. (Bot.) A space between elevated lines or ribs, as of the fruits of umbelliferous plants.

10. (Zoöl.) A stripe, streak, or other mark transverse to the axis of the body.

11. (Mech.) A belt or strap.

12. A bond. [Obs.] "Thy oath and band." Shak.

13. Pledge; security. [Obs.] Spenser.

Band saw, a saw in the form of an endless steel belt, with teeth on one edge, running over wheels.

Band (bnd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banded; p. pr. & vb. n. Banding.] 1. To bind or tie with a band.

2. To mark with a band.

3. To unite in a troop, company, or confederacy. "Banded against his throne." Milton.

Banded architrave, pier, shaft, etc. (Arch.), an architrave, pier, etc., of which the regular profile is interrupted by blocks or projections crossing it at right angles.

Band, v. i. To confederate for some common purpose; to unite; to conspire together.

> Certain of the Jews banded together.
> Acts xxiii. 12.

Band, v. t. To bandy; to drive away. [Obs.]

Band, imp. of Bind. [Obs.] Spenser.

Band"age (bnd"j), n. [F. bandage, fr. bande. See Band.] 1. A fillet or strip of woven material, used in dressing and binding up wounds, etc.

2. Something resembling a bandage; that which is bound over or round something to cover, strengthen, or compress it; a ligature.

> Zeal too had a place among the rest, with a bandage over her eyes.
> Addison.

Band"age, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandaged (-jd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bandaging (bnd"*jng).] To bind, dress, or cover, with a bandage; as, to bandage the eyes.

||Ban*da"la (&?;), n. A fabric made in Manilla from the older leaf sheaths of the abaca (Musa textilis).

{ Ban*dan"na, Ban*dan"a } (&?;), n. [Hind. bndhn a mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in different places so as to prevent the parts tied from receiving the dye. Cf. Band, n.] 1. A species of silk or cotton handkerchief, having a uniformly dyed ground, usually of red or blue, with white or yellow figures of a circular, lozenge, or other simple form.

2. A style of calico printing, in which white or bright spots are produced upon cloth previously dyed of a uniform red or dark color, by discharging portions of the color by chemical means, while the rest of the cloth is under pressure. Ure.

Band"box` (bnd"bks`), n. A light box of pasteboard or thin wood, usually cylindrical, for holding ruffs (the bands of the 17th century), collars, caps, bonnets, etc.

||Ban"deau (bn"d), n.; pl. Bandeaux (bn"dz). [F.] A narrow band or fillet; a part of a head-dress.

> Around the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau of leather.
> Sir W. Scott.

{ Band"e*let (&?;), Band"let } (&?;), n. [F. bandelette, dim. of bande. See Band, n., and cf. Bendlet.] (Arch.) A small band or fillet; any little band or flat molding, compassing a column, like a ring. Gwilt.

Band"er (&?;), n. One banded with others. [R.]

{ Band"e*role (&?;), Band"rol } (&?;), n. [F. banderole, dim. of bandière, bannière, banner; cf. It. banderuola a little banner. See Banner.] A little banner, flag, or streamer. [Written also bannerol.]

> From the extremity of which fluttered a small banderole or streamer bearing a cross.
> Sir W. Scott.

Band" fish` (&?;). (Zoöl.) A small red fish of the genus Cepola; the ribbon fish.

Ban"di*coot (&?;), n. [A corruption of the native name.] (Zoöl.) (a) A species of very large rat (Mus giganteus), found in India and Ceylon. It does much injury to rice fields and gardens. (b) A ratlike marsupial animal (genus Perameles) of several species, found in Australia and Tasmania.

Band"ing plane` (&?;). A plane used for cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and bands in straight and circular work.

Ban"dit (bn"dt), n.; pl. Bandits (bn"dts), or Banditti (bn*dt"t). [It. bandito outlaw, p. p. of bandire to proclaim, to banish, to proscribe, LL. bandire, bannire. See Ban an edict, and cf. Banish.] An outlaw; a brigand.

> No savage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer.
> Milton.

The plural banditti was formerly used as a collective noun.

> Deerstealers are ever a desperate banditti.
> Sir W. Scott.

Ban"dle (&?;), n. [Ir. bannlamh cubit, fr. bann a measure + lamh hand, arm.] An Irish measure of two feet in length.

Band"let (&?;), n. Same as Bandelet.

Band"mas`ter (&?;), n. The conductor of a musical band.

Ban"dog` (bn"dg`; 115), n. [Band + dog, i.e., bound dog.] A mastiff or other large and fierce dog, usually kept chained or tied up.

> The keeper entered leading his bandog, a large bloodhound, tied in a leam, or band, from which he takes his name.
> Sir W. Scott.

{ Ban`do*leer", Ban`do*lier" } (&?;), n. [F. bandoulière (cf. It. bandoliera, Sp. bandolera), fr. F. bande band, Sp. & It. banda. See Band, n.] 1. A broad leather belt formerly worn by soldiers over the right shoulder and across the breast under the left arm. Originally it was used for supporting the musket and twelve cases for charges, but later only as a cartridge belt.

2. One of the leather or wooden cases in which the charges of powder were carried. [Obs.]

Ban"do*line (&?;), n. [Perh. allied to band.] A glutinous pomatum for the hair.

Ban"don (&?;), n. [OF. bandon. See Abandon.] Disposal; control; license. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Ban"dore (&?; or &?;), n. [Sp. bandurria, fr. L. pandura, pandurium, a musical instrument of three strings, fr. Gr. pandoy^ra. Cf. Pandore, Banjo, Mandolin.] A musical stringed instrument, similar in form to a guitar; a pandore.

Band"rol (&?;), n. Same as Banderole.

Ban"dy (bn"d), n. [Telugu bai.] A carriage or cart used in India, esp. one drawn by bullocks.

Ban"dy, n.; pl. Bandies (-dz). [Cf. F. bandé, p. p. of bander to bind, to bend (a bow), to bandy, fr. bande. See Band, n.] 1. A club bent at the lower part for striking a ball at play; a hockey stick. Johnson.

2. The game played with such a club; hockey; shinney; bandy ball.

Ban"dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bandied (-dd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bandying.] 1. To beat to and fro, as a ball in playing at bandy.

> Like tennis balls bandied and struck upon us . . . by rackets from without.
> Cudworth.

2. To give and receive reciprocally; to exchange. "To bandy hasty words." Shak.

3. To toss about, as from man to man; to agitate.

> Let not obvious and known truth be bandied about in a disputation.
> I. Watts.

Ban"dy, v. i. To contend, as at some game in which each strives to drive the ball his own way.

> Fit to bandy with thy lawless sons.
> Shak.

Ban"dy, a. Bent; crooked; curved laterally, esp. with the convex side outward; as, a bandy leg.

Ban"dy-legged` (&?;), a. Having crooked legs.

Bane (bn), n. [OE. bane destruction, AS. bana murderer; akin to Icel. bani death, murderer, OHG. bana murder, bano murderer, Goth. banja stroke, wound, Gr. foney`s murderer, fo`nos murder, OIr. bath death, benim I strike. √31.] 1. That which destroys life, esp. poison of a deadly quality. [Obs. except in combination, as in ratsbane, henbane, etc.]

2. Destruction; death. [Obs.]

> The cup of deception spiced and tempered to their bane.
> Milton.

3. Any cause of ruin, or lasting injury; harm; woe.

> Money, thou bane of bliss, and source of woe.
> Herbert.

4. A disease in sheep, commonly termed the rot.

Syn. -- Poison; ruin; destruction; injury; pest.

Bane, v. t. To be the bane of; to ruin. [Obs.] Fuller.

Bane"ber`ry (&?;), n. (Bot.) A genus (Actæa) of plants, of the order Ranunculaceæ, native in the north temperate zone. The red or white berries are poisonous.

Bane"ful (&?;), a. Having poisonous qualities; deadly; destructive; injurious; noxious; pernicious. "Baneful hemlock." Garth. "Baneful wrath." Chapman.

-- Bane"ful*ly, adv. -- Bane"ful*ness, n.

Bane"wort (&?;), n. (Bot.) Deadly nightshade.

Bang (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banged; p. pr. & vb. n. Banging.] [Icel. banga to hammer; akin to Dan. banke to beat, Sw. bångas to be impetuous, G. bengel club, clapper of a bell.] 1. To beat, as with a club or cudgel; to treat with violence; to handle roughly.

> The desperate tempest hath so banged the Turks.
> Shak.

2. To beat or thump, or to cause (something) to hit or strike against another object, in such a way as to make a loud noise; as, to bang a drum or a piano; to bang a door (against the doorpost or casing) in shutting it.

Bang, v. i. To make a loud noise, as if with a blow or succession of blows; as, the window blind banged and waked me; he was banging on the piano.

Bang, n. 1. A blow as with a club; a heavy blow.

> Many a stiff thwack, many a bang.
> Hudibras.

2. The sound produced by a sudden concussion.

Bang, v. t. To cut squarely across, as the tail of a horse, or the forelock of human beings; to cut (the hair).

> His hair banged even with his eyebrows.
> The Century Mag.

Bang, n. The short, front hair combed down over the forehead, esp. when cut squarely across; a false front of hair similarly worn.

> His hair cut in front like a young lady's bang.
> W. D. Howells.

{ Bang, Bangue } (&?;), n. See Bhang.

Bang"ing, a. Huge; great in size. [Colloq.] Forby.

Ban"gle (b"g'l), v. t. [From 1st Bang.] To waste by little and little; to fritter away. [Obs.]

Ban"gle, n. [Hind. bangr bracelet, bangle.] An ornamental circlet, of glass, gold, silver, or other material, worn by women in India and Africa, and in some other countries, upon the wrist or ankle; a ring bracelet.

Bangle ear, a loose hanging ear of a horse, like that of a spaniel.

Ban"ian (bn"yan or bn*yn"; 277), n. [Skr. banij merchant. The tree was so named by the English, because used as a market place by the merchants.] 1. A Hindoo trader, merchant, cashier, or money changer. [Written also banyan.]

2. A man's loose gown, like that worn by the Banians.

3. (Bot.) The Indian fig. See Banyan.

Banian days (Naut.), days in which the sailors have no flesh meat served out to them. This use seems to be borrowed from the Banians or Banya race, who eat no flesh.

Ban"ish (bn"sh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banished (-sht); p. pr. & vb. n. Banishing.] [OF. banir, F. bannir, LL. bannire, fr. OHG. bannan to summon, fr. ban ban. See Ban an edict, and Finish, v. t.] 1. To condemn to exile, or compel to leave one's country, by authority of the ruling power. "We banish you our territories." Shak.

2. To drive out, as from a home or familiar place; -- used with from and out of.

> How the ancient Celtic tongue came to be banished from the Low Countries in Scotland.
> Blair.

3. To drive away; to compel to depart; to dispel. "Banish all offense." Shak.

Syn. -- To Banish, Exile, Expel. The idea of a coercive removal from a place is common to these terms. A man is banished when he is forced by the government of a country (be he a foreigner or a native) to leave its borders. A man is exiled when he is driven into banishment from his native country and home. Thus to exile is to banish, but to banish is not always to exile. To expel is to eject or banish summarily or authoritatively, and usually under circumstances of disgrace; as, to expel from a college; expelled from decent society.

Ban"ish*er (&?;), n. One who banishes.

Ban"ish*ment (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bannissement.] The act of banishing, or the state of being banished.

> He secured himself by the banishment of his enemies.
> Johnson.

> Round the wide world in banishment we roam.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Expatriation; ostracism; expulsion; proscription; exile; outlawry.

Ban"is*ter (&?;), n. [A corruption of baluster.] A baluster; (pl.) the balustrade of a staircase.

> He struggled to ascend the pulpit stairs, holding hard on the banisters. Sir W. Scott.

Ban"jo (&?;), n. [Formerly also banjore and banjer; corrupted from bandore, through negro slave pronunciation.] A stringed musical instrument having a head and neck like the guitar, and its body like a tambourine. It has five strings, and is played with the fingers and hands.

Bank (bk), n. [OE. banke; akin to E. bench, and prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. bakki. See Bench.] 1. A mound, pile, or ridge of earth, raised above the surrounding level; hence, anything shaped like a mound or ridge of earth; as, a bank of clouds; a bank of snow.

> They cast up a bank against the city.
> 2 Sam. xx. 15.

2. A steep acclivity, as the slope of a hill, or the side of a ravine.

3. The margin of a watercourse; the rising ground bordering a lake, river, or sea, or forming the edge of a cutting, or other hollow.

> Tiber trembled underneath her banks.
> Shak.

4. An elevation, or rising ground, under the sea; a shoal, shelf, or shallow; as, the banks of Newfoundland.

5. (Mining) (a) The face of the coal at which miners are working. (b) A deposit of ore or coal, worked by excavations above water level. (c) The ground at the top of a shaft; as, ores are brought to bank.

Bank beaver (Zoöl.), the otter. [Local, U.S.] -- Bank swallow, a small American and European swallow (Clivicola riparia) that nests in a hole which it excavates in a bank.

Bank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banked(bkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Banking.] 1. To raise a mound or dike about; to inclose, defend, or fortify with a bank; to embank. "Banked well with earth." Holland.

2. To heap or pile up; as, to bank sand.

3. To pass by the banks of. [Obs.] Shak.

To bank a fire, To bank up a fire, to cover the coals or embers with ashes or cinders, thus keeping the fire low but alive.

Bank, n. [Prob. fr. F. banc. Of German origin, and akin to E. bench. See Bench.] 1. A bench, as for rowers in a galley; also, a tier of oars.

> Placed on their banks, the lusty Trojan sweep
> Neptune's smooth face, and cleave the yielding deep.
> Waller.

2. (Law) (a) The bench or seat upon which the judges sit. (b) The regular term of a court of law, or the full court sitting to hear arguments upon questions of law, as distinguished from a sitting at Nisi Prius, or a court held for jury trials. See Banc. Burrill.

3. (Printing) A sort of table used by printers.

4. (Music) A bench, or row of keys belonging to a keyboard, as in an organ. Knight.

Bank, n. [F. banque, It. banca, orig. bench, table, counter, of German origin, and akin to E. bench; cf. G. bank bench, OHG. banch. See Bench, and cf. Banco, Beach.] 1. An establishment for the custody, loan, exchange, or issue, of money, and for facilitating the transmission of funds by drafts or bills of exchange; an institution incorporated for performing one or more of such functions, or the stockholders (or their representatives, the directors), acting in their corporate capacity.

2. The building or office used for banking purposes.

3. A fund from deposits or contributions, to be used in transacting business; a joint stock or capital. [Obs.]

> Let it be no bank or common stock, but every man be master of his own money.
> Bacon.

4. (Gaming) The sum of money or the checks which the dealer or banker has as a fund, from which to draw his stakes and pay his losses.

5. In certain games, as dominos, a fund of pieces from which the players are allowed to draw.

Bank credit, a credit by which a person who has given the required security to a bank has liberty to draw to a certain extent agreed upon. -- Bank of deposit, a bank which receives money for safe keeping. -- Bank of issue, a bank which issues its own notes payable to bearer.

Bank, v. t. To deposit in a bank. Johnson.

Bank, v. i. 1. To keep a bank; to carry on the business of a banker.

<! p. 117 pr=SA !>

2. To deposit money in a bank; to have an account with a banker.

Bank"a*ble (bk"*b'l), a. Receivable at a bank.

Bank" bill` (&?;). 1. In America (and formerly in England), a promissory note of a bank payable to the bearer on demand, and used as currency; a bank note.

2. In England, a note, or a bill of exchange, of a bank, payable to order, and usually at some future specified time. Such bills are negotiable, but form, in the strict sense of the term, no part of the currency.

Bank" book` (&?;). A book kept by a depositor, in which an officer of a bank enters the debits and credits of the depositor's account with the bank.

Bank"er (&?;), n. [See the nouns Bank and the verbs derived from them.] 1. One who conducts the business of banking; one who, individually, or as a member of a company, keeps an establishment for the deposit or loan of money, or for traffic in money, bills of exchange, etc.

2. A money changer. [Obs.]

3. The dealer, or one who keeps the bank in a gambling house.

4. A vessel employed in the cod fishery on the banks of Newfoundland. Grabb. J. Q. Adams.

5. A ditcher; a drain digger. [Prov. Eng.]

6. The stone bench on which masons cut or square their work. Weale.

Bank"er*ess (&?;), n. A female banker. Thackeray.

Bank"ing, n. The business of a bank or of a banker.

Banking house, an establishment or office in which, or a firm by whom, banking is done.

Bank" note` (&?;). 1. A promissory note issued by a bank or banking company, payable to bearer on demand.

In the United States popularly called a bank bill.

2. Formerly, a promissory note made by a banker, or banking company, payable to a specified person at a fixed date; a bank bill. See Bank bill, 2. [Obs.]

3. A promissory note payable at a bank.

Bank"rupt (&?;), n. [F. banqueroute, fr. It. bancarotta bankruptcy; banca bank (fr. OHG. banch, G. bank, bench) + rotta broken, fr. L. ruptus, p. p. of rumpere to break. At Florence, it is said, the bankrupt had his bench ( i.e., money table) broken. See 1st Bank, and Rupture, n.] 1. (Old Eng. Low) A trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors. Blackstone.

2. A trader who becomes unable to pay his debts; an insolvent trader; popularly, any person who is unable to pay his debts; an insolvent person. M&?;Culloch.

3. (Law) A person who, in accordance with the terms of a law relating to bankruptcy, has been judicially declared to be unable to meet his liabilities.

In England, until the year 1861 none but a "trader" could be made a bankrupt; a non-trader failing to meet his liabilities being an "insolvent". But this distinction was abolished by the Bankruptcy Act of 1861. The laws of 1841 and 1867 of the United States relating to bankruptcy applied this designation bankrupt to others besides those engaged in trade.

Bank"rupt, a. 1. Being a bankrupt or in a condition of bankruptcy; unable to pay, or legally discharged from paying, one's debts; as, a bankrupt merchant.

2. Depleted of money; not having the means of meeting pecuniary liabilities; as, a bankrupt treasury.

3. Relating to bankrupts and bankruptcy.

4. Destitute of, or wholly wanting (something once possessed, or something one should possess). "Bankrupt in gratitude." Sheridan.

Bankrupt law, a law by which the property of a person who is unable or unwilling to pay his debts may be taken and distributed to his creditors, and by which a person who has made a full surrender of his property, and is free from fraud, may be discharged from the legal obligation of his debts. See Insolvent, a.

Bank"rupt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bankrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bankrupting.] To make bankrupt; to bring financial ruin upon; to impoverish.

Bank"rupt*cy (&?;), n.; pl. Bankruptcies(&?;). 1. The state of being actually or legally bankrupt.

2. The act or process of becoming a bankrupt.

3. Complete loss; -- followed by of.

Bank"side` (&?;), n. The slope of a bank, especially of the bank of a steam.

Bank"-sid`ed (&?;), a. (Naut.) Having sides inclining inwards, as a ship; -- opposed to wall- sided.

Bank" swal"low (&?;). See under 1st Bank, n.

||Ban"li*eue` (&?;), n. [F., fr. LL. bannum leucae, banleuca; bannum jurisdiction + leuca league.] The territory without the walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or city. Brande & C.

Ban"ner (&?;), n. [OE. banere, OF. baniere, F. bannière, bandière, fr. LL. baniera, banderia, fr. bandum banner, fr. OHG. bant band, strip of cloth; cf. bindan to bind, Goth. bandwa, bandwo, a sign. See Band, n.] 1. A kind of flag attached to a spear or pike by a crosspiece, and used by a chief as his standard in battle.

> Hang out our banners on the outward walls.
> Shak.

2. A large piece of silk or other cloth, with a device or motto, extended on a crosspiece, and borne in a procession, or suspended in some conspicuous place.

3. Any flag or standard; as, the star-spangled banner.

Banner fish (Zoöl.), a large fish of the genus Histiophorus, of the Swordfish family, having a broad bannerlike dorsal fin; the sailfish. One species (H. Americanus) inhabits the North Atlantic.

Ban"nered (&?;), a. Furnished with, or bearing, banners. "A bannered host." Milton.

Ban"ner*et (&?;), n. [OE. baneret, OF. baneret, F. banneret; properly a dim. of OF. baniere. See Banner.]

1. Originally, a knight who led his vassals into the field under his own banner; -- commonly used as a title of rank.

2. A title of rank, conferred for heroic deeds, and hence, an order of knighthood; also, the person bearing such title or rank.

The usual mode of conferring the rank on the field of battle was by cutting or tearing off the point of the pennon or pointed flag on the spear of the candidate, thereby making it a banner.

3. A civil officer in some Swiss cantons.

4. A small banner. Shak.

Ban"ner*ol (&?;), n. A banderole; esp. a banner displayed at a funeral procession and set over the tomb. See Banderole.

Ban*ni"tion (&?;), n. [LL. bannitio. See Banish.] The act of expulsion. [Obs.] Abp. Laud.

Ban"nock (&?;), n. [Gael. bonnach.] A kind of cake or bread, in shape flat and roundish, commonly made of oatmeal or barley meal and baked on an iron plate, or griddle; -- used in Scotland and the northern counties of England. Jamieson.

Bannock fluke, the turbot. [Scot.]

Banns (&?;), n. pl. [See Ban.] Notice of a proposed marriage, proclaimed in a church, or other place prescribed by law, in order that any person may object, if he knows of just cause why the marriage should not take place.

Ban"quet (b"kwt), n. [F., a feast, prop. a dim. of banc bench; cf. It. banchetto, dim. of banco a bench, counter. See Bank a bench, and cf. Banquette.] 1. A feast; a sumptuous entertainment of eating and drinking; often, a complimentary or ceremonious feast, followed by speeches.

2. A dessert; a course of sweetmeats; a sweetmeat or sweetmeats. [Obs.]

> We'll dine in the great room, but let the music
> And banquet be prepared here.
> Massinger.

Ban"quet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Banqueted; p. pr. & vb. n. Banqueting.] To treat with a banquet or sumptuous entertainment of food; to feast.

> Just in time to banquet
> The illustrious company assembled there.
> Coleridge.

Ban"quet, v. i. 1. To regale one's self with good eating and drinking; to feast.

> Were it a draught for Juno when she banquets,
> I would not taste thy treasonous offer.
> Milton.

2. To partake of a dessert after a feast. [Obs.]

> Where they did both sup and banquet.
> Cavendish.

Ban"quet*er (b"kwt*r), n. One who banquets; one who feasts or makes feasts.

Ban*quette" (b*kt"), n. [F. See Banquet, n.] 1. (Fort.) A raised way or foot bank, running along the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to fire upon the enemy.

2. (Arch.) A narrow window seat; a raised shelf at the back or the top of a buffet or dresser.

{ Ban"shee, Ban"shie } (&?;), n. [Gael. bean-shith fairy; Gael. & Ir. bean woman + Gael. sith fairy.] A supernatural being supposed by the Irish and Scotch peasantry to warn a family of the speedy death of one of its members, by wailing or singing in a mournful voice under the windows of the house.

Ban"stic`kle (&?;), n. [OE. ban, bon, bone + stickle prickle, sting. See Bone, n., Stickleback.] (Zoöl.) A small fish, the three-spined stickleback.

Ban"tam (&?;), n. A variety of small barnyard fowl, with feathered legs, probably brought from Bantam, a district of Java.

Ban"tam work`. Carved and painted work in imitation of Japan ware.

||Ban"teng (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The wild ox of Java (Bibos Banteng).

Ban"ter (&?;), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Bantered(&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bantering.] [Prob. corrupted fr. F. badiner to joke, or perh. fr. E. bandy to beat to and fro. See Badinage, and cf. Barter fr. OF. barater.]

1. To address playful good-natured ridicule to, -- the person addressed, or something pertaining to him, being the subject of the jesting; to rally; as, he bantered me about my credulity.

> Hag-ridden by my own fancy all night, and then bantered on
> my haggard looks the next day.
> W. Irving.

2. To jest about; to ridicule in speaking of, as some trait, habit, characteristic, and the like. [Archaic]

> If they banter your regularity, order, and love of study, banter in return their neglect of them.
> Chatham.

3. To delude or trick, -- esp. by way of jest. [Obs.]

> We diverted ourselves with bantering several poor scholars
> with hopes of being at least his lordship's chaplain.
> De Foe.

4. To challenge or defy to a match. [Colloq. Southern and Western U.S.]

Ban"ter, n. The act of bantering; joking or jesting; humorous or good-humored raillery; pleasantry.

> Part banter, part affection.
> Tennyson.

Ban"ter*er (&?;), n. One who banters or rallies.

Ban"ting*ism (&?;), n. A method of reducing corpulence by avoiding food containing much farinaceous, saccharine, or oily matter; -- so called from William Banting of London.

Bant"ling (&?;), n. [Prob. for bandling, from band, and meaning a child wrapped in swaddling bands; or cf. G. bäntling a bastard, fr. bank bench. Cf. Bastard, n.] A young or small child; an infant. [Slightly contemptuous or depreciatory.]

> In what out of the way corners genius produces her bantlings.
> W. Irving.

Banx"ring (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian insectivorous mammal of the genus Tupaia.

Ban"yan (&?;), n. [See Banian.] (Bot.) A tree of the same genus as the common fig, and called the Indian fig (Ficus Indica), whose branches send shoots to the ground, which take root and become additional trunks, until it may be the tree covers some acres of ground and is able to shelter thousands of men.

Ba"o*bab (&?;), n. [The native name.] (Bot.) A gigantic African tree (Adansonia digitata), also naturalized in India. See Adansonia.

Baph"o*met (&?;), n. [A corruption of Mahomet or Mohammed, the Arabian prophet: cf. Pr. Bafomet, OSp. Mafomat, OPg. Mafameda.] An idol or symbolical figure which the Templars were accused of using in their mysterious rites.

Bap"tism (&?;), n. [OE. baptim, baptem, OE. baptesme, batisme, F. baptême, L. baptisma, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to baptize, fr. &?; to dip in water, akin to &?; deep, Skr. gh to dip, bathe, v. i.] The act of baptizing; the application of water to a person, as a sacrament or religious ceremony, by which he is initiated into the visible church of Christ. This is performed by immersion, sprinkling, or pouring.

Bap*tis"mal (&?;), a. [Cf. F. baptismal.] Pertaining to baptism; as, baptismal vows.

Baptismal name, the Christian name, which is given at baptism.

Bap*tis"mal*ly, adv. In a baptismal manner.

Bap"tist (&?;), n. [L. baptista, G. &?;]

1. One who administers baptism; -- specifically applied to John, the forerunner of Christ. Milton.

2. One of a denomination of Christians who deny the validity of infant baptism and of sprinkling, and maintain that baptism should be administered to believers alone, and should be by immersion. See Anabaptist.

In doctrine the Baptists of this country [the United States] are Calvinistic, but with much freedom and moderation. Amer. Cyc.

Freewill Baptists, a sect of Baptists who are Arminian in doctrine, and practice open communion. -- Seventh- day Baptists, a sect of Baptists who keep the seventh day of the week, or Saturday, as the Sabbath. See Sabbatarian. The Dunkers and Campbellites are also Baptists.

{ Bap"tis*ter*y (&?;), Bap"tis*try } (&?;), n.; pl. Baptisteries (&?;), -tries (&?;). [L. baptisterium, Gr. &?;: cf. F. baptistère.] (Arch.) (a) In early times, a separate building, usually polygonal, used for baptismal services. Small churches were often changed into baptisteries when larger churches were built near. (b) A part of a church containing a font and used for baptismal services.

Bap*tis"tic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?;] Of or for baptism; baptismal.

Bap*tis"tic*al (&?;), a. Baptistic. [R.]

Bap*tiz"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being baptized; fit to be baptized. Baxter.

Bap`ti*za"tion (&?;), n. Baptism. [Obs.]

> Their baptizations were null.
> Jer. Taylor.

Bap*tize" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Baptized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Baptizing.] [F. baptiser, L. baptizare, fr.Gr. &?;. See Baptism.] 1. To administer the sacrament of baptism to.

2. To christen ( because a name is given to infants at their baptism); to give a name to; to name.

> I'll be new baptized;
> Henceforth I never will be Romeo.
> Shak.

3. To sanctify; to consecrate.

Bap*tize"ment (&?;), n. The act of baptizing. [R.]

Bap*tiz"er (&?;), n. One who baptizes.

Bar (bär), n. [OE. barre, F. barre, fr. LL. barra, W. bar the branch of a tree, bar, baren branch, Gael. & Ir. barra bar. √91.] 1. A piece of wood, metal, or other material, long in proportion to its breadth or thickness, used as a lever and for various other purposes, but especially for a hindrance, obstruction, or fastening; as, the bars of a fence or gate; the bar of a door.

> Thou shalt make bars of shittim wood.
> Ex. xxvi. 26.

2. An indefinite quantity of some substance, so shaped as to be long in proportion to its breadth and thickness; as, a bar of gold or of lead; a bar of soap.

3. Anything which obstructs, hinders, or prevents; an obstruction; a barrier.

> Must I new bars to my own joy create?
> Dryden.

<! p. 118 pr=SA !>

4. A bank of sand, gravel, or other matter, esp. at the mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing navigation.

5. Any railing that divides a room, or office, or hall of assembly, in order to reserve a space for those having special privileges; as, the bar of the House of Commons.

6. (Law) (a) The railing that incloses the place which counsel occupy in courts of justice. Hence, the phrase at the bar of the court signifies in open court. (b) The place in court where prisoners are stationed for arraignment, trial, or sentence. (c) The whole body of lawyers licensed in a court or district; the legal profession. (d) A special plea constituting a sufficient answer to plaintiff's action.

7. Any tribunal; as, the bar of public opinion; the bar of God.

8. A barrier or counter, over which liquors and food are passed to customers; hence, the portion of the room behind the counter where liquors for sale are kept.

9. (Her.) An ordinary, like a fess but narrower, occupying only one fifth part of the field.

10. A broad shaft, or band, or stripe; as, a bar of light; a bar of color.

11. (Mus.) A vertical line across the staff. Bars divide the staff into spaces which represent measures, and are themselves called measures.

A double bar marks the end of a strain or main division of a movement, or of a whole piece of music; in psalmody, it marks the end of a line of poetry. The term bar is very often loosely used for measure, i.e., for such length of music, or of silence, as is included between one bar and the next; as, a passage of eight bars; two bars' rest.

12. (Far.) pl. (a) The space between the tusks and grinders in the upper jaw of a horse, in which the bit is placed. (b) The part of the crust of a horse's hoof which is bent inwards towards the frog at the heel on each side, and extends into the center of the sole.

13. (Mining) (a) A drilling or tamping rod. (b) A vein or dike crossing a lode.

14. (Arch.) (a) A gatehouse of a castle or fortified town. (b) A slender strip of wood which divides and supports the glass of a window; a sash bar.

Bar shoe (Far.), a kind of horseshoe having a bar across the usual opening at the heel, to protect a tender frog from injury. -- Bar shot, a double headed shot, consisting of a bar, with a ball or half ball at each end; -- formerly used for destroying the masts or rigging in naval combat. -- Bar sinister (Her.), a term popularly but erroneously used for baton, a mark of illegitimacy. See Baton. -- Bar tracery (Arch.), ornamental stonework resembling bars of iron twisted into the forms required. -- Blank bar (Law). See Blank. -- Case at bar (Law), a case presently before the court; a case under argument. -- In bar of, as a sufficient reason against; to prevent. -- Matter in bar, or Defence in bar, any matter which is a final defense in an action. -- Plea in bar, a plea which goes to bar or defeat the plaintiff's action absolutely and entirely. -- Trial at bar (Eng. Law), a trial before all the judges of one the superior courts of Westminster, or before a quorum representing the full court.

Bar (bär), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barred (bärd); p. pr. & vb. n. Barring.] [ F. barrer. See Bar, n.] 1. To fasten with a bar; as, to bar a door or gate.

2. To restrict or confine, as if by a bar; to hinder; to obstruct; to prevent; to prohibit; as, to bar the entrance of evil; distance bars our intercourse; the statute bars my right; the right is barred by time; a release bars the plaintiff's recovery; -- sometimes with up.

> He barely looked the idea in the face, and hastened to bar it in its dungeon.
> Hawthorne.

3. To except; to exclude by exception.

> Nay, but I bar to-night: you shall not gauge me
> By what we do to-night.
> Shak.

4. To cross with one or more stripes or lines.

> For the sake of distinguishing the feet more clearly, I have barred them singly.
> Burney.

Barb (&?;), n. [F. barbe, fr. L. barba beard. See Beard, n.] 1. Beard, or that which resembles it, or grows in the place of it.

> The barbel, so called by reason of his barbs, or wattles in his mouth.
> Walton.

2. A muffler, worn by nuns and mourners. [Obs.]

3. pl. Paps, or little projections, of the mucous membrane, which mark the opening of the submaxillary glands under the tongue in horses and cattle. The name is mostly applied when the barbs are inflamed and swollen. [Written also barbel and barble.]

4. The point that stands backward in an arrow, fishhook, etc., to prevent it from being easily extracted. Hence: Anything which stands out with a sharp point obliquely or crosswise to something else. "Having two barbs or points." Ascham.

5. A bit for a horse. [Obs.] Spenser.

6. (Zoöl.) One of the side branches of a feather, which collectively constitute the vane. See Feather.

7. (Zoöl.) A southern name for the kingfishes of the eastern and southeastern coasts of the United States; -- also improperly called whiting.

8. (Bot.) A hair or bristle ending in a double hook.

Barb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Barbing.] 1. To shave or dress the beard of. [Obs.]

2. To clip; to mow. [Obs.] Marston.

3. To furnish with barbs, or with that which will hold or hurt like barbs, as an arrow, fishhook, spear, etc.

> But rattling storm of arrows barbed with fire.
> Milton.

Barb, n. [F. barbe, fr. Barbarie.] 1. The Barbary horse, a superior breed introduced from Barbary into Spain by the Moors.

2. (Zoöl.) A blackish or dun variety of the pigeon, originally brought from Barbary.

Barb, n. [Corrupted fr. bard.] Armor for a horse. Same as 2d Bard, n., 1.

Bar"ba*can (&?;), n. See Barbican.

Bar"ba*can*age (&?;), n. See Barbicanage.

Bar*ba"di*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Barbados. -- n. A native of Barbados.

{ Bar*ba"dos or Bar*ba"does } (&?;), n. A West Indian island, giving its name to a disease, to a cherry, etc.

Barbados cherry (Bot.), a genus of trees of the West Indies (Malpighia) with an agreeably acid fruit resembling a cherry. -- Barbados leg (Med.), a species of elephantiasis incident to hot climates. -- Barbados nuts, the seeds of the Jatropha curcas, a plant growing in South America and elsewhere. The seeds and their acrid oil are used in medicine as a purgative. See Physic nut.

||Bar"ba*ra (&?;), n. [Coined by logicians.] (Logic) The first word in certain mnemonic lines which represent the various forms of the syllogism. It indicates a syllogism whose three propositions are universal affirmatives. Whately.

Bar`ba*resque" (&?;), a. Barbaric in form or style; as, barbaresque architecture. De Quincey.

Bar*ba"ri*an (&?;), n. [See Barbarous.] 1. A foreigner. [Historical]

> Therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, I shall be unto him that speaketh a barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me.
> 1 Cor. xiv. 11.

2. A man in a rude, savage, or uncivilized state.

3. A person destitute of culture. M. Arnold.

4. A cruel, savage, brutal man; one destitute of pity or humanity. "Thou fell barbarian." Philips.

Bar*ba"ri*an, a. Of, or pertaining to, or resembling, barbarians; rude; uncivilized; barbarous; as, barbarian governments or nations.

Bar*bar"ic (bär*br"k), a. [L. barbaricus foreign, barbaric, Gr. barbariko`s.] 1. Of, or from, barbarian nations; foreign; -- often with reference to barbarous nations of the east. "Barbaric pearl and gold." Milton.

2. Of or pertaining to, or resembling, an uncivilized person or people; barbarous; barbarian; destitute of refinement. "Wild, barbaric music." Sir W. Scott.

Bar"ba*rism (bär"b*rz'm), n. [L. barbarismus, Gr. barbarismo`s; cf. F. barbarisme.] 1. An uncivilized state or condition; rudeness of manners; ignorance of arts, learning, and literature; barbarousness. Prescott.

2. A barbarous, cruel, or brutal action; an outrage.

> A heinous barbarism . . . against the honor of marriage.
> Milton.

3. An offense against purity of style or language; any form of speech contrary to the pure idioms of a particular language. See Solecism.

> The Greeks were the first that branded a foreign term in any of their writers with the odious name of barbarism.
> G. Campbell.

Bar*bar"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Barbarities (&?;). [From Barbarous.] 1. The state or manner of a barbarian; lack of civilization.

2. Cruelty; ferociousness; inhumanity.

> Treating Christians with a barbarity which would have shocked the very Moslem.

Macaulay.

3. A barbarous or cruel act.

4. Barbarism; impurity of speech. [Obs.] Swift.

Bar"ba*rize (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Barbarized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Barbarizing (&?;).]

1. To become barbarous.

> The Roman empire was barbarizing rapidly from the time of Trajan.

De Quincey.

2. To adopt a foreign or barbarous mode of speech.

> The ill habit . . . of wretched barbarizing against the Latin and Greek idiom, with their untutored Anglicisms.

Milton.

Bar"ba*rize (&?;), v. t. [Cf. F. barbariser, LL. barbarizare.] To make barbarous.

> The hideous changes which have barbarized France.
> Burke.

Bar"ba*rous (&?;), a. [L. barbarus, Gr. ba`rbaros, strange, foreign; later, slavish, rude, ignorant; akin to L. balbus stammering, Skr. barbara stammering, outlandish. Cf. Brave, a.] 1. Being in the state of a barbarian; uncivilized; rude; peopled with barbarians; as, a barbarous people; a barbarous country.

2. Foreign; adapted to a barbaric taste. [Obs.]

> Barbarous gold.
> Dryden.

3. Cruel; ferocious; inhuman; merciless.

> By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, to the grief of all that knew him.
> Clarendon.

4. Contrary to the pure idioms of a language.

> A barbarous expression
> G. Campbell.

Syn. -- Uncivilized; unlettered; uncultivated; untutored; ignorant; merciless; brutal. See Ferocious.

Bar"ba*rous*ly, adv. In a barbarous manner.

Bar"ba*rous*ness, n. The quality or state of being barbarous; barbarity; barbarism.

Bar"ba*ry (&?;), n. [Fr. Ar. Barbar the people of Barbary.] The countries on the north coast of Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic. Hence: A Barbary horse; a barb. [Obs.] Also, a kind of pigeon.

Barbary ape (Zoöl.), an ape (Macacus innuus) of north Africa and Gibraltar Rock, being the only monkey inhabiting Europe. It is very commonly trained by showmen.

Bar"ba*stel` (&?;), n. [F. barbastelle.] (Zoöl.) A European bat (Barbastellus communis), with hairy lips.

Bar"bate (&?;), a. [L. barbatus, fr. barba beard. See Barb beard.] (Bot.) Bearded; beset with long and weak hairs. Gray.

Bar"ba*ted (&?;), a. Having barbed points.

> A dart uncommonly barbated.
> T. Warton.

Bar"be*cue (bä"b*k), n. [In the language of Indians of Guiana, a frame on which all kinds of flesh and fish are roasted or smoke-dried.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted or broiled whole for a feast.

2. A social entertainment, where many people assemble, usually in the open air, at which one or more large animals are roasted or broiled whole.

3. A floor, on which coffee beans are sun- dried.

Bar"be*cue (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbecued (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Barbecuing.] 1. To dry or cure by exposure on a frame or gridiron.

> They use little or no salt, but barbecue their game and fish in the smoke.
> Stedman.

2. To roast or broil whole, as an ox or hog.

> Send me, gods, a whole hog barbecued.
> Pope.

Barbed (bärbd or bärb"d), a. [See 4th Barb.] Accoutered with defensive armor; -- said of a horse. See Barded (which is the proper form.) Sir W. Raleigh.

Barbed, a. Furnished with a barb or barbs; as, a barbed arrow; barbed wire.

Barbed wire, a wire, or a strand of twisted wires, armed with barbs or sharp points. It is used for fences.

Bar"bel (bär"bl), n. [OF. barbel, F. barbeau, dim. of L. barbus barbel, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.]

1. (Zoöl.) A slender tactile organ on the lips of certain fishes.

2. (Zoöl.) A large fresh-water fish (Barbus vulgaris) found in many European rivers. Its upper jaw is furnished with four barbels.

3. pl. Barbs or paps under the tongues of horses and cattle. See 1st Barb, 3.

Bar"bel*late (-lt), a. [See 1st Barb.] (Bot.) Having short, stiff hairs, often barbed at the point. Gray.

Bar*bel"lu*late (bär*bl"l*lt), a. (Bot.) Barbellate with diminutive hairs or barbs.

Bar"ber (bär"br), n. [OE. barbour, OF. barbeor, F. barbier, as if fr. an assumed L. barbator, fr. barba beard. See 1st Barb.] One whose occupation it is to shave or trim the beard, and to cut and dress the hair of his patrons.

Barber's itch. See under Itch.

Formerly the barber practiced some offices of surgery, such as letting blood and pulling teeth. Hence such terms as barber surgeon (old form barber chirurgeon), barber surgery, etc.

Bar"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barbered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Barbering.] To shave and dress the beard or hair of. Shak.

Bar"ber fish. (Zoöl.) See Surgeon fish.

Bar"ber*mon`ger (&?;), n. A fop. [Obs.]

Bar"ber*ry (&?;), n. [OE. barbarin, barbere, OF. berbere.] (Bot.) A shrub of the genus Berberis, common along roadsides and in neglected fields. B. vulgaris is the species best known; its oblong red berries are made into a preserve or sauce, and have been deemed efficacious in fluxes and fevers. The bark dyes a fine yellow, esp. the bark of the root. [Also spelt berberry.]

Bar"bet (&?;), n. [F. barbet, fr. barbe beard, long hair of certain animals. See Barb beard.] (Zoöl.) (a) A variety of small dog, having long curly hair. (b) A bird of the family Bucconidæ, allied to the Cuckoos, having a large, conical beak swollen at the base, and bearded with five bunches of stiff bristles; the puff bird. It inhabits tropical America and Africa. (c) A larva that feeds on aphides.

Bar*bette" (&?;), n. [F. Cf. Barbet.] (Fort.) A mound of earth or a platform in a fortification, on which guns are mounted to fire over the parapet.

En barbette, In barbette, said of guns when they are elevated so as to fire over the top of a parapet, and not through embrasures. -- Barbette gun, or Barbette battery, a single gun, or a number of guns, mounted in barbette, or partially protected by a parapet or turret. -- Barbette carriage, a gun carriage which elevates guns sufficiently to be in barbette. [See Illust. of Casemate.]

{ Bar"bi*can (&?;), Bar"ba*can } (&?;), n. [OE. barbican, barbecan, F. barbacane, LL. barbacana, barbicana, of uncertain origin: cf. Ar. barbakh aqueduct, sewer. F. barbacane also means, an opening to let out water, loophole.] 1. (Fort.) A tower or advanced work defending the entrance to a castle or city, as at a gate or bridge. It was often large and strong, having a ditch and drawbridge of its own.

2. An opening in the wall of a fortress, through which missiles were discharged upon an enemy.

{ Bar"bi*can*age (&?;), Bar"ba*can*age } (&?;), n. [LL. barbicanagium. See Barbican.] Money paid for the support of a barbican. [Obs.] Bouvier.

Bar"bi*cel (&?;), n. [NL. barbicella, dim. of L. barba. See 1st Barb.] (Zoöl.) One of the small hooklike processes on the barbules of feathers.

||Bar"biers (&?;), n. (Med.) A variety of paralysis, peculiar to India and the Malabar coast; -- considered by many to be the same as beriberi in a chronic form.

Bar*big"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. barba a beard + -gerous.] Having a beard; bearded; hairy.

||Bar"bi*ton (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. ba`rbiton.] (Mus.) An ancient Greek instrument resembling a lyre.

Bar`bi*tu"ric ac"id (&?;). (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, CH2(CO.NH)2.CO, derived from alloxantin, also from malonic acid and urea, and regarded as a substituted urea.

<! p. 119 pr=SA !>

Bar"ble (bär"b'l), n. See Barbel.

Bar"bo*tine (&?;), n. [F.] A paste of clay used in decorating coarse pottery in relief.

Bar"bre (bär"br), a. Barbarian. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bar"bule (&?;), n. [L. barbula, fr. barba beard.]

1. A very minute barb or beard. Booth.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the processes along the edges of the barbs of a feather, by which adjacent barbs interlock. See Feather.

Bar"ca*rolle (&?;), n. [F. barcarolle, fr. It. barcaruola, fr. barca bark, barge.] (Mus.) (a) A popular song or melody sung by Venetian gondoliers. (b) A piece of music composed in imitation of such a song.

Bar"con (-kn), n. [It. barcone, fr. barca a bark.] A vessel for freight; -- used in the Mediterranean.

Bard (bärd), n. [Of Celtic origin; cf. W. bardd, Arm. barz, Ir. & Gael. bard, and F. barde.] 1. A professional poet and singer, as among the ancient Celts, whose occupation was to compose and sing verses in honor of the heroic achievements of princes and brave men.

2. Hence: A poet; as, the bard of Avon.

{ Bard, Barde } (bärd), n. [F. barde, of doubtful origin.]

1. A piece of defensive (or, sometimes, ornamental) armor for a horse's neck, breast, and flanks; a barb. [Often in the pl.]

2. pl. Defensive armor formerly worn by a man at arms.

3. (Cookery) A thin slice of fat bacon used to cover any meat or game.

Bard, v. t. (Cookery) To cover (meat or game) with a thin slice of fat bacon.

Bard"ed, p. a. [See Bard horse armor.] 1. Accoutered with defensive armor; -- said of a horse.

2. (Her.) Wearing rich caparisons.

> Fifteen hundred men . . . barded and richly trapped.
> Stow.

Bard"ic, a. Of or pertaining to bards, or their poetry. "The bardic lays of ancient Greece." G. P. Marsh.

Bard"ish, a. Pertaining to, or written by, a bard or bards. "Bardish impostures." Selden.

Bard"ism (-z'm), n. The system of bards; the learning and maxims of bards.

Bard"ling (-lng), n. An inferior bard. J. Cunningham.

Bard"ship, n. The state of being a bard.

Bare (bâr), a. [OE. bar, bare, AS. bær; akin to D. & G. baar, OHG. par, Icel. berr, Sw. & Dan. bar, OSlav. bos barefoot, Lith. basas; cf. Skr. bhs to shine. √85.]

1. Without clothes or covering; stripped of the usual covering; naked; as, his body is bare; the trees are bare.

2. With head uncovered; bareheaded.

> When once thy foot enters the church, be bare.
> Herbert.

3. Without anything to cover up or conceal one's thoughts or actions; open to view; exposed.

> Bare in thy guilt, how foul must thou appear!

Milton.

4. Plain; simple; unadorned; without polish; bald; meager. "Uttering bare truth." Shak.

5. Destitute; indigent; empty; unfurnished or scantily furnished; -- used with of (rarely with in) before the thing wanting or taken away; as, a room bare of furniture. "A bare treasury." Dryden.

6. Threadbare; much worn.

> It appears by their bare liveries that they live by your bare words.
> Shak.

7. Mere; alone; unaccompanied by anything else; as, a bare majority. "The bare necessaries of life." Addison.

> Nor are men prevailed upon by bare words.
> South.

Under bare poles (Naut.), having no sail set.

Bare, n. 1. Surface; body; substance. [R.]

> You have touched the very bare of naked truth.
> Marston.

2. (Arch.) That part of a roofing slate, shingle, tile, or metal plate, which is exposed to the weather.

Bare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bared(bârd); p. pr. & vb. n. Baring.] [AS. barian. See Bare, a.] To strip off the covering of; to make bare; as, to bare the breast.

Bare. Bore; the old preterit of Bear, v.

Bare"back` (bâr"bk`), adv. On the bare back of a horse, without using a saddle; as, to ride bareback.

Bare"backed` (-bkd`), a. Having the back uncovered; as, a barebacked horse.

Bare"bone` (bâr"bn`), n. A very lean person; one whose bones show through the skin. Shak.

Bare"faced` (bâr"fst`), a. 1. With the face uncovered; not masked. "You will play barefaced." Shak.

2. Without concealment; undisguised. Hence: Shameless; audacious. "Barefaced treason." J. Baillie.

Bare"faced`ly, adv. Openly; shamelessly. Locke.

Bare"faced`ness, n. The quality of being barefaced; shamelessness; assurance; audaciousness.

Bare"foot (bâr"ft), a. & adv. With the feet bare; without shoes or stockings.

Bare"foot`ed, a. Having the feet bare.

||Ba*rége" (&?;), n. [F. barége, so called from Baréges, a town in the Pyrenees.] A gauzelike fabric for ladies' dresses, veils, etc. of worsted, silk and worsted, or cotton and worsted.

Bare"hand`ed (&?;), n. Having bare hands.

{ Bare"head`ed (&?;), Bare"head }, a. & adv. Having the head uncovered; as, a bareheaded girl.

Bare"legged` (&?;), a. Having the legs bare.

Bare"ly, adv. 1. Without covering; nakedly.

2. Without concealment or disguise.

3. Merely; only.

> R. For now his son is duke.
> W. Barely in title, not in revenue.
> Shak.

4. But just; without any excess; with nothing to spare ( of quantity, time, etc.); hence, scarcely; hardly; as, there was barely enough for all; he barely escaped.

Bare"necked` (&?;), a. Having the neck bare.

Bare"ness, n. The state of being bare.

Bare"sark (&?;), n. [Literally, bare sark or shirt.] A Berserker, or Norse warrior who fought without armor, or shirt of mail. Hence, adverbially: Without shirt of mail or armor.

Bar"fish` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Calico bass.

Bar"ful (&?;), a. Full of obstructions. [Obs.] Shak.

Bar"gain (&?;), n. [OE. bargayn, bargany, OF. bargaigne, bargagne, prob. from a supposed LL. barcaneum, fr. barca a boat which carries merchandise to the shore; hence, to traffic to and fro, to carry on commerce in general. See Bark a vessel. ] 1. An agreement between parties concerning the sale of property; or a contract by which one party binds himself to transfer the right to some property for a consideration, and the other party binds himself to receive the property and pay the consideration.

> A contract is a bargain that is legally binding.
> Wharton.

2. An agreement or stipulation; mutual pledge.

> And whon your honors mean to solemnize
> The bargain of your faith.
> Shak.

3. A purchase; also ( when not qualified), a gainful transaction; an advantageous purchase; as, to buy a thing at a bargain.

4. The thing stipulated or purchased; also, anything bought cheap.

> She was too fond of her most filthy bargain.
> Shak.

Bargain and sale (Law), a species of conveyance, by which the bargainor contracts to convey the lands to the bargainee, and becomes by such contract a trustee for and seized to the use of the bargainee. The statute then completes the purchase; i. e., the bargain vests the use, and the statute vests the possession. Blackstone. -- Into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated; besides. -- To sell bargains, to make saucy (usually indelicate) repartees. [Obs.] Swift. -- To strike a bargain, to reach or ratify an agreement. "A bargain was struck." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Contract; stipulation; purchase; engagement.

Bar"gain, v. i. [OE. barganien, OF. bargaigner, F. barguigner, to hesitate, fr. LL. barcaniare. See Bargain, n.] To make a bargain; to make a contract for the exchange of property or services; -- followed by with and for; as, to bargain with a farmer for a cow.

> So worthless peasants bargain for their wives.
> Shak.

Bar"gain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bargained (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bargaining.] To transfer for a consideration; to barter; to trade; as, to bargain one horse for another.

To bargain away, to dispose of in a bargain; -- usually with a sense of loss or disadvantage; as, to bargain away one's birthright. "The heir . . . had somehow bargained away the estate." G. Eliot.

Bar`gain*ee" (&?;), n. [OF. bargaigné, p. p. See Bargain, v. i.] (Law) The party to a contract who receives, or agrees to receive, the property sold. Blackstone.

Bar"gain*er (&?;), n. One who makes a bargain; -- sometimes in the sense of bargainor.

Bar`gain*or" (&?;), n. (Law) One who makes a bargain, or contracts with another; esp., one who sells, or contracts to sell, property to another. Blackstone.

Barge (&?;), n. [OF. barge, F. berge, fr. LL. barca, for barica (not found), prob. fr. L. baris an Egyptian rowboat, fr. Gr. &?;, prob. fr. Egyptian: cf. Coptic bari a boat. Cf. Bark a vessel.] 1. A pleasure boat; a vessel or boat of state, elegantly furnished and decorated.

2. A large, roomy boat for the conveyance of passengers or goods; as, a ship's barge; a charcoal barge.

3. A large boat used by flag officers.

4. A double-decked passenger or freight vessel, towed by a steamboat. [U.S.]

5. A large omnibus used for excursions. [Local, U.S.]

Barge"board` (&?;), n. [Perh. corrup. of vergeboard; or cf. LL. bargus a kind of gallows.] A vergeboard.

Barge"course` (&?;), n. [See Bargeboard.] (Arch.) A part of the tiling which projects beyond the principal rafters, in buildings where there is a gable. Gwilt.

Bar*gee" (&?;), n. A bargeman. [Eng.]

Barge"man (&?;), n. The man who manages a barge, or one of the crew of a barge.

Barge"mast`ter (&?;), n. The proprietor or manager of a barge, or one of the crew of a barge.

Bar"ger (&?;), n. The manager of a barge. [Obs.]

Bar"ghest` (&?;), n. [Perh. G. berg mountain + geist demon, or bär a bear + geist.] A goblin, in the shape of a large dog, portending misfortune. [Also written barguest.]

Ba"ri*a (&?;), n. [Cf. Barium.] (Chem.) Baryta.

Bar"ic (br"k), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to barium; as, baric oxide.

Bar"ic, a. [Gr. ba`ros weight.] (Physics) Of or pertaining to weight, esp. to the weight or pressure of the atmosphere as measured by the barometer.

Ba*ril"la (b*rl"l), n. [Sp. barrilla.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to several species of Salsola from which soda is made, by burning the barilla in heaps and lixiviating the ashes.

2. (Com.) (a) The alkali produced from the plant, being an impure carbonate of soda, used for making soap, glass, etc., and for bleaching purposes. (b) Impure soda obtained from the ashes of any seashore plant, or kelp. Ure.

Copper barilla (Min.), native copper in granular form mixed with sand, an ore brought from Bolivia; -- called also Barilla de cobre.

||Bar"il*let (&?;), n. [F., dim. of baril barrel.] A little cask, or something resembling one. Smart.

Bar" i`ron (&?;). See under Iron.

Ba"rite (&?;), n. (Min.) Native sulphate of barium, a mineral occurring in transparent, colorless, white to yellow crystals (generally tabular), also in granular form, and in compact massive forms resembling marble. It has a high specific gravity, and hence is often called heavy spar. It is a common mineral in metallic veins.

Bar"i*tone (&?;), a. & n. See Barytone.

Ba"ri*um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. bary`s heavy.] (Chem.) One of the elements, belonging to the alkaline earth group; a metal having a silver-white color, and melting at a very high temperature. It is difficult to obtain the pure metal, from the facility with which it becomes oxidized in the air. Atomic weight, 137. Symbol, Ba. Its oxide called baryta. [Rarely written barytum.]

Some of the compounds of this element are remarkable for their high specific gravity, as the sulphate, called heavy spar, and the like. The oxide was called barote, by Guyton de Morveau, which name was changed by Lavoisier to baryta, whence the name of the metal.

Bark (bärk), n. [Akin to Dan. & Sw. bark, Icel. börkr, LG. & HG. borke.] 1. The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree; the rind.

2. Specifically, Peruvian bark.

Bark bed. See Bark stove (below). -- Bark pit, a pit filled with bark and water, in which hides are steeped in tanning. -- Bark stove (Hort.), a glazed structure for keeping tropical plants, having a bed of tanner's bark (called a bark bed) or other fermentable matter which produces a moist heat.

Bark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barked (bärkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Barking.] 1. To strip the bark from; to peel.

2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from; as to bark one's heel.

3. To girdle. See Girdle, v. t., 3.

4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark; as, to bark the roof of a hut.

Bark, v. i. [OE. berken, AS. beorcan; akin to Icel. berkja, and prob. to E. break.] 1. To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs; -- said of some animals, but especially of dogs.

2. To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries.

> They bark, and say the Scripture maketh heretics.
> Tyndale.

> Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.
> Fuller.

Bark, n. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog; a similar sound made by some other animals.

{ Bark, Barque } (&?;), n. [F. barque, fr. Sp. or It. barca, fr. LL. barca for barica. See Barge.]

1. Formerly, any small sailing vessel, as a pinnace, fishing smack, etc.; also, a rowing boat; a barge. Now applied poetically to a sailing vessel or boat of any kind. Byron.

2. (Naut.) A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner- rigged.

Bark"an*tine (&?;), n. Same as Barkentine.

Bark" bee`tle (&?;). (Zoöl.) A small beetle of many species (family Scolytidæ), which in the larval state bores under or in the bark of trees, often doing great damage.

Bark"bound` (&?;), a. Prevented from growing, by having the bark too firm or close.

Bar"keep`er (&?;), n. One who keeps or tends a bar for the sale of liquors.

Bark"en (&?;), a. Made of bark. [Poetic] Whittier.

Bark"en*tine (&?;), n. [See Bark, n., a vessel.] (Naut.) A threemasted vessel, having the foremast square-rigged, and the others schooner-rigged. [Spelled also barquentine, barkantine, etc.] See Illust. in Append.

Bark"er (&?;), n. 1. An animal that barks; hence, any one who clamors unreasonably.

2. One who stands at the doors of shops to urg&?; passers by to make purchases. [Cant, Eng.]

3. A pistol. [Slang] Dickens.

4. (Zoöl.) The spotted redshank.

Bark"er, n. One who strips trees of their bark.

Bark"er's mill` (&?;). [From Dr. Barker, the inventor.] A machine, invented in the 17th century, worked by a form of reaction wheel. The water flows into a vertical tube and gushes from apertures in hollow horizontal arms, causing the machine to revolve on its axis.

Bark"er*y (-r*), n. A tanhouse.

Bark"ing i`rons (&?;). 1. Instruments used in taking off the bark of trees. Gardner.

2. A pair of pistols. [Slang]

Bark"less, a. Destitute of bark.

Bark" louse` (&?;). (Zoöl.) An insect of the family Coccidæ, which infests the bark of trees and vines.

The wingless females assume the shape of scales. The bark louse of the vine is Pulvinaria innumerabilis; that of the pear is Lecanium pyri. See Orange scale.

Bark"y (&?;), a. Covered with, or containing, bark. "The barky fingers of the elm." Shak.

Bar"ley (&?;), n. [OE. barli, barlich, AS. bærlic; bere barley + lc (which is prob. the same as E. like, adj., or perh. a form of AS. lec leek). AS. bere is akin to Icel, barr barley, Goth. barizeins made of barley, L. far spelt; cf. W. barlys barley, bara bread. &?;92. Cf. Farina, 6th Bear.] (Bot.) A valuable grain, of the family of grasses, genus Hordeum, used for food, and for making malt, from which are prepared beer, ale, and whisky.

<! p. 120 pr=SA !>

Barley bird (Zoöl.), the siskin. -- Barley sugar, sugar boiled till it is brittle (formerly with a decoction of barley) and candied. -- Barley water, a decoction of barley, used in medicine, as a nutritive and demulcent.

{ Bar"ley*brake` Bar"ley*break` } (bär"l*brk`), n. An ancient rural game, commonly played round stacks of barley, or other grain, in which some of the party attempt to catch others who run from a goal.

Bar"ley-bree` (-br`), n. [Lit. barley broth. See Brew.] Liquor made from barley; strong ale. [Humorous] [Scot.] Burns.

Bar"ley*corn` (&?;), n. [See Corn.] 1. A grain or "corn" of barley.

2. Formerly , a measure of length, equal to the average length of a grain of barley; the third part of an inch.

John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of barley as the source of malt liquor or whisky.

Barm (bärm), n. [OE. berme, AS. beorma; akin to Sw. bärma, G. bärme, and prob. L. fermentum. √93.] Foam rising upon beer, or other malt liquors, when fermenting, and used as leaven in making bread and in brewing; yeast. Shak.

Barm, n. [OE. bearm, berm, barm, AS. bearm; akin to E. bear to support.] The lap or bosom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bar"maid` (&?;), n. A girl or woman who attends the customers of a bar, as in a tavern or beershop.

> A bouncing barmaid.
> W. Irving.

Bar"mas`ter (&?;), n. [Berg + master: cf. G. Bergmeister.] Formerly, a local judge among miners; now, an officer of the barmote. [Eng.]

Barm"cloth` (bärm"klth), n. Apron. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bar"me*ci`dal (&?;), a. [See Barmecide.] Unreal; illusory. "A sort of Barmecidal feast." Hood.

Bar"me*cide (&?;), n. [A prince of the Barmecide family, who, as related in the "Arabian Nights' Tales", pretended to set before the hungry Shacabac food, on which the latter pretended to feast.] One who proffers some illusory advantage or benefit. Also used as an adj.: Barmecidal. "A Barmecide feast." Dickens.

Bar"mote` (bär"mt`), n. [Berg + mote meeting.] A court held in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controversies between miners. Blount.

Barm"y (bärm"), a. Full of barm or froth; in a ferment. "Barmy beer." Dryden.

Barn (bärn), n. [OE. bern, AS. berern, bern; bere barley + ern, ærn, a close place. √92. See Barley.] A covered building used chiefly for storing grain, hay, and other productions of a farm. In the United States a part of the barn is often used for stables.

Barn owl (Zoöl.), an owl of Europe and America (Aluco flammeus, or Strix flammea), which frequents barns and other buildings. -- Barn swallow (Zoöl.), the common American swallow (Hirundo horreorum), which attaches its nest of mud to the beams and rafters of barns.

Barn, v. t. To lay up in a barn. [Obs.] Shak.

> Men . . . often barn up the chaff, and burn up the grain.
> Fuller.

Barn, n. A child. [Obs.] See Bairn.

Bar"na*bite (&?;), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A member of a religious order, named from St. Barnabas.

Bar"na*cle (&?;), n. [Prob. from E. barnacle a kind of goose, which was popularly supposed to grow from this shellfish; but perh. from LL. bernacula for pernacula, dim. of perna ham, sea mussel; cf. Gr. pe`rna ham. Cf. F. bernacle, barnacle, E. barnacle a goose; and Ir. bairneach, barneach, limpet.] (Zoöl.) Any cirriped crustacean adhering to rocks, floating timber, ships, etc., esp. (a) the sessile species (genus Balanus and allies), and (b) the stalked or goose barnacles (genus Lepas and allies). See Cirripedia, and Goose barnacle.

Barnacle eater (Zoöl.), the orange filefish. -- Barnacle scale (Zoöl.), a bark louse (Ceroplastes cirripediformis) of the orange and quince trees in Florida. The female scale curiously resembles a sessile barnacle in form.

Bar"na*cle, n. [See Bernicle.] A bernicle goose.

Bar"na*cle, n. [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac, and Prov. F. (Berri) berniques, spectacles.] 1. pl. (Far.) An instrument for pinching a horse's nose, and thus restraining him. [Formerly used in the sing.]

> The barnacles . . . give pain almost equal to that of the switch.

Youatt.

2. pl. Spectacles; -- so called from their resemblance to the barnacles used by farriers. [Cant, Eng.] Dickens.

Barn"yard` (&?;), n. A yard belonging to a barn.

||Ba*roc"co (&?;), a. [It.] (Arch.) See Baroque.

Bar"o*graph (&?;), n. [Gr. ba`ros weight + -graph.] (Meteor.) An instrument for recording automatically the variations of atmospheric pressure.

Ba*ro"ko (b*r"k), n. [A mnemonic word.] (Logic) A form or mode of syllogism of which the first proposition is a universal affirmative, and the other two are particular negatives.

Ba*rol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. baros weight + -logy.] The science of weight or gravity.

Bar`o*ma*crom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. baros weight + makro`s long + -meter.] (Med.) An instrument for ascertaining the weight and length of a newborn infant.

Ba*rom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. baros weight + -meter: cf. F. baromètre.] An instrument for determining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, and hence for judging of the probable changes of weather, or for ascertaining the height of any ascent.

The barometer was invented by Torricelli at Florence about 1643. It is made in its simplest form by filling a graduated glass tube about 34 inches long with mercury and inverting it in a cup containing mercury. The column of mercury in the tube descends until balanced by the weight of the atmosphere, and its rise or fall under varying conditions is a measure of the change in the atmospheric pressure. At the sea level its ordinary height is about 30 inches (760 millimeters). See Sympiesometer. Nichol.

Aneroid barometer. See Aneroid barometer, under Aneroid. -- Marine barometer, a barometer with tube contracted at bottom to prevent rapid oscillations of the mercury, and suspended in gimbals from an arm or support on shipboard. -- Mountain barometer, a portable mercurial barometer with tripod support, and long scale, for measuring heights. -- Siphon barometer, a barometer having a tube bent like a hook with the longer leg closed at the top. The height of the mercury in the longer leg shows the pressure of the atmosphere. -- Wheel barometer, a barometer with recurved tube, and a float, from which a cord passes over a pulley and moves an index.

{ Bar`o*met"ric (br`*mt"rk), Bar`o*met"ric*al (-mt"r*kal), } a. Pertaining to the barometer; made or indicated by a barometer; as, barometric changes; barometrical observations.

Bar`o*met"ric*al*ly, adv. By means of a barometer, or according to barometric observations.

Bar`o*met"ro*graph (-r*grf), n. [Gr. baros weight + me`tron measure + -graph.] A form of barometer so constructed as to inscribe of itself upon paper a record of the variations of atmospheric pressure.

Ba*rom"e*try (&?;), n. The art or process of making barometrical measurements.

Bar"o*metz (&?;), n. [Cf. Russ. baranets' clubmoss.] (Bot.) The woolly-skinned rhizoma or rootstock of a fern (Dicksonia barometz), which, when specially prepared and inverted, somewhat resembles a lamb; -- called also Scythian lamb.

Bar"on (&?;), n. [OE. baron, barun, OF. baron, accus. of ber, F. baron, prob. fr. OHG. baro (not found) bearer, akin to E. bear to support; cf. O. Frisian bere, LL. baro, It. barone, Sp. varon. From the meaning bearer (of burdens) seem to have come the senses strong man, man (in distinction from woman), which is the oldest meaning in French, and lastly, nobleman. Cf. L. baro, simpleton. See Bear to support.]

1. A title or degree of nobility; originally, the possessor of a fief, who had feudal tenants under him; in modern times, in France and Germany, a nobleman next in rank below a count; in England, a nobleman of the lowest grade in the House of Lords, being next below a viscount.

"The tenants in chief from the Crown, who held lands of the annual value of four hundred pounds, were styled Barons; and it is to them, and not to the members of the lowest grade of the nobility (to whom the title at the present time belongs), that reference is made when we read of the Barons of the early days of England's history. . . . Barons are addressed as ‘My Lord,' and are styled ‘Right Honorable.' All their sons and daughters are ‘Honorable.'" Cussans.

2. (Old Law) A husband; as, baron and feme, husband and wife. [R.] Cowell.

Baron of beef, two sirloins not cut asunder at the backbone. -- Barons of the Cinque Ports, formerly members of the House of Commons, elected by the seven Cinque Ports, two for each port. -- Barons of the exchequer, the judges of the Court of Exchequer, one of the three ancient courts of England, now abolished.

Bar"on*age (&?;), n. [OE. barnage, baronage, OF. barnage, F. baronnage; cf. LL. baronagium.] 1. The whole body of barons or peers.

> The baronage of the kingdom.
> Bp. Burnet.

2. The dignity or rank of a baron.

3. The land which gives title to a baron. [Obs.]

Bar"on*ess (&?;), n. A baron's wife; also, a lady who holds the baronial title in her own right; as, the Baroness Burdett-Coutts.

Bar"on*et (&?;), n. [Baron + - et.] A dignity or degree of honor next below a baron and above a knight, having precedency of all orders of knights except those of the Garter. It is the lowest degree of honor that is hereditary. The baronets are commoners.

The order was founded by James I. in 1611, and is given by patent. The word, however, in the sense of a lesser baron, was in use long before. "Baronets have the title of 'Sir' prefixed to their Christian names; their surnames being followed by their dignity, usually abbreviated Bart. Their wives are addressed as 'Lady' or 'Madam'. Their sons are possessed of no title beyond 'Esquire.'" Cussans.

Bar"on*et*age (&?;), n. 1. State or rank of a baronet.

2. The collective body of baronets.

Bar"on*et*cy (&?;), n. The rank or patent of a baronet.

Ba*ro"ni*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to a baron or a barony. "Baronial tenure." Hallam.

Bar"o*ny (&?;), n.; pl. Baronies (&?;). [OF. baronie, F. baronnie, LL. baronia. See Baron.] 1. The fee or domain of a baron; the lordship, dignity, or rank of a baron.

2. In Ireland, a territorial division, corresponding nearly to the English hundred, and supposed to have been originally the district of a native chief. There are 252 of these baronies. In Scotland, an extensive freehold. It may be held by a commoner. Brande & C.

Ba*roque" (&?;), a. [F.; cf. It. barocco.] (Arch.) In bad taste; grotesque; odd.

Bar"o*scope (br"*skp), n. [Gr. baros weight + -scope: cf. F. baroscope.] Any instrument showing the changes in the weight of the atmosphere; also, less appropriately, any instrument that indicates or foreshadows changes of the weather, as a deep vial of liquid holding in suspension some substance which rises and falls with atmospheric changes.

{ Bar`o*scop"ic (&?;), Bar`o*scop"ic*al (&?;), } a. Pertaining to, or determined by, the baroscope.

Ba*rouche" (&?;), n. [G. barutsche, It. baroccio, biroccio, LL. barrotium, fr. L. birotus two-wheeled; bi- =bis twice + rota wheel.] A four-wheeled carriage, with a falling top, a seat on the outside for the driver, and two double seats on the inside arranged so that the sitters on the front seat face those on the back seat.

Ba`rou*chet" (&?;), n. A kind of light barouche.

Bar"post` (&?;), n. A post sunk in the ground to receive the bars closing a passage into a field.

Barque (&?;), n. Same as 3d Bark, n.

Bar"ra*can (&?;), n. [F. baracan, bouracan (cf. Pr. barracan, It. baracane, Sp. barragan, Pg. barregana, LL. barracanus), fr. Ar. barrakn a kind of black gown, perh. fr. Per. barak a garment made of camel's hair.] A thick, strong stuff, somewhat like camlet; -- still used for outer garments in the Levant.

Bar"rack (&?;), n. [F. baraque, fr. It. baracca (cf. Sp. barraca), from LL. barra bar. See Bar, n.]

1. (Mil.) A building for soldiers, especially when in garrison. Commonly in the pl., originally meaning temporary huts, but now usually applied to a permanent structure or set of buildings.

> He lodged in a miserable hut or barrack, composed of dry branches and thatched with straw.
> Gibbon.

2. A movable roof sliding on four posts, to cover hay, straw, etc. [Local, U.S.]

Bar"rack, v. t. To supply with barracks; to establish in barracks; as, to barrack troops.

Bar"rack, v. i. To live or lodge in barracks.

Bar"ra*clade (&?;), n. [D. baar, OD. baer, naked, bare + kleed garment, i.e., cloth undressed or without nap.] A home-made woolen blanket without nap. [Local, New York] Bartlett.

Bar"ra*coon` (&?;), n. [Sp. or Pg. barraca. See Barrack.] A slave warehouse, or an inclosure where slaves are quartered temporarily. Du Chaillu.

{ Bar`ra*cu"da (&?;), Bar`ra*cou"ta (&?;), } n. 1. (Zoöl.) A voracious, pikelike, marine fish, of the genus Sphyræna, sometimes used as food.

That of Europe and our Atlantic coast is Sphyræna spet (or S. vulgaris); a southern species is S. picuda; the Californian is S. argentea.

2. (Zoöl.) A large edible fresh-water fish of Australia and New Zealand (Thyrsites atun).

Bar"rage (&?;), n. [F., fr. barrer to bar, from barre bar.] (Engin.) An artificial bar or obstruction placed in a river or watercourse to increase the depth of water; as, the barrages of the Nile.

||Bar*ran"ca (&?;), n. [Sp.] A ravine caused by heavy rains or a watercourse. [Texas & N. Mex.]

||Bar"ras (&?;), n. [F.] A resin, called also galipot.

Bar"ra*tor (&?;), n. [OE. baratour, OF. barateor deceiver, fr. OF. barater, bareter, to deceive, cheat, barter. See Barter, v. i.] One guilty of barratry.

Bar"ra*trous (&?;), a. (Law) Tainted with, or constituting, barratry. -- Bar"ra*trous*ly, adv. Kent.

Bar"ra*try (&?;), n. [Cf. F. baraterie, LL. barataria. See Barrator, and cf. Bartery.] 1. (Law) The practice of exciting and encouraging lawsuits and quarrels. [Also spelt barretry.] Coke. Blackstone.

2. (Mar. Law) A fraudulent breach of duty or willful act of known illegality on the part of a master of a ship, in his character of master, or of the mariners, to the injury of the owner of the ship or cargo, and without his consent. It includes every breach of trust committed with dishonest purpose, as by running away with the ship, sinking or deserting her, etc., or by embezzling the cargo. Kent. Park.

3. (Scots Law) The crime of a judge who is influenced by bribery in pronouncing judgment. Wharton.

Barred" owl" (&?;). (Zoöl.) A large American owl (Syrnium nebulosum); -- so called from the transverse bars of a dark brown color on the breast.

Bar"rel (br"rl), n. [OE. barel, F. baril, prob. fr. barre bar. Cf. Barricade.] 1. A round vessel or cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends or heads.

2. The quantity which constitutes a full barrel. This varies for different articles and also in different places for the same article, being regulated by custom or by law. A barrel of wine is 31½ gallons; a barrel of flour is 196 pounds.

3. A solid drum, or a hollow cylinder or case; as, the barrel of a windlass; the barrel of a watch, within which the spring is coiled.

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4. A metallic tube, as of a gun, from which a projectile is discharged. Knight.

5. A jar. [Obs.] 1 Kings xvii. 12.

6. (Zoöl.) The hollow basal part of a feather.

Barrel bulk (Com.), a measure equal to five cubic feet, used in estimating capacity, as of a vessel for freight. - - Barrel drain (Arch.), a drain in the form of a cylindrical tube. -- Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part of a boiler, containing the flues. -- Barrel of the ear (Anat.), the tympanum, or tympanic cavity. -- Barrel organ, an instrument for producing music by the action of a revolving cylinder. -- Barrel vault. See under Vault.

Bar"rel (br"rl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barreled (-rld), or Barrelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Barreling, or Barrelling.] To put or to pack in a barrel or barrels.

{ Bar"reled, Bar"relled } (&?;), a. Having a barrel; -- used in composition; as, a double-barreled gun.

Bar"ren (br"ren), a. [OE. barein, OF. brehaing, fem. brehaigne, baraigne, F. bréhaigne; of uncertain origin; cf. Arm. brékhañ, markhañ, sterile; LL. brana a sterile mare, principally in Aquitanian and Spanish documents; Bisc. barau, baru, fasting.] 1. Incapable of producing offspring; producing no young; sterile; -- said of women and female animals.

> She was barren of children.

Bp. Hall.

2. Not producing vegetation, or useful vegetation; sterile. "Barren mountain tracts." Macaulay.

3. Unproductive; fruitless; unprofitable; empty.

> Brilliant but barren reveries.
> Prescott.

> Some schemes will appear barren of hints and matter.
> Swift.

4. Mentally dull; stupid. Shak.

Barren flower, a flower which has only stamens without a pistil, or which has neither stamens nor pistils. -- Barren Grounds (Geog.), a vast tract in British America northward of the forest regions. -- Barren Ground bear (Zoöl.), a peculiar bear, inhabiting the Barren Grounds, now believed to be a variety of the brown bear of Europe. -- Barren Ground caribou (Zoöl.), a small reindeer (Rangifer Grœnlandicus) peculiar to the Barren Grounds and Greenland.

Bar"ren, n. 1. A tract of barren land.

2. pl. Elevated lands or plains on which grow small trees, but not timber; as, pine barrens; oak barrens. They are not necessarily sterile, and are often fertile. [Amer.] J. Pickering.

Bar"ren*ly, adv. Unfruitfully; unproductively.

Bar"ren*ness, n. The condition of being barren; sterility; unproductiveness.

> A total barrenness of invention.
> Dryden.

Bar"ren*wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the Barberry family (Epimedium alpinum), having leaves that are bitter and said to be sudorific.

Bar"ret (&?;), n. [F. barrette, LL. barretum a cap. See Berretta, and cf. Biretta.] A kind of cap formerly worn by soldiers; -- called also barret cap. Also, the flat cap worn by Roman Catholic ecclesiastics.

Bar`ri*cade" (&?;), n. [F. barricade, fr. Sp. barricada, orig. a barring up with casks; fr. barrica cask, perh. fr. LL. barra bar. See Bar, n., and cf. Barrel, n.]

1. (Mil.) A fortification, made in haste, of trees, earth, palisades, wagons, or anything that will obstruct the progress or attack of an enemy. It is usually an obstruction formed in streets to block an enemy's access.

2. Any bar, obstruction, or means of defense.

> Such a barricade as would greatly annoy, or absolutely stop, the currents of the atmosphere.
> Derham.

Bar`ri*cade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Barricaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Barricading.] [Cf. F. barricader. See Barricade, n.] To fortify or close with a barricade or with barricades; to stop up, as a passage; to obstruct; as, the workmen barricaded the streets of Paris.

> The further end whereof [a bridge] was barricaded with barrels.
> Hakluyt.

Bar`ri*cad"er (&?;), n. One who constructs barricades.

Bar`ri*ca"do (&?;), n. & v. t. See Barricade. Shak.

Bar"ri*er (&?;), n. [OE. barrere, barere, F. barrière, fr. barre bar. See Bar, n.] 1. (Fort.) A carpentry obstruction, stockade, or other obstacle made in a passage in order to stop an enemy.

2. A fortress or fortified town, on the frontier of a country, commanding an avenue of approach.

3. pl. A fence or railing to mark the limits of a place, or to keep back a crowd.

> No sooner were the barriers opened, than he paced into the lists.
> Sir W. Scott.

4. Any obstruction; anything which hinders approach or attack. "Constitutional barriers." Hopkinson.

5. Any limit or boundary; a line of separation.

> 'Twixt that [instinct] and reason, what a nice barrier!
> Pope.

Barrier gate, a heavy gate to close the opening through a barrier. -- Barrier reef, a form of coral reef which runs in the general direction of the shore, and incloses a lagoon channel more or less extensive. -- To fight at barriers, to fight with a barrier between, as a martial exercise. [Obs.]

||Bar`ri*gu"do (&?;), n. [Native name, fr. Sp. barrigudo big-bellied.] (Zoöl.) A large, dark- colored, South American monkey, of the genus Lagothrix, having a long prehensile tail.

Bar`ring*out" (&?;), n. The act of closing the doors of a schoolroom against a schoolmaster; -- a boyish mode of rebellion in schools. Swift.

Bar"ris*ter (&?;), n. [From Bar, n.] Counselor at law; a counsel admitted to plead at the bar, and undertake the public trial of causes, as distinguished from an attorney or solicitor. See Attorney. [Eng.]

Bar"room` (&?;), n. A room containing a bar or counter at which liquors are sold.

Bar"row (br"r), n. [OE. barow, fr. AS. beran to bear. See Bear to support, and cf. Bier.] 1. A support having handles, and with or without a wheel, on which heavy or bulky things can be transported by hand. See Handbarrow, and Wheelbarrow.

2. (Salt Works) A wicker case, in which salt is put to drain.

Bar"row (br"r), n. [OE. barow, bargh, AS. bearg, bearh; akin to Icel. börgr, OHG. barh, barug, G. barch. √95.] A hog, esp. a male hog castrated. Holland.

Bar"row, n. [OE. bergh, AS. beorg, beorh, hill, sepulchral mound; akin to G. berg mountain, Goth. bairgahei hill, hilly country, and perh. to Skr. bhant high, OIr. brigh mountain. Cf. Berg, Berry a mound, and Borough an incorporated town.] 1. A large mound of earth or stones over the remains of the dead; a tumulus.

2. (Mining) A heap of rubbish, attle, etc.

Bar"row*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Henry Barrowe, one of the founders of Independency or Congregationalism in England. Barrowe was executed for nonconformity in 1593.

Bar"ru*let (&?;), n. [Dim. of bar, n.] (Her.) A diminutive of the bar, having one fourth its width.

Bar"ru*ly (&?;), a. (Her.) Traversed by barrulets or small bars; -- said of the field.

Bar"ry (&?;), a. (Her.) Divided into bars; -- said of the field.

Barse (bärs), n. [AS. bears, bærs, akin to D. baars, G. bars, barsch. Cf. 1st Bass, n.] The common perch. See 1st Bass. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Bar"tend`er (&?;), n. A barkeeper.

Bar"ter (bär"tr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bartered (-trd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bartering.] [OE. bartren, OF. barater, bareter, to cheat, exchange, perh. fr. Gr. pra`ttein to do, deal (well or ill), use practices or tricks, or perh. fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. brath treachery, W. brad. Cf. Barrator.] To traffic or trade, by exchanging one commodity for another, in distinction from a sale and purchase, in which money is paid for the commodities transferred; to truck.

Bar"ter, v. t. To trade or exchange in the way of barter; to exchange (frequently for an unworthy consideration); to traffic; to truck; -- sometimes followed by away; as, to barter away goods or honor.

Bar"ter, n. 1. The act or practice of trafficking by exchange of commodities; an exchange of goods.

> The spirit of huckstering and barter.
> Burke.

2. The thing given in exchange.

Syn. -- Exchange; dealing; traffic; trade; truck.

Bar"ter*er (&?;), n. One who barters.

Bar"ter*y (&?;), n. Barter. [Obs.] Camden.

Barth (&?;), n. [Etymol. unknown.] A place of shelter for cattle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Bar*thol"o*mew tide` (&?;). Time of the festival of St. Bartholomew, August 24th. Shak.

Bar"ti*zan` (&?;), n. [Cf. Brettice.] (Arch.) A small, overhanging structure for lookout or defense, usually projecting at an angle of a building or near an entrance gateway.

Bart"lett (&?;), n. (Bot.) A Bartlett pear, a favorite kind of pear, which originated in England about 1770, and was called Williams' Bonchrétien. It was brought to America, and distributed by Mr. Enoch Bartlett, of Dorchester, Massachusetts.

Bar"ton (bär"tn), n. [AS. beretn courtyard, grange; bere barley + tn an inclosure.] 1. The demesne lands of a manor; also, the manor itself. [Eng.] Burton.

2. A farmyard. [Eng.] Southey.

Bar"tram (&?;), n. (Bot.) See Bertram. Johnson.

Bar"way` (&?;), n. A passage into a field or yard, closed by bars made to take out of the posts.

Bar"wise` (&?;), adv. (Her.) Horizontally.

Bar"wood` (-wd`), n. A red wood of a leguminous tree (Baphia nitida), from Angola and the Gabon in Africa. It is used as a dyewood, and also for ramrods, violin bows and turner's work.

Bar`y*cen"tric (&?;), a. [Gr. bary`s heavy + ke`ntron center.] Of or pertaining to the center of gravity. See Barycentric calculus, under Calculus.

Ba*ryph"o*ny (&?;), n. [Gr. bary`s heavy + fwnh` a sound, voice.] (Med.) Difficulty of speech.

Ba*ry"ta (&?;), n. [Gr. bary`s heavy. Cf. Baria.] (Chem.) An oxide of barium (or barytum); a heavy earth with a specific gravity above 4.

Ba*ry"tes (&?;), n. [Gr. bary`s heavy: cf. Gr. bary`ths heaviness, F. baryte.] (Min.) Barium sulphate, generally called heavy spar or barite. See Barite.

Ba*ryt"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to baryta.

Ba*ry"to-cal"cite (&?;), n. [Baryta + calcite.] (Min.) A mineral of a white or gray color, occurring massive or crystallized. It is a compound of the carbonates of barium and calcium.

{ Bar"y*tone, Bar"i*tone } (&?;), a. [Gr. bary`tonos; bary`s heavy + to`nos tone.] 1. (Mus.) Grave and deep, as a kind of male voice.

2. (Greek Gram.) Not marked with an accent on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood.

{ Bar"y*tone, Bar"i*tone }, n. [F. baryton: cf. It. baritono.] 1. (Mus.) (a) A male voice, the compass of which partakes of the common bass and the tenor, but which does not descend as low as the one, nor rise as high as the other. (b) A person having a voice of such range. (c) The viola di gamba, now entirely disused.

2. (Greek Gram.) A word which has no accent marked on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood.

Ba*ry"tum (&?;), n. [NL.] (Chem.) The metal barium. See Barium. [R.]

Ba"sal (&?;), a. Relating to, or forming, the base.

Basal cleavage. See under Cleavage. -- Basal plane (Crystallog.), one parallel to the lateral or horizontal axis.

Ba"sal-nerved` (&?;), a. (Bot.) Having the nerves radiating from the base; -- said of leaves.

Ba*salt" (&?;), n. [L. basaltes (an African word), a dark and hard species of marble found in Ethiopia: cf. F. basalte.] 1. (Geol.) A rock of igneous origin, consisting of augite and triclinic feldspar, with grains of magnetic or titanic iron, and also bottle-green particles of olivine frequently disseminated.

It is usually of a greenish black color, or of some dull brown shade, or black. It constitutes immense beds in some regions, and also occurs in veins or dikes cutting through other rocks. It has often a prismatic structure as at the Giant's Causeway, in Ireland, where the columns are as regular as if the work of art. It is a very tough and heavy rock, and is one of the best materials for macadamizing roads.

2. An imitation, in pottery, of natural basalt; a kind of black porcelain.

Ba*salt"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. basaltique.] Pertaining to basalt; formed of, or containing, basalt; as basaltic lava.

Ba*salt"i*form (&?;), a. [Basalt + -form.] In the form of basalt; columnar.

Ba*salt"oid (&?;), a. [Basalt + - oid.] Formed like basalt; basaltiform.

Bas"an (&?;), n. Same as Basil, a sheepskin.

Bas"a*nite (&?;), n. [L. basanites lapis, Gr. ba`sanos the touchstone: cf. F. basanite.] (Min.) Lydian stone, or black jasper, a variety of siliceous or flinty slate, of a grayish or bluish black color. It is employed to test the purity of gold, the amount of alloy being indicated by the color left on the stone when rubbed by the metal.

||Bas`bleu" (&?;), n. [F., fr. bas stocking + bleu blue.] A bluestocking; a literary woman. [Somewhat derisive]

Bas"ci*net (&?;), n. [OE. bacinet, basnet, OF. bassinet, bacinet, F. bassinet, dim. of OF. bacin, F. bassin, a helmet in the form of a basin.] A light helmet, at first open, but later made with a visor. [Written also basinet, bassinet, basnet.]

Bas"cule (bs"kl), n. [F., a seesaw.] In mechanics, an apparatus on the principle of the seesaw, in which one end rises as the other falls.

Bascule bridge, a counterpoise or balanced drawbridge, which is opened by sinking the counterpoise and thus lifting the footway into the air.

Base (bs), a. [OE. bass, F. bas, low, fr. LL. bassus thick, fat, short, humble; cf. L. Bassus, a proper name, and W. bas shallow. Cf. Bass a part in music.] 1. Of little, or less than the usual, height; of low growth; as, base shrubs. [Archaic] Shak.

2. Low in place or position. [Obs.] Shak.

3. Of humble birth; or low degree; lowly; mean. [Archaic] "A peasant and base swain." Bacon.

4. Illegitimate by birth; bastard. [Archaic]

> Why bastard? wherefore base?
> Shak.

5. Of little comparative value, as metal inferior to gold and silver, the precious metals.

6. Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as, base coin; base bullion.

7. Morally low. Hence: Low-minded; unworthy; without dignity of sentiment; ignoble; mean; illiberal; menial; as, a base fellow; base motives; base occupations. "A cruel act of a base and a cowardish mind." Robynson (More's Utopia). "Base ingratitude." Milton.

8. Not classical or correct. "Base Latin." Fuller.

9. Deep or grave in sound; as, the base tone of a violin. [In this sense, commonly written bass.]

10. (Law) Not held by honorable service; as, a base estate, one held by services not honorable; held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant, a base tenant.

Base fee, formerly, an estate held at the will of the lord; now, a qualified fee. See note under Fee, n., 4. -- Base metal. See under Metal.

Syn. -- Dishonorable; worthless; ignoble; low-minded; infamous; sordid; degraded. -- Base, Vile, Mean. These words, as expressing moral qualities, are here arranged in the order of their strength, the strongest being placed first. Base marks a high degree of moral turpitude; vile and mean denote, in different degrees, the want of what is valuable or worthy of esteem. What is base excites our abhorrence; what is vile provokes our disgust or indignation; what is mean awakens contempt. Base is opposed to high-minded; vile, to noble; mean, to liberal or generous. Ingratitude is base; sycophancy is vile; undue compliances are mean.

Base, n. [F. base, L. basis, fr. Gr. ba`sis a stepping, step, a base, pedestal, fr. bai`nein to go, step, akin to E. come. Cf. Basis, and see Come.] 1. The bottom of anything, considered as its support, or that on which something rests for support; the foundation; as, the base of a statue. "The base of mighty mountains." Prescott.

2. Fig.: The fundamental or essential part of a thing; the essential principle; a groundwork.

3. (Arch.) (a) The lower part of a wall, pier, or column, when treated as a separate feature, usually in projection, or especially ornamented. (b) The lower part of a complete architectural design, as of a monument; also, the lower part of any elaborate piece of furniture or decoration.

4. (Bot.) That extremity of a leaf, fruit, etc., at which it is attached to its support.

<! p. 122 pr=SA !>

5. (Chem.) The positive, or non-acid component of a salt; a substance which, combined with an acid, neutralizes the latter and forms a salt; -- applied also to the hydroxides of the positive elements or radicals, and to certain organic bodies resembling them in their property of forming salts with acids.

6. (Pharmacy) The chief ingredient in a compound.

7. (Dyeing) A substance used as a mordant. Ure.

8. (Fort.) The exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which connects the salient angles of two adjacent bastions.

9. (Geom.) The line or surface constituting that part of a figure on which it is supposed to stand.

10. (Math.) The number from which a mathematical table is constructed; as, the base of a system of logarithms.

11. [See Base low.] A low, or deep, sound. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part; the deepest male voice. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, base. [Now commonly written bass.]

> The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar.
> Dryden.

12. (Mil.) A place or tract of country, protected by fortifications, or by natural advantages, from which the operations of an army proceed, forward movements are made, supplies are furnished, etc.

13. (Mil.) The smallest kind of cannon. [Obs.]

14. (Zoöl.) That part of an organ by which it is attached to another more central organ.

15. (Crystallog.) The basal plane of a crystal.

16. (Geol.) The ground mass of a rock, especially if not distinctly crystalline.

17. (Her.) The lower part of the field. See Escutcheon.

18. The housing of a horse. [Obs.]

19. pl. A kind of skirt (often of velvet or brocade, but sometimes of mailed armor) which hung from the middle to about the knees, or lower. [Obs.]

20. The lower part of a robe or petticoat. [Obs.]

21. An apron. [Obs.] "Bakers in their linen bases." Marston.

22. The point or line from which a start is made; a starting place or a goal in various games.

> To their appointed base they went.
> Dryden.

23. (Surv.) A line in a survey which, being accurately determined in length and position, serves as the origin from which to compute the distances and positions of any points or objects connected with it by a system of triangles. Lyman.

24. A rustic play; -- called also prisoner's base, prison base, or bars. "To run the country base." Shak.

25. (Baseball) Any one of the four bounds which mark the circuit of the infield.

Altern base. See under Altern. -- Attic base. (Arch.) See under Attic. -- Base course. (Arch.) (a) The first or lower course of a foundation wall, made of large stones or a mass of concrete; -- called also foundation course. (b) The architectural member forming the transition between the basement and the wall above. -- Base hit (Baseball), a hit, by which the batsman, without any error on the part of his opponents, is able to reach the first base without being put out. -- Base line. (a) A main line taken as a base, as in surveying or in military operations. (b) A line traced round a cannon at the rear of the vent. -- Base plate, the foundation plate of heavy machinery, as of the steam engine; the bed plate. -- Base ring (Ordnance), a projecting band of metal around the breech, connected with the body of the gun by a concave molding. H. L. Scott.

Base (bs), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Based (bsd); p. pr. & vb. n. Basing.] [From Base, n.] To put on a base or basis; to lay the foundation of; to found, as an argument or conclusion; -- used with on or upon. Bacon.

Base, v. t. [See Base, a., and cf. Abase.] 1. To abase; to let, or cast, down; to lower. [Obs.]

> If any . . . based his pike.
> Sir T. North.

2. To reduce the value of; to debase. [Obs.]

> Metals which we can not base.
> Bacon.

Base"ball" (&?;), n. 1. A game of ball, so called from the bases or bounds (four in number) which designate the circuit which each player must endeavor to make after striking the ball.

2. The ball used in this game.

Base"board (&?;), n. (Arch.) A board, or other woodwork, carried round the walls of a room and touching the floor, to form a base and protect the plastering; -- also called washboard (in England), mopboard, and scrubboard.

Base"born` (&?;), a. 1. Born out of wedlock. Gay.

2. Born of low parentage.

3. Vile; mean. "Thy baseborn heart." Shak.

Base"-burn`er (&?;), n. A furnace or stove in which the fuel is contained in a hopper or chamber, and is fed to the fire as the lower stratum is consumed.

Base"-court` (&?;), n. [F. basse-cour. See Base, a., and Court, n.] 1. The secondary, inferior, or rear courtyard of a large house; the outer court of a castle.

2. (Law) An inferior court of law, not of record.

Based (&?;), p. p. & a. 1. Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as, broad-based.

2. [See Base, n., 18-21.] Wearing, or protected by, bases. [Obs.] "Based in lawny velvet." E. Hall.

Ba"se*dow's dis*ease" (&?;). [Named for Dr. Basedow, a German physician.] (Med.) A disease characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, prominence of the eyeballs, and inordinate action of the heart; -- called also exophthalmic goiter. Flint.

Bas"e*lard (&?;), n. [OF. baselarde, LL. basillardus.] A short sword or dagger, worn in the fifteenth century. [Written also baslard.] Fairholt.

Base"less, a. Without a base; having no foundation or support. "The baseless fabric of this vision." Shak.

Base"ly, adv. 1. In a base manner; with despicable meanness; dishonorably; shamefully.

2. Illegitimately; in bastardy. [Archaic] Knolles.

Base"ment (&?;), n. [F. soubassement. Of uncertain origin. Cf. Base, a., Bastion.] (Arch.) The outer wall of the ground story of a building, or of a part of that story, when treated as a distinct substructure. (See Base, n., 3 (a).) Hence: The rooms of a ground floor, collectively.

Basement membrane (Anat.), a delicate membrane composed of a single layer of flat cells, forming the substratum upon which, in many organs, the epithelioid cells are disposed.

Base"ness (&?;), n. The quality or condition of being base; degradation; vileness.

> I once did hold it a baseness to write fair.
> Shak.

Bas"e*net (&?;), n. See Bascinet. [Obs.]

Base" vi`ol (&?;). See Bass viol.

Bash (&?;), v. t. & i. [OE. baschen, baissen. See Abash.] To abash; to disconcert or be disconcerted or put out of countenance. [Obs.]

> His countenance was bold and bashed not.
> Spenser.

Ba*shaw" (&?;), n. [See Pasha.] 1. A Turkish title of honor, now written pasha. See Pasha.

2. Fig.: A magnate or grandee.

3. (Zoöl.) A very large siluroid fish (Leptops olivaris) of the Mississippi valley; -- also called goujon, mud cat, and yellow cat.

Bash"ful (bsh"fl), a. [See Bash.] 1. Abashed; daunted; dismayed. [Obs.]

2. Very modest, or modest to excess; constitutionally disposed to shrink from public notice; indicating extreme or excessive modesty; shy; as, a bashful person, action, expression.

Syn. -- Diffident; retiring; reserved; shamefaced; sheepish.

Bash"ful*ly, adv. In a bashful manner.

Bash"ful*ness, n. The quality of being bashful.

Syn. -- Bashfulness, Modesty, Diffidence, Shyness. Modesty arises from a low estimate of ourselves; bashfulness is an abashment or agitation of the spirits at coming into contact with others; diffidence is produced by an undue degree of self-distrust; shyness usually arises from an excessive self-consciousness, and a painful impression that every one is looking at us. Modesty of deportment is becoming in all; bashfulness often gives rise to mistakes and blundering; diffidence in society frequently makes a man a burden to himself; shyness usually produces a reserve or distance which is often mistaken for haughtiness.

||Bash"i-ba*zouk" (bsh"*b*zk"), n. [Turkish, light-headed, a foolish fellow.] A soldier belonging to the irregular troops of the Turkish army.

Bash"less, a. Shameless; unblushing. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bas"hyle (&?;), n. (Chem.) See Basyle.

Ba"si- (&?;). A combining form, especially in anatomical and botanical words, to indicate the base or position at or near a base; forming a base; as, basibranchials, the most ventral of the cartilages or bones of the branchial arches; basicranial, situated at the base of the cranium; basifacial, basitemporal, etc.

Ba"sic (&?;), a. 1. (Chem.) (a) Relating to a base; performing the office of a base in a salt. (b) Having the base in excess, or the amount of the base atomically greater than that of the acid, or exceeding in proportion that of the related neutral salt. (c) Apparently alkaline, as certain normal salts which exhibit alkaline reactions with test paper.

2. (Min.) Said of crystalline rocks which contain a relatively low percentage of silica, as basalt.

Basic salt (Chem.), a salt formed from a base or hydroxide by the partial replacement of its hydrogen by a negative or acid element or radical.

Ba*sic"er*ite (b*ss"r*t), n. [Basi- + Gr. ke`ras horn, antenna.] (Zoöl.) The second joint of the antennæ of crustaceans.

Ba*sic"i*ty, n. (Chem.) (a) The quality or state of being a base. (b) The power of an acid to unite with one or more atoms or equivalents of a base, as indicated by the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms contained in the acid.

Ba*sid"i*o*spore (&?;), n. [Basidium + spore.] (Bot.) A spore borne by a basidium. -- Ba*sid`i*o*spor"ous (&?;), a.

||Ba*sid"i*um (&?;), n. [NL., dim. of Gr. ba`sis base.] (Bot.) A special oblong or pyriform cell, with slender branches, which bears the spores in that division of fungi called Basidiomycetes, of which the common mushroom is an example.

Ba"si*fi`er (&?;), n. (Chem.) That which converts into a salifiable base.

Ba*sif"u*gal (&?;), a. [Base, n. + L. fugere to flee.] (Bot.) Tending or proceeding away from the base; as, a basifugal growth.

Ba"si*fy (&?;), v. t. [Base + - fy.] (Chem.) To convert into a salifiable base.

||Ba`si*gyn"i*um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. basis base + gynh woman.] (Bot.) The pedicel on which the ovary of certain flowers, as the passion flower, is seated; a carpophore or thecaphore.

Ba`si*hy"al (&?;), a. [Basi- + Gr. υ (the letter "upsilon"); from the shape.] (Anat.) Noting two small bones, forming the body of the inverted hyoid arch.

Ba`si*hy"oid (&?;), n. [Basi- + hyoid.] (Anat.) The central tongue bone.

Bas"il (bz"l), n. [Cf. F. basile and E. Bezel.] The slope or angle to which the cutting edge of a tool, as a plane, is ground. Grier.

Bas"il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Basiled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Basiling.] To grind or form the edge of to an angle. Moxon.

Bas"il, n. [F. basilic, fr. L. basilicus royal, Gr. basiliko`s fr. basiley`s king.] (Bot.) The name given to several aromatic herbs of the Mint family, but chiefly to the common or sweet basil (Ocymum basilicum), and the bush basil, or lesser basil (O. minimum), the leaves of which are used in cookery. The name is also given to several kinds of mountain mint (Pycnanthemum).

Basil thyme, a name given to the fragrant herbs Calamintha Acinos and C. Nepeta. -- Wild basil, a plant (Calamintha clinopodium) of the Mint family.

Bas"il (bz"l), n. [Corrupt. from E. basan, F. basane, LL. basanium, bazana, fr. Ar. bithna, prop., lining.] The skin of a sheep tanned with bark.

{ Bas"i*lar (&?;), Bas"i*la*ry (&?;), } a. [F. basilaire, fr. L. basis. See Base, n.] 1. Relating to, or situated at, the base.

2. Lower; inferior; applied to impulses or springs of action. [R.] "Basilar instincts." H. W. Beecher.

Ba*sil"ic (&?;), n. [F. basilique.] Basilica.

{ Ba*sil"ic (&?;), Ba*sil"ic*al (&?;), } a. [See Basilica.] 1. Royal; kingly; also, basilican.

2. (Anat.) Pertaining to certain parts, anciently supposed to have a specially important function in the animal economy, as the middle vein of the right arm.

Ba*sil"i*ca (&?;), n.; pl. Basilicas (&?;); sometimes Basilicæ (-s). [L. basilica, Gr. basilikh` (sc. o'iki`a or stoa` fr. basiliko`s royal, fr. basiley`s king.] 1. Originally, the palace of a king; but afterward, an apartment provided in the houses of persons of importance, where assemblies were held for dispensing justice; and hence, any large hall used for this purpose.

2. (Arch.) (a) A building used by the Romans as a place of public meeting, with court rooms, etc., attached. (b) A church building of the earlier centuries of Christianity, the plan of which was taken from the basilica of the Romans. The name is still applied to some churches by way of honorary distinction.

Ba*sil"i*ca, n. A digest of the laws of Justinian, translated from the original Latin into Greek, by order of Basil I., in the ninth century. P. Cyc.

Ba*sil"i*can (&?;), a. Of, relating to, or resembling, a basilica; basilical.

> There can be no doubt that the first churches in Constantinople were in the basilican form.
> Milman.

Ba*sil"i*cok (&?;), n. [OF. basilicoc.] The basilisk. [Obs.] Chaucer

||Ba*sil"i*con (&?;), n. [L. basilicon, Gr. basiliko`n neut. of basiliko`s cf. F. basilicon. See Basilica.] (Med.) An ointment composed of wax, pitch, resin, and olive oil, lard, or other fatty substance.

Bas"i*lisk (&?;), n. [L. basiliscus, Gr. basiliskos little king, kind of serpent, dim. of basileys king; -- so named from some prominences on the head resembling a crown.] 1. A fabulous serpent, or dragon. The ancients alleged that its hissing would drive away all other serpents, and that its breath, and even its look, was fatal. See Cockatrice.

> Make me not sighted like the basilisk.
> Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) A lizard of the genus Basiliscus, belonging to the family Iguanidæ.

This genus is remarkable for a membranous bag rising above the occiput, which can be filled with air at pleasure; also for an elevated crest along the back, that can be raised or depressed at will.

3. (Mil.) A large piece of ordnance, so called from its supposed resemblance to the serpent of that name, or from its size. [Obs.]

Ba"sin (&?;), n. [OF. bacin, F. bassin, LL. bacchinus, fr. bacca a water vessel, fr. L. bacca berry, in allusion to the round shape; or perh. fr. Celtic. Cf. Bac.]

1. A hollow vessel or dish, to hold water for washing, and for various other uses.

2. The quantity contained in a basin.

3. A hollow vessel, of various forms and materials, used in the arts or manufactures, as that used by glass grinders for forming concave glasses, by hatters for molding a hat into shape, etc.

4. A hollow place containing water, as a pond, a dock for ships, a little bay. Pope

5. (Physical Geog.) (a) A circular or oval valley, or depression of the surface of the ground, the lowest part of which is generally occupied by a lake, or traversed by a river. (b) The entire tract of country drained by a river, or sloping towards a sea or lake.

6. (Geol.) An isolated or circumscribed formation, particularly where the strata dip inward, on all sides, toward a center; -- especially applied to the coal formations, called coal basins or coal fields.

Ba"sined (&?;), a. Inclosed in a basin. "Basined rivers." Young.

Bas"i*net (&?;), n. Same as Bascinet.

Ba`si*oc*cip"i*tal (&?;), a. [Basi- + occipital.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bone in the base of the cranium, frequently forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but usually distinct in the young. -- n. The basioccipital bone.

||Ba"si*on (&?;), n. [Gr. ba`sis a base.] (Anat.) The middle of the anterior margin of the great foramen of the skull.

Ba*sip"o*dite (&?;), n. [Basi- + poy`s, podo`s foot.] (Anat.) The basal joint of the legs of Crustacea.

||Ba*sip`te*ryg"i*um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ba`sis a base + ptery`gion a fin.] (Anat.) A bar of cartilage at the base of the embryonic fins of some fishes. It develops into the metapterygium. -- Ba*sip`ter*yg"i*al (&?;), a.

Ba`sip*ter"y*goid (&?;), a. & n. [Basi- + pterygoid.] (Anat.) Applied to a protuberance of the base of the sphenoid bone.

Ba"sis (b"ss), n.; pl. Bases (-sz). [L. basis, Gr. ba`sis. See Base, n.] 1. The foundation of anything; that on which a thing rests. Dryden.

2. The pedestal of a column, pillar, or statue. [Obs.]

> If no basis bear my rising name.
> Pope.

<! p. 123 pr=SA !>

3. The groundwork; the first or fundamental principle; that which supports.

> The basis of public credit is good faith.
> A. Hamilton.

4. The principal component part of a thing.

Ba*sis"o*lute (b*ss"*lt), a. [Basi- + solute, a.] (Bot.) Prolonged at the base, as certain leaves.

{ Ba`si*sphe"noid (&?;), Ba`si*sphe*noid"al (&?;), } a. [Basi- + sphenoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to that part of the base of the cranium between the basioccipital and the presphenoid, which usually ossifies separately in the embryo or in the young, and becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult.

Ba`si*sphe"noid, n. (Anat.) The basisphenoid bone.

Bask (bsk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Basked (bskt); p. pr. & vb. n. Basking.] [OScand. baðask to bathe one's self, or perh. bakask to bake one's self, sk being reflexive. See Bath, n., Bake, v. t.] To lie in warmth; to be exposed to genial heat.

> Basks in the glare, and stems the tepid wave.
> Goldsmith.

Bask, v. t. To warm by continued exposure to heat; to warm with genial heat.

> Basks at the fire his hairy strength.
> Milton.

Bas"ket (&?;), n. [Of unknown origin. The modern Celtic words seem to be from the English.] 1. A vessel made of osiers or other twigs, cane, rushes, splints, or other flexible material, interwoven. "Rude baskets . . . woven of the flexile willow." Dyer.

2. The contents of a basket; as much as a basket contains; as, a basket of peaches.

3. (Arch.) The bell or vase of the Corinthian capital. [Improperly so used.] Gwilt.

4. The two back seats facing one another on the outside of a stagecoach. [Eng.] Goldsmith.

Basket fish (Zoöl.), an ophiuran of the genus Astrophyton, having the arms much branched. See Astrophyton. -- Basket hilt, a hilt with a covering wrought like basketwork to protect the hand. Hudibras. Hence, Basket-hilted, a. -- Basket work, work consisting of plaited osiers or twigs. -- Basket worm (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect of the genus Thyridopteryx and allied genera, esp. T. ephemeræformis. The larva makes and carries about a bag or basket-like case of silk and twigs, which it afterwards hangs up to shelter the pupa and wingless adult females.

Bas"ket, v. t. To put into a basket. [R.]

Bas"ket*ful (&?;), n.; pl. Basketfuls (&?;). As much as a basket will contain.

Bas"ket*ry (&?;), n. The art of making baskets; also, baskets, taken collectively.

Bask"ing shark` (&?;). (Zoöl.) One of the largest species of sharks (Cetorhinus maximus), so called from its habit of basking in the sun; the liver shark, or bone shark. It inhabits the northern seas of Europe and America, and grows to a length of more than forty feet. It is a harmless species.

Bas"net (&?;), n. Same as Bascinet.

||Ba*som`ma*toph"o*ra (b*sm`m*tf"*r), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ba`sis base + 'o`mma eye + fe`rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) A group of Pulmonifera having the eyes at the base of the tentacles, including the common pond snails.

Ba"son (b"s'n), n. A basin. [Obs. or Special form]

Basque (bsk), a. [F.] Pertaining to Biscay, its people, or their language.

Basque (bsk), n. [F.] 1. One of a race, of unknown origin, inhabiting a region on the Bay of Biscay in Spain and France.

2. The language spoken by the Basque people.

3. A part of a lady's dress, resembling a jacket with a short skirt; -- probably so called because this fashion of dress came from the Basques.

Basqu"ish (&?;), a. [F. Basque Biscayan: cf. G. Baskisch.] Pertaining to the country, people, or language of Biscay; Basque [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Bas`-re*lief" (&?;), n. [F. bas- relief; bas low + relief raised work, relever to raise: cf. It. bassorilievo.] Low relief; sculpture, the figures of which project less than half of their true proportions; -- called also bass-relief and basso-rilievo. See Alto- rilievo.

Bass (bs), n.; pl. Bass, and sometimes Basses (- z). [A corruption of barse.] (Zoöl.) 1. An edible, spiny-finned fish, esp. of the genera Roccus, Labrax, and related genera. There are many species.

The common European bass is Labrax lupus. American species are: the striped bass (Roccus lineatus); white or silver bass of the lakes (R. chrysops); brass or yellow bass (R. interruptus).

2. The two American fresh-water species of black bass (genus Micropterus). See Black bass.

3. Species of Serranus, the sea bass and rock bass. See Sea bass.

4. The southern, red, or channel bass (Sciæna ocellata). See Redfish.

The name is also applied to many other fishes. See Calico bass, under Calico.

Bass, n. [A corruption of bast.] 1. (Bot.) The linden or lime tree, sometimes wrongly called whitewood; also, its bark, which is used for making mats. See Bast.

2. (Pron. &?;) A hassock or thick mat.

Bass (&?;), n. [F. basse, fr. bas low. See Base, a.]

1. A bass, or deep, sound or tone.

2. (Mus.) (a) The lowest part in a musical composition. (b) One who sings, or the instrument which plays, bass. [Written also base.]

Thorough bass. See Thorough bass.

Bass, a. Deep or grave in tone.

Bass clef (Mus.), the character placed at the beginning of the staff containing the bass part of a musical composition. [See Illust. under Clef.] -- Bass voice, a deep-sounding voice; a voice fitted for singing bass.

Bass, v. t. To sound in a deep tone. [R.] Shak.

{ Bas"sa (&?;), Bas*saw" } (&?;), n. See Bashaw.

Bass` drum" (&?;). (Mus.) The largest of the different kinds of drums, having two heads, and emitting a deep, grave sound. See Bass, a.

Bas"set (bs"st or bs*st"), n. [F. bassette, fr. It. bassetta. Cf. Basso.] A game at cards, resembling the modern faro, said to have been invented at Venice.

> Some dress, some dance, some play, not to forget
> Your piquet parties, and your dear basset.
> Rowe.

Bas"set (bs"st), a. [Cf. OF. basset somewhat low, dim. of bas low.] (Geol.) Inclined upward; as, the basset edge of strata. Lyell.

Bas"set, n. (Geol.) The edge of a geological stratum at the surface of the ground; the outcrop.

Bas"set, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Basseted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basseting.] (Geol.) To incline upward so as to appear at the surface; to crop out; as, a vein of coal bassets.

Bas"set horn` (hôrn`). [See Basset, a.] (Mus.) An instrument blown with a reed, and resembling a clarinet, but of much greater compass, embracing nearly four octaves.

Bas"set hound` (&?;). [F. basset.] (Zoöl.) A small kind of hound with a long body and short legs, used as an earth dog.

Bas"set*ing, n. The upward direction of a vein in a mine; the emergence of a stratum at the surface.

||Bas*set"to (&?;), n. [It., adj., somewhat low; n., counter tenor. See Basso.] (Mus.) A tenor or small bass viol.

Bass" horn" (&?;). (Mus.) A modification of the bassoon, much deeper in tone.

Bas"si*net (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bassinet, dim. of bassin. See Basin, and cf. Bascinet.] 1. A wicker basket, with a covering or hood over one end, in which young children are placed as in a cradle.

2. See Bascinet. Lord Lytton.

||Bas"so (&?;), n. [It., fr. LL. bassus. See Base, a.] (Mus.) (a) The bass or lowest part; as, to sing basso. (b) One who sings the lowest part. (c) The double bass, or contrabasso.

||Basso continuo (&?;). [It., bass continued.] (Mus.) A bass part written out continuously, while the other parts of the harmony are indicated by figures attached to the bass; continued bass.

Bas"sock (&?;), n. A hassock. See 2d Bass, 2.

Bas*soon" (&?;), n. [F. basson, fr. basse bass; or perh. fr. bas son low sound. See Bass a part in music. ] (Mus.) A wind instrument of the double reed kind, furnished with holes, which are stopped by the fingers, and by keys, as in flutes. It forms the natural bass to the oboe, clarinet, etc.

Its compass comprehends three octaves. For convenience of carriage it is divided into two parts; whence it is also called a fagot.

Bas*soon"ist, n. A performer on the bassoon. Busby.

{ ||Bas"so-ri*lie"vo (&?;), Bas"so-re*lie"vo } (&?;), n. [It. basso-rilievo.] Same as Bas- relief.

Bas"so*rin (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bassorine.] (Chem.) A constituent part of a species of gum from Bassora, as also of gum tragacanth and some gum resins. It is one of the amyloses. Ure.

Bass"-re*lief` (&?;), n. Same as Bas- relief.

Bass" vi`ol (&?;). (Mus.) A stringed instrument of the viol family, used for playing bass. See 3d Bass, n., and Violoncello.

Bass"wood` (&?;), n. (Bot.) The bass (Tilia) or its wood; especially, T. Americana. See Bass, the lime tree.

> All the bowls were made of basswood,
> White and polished very smoothly.
> Longfellow.

Bast (&?;), n. [AS. bæst; akin to Icel., Sw., Dan., D., & G. bast, of unknown origin. Cf. Bass the tree.] 1. The inner fibrous bark of various plants; esp. of the lime tree; hence, matting, cordage, etc., made therefrom.

2. A thick mat or hassock. See 2d Bass, 2.

||Bas"ta (&?;), interj. [It.] Enough; stop. Shak.

Bas"tard (&?;), n. [OF. bastard, bastart, F. b&?;tard, prob. fr. OF. bast, F. b&?;t, a packsaddle used as a bed by the muleteers (fr. LL. bastum) + -ard. OF. fils de bast son of the packsaddle; as the muleteers were accustomed to use their saddles for beds in the inns. See Cervantes, "Don Quixote," chap. 16; and cf.G. bankert, fr. bank bench.] 1. A "natural" child; a child begotten and born out of wedlock; an illegitimate child; one born of an illicit union.

By the civil and canon laws, and by the laws of many of the United States, a bastard becomes a legitimate child by the intermarriage of the parents at any subsequent time. But by those of England, and of some states of the United States, a child, to be legitimate, must at least be born after the lawful marriage. Kent. Blackstone.

2. (Sugar Refining) (a) An inferior quality of soft brown sugar, obtained from the sirups that have already had several boilings. (b) A large size of mold, in which sugar is drained.

3. A sweet Spanish wine like muscadel in flavor.

> Brown bastard is your only drink.
> Shak.

4. A writing paper of a particular size. See Paper.

Bas"tard (&?;), a. 1. Begotten and born out of lawful matrimony; illegitimate. See Bastard, n., note.

2. Lacking in genuineness; spurious; false; adulterate; -- applied to things which resemble those which are genuine, but are really not so.

> That bastard self-love which is so vicious in itself, and productive of so many vices.
> Barrow.

3. Of an unusual make or proportion; as, a bastard musket; a bastard culverin. [Obs.]

4. (Print.) Abbreviated, as the half title in a page preceding the full title page of a book.

Bastard ashlar (Arch.), stones for ashlar work, roughly squared at the quarry. -- Bastard file, a file intermediate between the coarsest and the second cut. -- Bastard type (Print.), type having the face of a larger or a smaller size than the body; e. g., a nonpareil face on a brevier body. -- Bastard wing (Zoöl.), three to five quill feathers on a small joint corresponding to the thumb in some mammalia; the alula.

Bas"tard, v. t. To bastardize. [Obs.] Bacon.

Bas"tard*ism (&?;), n. The state of being a bastard; bastardy.

Bas"tard*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bastardized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bastardizing.] 1. To make or prove to be a bastard; to stigmatize as a bastard; to declare or decide legally to be illegitimate.

> The law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child, if born, though not begotten, in lawful wedlock.
> Blackstone.

2. To beget out of wedlock. [R.] Shak.

Bas"tard*ly, a. Bastardlike; baseborn; spurious; corrupt. [Obs.] -- adv. In the manner of a bastard; spuriously. [Obs.] Shak. Donne.

Bas"tar*dy (&?;), n. 1. The state of being a bastard; illegitimacy.

2. The procreation of a bastard child. Wharton.

Baste (bst), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Basted; p. pr. & vb. n. Basting.] [Cf. Icel. beysta to strike, powder; Sw. basa to beat with a rod: perh. akin to E. beat.] 1. To beat with a stick; to cudgel.

> One man was basted by the keeper for carrying some people over on his back through the waters.
> Pepys.

2. (Cookery) To sprinkle flour and salt and drip butter or fat on, as on meat in roasting.

3. To mark with tar, as sheep. [Prov. Eng.]

Baste, v. t. [OE. basten, OF. bastir, F. b&?;tir, prob. fr. OHG. bestan to sew, MHG. besten to bind, fr. OHG. bast bast. See Bast.] To sew loosely, or with long stitches; -- usually, that the work may be held in position until sewed more firmly. Shak.

{ Bas*tile" Bas*tille" } (bs*tl" or bs"tl; 277), n. [F. bastille fortress, OF. bastir to build, F. bâtir.]

1. (Feud. Fort.) A tower or an elevated work, used for the defense, or in the siege, of a fortified place.

> The high bastiles . . . which overtopped the walls.
> Holland.

2. "The Bastille", formerly a castle or fortress in Paris, used as a prison, especially for political offenders; hence, a rhetorical name for a prison.

Bas`ti*nade" (&?;), n. See Bastinado, n.

Bas`ti*nade", v. t. To bastinado. [Archaic]

Bas`ti*na"do (&?;), n.; pl. Bastinadoes (&?;). [Sp. bastonada (cf. F. bastonnade), fr. baston (cf. F. bâton) a stick or staff. See Baston.]

1. A blow with a stick or cudgel.

2. A sound beating with a stick or cudgel. Specifically: A form of punishment among the Turks, Chinese, and others, consisting in beating an offender on the soles of his feet.

Bas`ti*na"do, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bastinadoed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bastinadoing.] To beat with a stick or cudgel, especially on the soles of the feet.

Bas"tion (bs"chn; 106), n. [F. bastion (cf. It. bastione), fr. LL. bastire to build (cf. F. bâtir, It. bastire), perh. from the idea of support for a weight, and akin to Gr. basta`zein to lift, carry, and to E. baston, baton.] (Fort.) A work projecting outward from the main inclosure of a fortification, consisting of two faces and two flanks, and so constructed that it is able to defend by a flanking fire the adjacent curtain, or wall which extends from one bastion to another. Two adjacent bastions are connected by the curtain, which joins the flank of one with the adjacent flank of the other. The distance between the flanks of a bastion is called the gorge. A lunette is a detached bastion. See Ravelin.

Bas"tioned (&?;), a. Furnished with a bastion; having bastions.

<! p. 124 pr=SA !>

Bas"to (bs"t), n. [Sp.] The ace of clubs in quadrille and omber. Pope.

Bas"ton (bs"tn), n. [OF. baston, F. bâton, LL. basto. See Bastion, and cf. Baton, and 3d Batten.]

1. A staff or cudgel. [Obs.] "To fight with blunt bastons." Holland.

2. (Her.) See Baton.

3. An officer bearing a painted staff, who formerly was in attendance upon the king's court to take into custody persons committed by the court. Mozley & W.

Bas"yle (bs"l or bs"l), n. [Gr. ba`sis base + "y`lh wood. See -yl.] (Chem.) A positive or nonacid constituent of a compound, either elementary, or, if compound, performing the functions of an element.

Bas"y*lous (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, a basyle; electro-positive; basic; -- opposed to chlorous. Graham.

Bat (bt), n. [OE. batte, botte, AS. batt; perhaps fr. the Celtic; cf. Ir. bat, bata, stick, staff; but cf. also F. batte a beater (thing), wooden sword, battre to beat.]

1. A large stick; a club; specifically, a piece of wood with one end thicker or broader than the other, used in playing baseball, cricket, etc.

2. (Mining) Shale or bituminous shale. Kirwan.

3. A sheet of cotton used for filling quilts or comfortables; batting.

4. A part of a brick with one whole end.

Bat bolt (Machinery), a bolt barbed or jagged at its butt or tang to make it hold the more firmly. Knight.

Bat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Batted (bt"td); p. pr. & vb. n. Batting.] To strike or hit with a bat or a pole; to cudgel; to beat. Holland.

Bat, v. i. To use a bat, as in a game of baseball.

Bat, n. [Corrupt. from OE. back, backe, balke; cf. Dan. aften-bakke (aften evening), Sw. natt-backa (natt night), Icel. leðr- blaka (leðr leather), Icel. blaka to flutter.] (Zoöl.) One of the Cheiroptera, an order of flying mammals, in which the wings are formed by a membrane stretched between the elongated fingers, legs, and tail. The common bats are small and insectivorous. See Cheiroptera and Vampire.

> Silent bats in drowsy clusters cling.

Goldsmith.

Bat tick (Zoöl.), a wingless, dipterous insect of the genus Nycteribia, parasitic on bats.

Bat"a*ble (&?;), a. [Abbrev. from debatable.] Disputable. [Obs.]

The border land between England and Scotland, being formerly a subject of contention, was called batable or debatable ground.

Bat"ailled (&?;), a. Embattled. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Ba`tar*deau" (&?;), n. [F.] 1. A cofferdam. Brande & C.

2. (Mil.) A wall built across the ditch of a fortification, with a sluice gate to regulate the height of water in the ditch on both sides of the wall.

{ ||Ba*ta"tas (&?;), ||Ba*ta"ta (&?;), } n. An aboriginal American name for the sweet potato (Ipomæa batatas).

Ba*ta"vi*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to (a) the Batavi, an ancient Germanic tribe; or to (b) Batavia or Holland; as, a Batavian legion.

Batavian Republic, the name given to Holland by the French after its conquest in 1795.

Ba*ta"vi*an, n. A native or inhabitant of Batavia or Holland. [R.] Bancroft.

Batch (&?;), n. [OE. bache, bacche, fr. AS. bacan to bake; cf. G. gebäck and D. baksel. See Bake, v. t.]

1. The quantity of bread baked at one time.

2. A quantity of anything produced at one operation; a group or collection of persons or things of the same kind; as, a batch of letters; the next batch of business. "A new batch of Lords." Lady M. W. Montagu.

Bate (&?;), n. [Prob. abbrev. from debate.] Strife; contention. [Obs.] Shak.

Bate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bating.] [From abate.] 1. To lessen by retrenching, deducting, or reducing; to abate; to beat down; to lower.

> He must either bate the laborer's wages, or not employ or not pay him.
> Locke.

2. To allow by way of abatement or deduction.

> To whom he bates nothing of what he stood upon with the parliament.
> South.

3. To leave out; to except. [Obs.]

> Bate me the king, and, be he flesh and blood,
> He lies that says it.
> Beau. & Fl.

4. To remove. [Obs.]

> About autumn bate the earth from about the roots of olives, and lay them bare.
> Holland.

5. To deprive of. [Obs.]

> When baseness is exalted, do not bate
> The place its honor for the person's sake.
> Herbert.

Bate, v. i. 1. To remit or retrench a part; -- with of.

> Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine.
> Dryden.

2. To waste away. [Obs.] Shak.

Bate (&?;), v. t. To attack; to bait. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bate, imp. of Bite. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bate, v. i. [F. battre des ailes to flutter. Cf. Bait to flutter.] To flutter as a hawk; to bait. [Obs.] Bacon.

Bate, n. (Jewish Antiq.) See 2d Bath.

Bate, n. [Cf. Sw. beta maceration, soaking, G. beize, and E. bite.] An alkaline solution consisting of the dung of certain animals; -- employed in the preparation of hides; grainer. Knight.

Bate, v. t. To steep in bate, as hides, in the manufacture of leather.

||Ba*teau" (&?;), n.; pl. Bateaux (&?;). [F. bateau, LL. batellus, fr. battus, batus, boat, which agrees with AS. bt boat: cf. W. bad boat. See Boat, n.] A boat; esp. a flat-bottomed, clumsy boat used on the Canadian lakes and rivers. [Written also, but less properly, batteau.]

Bateau bridge, a floating bridge supported by bateaux.

Bat"ed (&?;), a. Reduced; lowered; restrained; as, to speak with bated breath. Macaulay.

Bate"ful (&?;), a. Exciting contention; contentious. [Obs.] "It did bateful question frame." Sidney.

Bate"less, a. Not to be abated. [Obs.] Shak.

Bate"ment (&?;), n. [For Abatement. See 2d Bate.] Abatement; diminution. Moxon.

Batement light (Arch.), a window or one division of a window having vertical sides, but with the sill not horizontal, as where it follows the rake of a staircase.

Bat"fish` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A name given to several species of fishes: (a) The Malthe vespertilio of the Atlantic coast. (b) The flying gurnard of the Atlantic (Cephalacanthus spinarella). (c) The California batfish or sting ray (Myliobatis Californicus.)

Bat"fowl`er (&?;), n. One who practices or finds sport in batfowling.

Bat"fowl`ing (&?;), n. [From Bat a stick.] A mode of catching birds at night, by holding a torch or other light, and beating the bush or perch where they roost. The birds, flying to the light, are caught with nets or otherwise.

Bat"ful (bt"fl), a. [Icel. bati amelioration, batna to grow better; akin to AS. bet better. Goth. ga-batnan to profit. √255. Cf. Batten, v. i., Better.] Rich; fertile. [Obs.] "Batful valleys." Drayton.

Bath (bth; 61), n.; pl. Baths (bz). [AS. bæð; akin to OS. & Icel. bað, Sw., Dan., D., & G. bad, and perh. to G. bähen to foment.] 1. The act of exposing the body, or part of the body, for purposes of cleanliness, comfort, health, etc., to water, vapor, hot air, or the like; as, a cold or a hot bath; a medicated bath; a steam bath; a hip bath.

2. Water or other liquid for bathing.

3. A receptacle or place where persons may immerse or wash their bodies in water.

4. A building containing an apartment or a series of apartments arranged for bathing.

> Among the ancients, the public baths were of amazing extent and magnificence.
> Gwilt.

5. (Chem.) A medium, as heated sand, ashes, steam, hot air, through which heat is applied to a body.

6. (Photog.) A solution in which plates or prints are immersed; also, the receptacle holding the solution.

Bath is used adjectively or in combination, in an obvious sense of or for baths or bathing; as, bathroom, bath tub, bath keeper.

Douche bath. See Douche. -- Order of the Bath, a high order of British knighthood, composed of three classes, viz., knights grand cross, knights commanders, and knights companions, abbreviated thus: G. C. B., K. C. B., K. B. -- Russian bath, a kind of vapor bath which consists in a prolonged exposure of the body to the influence of the steam of water, followed by washings and shampooings. -- Turkish bath, a kind of bath in which a profuse perspiration is produced by hot air, after which the body is washed and shampooed. -- Bath house, a house used for the purpose of bathing; -- also a small house, near a bathing place, where a bather undresses and dresses.

Bath (&?;), n. [Heb.] A Hebrew measure containing the tenth of a homer, or five gallons and three pints, as a measure for liquids; and two pecks and five quarts, as a dry measure.

Bath (&?;; 61), n. A city in the west of England, resorted to for its hot springs, which has given its name to various objects.

Bath brick, a preparation of calcareous earth, in the form of a brick, used for cleaning knives, polished metal, etc. -- Bath chair, a kind of chair on wheels, as used by invalids at Bath. "People walked out, or drove out, or were pushed out in their Bath chairs." Dickens. -- Bath metal, an alloy consisting of four and a half ounces of zinc and one pound of copper. -- Bath note, a folded writing paper, 8 1/2 by 14 inches. -- Bath stone, a species of limestone (oölite) found near Bath, used for building.

Bathe (b), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bathed (bd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bathing.] [OE. baðien, AS. baðian, fr. bæð bath. See 1st Bath, and cf. Bay to bathe.] 1. To wash by immersion, as in a bath; to subject to a bath.

> Chancing to bathe himself in the River Cydnus.
> South.

2. To lave; to wet. "The lake which bathed the foot of the Alban mountain." T. Arnold.

3. To moisten or suffuse with a liquid.

> And let us bathe our hands in Cæsar's blood.
> Shak.

4. To apply water or some liquid medicament to; as, to bathe the eye with warm water or with sea water; to bathe one's forehead with camphor.

5. To surround, or envelop, as water surrounds a person immersed. "The rosy shadows bathe me. " Tennyson. "The bright sunshine bathing all the world." Longfellow.

Bathe (&?;), v. i. 1. To bathe one's self; to take a bath or baths. "They bathe in summer." Waller.

2. To immerse or cover one's self, as in a bath. "To bathe in fiery floods." Shak. "Bathe in the dimples of her cheek." Lloyd.

3. To bask in the sun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bathe, n. The immersion of the body in water; as, to take one's usual bathe. Edin. Rev.

Bath"er (b"r), n. One who bathes.

Ba*thet"ic (&?;), a. Having the character of bathos. [R.]

Bath"ing (&?;), n. Act of taking a bath or baths.

Bathing machine, a small room on wheels, to be driven into the water, for the convenience of bathers, who undress and dress therein.

Bath"mism (&?;), n. See Vital force.

Ba*thom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. ba`qos depth + -meter.] An instrument for measuring depths, esp. one for taking soundings without a sounding line.

Bat"horse` (&?;), n. [F. bât packsaddle (cheval de bât packhorse) + E. horse. See Bastard.] A horse which carries an officer's baggage during a campaign.

Ba"thos (b"ths), n. [Gr. ba`qos depth, fr. baqy`s deep.] (Rhet.) A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the low, in writing or speech; anticlimax.

||Ba*thyb"i*us (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. baqy`s deep + bi`os life] (Zoöl.) A name given by Prof. Huxley to a gelatinous substance found in mud dredged from the Atlantic and preserved in alcohol. He supposed that it was free living protoplasm, covering a large part of the ocean bed. It is now known that the substance is of chemical, not of organic, origin.

{ Bath`y*met"ric (&?;), Bath`y*met"ric*al (&?;), } a. Pertaining to bathymetry; relating to the measurement of depths, especially of depths in the sea.

Ba*thym"e*try (&?;), n. [Gr. ba`qos depth + -metry.] The art or science of sounding, or measuring depths in the sea.

Bat"ing (&?;), prep. [Strictly p. pr. of Bate to abate.] With the exception of; excepting.

> We have little reason to think that they bring many ideas with them, bating some faint ideas of hunger and thirst.
> Locke.

Ba*tiste" (&?;), n. [F. batiste, from the name of the alleged first maker, Baptiste of Cambrai. Littré.] Originally, cambric or lawn of fine linen; now applied also to cloth of similar texture made of cotton.

Bat"let (&?;), n. [Bat stick + - let.] A short bat for beating clothes in washing them; -- called also batler, batling staff, batting staff. Shak.

||Bat"man (bt"mn), n. [Turk. baman.] A weight used in the East, varying according to the locality; in Turkey, the greater batman is about 157 pounds, the lesser only a fourth of this; at Aleppo and Smyrna, the batman is 17 pounds. Simmonds.

Bat"man (b"man or bt"man), n.; pl. Batmen (-men). [F. bât packsaddle + E. man. Cf. Bathorse.] A man who has charge of a bathorse and his load. Macaulay.

||Ba*toi"de*i (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ba`tos a kind of ray + -oid.] (Zoöl.) The division of fishes which includes the rays and skates.

Bat"on (bt"n, F. bä`tôN"; 277), n. [F. bâton. See Baston.] 1. A staff or truncheon, used for various purposes; as, the baton of a field marshal; the baton of a conductor in musical performances.

> He held the baton of command.
> Prescott.

2. (Her.) An ordinary with its ends cut off, borne sinister as a mark of bastardy, and containing one fourth in breadth of the bend sinister; -- called also bastard bar. See Bend sinister.

Ba*toon" (&?;), n. See Baton, and Baston.

Bat" print`ing (&?;). (Ceramics) A mode of printing on glazed ware.

||Ba*tra"chi*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. batra`cheios belonging to a frog, fr. ba`trachos frog.] (Zoöl.) The order of amphibians which includes the frogs and toads; the Anura. Sometimes the word is used in a wider sense as equivalent to Amphibia.

Ba*tra"chi*an (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Batrachia. -- n. One of the Batrachia.

Bat"ra*choid (&?;), a. [Batrachia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Froglike. Specifically: Of or pertaining to the Batrachidæ, a family of marine fishes, including the toadfish. Some have poisonous dorsal spines.

Bat`ra*cho*my*om"a*chy (&?;), n. [Gr. batrachomyomachi`a; ba`trachos frog + my^s mouse + ma`chh battle.] The battle between the frogs and mice; -- a Greek parody on the Iliad, of uncertain authorship.

Bat`ra*choph"a*gous (&?;), a. [Gr. ba`trachos frog + fagei^n to eat.] Feeding on frogs. Quart. Rev.

Bats"man (&?;), n.; pl. Batsmen (&?;). The one who wields the bat in cricket, baseball, etc.

{Bat's"-wing" (&?;) or Bat"wing }, a. Shaped like a bat's wing; as, a bat's-wing burner.

||Bat"ta (bt"t), n. [Prob. through Pg. for Canarese bhatta rice in the husk.] Extra pay; esp. an extra allowance to an English officer serving in India. Whitworth.

<! p. 125 pr=SA !>

||Bat"ta (bt/"t), n. [Hind. baa.] Rate of exchange; also, the discount on uncurrent coins. [India]

Bat"ta*ble (&?;), a. [See Batful.] Capable of cultivation; fertile; productive; fattening. [Obs.] Burton.

Bat"tail*ant (&?;), a. [F. bataillant, p. pr. See Battle, v. i. ] [Obs.] Prepared for battle; combatant; warlike. Spenser. -- n. A combatant. Shelton.

Bat"tail*ous (&?;), a. [OF. bataillos, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.] Arrayed for battle; fit or eager for battle; warlike. [Obs.] "In battailous aspect." Milton.

Bat*tal"ia (bt*tl"y; 106), n. [LL. battalia battle, a body of troops. See Battle, n.] 1. Order of battle; disposition or arrangement of troops (brigades, regiments, battalions, etc.), or of a naval force, for action.

> A drawing up the armies in battalia.
> Jer. Taylor.

2. An army in battle array; also, the main battalia or body. [Obs.] Shak.

Bat*tal"ion (-tl"yn; 106), n. [F. bataillon, fr. It. battaglione. See Battalia.] 1. A body of troops; esp. a body of troops or an army in battle array. "The whole battalion views." Milton.

2. (Mil.) A regiment, or two or more companies of a regiment, esp. when assembled for drill or battle.

Bat*tal"ion (&?;), v. t. To form into battalions. [R.]

Bat"tel (&?;), n. [Obs. form. of Battle.] (Old Eng. Law) A single combat; as, trial by battel. See Wager of battel, under Wager.

Bat"tel, n. [Of uncertain etymology.] Provisions ordered from the buttery; also, the charges for them; -- only in the pl., except when used adjectively. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.]

Bat"tel, v. i. To be supplied with provisions from the buttery. [Univ. of Oxford, Eng.]

Bat"tel, v. t. [Cf. Batful, Batten, v. i.] To make fertile. [Obs.] "To battel barren land." Ray.

Bat"tel, a. Fertile; fruitful; productive. [Obs.]

> A battel soil for grain, for pasture good.
> Fairfax.

{ Bat"tel*er (&?;), Bat"tler } (&?;), n. [See 2d Battel, n.] A student at Oxford who is supplied with provisions from the buttery; formerly, one who paid for nothing but what he called for, answering nearly to a sizar at Cambridge. Wright.

Bat"ten (bt"t'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battened (-t'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Battening.] [See Batful.] 1. To make fat by plenteous feeding; to fatten. "Battening our flocks." Milton.

2. To fertilize or enrich, as land.

Bat"ten, v. i. To grow fat; to grow fat in ease and luxury; to glut one's self. Dryden.

> The pampered monarch lay battening in ease.
> Garth.

> Skeptics, with a taste for carrion, who batten on the hideous facts in history, -- persecutions, inquisitions.
> Emerson.

Bat"ten, n . [F. bâton stick, staff. See Baton.] A strip of sawed stuff, or a scantling; as, (a) pl. (Com. & Arch.) Sawed timbers about 7 by 2 1/2 inches and not less than 6 feet long. Brande & C. (b) (Naut.) A strip of wood used in fastening the edges of a tarpaulin to the deck, also around masts to prevent chafing. (c) A long, thin strip used to strengthen a part, to cover a crack, etc.

Batten door (Arch.), a door made of boards of the whole length of the door, secured by battens nailed crosswise.

Bat"ten, v. t. To furnish or fasten with battens.

To batten down, to fasten down with battens, as the tarpaulin over the hatches of a ship during a storm.

Bat"ten, n. [F. battant. See Batter, v. t.] The movable bar of a loom, which strikes home or closes the threads of a woof.

Bat"ten*ing (&?;), n. (Arch.) Furring done with small pieces nailed directly upon the wall.

Bat"ter (bt"tr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Battered (-trd); p. pr. & vb. n. Battering.] [OE. bateren, OF. batre, F. battre, fr. LL. battere, for L. batuere to strike, beat; of unknown origin. Cf. Abate, Bate to abate.]

1. To beat with successive blows; to beat repeatedly and with violence, so as to bruise, shatter, or demolish; as, to batter a wall or rampart.

2. To wear or impair as if by beating or by hard usage. "Each battered jade." Pope.

3. (Metallurgy) To flatten (metal) by hammering, so as to compress it inwardly and spread it outwardly.

Bat"ter, n. [OE. batere, batire; cf. OF. bateure, bature, a beating. See Batter, v. t.] 1. A semi- liquid mixture of several ingredients, as, flour, eggs, milk, etc., beaten together and used in cookery. King.

2. Paste of clay or loam. Holland.

3. (Printing) A bruise on the face of a plate or of type in the form.

Bat"ter, n. A backward slope in the face of a wall or of a bank; receding slope.

Batter rule, an instrument consisting of a rule or frame, and a plumb line, by which the batter or slope of a wall is regulated in building.

Bat"ter, v. i. (Arch.) To slope gently backward.

Bat"ter, n. One who wields a bat; a batsman.

Bat"ter*er (-tr*r), n. One who, or that which, batters.

Bat"ter*ing-ram` (&?;), n. 1. (Mil.) An engine used in ancient times to beat down the walls of besieged places.

It was a large beam, with a head of iron, which was sometimes made to resemble the head of a ram. It was suspended by ropes to a beam supported by posts, and so balanced as to swing backward and forward, and was impelled by men against the wall. Grose.

2. A blacksmith's hammer, suspended, and worked horizontally.

Bat"ter*ing train` (&?;). (Mil.) A train of artillery for siege operations.

Bat"ter*y (&?;), n.; pl. Batteries (&?;). [F. batterie, fr. battre. See Batter, v. t.] 1. The act of battering or beating.

2. (Law) The unlawful beating of another. It includes every willful, angry and violent, or negligent touching of another's person or clothes, or anything attached to his person or held by him.

3. (Mil.) (a) Any place where cannon or mortars are mounted, for attack or defense. (b) Two or more pieces of artillery in the field. (c) A company or division of artillery, including the gunners, guns, horses, and all equipments. In the United States, a battery of flying artillery consists usually of six guns.

Barbette battery. See Barbette. -- Battery d'enfilade, or Enfilading battery, one that sweeps the whole length of a line of troops or part of a work. -- Battery en écharpe, one that plays obliquely. -- Battery gun, a gun capable of firing a number of shots simultaneously or successively without stopping to load. -- Battery wagon, a wagon employed to transport the tools and materials for repair of the carriages, etc., of the battery. -- In battery, projecting, as a gun, into an embrasure or over a parapet in readiness for firing. -- Masked battery, a battery artificially concealed until required to open upon the enemy. -- Out of battery, or From battery, withdrawn, as a gun, to a position for loading.

4. (Elec.) (a) A number of coated jars (Leyden jars) so connected that they may be charged and discharged simultaneously. (b) An apparatus for generating voltaic electricity.

In the trough battery, copper and zinc plates, connected in pairs, divide the trough into cells, which are filled with an acid or oxidizing liquid; the effect is exhibited when wires connected with the two end-plates are brought together. In Daniell's battery, the metals are zinc and copper, the former in dilute sulphuric acid, or a solution of sulphate of zinc, the latter in a saturated solution of sulphate of copper. A modification of this is the common gravity battery, so called from the automatic action of the two fluids, which are separated by their specific gravities. In Grove's battery, platinum is the metal used with zinc; two fluids are used, one of them in a porous cell surrounded by the other. In Bunsen's or the carbon battery, the carbon of gas coke is substituted for the platinum of Grove's. In Leclanché's battery, the elements are zinc in a solution of ammonium chloride, and gas carbon surrounded with manganese dioxide in a porous cell. A secondary battery is a battery which usually has the two plates of the same kind, generally of lead, in dilute sulphuric acid, and which, when traversed by an electric current, becomes charged, and is then capable of giving a current of itself for a time, owing to chemical changes produced by the charging current. A storage battery is a kind of secondary battery used for accumulating and storing the energy of electrical charges or currents, usually by means of chemical work done by them; an accumulator.

5. A number of similar machines or devices in position; an apparatus consisting of a set of similar parts; as, a battery of boilers, of retorts, condensers, etc.

6. (Metallurgy) A series of stamps operated by one motive power, for crushing ores containing the precious metals. Knight.

7. The box in which the stamps for crushing ore play up and down.

8. (Baseball) The pitcher and catcher together.

Bat"ting (&?;), n. 1. The act of one who bats; the management of a bat in playing games of ball. Mason.

2. Cotton in sheets, prepared for use in making quilts, etc.; as, cotton batting.

Bat"tle (&?;), a. Fertile. See Battel, a. [Obs.]

Bat"tle, n. [OE. bataille, bataile, F. bataille battle, OF., battle, battalion, fr. L. battalia, battualia, the fighting and fencing exercises of soldiers and gladiators, fr. batuere to strike, beat. Cf. Battalia, 1st Battel, and see Batter, v. t. ] 1. A general action, fight, or encounter, in which all the divisions of an army are or may be engaged; an engagement; a combat.

2. A struggle; a contest; as, the battle of life.

> The whole intellectual battle that had at its center the best poem of the best poet of that day.
> H. Morley.

3. A division of an army; a battalion. [Obs.]

> The king divided his army into three battles.
> Bacon.

> The cavalry, by way of distinction, was called the battle, and on it alone depended the fate of every action.
> Robertson.

4. The main body, as distinct from the van and rear; battalia. [Obs.] Hayward.

Battle is used adjectively or as the first part of a self- explaining compound; as, battle brand, a "brand" or sword used in battle; battle cry; battlefield; battle ground; battle array; battle song.

Battle piece, a painting, or a musical composition, representing a battle. -- Battle royal. (a) A fight between several gamecocks, where the one that stands longest is the victor. Grose. (b) A contest with fists or cudgels in which more than two are engaged; a mêlée. Thackeray. -- Drawn battle, one in which neither party gains the victory. -- To give battle, to attack an enemy. -- To join battle, to meet the attack; to engage in battle. -- Pitched battle, one in which the armies are previously drawn up in form, with a regular disposition of the forces. -- Wager of battle. See under Wager, n.

Syn. -- Conflict; encounter; contest; action. Battle, Combat, Fight, Engagement. These words agree in denoting a close encounter between contending parties. Fight is a word of less dignity than the others. Except in poetry, it is more naturally applied to the encounter of a few individuals, and more commonly an accidental one; as, a street fight. A combat is a close encounter, whether between few or many, and is usually premeditated. A battle is commonly more general and prolonged. An engagement supposes large numbers on each side, engaged or intermingled in the conflict.

Bat"tle (bt"t'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Battled (-tl'd); p. pr. & vb. n. Battling.] [F. batailler, fr. bataille. See Battle, n.] To join in battle; to contend in fight; as, to battle over theories.

> To meet in arms, and battle in the plain.
> Prior.

Bat"tle, v. t. To assail in battle; to fight.

{ Bat"tle-ax` Bat"tle-axe` } (-ks`), n. (Mil.) A kind of broadax formerly used as an offensive weapon.

Bat"tled (&?;), p. p. Embattled. [Poetic] Tennyson.

Bat"tle*door` (&?;), n. [OE. batyldour. A corrupted form of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. batallador a great combatant, he who has fought many battles, Pg. batalhador, Pr. batalhador, warrior, soldier, fr. L. battalia; or cf. Pr. batedor batlet, fr. batre to beat, fr. L. batuere. See Battle, n.] 1. An instrument, with a handle and a flat part covered with parchment or crossed with catgut, used to strike a shuttlecock in play; also, the play of battledoor and shuttlecock.

2. [OE. battleder.] A child's hornbook. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Bat"tle*ment (-ment), n. [OE. batelment; cf. OF. bataillement combat, fr. batailler, also OF. bastillier, bateillier, to fortify. Cf. Battle, n., Bastile, Bastion.] (Arch.) (a) One of the solid upright parts of a parapet in ancient fortifications. (b) pl. The whole parapet, consisting of alternate solids and open spaces. At first purely a military feature, afterwards copied on a smaller scale with decorative features, as for churches.

Bat"tle*ment*ed (-mnt*d), a. Having battlements.

> A battlemented portal.
> Sir W. Scott.

Bat*tol"o*gist (&?;), n. One who battologizes.

Bat*tol"o*gize (bt*tl"l*jz), v. t. To keep repeating needlessly; to iterate. Sir T. Herbert.

Bat*tol"o*gy (-j), n. [F. battologie, fr. Gr. battologi`a; ba`ttos; a stammerer + lo`gos; speech.] A needless repetition of words in speaking or writing. Milton.

Bat"ton (&?;), n. See Batten, and Baton.

||Bat"tue` (&?;), n. [F. battue, fr. battre to beat. See Batter, v. t., and cf. Battuta.] (Hunting) (a) The act of beating the woods, bushes, etc., for game. (b) The game itself. (c) The wanton slaughter of game. Howitt.

||Bat`ture" (&?;), n. [F., fr. battre to beat.] An elevated river bed or sea bed.

||Bat*tu"ta (&?;), n. [It. battuta, fr. battere to beat.] (Mus.) The measuring of time by beating.

Bat"ty (bt"t), a. Belonging to, or resembling, a bat. "Batty wings." Shak.

Bat"ule (bt"l or b*tl"), n. A springboard in a circus or gymnasium; -- called also batule board.

||Batz (bäts), n.; pl. Batzen (&?;). [Ger. batz, batze, batzen, a coin bearing the image of a bear, Ger. bätz, betz, bear.] A small copper coin, with a mixture of silver, formerly current in some parts of Germany and Switzerland. It was worth about four cents.

Bau*bee" (&?;), n. Same as Bawbee.

Bau"ble (b"b'l), n. [Cf. OF. baubel a child's plaything, F. babiole, It. babbola, LL. baubellum gem, jewel, L. babulus, a baburrus, foolish.] 1. A trifling piece of finery; a gewgaw; that which is gay and showy without real value; a cheap, showy plaything.

> The ineffective bauble of an Indian pagod.
> Sheridan.

2. The fool's club. [Obs.] "A fool's bauble was a short stick with a head ornamented with an ass's ears fantastically carved upon it." Nares.

Bau"bling (&?;), a. See Bawbling. [Obs.]

Bau"de*kin (&?;), n. [OE. bawdekin rich silk stuff, OF. baudequin. See Baldachin.] The richest kind of stuff used in garments in the Middle Ages, the web being gold, and the woof silk, with embroidery: -- made originally at Bagdad. [Spelt also baudkin, baudkyn, bawdekin, and baldakin.] Nares.

Bau"drick (&?;), n. A belt. See Baldric.

{ Bauk, Baulk } (&?;), n. & v. See Balk.

Baun"scheidt*ism (&?;), n. [From the introducer, a German named Baunscheidt.] (Med.) A form of acupuncture, followed by the rubbing of the part with a stimulating fluid.

{ Baux"ite, Beaux"ite } (&?;), n. [F., fr. Baux or Beaux, near Arles.] (Min.) A ferruginous hydrate of alumina. It is largely used in the preparation of aluminium and alumina, and for the lining of furnaces which are exposed to intense heat.

Ba*va"ri*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Bavaria. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Bavaria.

Bavarian cream. See under Cream.

Bav"a*roy (&?;), n. [F. Bavarois Bavarian.] A kind of cloak or surtout. [Obs.] Johnson.

> Let the looped bavaroy the fop embrace.
> Gay.

<! p. 126 pr=SA !>

Ba"vi*an (b"v*an), n. [See Baboon.] A baboon.

Bav"in (bv"n), n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. baban tuft, tassel.] 1. A fagot of brushwood, or other light combustible matter, for kindling fires; refuse of brushwood. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.]

2. Impure limestone. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Baw*bee" (&?;), n. [Perh. corrupt. fr. halfpenny.] A halfpenny. [Spelt also baubee.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Baw"ble (&?;), n. A trinket. See Bauble.

Baw"bling, a. Insignificant; contemptible. [Obs.]

Baw"cock (&?;), n. [From F. beau fine + E. cock (the bird); or more prob. fr. OF. baud bold, gay + E. cock. Cf. Bawd.] A fine fellow; -- a term of endearment. [Obs.] "How now, my bawcock ?" Shak.

Bawd (&?;), n. [OE. baude, OF. balt, baut, baude, bold, merry, perh. fr. OHG. bald bold; or fr. Celtic, cf. W. baw dirt. Cf. Bold, Bawdry.] A person who keeps a house of prostitution, or procures women for a lewd purpose; a procurer or procuress; a lewd person; -- usually applied to a woman.

Bawd, v. i. To procure women for lewd purposes.

Bawd"i*ly (&?;), adv. Obscenely; lewdly.

Bawd"i*ness, n. Obscenity; lewdness.

Bawd"rick (&?;), n. A belt. See Baldric.

Bawd"ry (&?;), n. [OE. baudery, OF. bauderie, balderie, boldness, joy. See Bawd.] 1. The practice of procuring women for the gratification of lust.

2. Illicit intercourse; fornication. Shak.

3. Obscenity; filthy, unchaste language. "The pert style of the pit bawdry." Steele.

Bawd"y, a. 1. Dirty; foul; -- said of clothes. [Obs.]

> It [a garment] is al bawdy and to-tore also.
> Chaucer.

2. Obscene; filthy; unchaste. "A bawdy story." Burke.

Baw"dy*house` (&?;), n. A house of prostitution; a house of ill fame; a brothel.

Baw"horse` (&?;), n. Same as Bathorse.

Bawl (bl), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bawled (bld); p. pr. & vb. n. Bawling.] [Icel. baula to low, bellow, as a cow; akin to Sw. böla; cf. AS bellan, G. bellen to bark, E. bellow, bull.] 1. To cry out with a loud, full sound; to cry with vehemence, as in calling or exultation; to shout; to vociferate.

2. To cry loudly, as a child from pain or vexation.

Bawl, v. t. To proclaim with a loud voice, or by outcry, as a hawker or town-crier does. Swift.

Bawl, n. A loud, prolonged cry; an outcry.

Bawl"er (&?;), n. One who bawls.

Bawn (bn), n. [Ir. & Gael. babhun inclosure, bulwark.] 1. An inclosure with mud or stone walls, for keeping cattle; a fortified inclosure. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A large house. [Obs.] Swift.

Baw"rel (&?;), n. [Cf. It. barletta a tree falcon, or hobby.] A kind of hawk. [Obs.] Halliwell.

{ Baw"sin (&?;), Baw"son (&?;), } n. [OE. bawson, baucyne, badger (named from its color), OF. bauzan, bauçant, bauchant, spotted with white, pied; cf. It. balzano, F. balzan, a white-footed horse, It. balza border, trimming, fr. L. balteus belt, border, edge. Cf. Belt.] 1. A badger. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. A large, unwieldy person. [Obs.] Nares.

Bax"ter (&?;), n. [OE. bakestre, bakistre, AS. bæcestre, prop. fem. of bæcere baker. See Baker.] A baker; originally, a female baker. [Old Eng. & Scotch]

Bay (&?;), a. [F. bai, fr. L. badius brown, chestnut-colored; -- used only of horses.] Reddish brown; of the color of a chestnut; -- applied to the color of horses.

Bay cat (Zoöl.), a wild cat of Africa and the East Indies (Felis aurata). -- Bay lynx (Zoöl.), the common American lynx (Felis, or Lynx, rufa).

Bay, n. [F. baie, fr. LL. baia. Of uncertain origin: cf. Ir. & Gael. badh or bagh bay, harbor, creek; Bisc. baia, baiya, harbor, and F. bayer to gape, open the mouth.] 1. (Geog.) An inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf, but of the same general character.

The name is not used with much precision, and is often applied to large tracts of water, around which the land forms a curve; as, Hudson's Bay. The name is not restricted to tracts of water with a narrow entrance, but is used for any recess or inlet between capes or headlands; as, the Bay of Biscay.

2. A small body of water set off from the main body; as a compartment containing water for a wheel; the portion of a canal just outside of the gates of a lock, etc.

3. A recess or indentation shaped like a bay.

4. A principal compartment of the walls, roof, or other part of a building, or of the whole building, as marked off by the buttresses, vaulting, mullions of a window, etc.; one of the main divisions of any structure, as the part of a bridge between two piers.

5. A compartment in a barn, for depositing hay, or grain in the stalks.

6. A kind of mahogany obtained from Campeachy Bay.

Sick bay, in vessels of war, that part of a deck appropriated to the use of the sick. Totten.

Bay, n. [F. baie a berry, the fruit of the laurel and other trees, fr. L. baca, bacca, a small round fruit, a berry, akin to Lith. bapka laurel berry.] 1. A berry, particularly of the laurel. [Obs.]

2. The laurel tree (Laurus nobilis). Hence, in the plural, an honorary garland or crown bestowed as a prize for victory or excellence, anciently made or consisting of branches of the laurel.

> The patriot's honors and the poet's bays.
> Trumbull.

3. A tract covered with bay trees. [Local, U. S.]

Bay leaf, the leaf of the bay tree (Laurus nobilis). It has a fragrant odor and an aromatic taste.

Bay, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bayed (bd); p. pr. & vb. n. Baying.] [OE. bayen, abayen, OF. abaier, F. aboyer, to bark; of uncertain origin.] To bark, as a dog with a deep voice does, at his game.

> The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bayed.
> Dryden.

Bay (&?;), v. t. To bark at; hence, to follow with barking; to bring or drive to bay; as, to bay the bear. Shak.

Bay (&?;), n. [See Bay, v. i.] 1. Deep-toned, prolonged barking. "The bay of curs." Cowper.

2. [OE. bay, abay, OF. abai, F. aboi barking, pl. abois, prop. the extremity to which the stag is reduced when surrounded by the dogs, barking (aboyant); aux abois at bay.] A state of being obliged to face an antagonist or a difficulty, when escape has become impossible.

> Embolden'd by despair, he stood at bay.
> Dryden.

> The most terrible evils are just kept at bay by incessant efforts.
> I. Taylor

Bay, v. t. [Cf. OE. bæwen to bathe, and G. bähen to foment.] To bathe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bay, n. A bank or dam to keep back water.

Bay, v. t. To dam, as water; -- with up or back.

||Ba"ya (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The East Indian weaver bird (Ploceus Philippinus).

{ ||Ba*yad" (&?;), Ba*yatte" } (&?;), n. [Ar. bayad.] (Zoöl.) A large, edible, siluroid fish of the Nile, of two species (Bagrina bayad and B. docmac).

Ba`ya*dere" (&?;), n. [F., from Pg. bailadeira a female dancer, bailar to dance.] A female dancer in the East Indies. [Written also bajadere.]

Bay"-ant`ler (&?;), n. [See Bez- Antler.] (Zoöl.) The second tine of a stag's horn. See under Antler.

Bay"ard (&?;), n. 1. [OF. bayard, baiart, bay horse; bai bay + -ard. See Bay, a., and -ard.] Properly, a bay horse, but often any horse. Commonly in the phrase blind bayard, an old blind horse.

> Blind bayard moves the mill.
> Philips.

2. [Cf. F. bayeur, fr. bayer to gape.] A stupid, clownish fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bay"ard*ly, a. Blind; stupid. [Obs.] "A formal and bayardly round of duties." Goodman.

Bay"ber*ry (&?;), n. (Bot.) (a) The fruit of the bay tree or Laurus nobilis. (b) A tree of the West Indies related to the myrtle (Pimenta acris). (c) The fruit of Myrica cerifera (wax myrtle); the shrub itself; -- called also candleberry tree.

Bayberry tallow, a fragrant green wax obtained from the bayberry or wax myrtle; -- called also myrtle wax.

Bay"bolt` (&?;), n. A bolt with a barbed shank.

Bayed (&?;), a. Having a bay or bays. "The large bayed barn." Drayton.

Bay" ice` (&?;). See under Ice.

Bay" leaf` (&?;). See under 3d Bay.

Bay"o*net (&?;), n. [F. bayonnette, baïonnette; -- so called, it is said, because the first bayonets were made at Bayonne.]

1. (Mil.) A pointed instrument of the dagger kind fitted on the muzzle of a musket or rifle, so as to give the soldier increased means of offense and defense.

Originally, the bayonet was made with a handle, which required to be fitted into the bore of the musket after the soldier had fired.

2. (Mach.) A pin which plays in and out of holes made to receive it, and which thus serves to engage or disengage parts of the machinery.

Bayonet clutch. See Clutch. -- Bayonet joint, a form of coupling similar to that by which a bayonet is fixed on the barrel of a musket. Knight.

Bay"o*net, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bayoneted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bayoneting.] 1. To stab with a bayonet.

2. To compel or drive by the bayonet.

> To bayonet us into submission.
> Burke.

Bay"ou (&?;), n.; pl. Bayous (&?;). [North Am. Indian bayuk, in F. spelling bayouc, bayouque.] An inlet from the Gulf of Mexico, from a lake, or from a large river, sometimes sluggish, sometimes without perceptible movement except from tide and wind. [Southern U. S.]

> A dark slender thread of a bayou moves loiteringly northeastward into a swamp of huge cypresses.
> G. W. Cable.

Bay" rum" (&?;). A fragrant liquid, used for cosmetic and medicinal purposes.

The original bay rum, from the West Indies, is prepared, it is believed, by distillation from the leaves of the bayberry (Myrcia acris). The bay rum of the Pharmacopœia (spirit of myrcia) is prepared from oil of myrcia (bayberry), oil of orange peel, oil of pimento, alcohol, and water.

{ Bays, Bayze } (&?;), n. See Baize. [Obs.]

Bay" salt` (&?;). Salt which has been obtained from sea water, by evaporation in shallow pits or basins, by the heat of the sun; the large crystalline salt of commerce. Bacon. Ure.

Bay" tree`. A species of laurel. (Laurus nobilis).

Bay" win"dow (&?;). (Arch.) A window forming a bay or recess in a room, and projecting outward from the wall, either in a rectangular, polygonal, or semicircular form; -- often corruptly called a bow window.

Bay" yarn` (&?;). Woolen yarn. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

{ Ba*zaar" Ba*zar" } (b*zär"), n. [Per. bzar market.] 1. In the East, an exchange, marketplace, or assemblage of shops where goods are exposed for sale.

2. A spacious hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods, as at a fair.

3. A fair for the sale of fancy wares, toys, etc., commonly for a charitable object. Macaulay.

Bdel"lium (&?;), n. [L., fr. Gr. bde`llion; cf. Heb. b'dolakh bdellium (in sense 1).] 1. An unidentified substance mentioned in the Bible (Gen. ii. 12, and Num. xi. 7), variously taken to be a gum, a precious stone, or pearls, or perhaps a kind of amber found in Arabia.

2. A gum resin of reddish brown color, brought from India, Persia, and Africa.

Indian bdellium or false myrrh is an exudation from Balsamodendron Roxburghii. Other kinds are known as African, Sicilian, etc.

||Bdel*loi"de*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. bde`lla leech + -oid.] (Zoöl.) The order of Annulata which includes the leeches. See Hirudinea.

Bdel*lom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. bde`lla leech + -meter.] (Med.) A cupping glass to which are attached a scarificator and an exhausting syringe. Dunglison.

||Bdel`lo*mor"pha (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. bde`lla leech + morfh` form.] (Zoöl.) An order of Nemertina, including the large leechlike worms (Malacobdella) often parasitic in clams.

Be (&?;), v. i. [imp. Was (&?;); p. p. Been (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Being.] [OE. been, beon, AS. beón to be, beóm I am; akin to OHG. bim, pim, G. bin, I am, Gael. & Ir. bu was, W. bod to be, Lith. bu-ti, O. Slav. by-ti, to be, L. fu-i I have been, fu-turus about to be, fo-re to be about to be, and perh. to fieri to become, Gr. fynai to be born, to be, Skr. bh to be. This verb is defective, and the parts lacking are supplied by verbs from other roots, is, was, which have no radical connection with be. The various forms, am, are, is, was, were, etc., are considered grammatically as parts of the verb "to be", which, with its conjugational forms, is often called the substantive verb. √97. Cf. Future, Physic.] 1. To exist actually, or in the world of fact; to have existence.

> To be contents his natural desire.
> Pope.

> To be, or not to be: that is the question.
> Shak.

2. To exist in a certain manner or relation, -- whether as a reality or as a product of thought; to exist as the subject of a certain predicate, that is, as having a certain attribute, or as belonging to a certain sort, or as identical with what is specified, -- a word or words for the predicate being annexed; as, to be happy; to be here; to be large, or strong; to be an animal; to be a hero; to be a nonentity; three and two are five; annihilation is the cessation of existence; that is the man.

3. To take place; to happen; as, the meeting was on Thursday.

4. To signify; to represent or symbolize; to answer to.

> The field is the world.
> Matt. xiii. 38.

> The seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches.
> Rev. i. 20.

The verb to be (including the forms is, was, etc.) is used in forming the passive voice of other verbs; as, John has been struck by James. It is also used with the past participle of many intransitive verbs to express a state of the subject. But have is now more commonly used as the auxiliary, though expressing a different sense; as, "Ye have come too late -- but ye are come. " "The minstrel boy to the war is gone." The present and imperfect tenses form, with the infinitive, a particular future tense, which expresses necessity, duty, or purpose; as, government is to be supported; we are to pay our just debts; the deed is to be signed to- morrow.

Have or had been, followed by to, implies movement. "I have been to Paris." Sydney Smith. "Have you been to Franchard ?" R. L. Stevenson.

Been, or ben, was anciently the plural of the indicative present. "Ye ben light of the world." Wyclif, Matt. v. 14. Afterwards be was used, as in our Bible: "They that be with us are more than they that be with them." 2 Kings vi. 16. Ben was also the old infinitive: "To ben of such power." R. of Gloucester. Be is used as a form of the present subjunctive: "But if it be a question of words and names." Acts xviii. 15. But the indicative forms, is and are, with if, are more commonly used.

Be it so, a phrase of supposition, equivalent to suppose it to be so; or of permission, signifying let it be so. Shak. -- If so be, in case. -- To be from, to have come from; as, from what place are you? I am from Chicago. -- To let be, to omit, or leave untouched; to let alone. "Let be, therefore, my vengeance to dissuade." Spenser.

Syn. -- To be, Exist. The verb to be, except in a few rare cases, like that of Shakespeare's "To be, or not to be", is used simply as a copula, to connect a subject with its predicate; as, man is mortal; the soul is immortal. The verb to exist is never properly used as a mere copula, but points to things that stand forth, or have a substantive being; as, when the soul is freed from all corporeal alliance, then it truly exists. It is not, therefore, properly synonymous with to be when used as a copula, though occasionally made so by some writers for the sake of variety; as in the phrase "there exists [is] no reason for laying new taxes." We may, indeed, say, "a friendship has long existed between them," instead of saying, "there has long been a friendship between them;" but in this case, exist is not a mere copula. It is used in its appropriate sense to mark the friendship as having been long in existence.

Be-. [AS. be, and in accented form b, akin to OS. be and b, OHG. bi, pi, and p, MHG. be and b, G. be and bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. 'amfi` about (cf. AS. beseón to look about). √203. Cf. By, Amb- .] A prefix, originally the same word as by; joined with verbs, it serves: (a) To intensify the meaning; as, bespatter, bestir. (b) To render an intransitive verb transitive; as, befall (to fall upon); bespeak (to speak for). (c) To make the action of a verb particular or definite; as, beget (to get as offspring); beset (to set around).

It is joined with certain substantives, and a few adjectives, to form verbs; as, bedew, befriend, benight, besot; belate (to make late); belittle (to make little). It also occurs in certain nouns, adverbs, and prepositions, often with something of the force of the preposition by, or about; as, belief (believe), behalf, bequest (bequeath); because, before, beneath, beside, between.
In some words the original force of be is obscured or lost; as, in become, begin, behave, behoove, belong.

<! p. 127 pr=SA !>

Beach (bch), n.; pl. Beaches (-z). [Cf. Sw. backe hill, Dan. bakke, Icel. bakki hill, bank. Cf. Bank.] 1. Pebbles, collectively; shingle.

2. The shore of the sea, or of a lake, which is washed by the waves; especially, a sandy or pebbly shore; the strand.

Beach flea (Zoöl.), the common name of many species of amphipod Crustacea, of the family Orchestidæ, living on the sea beaches, and leaping like fleas. -- Beach grass (Bot.), a coarse grass (Ammophila arundinacea), growing on the sandy shores of lakes and seas, which, by its interlaced running rootstocks, binds the sand together, and resists the encroachment of the waves. -- Beach wagon, a light open wagon with two or more seats. -- Raised beach, an accumulation of water-worn stones, gravel, sand, and other shore deposits, above the present level of wave action, whether actually raised by elevation of the coast, as in Norway, or left by the receding waters, as in many lake and river regions.

Beach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beached (bcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Beaching.] To run or drive (as a vessel or a boat) upon a beach; to strand; as, to beach a ship.

Beach" comb`er (&?;). A long, curling wave rolling in from the ocean. See Comber. [Amer.]

Beached (&?;), p. p. & a. 1. Bordered by a beach.

> The beached verge of the salt flood.
> Shak.

2. Driven on a beach; stranded; drawn up on a beach; as, the ship is beached.

Beach"y (&?;), a. Having a beach or beaches; formed by a beach or beaches; shingly.

> The beachy girdle of the ocean.
> Shak.

Bea"con (b"k'n), n. [OE. bekene, AS. beácen, bcen; akin to OS. bkan, Fries. baken, beken, sign, signal, D. baak, OHG. bouhhan, G. bake; of unknown origin. Cf. Beckon.] 1. A signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy, or to give any notice, commonly of warning.

> No flaming beacons cast their blaze afar.
> Gay.

2. A signal or conspicuous mark erected on an eminence near the shore, or moored in shoal water, as a guide to mariners.

3. A high hill near the shore. [Prov. Eng.]

4. That which gives notice of danger.

> Modest doubt is called
> The beacon of the wise.
> Shak.

Beacon fire, a signal fire.

Bea"con, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaconed (-k'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Beaconing.] 1. To give light to, as a beacon; to light up; to illumine.

> That beacons the darkness of heaven.
> Campbell.

2. To furnish with a beacon or beacons.

Bea"con*age (&?;), n. Money paid for the maintenance of a beacon; also, beacons, collectively.

Bea"con*less, a. Having no beacon.

Bead (&?;), n. [OE. bede prayer, prayer bead, AS. bed, gebed, prayer; akin to D. bede, G. bitte, AS. biddan, to ask, bid, G. bitten to ask, and perh. to Gr. pei`qein to persuade, L. fidere to trust. Beads are used by the Roman Catholics to count their prayers, one bead being dropped down a string every time a prayer is said. Cf. Sp. cuenta bead, fr. contar to count. See Bid, in to bid beads, and Bide.] 1. A prayer. [Obs.]

2. A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn for ornament; or used in a rosary for counting prayers, as by Roman Catholics and Mohammedans, whence the phrases to tell beads, to be at one's beads, to bid beads, etc., meaning, to be at prayer.

3. Any small globular body; as, (a) A bubble in spirits. (b) A drop of sweat or other liquid. "Cold beads of midnight dew." Wordsworth. (c) A small knob of metal on a firearm, used for taking aim (whence the expression to draw a bead, for, to take aim). (d) (Arch.) A small molding of rounded surface, the section being usually an arc of a circle. It may be continuous, or broken into short embossments. (e) (Chem.) A glassy drop of molten flux, as borax or microcosmic salt, used as a solvent and color test for several mineral earths and oxides, as of iron, manganese, etc., before the blowpipe; as, the borax bead; the iron bead, etc.

Bead and butt (Carp.), framing in which the panels are flush, having beads stuck or run upon the two edges. Knight. -- Bead mold, a species of fungus or mold, the stems of which consist of single cells loosely jointed together so as to resemble a string of beads. [Written also bead mould.] -- Bead tool, a cutting tool, having an edge curved so as to make beads or beading. -- Bead tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Melia, the best known species of which (M. azedarach), has blue flowers which are very fragrant, and berries which are poisonous.

Bead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beading.] To ornament with beads or beading.

Bead, v. i. To form beadlike bubbles.

{ Bead"house`, Bede"house` } (&?;), n. [OE. bede prayer + E. house. See Bead, n.] An almshouse for poor people who pray daily for their benefactors.

Bead"ing, n. 1. (Arch.) Molding in imitation of beads.

2. The beads or bead-forming quality of certain liquors; as, the beading of a brand of whisky.

Bea"dle (&?;), n. [OE. bedel, bidel, budel, OF. bedel, F. bedeau, fr. OHG. butil, putil, G. büttel, fr. OHG. biotan, G. bieten, to bid, confused with AS. bydel, the same word as OHG. butil. See. Bid, v.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court; a servitor; one who cites or bids persons to appear and answer; -- called also an apparitor or summoner.

2. An officer in a university, who precedes public processions of officers and students. [Eng.]

In this sense the archaic spellings bedel (Oxford) and bedell (Cambridge) are preserved.

3. An inferior parish officer in England having a variety of duties, as the preservation of order in church service, the chastisement of petty offenders, etc.

Bea"dle*ry (&?;), n. Office or jurisdiction of a beadle.

Bea"dle*ship, n. The state of being, or the personality of, a beadle. A. Wood.

Bead" proof` (&?;). 1. Among distillers, a certain degree of strength in alcoholic liquor, as formerly ascertained by the floating or sinking of glass globules of different specific gravities thrown into it; now ascertained by more accurate meters.

2. A degree of strength in alcoholic liquor as shown by beads or small bubbles remaining on its surface, or at the side of the glass, when shaken.

Bead"roll` (&?;), n. (R. C. Ch.) A catalogue of persons, for the rest of whose souls a certain number of prayers are to be said or counted off on the beads of a chaplet; hence, a catalogue in general.

> On Fame's eternal beadroll worthy to be filed.
> Spenser.

> It is quite startling, on going over the beadroll of English worthies, to find how few are directly represented in the male line.
> Quart. Rev.

{ Beads"man, Bedes"man } (&?;), n.; pl. -men (&?;). A poor man, supported in a beadhouse, and required to pray for the soul of its founder; an almsman.

> Whereby ye shall bind me to be your poor beadsman for ever unto Almighty God.
> Fuller.

Bead"snake` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A small poisonous snake of North America (Elaps fulvius), banded with yellow, red, and black.

{ Beads"wom`an, Bedes"wom`an } (&?;), n.; pl. -women (&?;). Fem. of Beadsman.

Bead"work` (&?;), n. Ornamental work in beads.

Bead"y (&?;), a. 1. Resembling beads; small, round, and glistening. "Beady eyes." Thackeray.

2. Covered or ornamented with, or as with, beads.

3. Characterized by beads; as, beady liquor.

Bea"gle (&?;), n. [OE. begele; perh. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. beag small, little, W. bach. F. bigle is from English.] 1. A small hound, or hunting dog, twelve to fifteen inches high, used in hunting hares and other small game. See Illustration in Appendix.

2. Fig.: A spy or detective; a constable.

Beak (bk), n. [OE. bek, F. bec, fr. Celtic; cf. Gael. & Ir. bac, bacc, hook, W. bach.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The bill or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny sheath, covering the jaws. The form varies much according to the food and habits of the bird, and is largely used in the classification of birds. (b) A similar bill in other animals, as the turtles. (c) The long projecting sucking mouth of some insects, and other invertebrates, as in the Hemiptera. (d) The upper or projecting part of the shell, near the hinge of a bivalve. (e) The prolongation of certain univalve shells containing the canal.

2. Anything projecting or ending in a point, like a beak, as a promontory of land. Carew.

3. (Antiq.) A beam, shod or armed at the end with a metal head or point, and projecting from the prow of an ancient galley, in order to pierce the vessel of an enemy; a beakhead.

4. (Naut.) That part of a ship, before the forecastle, which is fastened to the stem, and supported by the main knee.

5. (Arch.) A continuous slight projection ending in an arris or narrow fillet; that part of a drip from which the water is thrown off.

6. (Bot.) Any process somewhat like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit or other parts of a plant.

7. (Far.) A toe clip. See Clip, n. (Far.).

8. A magistrate or policeman. [Slang, Eng.]

Beaked (bkt), a. 1. Having a beak or a beaklike point; beak-shaped. "Each beaked promontory." Milton.

2. (Biol.) Furnished with a process or a mouth like a beak; rostrate.

Beaked whale (Zoöl.), a cetacean of the genus Hyperoodon; the bottlehead whale.

Beak"er (bk"r), n. [OE. biker; akin to Icel. bikarr, Sw. bägare, Dan. baeger, G. becher, It. bicchiere; -- all fr. LL. bicarium, prob. fr. Gr. bi^kos wine jar, or perh. L. bacar wine vessel. Cf. Pitcher a jug.] 1. A large drinking cup, with a wide mouth, supported on a foot or standard.

2. An open-mouthed, thin glass vessel, having a projecting lip for pouring; -- used for holding solutions requiring heat. Knight.

Beak"head` (&?;), n. 1. (Arch.) An ornament used in rich Norman doorways, resembling a head with a beak. Parker.

2. (Naut.) (a) A small platform at the fore part of the upper deck of a vessel, which contains the water closets of the crew. (b) (Antiq.) Same as Beak, 3.

Beak"i*ron (&?;), n. [From Bickern.] A bickern; a bench anvil with a long beak, adapted to reach the interior surfaces of sheet metal ware; the horn of an anvil.

Beal (bl), n. [See Boil a tumor.] (Med.) A small inflammatory tumor; a pustule. [Prov. Eng.]

Beal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bealed (&?;); p. pr & vb. n. Bealing.] To gather matter; to swell and come to a head, as a pimple. [Prov. Eng.]

Be"-all` (&?;), n. The whole; all that is to be. [Poetic] Shak.

Beam (bm), n. [AS. beám beam, post, tree, ray of light; akin to OFries. bm tree, OS. bm, D. boom, OHG. boum, poum, G. baum, Icel. baðmr, Goth. bagms and Gr. fy^ma a growth, fy^nai to become, to be. Cf. L. radius staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, beam or ray, and G. strahl arrow, spoke of a wheel, ray or beam, flash of lightning. √97. See Be; cf. Boom a spar.] 1. Any large piece of timber or iron long in proportion to its thickness, and prepared for use.

2. One of the principal horizontal timbers of a building or ship.

> The beams of a vessel are strong pieces of timber stretching across from side to side to support the decks.
> Totten.

3. The width of a vessel; as, one vessel is said to have more beam than another.

4. The bar of a balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended.

> The doubtful beam long nods from side to side.
> Pope.

5. The principal stem or horn of a stag or other deer, which bears the antlers, or branches.

6. The pole of a carriage. [Poetic] Dryden.

7. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; also, the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is woven; one being called the fore beam, the other the back beam.

8. The straight part or shank of an anchor.

9. The main part of a plow, to which the handles and colter are secured, and to the end of which are attached the oxen or horses that draw it.

10. (Steam Engine) A heavy iron lever having an oscillating motion on a central axis, one end of which is connected with the piston rod from which it receives motion, and the other with the crank of the wheel shaft; -- called also working beam or walking beam.

11. A ray or collection of parallel rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body; as, a beam of light, or of heat.

> How far that little candle throws his beams!
> Shak.

12. Fig.: A ray; a gleam; as, a beam of comfort.

> Mercy with her genial beam.
> Keble.

13. One of the long feathers in the wing of a hawk; -- called also beam feather.

Abaft the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon between a line that crosses the ship at right angles, or in the direction of her beams, and that point of the compass toward which her stern is directed. -- Beam center (Mach.), the fulcrum or pin on which the working beam of an engine vibrates. -- Beam compass, an instrument consisting of a rod or beam, having sliding sockets that carry steel or pencil points; -- used for drawing or describing large circles. -- Beam engine, a steam engine having a working beam to transmit power, in distinction from one which has its piston rod attached directly to the crank of the wheel shaft. -- Before the beam (Naut.), in an arc of the horizon included between a line that crosses the ship at right angles and that point of the compass toward which the ship steers. -- On the beam, in a line with the beams, or at right angles with the keel. -- On the weather beam, on the side of a ship which faces the wind. -- To be on her beam ends, to incline, as a vessel, so much on one side that her beams approach a vertical position.

Beam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beamed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beaming.] To send forth; to emit; -- followed ordinarily by forth; as, to beam forth light.

Beam, v. i. To emit beams of light.

> He beamed, the daystar of the rising age.
> Trumbull.

Beam"bird` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A small European flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola), so called because it often nests on a beam in a building.

Beamed (&?;), a. Furnished with beams, as the head of a stag.

> Tost his beamed frontlet to the sky.
> Sir W. Scott.

Beam"ful (&?;), a. Beamy; radiant.

Beam"i*ly (&?;), adv. In a beaming manner.

Beam"i*ness, n. The state of being beamy.

Beam"ing, a. Emitting beams; radiant.

Beam"ing*ly, adv. In a beaming manner; radiantly.

Beam"less, a. 1. Not having a beam.

2. Not emitting light.

Beam"let (&?;), n. A small beam of light.

Beam" tree` (&?;). [AS. beám a tree. See Beam.] (Bot.) A tree (Pyrus aria) related to the apple.

Beam"y (&?;), a. 1. Emitting beams of light; radiant; shining. "Beamy gold." Tickell.

<! p. 128 pr=SA !>

2. Resembling a beam in size and weight; massy.

> His double-biting ax, and beamy spear.
> Dryden.

3. Having horns, or antlers.

> Beamy stags in toils engage.
> Dryden.

Bean (bn), n. [OE. bene, AS. beán; akin to D. boon, G. bohne, OHG. pna, Icel. baun, Dan. bönne, Sw. böna, and perh. to Russ. bob, L. faba.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to the seed of certain leguminous herbs, chiefly of the genera Faba, Phaseolus, and Dolichos; also, to the herbs.

The origin and classification of many kinds are still doubtful. Among true beans are: the black-eyed bean and China bean, included in Dolichos Sinensis; black Egyptian bean or hyacinth bean, D. Lablab; the common haricot beans, kidney beans, string beans, and pole beans, all included in Phaseolus vulgaris; the lower bush bean, Ph. vulgaris, variety nanus; Lima bean, Ph. lunatus; Spanish bean and scarlet runner, Ph. multiflorus; Windsor bean, the common bean of England, Faba vulgaris.

As an article of food beans are classed with vegetables.

2. The popular name of other vegetable seeds or fruits, more or less resembling true beans.

Bean aphis (Zoöl.), a plant louse (Aphis fabæ) which infests the bean plant. -- Bean fly (Zoöl.), a fly found on bean flowers. -- Bean goose (Zoöl.), a species of goose (Anser segetum). -- Bean weevil (Zoöl.), a small weevil that in the larval state destroys beans. The American species is Bruchus fabæ. -- Florida bean (Bot.), the seed of Mucuna urens, a West Indian plant. The seeds are washed up on the Florida shore, and are often polished and made into ornaments. -- Ignatius bean, or St. Ignatius's bean (Bot.), a species of Strychnos. -- Navy bean, the common dried white bean of commerce; probably so called because an important article of food in the navy. -- Pea bean, a very small and highly esteemed variety of the edible white bean; -- so called from its size. -- Sacred bean. See under Sacred. -- Screw bean. See under Screw. -- Sea bean. (a) Same as Florida bean. (b) A red bean of unknown species used for ornament. -- Tonquin bean, or Tonka bean, the fragrant seed of Dipteryx odorata, a leguminous tree. -- Vanilla bean. See under Vanilla.

Bean" ca`per. (Bot.) A deciduous plant of warm climates, generally with fleshy leaves and flowers of a yellow or whitish yellow color, of the genus Zygophyllum.

Bean" tre"foil. (Bot.) A leguminous shrub of southern Europe, with trifoliate leaves (Anagyris fœtida).

Bear (bâr), v. t. [imp. Bore (br) (formerly Bare (bâr)); p. p. Born (bôrn), Borne (br); p. pr. & vb. n. Bearing.] [OE. beren, AS. beran, beoran, to bear, carry, produce; akin to D. baren to bring forth, G. gebären, Goth. baíran to bear or carry, Icel. bera, Sw. bära, Dan. bære, OHG. beran, peran, L. ferre to bear, carry, produce, Gr. fe`rein, OSlav. brati to take, carry, OIr. berim I bear, Skr. bh to bear. √92. Cf. Fertile.] 1. To support or sustain; to hold up.

2. To support and remove or carry; to convey.

> I 'll bear your logs the while.
> Shak.

3. To conduct; to bring; -- said of persons. [Obs.]

> Bear them to my house.
> Shak.

4. To possess and use, as power; to exercise.

> Every man should bear rule in his own house.
> Esther i. 22.

5. To sustain; to have on (written or inscribed, or as a mark), as, the tablet bears this inscription.

6. To possess or carry, as a mark of authority or distinction; to wear; as, to bear a sword, badge, or name.

7. To possess mentally; to carry or hold in the mind; to entertain; to harbor Dryden.

> The ancient grudge I bear him.
> Shak.

8. To endure; to tolerate; to undergo; to suffer.

> Should such a man, too fond to rule alone,
> Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne.
> Pope.

> I cannot bear
> The murmur of this lake to hear.
> Shelley.

> My punishment is greater than I can bear.
> Gen. iv. 13.

9. To gain or win. [Obs.]

> Some think to bear it by speaking a great word.
> Bacon.

> She was . . . found not guilty, through bearing of friends and bribing of the judge.
> Latimer.

10. To sustain, or be answerable for, as blame, expense, responsibility, etc.

> He shall bear their iniquities.
> Is. liii. 11.

> Somewhat that will bear your charges.
> Dryden.

11. To render or give; to bring forward. "Your testimony bear" Dryden.

12. To carry on, or maintain; to have. "The credit of bearing a part in the conversation." Locke.

13. To admit or be capable of; that is, to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change.

> In all criminal cases the most favorable interpretation should be put on words that they can possibly bear.
> Swift.

14. To manage, wield, or direct. "Thus must thou thy body bear." Shak. Hence: To behave; to conduct.

> Hath he borne himself penitently in prison?
> Shak.

15. To afford; to be to; to supply with.

> His faithful dog shall bear him company.
> Pope.

16. To bring forth or produce; to yield; as, to bear apples; to bear children; to bear interest.

> Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore.
> Dryden.

In the passive form of this verb, the best modern usage restricts the past participle born to the sense of brought forth, while borne is used in the other senses of the word. In the active form, borne alone is used as the past participle.

To bear down. (a) To force into a lower place; to carry down; to depress or sink. "His nose, . . . large as were the others, bore them down into insignificance." Marryat. (b) To overthrow or crush by force; as, to bear down an enemy. -- To bear a hand. (a) To help; to give assistance. (b) (Naut.) To make haste; to be quick. -- To bear in hand, to keep (one) up in expectation, usually by promises never to be realized; to amuse by false pretenses; to delude. [Obs.] "How you were borne in hand, how crossed." Shak. -- To bear in mind, to remember. -- To bear off. (a) To restrain; to keep from approach. (b) (Naut.) To remove to a distance; to keep clear from rubbing against anything; as, to bear off a blow; to bear off a boat. (c) To gain; to carry off, as a prize. -- To bear one hard, to owe one a grudge. [Obs.] "Cæsar doth bear me hard." Shak. -- To bear out. (a) To maintain and support to the end; to defend to the last. "Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing." South. (b) To corroborate; to confirm. -- To bear up, to support; to keep from falling or sinking. "Religious hope bears up the mind under sufferings." Addison.

Syn. -- To uphold; sustain; maintain; support; undergo; suffer; endure; tolerate; carry; convey; transport; waft.

Bear (&?;), v. i. 1. To produce, as fruit; to be fruitful, in opposition to barrenness.

> This age to blossom, and the next to bear.
> Dryden.

2. To suffer, as in carrying a burden.

> But man is born to bear.
> Pope.

3. To endure with patience; to be patient.

> I can not, can not bear.
> Dryden.

4. To press; -- with on or upon, or against.

> These men bear hard on the suspected party.
> Addison.

5. To take effect; to have influence or force; as, to bring matters to bear.

6. To relate or refer; -- with on or upon; as, how does this bear on the question?

7. To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect.

> Her sentence bore that she should stand a certain time upon the platform.
> Hawthorne.

8. To be situated, as to the point of compass, with respect to something else; as, the land bears N. by E.

To bear against, to approach for attack or seizure; as, a lion bears against his prey. [Obs.] -- To bear away (Naut.), to change the course of a ship, and make her run before the wind. -- To bear back, to retreat. "Bearing back from the blows of their sable antagonist." Sir W. Scott. -- To bear down upon (Naut.), to approach from the windward side; as, the fleet bore down upon the enemy. -- To bear in with (Naut.), to run or tend toward; as, a ship bears in with the land. -- To bear off (Naut.), to steer away, as from land. -- To bear up. (a) To be supported; to have fortitude; to be firm; not to sink; as, to bear up under afflictions. (b) (Naut.) To put the helm up (or to windward) and so put the ship before the wind; to bear away. Hamersly. - - To bear upon (Mil.), to be pointed or situated so as to affect; to be pointed directly against, or so as to hit (the object); as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort or a ship; the artillery bore upon the center. -- To bear up to, to tend or move toward; as, to bear up to one another. -- To bear with, to endure; to be indulgent to; to forbear to resent, oppose, or punish.

Bear (br), n. A bier. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bear (bâr), n. [OE. bere, AS. bera; akin to D. beer, OHG. bero, pero, G. bär, Icel. & Sw. björn, and possibly to L. fera wild beast, Gr. fh`r beast, Skr. bhalla bear.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Ursus, and of the closely allied genera. Bears are plantigrade Carnivora, but they live largely on fruit and insects.

The European brown bear (U. arctos), the white polar bear (U. maritimus), the grizzly bear (U. horribilis), the American black bear, and its variety the cinnamon bear (U. Americanus), the Syrian bear (Ursus Syriacus), and the sloth bear, are among the notable species.

2. (Zoöl.) An animal which has some resemblance to a bear in form or habits, but no real affinity; as, the woolly bear; ant bear; water bear; sea bear.

3. (Astron.) One of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called respectively the Great Bear and the Lesser Bear, or Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.

4. Metaphorically: A brutal, coarse, or morose person.

5. (Stock Exchange) A person who sells stocks or securities for future delivery in expectation of a fall in the market.

The bears and bulls of the Stock Exchange, whose interest it is, the one to depress, and the other to raise, stocks, are said to be so called in allusion to the bear's habit of pulling down, and the bull's of tossing up.

6. (Mach.) A portable punching machine.

7. (Naut.) A block covered with coarse matting; -- used to scour the deck.

Australian bear. (Zoöl.) See Koala. -- Bear baiting, the sport of baiting bears with dogs. -- Bear caterpillar (Zoöl.), the hairy larva of a moth, esp. of the genus Euprepia. -- Bear garden. (a) A place where bears are kept for diversion or fighting. (b) Any place where riotous conduct is common or permitted. M. Arnold. -- Bear leader, one who leads about a performing bear for money; hence, a facetious term for one who takes charge of a young man on his travels.

Bear, v. t. (Stock Exchange) To endeavor to depress the price of, or prices in; as, to bear a railroad stock; to bear the market.

{ Bear, Bere } (&?;), n. [AS. bere. See Barley.] (Bot.) Barley; the six-rowed barley or the four-rowed barley, commonly the former (Hordeum hexastichon or H. vulgare). [Obs. except in North of Eng. and Scot.]

Bear"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being borne or endured; tolerable. -- Bear"a*bly, adv.

Bear"ber*ry (&?;), n. (Bot.) A trailing plant of the heath family (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), having leaves which are tonic and astringent, and glossy red berries of which bears are said to be fond.

Bear"bind` (&?;), n. (Bot.) The bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis).

Beard (brd), n. [OE. berd, AS. beard; akin to Fries. berd, D. baard, G. bart, Lith. barzda, OSlav. brada, Pol. broda, Russ. boroda, L. barba, W. barf. Cf. 1st Barb.]

1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of the human face, chiefly of male adults.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The long hairs about the face in animals, as in the goat. (b) The cluster of small feathers at the base of the beak in some birds (c) The appendages to the jaw in some Cetacea, and to the mouth or jaws of some fishes. (d) The byssus of certain shellfish, as the muscle. (e) The gills of some bivalves, as the oyster. (f) In insects, the hairs of the labial palpi of moths and butterflies.

3. (Bot.) Long or stiff hairs on a plant; the awn; as, the beard of grain.

4. A barb or sharp point of an arrow or other instrument, projecting backward to prevent the head from being easily drawn out.

5. That part of the under side of a horse's lower jaw which is above the chin, and bears the curb of a bridle.

6. (Print.) That part of a type which is between the shoulder of the shank and the face.

7. An imposition; a trick. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Beard grass (Bot.), a coarse, perennial grass of different species of the genus Andropogon. -- To one's beard, to one's face; in open defiance.

Beard (brd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bearded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bearding.] 1. To take by the beard; to seize, pluck, or pull the beard of (a man), in anger or contempt.

2. To oppose to the face; to set at defiance.

> No admiral, bearded by these corrupt and dissolute minions of the palace, dared to do more than mutter something about a court martial.
> Macaulay.

3. To deprive of the gills; -- used only of oysters and similar shellfish.

Beard"ed, a. Having a beard. "Bearded fellow." Shak. "Bearded grain." Dryden.

Bearded vulture, Bearded eagle. (Zoöl.) See Lammergeir. -- Bearded tortoise. (Zoöl.) See Matamata.

Beard"ie (brd"), n. [From Beard, n.] (Zoöl.) The bearded loach (Nemachilus barbatus) of Europe. [Scot.]

Beard"less, a. 1. Without a beard. Hence: Not having arrived at puberty or manhood; youthful.

2. Destitute of an awn; as, beardless wheat.

Beard"less*ness, n. The state or quality of being destitute of beard.

Bear"er (bâr"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, bears, sustains, or carries. "Bearers of burdens." 2 Chron. ii. 18. "The bearer of unhappy news." Dryden.

2. Specifically: One who assists in carrying a body to the grave; a pallbearer. Milton.

3. A palanquin carrier; also, a house servant. [India]

4. A tree or plant yielding fruit; as, a good bearer.

5. (Com.) One who holds a check, note, draft, or other order for the payment of money; as, pay to bearer.

6. (Print.) A strip of reglet or other furniture to bear off the impression from a blank page; also, a type or type-high piece of metal interspersed in blank parts to support the plate when it is shaved.

Bear"herd` (&?;), n. A man who tends a bear.

Bear"hound` (&?;), n. A hound for baiting or hunting bears. Carlyle.

Bear"ing (bâr"ng), n. 1. The manner in which one bears or conducts one's self; mien; behavior; carriage.

> I know him by his bearing.
> Shak.

2. Patient endurance; suffering without complaint.

3. The situation of one object, with respect to another, such situation being supposed to have a connection with the object, or influence upon it, or to be influenced by it; hence, relation; connection.

> But of this frame, the bearings and the ties,
> The strong connections, nice dependencies.
> Pope.

4. Purport; meaning; intended significance; aspect.

5. The act, power, or time of producing or giving birth; as, a tree in full bearing; a tree past bearing.

> [His mother] in travail of his bearing.
> R. of Gloucester.

6. (Arch.) (a) That part of any member of a building which rests upon its supports; as, a lintel or beam may have four inches of bearing upon the wall. (b) The portion of a support on which anything rests. (c) Improperly, the unsupported span; as, the beam has twenty feet of bearing between its supports.

7. (Mach.) (a) The part of an axle or shaft in contact with its support, collar, or boxing; the journal. (b) The part of the support on which a journal rests and rotates.

8. (Her.) Any single emblem or charge in an escutcheon or coat of arms -- commonly in the pl.

> A carriage covered with armorial bearings.
> Thackeray.

9. (Naut.) (a) The situation of a distant object, with regard to a ship's position, as on the bow, on the lee quarter, etc.; the direction or point of the compass in which an object is seen; as, the bearing of the cape was W. N. W. (b) pl. The widest part of a vessel below the plank-sheer. (c) pl. The line of flotation of a vessel when properly trimmed with cargo or ballast.

Ball bearings. See under Ball. -- To bring one to his bearings, to bring one to his senses. -- To lose one's bearings, to become bewildered. -- To take bearings, to ascertain by the compass the position of an object; to ascertain the relation of one object or place to another; to ascertain one's position by reference to landmarks or to the compass; hence (Fig.), to ascertain the condition of things when one is in trouble or perplexity.

Syn. -- Deportment; gesture; mien; behavior; manner; carriage; demeanor; port; conduct; direction; relation; tendency; influence.

Bear"ing cloth` (klth`; 115). A cloth with which a child is covered when carried to be baptized. Shak.

Bear"ing rein` (&?;). A short rein looped over the check hook or the hames to keep the horse's head up; -- called in the United States a checkrein.

Bear"ish, a. Partaking of the qualities of a bear; resembling a bear in temper or manners. Harris.

Bear"ish*ness, n. Behavior like that of a bear.

Bearn (&?;), n. See Bairn. [Obs.]

Bear's"-breech` (&?;), n. (Bot.) (a) See Acanthus, n., 1. (b) The English cow parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium) Dr. Prior.

<! p. 129 pr=SA !>

Bear's-ear` (bârz"r`), n. (Bot.) A kind of primrose (Primula auricula), so called from the shape of the leaf.

Bear's"-foot` (-ft`), n. (Bot.) A species of hellebore (Helleborus fœtidus), with digitate leaves. It has an offensive smell and acrid taste, and is a powerful emetic, cathartic, and anthelmintic.

Bear"skin` (&?;), n. 1. The skin of a bear.

2. A coarse, shaggy, woolen cloth for overcoats.

3. A cap made of bearskin, esp. one worn by soldiers.

Bear's"-paw` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A large bivalve shell of the East Indies (Hippopus maculatus), often used as an ornament.

Bear"ward` (&?;), n. [Bear + ward a keeper.] A keeper of bears. See Bearherd. [R.] Shak.

Beast (bst), n. [OE. best, beste, OF. beste, F. bête, fr. L. bestia.] 1. Any living creature; an animal; -- including man, insects, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Any four-footed animal, that may be used for labor, food, or sport; as, a beast of burden.

> A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast.
> Prov. xii. 10.

3. As opposed to man: Any irrational animal.

4. Fig.: A coarse, brutal, filthy, or degraded fellow.

5. A game at cards similar to loo. [Obs.] Wright.

6. A penalty at beast, omber, etc. Hence: To be beasted, to be beaten at beast, omber, etc.

Beast royal, the lion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- Beast, Brute. When we use these words in a figurative sense, as applicable to human beings, we think of beasts as mere animals governed by animal appetite; and of brutes as being destitute of reason or moral feeling, and governed by unrestrained passion. Hence we speak of beastly appetites; beastly indulgences, etc.; and of brutal manners; brutal inhumanity; brutal ferocity. So, also, we say of a drunkard, that he first made himself a beast, and then treated his family like a brute.

Beast"hood (&?;), n. State or nature of a beast.

Beast"ings (&?;), n. pl. See Biestings.

Beast"li*head (&?;), n. [Beastly + -head state.] Beastliness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Beast"like" (&?;), a. Like a beast.

Beast"li*ness, n. The state or quality of being beastly.

Beast"ly (bst"l), a. 1. Pertaining to, or having the form, nature, or habits of, a beast.

> Beastly divinities and droves of gods.
> Prior.

2. Characterizing the nature of a beast; contrary to the nature and dignity of man; brutal; filthy.

> The beastly vice of drinking to excess.
> Swift.

3. Abominable; as, beastly weather. [Colloq. Eng.]

Syn. -- Bestial; brutish; irrational; sensual; degrading.

Beat (bt), v. t. [imp. Beat; p. p. Beat, Beaten (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beating.] [OE. beaten, beten, AS. beátan; akin to Icel. bauta, OHG. b&?;zan. Cf. 1st Butt, Button.] 1. To strike repeatedly; to lay repeated blows upon; as, to beat one's breast; to beat iron so as to shape it; to beat grain, in order to force out the seeds; to beat eggs and sugar; to beat a drum.

> Thou shalt beat some of it [spices] very small.
> Ex. xxx. 36.

> They did beat the gold into thin plates.
> Ex. xxxix. 3.

2. To punish by blows; to thrash.

3. To scour or range over in hunting, accompanied with the noise made by striking bushes, etc., for the purpose of rousing game.

> To beat the woods, and rouse the bounding prey.
> Prior.

4. To dash against, or strike, as with water or wind.

> A frozen continent . . . beat with perpetual storms.
> Milton.

5. To tread, as a path.

> Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way.
> Blackmore.

6. To overcome in a battle, contest, strife, race, game, etc.; to vanquish or conquer; to surpass.

> He beat them in a bloody battle.
> Prescott.

> For loveliness, it would be hard to beat that.
> M. Arnold.

7. To cheat; to chouse; to swindle; to defraud; -- often with out. [Colloq.]

8. To exercise severely; to perplex; to trouble.

> Why should any one . . . beat his head about the Latin grammar who does not intend to be a critic?
> Locke.

9. (Mil.) To give the signal for, by beat of drum; to sound by beat of drum; as, to beat an alarm, a charge, a parley, a retreat; to beat the general, the reveille, the tattoo. See Alarm, Charge, Parley, etc.

To beat down, to haggle with (any one) to secure a lower price; to force down. [Colloq.] -- To beat into, to teach or instill, by repetition. -- To beat off, to repel or drive back. -- To beat out, to extend by hammering. -- To beat out of a thing, to cause to relinquish it, or give it up. "Nor can anything beat their posterity out of it to this day." South. -- To beat the dust. (Man.) (a) To take in too little ground with the fore legs, as a horse. (b) To perform curvets too precipitately or too low. -- To beat the hoof, to walk; to go on foot. -- To beat the wing, to flutter; to move with fluttering agitation. -- To beat time, to measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the hand or foot. -- To beat up, to attack suddenly; to alarm or disturb; as, to beat up an enemy's quarters.

Syn. -- To strike; pound; bang; buffet; maul; drub; thump; baste; thwack; thrash; pommel; cudgel; belabor; conquer; defeat; vanquish; overcome.

Beat, v. i. 1. To strike repeatedly; to inflict repeated blows; to knock vigorously or loudly.

> The men of the city . . . beat at the door.
> Judges. xix. 22.

2. To move with pulsation or throbbing.

> A thousand hearts beat happily.
> Byron.

3. To come or act with violence; to dash or fall with force; to strike anything, as rain, wind, and waves do.

> Sees rolling tempests vainly beat below.
> Dryden.

> They [winds] beat at the crazy casement.
> Longfellow.

> The sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wished in himself to die.
> Jonah iv. 8.

> Public envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon ministers.
> Bacon.

4. To be in agitation or doubt. [Poetic]

> To still my beating mind.
> Shak.

5. (Naut.) To make progress against the wind, by sailing in a zigzag line or traverse.

6. To make a sound when struck; as, the drums beat.

7. (Mil.) To make a succession of strokes on a drum; as, the drummers beat to call soldiers to their quarters.

8. (Acoustics & Mus.) To sound with more or less rapid alternations of greater and less intensity, so as to produce a pulsating effect; -- said of instruments, tones, or vibrations, not perfectly in unison.

A beating wind (Naut.), a wind which necessitates tacking in order to make progress. -- To beat about, to try to find; to search by various means or ways. Addison. -- To beat about the bush, to approach a subject circuitously. -- To beat up and down (Hunting), to run first one way and then another; -- said of a stag. -- To beat up for recruits, to go diligently about in order to get helpers or participators in an enterprise.

Beat (&?;), n. 1. A stroke; a blow.

> He, with a careless beat,
> Struck out the mute creation at a heat.
> Dryden.

2. A recurring stroke; a throb; a pulsation; as, a beat of the heart; the beat of the pulse.

3. (Mus.) (a) The rise or fall of the hand or foot, marking the divisions of time; a division of the measure so marked. In the rhythm of music the beat is the unit. (b) A transient grace note, struck immediately before the one it is intended to ornament.

4. (Acoustics & Mus.) A sudden swelling or reënforcement of a sound, recurring at regular intervals, and produced by the interference of sound waves of slightly different periods of vibrations; applied also, by analogy, to other kinds of wave motions; the pulsation or throbbing produced by the vibrating together of two tones not quite in unison. See Beat, v. i., 8.

5. A round or course which is frequently gone over; as, a watchman's beat.

6. A place of habitual or frequent resort.

7. A cheat or swindler of the lowest grade; -- often emphasized by dead; as, a dead beat. [Low]

Beat of drum (Mil.), a succession of strokes varied, in different ways, for particular purposes, as to regulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to direct an attack, or retreat, etc. -- Beat of a watch, or clock, the stroke or sound made by the action of the escapement. A clock is in beat or out of beat, according as the stroke is at equal or unequal intervals.

Beat, a. Weary; tired; fatigued; exhausted. [Colloq.]

> Quite beat, and very much vexed and disappointed.
> Dickens.

Beat"en (bt"'n; 95), a. 1. Made smooth by beating or treading; worn by use. "A broad and beaten way." Milton. "Beaten gold." Shak.

2. Vanquished; conquered; baffled.

3. Exhausted; tired out.

4. Become common or trite; as, a beaten phrase. [Obs.]

5. Tried; practiced. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Beat"er (bt"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, beats.

2. A person who beats up game for the hunters. Black.

Beath (b), v. t. [AS. beðian to foment.] To bathe; also, to dry or heat, as unseasoned wood. [Obs.] Spenser.

{ Be`a*tif"ic (&?;), Be`a*tif"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. béatifique, L. beatificus. See Beatify.] Having the power to impart or complete blissful enjoyment; blissful. "The beatific vision." South. -- Be`a*tif"ic*al*ly, adv.

Be`a*tif"i*cate (&?;), v. t. To beatify. [Obs.] Fuller.

Be*at`i*fi*ca"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. béatification.] The act of beatifying, or the state of being beatified; esp., in the R. C. Church, the act or process of ascertaining and declaring that a deceased person is one of "the blessed," or has attained the second degree of sanctity, -- usually a stage in the process of canonization. "The beatification of his spirit." Jer. Taylor.

Be*at"i*fy (b*t"*f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beatified (-fd); p. pr. & vb. n. Beatifying.] [L. beatificare; beatus happy (fr. beare to bless, akin to bonus good) + facere to make: cf. F. béatifier. See Bounty.] 1. To pronounce or regard as happy, or supremely blessed, or as conferring happiness.

> The common conceits and phrases that beatify wealth.
> Barrow.

2. To make happy; to bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment. "Beatified spirits." Dryden.

3. (R. C. Ch.) To ascertain and declare, by a public process and decree, that a deceased person is one of "the blessed," and is to be reverenced as such, though not canonized.

Beat"ing (&?;), n. 1. The act of striking or giving blows; punishment or chastisement by blows.

2. Pulsation; throbbing; as, the beating of the heart.

3. (Acoustics & Mus.) Pulsative sounds. See Beat, n.

4. (Naut.) The process of sailing against the wind by tacks in zigzag direction.

Be*at"i*tude (&?;), n. [L. beatitudo: cf. F. béatitude. See Beatify.] 1. Felicity of the highest kind; consummate bliss.

2. Any one of the nine declarations (called the Beatitudes), made in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v. 3-12), with regard to the blessedness of those who are distinguished by certain specified virtues.

3. (R. C. Ch.) Beatification. Milman.

Syn. -- Blessedness; felicity; happiness.

Beau (b), n.; pl. F. Beaux (E. pron. bz), E. Beaus (bz). [F., a fop, fr. beau fine, beautiful, fr. L. bellus pretty, fine, for bonulus, dim. of bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Belle, Beauty.] 1. A man who takes great care to dress in the latest fashion; a dandy.

2. A man who escorts, or pays attentions to, a lady; an escort; a lover.

Beau"catch`er (&?;), n. A small flat curl worn on the temple by women. [Humorous]

Beau"fet (&?;), n. [See Buffet.] A niche, cupboard, or sideboard for plate, china, glass, etc.; a buffet.

> A beaufet . . . filled with gold and silver vessels.
> Prescott.

Beau"fin (&?;), n. See Biffin. Wright.

Beau" i*de"al (b" *d"al; 277). [F. beau beautiful + idéal ideal.] A conception or image of consummate beauty, moral or physical, formed in the mind, free from all the deformities, defects, and blemishes seen in actual existence; an ideal or faultless standard or model.

Beau"ish (&?;), a. Like a beau; characteristic of a beau; foppish; fine. "A beauish young spark." Byrom.

||Beau` monde" (&?;). [F. beau fine + monde world.] The fashionable world; people of fashion and gayety. Prior.

Beau"pere` (&?;), n. [F. beau pére; beau fair + pére father.] 1. A father. [Obs.] Wyclif.

2. A companion. [Obs.] Spenser.

||Beau`se`ant" (&?;), n. [F. beaucéant.] The black and white standard of the Knights Templars.

Beau"ship (&?;), n. The state of being a beau; the personality of a beau. [Jocular] Dryden.

Beau"te*ous (&?;), a. Full of beauty; beautiful; very handsome. [Mostly poetic] -- Beau"te*ous*ly, adv. -- Beau"te*ous*ness, n.

Beau"tied (&?;), p. a. Beautiful; embellished. [Poetic] Shak.

Beau"ti*fi`er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, beautifies or makes beautiful.

Beau"ti*ful (b"t*fl), a. Having the qualities which constitute beauty; pleasing to the sight or the mind.

> A circle is more beautiful than a square; a square is more beautiful than a parallelogram.
> Lord Kames.

Syn. -- Handsome; elegant; lovely; fair; charming; graceful; pretty; delightful. See Fine.

-- Beau"ti*ful*ly, adv. -- Beau"ti*ful*ness, n.

Beau"ti*fy (b"t*f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beautified (- fd); p. pr. & vb. n. Beautifying.] [Beauty + -fy.] To make or render beautiful; to add beauty to; to adorn; to deck; to grace; to embellish.

> The arts that beautify and polish life.
> Burke.

Syn. -- To adorn; grace; ornament; deck; decorate.

Beau"ti*fy, v. i. To become beautiful; to advance in beauty. Addison.

Beau"ti*less, a. Destitute of beauty. Hammond.

Beau"ty (b"t), n.; pl. Beauties (&?;). [OE. beaute, beute, OF. beauté, biauté, Pr. beltat, F. beauté, fr. an assumed LL. bellitas, from L. bellus pretty. See Beau.]

1. An assemblage of graces or properties pleasing to the eye, the ear, the intellect, the æsthetic faculty, or the moral sense.

> Beauty consists of a certain composition of color and figure, causing delight in the beholder.
> Locke.

> The production of beauty by a multiplicity of symmetrical parts uniting in a consistent whole.
> Wordsworth.

> The old definition of beauty, in the Roman school, was, "multitude in unity;" and there is no doubt that such is the principle of beauty.
> Coleridge.

2. A particular grace, feature, ornament, or excellence; anything beautiful; as, the beauties of nature.

3. A beautiful person, esp. a beautiful woman.

> All the admired beauties of Verona.
> Shak.

4. Prevailing style or taste; rage; fashion. [Obs.]

> She stained her hair yellow, which was then the beauty.
> Jer. Taylor.

Beauty spot, a patch or spot placed on the face with intent to heighten beauty by contrast.

Beaux (&?;), n., pl. of Beau.

Beaux"ite (&?;), n. (Min.) See Bauxite.

Bea"ver (&?;), n. [OE. bever, AS. beofer, befer; akin to D. bever, OHG. bibar, G. biber, Sw. bäfver, Dan. bæver, Lith. bebru, Russ. bobr', Gael. beabhar, Corn. befer, L. fiber, and Skr. babhrus large ichneumon; also as an adj., brown, the animal being probably named from its color. √253. See Brown.]

1. (Zoöl.) An amphibious rodent, of the genus Castor.

It has palmated hind feet, and a broad, flat tail. It is remarkable for its ingenuity in constructing its lodges or "houses,\' and dams across streams. It is valued for its fur, and for the material called castor, obtained from two small bags in the groin of the animal. The European species is Castor fiber, and the American is generally considered a variety of this, although sometimes called Castor Canadensis.

2. The fur of the beaver.

3. A hat, formerly made of the fur of the beaver, but now usually of silk.

> A brown beaver slouched over his eyes.
> Prescott.

4. Beaver cloth, a heavy felted woolen cloth, used chiefly for making overcoats.

Beaver rat (Zoöl.), an aquatic ratlike quadruped of Tasmania (Hydromys chrysogaster). -- Beaver skin, the furry skin of the beaver. -- Bank beaver. See under 1st Bank.

Bea"ver, n. [OE. baviere, bauier, beavoir, bever; fr. F. bavière, fr. bave slaver, drivel, foam, OF., prattle, drivel, perh. orig. an imitative word. Bavière, according to Cotgrave, is the bib put before a (slavering) child.] That piece of armor which protected the lower part of the face, whether forming a part of the helmet or fixed to the breastplate. It was so constructed (with joints or otherwise) that the wearer could raise or lower it to eat and drink.

Bea"vered (&?;), a. Covered with, or wearing, a beaver or hat. "His beavered brow." Pope.

Bea"ver*teen (&?;), n. A kind of fustian made of coarse twilled cotton, shorn after dyeing. Simmonds.

<! p. 130 !>

{ Be*bee"rine, or Be*bi"rine } (b*b"rn or -rn), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid got from the bark of the bebeeru, or green heart of Guiana (Nectandra Rodiœi). It is a tonic, antiperiodic, and febrifuge, and is used in medicine as a substitute for quinine. [Written also bibirine.]

Be*bleed" (&?;), v. t. To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Be*blood" (&?;), Be*blood"y } (&?;), v. t. To make bloody; to stain with blood. [Obs.] Sheldon.

Be*blot" (&?;), v. t. To blot; to stain. Chaucer.

Be*blub"ber (&?;), v. t. To make swollen and disfigured or sullied by weeping; as, her eyes or cheeks were beblubbered.

Be*calm" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Becalmed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Becalming.] 1. To render calm or quiet; to calm; to still; to appease.

> Soft whispering airs . . . becalm the mind.
> Philips.

2. To keep from motion, or stop the progress of, by the stilling of the wind; as, the fleet was becalmed.

Be*came" (&?;), imp. of Become.

||Bec"ard (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A South American bird of the flycatcher family. (Tityra inquisetor).

Be*cause" (&?;), conj. [OE. bycause; by + cause.] 1. By or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that. Milton.

2. In order that; that. [Obs.]

> And the multitude rebuked them because they should hold their peace.
> Matt. xx. 31.

Because of, by reason of, on account of. [Prep. phrase.]

> Because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience.
> Eph. v. 6.

Syn. -- Because, For, Since, As, Inasmuch As. These particles are used, in certain connections, to assign the reason of a thing, or that "on account of" which it is or takes place. Because (by cause) is the strongest and most emphatic; as, I hid myself because I was afraid. For is not quite so strong; as, in Shakespeare, "I hate him, for he is a Christian." Since is less formal and more incidental than because; as, I will do it since you request me. It more commonly begins a sentence; as, Since your decision is made, I will say no more. As is still more incidental than since, and points to some existing fact by way of assigning a reason. Thus we say, as I knew him to be out of town, I did not call. Inasmuch as seems to carry with it a kind of qualification which does not belong to the rest. Thus, if we say, I am ready to accept your proposal, inasmuch as I believe it is the best you can offer, we mean, it is only with this understanding that we can accept it.

||Bec`ca*bun"ga (&?;), n. [NL. (cf. It. beccabunga, G. bachbunge), fr. G. bach brook + bunge, OHG. bungo, bulb. See Beck a brook.] See Brooklime.

||Bec`ca*fi"co (&?;), n.; pl. Beccaficos (&?;). [It., fr. beccare to peck + fico fig.] (Zoöl.) A small bird. (Silvia hortensis), which is highly prized by the Italians for the delicacy of its flesh in the autumn, when it has fed on figs, grapes, etc.

||Bech"a*mel (&?;), n. [F. béchamel, named from its inventor, Louis de Béchamel.] (Cookery) A rich, white sauce, prepared with butter and cream.

Be*chance" (&?;), adv. [Pref. be- for by + chance.] By chance; by accident. [Obs.] Grafton.

Be*chance", v. t. & i. To befall; to chance; to happen to.

> God knows what hath bechanced them.
> Shak.

Be*charm" (&?;), v. t. To charm; to captivate.

||Bêche` de mer" (&?;). [F., lit., a sea spade.] (Zoöl.) The trepang.

Be"chic (&?;), a. [L. bechicus, adj., for a cough, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; cough: cf. F. béchique.] (Med.) Pertaining to, or relieving, a cough. Thomas. -- n. A medicine for relieving coughs. Quincy.

Beck (&?;), n. See Beak. [Obs.] Spenser.

Beck, n. [OE. bek, AS. becc; akin to Icel. bekkr brook, OHG. pah, G. bach.] A small brook.

> The brooks, the becks, the rills.
> Drayton.

Beck, n. A vat. See Back.

Beck, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Becked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Becking.] [Contr. of beckon.] To nod, or make a sign with the head or hand. [Archaic] Drayton.

Beck, v. t. To notify or call by a nod, or a motion of the head or hand; to intimate a command to. [Archaic]

> When gold and silver becks me to come on.
> Shak.

Beck, n. A significant nod, or motion of the head or hand, esp. as a call or command.

> They have troops of soldiers at their beck.
> Shak.

Beck"er (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A European fish (Pagellus centrodontus); the sea bream or braise.

Beck"et (&?;), n. [Cf. D. bek beak, and E. beak.]

1. (Naut.) A small grommet, or a ring or loop of rope or metal for holding things in position, as spars, ropes, etc.; also a bracket, a pocket, or a handle made of rope.

2. A spade for digging turf. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Beck"on, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beckoned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beckoning.] To make a significant sign to; hence, to summon, as by a motion of the hand.

> His distant friends, he beckons near.
> Dryden.

> It beckons you to go away with it.
> Shak.

Beck"on, n. A sign made without words; a beck. "At the first beckon." Bolingbroke.

Be*clap (&?;), v. t. [OE. biclappen.] To catch; to grasp; to insnare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be*clip" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclipped (&?;).] [AS. beclyppan; pref. be + clyppan to embrace.] To embrace; to surround. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Be*cloud" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beclouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beclouding.] To cause obscurity or dimness to; to dim; to cloud.

> If thou becloud the sunshine of thine eye.
> Quarles.

Be*come" (&?;), v. i. [imp. Became (&?;); p. p. Become; p. pr. & vb. n. Becoming.] [OE. bicumen, becumen, AS. becuman to come to, to happen; akin to D. bekomen, OHG.a piquëman, Goth. biquiman to come upon, G. bekommen to get, suit. See Be-, and Come.] 1. To pass from one state to another; to enter into some state or condition, by a change from another state, or by assuming or receiving new properties or qualities, additional matter, or a new character.

> The Lord God . . . breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
> Gen. ii. 7.

> That error now which is become my crime.
> Milton.

2. To come; to get. [Obs.]

> But, madam, where is Warwick then become!
> Shak.

To become of, to be the present state or place of; to be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the final or subsequent condition of.

> What is then become of so huge a multitude?
> Sir W. Raleigh.

Be*come", v. t. To suit or be suitable to; to be congruous with; to befit; to accord with, in character or circumstances; to be worthy of, or proper for; to cause to appear well; -- said of persons and things.

> It becomes me so to speak of so excellent a poet.
> Dryden.

> I have known persons so anxious to have their dress become them, as to convert it, at length, into their proper self, and thus actually to become the dress.
> Coleridge.

Be*com"ed (&?;), a. Proper; decorous. [Obs.]

> And gave him what becomed love I might.
> Shak.

Be*com"ing, a. Appropriate or fit; congruous; suitable; graceful; befitting.

> A low and becoming tone.
> Thackeray.

Formerly sometimes followed by of.

> Such discourses as are becoming of them.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- Seemly; comely; decorous; decent; proper.

Be*com"ing, n. That which is becoming or appropriate. [Obs.]

Be*com"ing*ly, adv. In a becoming manner.

Be*com"ing*ness, n. The quality of being becoming, appropriate, or fit; congruity; fitness.

> The becomingness of human nature.
> Grew.

Be*crip"ple (&?;), v. t. To make a cripple of; to cripple; to lame. [R.] Dr. H. More.

||Be*cu"na (&?;), n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) A fish of the Mediterranean (Sphyræna spet). See Barracuda.

Be*curl" (&?;), v. t. To curl; to adorn with curls.

Bed (&?;), n. [AS. bed, bedd; akin to OS. bed, D. bed, bedde, Icel. be&?;r, Dan. bed, Sw. bädd, Goth. badi, OHG. betti, G. bett, bette, bed, beet a plat of ground; all of uncertain origin.] 1. An article of furniture to sleep or take rest in or on; a couch. Specifically: A sack or mattress, filled with some soft material, in distinction from the bedstead on which it is placed (as, a feather bed), or this with the bedclothes added. In a general sense, any thing or place used for sleeping or reclining on or in, as a quantity of hay, straw, leaves, or twigs.

> And made for him [a horse] a leafy bed.
> Byron.

> I wash, wring, brew, bake, . . . make the beds.
> Shak.

> In bed he slept not for my urging it.
> Shak.

2. (Used as the symbol of matrimony) Marriage.

> George, the eldest son of his second bed.
> Clarendon.

3. A plat or level piece of ground in a garden, usually a little raised above the adjoining ground. "Beds of hyacinth and roses." Milton.

4. A mass or heap of anything arranged like a bed; as, a bed of ashes or coals.

5. The bottom of a watercourse, or of any body of water; as, the bed of a river.

> So sinks the daystar in the ocean bed.
> Milton.

6. (Geol.) A layer or seam, or a horizontal stratum between layers; as, a bed of coal, iron, etc.

7. (Gun.) See Gun carriage, and Mortar bed.

8. (Masonry) (a) The horizontal surface of a building stone; as, the upper and lower beds. (b) A course of stone or brick in a wall. (c) The place or material in which a block or brick is laid. (d) The lower surface of a brick, slate, or tile. Knight.

9. (Mech.) The foundation or the more solid and fixed part or framing of a machine; or a part on which something is laid or supported; as, the bed of an engine.

10. The superficial earthwork, or ballast, of a railroad.

11. (Printing) The flat part of the press, on which the form is laid.

Bed is much used adjectively or in combination; as, bed key or bedkey; bed wrench or bedwrench; bedchamber; bedmaker, etc.

Bed of justice (French Hist.), the throne (F. lit bed) occupied by the king when sitting in one of his parliaments (judicial courts); hence, a session of a refractory parliament, at which the king was present for the purpose of causing his decrees to be registered. -- To be brought to bed, to be delivered of a child; -- often followed by of; as, to be brought to bed of a son. -- To make a bed, to prepare a bed; to arrange or put in order a bed and its bedding. -- From bed and board (Law), a phrase applied to a separation by partial divorce of man and wife, without dissolving the bonds of matrimony. If such a divorce (now commonly called a judicial separation) be granted at the instance of the wife, she may have alimony.

Bed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bedding.] 1. To place in a bed. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. To make partaker of one's bed; to cohabit with.

> I'll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her.
> Shak.

3. To furnish with a bed or bedding.

4. To plant or arrange in beds; to set, or cover, as in a bed of soft earth; as, to bed the roots of a plant in mold.

5. To lay or put in any hollow place, or place of rest and security, surrounded or inclosed; to embed; to furnish with or place upon a bed or foundation; as, to bed a stone; it was bedded on a rock.

> Among all chains or clusters of mountains where large bodies of still water are bedded.
> Wordsworth.

6. (Masonry) To dress or prepare the surface of stone) so as to serve as a bed.

7. To lay flat; to lay in order; to place in a horizontal or recumbent position. "Bedded hair." Shak.

Bed (&?;), v. i. To go to bed; to cohabit.

> If he be married, and bed with his wife.
> Wiseman.

Be*dab*ble (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedabbled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedabbling (&?;).] To dabble; to sprinkle or wet. Shak.

Be*daff" (&?;), v. t. To make a daff or fool of. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Bed"a*gat (&?;), n. The sacred books of the Buddhists in Burmah. Malcom.

Be*dag"gle (&?;), v. t. To daggle.

Be*dash" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedashed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedashing.] To wet by dashing or throwing water or other liquid upon; to bespatter. "Trees bedashed with rain." Shak.

Be*daub" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedaubed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedaubing.] To daub over; to besmear or soil with anything thick and dirty.

> Bedaub foul designs with a fair varnish.
> Barrow.

Be*daz"zle (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedazzled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedazzling (&?;).] To dazzle or make dim by a strong light. "Bedazzled with the sun." Shak.

Bed"bug` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A wingless, bloodsucking, hemipterous insect (Cimex Lectularius), sometimes infesting houses and especially beds. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bed"chair` (&?;), n. A chair with adjustable back, for the sick, to support them while sitting up in bed.

Bed"cham`ber (&?;), n. A chamber for a bed; an apartment form sleeping in. Shak.

Lords of the bedchamber, eight officers of the royal household, all of noble families, who wait in turn a week each. [Eng.] -- Ladies of the bedchamber, eight ladies, all titled, holding a similar official position in the royal household, during the reign of a queen. [Eng.]

Bed"clothes` (&?;), n. pl. Blankets, sheets, coverlets, etc., for a bed. Shak.

Bed"cord` (&?;), n. A cord or rope interwoven in a bedstead so as to support the bed.

Bed"ded (&?;), a. Provided with a bed; as, double-bedded room; placed or arranged in a bed or beds.

Bed"ding (&?;), n. [AS. bedding, beding. See Bed.] 1. A bed and its furniture; the materials of a bed, whether for man or beast; bedclothes; litter.

2. (Geol.) The state or position of beds and layers.

Bede (&?;), v. t. [See Bid, v. t.] To pray; also, to offer; to proffer. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester. Chaucer.

Bede, n. (Mining) A kind of pickax.

Be*deck" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedecked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedecking.] To deck, ornament, or adorn; to grace.

> Bedecked with boughs, flowers, and garlands.
> Pennant.

{ ||Bed"e*guar, Bed"e*gar } (&?;), n. [F., fr. Per. bd-ward, or bd-wardag, prop., a kind of white thorn or thistle.] A gall produced on rosebushes, esp. on the sweetbrier or eglantine, by a puncture from the ovipositor of a gallfly (Rhodites rosæ). It was once supposed to have medicinal properties.

Bede"house` (&?;), n. Same as Beadhouse.

{ Be"del, Be"dell } (&?;), n. Same as Beadle.

Be"del*ry (&?;), n. Beadleship. [Obs.] Blount.

||Bed"en (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The Abyssinian or Arabian ibex (Capra Nubiana). It is probably the wild goat of the Bible.

Bedes"man (&?;), n. Same as Beadsman. [Obs.]

Be*dev"il (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedevilled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedeviling or Bedevilling.] 1. To throw into utter disorder and confusion, as if by the agency of evil spirits; to bring under diabolical influence; to torment.

> Bedeviled and used worse than St. Bartholomew.
> Sterne.

2. To spoil; to corrupt. Wright.

Be*dev"il*ment (&?;), n. The state of being bedeviled; bewildering confusion; vexatious trouble. [Colloq.]

Be*dew" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedewed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedewing.] To moisten with dew, or as with dew. "Falling tears his face bedew." Dryden.

Be*dew"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, bedews.

Be*dew"y (&?;), a. Moist with dew; dewy. [Obs.]

> Night with her bedewy wings.
> A. Brewer.

Bed"fel`low (&?;), n. One who lies with another in the same bed; a person who shares one's couch.

{ Bed"fere` Bed"phere` } (&?;), n. [Bed + AS. fera a companion.] A bedfellow. [Obs.] Chapman.

Bed"gown` (&?;), n. A nightgown.

Be*dight" (&?;), v. t. [p. p. Bedight, Bedighted.] To bedeck; to array or equip; to adorn. [Archaic] Milton.

Be*dim" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedimmed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedimming.] To make dim; to obscure or darken. Shak.

Be*diz"en (&?;), v. t. To dress or adorn tawdrily or with false taste.

> Remnants of tapestried hangings, . . . and shreds of pictures with which he had bedizened his tatters.
> Sir W. Scott.

Be*diz"en*ment (&?;), n. That which bedizens; the act of dressing, or the state of being dressed, tawdrily.

Bed"key` (&?;), n. An instrument for tightening the parts of a bedstead.

Bed"lam (&?;), n. [See Bethlehem.] 1. A place appropriated to the confinement and care of the insane; a madhouse. Abp. Tillotson.

2. An insane person; a lunatic; a madman. [Obs.]

> Let's get the bedlam to lead him.
> Shak.

3. Any place where uproar and confusion prevail.

Bed"lam, a. Belonging to, or fit for, a madhouse. "The bedlam, brainsick duchess." Shak.

Bed"lam*ite (&?;), n. An inhabitant of a madhouse; a madman. "Raving bedlamites." Beattie.

Bed"mak`er (&?;), n. One who makes beds.

<! p. 131 !>

{ Bed"-mold`ing Bed"-mould`ing} (bd"mld`ng), n. (Arch.) The molding of a cornice immediately below the corona. Oxf. Gloss.

Be*dote" (b*dt"), v. t. To cause to dote; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bed"ou*in (&?;), n. [F. bédouin, OF. béduin, fr. Ar. bedaw rural, living in the desert, fr. badw desert, fr. bad to live in the desert, to lead a nomadic life.] One of the nomadic Arabs who live in tents, and are scattered over Arabia, Syria, and northern Africa, esp. in the deserts. -- Bed"ou*in*ism (&?;), n.

Bed"ou*in, a. Pertaining to the Bedouins; nomad.

Bed"pan` (&?;), n. 1. A pan for warming beds. Nares.

2. A shallow chamber vessel, so constructed that it can be used by a sick person in bed.

Bed"phere` (&?;), n. See Bedfere. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

{ Bed"piece` (&?;), Bed"plate` (&?;), } n. (Mach.) The foundation framing or piece, by which the other parts are supported and held in place; the bed; -- called also baseplate and soleplate.

Bed"post` (&?;), n. 1. One of the four standards that support a bedstead or the canopy over a bedstead.

2. Anciently, a post or pin on each side of the bed to keep the clothes from falling off. See Bedstaff. Brewer.

Bed"quilt` (&?;), n. A quilt for a bed; a coverlet.

Be*drab"ble (&?;), v. t. To befoul with rain and mud; to drabble.

Be*drag"gle (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedraggled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedraggling (&?;).] To draggle; to soil, as garments which, in walking, are suffered to drag in dust, mud, etc. Swift.

Be*drench" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedrenched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedrenching.] To drench; to saturate with moisture; to soak. Shak.

Be*drib"ble (&?;), v. t. To dribble upon.

{ Bed"rid` (&?;), Bed"rid`den (&?;), } a. [OE. bedrede, AS. bedreda, bedrida; from bed, bedd, a bed or couch + ridda a rider; cf. OHG. pettiriso, G. bettrise. See Bed, n., and Ride, v. i. ] Confined to the bed by sickness or infirmity. "Her decrepit, sick, and bedrid father." Shak. "The estate of a bedridden old gentleman." Macaulay.

{ Bed"right` Bed"rite` } (&?;), n. [Bed + right, rite.] The duty or privilege of the marriage bed. Shak.

Be*driz"zle (&?;), v. t. To drizzle upon.

Bed" rock" (&?;). (Mining) The solid rock underlying superficial formations. Also Fig.

Bed"room (&?;), n. 1. A room or apartment intended or used for a bed; a lodging room.

2. Room in a bed. [In this sense preferably bed room.]

> Then by your side no bed room me deny.
> Shak.

Be*drop" (&?;), v. t. To sprinkle, as with drops.

> The yellow carp, in scales bedropped with gold.
> Pope.

Be*drug" (&?;), v. t. To drug abundantly or excessively.

Bed" screw` (&?;). 1. (Naut.) A form of jack screw for lifting large bodies, and assisting in launching.

2. A long screw formerly used to fasten a bedpost to one of the adjacent side pieces.

Bed"side` (&?;), n. The side of a bed.

Bed"site` (&?;), n. A recess in a room for a bed.

> Of the three bedrooms, two have fireplaces, and all are of fair size, with windows and bedsite well placed.
> Quart. Rev.

Bed"sore` (&?;), n. (Med.) A sore on the back or hips caused by lying for a long time in bed.

Bed"spread` (&?;), n. A bedquilt; a counterpane; a coverlet. [U. S.]

Bed"staff` (&?;), n.; pl. Bedstaves (&?;). "A wooden pin stuck anciently on the sides of the bedstead, to hold the clothes from slipping on either side." Johnson.

> Hostess, accommodate us with a bedstaff.
> B. Jonson.

> Say there is no virtue in cudgels and bedstaves.
> Brome.

Bed"stead (&?;), n. [Bed + stead a frame.] A framework for supporting a bed.

Bed" steps` (&?;). Steps for mounting a bed of unusual height.

Bed"stock (&?;), n. The front or the back part of the frame of a bedstead. [Obs. or Dial. Eng.]

Bed"straw` (&?;), n. 1. Straw put into a bed. Bacon.

2. (Bot.) A genus of slender herbs, usually with square stems, whorled leaves, and small white flowers.

Our Lady's bedstraw, which has yellow flowers, is Galium verum. -- White bedstraw is G. mollugo.

Bed"swerv`er (&?;), n. One who swerves from and is unfaithful to the marriage vow. [Poetic] Shak.

Bed"tick` (&?;), n. A tick or bag made of cloth, used for inclosing the materials of a bed.

Bed"time` (&?;), n. The time to go to bed. Shak.

Be*duck" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beducked (&?;).] To duck; to put the head under water; to immerse. "Deep himself beducked." Spenser.

Bed"uin (&?;), n. See Bedouin.

Be*dung" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedunged (&?;).] To cover with dung, as for manuring; to bedaub or defile, literally or figuratively. Bp. Hall.

Be*dust" (&?;), v. t. To sprinkle, soil, or cover with dust. Sherwood.

Bed"ward (&?;), adv. Towards bed.

Be*dwarf" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedwarfed (&?;).] To make a dwarf of; to stunt or hinder the growth of; to dwarf. Donne.

Be*dye" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bedyed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bedyeing.] To dye or stain.

> Briton fields with Sarazin blood bedyed.
> Spenser.

Bee (&?;), p. p. of Be; -- used for been. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bee (b), n. [AS. beó; akin to D. bij and bije, Icel. b&?;, Sw. & Dan. bi, OHG. pini, G. biene, and perh. Ir. beach, Lith. bitis, Skr. bha. √97.] 1. (Zoöl.) An insect of the order Hymenoptera, and family Apidæ (the honeybees), or family Andrenidæ (the solitary bees.) See Honeybee.

There are many genera and species. The common honeybee (Apis mellifica) lives in swarms, each of which has its own queen, its males or drones, and its very numerous workers, which are barren females. Besides the A. mellifica there are other species and varieties of honeybees, as the A. ligustica of Spain and Italy; the A. Indica of India; the A. fasciata of Egypt. The bumblebee is a species of Bombus. The tropical honeybees belong mostly to Melipoma and Trigona.

2. A neighborly gathering of people who engage in united labor for the benefit of an individual or family; as, a quilting bee; a husking bee; a raising bee. [U. S.]

> The cellar . . . was dug by a bee in a single day.
> S. G. Goodrich.

3. pl. [Prob. fr. AS. beáh ring, fr. b&?;gan to bend. See 1st Bow.] (Naut.) Pieces of hard wood bolted to the sides of the bowsprit, to reeve the fore-topmast stays through; -- called also bee blocks.

Bee beetle (Zoöl.), a beetle (Trichodes apiarius) parasitic in beehives. -- Bee bird (Zoöl.), a bird that eats the honeybee, as the European flycatcher, and the American kingbird. -- Bee flower (Bot.), an orchidaceous plant of the genus Ophrys (O. apifera), whose flowers have some resemblance to bees, flies, and other insects. -- Bee fly (Zoöl.), a two winged fly of the family Bombyliidæ. Some species, in the larval state, are parasitic upon bees. -- Bee garden, a garden or inclosure to set beehives in ; an apiary. Mortimer. -- Bee glue, a soft, unctuous matter, with which bees cement the combs to the hives, and close up the cells; -- called also propolis. -- Bee hawk (Zoöl.), the honey buzzard. -- Bee killer (Zoöl.), a large two-winged fly of the family Asilidæ (esp. Trupanea apivora) which feeds upon the honeybee. See Robber fly. -- Bee louse (Zoöl.), a minute, wingless, dipterous insect (Braula cæca) parasitic on hive bees. -- Bee martin (Zoöl.), the kingbird (Tyrannus Carolinensis) which occasionally feeds on bees. -- Bee moth (Zoöl.), a moth (Galleria cereana) whose larvæ feed on honeycomb, occasioning great damage in beehives. -- Bee wolf (Zoöl.), the larva of the bee beetle. See Illust. of Bee beetle. -- To have a bee in the head or in the bonnet. (a) To be choleric. [Obs.] (b) To be restless or uneasy. B. Jonson. (c) To be full of fancies; to be a little crazy. "She's whiles crack-brained, and has a bee in her head." Sir W. Scott.

Bee"bread` (&?;), n. A brown, bitter substance found in some of the cells of honeycomb. It is made chiefly from the pollen of flowers, which is collected by bees as food for their young.

Beech (&?;), n.; pl. Beeches (&?;). [OE. beche, AS. b&?;ce; akin to D. beuk, OHG. buocha, G. buche, Icel. beyki, Dan. bög, Sw. bok, Russ. buk, L. fagus, Gr. &?; oak, &?; to eat, Skr. bhaksh; the tree being named originally from the esculent fruit. See Book, and cf. 7th Buck, Buckwheat.] (Bot.) A tree of the genus Fagus.

It grows to a large size, having a smooth bark and thick foliage, and bears an edible triangular nut, of which swine are fond. The Fagus sylvatica is the European species, and the F. ferruginea that of America.

Beech drops (Bot.), a parasitic plant which grows on the roots of beeches (Epiphegus Americana). -- Beech marten (Zoöl.), the stone marten of Europe (Mustela foina). -- Beech mast, the nuts of the beech, esp. as they lie under the trees, in autumn. -- Beech oil, oil expressed from the mast or nuts of the beech tree. -- Cooper beech, a variety of the European beech with copper-colored, shining leaves.

Beech"en (&?;), a. [AS. b&?;cen.] Consisting, or made, of the wood or bark of the beech; belonging to the beech. "Plain beechen vessels." Dryden.

Beech"nut` (&?;), n. The nut of the beech tree.

Beech" tree` (&?;). The beech.

Beech"y (&?;), a. Of or relating to beeches.

Bee"-eat`er (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A bird of the genus Merops, that feeds on bees. The European species (M. apiaster) is remarkable for its brilliant colors. (b) An African bird of the genus Rhinopomastes.

Beef (bf), n. [OE. boef, befe, beef, OF. boef, buef, F. bœef, fr. L. bos, bovis, ox; akin to Gr. boy^s, Skr. g cow, and E. cow. See 2d Cow.] 1. An animal of the genus Bos, especially the common species, B. taurus, including the bull, cow, and ox, in their full grown state; esp., an ox or cow fattened for food. [In this, which is the original sense, the word has a plural, beeves (bvz).]

> A herd of beeves, fair oxen and fair kine.
> Milton.

2. The flesh of an ox, or cow, or of any adult bovine animal, when slaughtered for food. [In this sense, the word has no plural.] "Great meals of beef." Shak.

3. Applied colloquially to human flesh.

Beef (&?;), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, beef.

Beef tea, essence of beef, or strong beef broth.

Beef"eat`er (&?;), n. [Beef + eater; prob. one who eats another's beef, as his servant. Cf. AS. hlf&?;ta servant, properly a loaf eater.] 1. One who eats beef; hence, a large, fleshy person.

2. One of the yeomen of the guard, in England.

3. (Zoöl.) An African bird of the genus Buphaga, which feeds on the larvæ of botflies hatched under the skin of oxen, antelopes, etc. Two species are known.

Beef"steak` (&?;), n. A steak of beef; a slice of beef broiled or suitable for broiling.

Beef"-wit`ted (&?;), n. Stupid; dull. Shak.

Beef"wood` (&?;), n. An Australian tree (Casuarina), and its red wood, used for cabinetwork; also, the trees Stenocarpus salignus of New South Wales, and Banksia compar of Queensland.

Beef"y, a. Having much beef; of the nature of beef; resembling beef; fleshy.

Bee"hive` (&?;), n. A hive for a swarm of bees. Also used figuratively.

A common and typical form of beehive was a domeshaped inverted basket, whence certain ancient Irish and Scotch architectural remains are called beehive houses.

Bee"house` (&?;), n. A house for bees; an apiary.

Bee" lark`spur (&?;). (Bot.) See Larkspur.

Beeld (&?;), n. Same as Beild. Fairfax.

Bee" line` (&?;). The shortest line from one place to another, like that of a bee to its hive when loaded with honey; an air line. "A bee line for the brig." Kane.

Be*el"ze*bub (&?;), n. The title of a heathen deity to whom the Jews ascribed the sovereignty of the evil spirits; hence, the Devil or a devil. See Baal.

Beem (bm), n. [AS. bme, bme.] A trumpet. [Obs.]

Bee"mas`ter (&?;), n. One who keeps bees.

Been (&?;). [OE. beon, ben, bin, p. p. of been, beon, to be. See Be.] The past participle of Be. In old authors it is also the pr. tense plural of Be. See 1st Bee.

> Assembled been a senate grave and stout.
> Fairfax.

Beer (&?;), n. [OE. beor, ber, AS. beór; akin to Fries. biar, Icel. bj&?;rr, OHG. bior, D. & G. bier, and possibly E. brew. √93, See Brew.] 1. A fermented liquor made from any malted grain, but commonly from barley malt, with hops or some other substance to impart a bitter flavor.

Beer has different names, as small beer, ale, porter, brown stout, lager beer, according to its strength, or other qualities. See Ale.

2. A fermented extract of the roots and other parts of various plants, as spruce, ginger, sassafras, etc.

Small beer, weak beer; (fig.) insignificant matters. "To suckle fools, and chronicle small beer." Shak.

Beer"e*gar (&?;), n. [Beer + eager.] Sour beer. [Obs.]

Beer"house` (&?;), n. A house where malt liquors are sold; an alehouse.

Beer"i*ness (&?;), n. Beery condition.

Beer"y (&?;), a. Of or resembling beer; affected by beer; maudlin.

Beest"ings (&?;), n. Same as Biestings.

Bees"wax` (&?;), n. The wax secreted by bees, and of which their cells are constructed.

Bees"wing` (&?;), n. The second crust formed in port and some other wines after long keeping. It consists of pure, shining scales of tartar, supposed to resemble the wing of a bee.

Beet (bt), n. [AS. bete, from L. beta.] 1. (Bot.) A biennial plant of the genus Beta, which produces an edible root the first year and seed the second year.

2. The root of plants of the genus Beta, different species and varieties of which are used for the table, for feeding stock, or in making sugar.

There are many varieties of the common beet (Beta vulgaris). The Old "white beet", cultivated for its edible leafstalks, is a distinct species (Beta Cicla).

{ Beete, Bete } (bt), v. t. [AS. btan to mend. See Better.] 1. To mend; to repair. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To renew or enkindle (a fire). [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bee"tle (b"t'l), n. [OE. betel, AS. btl, b&?;tl, mallet, hammer, fr. beátan to beat. See Beat, v. t.] 1. A heavy mallet, used to drive wedges, beat pavements, etc.

2. A machine in which fabrics are subjected to a hammering process while passing over rollers, as in cotton mills; -- called also beetling machine. Knight.

<! p. 132 !>

Bee"tle (b"t'l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beetled (-t'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Beetling.] 1. To beat with a heavy mallet.

2. To finish by subjecting to a hammering process in a beetle or beetling machine; as, to beetle cotton goods.

Bee"tle, n. [OE. bityl, bittle, AS. btel, fr. btan to bite. See Bite, v. t.] Any insect of the order Coleoptera, having four wings, the outer pair being stiff cases for covering the others when they are folded up. See Coleoptera.

Beetle mite (Zoöl.), one of many species of mites, of the family Oribatidæ, parasitic on beetles. -- Black beetle, the common large black cockroach (Blatta orientalis).

Bee"tle, v. i. [See Beetlebrowed.] To extend over and beyond the base or support; to overhang; to jut.

> To the dreadful summit of the cliff
> That beetles o'er his base into the sea.
> Shak.

> Each beetling rampart, and each tower sublime.
> Wordsworth.

Bee"tle brow` (&?;). An overhanging brow.

Bee"tle-browed` (&?;), a. [OE. bitelbrowed; cf. OE. bitel, adj., sharp, projecting, n., a beetle. See Beetle an insect.] Having prominent, overhanging brows; hence, lowering or sullen.

The earlier meaning was, "Having bushy or overhanging eyebrows."

Bee"tle*head` (&?;), n. [Beetle a mallet + head.] 1. A stupid fellow; a blockhead. Sir W. Scott.

2. (Zoöl.) The black-bellied plover, or bullhead (Squatarola helvetica). See Plover.

Bee"tle-head`ed (&?;), a. Dull; stupid. Shak.

Bee"tle*stock` (&?;), n. The handle of a beetle.

Beet" rad`ish (&?;). Same as Beetrave.

Beet"rave` (&?;), n. [F. betterave; bette beet + rave radish.] The common beet (Beta vulgaris).

Beeve (&?;), n. [Formed from beeves, pl. of beef.] A beef; a beef creature.

> They would knock down the first beeve they met with.
> W. Irving.

Beeves (bvz), n. plural of Beef, the animal.

Be*fall" (&?;), v. t. [imp. Befell (&?;); p. p. Befallen (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Befalling.] [AS. befeallan; pref. be- + feallan to fall.] To happen to.

> I beseech your grace that I may know
> The worst that may befall me.
> Shak.

Be*fall", v. i. To come to pass; to happen.

> I have revealed . . . the discord which befell.
> Milton.

Be*fit" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Befitting.] To be suitable to; to suit; to become.

> That name best befits thee.
> Milton.

Be*fit"ting, a. Suitable; proper; becoming; fitting.

Be*fit"ting*ly, adv. In a befitting manner; suitably.

Be*flat"ter (&?;), v. t. To flatter excessively.

Be*flow"er (&?;), v. t. To besprinkle or scatter over with, or as with, flowers. Hobbes.

Be*fog" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befogged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Befogging (&?;).] 1. To involve in a fog; -- mostly as a participle or part. adj.

2. Hence: To confuse; to mystify.

Be*fool" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befooled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Befooling.] [OE. befolen; pref. be- + fol fool.] 1. To fool; to delude or lead into error; to infatuate; to deceive.

> This story . . . contrived to befool credulous men.
> Fuller.

2. To cause to behave like a fool; to make foolish. "Some befooling drug." G. Eliot.

Be*fore" (&?;), prep. [OE. beforen, biforen, before, AS. beforan; pref. be- + foran, fore, before. See Be-, and Fore.] 1. In front of; preceding in space; ahead of; as, to stand before the fire; before the house.

> His angel, who shall go
> Before them in a cloud and pillar of fire.
> Milton.

2. Preceding in time; earlier than; previously to; anterior to the time when; -- sometimes with the additional idea of purpose; in order that.

> Before Abraham was, I am.
> John viii. 58.

> Before this treatise can become of use, two points are necessary.
> Swift.

Formerly before, in this sense, was followed by that. "Before that Philip called thee . . . I saw thee." John i. 48.

3. An advance of; farther onward, in place or time.

> The golden age . . . is before us.
> Carlyle.

4. Prior or preceding in dignity, order, rank, right, or worth; rather than.

> He that cometh after me is preferred before me.
> John i. 15.

> The eldest son is before the younger in succession.
> Johnson.

5. In presence or sight of; face to face with; facing.

> Abraham bowed down himself before the people.
> Gen. xxiii. 12.

> Wherewith shall I come before the Lord?
> Micah vi. 6.

6. Under the cognizance or jurisdiction of.

> If a suit be begun before an archdeacon.
> Ayliffe.

7. Open for; free of access to; in the power of.

> The world was all before them where to choose.
> Milton.

Before the mast (Naut.), as a common sailor, -- because the sailors live in the forecastle, forward of the foremast. -- Before the wind (Naut.), in the direction of the wind and by its impulse; having the wind aft.

Be*fore", adv. 1. On the fore part; in front, or in the direction of the front; -- opposed to in the rear.

> The battle was before and behind.
> 2 Chron. xiii. 14.

2. In advance. "I come before to tell you." Shak.

3. In time past; previously; already.

> You tell me, mother, what I knew before.
> Dryden.

4. Earlier; sooner than; until then.

> When the butt is out, we will drink water; not a drop before.
> Shak.

Before is often used in self-explaining compounds; as, before-cited, before-mentioned; beforesaid.

Be*fore"hand` (&?;), adv. [Before + hand.] 1. In a state of anticipation ore preoccupation; in advance; -- often followed by with.

> Agricola . . . resolves to be beforehand with the danger.
> Milton.

> The last cited author has been beforehand with me.
> Addison.

2. By way of preparation, or preliminary; previously; aforetime.

> They may be taught beforehand the skill of speaking.
> Hooker.

Be*fore"hand`, a. In comfortable circumstances as regards property; forehanded.

> Rich and much beforehand.
> Bacon.

Be*fore"time` (&?;), adv. Formerly; aforetime.

> [They] dwelt in their tents, as beforetime.
> 2 Kings xiii. 5.

Be*for"tune (&?;), v. t. To befall. [Poetic]

> I wish all good befortune you.
> Shak.

Be*foul" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befouled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Befouling.] [Cf. AS. bef&?;lan; pref. be- + f&?;lan to foul. See Foul, a.] 1. To make foul; to soil.

2. To entangle or run against so as to impede motion.

Be*friend" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befriended; p. pr. & vb. n. Befriending.] To act as a friend to; to favor; to aid, benefit, or countenance.

> By the darkness befriended.
> Longfellow.

Be*friend"ment (&?;), n. Act of befriending. [R.]

Be*frill" (&?;), v. t. To furnish or deck with a frill.

Be*fringe" (&?;), v. t. To furnish with a fringe; to form a fringe upon; to adorn as with fringe. Fuller.

Be*fud"dle (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Befuddled (&?;)] To becloud and confuse, as with liquor.

Beg (&?;), n. [Turk. beg, pronounced bay. Cf. Bey, Begum.] A title of honor in Turkey and in some other parts of the East; a bey.

Beg (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Begging.] [OE. beggen, perh. fr. AS. bedecian (akin to Goth. bedagwa beggar), biddan to ask. (Cf. Bid, v. t.); or cf. beghard, beguin.] 1. To ask earnestly for; to entreat or supplicate for; to beseech.

> I do beg your good will in this case.
> Shak.

> [Joseph] begged the body of Jesus.
> Matt. xxvii. 58.

Sometimes implying deferential and respectful, rather than earnest, asking; as, I beg your pardon; I beg leave to disagree with you.

2. To ask for as a charity, esp. to ask for habitually or from house to house.

> Yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread.
> Ps. xxxvii. 25.

3. To make petition to; to entreat; as, to beg a person to grant a favor.

4. To take for granted; to assume without proof.

5. (Old Law) To ask to be appointed guardian for, or to ask to have a guardian appointed for.

> Else some will beg thee, in the court of wards.
> Harrington.

Hence: To beg (one) for a fool, to take him for a fool.

I beg to, is an elliptical expression for I beg leave to; as, I beg to inform you. -- To beg the question, to assume that which was to be proved in a discussion, instead of adducing the proof or sustaining the point by argument. -- To go a-begging, a figurative phrase to express the absence of demand for something which elsewhere brings a price; as, grapes are so plentiful there that they go a- begging.

Syn. -- To Beg, Ask, Request. To ask (not in the sense of inquiring) is the generic term which embraces all these words. To request is only a polite mode of asking. To beg, in its original sense, was to ask with earnestness, and implied submission, or at least deference. At present, however, in polite life, beg has dropped its original meaning, and has taken the place of both ask and request, on the ground of its expressing more of deference and respect. Thus, we beg a person's acceptance of a present; we beg him to favor us with his company; a tradesman begs to announce the arrival of new goods, etc. Crabb remarks that, according to present usage, "we can never talk of asking a person's acceptance of a thing, or of asking him to do us a favor." This can be more truly said of usage in England than in America.

Beg, v. i. To ask alms or charity, especially to ask habitually by the wayside or from house to house; to live by asking alms.

> I can not dig; to beg I am ashamed.
> Luke xvi. 3.

||Be"ga (&?;), n. See Bigha.

Be*gem" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begemmed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Begemming.] To adorn with gems, or as with gems.

> Begemmed with dewdrops.
> Sir W. Scott.

> Those lonely realms bright garden isles begem.
> Shelley.

Be*get" (&?;), v. t. [imp. Begot (&?;), (Archaic) Begat (&?;); p. p. Begot, Begotten (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Begetting.] [OE. bigiten, bigeten, to get, beget, AS. begitan to get; pref. be- + gitan. See Get, v. t. ] 1. To procreate, as a father or sire; to generate; -- commonly said of the father.

> Yet they a beauteous offspring shall beget.
> Milton.

2. To get (with child.) [Obs.] Shak.

3. To produce as an effect; to cause to exist.

> Love is begot by fancy.
> Granville.

Be*get"ter (&?;), n. One who begets; a father.

Beg"ga*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being begged.

Beg"gar (&?;), n. [OE. beggere, fr. beg.] 1. One who begs; one who asks or entreats earnestly, or with humility; a petitioner.

2. One who makes it his business to ask alms.

3. One who is dependent upon others for support; -- a contemptuous or sarcastic use.

4. One who assumes in argument what he does not prove. Abp. Tillotson.

Beg"gar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beggared (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beggaring.] 1. To reduce to beggary; to impoverish; as, he had beggared himself. Milton.

2. To cause to seem very poor and inadequate.

> It beggared all description.
> Shak.

Beg"gar*hood (&?;), n. The condition of being a beggar; also, the class of beggars.

Beg"gar*ism (&?;), n. Beggary. [R.]

Beg"gar*li*ness (&?;), n. The quality or state of being beggarly; meanness.

Beg"gar*ly (&?;), a. 1. In the condition of, or like, a beggar; suitable for a beggar; extremely indigent; poverty-stricken; mean; poor; contemptible. "A bankrupt, beggarly fellow." South. "A beggarly fellowship." Swift. "Beggarly elements." Gal. iv. 9.

2. Produced or occasioned by beggary. [Obs.]

> Beggarly sins, that is, those sins which idleness and beggary usually betray men to; such as lying, flattery, stealing, and dissimulation.
> Jer. Taylor.

Beg"gar*ly, adv. In an indigent, mean, or despicable manner; in the manner of a beggar.

Beg"gar's lice` (&?;). (Bot.) The prickly fruit or seed of certain plants (as some species of Echinospermum and Cynoglossum) which cling to the clothing of those who brush by them.

Beg"gar's ticks` (&?;). The bur marigold (Bidens) and its achenes, which are armed with barbed awns, and adhere to clothing and fleeces with unpleasant tenacity.

Beg"gar*y (&?;), n. [OE. beggerie. See Beggar, n.] 1. The act of begging; the state of being a beggar; mendicancy; extreme poverty.

2. Beggarly appearance. [R.]

> The freedom and the beggary of the old studio.
> Thackeray.

Syn. -- Indigence; want; penury; mendicancy.

Beg"gar*y, a. Beggarly. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Beg"ge*stere (&?;), n. [Beg + - ster.] A beggar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Be*ghard" Be*guard" } (&?;), n. [F. bégard, béguard; cf. G. beghard, LL. Beghardus, Begihardus, Begardus. Prob. from the root of beguine + -ard or -hard. See Beguine.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of an association of religious laymen living in imitation of the Beguines. They arose in the thirteenth century, were afterward subjected to much persecution, and were suppressed by Innocent X. in 1650. Called also Beguins.

Be*gild" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begilded or Begilt (&?;).] To gild. B. Jonson.

Be*gin" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Began (&?;), Begun (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beginning (&?;).] [AS. beginnan (akin to OS. biginnan, D. & G. beginnen, OHG. biginnan, Goth., du-ginnan, Sw. begynna, Dan. begynde); pref. be- + an assumed ginnan. √31. See Gin to begin.] 1. To have or commence an independent or first existence; to take rise; to commence.

> Vast chain of being! which from God began.
> Pope.

2. To do the first act or the first part of an action; to enter upon or commence something new, as a new form or state of being, or course of action; to take the first step; to start. "Tears began to flow." Dryden.

> When I begin, I will also make an end.
> 1 Sam. iii. 12.

Be*gin", v. t. 1. To enter on; to commence.

> Ye nymphs of Solyma ! begin the song.
> Pope.

2. To trace or lay the foundation of; to make or place a beginning of.

> The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, which leads us to the knowledge of God.
> Locke.

Syn. -- To commence; originate; set about; start.

Be*gin", n. Beginning. [Poetic & Obs.] Spenser.

Be*gin"ner (&?;), n. One who begins or originates anything. Specifically: A young or inexperienced practitioner or student; a tyro.

> A sermon of a new beginner.
> Swift.

Be*gin"ning (&?;), n. 1. The act of doing that which begins anything; commencement of an action, state, or space of time; entrance into being or upon a course; the first act, effort, or state of a succession of acts or states.

> In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
> Gen. i. 1.

2. That which begins or originates something; the first cause; origin; source.

> I am . . . the beginning and the ending.
> Rev. i. 8.

3. That which is begun; a rudiment or element.

> Mighty things from small beginnings grow.
> Dryden.

4. Enterprise. "To hinder our beginnings." Shak.

Syn. -- Inception; prelude; opening; threshold; origin; outset; foundation.

Be*gird" (&?;), v. t. [imp. Begirt (&?;), Begirded; p. p. Begirt; p. pr. & vb. n. Begirding.] [AS. begyrdan (akin to Goth. bigairdan); pref. be- + gyrdan to gird.] 1. To bind with a band or girdle; to gird.

2. To surround as with a band; to encompass.

Be*gir"dle (&?;), v. t. To surround as with a girdle.

Be*girt" (&?;), v. t. To encompass; to begird. Milton.

||Beg"ler*beg` (&?;), n. [Turk. beglerbeg, fr. beg, pl. begler. See Beg, n.] The governor of a province of the Ottoman empire, next in dignity to the grand vizier.

Be*gnaw" (&?;), v. t. [p. p. Begnawed (&?;), (R.) Begnawn (&?;).] [AS. begnagan; pref. be- + gnagan to gnaw.] To gnaw; to eat away; to corrode.

> The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul.
> Shak.

Be*god" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begodded.] To exalt to the dignity of a god; to deify. [Obs.] "Begodded saints." South.

Be*gone" (&?;), interj. [Be, v. i. + gone, p. p.] Go away; depart; get you gone.

Be*gone", p. p. [OE. begon, AS. bign; pref. be- + gn to go.] Surrounded; furnished; beset; environed (as in woe- begone). [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer.

Be*go"ni*a (b*g"n*), n. [From Michel Begon, a promoter of botany.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, mostly of tropical America, many species of which are grown as ornamental plants. The leaves are curiously one-sided, and often exhibit brilliant colors.

<! p. 133 !>

Be*gore" (b*gr"), v. t. To besmear with gore.

Be*got" (b*gt"), imp. & p. p. of Beget.

Be*got"ten (&?;), p. p. of Beget.

Be*grave" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. be- + grave; akin to G. begraben, Goth. bigraban to dig a ditch around.] To bury; also, to engrave. [Obs.] Gower.

Be*grease" (&?;), v. t. To soil or daub with grease or other oily matter.

Be*grime" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begrimed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Begriming.] To soil with grime or dirt deeply impressed or rubbed in.

> Books falling to pieces and begrimed with dust.
> Macaulay.

Be*grim"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, begrimes.

Be*grudge" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Begrudged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Begrudging.] To grudge; to envy the possession of.

Be*guile" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beguiled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beguiling.] 1. To delude by guile, artifice, or craft; to deceive or impose on, as by a false statement; to lure.

> The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.
> Gen. iii. 13.

2. To elude, or evade by craft; to foil. [Obs.]

> When misery could beguile the tyrant's rage.
> Shak.

3. To cause the time of to pass without notice; to relieve the tedium or weariness of; to while away; to divert.

> Ballads . . . to beguile his incessant wayfaring.
> W. Irving.

Syn. -- To delude; deceive; cheat; insnare; mislead; amuse; divert; entertain.

Be*guile"ment (&?;), n. The act of beguiling, or the state of being beguiled.

Be*guil"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, beguiles.

Be*guil"ing, a. Alluring by guile; deluding; misleading; diverting. -- Be*guil"ing*ly, adv.

||Be`guin" (&?;), n. [F.] See Beghard.

||Be`gui`nage" (&?;), n. [F.] A collection of small houses surrounded by a wall and occupied by a community of Beguines.

||Be`guine" (&?;), n. [F. béguine; LL. beguina, beghina; fr. Lambert le Bègue (the Stammerer) the founder of the order. (Du Cange.)] A woman belonging to one of the religious and charitable associations or communities in the Netherlands, and elsewhere, whose members live in beguinages and are not bound by perpetual vows.

||Be"gum (&?;), n. [Per., fr. Turk., perh. properly queen mother, fr. Turk. beg (see Beg, n.) + Ar. umm mother.] In the East Indies, a princess or lady of high rank. Malcom.

Be*gun" (&?;), p. p. of Begin.

Be*half" (&?;), n. [OE. on-behalve in the name of, bihalven by the side of, fr. AS. healf half, also side, part: akin to G. halb half, halber on account of. See Be-, and Half, n.] Advantage; favor; stead; benefit; interest; profit; support; defense; vindication.

> In behalf of his mistress's beauty.
> Sir P. Sidney.

> Against whom he had contracted some prejudice in behalf of his nation.
> Clarendon.

In behalf of, in the interest of. -- On behalf of, on account of; on the part of.

Be*hap"pen (&?;), v. t. To happen to. [Obs.]

Be*have" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behaved (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Behaving.] [AS. behabban to surround, restrain, detain (akin to G. gehaben (obs.) to have, sich gehaben to behave or carry one's self); pref. be- + habban to have. See Have, v. t. ] 1. To manage or govern in point of behavior; to discipline; to handle; to restrain. [Obs.]

> He did behave his anger ere 't was spent.
> Shak.

2. To carry; to conduct; to comport; to manage; to bear; -- used reflexively.

> Those that behaved themselves manfully.
> 2 Macc. ii. 21.

Be*have", v. i. To act; to conduct; to bear or carry one's self; as, to behave well or ill.

This verb is often used colloquially without an adverb of manner; as, if he does not behave, he will be punished. It is also often applied to inanimate objects; as, the ship behaved splendidly.

Be*hav"ior (&?;), n. Manner of behaving, whether good or bad; mode of conducting one's self; conduct; deportment; carriage; -- used also of inanimate objects; as, the behavior of a ship in a storm; the behavior of the magnetic needle.

> A gentleman that is very singular in his behavior.
> Steele.

To be upon one's good behavior, To be put upon one's good behavior, to be in a state of trial, in which something important depends on propriety of conduct. -- During good behavior, while (or so long as) one conducts one's self with integrity and fidelity or with propriety.

Syn. -- Bearing; demeanor; manner. -- Behavior, Conduct. Behavior is the mode in which we have or bear ourselves in the presence of others or toward them; conduct is the mode of our carrying ourselves forward in the concerns of life. Behavior respects our manner of acting in particular cases; conduct refers to the general tenor of our actions. We may say of soldiers, that their conduct had been praiseworthy during the whole campaign, and their behavior admirable in every instance when they met the enemy.

Be*head" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Beheading.] [OE. bihefden, AS. beheáfdian; pref. be- + heáfod head. See Head.] To sever the head from; to take off the head of.

Be*head"al (&?;), n. Beheading. [Modern]

Be*held" (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Behold.

Be"he*moth (&?;), n. [Heb. behemth, fr. Egyptian P-ehe-maut hippopotamus.] An animal, probably the hippopotamus, described in Job xl. 15- 24.

{ Be"hen (&?;), Behn } (&?;), n. [Per. & Ar. bahman, behmen, an herb, whose leaves resemble ears of corn, saffron.] (Bot.) (a) The Centaurea behen, or saw-leaved centaury. (b) The Cucubalus behen, or bladder campion, now called Silene inflata. (c) The Statice limonium, or sea lavender.

Be*hest" (&?;), n. [OE. biheste promise, command, AS. behs promise; pref. be- + hs command. See Hest, Hight.] 1. That which is willed or ordered; a command; a mandate; an injunction.

> To do his master's high behest.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. A vow; a promise. [Obs.]

> The time is come that I should send it her, if I keep the behest that I have made.
> Paston.

Be*hest", v. t. To vow. [Obs.] Paston.

Be*hete" (&?;), v. t. See Behight. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be*hight" (&?;), v. t. [imp. Behight; p. p. Behight, Behoten.] [OE. bihaten, AS. behtan to vow, promise; pref. be- + htan to call, command. See Hight, v.] [Obs. in all its senses.] 1. To promise; to vow.

> Behight by vow unto the chaste Minerve.
> Surrey.

2. To give in trust; to commit; to intrust.

> The keys are to thy hand behight.
> Spenser.

3. To adjudge; to assign by authority.

> The second was to Triamond behight.
> Spenser.

4. To mean, or intend.

> More than heart behighteth.
> Mir. for Mag.

5. To consider or esteem to be; to declare to be.

> All the lookers-on him dead behight.
> Spenser.

6. To call; to name; to address.

> Whom . . . he knew and thus behight.
> Spenser.

7. To command; to order.

> He behight those gates to be unbarred.
> Spenser.

Be*hight", n. A vow; a promise. [Obs.] Surrey.

Be*hind" (&?;), prep. [AS. behindan; pref. be- + hindan. See Hind, a.] 1. On the side opposite the front or nearest part; on the back side of; at the back of; on the other side of; as, behind a door; behind a hill.

> A tall Brabanter, behind whom I stood.
> Bp. Hall.

2. Left after the departure of, whether this be by removing to a distance or by death.

> A small part of what he left behind him.
> Pope.

3. Left a distance by, in progress of improvement Hence: Inferior to in dignity, rank, knowledge, or excellence, or in any achievement.

> I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles.
> 2 Cor. xi. 5.

Be*hind", adv. 1. At the back part; in the rear. "I shall not lag behind." Milton.

2. Toward the back part or rear; backward; as, to look behind.

3. Not yet brought forward, produced, or exhibited to view; out of sight; remaining.

> We can not be sure that there is no evidence behind.
> Locke.

4. Backward in time or order of succession; past.

> Forgetting those things which are behind.
> Phil. ii. 13.

5. After the departure of another; as, to stay behind.

> Leave not a rack behind.
> Shak.

Be*hind", n. The backside; the rump. [Low]

Be*hind"hand` (&?;), adv. & a. [Behind + hand.]

1. In arrears financially; in a state where expenditures have exceeded the receipt of funds.

2. In a state of backwardness, in respect to what is seasonable or appropriate, or as to what should have been accomplished; not equally forward with some other person or thing; dilatory; backward; late; tardy; as, behindhand in studies or in work.

> In this also [dress] the country are very much behindhand.
> Addison.

Be*hith"er (&?;), prep. On this side of. [Obs.]

> Two miles behither Clifden.
> Evelyn.

Be*hold" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beheld (&?;) (p. p. formerly Beholden (&?;), now used only as a p. a.); p. pr. & vb. n. Beholding.] [OE. bihalden, biholden, AS. behealdan to hold, have in sight; pref. be- + healdan to hold, keep; akin to G. behalten to hold, keep. See Hold.] To have in sight; to see clearly; to look at; to regard with the eyes.

> When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived.
> Num. xxi. 9.

> Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world.
> John. i. 29.

Syn. -- To scan; gaze; regard; descry; view; discern.

Be*hold", v. i. To direct the eyes to, or fix them upon, an object; to look; to see.

> And I beheld, and, lo, in the midst of the throne, . . . a lamb as it had been slain.
> Rev. v. 6.

Be*hold"en (&?;), p. a. [Old p. p. of behold, used in the primitive sense of the simple verb hold.] Obliged; bound in gratitude; indebted.

> But being so beholden to the Prince.
> Tennyson.

Be*hold"er (&?;), n. One who beholds; a spectator.

Be*hold"ing, a. Obliged; beholden. [Obs.]

> I was much bound and beholding to the right reverend father.
> Robynson (More's Utopia).

> So much hath Oxford been beholding to her nephews, or sister's children.
> Fuller.

Be*hold"ing, n. The act of seeing; sight; also, that which is beheld. Shak.

Be*hold"ing*ness, n., The state of being obliged or beholden. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Be*hoof" (&?;), n. [OE. to bihove for the use of, AS. beh&?;f advantage, a word implied in beh&?;flc necessary; akin to Sw. behof, Dan. behov, G. behuf, and E. heave, the root meaning to seize, hence the meanings "to hold, make use of." See Heave, v. t.] Advantage; profit; benefit; interest; use.

> No mean recompense it brings
> To your behoof.
> Milton.

Be*hoov"a*ble (&?;), a. Supplying need; profitable; advantageous. [Obs.] Udall.

Be*hoove" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Behooved (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Behooving.] [OE. bihoven, behoven, AS. beh&?;fian to have need of, fr. beh&?;f. See Behoof.] To be necessary for; to be fit for; to be meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience; -- mostly used impersonally.

> And thus it behooved Christ to suffer.
> Luke xxiv. 46.

[Also written behove.]

Be*hoove" (&?;), v. i. To be necessary, fit, or suitable; to befit; to belong as due. Chaucer.

Be*hoove", n. Advantage; behoof. [Obs.]

> It shall not be to his behoove.
> Gower.

Be*hoove"ful (&?;), a. Advantageous; useful; profitable. [Archaic] -- Be*hoove"ful*ly, adv. -- Be*hoove"ful*ness, n. [Archaic]

Be*hove" (&?;), v., and derivatives. See Behoove, &c.

Be*hove"ly, a. & adv. Useful, or usefully. [Obs.]

Be*howl" (&?;), v. t. To howl at. [Obs.]

> The wolf behowls the moon.
> Shak.

||Beige (&?;), n. [F.] Debeige.

Beild (&?;), n. [Prob. from the same root as build, v. t.] A place of shelter; protection; refuge. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] [Also written bield and beeld.]

> The random beild o' clod or stane.
> Burns.

Be"ing (&?;), p. pr. from Be. Existing.

Being was formerly used where we now use having. "Being to go to a ball in a few days." Miss Edgeworth.

In modern usage, is, are, was or were being, with a past participle following (as built, made, etc.) indicates the process toward the completed result expressed by the participle. The form is or was building, in this passive signification, is idiomatic, and, if free from ambiguity, is commonly preferable to the modern is or was being built. The last form of speech is, however, sufficiently authorized by approved writers. The older expression was is, or was, a-building or in building.

> A man who is being strangled.
> Lamb.

> While the article on Burns was being written.
> Froude.

> Fresh experience is always being gained.
> Jowett (Thucyd. )

Be"ing, n. 1. Existence, as opposed to nonexistence; state or sphere of existence.

> In Him we live, and move, and have our being.
> Acts xvii. 28.

2. That which exists in any form, whether it be material or spiritual, actual or ideal; living existence, as distinguished from a thing without life; as, a human being; spiritual beings.

> What a sweet being is an honest mind !
> Beau. & Fl.

> A Being of infinite benevolence and power.
> Wordsworth.

3. Lifetime; mortal existence. [Obs.]

> Claudius, thou
> Wast follower of his fortunes in his being.
> Webster (1654).

4. An abode; a cottage. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

> It was a relief to dismiss them [Sir Roger's servants] into little beings within my manor.
> Steele.

Be"ing, adv. Since; inasmuch as. [Obs. or Colloq.]

> And being you have
> Declined his means, you have increased his malice.
> Beau. & Fl.

Be*jade" (&?;), v. t. To jade or tire. [Obs.] Milton.

Be*jape" (&?;), v. t. To jape; to laugh at; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be*jaun"dice (&?;), v. t. To infect with jaundice.

Be*jew"el (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bejeweled or Bejewelled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bejeweling or Bejewelling.] To ornament with a jewel or with jewels; to spangle. "Bejeweled hands." Thackeray.

Be*jum"ble (&?;), v. t. To jumble together.

||Be"kah (&?;), n. [Heb.] Half a shekel.

Be*knave" (&?;), v. t. To call knave. [Obs.] Pope.

Be*know" (&?;), v. t. To confess; to acknowledge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bel (bl), n. The Babylonian name of the god known among the Hebrews as Baal. See Baal. Baruch vi. 41.

Be*la"bor (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belabored (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Belaboring.] 1. To ply diligently; to work carefully upon. "If the earth is belabored with culture, it yieldeth corn." Barrow.

2. To beat soundly; to cudgel.

> Ajax belabors there a harmless ox.
> Dryden.

Bel`-ac*coyle" (&?;), n. [F. bel beautiful + accueil reception.] A kind or favorable reception or salutation. [Obs.]

Be*lace" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaced (&?;).]

1. To fasten, as with a lace or cord. [Obs.]

2. To cover or adorn with lace. [Obs.] Beaumont.

3. To beat with a strap. See Lace. [Obs.] Wright.

Be*lam" (&?;), v. t. [See Lam.] To beat or bang. [Prov. & Low, Eng.] Todd.

Bel"a*mour (&?;), n. [F. bel amour fair love.] 1. A lover. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A flower, but of what kind is unknown. [Obs.]

> Her snowy brows, like budded belamours.
> Spenser.

Bel"a*my (&?;), n. [F. bel ami fair friend.] Good friend; dear friend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be*late" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belated; p. pr. & vb. n. Belating.] To retard or make too late. Davenant.

Be*lat"ed, a. Delayed beyond the usual time; too late; overtaken by night; benighted. "Some belated peasant." Milton. -- Be*lat"ed*ness, n. Milton.

Be*laud" (&?;), v. t. To laud or praise greatly.

Be*lay" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belaid, Belayed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Belaying.] [For senses 1 & 2, D. beleggen to cover, belay; akin to E. pref. be-, and lay to place: for sense 3, OE. beleggen, AS. belecgan. See pref. Be-, and Lay to place.] 1. To lay on or cover; to adorn. [Obs.]

> Jacket . . . belayed with silver lace.
> Spenser.

2. (Naut.) To make fast, as a rope, by taking several turns with it round a pin, cleat, or kevel. Totten.

3. To lie in wait for with a view to assault. Hence: to block up or obstruct. [Obs.] Dryden.

Belay thee! Stop.

<! p. 134 !>

Be*lay"ing pin` (b*l"ng pn`). (Naut.) A strong pin in the side of a vessel, or by the mast, round which ropes are wound when they are fastened or belayed.

Belch (blch; 224), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belched (blcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Belching.] [OE. belken, AS. bealcan, akin to E. bellow. See Bellow, v. i.] 1. To eject or throw up from the stomach with violence; to eruct.

> I belched a hurricane of wind.
> Swift.

2. To eject violently from within; to cast forth; to emit; to give vent to; to vent.

> Within the gates that now
> Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame.
> Milton.

Belch, v. i. 1. To eject wind from the stomach through the mouth; to eructate.

2. To issue with spasmodic force or noise. Dryden.

Belch, n. 1. The act of belching; also, that which is belched; an eructation.

2. Malt liquor; -- vulgarly so called as causing eructation. [Obs.] Dennis.

Belch"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, belches.

{ Bel"dam Bel"dame } (&?;), n. [Pref. bel-, denoting relationship + dame mother: cf. F. belledame fair lady, It. belladonna. See Belle, and Dame.]

1. Grandmother; -- corresponding to belsire.

> To show the beldam daughters of her daughter.
> Shak.

2. An old woman in general; especially, an ugly old woman; a hag.

> Around the beldam all erect they hang.
> Akenside.

Be*lea"guer (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beleaguered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beleaguering.] [D. belegeren (akin to G. belagern, Sw. belägra, Dan. beleire); pref. be- = E. be- + leger bed, camp, army, akin to E. lair. See Lair.] To surround with an army so as to preclude escape; to besiege; to blockade.

> The wail of famine in beleaguered towns.
> Longfellow.

Syn. -- To block up; environ; invest; encompass.

Be*lea"guer*er (&?;), n. One who beleaguers.

Be*leave" (&?;), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Beleft (&?;).] To leave or to be left. [Obs.] May.

Be*lec"ture (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belectured (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Belecturing.] To vex with lectures; to lecture frequently.

Be*lee" (&?;), v. t. To place under the lee, or unfavorably to the wind. Shak.

Be*lem"nite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; dart, fr. &?; dart, fr. &?; to throw: cf. F. bélemnite.] (Paleon.) A conical calcareous fossil, tapering to a point at the lower extremity, with a conical cavity at the other end, where it is ordinarily broken; but when perfect it contains a small chambered cone, called the phragmocone, prolonged, on one side, into a delicate concave blade; the thunderstone. It is the internal shell of a cephalopod related to the sepia, and belonging to an extinct family. The belemnites are found in rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous ages. -- Bel*em*nit"ic, a.

Be*lep"er (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belepered (&?;).] To infect with leprosy. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

||Bel"-es*prit" (&?;), n.; pl. Beaux-esprits (&?;). [F., fine wit.] A fine genius, or man of wit. "A man of letters and a bel esprit." W. Irving.

Bel"fry (&?;), n. [OE. berfray movable tower used in sieges, OF. berfreit, berfroit, F. beffroi, fr. MHG. bervrit, bercvrit, G. bergfriede, fr. MHG. bergen to protect (G. bergen to conceal) + vride peace, protection, G. friede peace; in compounds often taken in the sense of security, or place of security; orig. therefore a place affording security. G. friede is akin to E. free. See Burg, and Free.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) A movable tower erected by besiegers for purposes of attack and defense.

2. A bell tower, usually attached to a church or other building, but sometimes separate; a campanile.

3. A room in a tower in which a bell is or may be hung; or a cupola or turret for the same purpose.

4. (Naut.) The framing on which a bell is suspended.

Bel*gard" (&?;), n. [It. bel guardo.] A sweet or loving look. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bel"gi*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Belgium. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Belgium.

Bel"gic (&?;), a. [L. Belgicus, fr. Belgae the Belgians.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Belgæ, a German tribe who anciently possessed the country between the Rhine, the Seine, and the ocean.

> How unlike their Belgic sires of old.
> Goldsmith.

2. Of or pertaining to the Netherlands or to Belgium.

Bel*gra"vi*an (&?;), a. Belonging to Belgravia (a fashionable quarter of London, around Pimlico), or to fashionable life; aristocratic.

Be"li*al (&?;), n. [Heb. beli ya'al; beli without + ya'al profit.] An evil spirit; a wicked and unprincipled person; the personification of evil.

> What concord hath Christ with Belia ?
> 2 Cor. vi. 15.

A son (or man) of Belial, a worthless, wicked, or thoroughly depraved person. 1 Sam. ii. 12.

Be*li"bel (&?;), v. t. [See Libel, v. t. ] To libel or traduce; to calumniate. Fuller.

Be*lie" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belied (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Belying (&?;).] [OE. bilien, bili&?;en, AS. beleógan; pref. be- + leógan to lie. See Lie, n.] 1. To show to be false; to convict of, or charge with, falsehood.

> Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues.
> Dryden.

2. To give a false representation or account of.

> Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts.
> Shak.

3. To tell lie about; to calumniate; to slander.

> Thou dost belie him, Percy, thou dost belie him.
> Shak.

4. To mimic; to counterfeit. [Obs.] Dryden.

5. To fill with lies. [Obs.] "The breath of slander doth belie all corners of the world." Shak.

Be*lief" (&?;), n. [OE. bileafe, bileve; cf. AS. geleáfa. See Believe.] 1. Assent to a proposition or affirmation, or the acceptance of a fact, opinion, or assertion as real or true, without immediate personal knowledge; reliance upon word or testimony; partial or full assurance without positive knowledge or absolute certainty; persuasion; conviction; confidence; as, belief of a witness; the belief of our senses.

> Belief admits of all degrees, from the slightest suspicion to the fullest assurance.
> Reid.

2. (Theol.) A persuasion of the truths of religion; faith.

> No man can attain [to] belief by the bare contemplation of heaven and earth.
> Hooker.

3. The thing believed; the object of belief.

> Superstitious prophecies are not only the belief of fools, but the talk sometimes of wise men.
> Bacon.

4. A tenet, or the body of tenets, held by the advocates of any class of views; doctrine; creed.

> In the heat of persecution to which Christian belief was subject upon its first promulgation.
> Hooker.

Ultimate belief, a first principle incapable of proof; an intuitive truth; an intuition. Sir W. Hamilton.

Syn. -- Credence; trust; reliance; assurance; opinion.

Be*lief"ful (&?;), a. Having belief or faith.

Be*liev"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being believed; credible. -- Be*liev"a*ble*ness, n. -- Be*liev`a*bil"i*ty (&?;), n.

Be*lieve" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Believed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Believing.] [OE. bileven (with pref. be- for AS. ge-), fr. AS. gel&?;fan, gel&?;fan; akin to D. gelooven, OHG. gilouban, G. glauben, OS. gil&?;bian, Goth. galaubjan, and Goth. liubs dear. See Lief, a., Leave, n.] To exercise belief in; to credit upon the authority or testimony of another; to be persuaded of the truth of, upon evidence furnished by reasons, arguments, and deductions of the mind, or by circumstances other than personal knowledge; to regard or accept as true; to place confidence in; to think; to consider; as, to believe a person, a statement, or a doctrine.

> Our conqueror (whom I now
> Of force believe almighty).
> Milton.

> King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets ?
> Acts xxvi. 27.

> Often followed by a dependent clause.
> I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God.
> Acts viii. 37.

Syn. -- See Expect.

Be*lieve", v. i. 1. To have a firm persuasion, esp. of the truths of religion; to have a persuasion approaching to certainty; to exercise belief or faith.

> Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief.
> Mark ix. 24.

> With the heart man believeth unto righteousness.
> Rom. x. 10.

2. To think; to suppose.

> I will not believe so meanly of you.
> Fielding.

To believe in. (a) To believe that the subject of the thought (if a person or thing) exists, or (if an event) that it has occurred, or will occur; -- as, to believe in the resurrection of the dead. "She does not believe in Jupiter." J. H. Newman. (b) To believe that the character, abilities, and purposes of a person are worthy of entire confidence; -- especially that his promises are wholly trustworthy. "Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me." John xiv. 1. (c) To believe that the qualities or effects of an action or state are beneficial: as, to believe in sea bathing, or in abstinence from alcoholic beverages. -- To believe on, to accept implicitly as an object of religious trust or obedience; to have faith in.

Be*liev"er (&?;), n. 1. One who believes; one who is persuaded of the truth or reality of some doctrine, person, or thing.

2. (Theol.) One who gives credit to the truth of the Scriptures, as a revelation from God; a Christian; -- in a more restricted sense, one who receives Christ as his Savior, and accepts the way of salvation unfolded in the gospel.

> Thou didst open the Kingdom of Heaven to all believers.
> Book of Com. Prayer.

3. (Eccl. Hist.) One who was admitted to all the rights of divine worship and instructed in all the mysteries of the Christian religion, in distinction from a catechumen, or one yet under instruction.

Be*liev"ing, a. That believes; having belief. -- Be*liev"ing*ly, adv.

Be*light" (&?;), v. t. To illuminate. [Obs.] Cowley.

Be*like" (&?;), adv. [Pref. be- (for by) + like.] It is likely or probably; perhaps. [Obs. or Archaic] -- Be*like"ly, adv.

> Belike, boy, then you are in love.
> Shak.

Be*lime" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belimed (&?;).] To besmear or insnare with birdlime.

Be*lit"tle (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belittled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Belittling.] To make little or less in a moral sense; to speak of in a depreciatory or contemptuous way. T. Jefferson.

Be*live" (&?;), adv. [Cf. Live, a.] Forthwith; speedily; quickly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Belk (&?;), v. t. [See Belch.] To vomit. [Obs.]

Bell (&?;), n. [AS. belle, fr. bellan to bellow. See Bellow.] 1. A hollow metallic vessel, usually shaped somewhat like a cup with a flaring mouth, containing a clapper or tongue, and giving forth a ringing sound on being struck.

Bells have been made of various metals, but the best have always been, as now, of an alloy of copper and tin.

The Liberty Bell, the famous bell of the Philadelphia State House, which rang when the Continental Congress declared the Independence of the United States, in 1776. It had been cast in 1753, and upon it were the words "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, to all the inhabitants thereof."

2. A hollow perforated sphere of metal containing a loose ball which causes it to sound when moved.

3. Anything in the form of a bell, as the cup or corol of a flower. "In a cowslip's bell I lie." Shak.

4. (Arch.) That part of the capital of a column included between the abacus and neck molding; also used for the naked core of nearly cylindrical shape, assumed to exist within the leafage of a capital.

5. pl. (Naut.) The strikes of the bell which mark the time; or the time so designated.

On shipboard, time is marked by a bell, which is struck eight times at 4, 8, and 12 o'clock. Half an hour after it has struck "eight bells" it is struck once, and at every succeeding half hour the number of strokes is increased by one, till at the end of the four hours, which constitute a watch, it is struck eight times.

To bear away the bell, to win the prize at a race where the prize was a bell; hence, to be superior in something. Fuller. -- To bear the bell, to be the first or leader; -- in allusion to the bellwether or a flock, or the leading animal of a team or drove, when wearing a bell. -- To curse by bell, book, and candle, a solemn form of excommunication used in the Roman Catholic church, the bell being tolled, the book of offices for the purpose being used, and three candles being extinguished with certain ceremonies. Nares. -- To lose the bell, to be worsted in a contest. "In single fight he lost the bell." Fairfax. -- To shake the bells, to move, give notice, or alarm. Shak.

Bell is much used adjectively or in combinations; as, bell clapper; bell foundry; bell hanger; bell- mouthed; bell tower, etc., which, for the most part, are self- explaining.

Bell arch (Arch.), an arch of unusual form, following the curve of an ogee. -- Bell cage, or Bell carriage (Arch.), a timber frame constructed to carry one or more large bells. -- Bell cot (Arch.), a small or subsidiary construction, frequently corbeled out from the walls of a structure, and used to contain and support one or more bells. -- Bell deck (Arch.), the floor of a belfry made to serve as a roof to the rooms below. -- Bell founder, one whose occupation it is to found or cast bells. -- Bell foundry, or Bell foundery, a place where bells are founded or cast. -- Bell gable (Arch.), a small gable-shaped construction, pierced with one or more openings, and used to contain bells. -- Bell glass. See Bell jar. -- Bell hanger, a man who hangs or puts up bells. -- Bell pull, a cord, handle, or knob, connecting with a bell or bell wire, and which will ring the bell when pulled. Aytoun. -- Bell punch, a kind of conductor's punch which rings a bell when used. -- Bell ringer, one who rings a bell or bells, esp. one whose business it is to ring a church bell or chime, or a set of musical bells for public entertainment. -- Bell roof (Arch.), a roof shaped according to the general lines of a bell. -- Bell rope, a rope by which a church or other bell is rung. -- Bell tent, a circular conical-topped tent. -- Bell trap, a kind of bell shaped stench trap.

Bell (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Belling.] To put a bell upon; as, to bell the cat.

2. To make bell-mouthed; as, to bell a tube.

Bell, v. i. To develop bells or corollas; to take the form of a bell; to blossom; as, hops bell.

Bell, v. t. [AS. bellan. See Bellow.] To utter by bellowing. [Obs.]

Bell, v. i. To call or bellow, as the deer in rutting time; to make a bellowing sound; to roar.

> As loud as belleth wind in hell.
> Chaucer.

> The wild buck bells from ferny brake.
> Sir W. Scott.

Bel`la*don"na (&?;), n. [It., literally fine lady; bella beautiful + donna lady.] (Bot.) (a) An herbaceous European plant (Atropa belladonna) with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries. The whole plant and its fruit are very poisonous, and the root and leaves are used as powerful medicinal agents. Its properties are largely due to the alkaloid atropine which it contains. Called also deadly nightshade. (b) A species of Amaryllis (A. belladonna); the belladonna lily.

Bell" an`i*mal"cule (&?;). (Zoöl.) An infusorian of the family Vorticellidæ, common in fresh-water ponds.

Bell" bear`er (&?;). (Zoöl.) A Brazilian leaf hopper (Bocydium tintinnabuliferum), remarkable for the four bell- shaped appendages of its thorax.

Bell"bird` (&?;), n. [So called from their notes.] (Zoöl.) (a) A South American bird of the genus Casmarhincos, and family Cotingidæ, of several species; the campanero. (b) The Myzantha melanophrys of Australia.

Bell" crank` (&?;). A lever whose two arms form a right angle, or nearly a right angle, having its fulcrum at the apex of the angle. It is used in bell pulls and in changing the direction of bell wires at angles of rooms, etc., and also in machinery.

<! p. 135 !>

Belle (bl), n. [F. belle, fem. of bel, beau, beautiful, fine. See Beau.] A young lady of superior beauty and attractions; a handsome lady, or one who attracts notice in society; a fair lady.

Belled (bld), a. Hung with a bell or bells.

Belle-let"trist (&?;), n. One versed in belles-lettres.

||Bel*ler"o*phon (&?;), n. (Paleon.) A genus of fossil univalve shells, believed to belong to the Heteropoda, peculiar to the Paleozoic age.

||Belles-let"tres (&?;), n. pl. [F.] Polite or elegant literature; the humanities; -- used somewhat vaguely for literary works in which imagination and taste are predominant.

{ Bel`le*tris"tic (&?;), Bel`le*tris"tic*al (&?;), } a. Occupied with, or pertaining to, belles- lettres. "An unlearned, belletristic trifler." M. Arnold.

Bell"-faced` (&?;), a. Having the striking surface convex; -- said of hammers.

Bell"flow`er (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Campanula; -- so named from its bell-shaped flowers.

Bell"flow`er, n. [F. bellefleur, lit., beautiful flower.] A kind of apple. The yellow bellflower is a large, yellow winter apple. [Written also bellefleur.]

Bel"li*bone (&?;), n. [F. belle et bonne, beautiful and good.] A woman excelling both in beauty and goodness; a fair maid. [Obs.] Spenser.

{ Bel"lic (&?;), Bel"li*cal (&?;), } a. [L. bellicus. See Bellicose.] Of or pertaining to war; warlike; martial. [Obs.] "Bellic Cæsar." Feltham.

Bel"li*cose` (&?;), a. [L. bellicosus, fr. bellicus of war, fr. bellum war. See Duel.] Inclined to war or contention; warlike; pugnacious.

> Arnold was, in fact, in a bellicose vein.
> W. Irving.

Bel"li*cose`ly, adv. In a bellicose manner.

Bel"li*cous (&?;), a. Bellicose. [Obs.]

Bel"lied (&?;), a. Having (such) a belly; puffed out; -- used in composition; as, pot-bellied; shad- bellied.

{ Bel*lig"er*ence (&?;), Bel*lig"er*en*cy (&?;), } n. The quality of being belligerent; act or state of making war; warfare.

Bel*lig"er*ent (&?;), a. [L. bellum war + gerens, -entis, waging, p. pr. of gerere to wage: cf. F. belligérant. See Bellicose, Jest.] 1. Waging war; carrying on war. "Belligerent powers." E. Everett.

2. Pertaining, or tending, to war; of or relating to belligerents; as, a belligerent tone; belligerent rights.

Bel*lig"er*ent, n. A nation or state recognized as carrying on war; a person engaged in warfare.

Bel*lig"er*ent*ly, adv. In a belligerent manner; hostilely.

Bell"ing (&?;), n. [From Bell to bellow.] A bellowing, as of a deer in rutting time. Johnson.

Bel*lip"o*tent (&?;), a. [L. bellipotens; bellum war + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.] Mighty in war; armipotent. [R.] Blount.

Bell" jar` (&?;). (Phys.) A glass vessel, varying in size, open at the bottom and closed at the top like a bell, and having a knob or handle at the top for lifting it. It is used for a great variety of purposes; as, with the air pump, and for holding gases, also for keeping the dust from articles exposed to view.

Bell"man (&?;), n. A man who rings a bell, especially to give notice of anything in the streets. Formerly, also, a night watchman who called the hours. Milton.

Bell" met`al (&?;). A hard alloy or bronze, consisting usually of about three parts of copper to one of tin; -- used for making bells.

Bell metal ore, a sulphide of tin, copper, and iron; the mineral stannite.

Bell"-mouthed` (&?;), a. Expanding at the mouth; as, a bell-mouthed gun. Byron.

Bel"lon (&?;), n. Lead colic.

||Bel*lo"na (&?;), n. [L., from bellum war.] (Rom. Myth.) The goddess of war.

Bel"low (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bellowed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Bellowing.] [OE. belwen, belowen, AS. bylgean, fr. bellan; akin to G. bellen, and perh. to L. flere to weep, OSlav. bleja to bleat, Lith. balsas voice. Cf. Bell, n. & v., Bawl, Bull.] 1. To make a hollow, loud noise, as an enraged bull.

2. To bowl; to vociferate; to clamor. Dryden.

3. To roar; as the sea in a tempest, or as the wind when violent; to make a loud, hollow, continued sound.

> The bellowing voice of boiling seas.
> Dryden.

Bel"low, v. t. To emit with a loud voice; to shout; -- used with out. "Would bellow out a laugh." Dryden.

Bel"low, n. A loud resounding outcry or noise, as of an enraged bull; a roar.

Bel"low*er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, bellows.

Bel"lows (&?;), n. sing. & pl. [OE. bely, below, belly, bellows, AS. bælg, bælig, bag, bellows, belly. Bellows is prop. a pl. and the orig. sense is bag. See Belly.] An instrument, utensil, or machine, which, by alternate expansion and contraction, or by rise and fall of the top, draws in air through a valve and expels it through a tube for various purposes, as blowing fires, ventilating mines, or filling the pipes of an organ with wind.

Bellows camera, in photography, a form of camera, which can be drawn out like an accordion or bellows. -- Hydrostatic bellows. See Hydrostatic. -- A pair of bellows, the ordinary household instrument for blowing fires, consisting of two nearly heart-shaped boards with handles, connected by leather, and having a valve and tube.

Bel"lows fish` (&?;). (Zoöl.) A European fish (Centriscus scolopax), distinguished by a long tubular snout, like the pipe of a bellows; -- called also trumpet fish, and snipe fish.

Bell" pep`per (&?;). (Bot.) A species of Capsicum, or Guinea pepper (C. annuum). It is the red pepper of the gardens.

Bell"-shaped` (-shpt`), a. Having the shape of a wide-mouthed bell; campanulate.

Bel"lu*ine (&?;), a. [L. belluinus, fr. bellua beast.] Pertaining to, or like, a beast; brutal. [R.]

> Animal and belluine life.
> Atterbury.

Bell"weth`er (&?;), n. 1. A wether, or sheep, which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck.

2. Hence: A leader. [Contemptuous] Swift.

Bell"wort" (&?;), n. (Bot.) A genus of plants (Uvularia) with yellowish bell-shaped flowers.

Bel"ly (bl"l), n.; pl. Bellies (-lz). [OE. bali, bely, AS. belg, bælg, bælig, bag, bellows, belly; akin to Icel. belgr bag, bellows, Sw. bälg, Dan. bælg, D. & G. balg, cf. W. bol the paunch or belly, dim. boly, Ir. bolg. Cf. Bellows, Follicle, Fool, Bilge.] 1. That part of the human body which extends downward from the breast to the thighs, and contains the bowels, or intestines; the abdomen.

Formerly all the splanchnic or visceral cavities were called bellies; -- the lower belly being the abdomen; the middle belly, the thorax; and the upper belly, the head. Dunglison.

2. The under part of the body of animals, corresponding to the human belly.

> Underneath the belly of their steeds.
> Shak.

3. The womb. [Obs.]

> Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee.
> Jer. i. 5.

4. The part of anything which resembles the human belly in protuberance or in cavity; the innermost part; as, the belly of a flask, muscle, sail, ship.

> Out of the belly of hell cried I.
> Jonah ii. 2.

5. (Arch.) The hollow part of a curved or bent timber, the convex part of which is the back.

Belly doublet, a doublet of the 16th century, hanging down so as to cover the belly. Shak. -- Belly fretting, the chafing of a horse's belly with a girth. Johnson. -- Belly timber, food. [Ludicrous] Prior. -- Belly worm, a worm that breeds or lives in the belly (stomach or intestines). Johnson.

Bel"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bellied (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bellying.] To cause to swell out; to fill. [R.]

> Your breath of full consent bellied his sails.
> Shak.

Bel"ly, v. i. To swell and become protuberant, like the belly; to bulge.

> The bellying canvas strutted with the gale.
> Dryden.

Bel"ly*ache` (&?;), n. Pain in the bowels; colic.

Bel"ly*band` (&?;), n. 1. A band that passes under the belly of a horse and holds the saddle or harness in place; a girth.

2. A band of flannel or other cloth about the belly.

3. (Naut.) A band of canvas, to strengthen a sail.

Bel"ly*bound` (&?;), a. Costive; constipated.

Bel"ly*cheat` (&?;), n. An apron or covering for the front of the person. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Bel"ly*cheer` (&?;), n. [Perh. from F. belle chère.] Good cheer; viands. [Obs.] "Bellycheer and banquets." Rowlands. "Loaves and bellycheer." Milton.

Bel"ly*cheer`, v. i. To revel; to feast. [Obs.]

> A pack of clergymen [assembled] by themselves to bellycheer in their presumptuous Sion.
> Milton.

Bel"ly*ful (&?;), n. As much as satisfies the appetite. Hence: A great abundance; more than enough. Lloyd.

> King James told his son that he would have his bellyful of parliamentary impeachments.
> Johnson.

Bel"ly-god` (&?;), n. One whose great pleasure it is to gratify his appetite; a glutton; an epicure.

Bel"ly-pinched` (&?;), a. Pinched with hunger; starved. "The belly-pinched wolf." Shak.

Be*lock" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belocked (&?;).] [Pref. be- + lock: cf. AS. bel&?;can.] To lock, or fasten as with a lock. [Obs.] Shak.

Bel"o*man`cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; arrow + &?; a diviner: cf. F. bélomancie.] A kind of divination anciently practiced by means of marked arrows drawn at random from a bag or quiver, the marks on the arrows drawn being supposed to foreshow the future. Encyc. Brit.

Be*long" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Belonged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Belonging.] [OE. belongen (akin to D. belangen to concern, G. belangen to attain to, to concern); pref. be- + longen to desire. See Long, v. i.] [Usually construed with to.] 1. To be the property of; as, Jamaica belongs to Great Britain.

2. To be a part of, or connected with; to be appendant or related; to owe allegiance or service.

> A desert place belonging to . . . Bethsaids.
> Luke ix. 10.

> The mighty men which belonged to David.
> 1 Kings i. 8.

3. To be the concern or proper business or function of; to appertain to. "Do not interpretations belong to God ?" Gen. xl. 8.

4. To be suitable for; to be due to.

> Strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age.
> Heb. v. 14.

> No blame belongs to thee.
> Shak.

5. To be native to, or an inhabitant of; esp. to have a legal residence, settlement, or inhabitancy, whether by birth or operation of law, so as to be entitled to maintenance by the parish or town.

> Bastards also are settled in the parishes to which the mothers belong.
> Blackstone.

Be*long" (&?;), v. t. To be deserved by. [Obs.]

> More evils belong us than happen to us.
> B. Jonson.

Be*long"ing, n. [Commonly in the pl.] 1. That which belongs to one; that which pertains to one; hence, goods or effects. "Thyself and thy belongings." Shak.

2. That which is connected with a principal or greater thing; an appendage; an appurtenance.

3. Family; relations; household. [Colloq.]

> Few persons of her ladyship's belongings stopped, before they did her bidding, to ask her reasons.
> Thackeray.

Bel"o*nite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a needle.] (Min.) Minute acicular or dendritic crystalline forms sometimes observed in glassy volcanic rocks.

{ Bel*oo"che Bel*oo"chee } (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Beloochistan, or to its inhabitants. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Beloochistan.

Be*lord" (&?;), v. t. 1. To act the lord over.

2. To address by the title of "lord".

Be*love" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beloved (&?;).] [OE. bilufien. See pref. Be- , and Love, v. t.] To love. [Obs.] Wodroephe.

Be*loved" (&?;), p. p. & a. Greatly loved; dear to the heart.

> Antony, so well beloved of Cæsar.
> Shak.

> This is my beloved Son.
> Matt. iii. 17.

Be*lov"ed (&?;), n. One greatly loved.

> My beloved is mine, and I am his.
> Cant. ii. 16.

Be*low" (&?;), prep. [Pref. be- by + low.] 1. Under, or lower in place; beneath not so high; as, below the moon; below the knee. Shak.

2. Inferior to in rank, excellence, dignity, value, amount, price, etc.; lower in quality. "One degree below kings." Addison.

3. Unworthy of; unbefitting; beneath.

> They beheld, with a just loathing and disdain, . . . how below all history the persons and their actions were.
> Milton.

> Who thinks no fact below his regard.
> Hallam.

Syn. -- Underneath; under; beneath.

Be*low", adv. 1. In a lower place, with respect to any object; in a lower room; beneath.

> Lord Marmion waits below.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens.

> The fairest child of Jove below.
> Prior.

3. In hell, or the regions of the dead.

> What business brought him to the realms below.
> Dryden.

4. In court or tribunal of inferior jurisdiction; as, at the trial below. Wheaton.

5. In some part or page following.

Be*lowt" (&?;), v. t. To treat as a lout; to talk abusively to. [Obs.] Camden.

Bel"sire` (&?;), n. [Pref. bel- + sire. Cf. Beldam.] A grandfather, or ancestor. "His great belsire Brute." [Obs.] Drayton.

Bel"swag`ger (&?;), n. [Contr. from bellyswagger.] A lewd man; also, a bully. [Obs.] Dryden.

Belt (blt), n. [AS. belt; akin to Icel. belti, Sw. bälte, Dan. bælte, OHG. balz, L. balteus, Ir. & Gael. balt border, belt.] 1. That which engirdles a person or thing; a band or girdle; as, a lady's belt; a sword belt.

> The shining belt with gold inlaid.
> Dryden.

2. That which restrains or confines as a girdle.

> He cannot buckle his distempered cause
> Within the belt of rule.
> Shak.

3. Anything that resembles a belt, or that encircles or crosses like a belt; a strip or stripe; as, a belt of trees; a belt of sand.

4. (Arch.) Same as Band, n., 2. A very broad band is more properly termed a belt.

5. (Astron.) One of certain girdles or zones on the surface of the planets Jupiter and Saturn, supposed to be of the nature of clouds.

6. (Geog.) A narrow passage or strait; as, the Great Belt and the Lesser Belt, leading to the Baltic Sea.

7. (Her.) A token or badge of knightly rank.

8. (Mech.) A band of leather, or other flexible substance, passing around two wheels, and communicating motion from one to the other. [See Illust. of Pulley.]

9. (Nat. Hist.) A band or stripe, as of color, round any organ; or any circular ridge or series of ridges.

Belt lacing, thongs used for lacing together the ends of machine belting.

Belt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Belted; p. pr. & vb. n. Belting.] To encircle with, or as with, a belt; to encompass; to surround.

> A coarse black robe belted round the waist.
> C. Reade.

> They belt him round with hearts undaunted.
> Wordsworth.

2. To shear, as the buttocks and tails of sheep. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Bel"tane (&?;), n. [Gael. bealltainn, bealltuinn.] 1. The first day of May (Old Style).

> The quarter-days anciently in Scotland were Hallowmas, Candlemas, Beltane, and Lammas.
> New English Dict.

2. A festival of the heathen Celts on the first day of May, in the observance of which great bonfires were kindled. It still exists in a modified form in some parts of Scotland and Ireland.

Belt"ed (&?;), a. 1. Encircled by, or secured with, a belt; as, a belted plaid; girt with a belt, as an honorary distinction; as, a belted knight; a belted earl.

2. Marked with a band or circle; as, a belted stalk.

3. Worn in, or suspended from, the belt.

> Three men with belted brands.
> Sir W. Scott.

Belted cattle, cattle originally from Dutch stock, having a broad band of white round the middle, while the rest of the body is black; -- called also blanketed cattle.

{ Bel"tein (&?;), Bel"tin } (&?;), n. See Beltane.

Belt"ing (&?;), n. The material of which belts for machinery are made; also, belts, taken collectively.

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Be*lu"ga (b*l"g), n. [Russ. bieluga a sort of large sturgeon, prop. white fish, fr. bieluii white.] (Zoöl.) A cetacean allied to the dolphins.

The northern beluga (Delphinapterus catodon) is the white whale and white fish of the whalers. It grows to be from twelve to eighteen feet long.

Be*lute" (b*lt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Beluting.] [Pref. be- + L. lutum mud.] To bespatter, as with mud. [R.] Sterne.

Bel`ve*dere" (&?;), n. [It., fr. bello, bel, beautiful + vedere to see.] (Arch.) A small building, or a part of a building, more or less open, constructed in a place commanding a fine prospect.

||Bel"ze*buth (&?;), n. [From Beelzebub.] (Zoöl.) A spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth) of Brazil.

||Be"ma (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; step, platform.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A platform from which speakers addressed an assembly. Mitford.

2. (Arch.) (a) That part of an early Christian church which was reserved for the higher clergy; the inner or eastern part of the chancel. (b) Erroneously: A pulpit.

Be*mad" (&?;), v. t. To make mad. [Obs.] Fuller.

Be*man"gle (&?;), v. t. To mangle; to tear asunder. [R.] Beaumont.

Be*mask" (&?;), v. t. To mask; to conceal.

Be*mas"ter (&?;), v. t. To master thoroughly.

Be*maul" (&?;), v. t. To maul or beat severely; to bruise. "In order to bemaul Yorick." Sterne.

Be*maze (&?;), v. t. [OE. bimasen; pref. be- + masen to maze.] To bewilder.

> Intellects bemazed in endless doubt.
> Cowper.

Be*mean" (&?;), v. t. To make mean; to lower. C. Reade.

Be*meet" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemet (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bemeeting.] To meet. [Obs.]

> Our very loving sister, well bemet.
> Shak.

Be*mete" (&?;), v. t. To mete. [Obs.] Shak.

Be*min"gle (&?;), v. t. To mingle; to mix.

Be*mire" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemired (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bemiring.] To drag through, encumber with, or fix in, the mire; to soil by passing through mud or dirt.

> Bemired and benighted in the dog.
> Burke.

Be*mist" (&?;), v. t. To envelop in mist. [Obs.]

Be*moan" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bemoaned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bemoaning.] [OE. bimenen, AS. bem&?;nan; pref. be- + m&?;nan to moan. See Moan.] To express deep grief for by moaning; to express sorrow for; to lament; to bewail; to pity or sympathize with.

> Implores their pity, and his pain bemoans.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- See Deplore.

Be*moan"er (&?;), n. One who bemoans.

Be*mock" (&?;), v. t. To mock; to ridicule.

> Bemock the modest moon.
> Shak.

Be*moil" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. be- + moil, fr. F. mouiller to wet; but cf. also OE. bimolen to soil, fr. AS. ml spot: cf. E. mole.] To soil or encumber with mire and dirt. [Obs.] Shak.

Be"mol (b"ml), n. [F. bémol, fr. bé + mol soft.] (Mus.) The sign ; the same as B flat. [Obs.]

Be*mon"ster (&?;), v. t. To make monstrous or like a monster. [Obs.] Shak.

Be*mourn" (&?;), v. t. To mourn over. Wyclif.

Be*mud"dle (&?;), v. t. To muddle; to stupefy or bewilder; to confuse.

Be*muf"fle (&?;), v. t. To cover as with a muffler; to wrap up.

> Bemuffled with the externals of religion.
> Sterne.

Be*muse" (&?;), v. t. To muddle, daze, or partially stupefy, as with liquor.

> A parson much bemused in beer.
> Pope.

{ Ben (&?;), Ben" nut` } (&?;). [Ar. bn, name of the tree.] (Bot.) The seed of one or more species of moringa; as, oil of ben. See Moringa.

Ben, adv. & prep. [AS. binnan; pref. be- by + innan within, in in.] Within; in; in or into the interior; toward the inner apartment. [Scot.]

Ben, n. [See Ben, adv.] The inner or principal room in a hut or house of two rooms; -- opposed to but, the outer apartment. [Scot.]

Ben. An old form of the pl. indic. pr. of Be. [Obs.]

Be*name" (&?;), v. t. [p. p. Benamed, Benempt.] To promise; to name. [Obs.]

Bench (&?;), n.; pl. Benches (&?;). [OE. bench, benk, AS. benc; akin to Sw. bänk, Dan bænk, Icel. bekkr, OS., D., & G. bank. Cf. Bank, Beach.] 1. A long seat, differing from a stool in its greater length.

> Mossy benches supplied the place of chairs.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. A long table at which mechanics and other work; as, a carpenter's bench.

3. The seat where judges sit in court.

> To pluck down justice from your awful bench.
> Shak.

4. The persons who sit as judges; the court; as, the opinion of the full bench. See King's Bench.

5. A collection or group of dogs exhibited to the public; -- so named because the animals are usually placed on benches or raised platforms.

6. A conformation like a bench; a long stretch of flat ground, or a kind of natural terrace, near a lake or river.

Bench mark (Leveling), one of a number of marks along a line of survey, affixed to permanent objects, to show where leveling staffs were placed. -- Bench of bishops, the whole body of English prelates assembled in council. -- Bench plane, any plane used by carpenters and joiners for working a flat surface, as jack planes, long planes. -- Bench show, an exhibition of dogs. -- Bench table (Arch.), a projecting course at the base of a building, or round a pillar, sufficient to form a seat.

Bench (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Benching.] 1. To furnish with benches.

> 'T was benched with turf.
> Dryden.

> Stately theaters benched crescentwise.
> Tennyson.

2. To place on a bench or seat of honor.

> Whom I . . . have benched and reared to worship.
> Shak.

Bench, v. i. To sit on a seat of justice. [R.] Shak.

Bench"er (&?;), n. 1. (Eng. Law) One of the senior and governing members of an Inn of Court.

2. An alderman of a corporation. [Eng.] Ashmole.

3. A member of a court or council. [Obs.] Shak.

4. One who frequents the benches of a tavern; an idler. [Obs.]

Bench" war`rant (&?;). (Law) A process issued by a presiding judge or by a court against a person guilty of some contempt, or indicted for some crime; -- so called in distinction from a justice's warrant.

Bend (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bended or Bent (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bending.] [AS. bendan to bend, fr. bend a band, bond, fr. bindan to bind. See Bind, v. t., and cf. 3d & 4th Bend.] 1. To strain or move out of a straight line; to crook by straining; to make crooked; to curve; to make ready for use by drawing into a curve; as, to bend a bow; to bend the knee.

2. To turn toward some certain point; to direct; to incline. "Bend thine ear to supplication." Milton.

> Towards Coventry bend we our course.
> Shak.

> Bending her eyes . . . upon her parent.
> Sir W. Scott.

3. To apply closely or with interest; to direct.

> To bend his mind to any public business.
> Temple.

> But when to mischief mortals bend their will.
> Pope.

4. To cause to yield; to render submissive; to subdue. "Except she bend her humor." Shak.

5. (Naut.) To fasten, as one rope to another, or as a sail to its yard or stay; or as a cable to the ring of an anchor. Totten.

To bend the brow, to knit the brow, as in deep thought or in anger; to scowl; to frown. Camden.

Syn. -- To lean; stoop; deflect; bow; yield.

Bend, v. i. 1. To be moved or strained out of a straight line; to crook or be curving; to bow.

> The green earth's end
> Where the bowed welkin slow doth bend.
> Milton.

2. To jut over; to overhang.

> There is a cliff, whose high and bending head
> Looks fearfully in the confined deep.
> Shak.

3. To be inclined; to be directed.

> To whom our vows and wished bend.
> Milton.

4. To bow in prayer, or in token of submission.

> While each to his great Father bends.
> Coleridge.

Bend, n. [See Bend, v. t., and cf. Bent, n.] 1. A turn or deflection from a straight line or from the proper direction or normal position; a curve; a crook; as, a slight bend of the body; a bend in a road.

2. Turn; purpose; inclination; ends. [Obs.]

> Farewell, poor swain; thou art not for my bend.
> Fletcher.

3. (Naut.) A knot by which one rope is fastened to another or to an anchor, spar, or post. Totten.

4. (Leather Trade) The best quality of sole leather; a butt. See Butt.

5. (Mining) Hard, indurated clay; bind.

6. pl. (Med.) same as caisson disease. Usually referred to as the bends.

Bends of a ship, the thickest and strongest planks in her sides, more generally called wales. They have the beams, knees, and foothooks bolted to them. Also, the frames or ribs that form the ship's body from the keel to the top of the sides; as, the midship bend.

Bend, n. [AS. bend. See Band, and cf. the preceding noun.] 1. A band. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. [OF. bende, bande, F. bande. See Band.] (Her.) One of the honorable ordinaries, containing a third or a fifth part of the field. It crosses the field diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base.

Bend sinister (Her.), an honorable ordinary drawn from the sinister chief to the dexter base.

Bend"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being bent.

Bend"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, bends.

2. An instrument used for bending.

3. A drunken spree. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett.

4. A sixpence. [Slang, Eng.]

Bend"ing, n. The marking of the clothes with stripes or horizontal bands. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bend"let (&?;), n. [Bend + - let: cf. E. bandlet.] (Her.) A narrow bend, esp. one half the width of the bend.

Bend"wise (&?;), adv. (Her.) Diagonally.

Ben"dy (&?;), a. [From Bend a band.] (Her.) Divided into an even number of bends; -- said of a shield or its charge. Cussans.

Ben"e (&?;), n. (Bot.) See Benne.

Be"ne (&?;), n. [AS. bn.] A prayer; boon. [Archaic]

> What is good for a bootless bene ?
> Wordsworth.

{ ||Bene, Ben } (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A hoglike mammal of New Guinea (Porcula papuensis).

Be*neaped" (&?;), a. (Naut.) See Neaped.

Be*neath" (&?;), prep. [OE. benethe, bineoðen, AS. beneoðan, benyðan; pref. be- + neoðan, nyðan, downward, beneath, akin to E. nether. See Nether.] 1. Lower in place, with something directly over or on; under; underneath; hence, at the foot of. "Beneath the mount." Ex. xxxii. 19.

> Beneath a rude and nameless stone he lies.
> Pope.

2. Under, in relation to something that is superior, or that oppresses or burdens.

> Our country sinks beneath the yoke.
> Shak.

3. Lower in rank, dignity, or excellence than; as, brutes are beneath man; man is beneath angels in the scale of beings. Hence: Unworthy of; unbecoming.

> He will do nothing that is beneath his high station.
> Atterbury.

Be*neath" (&?;), adv. 1. In a lower place; underneath.

> The earth you take from beneath will be barren.
> Mortimer.

2. Below, as opposed to heaven, or to any superior region or position; as, in earth beneath.

||Ben`e*dic"i*te (&?;), n. [L., (imperative pl.,) bless ye, praise ye.] A canticle (the Latin version of which begins with this word) which may be used in the order for morning prayer in the Church of England. It is taken from an apocryphal addition to the third chapter of Daniel.

||Ben`e*dic"i*te, interj. [See Benedicite, n.] An exclamation corresponding to Bless you !.

{ Ben"e*dict (&?;), Ben"e*dick (&?;), } n. [From Benedick, one of the characters in Shakespeare's play of "Much Ado about Nothing."] A married man, or a man newly married.

Ben"e*dict, a. [L. benedictus, p. p. of benedicere to bless. See Benison, and cf. Bennet.] Having mild and salubrious qualities. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ben`e*dic"tine (&?;), a. Pertaining to the monks of St. Benedict, or St. Benet.

Ben`e*dic"tine, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a famous order of monks, established by St. Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century. This order was introduced into the United States in 1846.

The Benedictines wear black clothing, and are sometimes called Black Monks. The name Black Fr&?;&?;&?;&?;rs which belongs to the Dominicans, is also sometimes applied to the Benedictines.

Ben`e*dic"tion (&?;), n. [L. benedictio: cf. F. bénédiction. See Benison.] 1. The act of blessing.

2. A blessing; an expression of blessing, prayer, or kind wishes in favor of any person or thing; a solemn or affectionate invocation of happiness.

> So saying, he arose; whom Adam thus
> Followed with benediction.
> Milton.

> Homeward serenely she walked with God's benediction upon her.
> Longfellow.

Specifically: The short prayer which closes public worship; as, to give the benediction.

3. (Eccl.) The form of instituting an abbot, answering to the consecration of a bishop. Ayliffe.

4. (R. C. Ch.) A solemn rite by which bells, banners, candles, etc., are blessed with holy water, and formally dedicated to God.

Ben`e*dic"tion*al (&?;), n. A book of benedictions.

Ben`e*dic"tion*a*ry (&?;), n. A collected series of benedictions.

> The benedictionary of Bishop Athelwold.
> G. Gurton's Needle.

Ben`e*dic"tive (&?;), a. Tending to bless. Gauden.

Ben`e*dic"to*ry (&?;), a. Expressing wishes for good; as, a benedictory prayer. Thackeray.

||Ben`e*dic"tus (&?;), n. [L., blessed. See Benedict, a.] The song of Zacharias at the birth of John the Baptist (Luke i. 68); -- so named from the first word of the Latin version.

Ben"e*dight (&?;), a. Blessed. [R.] Longfellow.

Ben`e*fac"tion (&?;), n. [L. benefactio, fr. benefacere to do good to one; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.] 1. The act of conferring a benefit. Johnson.

2. A benefit conferred; esp. a charitable donation.

Syn. -- Gift; present; gratuity; boon; alms.

Ben`e*fac"tor (&?;), n. [L.] One who confers a benefit or benefits. Bacon.

Ben`e*fac"tress, n. A woman who confers a benefit.

> His benefactress blushes at the deed.
> Cowper.

Be*nef"ic (&?;), a. [L. beneficus. See Benefice.] Favorable; beneficent. Milton.

Ben"e*fice (&?;), n. [F. bénéfice, L. beneficium, a kindness , in LL. a grant of an estate, fr. L. beneficus beneficent; bene well + facere to do. See Benefit.]

1. A favor or benefit. [Obs.] Baxter.

2. (Feudal Law) An estate in lands; a fief.

Such an estate was granted at first for life only, and held on the mere good pleasure of the donor; but afterward, becoming hereditary, it received the appellation of fief, and the term benefice became appropriated to church livings.

3. An ecclesiastical living and church preferment, as in the Church of England; a church endowed with a revenue for the maintenance of divine service. See Advowson.

All church preferments are called benefices, except bishoprics, which are called dignities. But, ordinarily, the term dignity is applied to bishoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and prebendaryships; benefice to parsonages, vicarages, and donatives.

Ben"e*fice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beneficed.] To endow with a benefice. [Commonly in the past participle.]

Ben"e*ficed (&?;), a. Possessed of a benefice or church preferment. "Beneficed clergymen." Burke.

Ben"e*fice*less (&?;), a. Having no benefice. "Beneficeless precisians." Sheldon.

Be*nef"i*cence (&?;), n. [L. beneficentia, fr. beneficus: cf. F. bénéficence. See Benefice.] The practice of doing good; active goodness, kindness, or charity; bounty springing from purity and goodness.

> And whose beneficence no charge exhausts.
> Cowper.

Syn. -- See Benevolence.

Be*nef`i*cent (&?;), a. Doing or producing good; performing acts of kindness and charity; characterized by beneficence.

> The beneficent fruits of Christianity.
> Prescott.

Syn. -- See Benevolent.

Be*nef`i*cen"tial (&?;), a. Relating to beneficence.

<! p. 137 !>

Be*nef"i*cent*ly (b*nf"*sent*l), adv. In a beneficent manner; with beneficence.

Ben`e*fi"cial (&?;), a. [Cf. F. bénéficial, LL. beneficialis.] 1. Conferring benefits; useful; profitable; helpful; advantageous; serviceable; contributing to a valuable end; -- followed by to.

> The war which would have been most beneficial to us.
> Swift.

2. (Law) Receiving, or entitled to have or receive, advantage, use, or benefit; as, the beneficial owner of an estate. Kent.

3. King. [Obs.] "A beneficial foe." B. Jonson.

Syn. -- See Advantage.

Ben`e*fi"cial*ly, adv. In a beneficial or advantageous manner; profitably; helpfully.

Ben`e*fi"cial*ness, n. The quality of being beneficial; profitableness.

Ben`e*fi"ci*a*ry (&?;), a. [Cf. F. bénéficiaire, LL. beneficiarius.] 1. Holding some office or valuable possession, in subordination to another; holding under a feudal or other superior; having a dependent and secondary possession.

> A feudatory or beneficiary king of England.
> Bacon.

2. Bestowed as a gratuity; as, beneficiary gifts.

Ben`e*fi"ci*a*ry, n.; pl. Beneficiaries (&?;). 1. A feudatory or vassal; hence, one who holds a benefice and uses its proceeds. Ayliffe.

2. One who receives anything as a gift; one who receives a benefit or advantage; esp. one who receives help or income from an educational fund or a trust estate.

> The rich men will be offering sacrifice to their Deity whose beneficiaries they are.
> Jer. Taylor.

Ben`e*fi"ci*ate (&?;), v. t. [Sp. beneficiar to benefit, to work mines.] (Mining) To reduce (ores). -- Ben`e*fi`ci*a"tion (&?;), n.

Ben`e*fi"cient (&?;), a. Beneficent. [Obs.]

Ben"e*fit (&?;), n. [OE. benefet, benfeet, bienfet, F. bienfait, fr. L. benefactum; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + factum, p. p. of facere to do. See Bounty, and Fact.] 1. An act of kindness; a favor conferred.

> Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.
> Ps. ciii. 2.

2. Whatever promotes prosperity and personal happiness, or adds value to property; advantage; profit.

> Men have no right to what is not for their benefit.
> Burke.

3. A theatrical performance, a concert, or the like, the proceeds of which do not go to the lessee of the theater or to the company, but to some individual actor, or to some charitable use.

4. Beneficence; liberality. [Obs.] Webster (1623).

5. pl. Natural advantages; endowments; accomplishments. [R.] "The benefits of your own country." Shak.

Benefit of clergy. (Law) See under Clergy.

Syn. -- Profit; service; use; avail. See Advantage.

Ben"e*fit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benefited; p. pr. & vb. n. Benefitting.] To be beneficial to; to do good to; to advantage; to advance in health or prosperity; to be useful to; to profit.

> I will repent of the good, wherewith I said I would benefit them.
> Jer. xviii. 10.

Ben"e*fit, v. i. To gain advantage; to make improvement; to profit; as, he will benefit by the change.

Ben"e*fit`er (&?;), n. One who confers a benefit; -- also, one who receives a benefit.

Be*neme" (&?;), v. t. [AS. ben&?;man. Cf. Benim.] To deprive (of), or take away (from). [Obs.]

Be*nempt" (&?;), p. p. of Bename. 1. Promised; vowed. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Named; styled. [Archaic] Sir W. Scott.

||Be`ne plac"i*to (b`n pls"*t; It. b`n plä"ch*t). [It. beneplacito pleasure, fr. L. bene well + placitus pleasing.] 1. At or during pleasure.

> For our English judges there never was . . . any bene placito as their tenure.
> F. Harrison.

2. (Mus.) At pleasure; ad libitum.

Be*net" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benetted.] To catch in a net; to insnare. Shak.

Be*nev"o*lence (&?;), n. [OF. benevolence, L. benevolentia. See Benevolent.] 1. The disposition to do good; good will; charitableness; love of mankind, accompanied with a desire to promote their happiness.

> The wakeful benevolence of the gospel.
> Chalmers.

2. An act of kindness; good done; charity given.

3. A species of compulsory contribution or tax, which has sometimes been illegally exacted by arbitrary kings of England, and falsely represented as a gratuity.

Syn. -- Benevolence, Beneficence, Munificence. Benevolence marks a disposition made up of a choice and desire for the happiness of others. Beneficence marks the working of this disposition in dispensing good on a somewhat broad scale. Munificence shows the same disposition, but acting on a still broader scale, in conferring gifts and favors. These are not necessarily confined to objects of immediate utility. One may show his munificence in presents of pictures or jewelry, but this would not be beneficence. Benevolence of heart; beneficence of life; munificence in the encouragement of letters.

Be*nev"o*lent (&?;), a. [L. benevolens, -entis; bene well (adv. of bonus good) + volens, p. pr. of volo I will, I wish. See Bounty, and Voluntary.] Having a disposition to do good; possessing or manifesting love to mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and happiness; disposed to give to good objects; kind; charitable. -- Be*nev"o*lent*ly, adv.

Syn. -- Benevolent, Beneficent. Etymologically considered, benevolent implies wishing well to others, and beneficent, doing well. But by degrees the word benevolent has been widened to include not only feelings, but actions; thus, we speak of benevolent operations, benevolent labors for the public good, benevolent societies. In like manner, beneficent is now often applied to feelings; thus, we speak of the beneficent intentions of a donor. This extension of the terms enables us to mark nicer shades of meaning. Thus, the phrase "benevolent labors" turns attention to the source of these labors, viz., benevolent feeling; while beneficent would simply mark them as productive of good. So, "beneficent intentions" point to the feelings of the donor as bent upon some specific good act; while "benevolent intentions" would only denote a general wish and design to do good.

Be*nev"o*lous (&?;), a. [L. benevolus.] Kind; benevolent. [Obs.] T. Puller.

Ben*gal" (&?;), n. 1. A province in India, giving its name to various stuffs, animals, etc.

2. A thin stuff, made of silk and hair, originally brought from Bengal.

3. Striped gingham, originally brought from Bengal; Bengal stripes.

Bengal light, a firework containing niter, sulphur, and antimony, and producing a sustained and vivid colored light, used in making signals and in pyrotechnics; -- called also blue light. -- Bengal stripes, a kind of cotton cloth woven with colored stripes. See Bengal, 3. -- Bengal tiger. (Zoöl.). See Tiger.

{ Ben*gal"ee, Ben*gal"i } (&?;), n. The language spoken in Bengal.

Ben`gal*ese" (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Bengal. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Bengal.

Ben*go"la (&?;), n. A Bengal light.

Be*night" (b*nt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Benighting.] 1. To involve in darkness; to shroud with the shades of night; to obscure. [Archaic]

> The clouds benight the sky.
> Garth.

2. To overtake with night or darkness, especially before the end of a day's journey or task.

> Some virgin, sure, . . . benighted in these woods.
> Milton.

3. To involve in moral darkness, or ignorance; to debar from intellectual light.

> Shall we to men benighted
> The lamp of life deny ?
> Heber.

Be*night"ment (&?;), n. The condition of being benighted.

Be*nign" (&?;), a. [OE. benigne, bening, OF. benigne, F. bénin, fem. bénigne, fr. L. benignus, contr. from benigenus; bonus good + root of genus kind. See Bounty, and Genus.] 1. Of a kind or gentle disposition; gracious; generous; favorable; benignant.

> Creator bounteous and benign.
> Milton.

2. Exhibiting or manifesting kindness, gentleness, favor, etc.; mild; kindly; salutary; wholesome.

> Kind influences and benign aspects.
> South.

3. Of a mild type or character; as, a benign disease.

Syn. -- Kind; propitious; bland; genial; salubrious; favorable salutary; gracious; liberal.

Be*nig"nan*cy (&?;), n. Benignant quality; kindliness.

Be*nig"nant (&?;), a. [LL. benignans, p. pr. of benignare, from L. benignus. See Benign.] Kind; gracious; favorable. -- Be*nig"nant*ly, adv.

Be*nig"ni*ty (&?;), n. [OE. benignite, F. bénignité, OF. bénigneté, fr. L. benignitas. See Benign.] 1. The quality of being benign; goodness; kindness; graciousness. "Benignity of aspect." Sir W. Scott.

2. Mildness; gentleness.

> The benignity or inclemency of the season.
> Spectator.

3. Salubrity; wholesome quality. Wiseman.

Be*nign"ly (&?;), adv. In a benign manner.

Be*nim" (&?;), v. t. [AS. beniman. See Benumb, and cf. Nim.] To take away. [Obs.]

> Ire . . . benimeth the man fro God.
> Chaucer.

Ben"i*son (&?;), n. [OE. beneysun, benesoun, OF. beneï&?;un, beneïson, fr. L. benedictio, fr. benedicere to bless; bene (adv. of bonus good) + dicere to say. See Bounty, and Diction, and cf. Benediction.] Blessing; beatitude; benediction. Shak.

> More precious than the benison of friends.
> Talfourd.

||Bé*ni"tier` (&?;), n. [F., fr. bénir to bless.] (R. C. Ch.) A holy-water stoup. Shipley.

Ben"ja*min (&?;), n. [Corrupted from benzoin.] See Benzoin.

Ben"ja*min, n. A kind of upper coat for men. [Colloq. Eng.]

Ben"ja*mite (&?;), n. A descendant of Benjamin; one of the tribe of Benjamin. Judg. iii. 15.

Ben"ne (&?;), n. [Malay bijen.] (Bot.) The name of two plants (Sesamum orientale and S. indicum), originally Asiatic; -- also called oil plant. From their seeds an oil is expressed, called benne oil, used mostly for making soap. In the southern United States the seeds are used in candy.

Ben"net (&?;), n. [F. benoîte, fr. L. benedicta, fem. of benedictus, p. p., blessed. See Benedict, a.] (Bot.) The common yellow-flowered avens of Europe (Geum urbanum); herb bennet. The name is sometimes given to other plants, as the hemlock, valerian, etc.

Ben"shee (&?;), n. See Banshee.

Bent (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Bend.

Bent, a. & p. p. 1. Changed by pressure so as to be no longer straight; crooked; as, a bent pin; a bent lever.

2. Strongly inclined toward something, so as to be resolved, determined, set, etc.; -- said of the mind, character, disposition, desires, etc., and used with on; as, to be bent on going to college; he is bent on mischief.

Bent, n. [See Bend, n. & v.] 1. The state of being curved, crooked, or inclined from a straight line; flexure; curvity; as, the bent of a bow. [Obs.] Wilkins.

2. A declivity or slope, as of a hill. [R.] Dryden.

3. A leaning or bias; proclivity; tendency of mind; inclination; disposition; purpose; aim. Shak.

> With a native bent did good pursue.
> Dryden.

4. Particular direction or tendency; flexion; course.

> Bents and turns of the matter.
> Locke.

5. (Carp.) A transverse frame of a framed structure.

6. Tension; force of acting; energy; impetus. [Archaic]

> The full bent and stress of the soul.
> Norris.

Syn. -- Predilection; turn. Bent, Bias, Inclination, Prepossession. These words agree in describing a permanent influence upon the mind which tends to decide its actions. Bent denotes a fixed tendency of the mind in a given direction. It is the widest of these terms, and applies to the will, the intellect, and the affections, taken conjointly; as, the whole bent of his character was toward evil practices. Bias is literally a weight fixed on one side of a ball used in bowling, and causing it to swerve from a straight course. Used figuratively, bias applies particularly to the judgment, and denotes something which acts with a permanent force on the character through that faculty; as, the bias of early education, early habits, etc. Inclination is an excited state of desire or appetency; as, a strong inclination to the study of the law. Prepossession is a mingled state of feeling and opinion in respect to some person or subject, which has laid hold of and occupied the mind previous to inquiry. The word is commonly used in a good sense, an unfavorable impression of this kind being denominated a prejudice. "Strong minds will be strongly bent, and usually labor under a strong bias; but there is no mind so weak and powerless as not to have its inclinations, and none so guarded as to be without its prepossessions." Crabb.

Bent (&?;), n. [AS. beonet; akin to OHG. pinuz, G. binse, rush, bent grass; of unknown origin.] 1. A reedlike grass; a stalk of stiff, coarse grass.

> His spear a bent, both stiff and strong.
> Drayton.

2. (Bot.) A grass of the genus Agrostis, esp. Agrostis vulgaris, or redtop. The name is also used of many other grasses, esp. in America.

3. Any neglected field or broken ground; a common; a moor. [Obs.] Wright.

> Bowmen bickered upon the bent.
> Chevy Chase.

Bent" grass` (&?;). (Bot.) Same as Bent, a kind of grass.

Ben"thal (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; the depth of the sea.] Relating to the deepest zone or region of the ocean.

Ben*tham"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Bentham or Benthamism.

Ben"tham*ism (&?;), n. That phase of the doctrine of utilitarianism taught by Jeremy Bentham; the doctrine that the morality of actions is estimated and determined by their utility; also, the theory that the sensibility to pleasure and the recoil from pain are the only motives which influence human desires and actions, and that these are the sufficient explanation of ethical and jural conceptions.

Ben"tham*ite (&?;), n. One who believes in Benthamism.

Bent"ing time" (&?;). The season when pigeons are said to feed on bents, before peas are ripe.

> Bare benting times . . . may come.
> Dryden.

Bent"y (&?;), a. 1. A bounding in bents, or the stalks of coarse, stiff, withered grass; as, benty fields.

2. Resembling bent. Holland.

Be*numb" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Benumbed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Benumbing.] [OE. binomen, p. p. of binimen to take away, AS. beniman; pref. be + niman to take. See Numb, a., and cf. Benim.] To make torpid; to deprive of sensation or sensibility; to stupefy; as, a hand or foot benumbed by cold.

> The creeping death benumbed her senses first.
> Dryden.

Be*numbed" (&?;), a. Made torpid; numbed; stupefied; deadened; as, a benumbed body and mind. -- Be*numbed"ness, n.

Be*numb"ment (&?;), n. Act of benumbing, or state of being benumbed; torpor. Kirby.

Ben"zal (&?;), n. [Benzoic + aldehyde.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C6H5.CH, of the aromatic series, related to benzyl and benzoyl; -- used adjectively or in combination.

Ben*zam"ide (&?;), n. [Benzoin + amide.] (Chem.) A transparent crystalline substance, C6H5.CO.NH2, obtained by the action of ammonia upon chloride of benzoyl, as also by several other reactions with benzoyl compounds.

Ben"zene (&?;), n. [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) A volatile, very inflammable liquid, C6H6, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation. The name is sometimes applied also to the impure commercial product or benzole, and also, but rarely, to a similar mixed product of petroleum.

Benzene nucleus, Benzene ring (Chem.), a closed chain or ring, consisting of six carbon atoms, each with one hydrogen atom attached, regarded as the type from which the aromatic compounds are derived. This ring formula is provisionally accepted as representing the probable constitution of the benzene molecule, C6H6, and as the type on which its derivatives are formed.

Ben"zile (&?;), n. [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) A yellowish crystalline substance, C6H5.CO.CO.C6H5, formed from benzoin by the action of oxidizing agents, and consisting of a doubled benzoyl radical.

Ben"zine (&?;), n. [From Benzoin.] (Chem.) 1. A liquid consisting mainly of the lighter and more volatile hydrocarbons of petroleum or kerosene oil, used as a solvent and for cleansing soiled fabrics; -- called also petroleum spirit, petroleum benzine. Varieties or similar products are gasoline, naphtha, rhigolene, ligroin, etc.

2. Same as Benzene. [R.]

The hydrocarbons of benzine proper are essentially of the marsh gas series, while benzene proper is the typical hydrocarbon of the aromatic series.

Ben"zo*ate (&?;), n. [Cf. F. benzoate.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of benzoic acid with any salifiable base.

<! p. 138 !>

Ben*zo"ic (bn*z"k), a. [Cf. F. benzoïque.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, benzoin.

Benzoic acid, or flowers of benzoin, a peculiar vegetable acid, C6H5.CO2H, obtained from benzoin, and some other balsams, by sublimation or decoction. It is also found in the urine of infants and herbivorous animals. It crystallizes in the form of white, satiny flakes; its odor is aromatic; its taste is pungent, and somewhat acidulous. -- Benzoic aldehyde, oil of bitter almonds; the aldehyde, C6H5.CHO, intermediate in composition between benzoic or benzyl alcohol, and benzoic acid. It is a thin colorless liquid.

Ben*zoin" (bn*zoin"), n. [Cf. F. benjoin, Sp. benjui, Pg. beijoin; all fr. Ar. lubn-jw incense form Sumatra (named Java in Arabic), the first syllable being lost. Cf. Benjamin.] [Called also benjamin.] 1. A resinous substance, dry and brittle, obtained from the Styrax benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, Java, etc., having a fragrant odor, and slightly aromatic taste. It is used in the preparation of benzoic acid, in medicine, and as a perfume.

2. A white crystalline substance, C14H12O2, obtained from benzoic aldehyde and some other sources.

3. (Bot.) The spicebush (Lindera benzoin).

Flowers of benzoin, benzoic acid. See under Benzoic.

Ben*zoin"a*ted (&?;), a. (Med.) Containing or impregnated with benzoin; as, benzoinated lard.

{ Ben"zole Ben"zol } (&?;), n. [Benzoin + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) An impure benzene, used in the arts as a solvent, and for various other purposes. See Benzene.

It has great solvent powers, and is used by manufacturers of India rubber and gutta percha; also for cleaning soiled kid gloves, and for other purposes.

Ben"zo*line (&?;), n. (Chem.) (a) Same as Benzole. (b) Same as Amarine. [R.] Watts.

Ben"zoyl (&?;), n. [Benzoic + Gr. &?; wood. See -yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C6H5.CO; the base of benzoic acid, of the oil of bitter almonds, and of an extensive series of compounds. [Formerly written also benzule.]

Ben"zyl (&?;), n. [Benzoic + - yl.] (Chem.) A compound radical, C6H5.CH2, related to toluene and benzoic acid; -- commonly used adjectively.

Be*paint" (&?;), v. t. To paint; to cover or color with, or as with, paint.

> Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek.
> Shak.

Be*pelt" (&?;), v. t. To pelt roundly.

Be*pinch" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bepinched (&?;).] To pinch, or mark with pinches. Chapman.

Be*plas"ter (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beplastered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beplastering.] To plaster over; to cover or smear thickly; to bedaub.

> Beplastered with rouge.
> Goldsmith.

Be*plumed" (&?;), a. Decked with feathers.

Be*pom"mel (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bepommeled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bepommeling.] To pommel; to beat, as with a stick; figuratively, to assail or criticise in conversation, or in writing. Thackeray.

Be*pow"der (&?;), v. t. To sprinkle or cover with powder; to powder.

Be*praise" (&?;), v. t. To praise greatly or extravagantly. Goldsmith.

Be*prose" (&?;), v. t. To reduce to prose. [R.] "To beprose all rhyme." Mallet.

Be*puffed" (&?;), a. Puffed; praised. Carlyle.

Be*pur"ple (&?;), v. t. To tinge or dye with a purple color.

Be*queath" (b*kw"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bequeathed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bequeathing.] [OE. biquethen, AS. becweðan to say, affirm, bequeath; pref. be- + cweðan to say, speak. See Quoth.] 1. To give or leave by will; to give by testament; -- said especially of personal property.

> My heritage, which my dead father did bequeath to me.
> Shak.

2. To hand down; to transmit.

> To bequeath posterity somewhat to remember it.
> Glanvill.

3. To give; to offer; to commit. [Obs.]

> To whom, with all submission, on my knee
> I do bequeath my faithful services
> And true subjection everlastingly.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To Bequeath, Devise. Both these words denote the giving or disposing of property by will. Devise, in legal usage, is property used to denote a gift by will of real property, and he to whom it is given is called the devisee. Bequeath is properly applied to a gift by will or legacy; i. e., of personal property; the gift is called a legacy, and he who receives it is called a legatee. In popular usage the word bequeath is sometimes enlarged so as to embrace devise; and it is sometimes so construed by courts.

Be*queath"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being bequeathed.

Be*queath"al (&?;), n. The act of bequeathing; bequeathment; bequest. Fuller.

Be*queath"ment (&?;), n. The act of bequeathing, or the state of being bequeathed; a bequest.

Be*quest" (&?;), n. [OE. biquest, corrupted fr. bequide; pref. be- + AS. cwide a saying, becweðan to bequeath. The ending -est is probably due to confusion with quest. See Bequeath, Quest.] 1. The act of bequeathing or leaving by will; as, a bequest of property by A. to B.

2. That which is left by will, esp. personal property; a legacy; also, a gift.

Be*quest", v. t. To bequeath, or leave as a legacy. [Obs.] "All I have to bequest." Gascoigne.

Be*queth"en (&?;), old p. p. of Bequeath. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be*quote" (&?;), v. t. To quote constantly or with great frequency.

Be*rain (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berained (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beraining.] To rain upon; to wet with rain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be*rate" (b*rt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berated; p. pr. & vb. n. Berating.] To rate or chide vehemently; to scold. Holland. Motley.

Be*rat"tle (b*rt"t'l), v. t. To make rattle; to scold vociferously; to cry down. [Obs.] Shak.

Be*ray" (b*r"), v. t. [Pref. be + ray to defile] To make foul; to soil; to defile. [Obs.] Milton.

||Berbe (brb), n. [Cf. Berber, Barb a Barbary horse.] (Zoöl.) An African genet (Genetta pardina). See Genet.

Ber"ber (br"br), n. [See Barbary.] A member of a race somewhat resembling the Arabs, but often classed as Hamitic, who were formerly the inhabitants of the whole of North Africa from the Mediterranean southward into the Sahara, and who still occupy a large part of that region; -- called also Kabyles. Also, the language spoken by this people.

Ber"ber*ine (&?;), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained, as a bitter, yellow substance, from the root of the barberry, gold thread, and other plants.

Ber"ber*ry (&?;), n. See Barberry.

Ber"dash (&?;), n. A kind of neckcloth. [Obs.]

> A treatise against the cravat and berdash.
> Steele.

Bere (br), v. t. [Cf. OIcel. berja to strike.] To pierce. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bere, n. See Bear, barley. [Scot.]

Be*reave" (b*rv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bereaved (b*rvd"), Bereft (b*rft"); p. pr. & vb. n. Bereaving.] [OE. bireven, AS. bereáfian. See Be-, and Reave.]

1. To make destitute; to deprive; to strip; -- with of before the person or thing taken away.

> Madam, you have bereft me of all words.
> Shak.

> Bereft of him who taught me how to sing.
> Tickell.

2. To take away from. [Obs.]

> All your interest in those territories
> Is utterly bereft you; all is lost.
> Shak.

3. To take away. [Obs.]

> Shall move you to bereave my life.
> Marlowe.

The imp. and past pple. form bereaved is not used in reference to immaterial objects. We say bereaved or bereft by death of a relative, bereft of hope and strength.

Syn. -- To dispossess; to divest.

Be*reave"ment (&?;), n. The state of being bereaved; deprivation; esp., the loss of a relative by death.

Be*reav"er (&?;), n. One who bereaves.

Be*reft" (b*rft"), imp. & p. p. of Bereave.

Be*ret"ta (&?;), n. Same as Berretta.

Berg (&?;), n. [√95. See Barrow hill, and cf. Iceberg.] A large mass or hill, as of ice.

> Glittering bergs of ice.
> Tennyson.

Ber"ga*mot (br"g*mt), n. [F. bergamote, fr. It. bergamotta; prob. a corruption of Turk. beg armdi a lord's pear.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A tree of the Orange family (Citrus bergamia), having a roundish or pear-shaped fruit, from the rind of which an essential oil of delicious odor is extracted, much prized as a perfume. Also, the fruit. (b) A variety of mint (Mentha aquatica, var. glabrata).

2. The essence or perfume made from the fruit.

3. A variety of pear. Johnson.

4. A variety of snuff perfumed with bergamot.

> The better hand . . . gives the nose its bergamot.
> Cowper.

5. A coarse tapestry, manufactured from flock of cotton or hemp, mixed with ox's or goat's hair; -- said to have been invented at Bergamo, Italy. Encyc. Brit.

Wild bergamot (Bot.), an American herb of the Mint family (Monarda fistulosa).

Ber"gan*der (&?;), n. [Berg, for burrow + gander a male goose? Cf. G. bergente, Dan. gravgaas.] (Zoöl.) A European duck (Anas tadorna). See Sheldrake.

Ber"ger*et (&?;), n. [OF. bergerete, F. berger a shepherd.] A pastoral song. [Obs.]

Bergh (&?;), n. [AS. beorg.] A hill. [Obs.]

Berg"mas`ter (&?;), n. See Barmaster.

Berg"meal (&?;), n. [G. berg mountain + mehl meal.] (Min.) An earthy substance, resembling fine flour. It is composed of the shells of infusoria, and in Lapland and Sweden is sometimes eaten, mixed with flour or ground birch bark, in times of scarcity. This name is also given to a white powdery variety of calcite.

Berg"mote (&?;), n. See Barmote.

Ber"go*mask (&?;), n. A rustic dance, so called in ridicule of the people of Bergamo, in Italy, once noted for their clownishness.

Ber"gylt (&?;), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The Norway haddock. See Rosefish.

Be*rhyme" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berhymed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Berhyming.] To mention in rhyme or verse; to rhyme about. [Sometimes use depreciatively.] Shak.

||Be`ri*be"ri (&?;), n. [Singhalese beri weakness.] An acute disease occurring in India, characterized by multiple inflammatory changes in the nerves, producing great muscular debility, a painful rigidity of the limbs, and cachexy.

Be*rime" (&?;), v. t. To berhyme. [The earlier and etymologically preferable spelling.]

Berke*le"ian (&?;), a. Of or relating to Bishop Berkeley or his system of idealism; as, Berkeleian philosophy. -- Berke"ley*ism, n.

Ber"lin (&?;), n. [The capital of Prussia] 1. A four-wheeled carriage, having a sheltered seat behind the body and separate from it, invented in the 17th century, at Berlin.

2. Fine worsted for fancy-work; zephyr worsted; -- called also Berlin wool.

Berlin black, a black varnish, drying with almost a dead surface; -- used for coating the better kinds of ironware. Ure. -- Berlin blue, Prussian blue. Ure. -- Berlin green, a complex cyanide of iron, used as a green dye, and similar to Prussian blue. -- Berlin iron, a very fusible variety of cast iron, from which figures and other delicate articles are manufactured. These are often stained or lacquered in imitation of bronze. -- Berlin shop, a shop for the sale of worsted embroidery and the materials for such work. -- Berlin work, worsted embroidery.

{ Berm Berme } (&?;), n. [F. berme, of German origin; cf. G. brame, bräme, border, akin to E. brim.] 1. (Fort.) A narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditch.

2. (Engineering) A ledge at the bottom of a bank or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope, or to strengthen the bank.

Ber*mu"da grass` (&?;). (Bot.) A kind of grass (Cynodon Dactylon) esteemed for pasture in the Southern United States. It is a native of Southern Europe, but is now wide-spread in warm countries; -- called also scutch grass, and in Bermuda, devil grass.

Ber"na*cle (&?;), n. See Barnacle.

Ber"na fly` (&?;). (Zoöl.) A Brazilian dipterous insect of the genus Trypeta, which lays its eggs in the nostrils or in wounds of man and beast, where the larvæ do great injury.

Ber"nar*dine (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to St. Bernard of Clairvaux, or to the Cistercian monks. -- n. A Cistercian monk.

Ber*nese" (&?;), a. Pertaining to the city or canton of Bern, in Switzerland, or to its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Bern.

Ber"ni*cle (&?;), n. [OE. bernak, bernacle; cf. OF. bernac; prob. fr. LL. bernacula for hibernicula, bernicula, fr. Hibernia; the birds coming from Hibernia or Ireland. Cf. 1st Barnacle.] A bernicle goose. [Written also barnacle.]

Bernicle goose (Zoöl.), a goose (Branta leucopsis), of Arctic Europe and America. It was formerly believed that it hatched from the cirripeds of the sea (Lepas), which were, therefore, called barnacles, goose barnacles, or Anatifers. The name is also applied to other related species. See Anatifa and Cirripedia.

Ber*nouse" (&?;), n. Same as Burnoose.

Be*rob" (&?;), v. t. To rob; to plunder. [Obs.]

||Ber"o*e (&?;), n. [L. Beroe, one of the Oceanidæ Gr. &?;: cf. F. beroé.] (Zoöl.) A small, oval, transparent jellyfish, belonging to the Ctenophora.

Ber*ret"ta (&?;), n. [It., fr. LL. birrettum, berretum, a cap, dim. of L. birrus, birrum, a cloak to keep off rain, cf. Gr. &?; tawny, red: cf. Sp. birreta, Pg. barrete, and E. Barret.] A square cap worn by ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church. A cardinal's berretta is scarlet; that worn by other clerics is black, except that a bishop's is lined with green. [Also spelt beretta, biretta, etc.]

Ber"ried (&?;), a. Furnished with berries; consisting of a berry; baccate; as, a berried shrub.

Ber"ry (&?;), n.; pl. Berries. [OE. berie, AS. berie, berige; akin to D. bes, G. beere, OS. and OHG. beri, Icel. ber, Sw. bär, Goth. basi, and perh. Skr. bhas to eat.] 1. Any small fleshy fruit, as the strawberry, mulberry, huckleberry, etc.

2. (Bot.) A small fruit that is pulpy or succulent throughout, having seeds loosely imbedded in the pulp, as the currant, grape, blueberry.

3. The coffee bean.

4. One of the ova or eggs of a fish. Travis.

In berry, containing ova or spawn.

Ber"ry, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Berried (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Berrying.] To bear or produce berries.

Ber"ry, n. [AS. beorh. See Barrow a hill.] A mound; a hillock. W. Browne.

Ber"ry*ing, n. A seeking for or gathering of berries, esp. of such as grow wild.

{ Ber"serk (&?;), Ber"serk*er (&?;), } n. [Icel. berserkr.] 1. (Scand. Myth.) One of a class of legendary heroes, who fought frenzied by intoxicating liquors, and naked, regardless of wounds. Longfellow.

2. One who fights as if frenzied, like a Berserker.

Bers"tle (&?;), n. See Bristle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Berth (&?;), n. [From the root of bear to produce, like birth nativity. See Birth.] [Also written birth.]

1. (Naut.) (a) Convenient sea room. (b) A room in which a number of the officers or ship's company mess and reside. (c) The place where a ship lies when she is at anchor, or at a wharf.

2. An allotted place; an appointment; situation or employment. "He has a good berth." Totten.

3. A place in a ship to sleep in; a long box or shelf on the side of a cabin or stateroom, or of a railway car, for sleeping in.

Berth deck, the deck next below the lower gun deck. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- To give (the land or any object) a wide berth, to keep at a distance from it.

Berth, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Berthed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Berthing.] 1. To give an anchorage to, or a place to lie at; to place in a berth; as, she was berthed stem to stern with the Adelaide.

2. To allot or furnish berths to, on shipboard; as, to berth a ship's company. Totten.

Ber"tha (&?;), n. [F. berthe, fr. Berthe, a woman's name.] A kind of collar or cape worn by ladies.

Berth"age (&?;), n. A place for mooring vessels in a dock or harbor.

Ber"thi*er*ite (&?;), n. [From Berthier, a French naturalist.] (Min.) A double sulphide of antimony and iron, of a dark steel-gray color.

Berth"ing (&?;), n. (Naut.) The planking outside of a vessel, above the sheer strake. Smyth.

Ber"tram (&?;), n. [Corrupted fr. L. pyrethrum, Gr. &?; a hot spicy plant, fr. &?; fire.] (Bot.) Pellitory of Spain (Anacyclus pyrethrum).

<! p. 139 !>

Ber"y*coid (br"*koid), a. [NL. beryx, the name of the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Berycidæ, a family of marine fishes.

Ber"yl (br"l), n. [F. béryl, OF. beril, L. beryllus, Gr. bh`ryllos, prob. fr. Skr. vairya. Cf. Brilliant.] (Min.) A mineral of great hardness, and, when transparent, of much beauty. It occurs in hexagonal prisms, commonly of a green or bluish green color, but also yellow, pink, and white. It is a silicate of aluminium and glucinum (beryllium). The aquamarine is a transparent, sea-green variety used as a gem. The emerald is another variety highly prized in jewelry, and distinguished by its deep color, which is probably due to the presence of a little oxide of chromium.

Ber"yl*line (&?;), a. Like a beryl; of a light or bluish green color.

Be*ryl"li*um (&?;), n. [NL.] (Chem.) A metallic element found in the beryl. See Glucinum.

Ber"yl*loid (&?;), n. [Beryl + - oid.] (Crystallog.) A solid consisting of a double twelve- sided pyramid; -- so called because the planes of this form occur on crystals of beryl.

{ Be*saiel", Be*saile", Be*sayle" (&?;) }, n. [OF. beseel, F. bisaïeul, fr. L. bis twice + LL. avolus, dim. of L. avus grandfather.] 1. A great-grandfather. [Obs.]

2. (Law) A kind of writ which formerly lay where a great-grandfather died seized of lands in fee simple, and on the day of his death a stranger abated or entered and kept the heir out. This is now abolished. Blackstone.

Be*saint" (&?;), v. t. To make a saint of.

Be*sant" (&?;), n. See Bezant.

Bes-ant"ler (&?;), n. Same as Bez- antler.

Be*scat"ter (&?;), v. t. 1. To scatter over.

2. To cover sparsely by scattering (something); to strew. "With flowers bescattered." Spenser.

Be*scorn" (&?;), v. t. To treat with scorn. "Then was he bescorned." Chaucer.

Be*scratch" (&?;), v. t. To tear with the nails; to cover with scratches.

Be*scrawl" (&?;), v. t. To cover with scrawls; to scribble over. Milton.

Be*screen" (&?;), v. t. To cover with a screen, or as with a screen; to shelter; to conceal. Shak.

Be*scrib"ble (&?;), v. t. To scribble over. "Bescribbled with impertinences." Milton.

{ Be*scum"ber (&?;), Be*scum"mer (&?;), } v. t. [Pref. be- + scumber, scummer.] To discharge ordure or dung upon. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Be*see" (&?;), v. t. & i. [AS. beseón; pref. be- + &?;eón to see.] To see; to look; to mind. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Be*seech" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besought (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeching.] [OE. bisechen, biseken (akin to G. besuchen to visit); pref. be- + sechen, seken, to seek. See Seek.] 1. To ask or entreat with urgency; to supplicate; to implore.

> I beseech you, punish me not with your hard thoughts.
> Shak.

> But Eve . . . besought his peace.
> Milton.

Syn. -- To beg; to crave. -- To Beseech, Entreat, Solicit, Implore, Supplicate. These words agree in marking that sense of want which leads men to beg some favor. To solicit is to make a request, with some degree of earnestness and repetition, of one whom we address as a superior. To entreat implies greater urgency, usually enforced by adducing reasons or arguments. To beseech is still stronger, and belongs rather to the language of poetry and imagination. To implore denotes increased fervor of entreaty, as addressed either to equals or superiors. To supplicate expresses the extreme of entreaty, and usually implies a state of deep humiliation. Thus, a captive supplicates a conqueror to spare his life. Men solicit by virtue of their interest with another; they entreat in the use of reasoning and strong representations; they beseech with importunate earnestness; they implore from a sense of overwhelming distress; they supplicate with a feeling of the most absolute inferiority and dependence.

Be*seech", n. Solicitation; supplication. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak.

Be*seech"er (&?;), n. One who beseeches.

Be*seech"ing, a. Entreating urgently; imploring; as, a beseeching look. -- Be*seech"ing*ly, adv. -- Be*seech"ing*ness, n.

Be*seech"ment (&?;), n. The act of beseeching or entreating earnestly. [R.] Goodwin.

Be*seek" (&?;), v. t. To beseech. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be*seem" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beseemed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beseeming.] [Pref. be- + seem.] Literally: To appear or seem (well, ill, best, etc.) for (one) to do or to have. Hence: To be fit, suitable, or proper for, or worthy of; to become; to befit.

> A duty well beseeming the preachers.
> Clarendon.

> What form of speech or behavior beseemeth us, in our prayers to God ?
> Hocker.

Be*seem", v. i. To seem; to appear; to be fitting. [Obs.] "As beseemed best." Spenser.

Be*seem"ing, n. 1. Appearance; look; garb. [Obs.]

> I . . . did company these three in poor beseeming.
> Shak.

2. Comeliness. Baret.

Be*seem"ing, a. Becoming; suitable. [Archaic] -- Be*seem"ing*ly, adv. -- Be*seem"ing*ness, n.

Be*seem"ly, a. Fit; suitable; becoming. [Archaic]

> In beseemly order sitten there.
> Shenstone.

Be*seen" (&?;), a. [Properly the p. p. of besee.]

1. Seen; appearing. [Obs. or Archaic]

2. Decked or adorned; clad. [Archaic] Chaucer.

3. Accomplished; versed. [Archaic] Spenser.

Be*set" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beset; p. pr. & vb. n. Besetting.] [AS. besettan (akin to OHG. bisazjan, G. besetzen, D. bezetten); pref. be- + settan to set. See Set.] 1. To set or stud (anything) with ornaments or prominent objects.

> A robe of azure beset with drops of gold.
> Spectator.

> The garden is so beset with all manner of sweet shrubs that it perfumes the air.
> Evelyn.

2. To hem in; to waylay; to surround; to besiege; to blockade. "Beset with foes." Milton.

> Let thy troops beset our gates.
> Addison.

3. To set upon on all sides; to perplex; to harass; -- said of dangers, obstacles, etc. "Adam, sore beset, replied." Milton. "Beset with ills." Addison. "Incommodities which beset old age." Burke.

4. To occupy; to employ; to use up. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- To surround; inclose; environ; hem in; besiege; encircle; encompass; embarrass; urge; press.

Be*set"ment (&?;), n. The act of besetting, or the state of being beset; also, that which besets one, as a sin. "Fearing a besetment." Kane.

Be*set"ter (&?;), n. One who, or that which, besets.

Be*set"ting, a. Habitually attacking, harassing, or pressing upon or about; as, a besetting sin.

Be*shine" (b*shn"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beshone; p. pr. & vb. n. Beshining.] To shine upon; to illumine.

||Be*show" (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large food fish (Anoplopoma fimbria) of the north Pacific coast; -- called also candlefish.

Be*shrew" (&?;), v. t. To curse; to execrate.

> Beshrew me, but I love her heartily.
> Shak.

Often a very mild form of imprecation; sometimes so far from implying a curse, as to be uttered coaxingly, nay even with some tenderness. Schmidt.

Be*shroud" (&?;), v. t. To cover with, or as with, a shroud; to screen.

Be*shut" (&?;), v. t. To shut up or out. [Obs.]

Be*side" (&?;), prep. [OE. biside, bisiden, bisides, prep. and adv., beside, besides; pref. be- by + side. Cf. Besides, and see Side, n.] 1. At the side of; on one side of. "Beside him hung his bow." Milton.

2. Aside from; out of the regular course or order of; in a state of deviation from; out of.

> [You] have done enough
> To put him quite beside his patience.
> Shak.

3. Over and above; distinct from; in addition to. [In this use besides is now commoner.]

> Wise and learned men beside those whose names are in the Christian records.
> Addison.

To be beside one's self, to be out of one's wits or senses.

> Paul, thou art beside thyself.

Acts xxvi. 24.

Syn. -- Beside, Besides. These words, whether used as prepositions or adverbs, have been considered strictly synonymous, from an early period of our literature, and have been freely interchanged by our best writers. There is, however, a tendency, in present usage, to make the following distinction between them: 1. That beside be used only and always as a preposition, with the original meaning "by the side of; " as, to sit beside a fountain; or with the closely allied meaning "aside from", "apart from", or "out of"; as, this is beside our present purpose; to be beside one's self with joy. The adverbial sense to be wholly transferred to the cognate word. 2. That besides, as a preposition, take the remaining sense "in addition to", as, besides all this; besides the considerations here offered. "There was a famine in the land besides the first famine." Gen. xxvi. 1. And that it also take the adverbial sense of "moreover", "beyond", etc., which had been divided between the words; as, besides, there are other considerations which belong to this case. The following passages may serve to illustrate this use of the words: --

> Lovely Thais sits beside thee.

Dryden.

> Only be patient till we have appeased
> The multitude, beside themselves with fear.

Shak.

> It is beside my present business to enlarge on this speculation.

Locke.

> Besides this, there are persons in certain situations who are expected to be charitable.

Bp. Porteus.

> And, besides, the Moor
> May unfold me to him; there stand I in much peril.

Shak.

> That man that does not know those things which are of necessity for him to know is but an ignorant man, whatever he may know besides.

Tillotson.

See Moreover.

{ Be*sides" (&?;), Be*side" (&?;), } adv. [OE. Same as beside, prep.; the ending - s is an adverbial one, prop. a genitive sign.] 1. On one side. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.

2. More than that; over and above; not included in the number, or in what has been mentioned; moreover; in addition.

> The men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides ?
> Gen. xix. 12.

> To all beside, as much an empty shade,
> An Eugene living, as a Cæsar dead.
> Pope.

These sentences may be considered as elliptical.

Be*sides (&?;), prep. Over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to; other than; else than. See Beside, prep., 3, and Syn. under Beside.

> Besides your cheer, you shall have sport.
> Shak.

Be*siege" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besieged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Besieging.] [OE. bisegen; pref. be- + segen to siege. See Siege.] To beset or surround with armed forces, for the purpose of compelling to surrender; to lay siege to; to beleaguer; to beset.

> Till Paris was besieged, famished, and lost.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To environ; hem in; invest; encompass.

Be*siege"ment (&?;), n. The act of besieging, or the state of being besieged. Golding.

Be*sie"ger (&?;), n. One who besieges; - - opposed to the besieged.

Be*sie"ging (&?;), a. That besieges; laying siege to. -- Be*sie"ging*ly, adv.

Be*sit" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. be- + sit.] To suit; to fit; to become. [Obs.]

Be*slab"ber (&?;), v. t. To beslobber.

Be*slave" (&?;), v. t. To enslave. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Be*slav"er (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beslavered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beslavering.] To defile with slaver; to beslobber.

Be*slime" (&?;), v. t. To daub with slime; to soil. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Be*slob"ber (&?;), v. t. To slobber on; to smear with spittle running from the mouth. Also Fig.: as, to beslobber with praise.

Be*slub"ber (&?;), v. t. To beslobber.

Be*smear" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmeared (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Besmearing.] To smear with any viscous, glutinous matter; to bedaub; to soil.

> Besmeared with precious balm.
> Spenser.

Be*smear"er (&?;), n. One that besmears.

Be*smirch" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmirched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Besmirching.] To smirch or soil; to discolor; to obscure. Hence: To dishonor; to sully. Shak.

Be*smoke" (&?;), v. t. 1. To foul with smoke.

2. To harden or dry in smoke. Johnson.

Be*smut" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besmutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Besmutting.] [Pref. be- + smut: cf. AS. besmtan, and also OE. besmotren.] To blacken with smut; to foul with soot.

Be*snow" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besnowed (&?;).] [OE. bisnewen, AS. besnwan; pref. be- + snwan to snow.] 1. To scatter like snow; to cover thick, as with snow flakes. [R.] Gower.

2. To cover with snow; to whiten with snow, or as with snow.

Be*snuff" (&?;), v. t. To befoul with snuff. Young.

Be*sogne" (&?;), n. [F. bisogne.] A worthless fellow; a bezonian. [Obs.]

Be"som (&?;), n. [OE. besme, besum, AS. besma; akin to D. bezem, OHG pesamo, G. besen; of uncertain origin.] A brush of twigs for sweeping; a broom; anything which sweeps away or destroys. [Archaic or Fig.]

> I will sweep it with the besom of destruction.
> Isa. xiv. 23.

> The housemaid with her besom.
> W. Irving.

Be"som, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besomed (&?;).] To sweep, as with a besom. [Archaic or Poetic] Cowper.

> Rolls back all Greece, and besoms wide the plain.
> Barlow.

Be"som*er (&?;), n. One who uses a besom. [Archaic]

Be*sort" (&?;), v. t. To assort or be congruous with; to fit, or become. [Obs.]

> Such men as may besort your age.
> Shak.

Be*sort", n. Befitting associates or attendants. [Obs.]

> With such accommodation and besort
> As levels with her breeding.
> Shak.

Be*sot" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besotted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Besotting.] To make sottish; to make dull or stupid; to stupefy; to infatuate.

> Fools besotted with their crimes.
> Hudibras.

Be*sot"ted, a. Made sottish, senseless, or infatuated; characterized by drunken stupidity, or by infatuation; stupefied. "Besotted devotion." Sir W. Scott. -- Be*sot"ted*ly, adv. -- Be*sot"ted*ness, n. Milton.

Be*sot"ting*ly, adv. In a besotting manner.

Be*sought" (&?;), p. p. of Beseech.

Be*span"gle (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespangled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bespangling (&?;).] To adorn with spangles; to dot or sprinkle with something brilliant or glittering.

> The grass . . . is all bespangled with dewdrops.
> Cowper.

Be*spat"ter (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespattered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bespattering.] 1. To soil by spattering; to sprinkle, esp. with dirty water, mud, or anything which will leave foul spots or stains.

2. To asperse with calumny or reproach.

> Whom never faction could bespatter.
> Swift.

Be*spawl" (&?;), v. t. To daub, soil, or make foul with spawl or spittle. [Obs.] Milton.

Be*speak" (&?;), v. t. [imp. Bespoke (&?;), Bespake (Archaic); p. p. Bespoke, Bespoken (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeaking.] [OE. bispeken, AS. besprecan, to speak to, accuse; pref. be- + sprecan to speak. See Speak.] 1. To speak or arrange for beforehand; to order or engage against a future time; as, to bespeak goods, a right, or a favor.

> Concluding, naturally, that to gratify his avarice was to bespeak his favor.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. To show beforehand; to foretell; to indicate.

> [They] bespoke dangers . . . in order to scare the allies.
> Swift.

3. To betoken; to show; to indicate by external marks or appearances.

> When the abbot of St. Martin was born, he had so little the figure of a man that it bespoke him rather a monster.
> Locke.

4. To speak to; to address. [Poetic]

> He thus the queen bespoke.
> Dryden.

Be*speak", v. i. To speak. [Obs.] Milton.

Be*speak", n. A bespeaking. Among actors, a benefit (when a particular play is bespoken.) "The night of her bespeak." Dickens.

Be*speak"er (&?;), n. One who bespeaks.

Be*spec"kle (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespeckled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bespeckling.] To mark with speckles or spots. Milton.

Be*spew" (&?;), v. t. To soil or daub with spew; to vomit on.

Be*spice" (&?;), v. t. To season with spice, or with some spicy drug. Shak.

Be*spirt" (&?;), v. t. Same as Bespurt.

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Be*spit (b*spt"), v. t. [imp. Bespit; p. p. Bespit, Bespitten (-t'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Bespitting.] To daub or soil with spittle. Johnson.

Be*spoke" (b*spk"), imp. & p. p. of Bespeak.

Be*spot" (b*spt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespotted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bespotting.] To mark with spots, or as with spots.

Be*spread" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bespread; p. pr. & vb. n. Bespreading.] To spread or cover over.

> The carpet which bespread
> His rich pavilion's floor.
> Glover.

Be*sprent" (&?;), p. p. [OE. bespreynt, p. p. of besprengen, bisprengen, to besprinkle, AS. besprengan, akin to D. & G. besprengen; pref. be- + sprengan to sprinkle. See Sprinkle.] Sprinkled over; strewed.

> His face besprent with liquid crystal shines.
> Shenstone.

> The floor with tassels of fir was besprent.
> Longfellow.

Be*sprin"kle (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Besprinkled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Besprinkling (&?;).] To sprinkle over; to scatter over.

> The bed besprinkles, and bedews the ground.
> Dryden.

Be*sprin"kler (&?;), n. One who, or that which, besprinkles.

Be*sprin"kling (&?;), n. The act of sprinkling anything; a sprinkling over.

Be*spurt" (&?;), v. t. To spurt on or over; to asperse. [Obs.] Milton.

Bes"se*mer steel` (&?;). Steel made directly from cast iron, by burning out a portion of the carbon and other impurities that the latter contains, through the agency of a blast of air which is forced through the molten metal; -- so called from Sir Henry Bessemer, an English engineer, the inventor of the process.

Best (bst), a.; superl. of Good. [AS. besta, best, contr. from betest, betst, betsta; akin to Goth. batists, OHG. pezzisto, G. best, beste, D. best, Icel. beztr, Dan. best, Sw. bäst. This word has no connection in origin with good. See Better.] 1. Having good qualities in the highest degree; most good, kind, desirable, suitable, etc.; most excellent; as, the best man; the best road; the best cloth; the best abilities.

> When he is best, he is a little worse than a man.
> Shak.

> Heaven's last, best gift, my ever new delight.
> Milton.

2. Most advanced; most correct or complete; as, the best scholar; the best view of a subject.

3. Most; largest; as, the best part of a week.

Best man, the only or principal groomsman at a wedding ceremony.

Best, n. Utmost; highest endeavor or state; most nearly perfect thing, or being, or action; as, to do one's best; to the best of our ability.

At best, in the utmost degree or extent applicable to the case; under the most favorable circumstances; as, life is at best very short. -- For best, finally. [Obs.] "Those constitutions . . . are now established for best, and not to be mended." Milton. -- To get the best of, to gain an advantage over, whether fairly or unfairly. -- To make the best of. (a) To improve to the utmost; to use or dispose of to the greatest advantage. "Let there be freedom to carry their commodities where they can make the best of them." Bacon. (b) To reduce to the least possible inconvenience; as, to make the best of ill fortune or a bad bargain.

Best, adv.; superl. of Well. 1. In the highest degree; beyond all others. "Thou serpent! That name best befits thee." Milton.

> He prayeth best, who loveth best
> All things both great and small.
> Coleridge.

2. To the most advantage; with the most success, case, profit, benefit, or propriety.

> Had we best retire? I see a storm.
> Milton.

> Had I not best go to her?
> Thackeray.

3. Most intimately; most thoroughly or correctly; as, what is expedient is best known to himself.

Best, v. t. To get the better of. [Colloq.]

Be*stad" (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Bestead. Beset; put in peril. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be*stain" (&?;), v. t. To stain.

Be*star" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestarred (&?;).] To sprinkle with, or as with, stars; to decorate with, or as with, stars; to bestud. "Bestarred with anemones." W. Black.

Be*stead" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestead or Bested, also (Obs.) Bestad. In sense 3 imp. also Besteaded.] [Pref. be- + stead a place.] 1. To put in a certain situation or condition; to circumstance; to place. [Only in p. p.]

> They shall pass through it, hardly bestead and hungry: . . . and curse their king and their God.
> Is. viii. 21.

> Many far worse bestead than ourselves.
> Barrow.

2. To put in peril; to beset. [Only in p. p.] Chaucer.

3. To serve; to assist; to profit; to avail. Milton.

Bes"tial (&?;), a. [F. bestial, L. bestialis, fr. bestia beast. See Beast.] 1. Belonging to a beast, or to the class of beasts.

> Among the bestial herds to range.
> Milton.

2. Having the qualities of a beast; brutal; below the dignity of reason or humanity; irrational; carnal; beastly; sensual. Shak.

Syn. -- Brutish; beastly; brutal; carnal; vile; low; depraved; sensual; filthy.

Bes"tial, n. A domestic animal; also collectively, cattle; as, other kinds of bestial. [Scot.]

Bes*tial"i*ty (&?;), n. [F. bestialité.] 1. The state or quality of being bestial.

2. Unnatural connection with a beast.

Bes"tial*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestialized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bestializing.] To make bestial, or like a beast; to degrade; to brutalize.

> The process of bestializing humanity.
> Hare.

Bes"tial*ly, adv. In a bestial manner.

Be*stick" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestuck (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Besticking.] To stick over, as with sharp points pressed in; to mark by infixing points or spots here and there; to pierce.

> Truth shall retire
> Bestuck with slanderous darts.
> Milton.

Be*still" (&?;), v. t. To make still.

Be*stir" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestirred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bestirring.] To put into brisk or vigorous action; to move with life and vigor; -- usually with the reciprocal pronoun.

> You have so bestirred your valor.
> Shak.

> Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awake.
> Milton.

Be*storm" (&?;), v. i. & t. To storm. Young.

Be*stow" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bestowing.] [OE. bestowen; pref. be- + stow a place. See Stow.] 1. To lay up in store; to deposit for safe keeping; to stow; to place; to put. "He bestowed it in a pouch." Sir W. Scott.

> See that the women are bestowed in safety.
> Byron.

2. To use; to apply; to devote, as time or strength in some occupation.

3. To expend, as money. [Obs.]

4. To give or confer; to impart; -- with on or upon.

> Empire is on us bestowed.
> Cowper.

> Though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor.
> 1 Cor. xiii. 3.

5. To give in marriage.

> I could have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman.
> Tatler.

6. To demean; to conduct; to behave; -- followed by a reflexive pronoun. [Obs.]

> How might we see Falstaff bestow himself to-night in his true colors, and not ourselves be seen ?
> Shak.

Syn. -- To give; grant; present; confer; accord.

Be*stow"al (&?;), n. The act of bestowing; disposal.

Be*stow"er (&?;), n. One that bestows.

Be*stow"ment (&?;), n. 1. The act of giving or bestowing; a conferring or bestowal.

> If we consider this bestowment of gifts in this view.
> Chauncy.

2. That which is given or bestowed.

> They almost refuse to give due praise and credit to God's own bestowments.
> I. Taylor.

Be*strad"dle (&?;), v. t. To bestride.

Be*straught" (&?;), a. [Pref. be- + straught; prob. here used for distraught.] Out of one's senses; distracted; mad. [Obs.] Shak.

Be*streak" (&?;), v. t. To streak.

Be*strew" (&?;), v. t. [imp. Bestrewed (&?;); p. p. Bestrewed, Bestrown (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bestrewing.] To strew or scatter over; to besprinkle. [Spelt also bestrow.] Milton.

Be*stride" (&?;), v. t. [imp. Bestrode (&?;), (Obs. or R.) Bestrid (&?;); p. p. Bestridden (&?;), Bestrid, Bestrode; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestriding.] [AS. bestrdan; pref. be- + strdan to stride.] 1. To stand or sit with anything between the legs, or with the legs astride; to stand over

> That horse that thou so often hast bestrid.
> Shak.

> Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
> Like a Colossus.
> Shak.

2. To step over; to stride over or across; as, to bestride a threshold.

Be*strode" (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Bestride.

Be*strown" (&?;), p. p. of Bestrew.

Be*stuck" (&?;), imp. & p. p. Bestick.

Be*stud" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bestudded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bestudding.] To set or adorn, as with studs or bosses; to set thickly; to stud; as, to bestud with stars. Milton.

Be*swike", v. t. [AS. beswcan; be- + swcan to deceive, entice; akin to OS. swkan, OHG. swhhan, Icel. svkja.] To lure; to cheat. [Obs.] Gower.

Bet (&?;), n. [Prob. from OE. abet abetting, OF. abet, fr. abeter to excite, incite. See Abet.] That which is laid, staked, or pledged, as between two parties, upon the event of a contest or any contingent issue; the act of giving such a pledge; a wager. "Having made his bets." Goldsmith.

Bet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bet, Betted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Betting.] To stake or pledge upon the event of a contingent issue; to wager.

> John a Gaunt loved him well, and betted much money on his head.
> Shak.

> I'll bet you two to one I'll make him do it.
> O. W. Holmes.

Bet, imp. & p. p. of Beat. [Obs.]

Bet, a. & adv. An early form of Better. [Obs.]

To go bet, to go fast; to hurry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be"ta*ine (&?;), n. [From beta, generic name of the beet.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base, C5H11NO2, produced artificially, and also occurring naturally in beet-root molasses and its residues, from which it is extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- called also lycine and oxyneurine. It has a sweetish taste.

Be*take" (&?;), v. t. [imp. Betook (&?;); p. p. Betaken (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Betaking.] [Pref. be- + take.] 1. To take or seize. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To have recourse to; to apply; to resort; to go; -- with a reflexive pronoun.

> They betook themselves to treaty and submission.
> Burke.

> The rest, in imitation, to like arms
> Betook them.
> Milton.

> Whither shall I betake me, where subsist?
> Milton.

3. To commend or intrust to; to commit to. [Obs.]

Be*taught" (&?;), a. [p. p. of OE. bitechen, AS. bet&?;can, to assign, deliver. See Teach.] Delivered; committed in trust. [Obs.]

Bete (&?;), v. t. To better; to mend. See Beete. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be*tee"la (&?;), n. [Pg. beatilha.] An East India muslin, formerly used for cravats, veils, etc. [Obs.]

Be*teem" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. be- + an old verb teem to be fitting; cf. D. betamen to beseem, G. ziemen, Goth. gatiman, and E. tame. See Tame, a.] 1. To give ; to bestow; to grant; to accord; to consent. [Obs.] Spenser. Milton.

2. To allow; to permit; to suffer. [Obs.]

> So loving to my mother,
> That he might not beteem the winds of heaven
> Visit her face too roughly.
> Shak.

Be"tel (b"t'l), n. [Pg., fr. Tamil veilei, prop. meaning, a mere leaf.] (Bot.) A species of pepper (Piper betle), the leaves of which are chewed, with the areca or betel nut and a little shell lime, by the inhabitants of the East Indies. It is a woody climber with ovate many- nerved leaves.

Bet"el*guese (bt"l*jz), n. [F. Bételgeuse, of Arabic origin.] (Astron.) A bright star of the first magnitude, near one shoulder of Orion. [Written also Betelgeux and Betelgeuse.]

Be"tel nut` (&?;). The nutlike seed of the areca palm, chewed in the East with betel leaves (whence its name) and shell lime.

||Bête" noire" (&?;). [Fr., lit. black beast.] Something especially hated or dreaded; a bugbear.

Beth*ab"a*ra wood` (&?;). (Bot.) A highly elastic wood, used for fishing rods, etc. The tree is unknown, but it is thought to be East Indian.

Beth"el (&?;), n. [Heb. b&?;th-el house of God.] 1. A place of worship; a hallowed spot. S. F. Adams.

2. A chapel for dissenters. [Eng.]

3. A house of worship for seamen.

Be*think" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bethought (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bethinking.] [AS. beþencan; pref. be- + þencan to think. See Think.] To call to mind; to recall or bring to recollection, reflection, or consideration; to think; to consider; -- generally followed by a reflexive pronoun, often with of or that before the subject of thought.

> I have bethought me of another fault.
> Shak.

> The rest . . . may . . . bethink themselves, and recover.
> Milton.

> We bethink a means to break it off.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To recollect; remember; reflect.

Be*think", v. i. To think; to recollect; to consider. "Bethink ere thou dismiss us." Byron.

Beth"le*hem (&?;), n. [Heb. bth- lekhem house of food; bth house + lekhem food, lkham to eat. Formerly the name of a hospital for the insane, in London, which had been the priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem. Cf. Bedlam.] 1. A hospital for lunatics; -- corrupted into bedlam.

2. (Arch.) In the Ethiopic church, a small building attached to a church edifice, in which the bread for the eucharist is made. Audsley.

{ Beth"le*hem*ite (&?;), Beth"lem*ite (&?;), } n. 1. An inhabitant of Bethlehem in Judea.

2. An insane person; a madman; a bedlamite.

3. One of an extinct English order of monks.

Be*thought" (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Bethink.

Be*thrall" (&?;), v. t. To reduce to thralldom; to inthrall. [Obs.] Spenser.

Be*thumb" (&?;), v. t. To handle; to wear or soil by handling; as books. Poe.

Be*thump" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bethumped (&?;), or Bethumpt; p. pr. & vb. n. Bethumping.] To beat or thump soundly. Shak.

Be*tide" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betided (&?;), Obs. Betid (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Betiding.] [OE. bitiden; pref. bi-, be- + tiden, fr. AS. tdan, to happen, fr. td time. See Tide.] To happen to; to befall; to come to ; as, woe betide the wanderer.

> What will betide the few ?
> Milton.

Be*tide", v. i. To come to pass; to happen; to occur.

> A salve for any sore that may betide.
> Shak.

Shakespeare has used it with of. "What would betide of me ?"

{ Be*time" (&?;), Be*times" (&?;), } adv. [Pref. be- (for by) + time; that is, by the proper time. The -s is an adverbial ending.] 1. In good season or time; before it is late; seasonably; early.

> To measure life learn thou betimes.
> Milton.

> To rise betimes is often harder than to do all the day's work.
> Barrow.

2. In a short time; soon; speedily; forth with.

> He tires betimes that spurs too fast betimes.
> Shak.

Be*ti"tle (&?;), v. t. To furnish with a title or titles; to entitle. [Obs.] Carlyle.

Be*to"ken (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betokened (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Betokening.] 1. To signify by some visible object; to show by signs or tokens.

> A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow . . .
> Betokening peace from God, and covenant new.
> Milton.

2. To foreshow by present signs; to indicate something future by that which is seen or known; as, a dark cloud often betokens a storm.

Syn. -- To presage; portend; indicate; mark; note.

||Bé`ton" (&?;), n. [F. béton, fr. L. bitumen bitumen.] (Masonry) The French name for concrete; hence, concrete made after the French fashion.

Be*tongue" (&?;), v. t. To attack with the tongue; to abuse; to insult.

Bet"o*ny (&?;), n.; pl. Betonies (&?;). [OE. betony, betany, F. betoine, fr. L. betonica, vettonica.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Betonica (Linn.).

The purple or wood betony (B. officinalis, Linn.) is common in Europe, being formerly used in medicine, and (according to Loudon) in dyeing wool a yellow color.

Be*took" (&?;), imp. of Betake.

Be*torn" (&?;), a. Torn in pieces; tattered.

Be*toss (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betossed (&?;).] To put in violent motion; to agitate; to disturb; to toss. "My betossed soul." Shak.

Be*trap" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrapped (&?;).] 1. To draw into, or catch in, a trap; to insnare; to circumvent. Gower.

2. To put trappings on; to clothe; to deck.

> After them followed two other chariots covered with red satin, and the horses betrapped with the same.
> Stow.

<! p. 141 !>

Be*tray" (b*tr"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrayed (-trd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Betraying.] [OE. betraien, bitraien; pref. be- + OF. traïr to betray, F. trahir, fr. L. tradere. See Traitor.] 1. To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust; to give up treacherously or faithlessly; as, an officer betrayed the city.

> Jesus said unto them, The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men.
> Matt. xvii. 22.

2. To prove faithless or treacherous to, as to a trust or one who trusts; to be false to; to deceive; as, to betray a person or a cause.

> But when I rise, I shall find my legs betraying me.
> Johnson.

3. To violate the confidence of, by disclosing a secret, or that which one is bound in honor not to make known.

> Willing to serve or betray any government for hire.
> Macaulay.

4. To disclose or discover, as something which prudence would conceal; to reveal unintentionally.

> Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue, lest you betray your ignorance.
> T. Watts.

5. To mislead; to expose to inconvenience not foreseen to lead into error or sin.

> Genius . . . often betrays itself into great errors.
> T. Watts.

6. To lead astray, as a maiden; to seduce (as under promise of marriage) and then abandon.

7. To show or to indicate; -- said of what is not obvious at first, or would otherwise be concealed.

> All the names in the country betray great antiquity.
> Bryant.

Be*tray"al (&?;) n. The act or the result of betraying.

Be*tray"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, betrays.

Be*tray"ment (&?;), n. Betrayal. [R.] Udall.

Be*trim" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrimmed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Betrimming.] To set in order; to adorn; to deck, to embellish; to trim. Shak.

Be*troth" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betrothed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Betrothing.] [Pref. be- + troth, i. e., truth. See Truth.] 1. To contract to any one for a marriage; to engage or promise in order to marriage; to affiance; -- used esp. of a woman.

> He, in the first flower of my freshest age,
> Betrothed me unto the only heir.
> Spenser.

> Ay, and we are betrothed.
> Shak.

2. To promise to take (as a future spouse); to plight one's troth to.

> What man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her?
> Deut. xx. 7.

3. To nominate to a bishopric, in order to consecration. Ayliffe.

Be*troth"al (&?;), n. The act of betrothing, or the fact of being betrothed; a mutual promise, engagement, or contract for a future marriage between the persons betrothed; betrothment; affiance. "The feast of betrothal." Longfellow.

Be*troth"ment (&?;), n. The act of betrothing, or the state of being betrothed; betrothal.

Be*trust" (&?;), v. t. To trust or intrust. [Obs.]

Be*trust"ment (&?;), n. The act of intrusting, or the thing intrusted. [Obs.] Chipman.

||Bet"so (&?;), n. [It. bezzo.] A small brass Venetian coin. [Obs.]

Bet"ter (&?;), a.; compar. of Good. [OE. betere, bettre, and as adv. bet, AS. betera, adj., and bet, adv.; akin to Icel. betri, adj., betr, adv., Goth. batiza, adj., OHG. bezziro, adj., baz, adv., G. besser, adj. and adv., bass, adv., E. boot, and prob. to Skr. bhadra excellent. See Boot advantage, and cf. Best, Batful.] 1. Having good qualities in a greater degree than another; as, a better man; a better physician; a better house; a better air.

> Could make the worse appear
> The better reason.
> Milton.

2. Preferable in regard to rank, value, use, fitness, acceptableness, safety, or in any other respect.

> To obey is better than sacrifice.
> 1 Sam. xv. 22.

> It is better to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in princes.
> Ps. cxviii. 9.

3. Greater in amount; larger; more.

4. Improved in health; less affected with disease; as, the patient is better.

5. More advanced; more perfect; as, upon better acquaintance; a better knowledge of the subject.

All the better. See under All, adv. -- Better half, an expression used to designate one's wife.

> My dear, my better half (said he),
> I find I must now leave thee.
> Sir P. Sidney.

-- To be better off, to be in a better condition. -- Had better. (See under Had). The phrase had better, followed by an infinitive without to, is idiomatic. The earliest form of construction was "were better" with a dative; as, "Him were better go beside." (Gower.) i. e., It would be better for him, etc. At length the nominative (I, he, they, etc.) supplanted the dative and had took the place of were. Thus we have the construction now used.

> By all that's holy, he had better starve
> Than but once think this place becomes thee not.
> Shak.

Bet"ter, n. 1. Advantage, superiority, or victory; -- usually with of; as, to get the better of an enemy.

2. One who has a claim to precedence; a superior, as in merit, social standing, etc.; -- usually in the plural.

> Their betters would hardly be found.
> Hooker.

For the better, in the way of improvement; so as to produce improvement. "If I have altered him anywhere for the better." Dryden.

Bet"ter, adv.; compar. of Well. 1. In a superior or more excellent manner; with more skill and wisdom, courage, virtue, advantage, or success; as, Henry writes better than John; veterans fight better than recruits.

> I could have better spared a better man.
> Shak.

2. More correctly or thoroughly.

> The better to understand the extent of our knowledge.
> Locke.

3. In a higher or greater degree; more; as, to love one better than another.

> Never was monarch better feared, and loved.
> Shak.

4. More, in reference to value, distance, time, etc.; as, ten miles and better. [Colloq.]

To think better of (any one), to have a more favorable opinion of any one. -- To think better of (an opinion, resolution, etc.), to reconsider and alter one's decision.

Bet"ter (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bettered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bettering.] [AS. beterian, betrian, fr. betera better. See Better, a.] 1. To improve or ameliorate; to increase the good qualities of.

> Love betters what is best.
> Wordsworth.

> He thought to better his circumstances.
> Thackeray.

2. To improve the condition of, morally, physically, financially, socially, or otherwise.

> The constant effort of every man to better himself.
> Macaulay.

3. To surpass in excellence; to exceed; to excel.

> The works of nature do always aim at that which can not be bettered.
> Hooker.

4. To give advantage to; to support; to advance the interest of. [Obs.]

> Weapons more violent, when next we meet,
> May serve to better us and worse our foes.
> Milton.

Syn. -- To improve; meliorate; ameliorate; mend; amend; correct; emend; reform; advance; promote.

Bet"ter, v. i. To become better; to improve. Carlyle.

Bet"ter, n. One who bets or lays a wager.

Bet"ter*ment (&?;), n. 1. A making better; amendment; improvement. W. Montagu.

2. (Law) An improvement of an estate which renders it better than mere repairing would do; -- generally used in the plural. [U. S.] Bouvier.

Bet"ter*most` (&?;), a. Best. [R.] "The bettermost classes." Brougham.

Bet"ter*ness, n. 1. The quality of being better or superior; superiority. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

2. The difference by which fine gold or silver exceeds in fineness the standard.

||Bet"tong (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small, leaping Australian marsupial of the genus Bettongia; the jerboa kangaroo.

Bet"tor (&?;), n. One who bets; a better. Addison.

Bet"ty (&?;), n. 1. [Supposed to be a cant word, from Betty, for Elizabeth, as such an instrument is also called Bess (i. e., Elizabeth) in the Canting Dictionary of 1725, and Jenny (i. e., Jane).] A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open. [Written also bettee.]

> The powerful betty, or the artful picklock.
> Arbuthnot.

2. [Betty, nickname for Elizabeth.] A name of contempt given to a man who interferes with the duties of women in a household, or who occupies himself with womanish matters.

3. A pear-shaped bottle covered round with straw, in which olive oil is sometimes brought from Italy; -- called by chemists a Florence flask. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Bet"u*lin (&?;), n. [L. betula birch tree.] (Chem.) A substance of a resinous nature, obtained from the outer bark of the common European birch (Betula alba), or from the tar prepared therefrom; -- called also birch camphor. Watts.

Be*tum"ble (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betumbled (&?;).] To throw into disorder; to tumble. [R.]

> From her betumbled couch she starteth.
> Shak.

Be*tu"tor (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Betutored (&?;).] To tutor; to instruct. Coleridge.

Be*tween" (&?;), prep. [OE. bytwene, bitweonen, AS. betweónan, betweónum; prefix be- by + a form fr. AS. tw two, akin to Goth. tweihnai two apiece. See Twain, and cf. Atween, Betwixt.] 1. In the space which separates; betwixt; as, New York is between Boston and Philadelphia.

2. Used in expressing motion from one body or place to another; from one to another of two.

> If things should go so between them.
> Bacon.

3. Belonging in common to two; shared by both.

> Castor and Pollux with only one soul between them.
> Locke.

4. Belonging to, or participated in by, two, and involving reciprocal action or affecting their mutual relation; as, opposition between science and religion.

> An intestine struggle, open or secret, between authority and liberty.
> Hume.

5. With relation to two, as involved in an act or attribute of which another is the agent or subject; as, to judge between or to choose between courses; to distinguish between you and me; to mediate between nations.

6. In intermediate relation to, in respect to time, quantity, or degree; as, between nine and ten o'clock.

Between decks, the space, or in the space, between the decks of a vessel. -- Between ourselves, Between you and me, Between themselves, in confidence; with the understanding that the matter is not to be communicated to others.

Syn. -- Between, Among. Between etymologically indicates only two; as, a quarrel between two men or two nations; to be between two fires, etc. It is however extended to more than two in expressing a certain relation.

> I . . . hope that between public business, improving studies, and domestic pleasures, neither melancholy nor caprice will find any place for entrance.
> Johnson.

Among implies a mass or collection of things or persons, and always supposes more than two; as, the prize money was equally divided among the ship's crew.

Be*tween", n. Intermediate time or space; interval. [Poetic & R.] Shak.

Be*twixt" (&?;), prep. [OE. betwix, bitwix, rarely bitwixt, AS. betweox, betweohs, betweoh, betwh; pref. be- by + a form fr. AS. tw two. See Between.] 1. In the space which separates; between.

> From betwixt two aged oaks.
> Milton.

2. From one to another of; mutually affecting.

> There was some speech of marriage
> Betwixt myself and her.
> Shak.

Betwixt and between, in a midway position; so-so; neither one thing nor the other. [Colloq.]

||Beur*ré" (&?;), n. [F., fr. beurre butter.] (Bot.) A beurré (or buttery) pear, one with the meat soft and melting; -- used with a distinguishing word; as, Beurré d'Anjou; Beurré Clairgeau.

Bev"el (&?;), n. [C. F. biveau, earlier buveau, Sp. baivel; of unknown origin. Cf. Bevile.] 1. Any angle other than a right angle; the angle which one surface makes with another when they are not at right angles; the slant or inclination of such surface; as, to give a bevel to the edge of a table or a stone slab; the bevel of a piece of timber.

2. An instrument consisting of two rules or arms, jointed together at one end, and opening to any angle, for adjusting the surfaces of work to the same or a given inclination; -- called also a bevel square. Gwilt.

Bev"el, a. 1. Having the slant of a bevel; slanting.

2. Hence: Morally distorted; not upright. [Poetic]

> I may be straight, though they themselves be bevel.
> Shak.

A bevel angle, any angle other than one of 90°. -- Bevel wheel, a cogwheel whose working face is oblique to the axis. Knight.

Bev"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Beveled (&?;) or Bevelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Beveling or Bevelling.] To cut to a bevel angle; to slope the edge or surface of.

Bev"el, v. i. To deviate or incline from an angle of 90°, as a surface; to slant.

> Their houses are very ill built, the walls bevel.
> Swift.

{ Bev"eled, Bev"elled } (&?;), a. 1. Formed to a bevel angle; sloping; as, the beveled edge of a table.

2. (Min.) Replaced by two planes inclining equally upon the adjacent planes, as an edge; having its edges replaced by sloping planes, as a cube or other solid.

Bev"el gear` (&?;). (Mech.) A kind of gear in which the two wheels working together lie in different planes, and have their teeth cut at right angles to the surfaces of two cones whose apices coincide with the point where the axes of the wheels would meet.

Bev"el*ment (&?;), n. (Min.) The replacement of an edge by two similar planes, equally inclined to the including faces or adjacent planes.

Be"ver (&?;), n. [OE. bever a drink, drinking time, OF. beivre, boivre, to drink, fr. L. bibere.] A light repast between meals; a lunch. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Be"ver, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bevered (&?;).] To take a light repast between meals. [Obs.]

Bev"er*age (&?;), n. [OF. bevrage, F. breuvage, fr. beivre to drink, fr. L. bibere. Cf. Bib, v. t., Poison, Potable.] 1. Liquid for drinking; drink; -- usually applied to drink artificially prepared and of an agreeable flavor; as, an intoxicating beverage.

> He knew no beverage but the flowing stream.
> Thomson.

2. Specifically, a name applied to various kinds of drink.

3. A treat, or drink money. [Slang]

Bev"ile (&?;), n. [See Bevel.] (Her.) A chief broken or opening like a carpenter's bevel. Encyc. Brit.

{ Bev"iled, Bev"illed } (&?;), a. (Her.) Notched with an angle like that inclosed by a carpenter's bevel; -- said of a partition line of a shield.

Bev"y (&?;), n.; pl. Bevies (&?;). [Perhaps orig. a drinking company, fr. OF. bevée (cf. It. beva) a drink, beverage; then, perh., a company in general, esp. of ladies; and last applied by sportsmen to larks, quails, etc. See Beverage.] 1. A company; an assembly or collection of persons, especially of ladies.

> What a bevy of beaten slaves have we here !
> Beau. & Fl.

2. A flock of birds, especially quails or larks; also, a herd of roes.

Be*wail" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewailed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bewailing.] To express deep sorrow for, as by wailing; to lament; to wail over.

> Hath widowed and unchilded many a one,
> Which to this hour bewail the injury.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To bemoan; grieve. -- See Deplore.

Be*wail", v. i. To express grief; to lament. Shak.

Be*wail"a*ble (&?;), a. Such as may, or ought to, be bewailed; lamentable.

Be*wail"er (&?;), n. One who bewails or laments.

Be*wail"ing, a. Wailing over; lamenting. -- Be*wail"ing*ly, adv.

Be*wail"ment (&?;), n. The act of bewailing.

Be*wake" (&?;), v. t. & i. To keep watch over; to keep awake. [Obs.] Gower.

Be*ware" (&?;), v. i. [Be, imperative of verb to be + ware. See Ware, Wary.] 1. To be on one's guard; to be cautious; to take care; -- commonly followed by of or lest before the thing that is to be avoided.

> Beware of all, but most beware of man !
> Pope.

> Beware the awful avalanche.
> Longfellow.

2. To have a special regard; to heed. [Obs.]

> Behold, I send an Angel before thee. . . . Beware of him, and obey his voice.
> Ex. xxiii. 20, 21.

This word is a compound from be and the Old English ware, now wary, which is an adjective. "Be ye war of false prophetis." Wyclif, Matt. vii. 15. It is used commonly in the imperative and infinitive modes, and with such auxiliaries (shall, should, must, etc.) as go with the infinitive.

<! p. 142 !>

Be*ware" (b*wâr"), v. t. To avoid; to take care of; to have a care for. [Obs.] "Priest, beware your beard." Shak.

> To wish them beware the son.
> Milton.

Be*wash" (&?;), v. t. To drench or souse with water. "Let the maids bewash the men." Herrick.

Be*weep" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewept (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Beweeping.] [AS. bew&?;pan; pref. be- + weep.] To weep over; to deplore; to bedew with tears. "His timeless death beweeping." Drayton.

Be*weep", v. i. To weep. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Be*wet" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewet, Bewetted.] To wet or moisten. Gay.

Be*whore" (&?;), v. t. 1. To corrupt with regard to chastity; to make a whore of. J. Fletcher.

2. To pronounce or characterize as a whore. Shak.

Be*wig" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewigged (&?;).] To cover (the head) with a wig. Hawthorne.

Be*wil"der (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewildered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bewildering.] [Pref. be- + wilder.] To lead into perplexity or confusion, as for want of a plain path; to perplex with mazes; or in general, to perplex or confuse greatly.

> Lost and bewildered in the fruitless search.
> Addison.

Syn. -- To perplex; puzzle; entangle; confuse; confound; mystify; embarrass; lead astray.

Be*wil"dered (&?;), a. Greatly perplexed; as, a bewildered mind.

Be*wil"dered*ness (&?;), n. The state of being bewildered; bewilderment. [R.]

Be*wil"der*ing (&?;), a. Causing bewilderment or great perplexity; as, bewildering difficulties. -- Be*wil"der*ing*ly, adv.

Be*wil"der*ment (&?;), n. 1. The state of being bewildered.

2. A bewildering tangle or confusion.

> He . . . soon lost all traces of it amid bewilderment of tree trunks and underbrush.
> Hawthorne.

Be*win"ter (&?;), v. t. To make wintry. [Obs.]

Bew"it (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. buie bond, chain, fr. L. boja neck collar, fetter. Cf. Buoy.] A double slip of leather by which bells are fastened to a hawk's legs.

Be*witch" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewitched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bewitching.] 1. To gain an ascendency over by charms or incantations; to affect (esp. to injure) by witchcraft or sorcery.

> See how I am bewitched; behold, mine arm
> Is like a blasted sapling withered up.
> Shak.

2. To charm; to fascinate; to please to such a degree as to take away the power of resistance; to enchant.

> The charms of poetry our souls bewitch.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- To enchant; captivate; charm; entrance.

Be*witch"ed*ness (&?;), n. The state of being bewitched. Gauden.

Be*witch"er (&?;), n. One who bewitches.

Be*witch"er*y (&?;), n. The power of bewitching or fascinating; bewitchment; charm; fascination.

> There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words.
> South.

Be*witch"ing, a. Having power to bewitch or fascinate; enchanting; captivating; charming. -- Be*witch"ing*ly, adv. -- Be*witch"ing*ness, n.

Be*witch"ment (&?;), n. 1. The act of bewitching, or the state of being bewitched. Tylor.

2. The power of bewitching or charming. Shak.

Be*won"der (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewondered (&?;).] 1. To fill with wonder. [Obs.]

2. To wonder at; to admire. [Obs.]

Be*wrap" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrapped (&?;).] To wrap up; to cover. Fairfax.

Be*wray" (b*r"), v. t. To soil. See Beray.

Be*wray", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bewrayed (-rd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Bewraying.] [OE. bewraien, biwreyen; pref. be- + AS. wrgan to accuse, betray; akin to OS. wrgian, OHG. ruogn, G. rügen, Icel. rægja, Goth. wrhjan to accuse.] To expose; to reveal; to disclose; to betray. [Obs. or Archaic]

> The murder being once done, he is in less fear, and in more hope that the deed shall not be bewrayed or known.
> Robynson (More's Utopia. )

> Thy speech bewrayeth thee.
> Matt. xxvi. 73.

Be*wray"er (-r), n. One who, or that which, bewrays; a revealer. [Obs. or Archaic] Addison.

Be*wray"ment (-ment), n. Betrayal. [R.]

Be*wreck" (&?;), v. t. To wreck. [Obs.]

Be*wreke" (&?;), v. t. [Pref. be- + wreak.] To wreak; to avenge. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Be*wrought" (&?;), a. [Pref. be- + wrought, p. p. of work, v. t. ] Embroidered. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bey (b), n. [See Beg a bey.] A governor of a province or district in the Turkish dominions; also, in some places, a prince or nobleman; a beg; as, the bey of Tunis.

Bey"lic (&?;), n. [Turk.] The territory ruled by a bey.

Be*yond" (&?;), prep. [OE. biyonde, bieonde, AS. begeondan, prep. and adv.; pref. be- + geond yond, yonder. See Yon, Yonder.] 1. On the further side of; in the same direction as, and further on or away than.

> Beyond that flaming hill.
> G. Fletcher.

2. At a place or time not yet reached; before.

> A thing beyond us, even before our death.
> Pope.

3. Past, out of the reach or sphere of; further than; greater than; as, the patient was beyond medical aid; beyond one's strength.

4. In a degree or amount exceeding or surpassing; proceeding to a greater degree than; above, as in dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind. "Beyond expectation." Barrow.

> Beyond any of the great men of my country.
> Sir P. Sidney.

Beyond sea. (Law) See under Sea. -- To go beyond, to exceed in ingenuity, in research, or in anything else; hence, in a bed sense, to deceive or circumvent.

> That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any matter.
> 1 Thess. iv. 6.

Be*yond" (&?;), adv. Further away; at a distance; yonder.

> Lo, where beyond he lyeth languishing.
> Spenser.

Be*zant" (&?;), n. [See Byzant.] 1. A gold coin of Byzantium or Constantinople, varying in weight and value, usually (those current in England) between a sovereign and a half sovereign. There were also white or silver bezants. [Written also besant, byzant, etc.]

2. (Her.) A circle in or, i. e., gold, representing the gold coin called bezant. Burke.

3. A decoration of a flat surface, as of a band or belt, representing circular disks lapping one upon another.

Bez`-ant"ler (&?;), n. [L. bis twice (OF. bes) + E. antler.] The second branch of a stag's horn.

Bez"el (bz"l), n. [From an old form of F. biseau sloping edge, prob. fr. L. bis double. See Bi-.] The rim which encompasses and fastens a jewel or other object, as the crystal of a watch, in the cavity in which it is set.

Bé*zique" (b*zk"), n. [F. bésigue.] A game at cards in which various combinations of cards in the hand, when declared, score points.

Be"zoar (&?;), n. [F. bézoard, fr. Ar. bzahr, bdizahr, fr. Per. pd- zahr bezoar; pd protecting + zahr poison; cf. Pg. & Sp. bezoar.] A calculous concretion found in the intestines of certain ruminant animals (as the wild goat, the gazelle, and the Peruvian llama) formerly regarded as an unfailing antidote for poison, and a certain remedy for eruptive, pestilential, or putrid diseases. Hence: Any antidote or panacea.

Two kinds were particularly esteemed, the Bezoar orientale of India, and the Bezoar occidentale of Peru.

Bezoar antelope. See Antelope. -- Bezoar goat (Zoöl.), the wild goat (Capra ægagrus). -- Bezoar mineral, an old preparation of oxide of antimony. Ure.

Bez`o*ar"dic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. bézoardique, bézoartique.] Pertaining to, or compounded with, bezoar. -- n. A medicine containing bezoar.

{ Bez`o*ar"tic (&?;), Bez`o*ar"tic*al (&?;), } a. [See Bezoardic.] Having the qualities of an antidote, or of bezoar; healing. [Obs.]

Be*zo"ni*an (&?;), n. [Cf. F. besoin need, want, It bisogno.] A low fellow or scoundrel; a beggar.

> Great men oft die by vile bezonians.
> Shak.

Bez"zle (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bezzled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bezzling (&?;).] [OF. besillier, besiler, to maltreat, pillage; or shortened fr. embezzle. Cf. Embezzle.] To plunder; to waste in riot. [Obs.]

Bez"zle, v. i. To drink to excess; to revel. [Obs.]

Bhang (&?;), n. [Per. bang; cf. Skr. bhang hemp.] An astringent and narcotic drug made from the dried leaves and seed capsules of wild hemp (Cannabis Indica), and chewed or smoked in the East as a means of intoxication. See Hasheesh.

||Bhun"der (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An Indian monkey (Macacus Rhesus), protected by the Hindoos as sacred. See Rhesus.

Bi- (&?;). [L. bis twice, which in composition drops the -s, akin to E. two. See Bis-, Two, and cf. Di-, Dis-.]

1. In most branches of science bi- in composition denotes two, twice, or doubly; as, bidentate, two- toothed; biternate, doubly ternate, etc.

2. (Chem.) In the composition of chemical names bi- denotes two atoms, parts, or equivalents of that constituent to the name of which it is prefixed, to one of the other component, or that such constituent is present in double the ordinary proportion; as, bichromate, bisulphide. Be- and di- are often used interchangeably.

Bi*ac"id (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + acid.] (Chem.) Having two hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by negative atoms or radicals to form salts; -- said of bases. See Diacid.

Bi`a*cu"mi*nate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + acuminate.] (Bot.) Having points in two directions.

Bi*an"gu*lar (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + angular.] Having two angles or corners.

{ Bi*an"gu*late (&?;), Bi*an"gu*la`ted (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + angulate, angulated.] Biangular.

Bi*an"gu*lous (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + angulous.] Biangular. [R.]

Bi*an`ther*if"er*ous (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + antherigerous.] (Bot.) Having two anthers.

Bi`ar*tic"u*late (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + articulate.] (Zoöl.) Having, or consisting of, tow joints.

Bi"as (b"as), n.; pl. Biases (-z). [F. biasis, perh. fr. LL. bifax two-faced; L. bis + facies face. See Bi-, and cf. Face.] 1. A weight on the side of the ball used in the game of bowls, or a tendency imparted to the ball, which turns it from a straight line.

> Being ignorant that there is a concealed bias within the spheroid, which will . . . swerve away.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. A leaning of the mind; propensity or prepossession toward an object or view, not leaving the mind indifferent; bent; inclination.

> Strong love is a bias upon the thoughts.
> South.

> Morality influences men's lives, and gives a bias to all their actions.
> Locke.

3. A wedge-shaped piece of cloth taken out of a garment (as the waist of a dress) to diminish its circumference.

4. A slant; a diagonal; as, to cut cloth on the bias.

Syn. -- Prepossession; prejudice; partiality; inclination. See Bent.

Bi"as, a. 1. Inclined to one side; swelled on one side. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Cut slanting or diagonally, as cloth.

Bi"as, adv. In a slanting manner; crosswise; obliquely; diagonally; as, to cut cloth bias.

Bi"as, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Biased (b"ast); p. pr. & vb. n. Biasing.] To incline to one side; to give a particular direction to; to influence; to prejudice; to prepossess.

> Me it had not biased in the one direction, nor should it have biased any just critic in the counter direction.
> De Quincey.

Bi`au*ric"u*late (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + auriculate.] 1. (Anat.) Having two auricles, as the heart of mammals, birds, and reptiles.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having two earlike projections at its base, as a leaf.

{ Bi*ax"al (&?;), Bi*ax"i*al (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + axal, axial.] (Opt.) Having two axes; as, biaxial polarization. Brewster. -- Bi*ax"i*al*ly, adv.

Bib (&?;), n. [From Bib, v., because the bib receives the drink that the child slavers from the mouth.] 1. A small piece of cloth worn by children over the breast, to protect the clothes.

2. (Zoöl.) An arctic fish (Gadus luscus), allied to the cod; -- called also pout and whiting pout.

3. A bibcock.

{ Bib, Bibbe } (&?;), v. t. [L. bibere. See Beverage, and cf. Imbibe.] To drink; to tipple. [Obs.]

> This miller hath . . . bibbed ale.
> Chaucer.

Bib, v. i. To drink; to sip; to tipple.

> He was constantly bibbing.
> Locke.

Bi*ba"cious (&?;), a. [L. bibax, bibacis, fr. bibere. See Bib.] Addicted to drinking.

Bi*bac"i*ty (&?;), n. The practice or habit of drinking too much; tippling. Blount.

Bi*ba"sic (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + basic.] (Chem.) Having to hydrogen atoms which can be replaced by positive or basic atoms or radicals to form salts; -- said of acids. See Dibasic.

Bibb (bb), n. A bibcock. See Bib, n., 3.

Bib"ber (&?;), n. One given to drinking alcoholic beverages too freely; a tippler; -- chiefly used in composition; as, winebibber.

Bib"ble-bab"ble (&?;), n. [A reduplication of babble.] Idle talk; babble. Shak.

Bibbs (bbz), n. pl. (Naut.) Pieces of timber bolted to certain parts of a mast to support the trestletrees.

Bib"cock` (bb"kk), n. A cock or faucet having a bent down nozzle. Knight.

Bi*bi"rine (&?;), n. (Chem.) See Bebeerine.

Bib"i*to*ry (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to drinking or tippling.

Bi"ble (b"b'l), n. [F. bible, L. biblia, pl., fr. Gr. bibli`a, pl. of bibli`on, dim. of bi`blos, by`blos, book, prop. Egyptian papyrus.] 1. A book. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. The Book by way of eminence, -- that is, the book which is made up of the writings accepted by Christians as of divine origin and authority, whether such writings be in the original language, or translated; the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments; -- sometimes in a restricted sense, the Old Testament; as, King James's Bible; Douay Bible; Luther's Bible. Also, the book which is made up of writings similarly accepted by the Jews; as, a rabbinical Bible.

3. A book containing the sacred writings belonging to any religion; as, the Koran is often called the Mohammedan Bible.

Bible Society, an association for securing the multiplication and wide distribution of the Bible. -- Douay Bible. See Douay Bible. -- Geneva Bible. See under Geneva.

Bib"ler (bb"lr), n. [See Bib, v. t.] A great drinker; a tippler. [Written also bibbler and bibbeler.]

Bib"li*cal (bb"l*kal), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the Bible; as, biblical learning; biblical authority.

Bib`li*cal"i*ty (-kl"*t), n. The quality of being biblical; a biblical subject. [R.]

Bib"li*cal*ly (&?;), adv. According to the Bible.

Bib"li*cism (&?;), n. [Cf. F. biblicisme.] Learning or literature relating to the Bible. [R.]

Bib"li*cist (&?;), n. One skilled in the knowledge of the Bible; a demonstrator of religious truth by the Scriptures.

Bib"li*o*graph` (&?;), n. Bibliographer.

Bib`li*og"ra*pher (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; book + &?; to write : cf. F. bibliographe.] One who writes, or is versed in, bibliography.

{ Bib`li*o*graph"ic (&?;), Bib`li*o*graph"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. bibliographique.] Pertaining to bibliography, or the history of books. -- Bib`li*o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Bib`li*og"ra*phy (&?;) n.; pl. Bibliographies (&?;). [Gr. &?;: cf. F. bibliographie.] A history or description of books and manuscripts, with notices of the different editions, the times when they were printed, etc.

{ Bib`li*ol"a*ter (&?;), Bib`li*ol"a*trist (&?;), } n. [See. Bibliolatry.] A worshiper of books; especially, a worshiper of the Bible; a believer in its verbal inspiration. De Quincey.

Bib`li*ol"a*try (-tr), n. [Gr. bibli`on book + latrei`a service, worship, latrey`ein to serve.] Book worship, esp. of the Bible; -- applied by Roman Catholic divines to the exaltation of the authority of the Bible over that of the pope or the church, and by Protestants to an excessive regard to the letter of the Scriptures. Coleridge. F. W. Newman.

Bib`li*o*log"ic*al (&?;), a. Relating to bibliology.

Bib`li*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; book + -logy.]

1. An account of books; book lore; bibliography.

2. The literature or doctrine of the Bible.

Bib"li*o*man`cy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; book + -mancy: cf. F. bibliomancie.] A kind of divination, performed by selecting passages of Scripture at hazard, and drawing from them indications concerning future events.

Bib`li*o*ma"ni*a (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; book + &?; madness: cf. F. bibliomanie.] A mania for acquiring books.

Bib`li*o*ma"ni*ac (&?;), n. One who has a mania for books. -- a. Relating to a bibliomaniac.

Bib`li*o*ma*ni"ac*al (&?;), a. Pertaining to a passion for books; relating to a bibliomaniac.

Bib`li*o*peg"ic (-pj"k), a. [Gr. bibli`on book + phgny`naito make fast.] Relating to the binding of books. [R.]

<! p. 143 !>

Bib`li*op"e*gist (bb`l*p"*jst), n. A bookbinder.

Bib`li*op`e*gis"tic (-p`*js"tk), a. Pertaining to the art of binding books. [R.] Dibdin.

Bib`li*op"e*gy (&?;), n. [See Bibliopegic.] The art of binding books. [R.]

Bib"li*o*phile (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; book + &?; to love: cf. F. bibliophile.] A lover of books.

Bib`li*oph"i*lism (&?;), n. Love of books.

Bib`li*oph"i*list (&?;), n. A lover of books.

Bib`li*o*pho"bi*a (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; book + &?; to fear.] A dread of books. [R.]

Bib"li*o*pole (&?;), n. [L. bibliopola, Gr. &?;; &?; book + &?; to sell: cf. F. bibliopole.] One who sells books.

{ Bib`li*o*pol"ic (&?;), Bib`li*op"o*lar } (&?;), a. [See Bibliopole.] Of or pertaining to the sale of books. "Bibliopolic difficulties." Carlyle.

Bib`li*op"o*lism (&?;), n. The trade or business of selling books.

Bib`li*op"o*list (&?;), n. Same as Bibliopole.

Bib`li*op`o*lis"tic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to bibliopolism. Dibdin.

{ Bib"li*o*taph (&?;), Bib`li*ot"a*phist (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?; book + &?; a burial.] One who hides away books, as in a tomb. [R.] Crabb.

Bib"li*o*thec (&?;), n. A librarian.

||Bib`li*o*the"ca (&?;), n. [L. See Bibliotheke.] A library.

Bib`li*o*the"cal (&?;), a. [L. bibliothecalis. See Bibliotheke.] Belonging to a library. Byrom.

Bib`li*oth"e*ca*ry (&?;), n. [L. bibliothecarius: cf. F. bibliothécaire.] A librarian. [Obs.] Evelin.

Bib"li*o*theke (&?;), n. [L. bibliotheca, Gr. &?;; &?; book + &?; a case, box, fr. &?; to place: cf. F. bibliothèque.] A library. [Obs.] Bale.

Bib"list (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bibliste. See Bible.] 1. One who makes the Bible the sole rule of faith.

2. A biblical scholar; a biblicist. I. Taylor.

Bi*brac"te*ate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + bracteate.] (Bot.) Furnished with, or having, two bracts.

Bib"u*lous (&?;), a. [L. bibulus, fr. bibere to drink. See Bib, v. t. ] 1. Readily imbibing fluids or moisture; spongy; as, bibulous blotting paper.

2. Inclined to drink; addicted to tippling.

Bib"u*lous*ly, adv. In a bibulous manner; with profuse imbibition or absorption. De Quincey.

Bi*cal"ca*rate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + calcarate.] Having two spurs, as the wing or leg of a bird.

{ Bi*cal"lose (&?;), Bi*cal"lous (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + callose, callous.] (Bot.) Having two callosities or hard spots. Gray.

Bi*cam"er*al (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + camera.] Consisting of, or including, two chambers, or legislative branches. Bentham.

Bi*cap"su*lar (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + capsular: cf. F. bicapsulaire.] (Bot.) Having two capsules; as, a bicapsular pericarp.

Bi*car"bon*ate (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + carbonate.] (Chem.) A carbonate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal carbonates; an acid carbonate; -- sometimes called supercarbonate.

{Bi*car"bu*ret`ed or -ret`ted } (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + carbureted.] (Chem.) Containing two atoms or equivalents of carbon in the molecule. [Obs. or R.]

Bi*car"i*nate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + carinate.] (Biol.) Having two keel-like projections, as the upper palea of grasses.

Bi*cau"dal (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + caudal.] Having, or terminating in, two tails.

Bi*cau"date (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + caudate.] Two-tailed; bicaudal.

Bic"ched (&?;), a. [Of unknown origin.] Pecked; pitted; notched. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bicched bones, pecked, or notched, bones; dice.

{ Bice, Bise } (&?;), n. [F. bis, akin to It. bigio light gray, tawny.] (Paint.) A pale blue pigment, prepared from the native blue carbonate of copper, or from smalt; -- called also blue bice.

Green bice is prepared from the blue, by adding yellow orpiment, or by grinding down the green carbonate of copper. Cooley. Brande & C.

Bi*cen"te*na*ry (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + centenary.] Of or pertaining to two hundred, esp. to two hundred years; as, a bicentenary celebration. -- n. The two hundredth anniversary, or its celebration.

Bi`cen*ten"ni*al, a. [Pref. bi- + centennial.] 1. Consisting of two hundred years.

2. Occurring every two hundred years.

Bi`cen*ten"ni*al, n. The two hundredth year or anniversary, or its celebration.

Bi*ceph"a*lous (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + cephalous: cf. F. bicéphale.] Having two heads.

||Bi"ceps (&?;), n. [L., two-headed; bis twice + caput head. See Capital.] (Anat.) A muscle having two heads or origins; -- applied particularly to a flexor in the arm, and to another in the thigh.

||Bi*chir" (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A remarkable ganoid fish (Polypterus bichir) found in the Nile and other African rivers. See Brachioganoidei.

Bi*chlo"ride (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + chloride.] (Chem.) A compound consisting of two atoms of chlorine with one or more atoms of another element; -- called also dichloride.

Bichloride of mercury, mercuric chloride; -- sometimes called corrosive sublimate.

||Bi"cho (&?;), n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) See Jigger.

Bi*chro"mate (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + chromate.] (Chem.) A salt containing two parts of chromic acid to one of the other ingredients; as, potassium bichromate; -- called also dichromate.

Bi*chro"ma*tize (&?;), v. t. To combine or treat with a bichromate, esp. with bichromate of potassium; as, bichromatized gelatine.

Bi*cip"i*tal (&?;), a. [L. biceps, bicipitis: cf. F. bicipital. See Biceps.] 1. (Anat.) (a) Having two heads or origins, as a muscle. (b) Pertaining to a biceps muscle; as, bicipital furrows, the depressions on either side of the biceps of the arm.

2. (Bot.) Dividing into two parts at one extremity; having two heads or two supports; as, a bicipital tree.

Bi*cip"i*tous (&?;), a. Having two heads; bicipital. "Bicipitous serpents." Sir T. Browne.

Bick"er, n. [See Beaker.] A small wooden vessel made of staves and hoops, like a tub. [Prov. Eng.]

Bick"er (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bickered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bickering.] [OE. bikeren, perh. fr. Celtic; cf. W. bicra to fight, bicker, bicre conflict, skirmish; perh. akin to E. beak.] 1. To skirmish; to exchange blows; to fight. [Obs.]

> Two eagles had a conflict, and bickered together.
> Holland.

2. To contend in petulant altercation; to wrangle.

> Petty things about which men cark and bicker.
> Barrow.

3. To move quickly and unsteadily, or with a pattering noise; to quiver; to be tremulous, like flame.

> They [streamlets] bickered through the sunny shade.
> Thomson.

Bick"er, n. 1. A skirmish; an encounter. [Obs.]

2. A fight with stones between two parties of boys. [Scot.] Jamieson.

3. A wrangle; also, a noise,, as in angry contention.

Bick"er*er (&?;), n. One who bickers.

Bick"er*ing, n. 1. A skirmishing. "Frays and bickerings." Milton.

2. Altercation; wrangling.

Bick"er*ment (&?;), n. Contention. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bick"ern (&?;), n. [F. bigorne. See Bicorn.] An anvil ending in a beak or point (orig. in two beaks); also, the beak or horn itself.

Bi*col"li*gate (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + colligatus, p. p. See Colligate, v. t. ] (Zoöl.) Having the anterior toes connected by a basal web.

{ Bi"col`or (&?;), Bi"col`ored (&?;), } a. [L. bicolor; bis twice + color color.] Of two colors.

Bi*con"cave (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + concave.] Concave on both sides; as, biconcave vertebræ.

Bi*con"ju*gate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + conjugate, a.] (Bot.) Twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice. Gray.

Bi*con"vex (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + convex.] Convex on both sides; as, a biconvex lens.

{ Bi"corn (&?;), Bi"corned (&?;), Bi*cor"nous (&?;), } a. [L. bicornis; bis twice + cornu horn: cf. F. bicorne. Cf. Bickern.] Having two horns; two-horned; crescentlike.

Bi*cor"po*ral (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + corporal.] Having two bodies.

Bi*cor"po*rate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + corporate.] (Her.) Double-bodied, as a lion having one head and two bodies.

Bi*cos"tate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + costate.] (Bot.) Having two principal ribs running longitudinally, as a leaf.

Bi*cre"nate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + crenate.] (Bot.) Twice crenated, as in the case of leaves whose crenatures are themselves crenate.

Bi`cres*cen"tic (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + crescent.] Having the form of a double crescent.

Bi*cru"ral (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + crural.] Having two legs. Hooker.

{ Bi*cus"pid (&?;), Bi*cus"pid*ate (&?;), } a. [See pref. Bi-, and Cuspidate.] Having two points or prominences; ending in two points; -- said of teeth, leaves, fruit, etc.

Bi*cus"pid, n. (Anat.) One of the two double-pointed teeth which intervene between the canines (cuspids) and the molars, on each side of each jaw. See Tooth, n.

Bi*cy"a*nide (&?;), n. See Dicyanide.

Bi"cy*cle (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + cycle.] A light vehicle having two wheels one behind the other. It has a saddle seat and is propelled by the rider's feet acting on cranks or levers.

Bi"cy*cler (&?;), n. One who rides a bicycle.

Bi*cyc"lic (&?;), a. Relating to bicycles.

Bi"cy*cling (&?;), n. The use of a bicycle; the act or practice of riding a bicycle.

Bi"cy*clism (&?;), n. The art of riding a bicycle.

Bi"cy*clist (&?;), n. A bicycler.

Bi*cyc"u*lar (&?;), a. Relating to bicycling.

Bid (bd), v. t. [imp. Bade (bd), Bid, (Obs.) Bad; p. p. Bidden (&?;), Bid; p. pr. & vb. n. Bidding.] [OE. bidden, prop to ask, beg, AS. biddan; akin to OS. biddian, Icel. biðja, OHG. bittan, G. bitten, to pray, ask, request, and E. bead, also perh. to Gr. teiqein to persuade, L. fidere to trust, E. faith, and bide. But this word was early confused with OE. beden, beoden, AS. beódan, to offer, command; akin to Icel. bjða, Goth. biudan (in comp.), OHG. biotan to command, bid, G. bieten, D. bieden, to offer, also to Gr. pynqa`nesqai to learn by inquiry, Skr. budh to be awake, to heed, present OSlav. budti to be awake, E. bode, v. The word now has the form of OE. bidden to ask, but the meaning of OE. beden to command, except in "to bid beads." √30.]

1. To make an offer of; to propose. Specifically : To offer to pay ( a certain price, as for a thing put up at auction), or to take (a certain price, as for work to be done under a contract).

2. To offer in words; to declare, as a wish, a greeting, a threat, or defiance, etc.; as, to bid one welcome; to bid good morning, farewell, etc.

> Neither bid him God speed.
> 2. John 10.

> He bids defiance to the gaping crowd.
> Granrille.

3. To proclaim; to declare publicly; to make known. [Mostly obs.] "Our banns thrice bid !" Gay.

4. To order; to direct; to enjoin; to command.

> That Power who bids the ocean ebb and flow.
> Pope

> Lord, if it be thou, bid me come unto thee.
> Matt. xiv. 28

> I was bid to pick up shells.
> D. Jerrold.

5. To invite; to call in; to request to come.

> As many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage.
> Matt. xxii. 9

To bid beads, to pray with beads, as the Roman Catholics; to distinguish each bead by a prayer. [Obs.] -- To bid defiance to , to defy openly; to brave. -- To bid fair, to offer a good prospect; to make fair promise; to seem likely.

Syn. -- To offer; proffer; tender; propose; order; command; direct; charge; enjoin.

Bid (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Bid.

Bid, n. An offer of a price, especially at auctions; a statement of a sum which one will give for something to be received, or will take for something to be done or furnished; that which is offered.

Bid, v. i. [See Bid, v. t.] 1. To pray. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To make a bid; to state what one will pay or take.

Bid"ale` (&?;), n. [Bid + ale.] An invitation of friends to drink ale at some poor man's house, and there to contribute in charity for his relief. [Prov. Eng.]

Bid"da*ble (&?;), a. Obedient; docile. [Scot.]

Bid"den (&?;), p. p. of Bid.

Bid"der (&?;), n. [AS. biddere. ] One who bids or offers a price. Burke.

Bid"der*y ware` (&?;). [From Beder or Bidar a town in India.] A kind of metallic ware made in India. The material is a composition of zinc, tin, and lead, in which ornaments of gold and silver are inlaid or damascened. [Spelt also bidry, bidree, bedery, beder.]

Bid"ding, n. 1. Command; order; a proclamation or notifying. "Do thou thy master's bidding." Shak.

2. The act or process of making bids; an offer; a proposal of a price, as at an auction.

Bid"ding prayer` (&?;). 1. (R. C. Ch.) The prayer for the souls of benefactors, said before the sermon.

2. (Angl. Ch.) The prayer before the sermon, with petitions for various specified classes of persons.

Bid"dy (&?;), n. [Etymology uncertain.] A name used in calling a hen or chicken. Shak.

Bid"dy, n. [A familiar form of Bridget.] An Irish serving woman or girl. [Colloq.]

Bide (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bided; p. pr. & vb. n. Biding.] [OE. biden, AS. bdan; akin to OHG. btan, Goth. beidan, Icel. b&?;&?;; perh. orig., to wait with trust, and akin to bid. See Bid, v. t., and cf. Abide.] 1. To dwell; to inhabit; to abide; to stay.

> All knees to thee shall bow of them that bide
> In heaven or earth, or under earth, in hell.
> Milton.

2. To remain; to continue or be permanent in a place or state; to continue to be. Shak.

Bide, v. t. 1. To encounter; to remain firm under (a hardship); to endure; to suffer; to undergo.

> Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are,
> That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm.
> Shak.

2. To wait for; as, I bide my time. See Abide.

Bi"dent (&?;), n. [L. bidens, - entis, having two prongs; bis twice + dens a tooth.] An instrument or weapon with two prongs.

Bi*den"tal (&?;), a. Having two teeth. Swift.

Bi*den"tate (&?;), a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having two teeth or two toothlike processes; two- toothed.

Bi*det" (&?;), n. [F. bidet, perh. fr. Celtic; cr. Gael. bideach very little, diminutive, bidein a diminutive animal, W. bidan a weakly or sorry wretch.]

1. A small horse formerly allowed to each trooper or dragoon for carrying his baggage. B. Jonson.

2. A kind of bath tub for sitting baths; a sitz bath.

Bi*dig"i*tate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + digitate.] Having two fingers or fingerlike projections.

Bid"ing (&?;), n. Residence; habitation. Rowe.

Bield (&?;), n. A shelter. Same as Beild. [Scot.]

Bield, v. t. To shelter. [Scot.]

Bi*en"ni*al (&?;), a. [L. biennalis and biennis, fr. biennium a space of two years; bis twice + annus year. Cf. Annual.] 1. Happening, or taking place, once in two years; as, a biennial election.

2. (Bot.) Continuing for two years, and then perishing, as plants which form roots and leaves the first year, and produce fruit the second.

Bi*en"ni*al, n. 1. Something which takes place or appears once in two years; esp. a biennial examination.

2. (Bot.) A plant which exists or lasts for two years.

Bi*en"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in two years.

Bier (&?;), n. [OE. bæe, beere, AS. b&?;r, b&?;re; akin to D. baar, OHG. bra, G. bahre, Icel barar, D&?; baare, L. feretrum, Gr. &?;, from the same &?;&?; bear to produce. See 1st Bear, and cf. Barrow.] 1. A handbarrow or portable frame on which a corpse is placed or borne to the grave.

2. (Weaving) A count of forty threads in the warp or chain of woolen cloth. Knight.

<! p. 144 !>

Bier"balk` (br"bk`), n. [See Bier, and Balk, n.] A church road (e. g., a path across fields) for funerals. [Obs.] Homilies.

{ Biest"ings, Beest"ings } (&?;), n. pl. [OE. bestynge, AS. bsting, fr. bst, beost; akin to D. biest, OHG. biost, G. biest; of unknown origin.] The first milk given by a cow after calving. B. Jonson.

> The thick and curdy milk . . . commonly called biestings.
> Newton. (1574).

Bi*fa"cial (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + facial.] Having the opposite surfaces alike.

Bi*fa"ri*ous (&?;), a. [L. bifarius; bis twice + fari to speak. Cf. Gr. &?; twofold; &?; twice + &?; to say.] 1. Twofold; arranged in two rows.

2. (Bot.) Pointing two ways, as leaves that grow only on opposite sides of a branch; in two vertical rows.

Bi*fa"ri*ous*ly, adv. In a bifarious manner.

Bif"er*ous (&?;), a. [L. bifer; bis twice + ferre to bear.] Bearing fruit twice a year.

Bif"fin (&?;), n. [Cf. Beaufin.] 1. A sort of apple peculiar to Norfolk, Eng. [Sometimes called beaufin; but properly beefin (it is said), from its resemblance to raw beef.] Wright.

2. A baked apple pressed down into a flat, round cake; a dried apple. Dickens.

Bi"fid (&?;), a. [L. bifidus; bis twice + root of findere to cleave or split: cf. F. bifide.] Cleft to the middle or slightly beyond the middle; opening with a cleft; divided by a linear sinus, with straight margins.

Bif"i*date (&?;), a. [L. bifidatus.] See Bifid.

Bi*fi"lar (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + filar.] Two-threaded; involving the use of two threads; as, bifilar suspension; a bifilar balance.

Bifilar micrometer (often called a bifilar), an instrument form measuring minute distances or angles by means of two very minute threads (usually spider lines), one of which, at least, is movable; -- more commonly called a filar micrometer.

Bi`fla*bel"late (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + flabellate.] (Zoöl.) Flabellate on both sides.

Bi`fla*gel"late (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + flagellate.] Having two long, narrow, whiplike appendages.

{ Bi*flo"rate (&?;), Bi*flo"rous (&?;), } a. [L. bis twice + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Bearing two flowers; two-flowered.

Bi"fold (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + fold.] Twofold; double; of two kinds, degrees, etc. Shak.

Bi*fo"li*ate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + foliate.] (Bot.) Having two leaves; two- leaved.

Bi*fo"li*o*late (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + foliolate.] (Bot.) Having two leaflets, as some compound leaves.

Bif"o*rate (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + foratus, p. p. of forare to bore or pierce.] (Bot.) Having two perforations.

Bif"o*rine (&?;), n. [L. biforis, biforus, having two doors; bis twice + foris door.] (Bot.) An oval sac or cell, found in the leaves of certain plants of the order Araceæ. It has an opening at each end through which raphides, generated inside, are discharged.

Bi"forked (&?;), a. Bifurcate.

Bi"form (&?;), a. [L. biformis; bis twice + forma shape: cf. F. biforme.] Having two forms, bodies, or shapes. Croxall.

Bi"formed (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + form.] Having two forms. Johnson.

Bi*form"i*ty (&?;), n. A double form.

Bi*forn" (&?;), prep. & adv. Before. [Obs.]

Bif"o*rous (&?;), a. [L. biforis having two doors; bis twice, two + foris door.] See Biforate.

Bi*front"ed (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + front.] Having two fronts. "Bifronted Janus." Massinger.

{ Bi*fur"cate (&?;), Bi*fur"ca*ted (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + furcate.] Two-pronged; forked.

Bi*fur"cate (&?;), v. i. To divide into two branches.

Bi`fur*ca"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bifurcation.] A forking, or division into two branches.

Bi*fur"cous (&?;), a. [L. bifurcus; bis twice + furca fork.] See Bifurcate, a. [R.] Coles.

Big (&?;), a. [Compar. Bigger; superl. Biggest.] [Perh. from Celtic; cf. W. beichiog, beichiawg, pregnant, with child, fr. baich burden, Arm. beac'h; or cf. OE. bygly, Icel. biggiligr, (properly) habitable; (then) magnigicent, excellent, fr. OE. biggen, Icel. byggja, to dwell, build, akin to E. be.] 1. Having largeness of size; of much bulk or magnitude; of great size; large. "He's too big to go in there." Shak.

2. Great with young; pregnant; swelling; ready to give birth or produce; -- often figuratively.

> [Day] big with the fate of Cato and of Rome.
> Addison.

3. Having greatness, fullness, importance, inflation, distention, etc., whether in a good or a bad sense; as, a big heart; a big voice; big looks; to look big. As applied to looks, it indicates haughtiness or pride.

> God hath not in heaven a bigger argument.
> Jer. Taylor.

Big is often used in self-explaining compounds; as, big-boned; big-sounding; big-named; big- voiced.

To talk big, to talk loudly, arrogantly, or pretentiously.

> I talked big to them at first.
> De Foe.

Syn. -- Bulky; large; great; massive; gross.

{ Big, Bigg }, n. [OE. bif, bigge; akin to Icel. bygg, Dan. byg, Sw. bjugg.] (Bot.) Barley, especially the hardy four-rowed kind.

> "Bear interchanges in local use, now with barley, now with bigg."
> New English Dict.

{ Big, Bigg }, v. t. [OE. biggen, fr. Icel. byggja to inhabit, to build, b&?;a (neut.) to dwell (active) to make ready. See Boor, and Bound.] To build. [Scot. & North of Eng. Dial.] Sir W. Scott.

||Bi"ga (&?;), n. [L.] (Antiq.) A two-horse chariot.

Big"am (&?;), n. [L. bigamus twice married: cf. F. bigame. See Bigamy.] A bigamist. [Obs.]

Big"a*mist (&?;), n. [Cf. Digamist.] One who is guilty of bigamy. Ayliffe.

Big"a*mous (&?;), a. Guilty of bigamy; involving bigamy; as, a bigamous marriage.

Big"a*my (&?;), n. [OE. bigamie, fr. L. bigamus twice married; bis twice + Gr. &?; marriage; prob. akin to Skt. jmis related, and L. gemini twins, the root meaning to bind, join: cf. F. bigamie. Cf. Digamy.] (Law) The offense of marrying one person when already legally married to another. Wharton.

It is not strictly correct to call this offense bigamy: it more properly denominated polygamy, i. e., having a plurality of wives or husbands at once, and in several statutes in the United States the offense is classed under the head of polygamy.

In the canon law bigamy was the marrying of two virgins successively, or one after the death of the other, or once marrying a widow. This disqualified a man for orders, and for holding ecclesiastical offices. Shakespeare uses the word in the latter sense. Blackstone. Bouvier.

> Base declension and loathed bigamy.
> Shak.

{ Big`ar*reau" (&?;), Big`a*roon" (&?;), } n. [F. bigarreau, fr. bigarré variegated.] (Bot.) The large white-heart cherry.

Big"-bel`lied (&?;), a. Having a great belly; as, a big-bellied man or flagon; advanced in pregnancy.

Bi*gem"i*nate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + geminate.] (Bot.) Having a forked petiole, and a pair of leaflets at the end of each division; biconjugate; twice paired; -- said of a decompound leaf.

Bi*gen"tial (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + L. gens, gentis, tribe.] (Zoöl.) Including two tribes or races of men.

Big"eye` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Priacanthus, remarkable for the large size of the eye.

Bigg (&?;), n. & v. See Big, n. & v.

Big"gen (&?;), v. t. & i. To make or become big; to enlarge. [Obs. or Dial.] Steele.

Big"ger (&?;), a., compar. of Big.

Big"gest (&?;), a., superl. of Big.

Big"gin (&?;), n. [F. béguin, prob. from the cap worn by the Béguines. Cf. Beguine, Biggon.] A child's cap; a hood, or something worn on the head.

> An old woman's biggin for a nightcap.
> Massinger.

Big"gin, n. A coffeepot with a strainer or perforated metallic vessel for holding the ground coffee, through which boiling water is poured; -- so called from Mr. Biggin, the inventor.

{ Big"gin, Big"ging, } n. [OE. bigging. See Big, Bigg, v. t.] A building. [Obs.]

{ Big"gon (&?;), Big"gon*net (&?;), } n. [F. béguin and OF. beguinet, dim of béguin. See Biggin a cap.] A cap or hood with pieces covering the ears.

||Big"ha (&?;), n. A measure of land in India, varying from a third of an acre to an acre.

Big"horn` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis or Caprovis montana).

Bight (bt), n. [OE. bit a bending; cf. Sw. & Dan. bugt bend, bay; fr. AS. byht, fr. bgan. √88. Cf. Bout, Bought a bend, and see Bow, v.] 1. A corner, bend, or angle; a hollow; as, the bight of a horse's knee; the bight of an elbow.

2. (Geog.) A bend in a coast forming an open bay; as, the Bight of Benin.

3. (Naut.) The double part of a rope when folded, in distinction from the ends; that is, a round, bend, or coil not including the ends; a loop.

Bi*glan"du*lar (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + glandular.] Having two glands, as a plant.

Big"ly (&?;), adv. [From Big, a.] In a tumid, swelling, blustering manner; haughtily; violently.

> He brawleth bigly.
> Robynson (More's Utopia. )

Big"ness, n. The state or quality of being big; largeness; size; bulk.

Big*no"ni*a (&?;), n. [Named from the Abbé Bignon.] (Bot.) A large genus of American, mostly tropical, climbing shrubs, having compound leaves and showy somewhat tubular flowers. B. capreolata is the cross vine of the Southern United States. The trumpet creeper was formerly considered to be of this genus.

Big*no`ni*a"ceous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Of pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the trumpet flower is an example.

Big"ot (&?;), n. [F. bigot a bigot or hypocrite, a name once given to the Normans in France. Of unknown origin; possibly akin to Sp. bigote a whisker; hombre de bigote a man of spirit and vigor; cf. It. s-bigottire to terrify, to appall. Wedgwood and others maintain that bigot is from the same source as Beguine, Beghard.]

1. A hypocrite; esp., a superstitious hypocrite. [Obs.]

2. A person who regards his own faith and views in matters of religion as unquestionably right, and any belief or opinion opposed to or differing from them as unreasonable or wicked. In an extended sense, a person who is intolerant of opinions which conflict with his own, as in politics or morals; one obstinately and blindly devoted to his own church, party, belief, or opinion.

> To doubt, where bigots had been content to wonder and believe.
> Macaulay.

Big"ot, a. Bigoted. [Obs.]

> In a country more bigot than ours.
> Dryden.

Big"ot*ed, a. Obstinately and blindly attached to some creed, opinion practice, or ritual; unreasonably devoted to a system or party, and illiberal toward the opinions of others. "Bigoted to strife." Byron.

Syn. -- Prejudiced; intolerant; narrow-minded.

Big"ot*ed*ly, adv. In the manner of a bigot.

Big"ot*ry (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bigoterie.] 1. The state of mind of a bigot; obstinate and unreasoning attachment of one's own belief and opinions, with narrow-minded intolerance of beliefs opposed to them.

2. The practice or tenets of a bigot.

Big"wig` (&?;), n. [Big, a. + wig.] A person of consequence; as, the bigwigs of society. [Jocose]

> In our youth we have heard him spoken of by the bigwigs with extreme condescension.
> Dickens.

Big"-wigged` (&?;), a. characterized by pomposity of manner. [Eng.]

Bi`hy*drog"u*ret (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + hydroguret.] (Chem.) A compound of two atoms of hydrogen with some other substance. [Obs.]

||Bi*jou" (&?;), n.; pl. Bijoux (&?;). [F.; of uncertain origin.] A trinket; a jewel; -- a word applied to anything small and of elegant workmanship.

Bi*jou"try (&?;), n. [F. bijouterie. See Bijou.] Small articles of virtu, as jewelry, trinkets, etc.

Bij"u*gate (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + jugatus, p. p. of jugare to join.] (Bot.) Having two pairs, as of leaflets.

Bij"u*gous (&?;), a. [L. bijugus yoked two together; bis twice + jugum yoke, pair.] (Bot.) Bijugate.

Bike (&?;), n. [Ethymol. unknown.] A nest of wild bees, wasps, or ants; a swarm. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

||Bikh (&?;), n. [Hind., fr. Skr. visha poison.] (Bot.) The East Indian name of a virulent poison extracted from Aconitum ferox or other species of aconite: also, the plant itself.

Bi*la"bi*ate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + labiate.] (Bot.) Having two lips, as the corols of certain flowers.

Bi`la*cin"i*ate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + laciniate.] Doubly fringed.

||Bi*la"lo (&?;), n. A two-masted passenger boat or small vessel, used in the bay of Manila.

{ Bi*lam"el*late (&?;), Bi*lam"el*la`ted (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + lamellate.] (Bot.) Formed of two plates, as the stigma of the Mimulus; also, having two elevated ridges, as in the lip of certain flowers.

{ Bi*lam"i*nar (&?;), Bi*lam"i*nate (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + laminar, laminate.] Formed of, or having, two laminæ, or thin plates.

Bi"land (&?;), n. A byland. [Obs.] Holland.

Bil"an*der (&?;), n. [D. bijlander; bij by + land land, country.] (Naut.) A small two-masted merchant vessel, fitted only for coasting, or for use in canals, as in Holland.

> Why choose we, then, like bilanders to creep
> Along the coast, and land in view to keep?
> Dryden.

Bi*lat"er*al (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + lateral: cf. F. bilatéral.] 1. Having two sides; arranged upon two sides; affecting two sides or two parties.

2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to the two sides of a central area or organ, or of a central axis; as, bilateral symmetry in animals, where there is a similarity of parts on the right and left sides of the body.

Bi*lat`er*al"i*ty (&?;), n. State of being bilateral.

Bil"ber*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Bilberries (&?;). [Cf. Dan. böllebær bilberry, where bölle is perh. akin to E. ball.] 1. (Bot.) The European whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus); also, its edible bluish black fruit.

> There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry.
> Shak.

2. (Bot.) Any similar plant or its fruit; esp., in America, the species Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. cæspitosum and V. uliginosum.

Bil"bo (&?;), n.; pl. Bilboes (&?;). 1. A rapier; a sword; so named from Bilbao, in Spain. Shak.

2. pl. A long bar or bolt of iron with sliding shackles, and a lock at the end, to confine the feet of prisoners or offenders, esp. on board of ships.

> Methought I lay
> Worse than the mutines in the bilboes.
> Shak.

||Bil"bo*quet (&?;), n. [F.] The toy called cup and ball.

Bil"cock (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The European water rail.

||Bild"stein (&?;), n. [G., fr. bild image, likeness + stein stone.] Same as Agalmatolite.

Bile (&?;), n. [L. bilis: cf. F. bile.] 1. (Physiol.) A yellow, or greenish, viscid fluid, usually alkaline in reaction, secreted by the liver. It passes into the intestines, where it aids in the digestive process. Its characteristic constituents are the bile salts, and coloring matters.

2. Bitterness of feeling; choler; anger; ill humor; as, to stir one's bile. Prescott.

The ancients considered the bile to be the "humor" which caused irascibility.

Bile, n. [OE. byle, bule, bele, AS. b&?;le, b&?;l; skin to D. buil, G. beule, and Goth. ufbauljan to puff up. Cf. Boil a tumor, Bulge.] A boil. [Obs. or Archaic]

Bi*lec"tion (&?;), n. (Arch.) That portion of a group of moldings which projects beyond the general surface of a panel; a bolection.

Bile"stone` (&?;), n. [Bile + stone.] A gallstone, or biliary calculus. See Biliary. E. Darwin.

Bilge (&?;), n. [A different orthography of bulge, of same origin as belly. Cf. Belly, Bulge.] 1. The protuberant part of a cask, which is usually in the middle.

2. (Naut.) That part of a ship's hull or bottom which is broadest and most nearly flat, and on which she would rest if aground.

3. Bilge water.

Bilge free (Naut.), stowed in such a way that the bilge is clear of everything; -- said of a cask. -- Bilge pump, a pump to draw the bilge water from the gold of a ship. -- Bilge water (Naut.), water which collects in the bilge or bottom of a ship or other vessel. It is often allowed to remain till it becomes very offensive. -- Bilge ways, the timbers which support the cradle of a ship upon the ways, and which slide upon the launching ways in launching the vessel.

<! p. 145 !>

Bilge (blj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bilged (bljd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bilging.] 1. (Naut.) To suffer a fracture in the bilge; to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge.

2. To bulge.

Bilge, v. t. 1. (Naut.) To fracture the bilge of, or stave in the bottom of (a ship or other vessel).

2. To cause to bulge.

Bil"gy (&?;), a. Having the smell of bilge water.

Bil"ia*ry (bl"y*r; 106), a. [L. bilis bile: cf. F. biliaire.] (Physiol.) Relating or belonging to bile; conveying bile; as, biliary acids; biliary ducts.

Biliary calculus (Med.), a gallstone, or a concretion formed in the gall bladder or its duct.

Bil`i*a"tion (&?;), n. (Physiol.) The production and excretion of bile.

Bi*lif"er*ous (&?;), a. Generating bile.

Bil`i*fus"cin (&?;), n. [L. bilis bile + fuscus dark.] (Physiol.) A brownish green pigment found in human gallstones and in old bile. It is a derivative of bilirubin.

{ ||Bi*lim"bi (&?;), ||Bi*lim"bing (&?;), } n. [Malay.] The berries of two East Indian species of Averrhoa, of the Oxalideæ or Sorrel family. They are very acid, and highly esteemed when preserved or pickled. The juice is used as a remedy for skin diseases. [Written also blimbi and blimbing.]

Bil"i*ment (&?;), n. A woman's ornament; habiliment. [Obs.]

Bi"lin (&?;), n. [Cf. F. biline, from L. bilis bile.] (Physiol. Chem.) A name applied to the amorphous or crystalline mass obtained from bile by the action of alcohol and ether. It is composed of a mixture of the sodium salts of the bile acids.

Bi*lin"e*ar (&?;), a. (Math.) Of, pertaining to, or included by, two lines; as, bilinear coördinates.

Bi*lin"gual (&?;), a. [L. bilinguis; bis twice + lingua tongue, language.] Containing, or consisting of, two languages; expressed in two languages; as, a bilingual inscription; a bilingual dictionary. -- Bi*lin"gual*ly, adv.

Bi*lin"gual*ism (&?;), n. Quality of being bilingual.

> The bilingualism of King's English.
> Earle.

Bi*lin"guar (&?;), a. See Bilingual.

Bi*lin"guist (&?;), n. One versed in two languages.

Bi*lin"guous (&?;), a. [L. bilinguis.] Having two tongues, or speaking two languages. [Obs.]

Bil"ious (bl"ys), a. [L. biliosus, fr. bilis bile.] 1. Of or pertaining to the bile.

2. Disordered in respect to the bile; troubled with an excess of bile; as, a bilious patient; dependent on, or characterized by, an excess of bile; as, bilious symptoms.

3. Choleric; passionate; ill tempered. "A bilious old nabob." Macaulay.

Bilious temperament. See Temperament.

Bil"ious*ness, n. The state of being bilious.

Bil`i*pra"sin (&?;), n. [L. bilis bile + prasinus green.] (Physiol.) A dark green pigment found in small quantity in human gallstones.

Bil`i*ru"bin (&?;), n. [L. bilis biel + ruber red.] (Physiol.) A reddish yellow pigment present in human bile, and in that from carnivorous and herbivorous animals; the normal biliary pigment.

Bi*lit"er*al (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + littera letter.] Consisting of two letters; as, a biliteral root of a Sanskrit verb. Sir W. Jones. -- n. A word, syllable, or root, consisting of two letters.

Bi*lit"er*al*ism (&?;), n. The property or state of being biliteral.

Bil`i*ver"din (&?;), n. [L. bilis bile + viridis green. Cf. Verdure.] (Physiol.) A green pigment present in the bile, formed from bilirubin by oxidation.

Bilk (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bilked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bilking.] [Origin unknown. Cf. Balk.] To frustrate or disappoint; to deceive or defraud, by nonfulfillment of engagement; to leave in the lurch; to give the slip to; as, to bilk a creditor. Thackeray.

Bilk, n. 1. A thwarting an adversary in cribbage by spoiling his score; a balk.

2. A cheat; a trick; a hoax. Hudibras.

3. Nonsense; vain words. B. Jonson.

4. A person who tricks a creditor; an untrustworthy, tricky person. Marryat.

Bill (&?;), n. [OE. bile, bille, AS. bile beak of a bird, proboscis; cf. Ir. & Gael. bil, bile, mouth, lip, bird's bill. Cf. Bill a weapon.] A beak, as of a bird, or sometimes of a turtle or other animal. Milton.

Bill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Billed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Billing.] 1. To strike; to peck. [Obs.]

2. To join bills, as doves; to caress in fondness. "As pigeons bill." Shak.

To bill and coo, to interchange caresses; -- said of doves; also of demonstrative lovers. Thackeray.

Bill, n. The bell, or boom, of the bittern

> The bittern's hollow bill was heard.
> Wordsworth.

Bill, n. [OE. bil, AS. bill, bil; akin to OS. bil sword, OHG. bill pickax, G. bille. Cf. Bill bea&?;.] 1. A cutting instrument, with hook-shaped point, and fitted with a handle; -- used in pruning, etc.; a billhook. When short, called a hand bill, when long, a hedge bill.

2. A weapon of infantry, in the 14th and 15th centuries. A common form of bill consisted of a broad, heavy, double-edged, hook-shaped blade, having a short pike at the back and another at the top, and attached to the end of a long staff.

> France had no infantry that dared to face the English bows end bills.
> Macaulay.

3. One who wields a bill; a billman. Strype.

4. A pickax, or mattock. [Obs.]

5. (Naut.) The extremity of the arm of an anchor; the point of or beyond the fluke.

Bill (&?;), v. t. To work upon ( as to dig, hoe, hack, or chop anything) with a bill.

Bill, n. [OE. bill, bille, fr. LL. billa (or OF. bille), for L. bulla anything rounded, LL., seal, stamp, letter, edict, roll; cf. F. bille a ball, prob. fr. Ger.; cf. MHG. bickel, D. bikkel, dice. Cf. Bull papal edict, Billet a paper.]

1. (Law) A declaration made in writing, stating some wrong the complainant has suffered from the defendant, or a fault committed by some person against a law.

2. A writing binding the signer or signers to pay a certain sum at a future day or on demand, with or without interest, as may be stated in the document. [Eng.]

In the United States, it is usually called a note, a note of hand, or a promissory note.

3. A form or draft of a law, presented to a legislature for enactment; a proposed or projected law.

4. A paper, written or printed, and posted up or given away, to advertise something, as a lecture, a play, or the sale of goods; a placard; a poster; a handbill.

> She put up the bill in her parlor window.
> Dickens.

5. An account of goods sold, services rendered, or work done, with the price or charge; a statement of a creditor's claim, in gross or by items; as, a grocer's bill.

6. Any paper, containing a statement of particulars; as, a bill of charges or expenditures; a weekly bill of mortality; a bill of fare, etc.

Bill of adventure. See under Adventure. -- Bill of costs, a statement of the items which form the total amount of the costs of a party to a suit or action. -- Bill of credit. (a) Within the constitution of the United States, a paper issued by a State, on the mere faith and credit of the State, and designed to circulate as money. No State shall "emit bills of credit." U. S. Const. Peters. Wharton. Bouvier (b) Among merchants, a letter sent by an agent or other person to a merchant, desiring him to give credit to the bearer for goods or money. -- Bill of divorce, in the Jewish law, a writing given by the husband to the wife, by which the marriage relation was dissolved. Jer. iii. 8. -- Bill of entry, a written account of goods entered at the customhouse, whether imported or intended for exportation. -- Bill of exceptions. See under Exception. -- Bill of exchange (Com.), a written order or request from one person or house to another, desiring the latter to pay to some person designated a certain sum of money therein generally is, and, to be negotiable, must be, made payable to order or to bearer. So also the order generally expresses a specified time of payment, and that it is drawn for value. The person who draws the bill is called the drawer, the person on whom it is drawn is, before acceptance, called the drawee, -- after acceptance, the acceptor; the person to whom the money is directed to be paid is called the payee. The person making the order may himself be the payee. The bill itself is frequently called a draft. See Exchange. Chitty. -- Bill of fare, a written or printed enumeration of the dishes served at a public table, or of the dishes (with prices annexed) which may be ordered at a restaurant, etc. -- Bill of health, a certificate from the proper authorities as to the state of health of a ship's company at the time of her leaving port. -- Bill of indictment, a written accusation lawfully presented to a grand jury. If the jury consider the evidence sufficient to support the accusation, they indorse it "A true bill," otherwise they write upon it "Not a true bill," or "Not found," or "Ignoramus", or "Ignored." -- Bill of lading, a written account of goods shipped by any person, signed by the agent of the owner of the vessel, or by its master, acknowledging the receipt of the goods, and promising to deliver them safe at the place directed, dangers of the sea excepted. It is usual for the master to sign two, three, or four copies of the bill; one of which he keeps in possession, one is kept by the shipper, and one is sent to the consignee of the goods. -- Bill of mortality, an official statement of the number of deaths in a place or district within a given time; also, a district required to be covered by such statement; as, a place within the bills of mortality of London. -- Bill of pains and penalties, a special act of a legislature which inflicts a punishment less than death upon persons supposed to be guilty of treason or felony, without any conviction in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings. Bouvier. Wharton. -- Bill of parcels, an account given by the seller to the buyer of the several articles purchased, with the price of each. -- Bill of particulars (Law), a detailed statement of the items of a plaintiff's demand in an action, or of the defendant's set-off. - - Bill of rights, a summary of rights and privileges claimed by a people. Such was the declaration presented by the Lords and Commons of England to the Prince and Princess of Orange in 1688, and enacted in Parliament after they became king and queen. In America, a bill or declaration of rights is prefixed to most of the constitutions of the several States. -- Bill of sale, a formal instrument for the conveyance or transfer of goods and chattels. -- Bill of sight, a form of entry at the customhouse, by which goods, respecting which the importer is not possessed of full information, may be provisionally landed for examination. -- Bill of store, a license granted at the customhouse to merchants, to carry such stores and provisions as are necessary for a voyage, custom free. Wharton. -- Bills payable (pl.), the outstanding unpaid notes or acceptances made and issued by an individual or firm. -- Bills receivable (pl.), the unpaid promissory notes or acceptances held by an individual or firm. McElrath. -- A true bill, a bill of indictment sanctioned by a grand jury.

Bill, v. t. 1. To advertise by a bill or public notice.

2. To charge or enter in a bill; as, to bill goods.

Bil"lage (&?;), n. ∧ v. t. & i. Same as Bilge.

Bil"lard (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An English fish, allied to the cod; the coalfish. [Written also billet and billit.]

{Bill`bee"tle (&?;), or Bill"bug` } (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A weevil or curculio of various species, as the corn weevil. See Curculio.

Bill"board` (&?;), n. 1. (Naut.) A piece of thick plank, armed with iron plates, and fixed on the bow or fore channels of a vessel, for the bill or fluke of the anchor to rest on. Totten.

2. A flat surface, as of a panel or of a fence, on which bills are posted; a bulletin board.

Bill" book` (&?;). (Com.) A book in which a person keeps an account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange, etc., thus showing all that he issues and receives.

Bill" bro`ker (&?;). One who negotiates the discount of bills.

Billed (&?;), a. Furnished with, or having, a bill, as a bird; -- used in composition; as, broad- billed.

Bil"let (&?;), n. [F. billet, dim. of an OF. bille bill. See Bill a writing.] 1. A small paper; a note; a short letter. "I got your melancholy billet." Sterne.

2. A ticket from a public officer directing soldiers at what house to lodge; as, a billet of residence.

Bil"let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Billeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Billeting.] [From Billet a ticket.] (Mil.) To direct, by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence: To quarter, or place in lodgings, as soldiers in private houses.

> Billeted in so antiquated a mansion.
> W. Irving.

Bil"let, n. [F. billette, bille, log; of unknown origin; a different word from bille ball. Cf. Billiards, Billot.] 1. A small stick of wood, as for firewood.

> They shall beat out my brains with billets.
> Shak.

2. (Metal.) A short bar of metal, as of gold or iron.

3. (Arch.) An ornament in Norman work, resembling a billet of wood either square or round.

4. (Saddlery) (a) A strap which enters a buckle. (b) A loop which receives the end of a buckled strap. Knight.

5. (Her.) A bearing in the form of an oblong rectangle.

||Bil`let-doux" (bl`l*d"), n.; pl. Billets-doux (bl`l*dz"). [F. billet note + doux sweet, L. dulcis.] A love letter or note.

> A lover chanting out a billet-doux.
> Spectator.

Bil"let*head` (bl"lt*hd), n. (Naut.) A round piece of timber at the bow or stern of a whaleboat, around which the harpoon line is run out when the whale darts off.

Bill"fish` (-fsh`), n. (Zoöl.) A name applied to several distinct fishes: (a) The garfish (Tylosurus, or Belone, longirostris) and allied species. (b) The saury, a slender fish of the Atlantic coast (Scomberesox saurus). (c) The Tetrapturus albidus, a large oceanic species related to the swordfish; the spearfish. (d) The American fresh-water garpike (Lepidosteus osseus).

Bill"head` (-hd`), n. A printed form, used by merchants in making out bills or rendering accounts.

Bill" hold`er (bl" hl`dr). 1. A person who holds a bill or acceptance.

2. A device by means of which bills, etc., are held.

Bill"hook` (&?;), n. [Bill + hook.] A thick, heavy knife with a hooked point, used in pruning hedges, etc. When it has a short handle, it is sometimes called a hand bill; when the handle is long, a hedge bill or scimiter.

Bil"liard (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the game of billiards. "Smooth as is a billiard ball." B. Jonson.

Bil"liards (&?;), n. [F. billiard billiards, OF. billart staff, cue form playing, fr. bille log. See Billet a stick.] A game played with ivory balls o a cloth-covered, rectangular table, bounded by elastic cushions. The player seeks to impel his ball with his cue so that it shall either strike (carom upon) two other balls, or drive another ball into one of the pockets with which the table sometimes is furnished.

Bill"ing (&?;), a. & n. Caressing; kissing.

Bil"lings*gate` (&?;), n. 1. A market near the Billings gate in London, celebrated for fish and foul language.

2. Coarsely abusive, foul, or profane language; vituperation; ribaldry.

Bil"lion (&?;), n. [F. billion, arbitrarily formed fr. L. bis twice, in imitation of million a million. See Million.] According to the French and American method of numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000; according to the English method, a million millions, or 1,000,000,000,000. See Numeration.

Bill"man (&?;), n.; pl. Billmen (&?;). One who uses, or is armed with, a bill or hooked ax. "A billman of the guard." Savile.

||Bil`lon" (&?;), n. [F. Cf. Billet a stick.] An alloy of gold and silver with a large proportion of copper or other base metal, used in coinage.

Bil"lot (&?;), n. [F. billot, dim. of bille. See Billet a stick.] Bullion in the bar or mass.

Bil"low (&?;), n. [Cf. Icel. bylgja billow, Dan. bölge, Sw. bölja; akin to MHG. bulge billow, bag, and to E. bulge. See Bulge.] 1. A great wave or surge of the sea or other water, caused usually by violent wind.

> Whom the winds waft where'er the billows roll.
> Cowper.

2. A great wave or flood of anything. Milton.

Bil"low, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Billowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Billowing.] To surge; to rise and roll in waves or surges; to undulate. "The billowing snow." Prior.

Bil"low*y (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to billows; swelling or swollen into large waves; full of billows or surges; resembling billows.

> And whitening down the many-tinctured stream,
> Descends the billowy foam.
> Thomson.

{ Bill"post`er (&?;), Bill"stick"er (&?;), } n. One whose occupation is to post handbills or posters in public places.

Bil"ly (&?;), n. 1. A club; esp., a policeman's club.

2. (Wool Manuf.) A slubbing or roving machine.

Bil"ly*boy` (&?;), n. A flat-bottomed river barge or coasting vessel. [Eng.]

Bil"ly goat` (&?;). A male goat. [Colloq.]

<! p. 146 !>

Bi*lo"bate (b*l"bt or b"l*bt), a. [Pref. bi- + lobate.] Divided into two lobes or segments.

Bi"lobed (b"lbd), a. [Pref. bi- + lobe.] Bilobate.

Bi`lo*ca"tion (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + location.] Double location; the state or power of being in two places at the same instant; -- a miraculous power attributed to some of the saints. Tylor.

Bi*loc"u*lar (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + locular: cf. F. biloculaire.] Divided into two cells or compartments; as, a bilocular pericarp. Gray.

Bil"sted (&?;), n. (Bot.) See Sweet gum.

||Bil"tong (&?;), n. [S. African.] Lean meat cut into strips and sun-dried. H. R. Haggard.

Bi*mac"u*late (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + maculate, a.] Having, or marked with, two spots.

||Bim"a*na (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Bimanous.] (Zoöl.) Animals having two hands; -- a term applied by Cuvier to man as a special order of Mammalia.

Bim"a*nous (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + manus hand.] (Zoöl.) Having two hands; two- handed.

Bi*mar"gin*ate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + marginate.] Having a double margin, as certain shells.

Bi*mas"tism (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + Gr. &?; breast.] (Anat.) The condition of having two mammæ or teats.

Bi*me"di*al (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + medial.] (Geom.) Applied to a line which is the sum of two lines commensurable only in power (as the side and diagonal of a square).

Bi*mem"bral (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + membrum member.] (Gram.) Having two members; as, a bimembral sentence. J. W. Gibbs.

Bi*men"sal (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + mensal.] See Bimonthly, a. [Obs. or R.]

Bi*mes"tri*al (&?;), a. [L. bimestris; bis twice + mensis month.] Continuing two months. [R.]

Bi`me*tal"lic (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + metallic: cf. F. bimétallique.] Of or relating to, or using, a double metallic standard (as gold and silver) for a system of coins or currency.

Bi*met"al*lism (&?;), n. [F. bimétalisme.] The legalized use of two metals (as gold and silver) in the currency of a country, at a fixed relative value; -- in opposition to monometallism.

The words bimétallisme and monométallisme are due to M. Cernuschi [1869]. Littré.

Bi*met"al*list (&?;), n. An advocate of bimetallism.

Bi*month"ly (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + monthly.] Occurring, done, or coming, once in two months; as, bimonthly visits; bimonthly publications. -- n. A bimonthly publication.

Bi*month"ly, adv. Once in two months.

Bi*mus"cu*lar (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + muscular.] (Zoöl.) Having two adductor muscles, as a bivalve mollusk.

Bin (&?;), n. [OE. binne, AS. binn manager, crib; perh. akin to D. ben, benne, basket, and to L. benna a kind of carriage ( a Gallic word), W. benn, men, wain, cart.] A box, frame, crib, or inclosed place, used as a receptacle for any commodity; as, a corn bin; a wine bin; a coal bin.

Bin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Binned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Binning.] To put into a bin; as, to bin wine.

Bin. An old form of Be and Been. [Obs.]

Bin-. A euphonic form of the prefix Bi-.

Bi"nal (&?;), a. [See Binary.] Twofold; double. [R.] "Binal revenge, all this." Ford.

Bin`ar*se"ni*ate (&?;), n. [Pref. bin- + arseniate.] (Chem.) A salt having two equivalents of arsenic acid to one of the base. Graham.

Bi"na*ry (&?;), a. [L. binarius, fr. bini two by two, two at a time, fr. root of bis twice; akin to E. two: cf. F. binaire.] Compounded or consisting of two things or parts; characterized by two (things).

Binary arithmetic, that in which numbers are expressed according to the binary scale, or in which two figures only, 0 and 1, are used, in lieu of ten; the cipher multiplying everything by two, as in common arithmetic by ten. Thus, 1 is one; 10 is two; 11 is three; 100 is four, etc. Davies & Peck. -- Binary compound (Chem.), a compound of two elements, or of an element and a compound performing the function of an element, or of two compounds performing the function of elements. -- Binary logarithms, a system of logarithms devised by Euler for facilitating musical calculations, in which 1 is the logarithm of 2, instead of 10, as in the common logarithms, and the modulus 1.442695 instead of .43429448. -- Binary measure (Mus.), measure divisible by two or four; common time. -- Binary nomenclature (Nat. Hist.), nomenclature in which the names designate both genus and species. -- Binary scale (Arith.), a uniform scale of notation whose ratio is two. -- Binary star (Astron.), a double star whose members have a revolution round their common center of gravity. -- Binary theory (Chem.), the theory that all chemical compounds consist of two constituents of opposite and unlike qualities.

Bi"na*ry, n. That which is constituted of two figures, things, or parts; two; duality. Fotherby.

Bi"nate (&?;), a. [L. bini two and two.] (Bot.) Double; growing in pairs or couples. Gray.

Bin*au"ral (&?;), a. [Pref. bin- + aural.] Of or pertaining to, or used by, both ears.

Bind (&?;), v. t. [imp. Bound (&?;); p. p. Bound, formerly Bounden (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Binding.] [AS. bindan, perfect tense band, bundon, p. p. bunden; akin to D. & G. binden, Dan. binde, Sw. & Icel. binda, Goth. bindan, Skr. bandh (for bhandh) to bind, cf. Gr. &?; (for &?;) cable, and L. offendix. √90.] 1. To tie, or confine with a cord, band, ligature, chain, etc.; to fetter; to make fast; as, to bind grain in bundles; to bind a prisoner.

2. To confine, restrain, or hold by physical force or influence of any kind; as, attraction binds the planets to the sun; frost binds the earth, or the streams.

> He bindeth the floods from overflowing.
> Job xxviii. 11.

> Whom Satan hath bound, lo, these eighteen years.
> Luke xiii. 16.

3. To cover, as with a bandage; to bandage or dress; -- sometimes with up; as, to bind up a wound.

4. To make fast ( a thing) about or upon something, as by tying; to encircle with something; as, to bind a belt about one; to bind a compress upon a part.

5. To prevent or restrain from customary or natural action; as, certain drugs bind the bowels.

6. To protect or strengthen by a band or binding, as the edge of a carpet or garment.

7. To sew or fasten together, and inclose in a cover; as, to bind a book.

8. Fig.: To oblige, restrain, or hold, by authority, law, duty, promise, vow, affection, or other moral tie; as, to bind the conscience; to bind by kindness; bound by affection; commerce binds nations to each other.

> Who made our laws to bind us, not himself.
> Milton.

9. (Law) (a) To bring (any one) under definite legal obligations; esp. under the obligation of a bond or covenant. Abbott. (b) To place under legal obligation to serve; to indenture; as, to bind an apprentice; -- sometimes with out; as, bound out to service.

To bind over, to put under bonds to do something, as to appear at court, to keep the peace, etc. -- To bind to, to contract; as, to bind one's self to a wife. -- To bind up in, to cause to be wholly engrossed with; to absorb in.

Syn. -- To fetter; tie; fasten; restrain; restrict; oblige.

Bind (&?;), v. i. 1. To tie; to confine by any ligature.

> They that reap must sheaf and bind.
> Shak.

2. To contract; to grow hard or stiff; to cohere or stick together in a mass; as, clay binds by heat. Mortimer.

3. To be restrained from motion, or from customary or natural action, as by friction.

4. To exert a binding or restraining influence. Locke.

Bind, n. 1. That which binds or ties.

2. Any twining or climbing plant or stem, esp. a hop vine; a bine.

3. (Metal.) Indurated clay, when much mixed with the oxide of iron. Kirwan.

4. (Mus.) A ligature or tie for grouping notes.

Bind"er (&?;), n. 1. One who binds; as, a binder of sheaves; one whose trade is to bind; as, a binder of books.

2. Anything that binds, as a fillet, cord, rope, or band; a bandage; -- esp. the principal piece of timber intended to bind together any building.

Bind"er*y (&?;), n. A place where books, or other articles, are bound; a bookbinder's establishment.

Bind"heim*ite (&?;), n. [From Bindheim, a German who analyzed it.] (Min.) An amorphous antimonate of lead, produced from the alteration of other ores, as from jamesonite.

Bind"ing (&?;), a. That binds; obligatory.

Binding beam (Arch.), the main timber in double flooring. -- Binding joist (Arch.), the secondary timber in double-framed flooring.

Syn. -- Obligatory; restraining; restrictive; stringent; astringent; costive; styptic.

Bind"ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, binds.

2. Anything that binds; a bandage; the cover of a book, or the cover with the sewing, etc.; something that secures the edge of cloth from raveling.

3. pl. (Naut.) The transoms, knees, beams, keelson, and other chief timbers used for connecting and strengthening the parts of a vessel.

Bind"ing*ly, adv. So as to bind.

Bind"ing*ness, n. The condition or property of being binding; obligatory quality. Coleridge.

Bind"weed` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Convolvulus; as, greater bindweed (C. Sepium); lesser bindweed (C. arvensis); the white, the blue, the Syrian, bindweed. The black bryony, or Tamus, is called black bindweed, and the Smilax aspera, rough bindweed.

> The fragile bindweed bells and bryony rings.
> Tennyson.

Bine (&?;), n. [Bind, cf. Woodbine.] The winding or twining stem of a hop vine or other climbing plant.

Bi*nerv"ate (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + nervus sinew, nerve.] 1. (Bot.) Two- nerved; -- applied to leaves which have two longitudinal ribs or nerves.

2. (Zoöl.) Having only two nerves, as the wings of some insects.

Bing (&?;), n. [Cf. Icel. bingr, Sw. binge, G. beige, beuge. Cf. Prov. E. bink bench, and bench coal the uppermost stratum of coal.] A heap or pile; as, a bing of wood. "Potato bings." Burns. "A bing of corn." Surrey. [Obs. or Dial. Eng. & Scot.]

Bin*i"o*dide (&?;), n. Same as Diiodide.

Bink (&?;), n. A bench. [North of Eng. & Scot.]

Bin"na*cle (&?;), n. [For bittacle, corrupted (perh. by influence of bin) fr. Pg. bitacola binnacle, fr. L. habitaculum dwelling place, fr. habitare to dwell. See Habit, and cf. Bittacle.] (Naut.) A case or box placed near the helmsman, containing the compass of a ship, and a light to show it at night. Totten.

Bin"ny (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A large species of barbel (Barbus bynni), found in the Nile, and much esteemed for food.

Bin"o*cle (&?;), n. [F. binocle; L. bini two at a time + oculus eye.] (Opt.) A dioptric telescope, fitted with two tubes joining, so as to enable a person to view an object with both eyes at once; a double-barreled field glass or an opera glass.

Bin*oc"u*lar (&?;), a. [Cf. F. binoculaire. See Binocle.] 1. Having two eyes. "Most animals are binocular." Derham.

2. Pertaining to both eyes; employing both eyes at once; as, binocular vision.

3. Adapted to the use of both eyes; as, a binocular microscope or telescope. Brewster.

Bin*oc"u*lar (&?;), n. A binocular glass, whether opera glass, telescope, or microscope.

Bin*oc"u*lar*ly, adv. In a binocular manner.

Bin*oc"u*late (&?;), a. Having two eyes.

Bi*no"mi*al (&?;), n. [L. bis twice + nomen name: cf. F. binome, LL. binomius (or fr. bi- + Gr. &?; distribution ?). Cf. Monomial.] (Alg.) An expression consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus (+) or minus (-); as, a + b, or 7 - 3.

Bi*no"mi*al, a. 1. Consisting of two terms; pertaining to binomials; as, a binomial root.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Having two names; -- used of the system by which every animal and plant receives two names, the one indicating the genus, the other the species, to which it belongs.

Binomial theorem (Alg.), the theorem which expresses the law of formation of any power of a binomial.

Bi*nom"i*nal (&?;), a. [See Binomial.] Of or pertaining to two names; binomial.

Bi*nom"i*nous (&?;), a. Binominal. [Obs.]

Bi*not"o*nous (&?;), a. [L. bini two at a time + tonus, fr. Gr. &?;, tone.] Consisting of two notes; as, a binotonous cry.

Bi"nous (&?;), a. Same as Binate.

Bin*ox"a*late (&?;), n. [Pref. bin- + oxalate.] (Chem.) A salt having two equivalents of oxalic acid to one of the base; an acid oxalate.

Bin*ox"ide (&?;), n. [Pref. bin- + oxide.] (Chem.) Same as Dioxide.

||Bin"tu*rong (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A small Asiatic civet of the genus Arctilis.

{ Bi*nu"cle*ar (&?;), Bi*nu"cle*ate (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + nuclear, nucleate.] (Biol.) Having two nuclei; as, binucleate cells.

Bi*nu"cle*o*late (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + nucleolus.] (Biol.) Having two nucleoli.

Bi"o*blast (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + -blast.] (Biol.) Same as Bioplast.

Bi*oc"el*late (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + ocellatus. See Ocellated.] (Zoöl.) Having two ocelli (eyelike spots); -- said of a wing, etc.

Bi`o*chem"is*try (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + E. chemistry.] (Biol.) The chemistry of living organisms; the chemistry of the processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life.

Bi`o*dy*nam"ics (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + E. dynamics.] (Biol.) The doctrine of vital forces or energy.

Bi"o*gen (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + -gen.] (Biol.) Bioplasm.

{ Bi`o*gen"e*sis (&?;), Bi*og"e*ny (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?; life + &?;, &?;, birth.] (Biol.) (a) A doctrine that the genesis or production of living organisms can take place only through the agency of living germs or parents; -- opposed to abiogenesis. (b) Life development generally.

Bi`o*ge*net"ic (&?;), a. (Biol.) Pertaining to biogenesis.

Bi*og"e*nist (&?;), n. A believer in the theory of biogenesis.

||Bi`og*no"sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + &?; investigation.] (Biol.) The investigation of life.

Bi*og"ra*pher (&?;), n. One who writes an account or history of the life of a particular person; a writer of lives, as Plutarch.

{ Bi"o*graph"ic (&?;), Bi`o*graph"ic*al (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to biography; containing biography. -- Bi`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Bi*og"ra*phize (&?;), v. t. To write a history of the life of. Southey.

Bi*og"ra*phy (&?;), n.; pl. Biographies (&?;). [Gr. &?;; &?; life + &?; to write: cf. F. biographie. See Graphic.] 1. The written history of a person's life.

2. Biographical writings in general.

{ Bi`o*log"ic (&?;), Bi`o*log"ic*al (&?;), } a. Of or relating to biology. -- Bi`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Bi*ol"o*gist (&?;), n. A student of biology; one versed in the science of biology.

Bi*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + -logy: cf. F. biologie.] The science of life; that branch of knowledge which treats of living matter as distinct from matter which is not living; the study of living tissue. It has to do with the origin, structure, development, function, and distribution of animals and plants.

||Bi*ol"y*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + &?; a dissolving.] (Biol.) The destruction of life.

Bi`o*lyt"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; life + &?; to destroy.] Relating to the destruction of life.

Bi`o*mag*net"ic (&?;), a. Relating to biomagnetism.

Bi`o*mag"net*ism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + E. magnetism.] Animal magnetism.

Bi*om"e*try (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + -metry.] Measurement of life; calculation of the probable duration of human life.

Bi"on (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; living, p. pr. of &?; to live.] (Biol.) The physiological individual, characterized by definiteness and independence of function, in distinction from the morphological individual or morphon.

Bi*on"o*my (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + &?; law.] Physiology. [R.] Dunglison.

{ Bi"o*phor` Bi"o*phore` } (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + &?; bearing, fr. &?; to bear.] (Biol.) One of the smaller vital units of a cell, the bearer of vitality and heredity. See Pangen, in Supplement.

Bi"o*plasm (b"*plz'm), n. [Gr. bi`os life + pla`sma form, mold, fr. pla`ssein to mold.] (Biol.) A name suggested by Dr. Beale for the germinal matter supposed to be essential to the functions of all living beings; the material through which every form of life manifests itself; unaltered protoplasm.

<! p. 147 !>

Bi`o*plas"mic (b`*plz"mk), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, bioplasm.

Bi"o*plast (-plst), n. [Gr. bi`os life + pla`ssein to form.] (Biol.) A tiny mass of bioplasm, in itself a living unit and having formative power, as a living white blood corpuscle; bioblast.

Bi`o*plas"tic (b`*pls"tk), a. (Biol.) Bioplasmic.

Bi*or"gan (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + E. organ.] (Biol.) A physiological organ; a living organ; an organ endowed with function; -- distinguished from idorgan.

Bi`o*stat"ics (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + &?;. See Statics.] (Biol.) The physical phenomena of organized bodies, in opposition to their organic or vital phenomena.

Bi`o*sta*tis"tics (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + E. statistics.] (Biol.) Vital statistics.

Bi"o*tax`y (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; life + &?; arrangement.] (Biol.) The classification of living organisms according to their structural character; taxonomy.

Bi*ot"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; pert. to life.] (Biol.) Relating to life; as, the biotic principle.

Bi"o*tite (&?;), n. [From Biot, a French naturalist.] (Min.) Mica containing iron and magnesia, generally of a black or dark green color; -- a common constituent of crystalline rocks. See Mica.

Bi*pal"mate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + palmate.] (Bot.) Palmately branched, with the branches again palmated.

Bi`pa*ri"e*tal (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + parietal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the diameter of the cranium, from one parietal fossa to the other.

Bip"a*rous (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + parere to bring forth.] Bringing forth two at a birth.

Bi*part"i*ble (&?;), a. [Cf. F. bipartible. See Bipartite.] Capable of being divided into two parts.

Bi*par"tient (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + partiens, p. pr. of partire to divide.] Dividing into two parts. -- n. A number that divides another into two equal parts without a remainder.

Bi*par"tile (&?;), a. Divisible into two parts.

Bip"ar*tite (&?;), a. [L. bipartitus, p. p. of bipartire; bis twice + partire. See Partite.] 1. Being in two parts; having two correspondent parts, as a legal contract or writing, one for each party; shared by two; as, a bipartite treaty.

2. Divided into two parts almost to the base, as a leaf; consisting of two parts or subdivisions. Gray.

Bi`par*ti"tion (&?;), n. The act of dividing into two parts, or of making two correspondent parts, or the state of being so divided.

{ Bi*pec"ti*nate (&?;), Bi*pec"ti*na`ted (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + pectinate.] (Biol.) Having two margins toothed like a comb.

Bi"ped (&?;), n. [L. bipes; bis twice + pes, pedis, &?;oot: cf. F. bipède.] A two-footed animal, as man.

Bi"ped, a. Having two feet; two- footed.

> By which the man, when heavenly life was ceased,
> Became a helpless, naked, biped beast.
> Byrom.

Bip"e*dal (&?;), a. [L. bipedalis: cf. F. bipédal. See Biped, n.] 1. Having two feet; biped.

2. Pertaining to a biped.

Bi*pel"tate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + peltate.] Having a shell or covering like a double shield.

{ Bi*pen"nate (&?;), Bi*pen"na*ted (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + pennate: cf. L. bipennis. Cf. Bipinnate.] Having two wings. "Bipennated insects." Derham.

||Bi*pen"nis (&?;), n. [L.] An ax with an edge or blade on each side of the handle.

Bi*pet"al*ous (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + petalous.] (Bot.) Having two petals.

||Bi`pin*na"ri*a (&?;), n. [NL., fr. L. bis twice + pinna feather.] (Zoöl.) The larva of certain starfishes as developed in the free-swimming stage.

{ Bi*pin"nate (&?;), Bi*pin"na*ted (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + pinnate; cf. F. bipinné. Cf. Bipennate.] Twice pinnate.

Bi`pin*nat"i*fid (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + pinnatifid.] (Bot.) Doubly pinnatifid.

A bipinnatifid leaf is a pinnatifid leaf having its segments or divisions also pinnatifid. The primary divisions are pinnæ and the secondary pinnules.

Bip"li*cate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + plicate.] Twice folded together. Henslow.

Bi*plic"i*ty (&?;), n. The state of being twice folded; reduplication. [R.] Bailey.

Bi*po"lar (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + polar. Cf. Dipolar.] Doubly polar; having two poles; as, a bipolar cell or corpuscle.

Bi`po*lar"i*ty (&?;), n. Bipolar quality.

{ Bi"pont (&?;), Bi*pont"ine } (&?;), a. (Bibliog.) Relating to books printed at Deuxponts, or Bipontium (Zweibrücken), in Bavaria.

Bi*punc"tate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + punctate.] Having two punctures, or spots.

Bi*punc"tu*al (&?;), a. Having two points.

Bi*pu"pil*late (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + pupil (of the eye).] (Zoöl.) Having an eyelike spot on the wing, with two dots within it of a different color, as in some butterflies.

Bi`py*ram"i*dal (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + pyramidal.] Consisting of two pyramids placed base to base; having a pyramid at each of the extremities of a prism, as in quartz crystals.

Bi*quad"rate (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + quadrate.] (Math.) The fourth power, or the square of the square. Thus 4x4=16, the square of 4, and 16x16=256, the biquadrate of 4.

Bi`quad*rat"ic (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + quadratic: cf. F. biquadratique.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to the biquadrate, or fourth power.

Biquadratic equation (Alg.), an equation of the fourth degree, or an equation in some term of which the unknown quantity is raised to the fourth power. -- Biquadratic root of a number, the square root of the square root of that number. Thus the square root of 81 is 9, and the square root of 9 is 3, which is the biquadratic root of 81. Hutton.

Bi`quad*rat"ic, n. (Math.) (a) A biquadrate. (b) A biquadratic equation.

Bi*quin"tile (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + quintile: cf. F. biquintile.] (Astron.) An aspect of the planets when they are distant from each other by twice the fifth part of a great circle -- that is, twice 72 degrees.

{ Bi*ra"di*ate (&?;), Bi*ra"di*a`ted (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + radiate.] Having two rays; as, a biradiate fin.

Bi*ra"mous (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + ramous.] (Biol.) Having, or consisting of, two branches.

Birch (brch), n.; pl. Birches (-z). [OE. birche, birk, AS. birce, beorc; akin to Icel. björk, Sw. björk, Dan. birk, D. berk, OHG. piricha, MHG. birche, birke, G. birke, Russ. bereza, Pol. brzoza, Serv. breza, Skr. bhrja. √254. Cf. 1st Birk.] 1. A tree of several species, constituting the genus Betula; as, the white or common birch (B. alba) (also called silver birch and lady birch); the dwarf birch (B. glandulosa); the paper or canoe birch (B. papyracea); the yellow birch (B. lutea); the black or cherry birch (B. lenta).

2. The wood or timber of the birch.

3. A birch twig or birch twigs, used for flogging.

The twigs of the common European birch (B. alba), being tough and slender, were formerly much used for rods in schools. They were also made into brooms.

> The threatening twigs of birch.
> Shak.

4. A birch-bark canoe.

Birch of Jamaica, a species (Bursera gummifera) of turpentine tree. -- Birch partridge. (Zoöl.) See Ruffed grouse. -- Birch wine, wine made of the spring sap of the birch. -- Oil of birch. (a) An oil obtained from the bark of the common European birch (Betula alba), and used in the preparation of genuine (and sometimes of the imitation) Russia leather, to which it gives its peculiar odor. (b) An oil prepared from the black birch (B. lenta), said to be identical with the oil of wintergreen, for which it is largely sold.

Birch, a. Of or pertaining to the birch; birchen.

Birch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Birched (brcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Birching.] To whip with a birch rod or twig; to flog.

Birch"en (brch"'n), a. Of or relating to birch.

> He passed where Newark's stately tower
> Looks out from Yarrow's birchen bower.
> Sir W. Scott.

Bird (brd), n. [OE. brid, bred, bird, young bird, bird, AS. bridd young bird. √92.] 1. Orig., a chicken; the young of a fowl; a young eaglet; a nestling; and hence, a feathered flying animal (see 2).

> That ungentle gull, the cuckoo's bird.
> Shak.

> The brydds [birds] of the aier have nestes.
> Tyndale (Matt. viii. 20).

2. (Zoöl.) A warm-blooded, feathered vertebrate provided with wings. See Aves.

3. Specifically, among sportsmen, a game bird.

4. Fig.: A girl; a maiden.

> And by my word! the bonny bird
> In danger shall not tarry.
> Campbell.

Arabian bird, the phenix. -- Bird of Jove, the eagle. -- Bird of Juno, the peacock. -- Bird louse (Zoöl.), a wingless insect of the group Mallophaga, of which the genera and species are very numerous and mostly parasitic upon birds. -- Bird mite (Zoöl.), a small mite (genera Dermanyssus, Dermaleichus and allies) parasitic upon birds. The species are numerous. -- Bird of passage, a migratory bird. -- Bird spider (Zoöl.), a very large South American spider (Mygale avicularia). It is said sometimes to capture and kill small birds. -- Bird tick (Zoöl.), a dipterous insect parasitic upon birds (genus Ornithomyia, and allies), usually winged.

Bird (&?;), v. i. 1. To catch or shoot birds.

2. Hence: To seek for game or plunder; to thieve. [R.] B. Jonson.

Bird"bolt` (&?;), n. A short blunt arrow for killing birds without piercing them. Hence: Anything which smites without penetrating. Shak.

{ Bird" cage", or Bird"cage` } (&?;), n. A cage for confining birds.

Bird"call` (&?;), n. 1. A sound made in imitation of the note or cry of a bird for the purpose of decoying the bird or its mate.

2. An instrument of any kind, as a whistle, used in making the sound of a birdcall.

Bird"catch`er (&?;), n. One whose employment it is to catch birds; a fowler.

Bird"catch`ing, n. The art, act, or occupation or catching birds or wild fowls.

Bird" cher`ry (&?;). (Bot.) A shrub (Prunus Padus ) found in Northern and Central Europe. It bears small black cherries.

Bird"er (&?;), n. A birdcatcher.

Bird"-eyed` (&?;), a. Quick-sighted; catching a glance as one goes.

Bird" fan`ci*er (&?;). 1. One who takes pleasure in rearing or collecting rare or curious birds.

2. One who has for sale the various kinds of birds which are kept in cages.

Bird"ie (&?;), n. A pretty or dear little bird; -- a pet name. Tennyson.

Bird"i*kin (&?;), n. A young bird. Thackeray.

Bird"ing, n. Birdcatching or fowling. Shak.

Birding piece, a fowling piece. Shak.

Bird"let, n. A little bird; a nestling.

Bird"like` (&?;), a. Resembling a bird.

Bird"lime` (&?;), n. [Bird + lime viscous substance.] An extremely adhesive viscid substance, usually made of the middle bark of the holly, by boiling, fermenting, and cleansing it. When a twig is smeared with this substance it will hold small birds which may light upon it. Hence: Anything which insnares.

> Not birdlime or Idean pitch produce
> A more tenacious mass of clammy juice.
> Dryden.

Birdlime is also made from mistletoe, elder, etc.

Bird"lime`, v. t. To smear with birdlime; to catch with birdlime; to insnare.

> When the heart is thus birdlimed, then it cleaves to everything it meets with.
> Coodwin.

Bird"ling, n. A little bird; a nestling.

Bird"man (&?;), n. A fowler or birdcatcher.

Bird" of par"a*dise (&?;). (Zoöl.) The name of several very beautiful birds of the genus Paradisea and allied genera, inhabiting New Guinea and the adjacent islands. The males have brilliant colors, elegant plumes, and often remarkable tail feathers.

The Great emerald (Paradisea apoda) and the Lesser emerald (P. minor) furnish many of the plumes used as ornaments by ladies; the Red is P. rubra or sanguinea; the Golden is Parotia aurea or sexsetacea; the King is Cincinnurus regius.

The name is also applied to the longer-billed birds of another related group (Epimachinæ) from the same region. The Twelve-wired (Seleucides alba) is one of these. See Paradise bird, and Note under Apod.

Bird" pep`per (&?;). A species of capsicum (Capsicum baccatum), whose small, conical, coral-red fruit is among the most piquant of all red peppers.

Bird's"-beak` (&?;), n. (Arch.) A molding whose section is thought to resemble a beak.

Bird"seed` (&?;), n. Canary seed, hemp, millet or other small seeds used for feeding caged birds.

Bird's"-eye` (&?;), a. 1. Seen from above, as if by a flying bird; embraced at a glance; hence, general; not minute, or entering into details; as, a bird's-eye view.

2. Marked with spots resembling bird's eyes; as, bird's-eye diaper; bird's-eye maple.

Bird's"-eye`, n. (Bot.) A plant with a small bright flower, as the Adonis or pheasant's eye, the mealy primrose (Primula farinosa), and species of Veronica, Geranium, etc.

Bird's"-eye` ma"ple (&?;). See under Maple.

Bird's"-foot` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A papilionaceous plant, the Ornithopus, having a curved, cylindrical pod tipped with a short, clawlike point.

Bird's-foot trefoil. (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants (Lotus) with clawlike pods. L. corniculatas, with yellow flowers, is very common in Great Britain. (b) the related plant, Trigonella ornithopodioides, is also European.

Bird's-mouth` (&?;), n. (Arch.) An interior angle or notch cut across a piece of timber, for the reception of the edge of another, as that in a rafter to be laid on a plate; -- commonly called crow's-foot in the United States.

{ Bird's" nest`, or Bird's-nest } (&?;), n. 1. The nest in which a bird lays eggs and hatches her young.

2. (Cookery) The nest of a small swallow (Collocalia nidifica and several allied species), of China and the neighboring countries, which is mixed with soups.

The nests are found in caverns and fissures of cliffs on rocky coasts, and are composed in part of algæ. They are of the size of a goose egg, and in substance resemble isinglass. See Illust. under Edible.

<! p. 148 !>

3. (Bot.) An orchideous plant with matted roots, of the genus Neottia (N. nidus-avis.)

Bird's-nest pudding, a pudding containing apples whose cores have been replaced by sugar. -- Yellow bird's nest, a plant, the Monotropa hypopitys.

Bird's-nest`ing (brdz"nst`ng), n. Hunting for, or taking, birds' nests or their contents.

Bird's"-tongue` (&?;), n. (Bot.) The knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare).

Bird"-wit`ted (&?;), a. Flighty; passing rapidly from one subject to another; not having the faculty of attention. Bacon.

Bi`rec*tan"gu*lar (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + rectangular.] Containing or having two right angles; as, a birectangular spherical triangle.

Bi"reme (&?;), n. [L. biremis; bis twice + remus oar: cf. F. birème.] An ancient galley or vessel with two banks or tiers of oars.

Bi*ret"ta (&?;), n. Same as Berretta.

Bir"gan*der (&?;), n. See Bergander.

Birk (&?;), n. [See Birch, n.] A birch tree. [Prov. Eng.] "The silver birk." Tennyson.

Birk, n. (Zoöl.) A small European minnow (Leuciscus phoxinus).

Birk"en (&?;), v. t. [From 1st Birk.] To whip with a birch or rod. [Obs.]

Birk"en, a. Birchen; as, birken groves. Burns.

Bir"kie (&?;), n. A lively or mettlesome fellow. [Jocular, Scot.] Burns.

Birl (&?;), v. t. & i. To revolve or cause to revolve; to spin. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Birl (&?;), v. t. & i. [AS. byrlian. √92.] To pour (beer or wine); to ply with drink; to drink; to carouse. [Obs. or Dial.] Skelton.

Bir"law (&?;), n. [See By-law.] (Law) A law made by husbandmen respecting rural affairs; a rustic or local law or by-law. [Written also byrlaw, birlie, birley.]

{ Bi*ros`trate (&?;), Bi*ros"tra*ted (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + rostrate.] Having a double beak, or two processes resembling beaks.

> The capsule is bilocular and birostrated.
> Ed. Encyc.

Birr (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Birred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Birring.] [Cf. OE. bur, bir, wind, storm wind, fr. Icel. byrr wind. Perh. imitative.] To make, or move with, a whirring noise, as of wheels in motion.

Birr, n. 1. A whirring sound, as of a spinning wheel.

2. A rush or impetus; force.

Bir"rus (&?;), n. [LL., fr. L. birrus a kind of cloak. See Berretta.] A coarse kind of thick woolen cloth, worn by the poor in the Middle Ages; also, a woolen cap or hood worn over the shoulders or over the head.

Birse (&?;), n. A bristle or bristles. [Scot.]

Birt (brt), n. [OE. byrte; cf. F. bertonneau. Cf. Bret, Burt.] (Zoöl.) A fish of the turbot kind; the brill. [Written also burt, bret, or brut.] [Prov. Eng.]

Birth (brth), n. [OE. burth, birth, AS. beor, gebyrd, fr. beran to bear, bring forth; akin to D. geboorte, OHG. burt, giburt, G. geburt, Icel. burðr, Skr. bhrti bearing, supporting; cf. Ir. & Gael. beirthe born, brought forth. √92. See 1st Bear, and cf. Berth.] 1. The act or fact of coming into life, or of being born; -- generally applied to human beings; as, the birth of a son.

2. Lineage; extraction; descent; sometimes, high birth; noble extraction.

> Elected without reference to birth, but solely for qualifications.
> Prescott.

3. The condition to which a person is born; natural state or position; inherited disposition or tendency.

> A foe by birth to Troy's unhappy name.
> Dryden.

4. The act of bringing forth; as, she had two children at a birth. "At her next birth." Milton.

5. That which is born; that which is produced, whether animal or vegetable.

> Poets are far rarer births than kings.
> B. Jonson.

> Others hatch their eggs and tend the birth till it is able to shift for itself.
> Addison.

6. Origin; beginning; as, the birth of an empire.

New birth (Theol.), regeneration, or the commencement of a religious life.

Syn. -- Parentage; extraction; lineage; race; family.

Birth, n. See Berth. [Obs.] De Foe.

Birth"day` (brth"d`), n. 1. The day in which any person is born; day of origin or commencement.

> Those barbarous ages past, succeeded next
> The birthday of invention.
> Cowper.

2. The day of the month in which a person was born, in whatever succeeding year it may recur; the anniversary of one's birth.

> This is my birthday; as this very day
> Was Cassius born.
> Shak.

Birth"day`, a. Of or pertaining to the day of birth, or its anniversary; as, birthday gifts or festivities.

Birth"dom (&?;), n. [Birth + - dom.] The land of one's birth; one's inheritance. [R.] Shak.

Birth"ing, n. (Naut.) Anything added to raise the sides of a ship. Bailey.

Birth"less, a. Of mean extraction. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Birth"mark` (&?;), n. Some peculiar mark or blemish on the body at birth.

> Most part of this noble lineage carried upon their body for a natural birthmark, . . . a snake.
> Sir T. North.

Birth"night` (&?;), n. The night in which a person is born; the anniversary of that night in succeeding years.

> The angelic song in Bethlehem field,
> On thy birthnight, that sung thee Savior born.
> Milton.

Birth"place` (&?;), n. The town, city, or country, where a person is born; place of origin or birth, in its more general sense. "The birthplace of valor." Burns.

Birth"right` (&?;), n. Any right, privilege, or possession to which a person is entitled by birth, such as an estate descendible by law to an heir, or civil liberty under a free constitution; esp. the rights or inheritance of the first born.

> Lest there be any . . . profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright.
> Heb. xii. 16.

Birth"root` (&?;), n. (Bot.) An herbaceous plant (Trillium erectum), and its astringent rootstock, which is said to have medicinal properties.

Birth"wort` (&?;), n. A genus of herbs and shrubs (Aristolochia), reputed to have medicinal properties.

Bis (&?;), adv. [L. bis twice, for duis, fr. root of duo two. See Two, and cf. Bi- .] Twice; -- a word showing that something is, or is to be, repeated; as a passage of music, or an item in accounts.

Bis-, pref. A form of Bi-, sometimes used before s, c, or a vowel.

Bi"sa an"te*lope (&?;). (Zoöl.) See Oryx.

Bi*sac"cate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + saccate.] (Bot.) Having two little bags, sacs, or pouches.

Bis*cay"an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Biscay in Spain. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Biscay.

Bis"co*tin (&?;), n. [F. biscotin. See Biscuit.] A confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, and eggs; a sweet biscuit.

Bis"cuit (&?;), n. [F. biscuit (cf. It. biscotto, Sp. bizcocho, Pg. biscouto), fr. L. bis twice + coctus, p. p. of coquere to cook, bake. See Cook, and cf. Bisque a kind of porcelain.] 1. A kind of unraised bread, of many varieties, plain, sweet, or fancy, formed into flat cakes, and bakes hard; as, ship biscuit.

> According to military practice, the bread or biscuit of the Romans was twice prepared in the oven.
> Gibbon.

2. A small loaf or cake of bread, raised and shortened, or made light with soda or baking powder. Usually a number are baked in the same pan, forming a sheet or card.

3. Earthen ware or porcelain which has undergone the first baking, before it is subjected to the glazing.

4. (Sculp.) A species of white, unglazed porcelain, in which vases, figures, and groups are formed in miniature.

Meat biscuit, an alimentary preparation consisting of matters extracted from meat by boiling, or of meat ground fine and combined with flour, so as to form biscuits.

Bi*scu"tate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + scutate.] (Bot.) Resembling two bucklers placed side by side.

||Bise (&?;), n. [F.] A cold north wind which prevails on the northern coasts of the Mediterranean and in Switzerland, etc.; -- nearly the same as the mistral.

Bise (&?;), n. (Paint.) See Bice.

Bi*sect" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bisected; p. pr. & vb. n. Bisecting.] [L. bis twice + secare, sectum, to cut.] 1. To cut or divide into two parts.

2. (Geom.) To divide into two equal parts.

Bi*sec"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bissection.] Division into two parts, esp. two equal parts.

Bi*sec"tor (&?;), n. One who, or that which, bisects; esp. (Geom.) a straight line which bisects an angle.

Bi*sec"trix (&?;), n. The line bisecting the angle between the optic axes of a biaxial crystal.

Bi*seg"ment (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + segment.] One of tow equal parts of a line, or other magnitude.

Bi*sep"tate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + septate.] With two partitions or septa. Gray.

{ Bi*se"ri*al (&?;), Bi*se"ri*ate (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + serial, seriate.] In two rows or series.

Bi*ser"rate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + serrate.] 1. (Bot.) Doubly serrate, or having the serratures serrate, as in some leaves.

2. (Zoöl.) Serrate on both sides, as some antennæ.

{ Bi*se"tose (&?;), Bi*se"tous (&?;), } a. [Pref. bi- + setose, setous.] Having two bristles.

Bi*sex"ous (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + sexus sex: cf. F. bissexe.] Bisexual. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Bi*sex"u*al (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + sexual.] (Biol.) Of both sexes; hermaphrodite; as a flower with stamens and pistil, or an animal having ovaries and testes.

Bi*sex"u*ous (&?;), a. Bisexual.

Bi*seye" (&?;), p. p. of Besee. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Evil biseye, ill looking. [Obs.]

Bish (&?;), n. Same as Bikh.

Bish"op (&?;), n. [OE. bischop, biscop, bisceop, AS. bisceop, biscop, L. episcopus overseer, superintendent, bishop, fr. Gr. &?;, &?; over + &?; inspector, fr. root of &?;, &?;, to look to, perh. akin to L. specere to look at. See Spy, and cf. Episcopal.]

1. A spiritual overseer, superintendent, or director.

> Ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.
> 1 Pet. ii. 25.

> It is a fact now generally recognized by theologians of all shades of opinion, that in the language of the New Testament the same officer in the church is called indifferently "bishop" ( &?; ) and "elder" or "presbyter."
> J. B. Lightfoot.

2. In the Roman Catholic, Greek, and Anglican or Protestant Episcopal churches, one ordained to the highest order of the ministry, superior to the priesthood, and generally claiming to be a successor of the Apostles. The bishop is usually the spiritual head or ruler of a diocese, bishopric, or see.

Bishop in partibus [infidelium] (R. C. Ch.), a bishop of a see which does not actually exist; one who has the office of bishop, without especial jurisdiction. Shipley. -- Titular bishop (R. C. Ch.), a term officially substituted in 1882 for bishop in partibus. -- Bench of Bishops. See under Bench.

3. In the Methodist Episcopal and some other churches, one of the highest church officers or superintendents.

4. A piece used in the game of chess, bearing a representation of a bishop's miter; -- formerly called archer.

5. A beverage, being a mixture of wine, oranges or lemons, and sugar. Swift.

6. An old name for a woman's bustle. [U. S.]

> If, by her bishop, or her "grace" alone,
> A genuine lady, or a church, is known.
> Saxe.

Bish"op, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bishoped (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bishoping.] To admit into the church by confirmation; to confirm; hence, to receive formally to favor.

Bish"op (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bishoped (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bishoping.] [From the name of the scoundrel who first practiced it. Youatt.] (Far.) To make seem younger, by operating on the teeth; as, to bishop an old horse or his teeth.

The plan adopted is to cut off all the nippers with a saw to the proper length, and then with a cutting instrument the operator scoops out an oval cavity in the corner nippers, which is afterwards burnt with a hot iron until it is black. J. H. Walsh.

Bish"op*dom (&?;), n. Jurisdiction of a bishop; episcopate. "Divine right of bishopdom." Milton.

Bish"op*like` (&?;), a. Resembling a bishop; belonging to a bishop. Fulke.

Bish"op*ly, a. Bishoplike; episcopal. [Obs.]

Bish"op*ly, adv. In the manner of a bishop. [Obs.]

Bish"op*ric (&?;), n. [AS. bisceoprce; bisceop bishop + rce dominion. See -ric.] 1. A diocese; the district over which the jurisdiction of a bishop extends.

2. The office of a spiritual overseer, as of an apostle, bishop, or presbyter. Acts i. 20.

Bish"op's cap` (&?;). (Bot.) A plant of the genus Mitella; miterwort. Longfellow.

Bish"op sleeve` (&?;). A wide sleeve, once worn by women.

Bish"op's length` (&?;). A canvas for a portrait measuring 58 by 94 inches. The half bishop measures 45 by 56.

Bish"op-stool` (&?;), n. A bishop's seat or see.

Bish"op's-weed` (&?;), n. (Bot.) (a) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Ammi. (b) Goutweed (Ægopodium podagraria).

Bish"op's-wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) Wood betony (Stachys betonica); also, the plant called fennel flower (Nigella Damascena), or devil-in-a-bush.

Bis"ie (&?;), v. t. To busy; to employ. [Obs.]

Bi*sil"i*cate (&?;), n. (Min. Chem.) A salt of metasilicic acid; -- so called because the ratio of the oxygen of the silica to the oxygen of the base is as two to one. The bisilicates include many of the most common and important minerals.

Bisk (&?;), n. [F. bisque.] Soup or broth made by boiling several sorts of flesh together. King.

Bisk, n. [F. bisque.] (Tennis) See Bisque.

{ Bi*smare" (&?;), Bi*smer" } (&?;), n. [AS. bismer.] Shame; abuse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bis"mer (&?;), n. 1. A rule steelyard. [Scot.]

2. (Zoöl.) The fifteen-spined (Gasterosteus spinachia).

||Bis*mil"lah (&?;), interj. [Arabic, in the name of God!] An adjuration or exclamation common among the Mohammedans. [Written also Bizmillah.]

Bis"mite (&?;), n. (Min.) Bismuth trioxide, or bismuth ocher.

Bis"muth (&?;), n. [Ger. bismuth, wismuth: cf. F. bismuth.] (Chem.) One of the elements; a metal of a reddish white color, crystallizing in rhombohedrons. It is somewhat harder than lead, and rather brittle; masses show broad cleavage surfaces when broken across. It melts at 507° Fahr., being easily fused in the flame of a candle. It is found in a native state, and as a constituent of some minerals. Specific gravity 9.8. Atomic weight 207.5. Symbol Bi.

Chemically, bismuth (with arsenic and antimony is intermediate between the metals and nonmetals; it is used in thermo-electric piles, and as an alloy with lead and tin in the fusible alloy or metal. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic substance known.

Bismuth glance, bismuth sulphide; bismuthinite. -- Bismuth ocher, a native bismuth oxide; bismite.

Bis"muth*al (&?;), a. Containing bismuth.

Bis"muth*ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to bismuth; containing bismuth, when this element has its higher valence; as, bismuthic oxide.

Bis`muth*if"er*ous (&?;), a. [Bismuth + -ferous.] Containing bismuth.

{ Bis"muth*ine (&?;), Bis"muth*in*ite (&?;), } n. Native bismuth sulphide; -- sometimes called bismuthite.

Bis"muth*ous (&?;), a. Of, or containing, bismuth, when this element has its lower valence.

Bis"muth*yl` (&?;), n. (Min.) Hydrous carbonate of bismuth, an earthy mineral of a dull white or yellowish color. [Written also bismuthite.]

Bi"son (b"sn; 277), n. [L. bison, Gr. bi`swn, a wild ox; akin to OHG. wisunt, wisant, G. wisent, AS. wesend, Icel. vsundr: cf. F. bison.] (Zoöl.) (a) The aurochs or European bison. (b) The American bison buffalo (Bison Americanus), a large, gregarious bovine quadruped with shaggy mane and short black horns, which formerly roamed in herds over most of the temperate portion of North America, but is now restricted to very limited districts in the region of the Rocky Mountains, and is rapidly decreasing in numbers.

<! p. 149 !>

Bi*spi"nose (b*sp"ns), a. [Pref. bi- + spinose.] (Zoöl.) Having two spines.

||Bisque (&?;), n. [A corruption of biscuit.] Unglazed white porcelain.

Bisque, n. [F.] A point taken by the receiver of odds in the game of tennis; also, an extra innings allowed to a weaker player in croquet.

||Bisque, n. [F.] A white soup made of crayfish.

Bis*sex"tile (&?;), n. [L. bissextilis annus, fr. bissextus (bis + sextus sixth, fr. sex six) the sixth of the calends of March, or twenty-fourth day of February, which was reckoned twice every fourth year, by the intercalation of a day.] Leap year; every fourth year, in which a day is added to the month of February on account of the excess of the tropical year (365 d. 5 h. 48 m. 46 s.) above 365 days. But one day added every four years is equivalent to six hours each year, which is 11 m. 14 s. more than the excess of the real year. Hence, it is necessary to suppress the bissextile day at the end of every century which is not divisible by 400, while it is retained at the end of those which are divisible by 400.

Bis*sex"tile, a. Pertaining to leap year.

Bis"son (&?;), a. [OE. bisen, bisne, AS. bisen, prob. for bs&?;ne; bi by + s&?;ne clear, akin to seón to see; clear when near, hence short-sighted. See See.] Purblind; blinding. [Obs.] "Bisson rheum." Shak.

{ Bis"ter, Bis"tre } (&?;), n. [F. bistre a color made of soot; of unknown origin. Cf., however, LG. biester frowning, dark, ugly.] (Paint.) A dark brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood.

Bi*stip"uled (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + stipule.] (Bot.) Having two stipules.

Bis"tort (&?;), n. [L. bis + tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist: cf. F. bistorte.] (Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the genus Polygonum, section Bistorta; snakeweed; adderwort. Its root is used in medicine as an astringent.

Bis"tou*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Bistouries (&?;). [F. bistouri.] A surgical instrument consisting of a slender knife, either straight or curved, generally used by introducing it beneath the part to be divided, and cutting towards the surface.

Bis"tre (&?;), n. See Bister.

Bi*sul"cate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + sulcate.] 1. Having two grooves or furrows.

2. (Zoöl.) Cloven; said of a foot or hoof.

Bi*sul"cous (&?;), a. [L. bisulcus; bis twice + sulcus furrow.] Bisulcate. Sir T. Browne.

Bi*sul"phate (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + sulphate.] (Chem.) A sulphate in which but half the hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, thus making the proportion of the acid to the positive or basic portion twice what it is in the normal sulphates; an acid sulphate.

Bi*sul"phide (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A sulphide having two atoms of sulphur in the molecule; a disulphide, as in iron pyrites, FeS2; -- less frequently called bisulphuret.

Bi*sul"phite (&?;), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphurous acid in which the base replaces but half the hydrogen of the acid; an acid sulphite.

Bi*sul"phu*ret (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) See Bisulphide.

Bit (&?;), n. [OE. bitt, bite, AS. bite, bite, fr. btan to bite. See Bite, n. & v., and cf. Bit a morsel.] 1. The part of a bridle, usually of iron, which is inserted in the mouth of a horse, and having appendages to which the reins are fastened. Shak.

> The foamy bridle with the bit of gold.
> Chaucer.

2. Fig.: Anything which curbs or restrains.

Bit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bitted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bitting.] To put a bridle upon; to put the bit in the mouth of.

Bit, imp. & p. p. of Bite.

Bit, n. [OE. bite, AS. bita, fr. btan to bite; akin to D. beet, G. bissen bit, morsel, Icel. biti. See Bite, v., and cf. Bit part of a bridle.] 1. A part of anything, such as may be bitten off or taken into the mouth; a morsel; a bite. Hence: A small piece of anything; a little; a mite.

2. Somewhat; something, but not very great.

> My young companion was a bit of a poet.
> T. Hook.

This word is used, also, like jot and whit, to express the smallest degree; as, he is not a bit wiser.

3. A tool for boring, of various forms and sizes, usually turned by means of a brace or bitstock. See Bitstock.

4. The part of a key which enters the lock and acts upon the bolt and tumblers. Knight.

5. The cutting iron of a plane. Knight.

6. In the Southern and Southwestern States, a small silver coin (as the real) formerly current; commonly, one worth about 12 1/2 cents; also, the sum of 12 1/2 cents.

Bit my bit, piecemeal. Pope.

Bit, 3d sing. pr. of Bid, for biddeth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bi*take" (&?;), v. t. [See Betake, Betaught.] To commend; to commit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bi*tan"gent (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + tangent.] (Geom.) Possessing the property of touching at two points. -- n. A line that touches a curve in two points.

Bi*tar"trate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A salt of tartaric acid in which the base replaces but half the acid hydrogen; an acid tartrate, as cream of tartar.

Bitch (&?;), n. [OE. biche, bicche, AS. bicce; cf. Icel. bikkja, G. betze, peize.] 1. The female of the canine kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox.

2. An opprobrious name for a woman, especially a lewd woman. Pope.

Bite (&?;), v. t. [imp. Bit (&?;); p. p. Bitten (&?;), Bit; p. pr. & vb. n. Biting.] [OE. biten, AS. btan; akin to D. bijten, OS. btan, OHG. bzan, G. beissen, Goth. beitan, Icel. bta, Sw. bita, Dan. bide, L. findere to cleave, Skr. bhid to cleave. √87. Cf. Fissure.]

1. To seize with the teeth, so that they enter or nip the thing seized; to lacerate, crush, or wound with the teeth; as, to bite an apple; to bite a crust; the dog bit a man.

> Such smiling rogues as these,
> Like rats, oft bite the holy cords atwain.
> Shak.

2. To puncture, abrade, or sting with an organ (of some insects) used in taking food.

3. To cause sharp pain, or smarting, to; to hurt or injure, in a literal or a figurative sense; as, pepper bites the mouth. "Frosts do bite the meads." Shak.

4. To cheat; to trick; to take in. [Colloq.] Pope.

5. To take hold of; to hold fast; to adhere to; as, the anchor bites the ground.

> The last screw of the rack having been turned so often that its purchase crumbled, . . . it turned and turned with nothing to bite.
> Dickens.

To bite the dust, To bite the ground, to fall in the agonies of death; as, he made his enemy bite the dust. -- To bite in (Etching), to corrode or eat into metallic plates by means of an acid. -- To bite the thumb at (any one), formerly a mark of contempt, designed to provoke a quarrel; to defy. "Do you bite your thumb at us?" Shak. -- To bite the tongue, to keep silence. Shak.

Bite (&?;), v. i. 1. To seize something forcibly with the teeth; to wound with the teeth; to have the habit of so doing; as, does the dog bite?

2. To cause a smarting sensation; to have a property which causes such a sensation; to be pungent; as, it bites like pepper or mustard.

3. To cause sharp pain; to produce anguish; to hurt or injure; to have the property of so doing.

> At the last it [wine] biteth like serpent, and stingeth like an adder.
> Prov. xxiii. 32.

4. To take a bait into the mouth, as a fish does; hence, to take a tempting offer.

5. To take or keep a firm hold; as, the anchor bites.

Bite, n. [OE. bite, bit, bitt, AS. bite bite, fr. btan to bite, akin to Icel. bit, OS. biti, G. biss. See Bite, v., and cf. Bit.] 1. The act of seizing with the teeth or mouth; the act of wounding or separating with the teeth or mouth; a seizure with the teeth or mouth, as of a bait; as, to give anything a hard bite.

> I have known a very good fisher angle diligently four or six hours for a river carp, and not have a bite.
> Walton.

2. The act of puncturing or abrading with an organ for taking food, as is done by some insects.

3. The wound made by biting; as, the pain of a dog's or snake's bite; the bite of a mosquito.

4. A morsel; as much as is taken at once by biting.

5. The hold which the short end of a lever has upon the thing to be lifted, or the hold which one part of a machine has upon another.

6. A cheat; a trick; a fraud. [Colloq.]

> The baser methods of getting money by fraud and bite, by deceiving and overreaching.
> Humorist.

7. A sharper; one who cheats. [Slang] Johnson.

8. (Print.) A blank on the edge or corner of a page, owing to a portion of the frisket, or something else, intervening between the type and paper.

Bit"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, bites; that which bites often, or is inclined to bite, as a dog or fish. "Great barkers are no biters." Camden.

2. One who cheats; a sharper. [Colloq.] Spectator.

Bi*ter"nate (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + ternate.] (Bot.) Doubly ternate, as when a petiole has three ternate leaflets. -- Bi*ter"nate*ly, adv. Gray.

Bi"the*ism (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + theism.] Belief in the existence of two gods; dualism.

Bit"ing (&?;), a. That bites; sharp; cutting; sarcastic; caustic. "A biting affliction." "A biting jest." Shak.

Bit"ing in" (&?;). (Etching.) The process of corroding or eating into metallic plates, by means of an acid. See Etch. G. Francis.

Bit"ing*ly, adv. In a biting manner.

Bit"less (&?;), a. Not having a bit or bridle.

Bit"stock` (&?;), n. A stock or handle for holding and rotating a bit; a brace.

Bitt (&?;), n. (Naut.) See Bitts.

Bitt (&?;), v. t. [See Bitts.] (Naut.) To put round the bitts; as, to bitt the cable, in order to fasten it or to slacken it gradually, which is called veering away. Totten.

Bit"ta*cle (&?;), n. A binnacle. [Obs.]

Bit"ten (&?;), p. p. of Bite.

Bit"ten (&?;), a. (Bot.) Terminating abruptly, as if bitten off; premorse.

Bit"ter (&?;), n. [See Bitts.] (Naut.) AA turn of the cable which is round the bitts.

Bitter end, that part of a cable which is abaft the bitts, and so within board, when the ship rides at anchor.

Bit"ter (&?;), a. [AS. biter; akin to Goth. baitrs, Icel. bitr, Dan., Sw., D., & G. bitter, OS. bittar, fr. root of E. bite. See Bite, v. t.] 1. Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste, like that of wormwood or an infusion of hops; as, a bitter medicine; bitter as aloes.

2. Causing pain or smart; piercing; painful; sharp; severe; as, a bitter cold day.

3. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain or distress to the mind; calamitous; poignant.

> It is an evil thing and bitter, that thou hast forsaken the Lord thy God.
> Jer. ii. 19.

4. Characterized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty; harsh; stern; virulent; as, bitter reproach.

> Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them.
> Col. iii. 19.

5. Mournful; sad; distressing; painful; pitiable.

> The Egyptians . . . made their lives bitter with hard bondage.
> Ex. i. 14.

Bitter apple, Bitter cucumber, Bitter gourd. (Bot.) See Colocynth. -- Bitter cress (Bot.), a plant of the genus Cardamine, esp. C. amara. -- Bitter earth (Min.), tale earth; calcined magnesia. -- Bitter principles (Chem.), a class of substances, extracted from vegetable products, having strong bitter taste but with no sharply defined chemical characteristics. -- Bitter salt, Epsom salts; magnesium sulphate. -- Bitter vetch (Bot.), a name given to two European leguminous herbs, Vicia Orobus and Ervum Ervilia. -- To the bitter end, to the last extremity, however calamitous.

Syn. -- Acrid; sharp; harsh; pungent; stinging; cutting; severe; acrimonious.

Bit"ter (&?;), n. Any substance that is bitter. See Bitters.

Bit"ter, v. t. To make bitter. Wolcott.

Bit"ter*bump` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) the butterbump or bittern.

Bit"ter*ful (&?;), a. Full of bitterness. [Obs.]

Bit"ter*ing, n. A bitter compound used in adulterating beer; bittern.

Bit"ter*ish, a. Somewhat bitter. Goldsmith.

Bit"ter*ling (&?;), n. [G.] (Zoöl.) A roachlike European fish (Rhodima amarus).

Bit"ter*ly, adv. In a bitter manner.

Bit"tern (&?;), n. [OE. bitoure, betore, bitter, fr. F. butor; of unknown origin.] (Zoöl.) A wading bird of the genus Botaurus, allied to the herons, of various species.

The common European bittern is Botaurus stellaris. It makes, during the brooding season, a noise called by Dryden bumping, and by Goldsmith booming. The American bittern is B. lentiginosus, and is also called stake-driver and meadow hen. See Stake- driver.

The name is applied to other related birds, as the least bittern (Ardetta exilis), and the sun bittern.

Bit"tern, n. [From Bitter, a.] 1. The brine which remains in salt works after the salt is concreted, having a bitter taste from the chloride of magnesium which it contains.

2. A very bitter compound of quassia, cocculus Indicus, etc., used by fraudulent brewers in adulterating beer. Cooley.

Bit"ter*ness (&?;), n. [AS. biternys; biter better + -nys = -ness.] 1. The quality or state of being bitter, sharp, or acrid, in either a literal or figurative sense; implacableness; resentfulness; severity; keenness of reproach or sarcasm; deep distress, grief, or vexation of mind.

> The lip that curls with bitterness.
> Percival.

> I will complain in the bitterness of my soul.
> Job vii. 11.

2. A state of extreme impiety or enmity to God.

> Thou art in the gall of bitterness, and in the bond of iniquity.
> Acts viii. 23.

3. Dangerous error, or schism, tending to draw persons to apostasy.

> Looking diligently, . . . lest any root of bitterness springing up trouble you.
> Heb. xii. 15.

Bit"ter*nut", n. (Bot.) The swamp hickory (Carya amara). Its thin-shelled nuts are bitter.

Bit"ter*root` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant (Lewisia rediviva) allied to the purslane, but with fleshy, farinaceous roots, growing in the mountains of Idaho, Montana, etc. It gives the name to the Bitter Root mountains and river. The Indians call both the plant and the river Spæt'lum.

Bit"ters (&?;), n. pl. A liquor, generally spirituous in which a bitter herb, leaf, or root is steeped.

Bit"ter spar" (&?;). A common name of dolomite; -- so called because it contains magnesia, the soluble salts of which are bitter. See Dolomite.

Bit"ter*sweet` (&?;), a. Sweet and then bitter or bitter and then sweet; esp. sweet with a bitter after taste; hence (Fig.), pleasant but painful.

Bit"ter*sweet`, n. 1. Anything which is bittersweet.

2. A kind of apple so called. Gower.

3. (Bot.) (a) A climbing shrub, with oval coral-red berries (Solanum dulcamara); woody nightshade. The whole plant is poisonous, and has a taste at first sweetish and then bitter. The branches are the officinal dulcamara. (b) An American woody climber (Celastrus scandens), whose yellow capsules open late in autumn, and disclose the red aril which covers the seeds; -- also called Roxbury waxwork.

Bit"ter*weed` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A species of Ambrosia (A. artemisiæfolia); Roman worm wood. Gray.

Bit"ter*wood` (&?;), n. A West Indian tree (Picræna excelsa) from the wood of which the bitter drug Jamaica quassia is obtained.

Bit"ter*wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) The yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea), which has a very bitter taste.

Bit"tock (&?;), n. [See Bit a morsel.] A small bit of anything, of indefinite size or quantity; a short distance. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

{ Bit"tor Bit"tour } (&?;), n. [See Bittern] (Zoöl.) The bittern. Dryden.

Bitts (&?;), n. pl. [Cf. F. bitte, Icel. biti, a beam. &?;87.] (Naut.) A frame of two strong timbers fixed perpendicularly in the fore part of a ship, on which to fasten the cables as the ship rides at anchor, or in warping. Other bitts are used for belaying (belaying bitts), for sustaining the windlass (carrick bitts, winch bitts, or windlass bitts), to hold the pawls of the windlass (pawl bitts) etc.

Bi*tume" (&?;), n. [F. See Bitumen.] Bitumen. [Poetic] May.

Bi*tumed" (&?;), a. Smeared with bitumen. [R.] "The hatches caulked and bitumed." Shak.

Bi*tu"men (&?;), n. [L. bitumen: cf. F. bitume. Cf. Béton.] 1. Mineral pitch; a black, tarry substance, burning with a bright flame; Jew's pitch. It occurs as an abundant natural product in many places, as on the shores of the Dead and Caspian Seas. It is used in cements, in the construction of pavements, etc. See Asphalt.

<! p. 150 !>

2. By extension, any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petroleums, and even the light, volatile naphthas.

Bi*tu"mi*nate (b*t"m*nt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminating.] [L. bituminatus, p. p. of bituminare to bituminate. See Bitumen.] To treat or impregnate with bitumen; to cement with bitumen. "Bituminated walls of Babylon." Feltham.

Bi*tu`mi*nif"er*ous (&?;), a. [Bitumen + -ferous.] Producing bitumen. Kirwan.

Bi*tu`mi*ni*za"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bituminisation.] The process of bituminizing. Mantell.

Bi*tu"mi*nize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bituminized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bituminizing.] [Cf. F. bituminiser.] To prepare, treat, impregnate, or coat with bitumen.

Bi*tu"mi*nous (&?;), a. [L. bituminosus: cf. F. bitumineux.] Having the qualities of bitumen; compounded with bitumen; containing bitumen.

> Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flamed.
> Milton.

Bituminous coal, a kind of coal which yields, when heated, a considerable amount of volatile bituminous matter. It burns with a yellow smoky flame. -- Bituminous limestone, a mineral of a brown or black color, emitting an unpleasant smell when rubbed. That of Dalmatia is so charged with bitumen that it may be cut like soap. -- Bituminous shale, an argillaceous shale impregnated with bitumen, often accompanying coal.

Bi"u*ret (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + urea.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance, C2O2N3H5, formed by heating urea. It is intermediate between urea and cyanuric acid.

Biv"a*len*cy (&?;), n. (Chem.) The quality of being bivalent.

Biv"a*lent (&?;), a. [L. bis twice + valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Equivalent in combining or displacing power to two atoms of hydrogen; dyad.

Bi"valve (&?;), n. [F. bivalve; bi- (L. bis) + valve valve.] 1. (Zoöl.) A mollusk having a shell consisting of two lateral plates or valves joined together by an elastic ligament at the hinge, which is usually strengthened by prominences called teeth. The shell is closed by the contraction of two transverse muscles attached to the inner surface, as in the clam, -- or by one, as in the oyster. See Mollusca.

2. (Bot.) A pericarp in which the seed case opens or splits into two parts or valves.

Bi"valve (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + valve.] (Zoöl. & Bot.) Having two shells or valves which open and shut, as the oyster and certain seed vessels.

Bi"valved (&?;), a. Having two valves, as the oyster and some seed pods; bivalve.

Bi*val"vous (&?;), a. Bivalvular.

Bi*val"vu*lar (&?;), a. Having two valves.

Bi*vault"ed (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + vault.] Having two vaults or arches.

Bi*vec"tor (&?;), n. [Pref. bi- + vector.] (Math.) A term made up of the two parts &?; + &?;1 &?;-1, where &?; and &?;1 are vectors.

Bi*ven"tral (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + ventral.] (Anat.) Having two bellies or protuberances; as, a biventral, or digastric, muscle, or the biventral lobe of the cerebellum.

Biv"i*al (&?;), a. Of or relating to the bivium.

Biv"i*ous (&?;), a. [L. bivius; bis twice + via way.] Having, or leading, two ways.

> Bivious theorems and Janus-faced doctrines.
> Sir T. Browne.

||Biv"i*um (&?;), n. [L., a place with two ways. See Bivious.] (Zoöl.) One side of an echinoderm, including a pair of ambulacra, in distinction from the opposite side (trivium), which includes three ambulacra.

Biv"ouac (&?;), n. [F. bivouac, bivac, prab. fr. G. beiwache, or beiwacht; bei by, near + wachen to watch, wache watch, guard. See By, and Watch.] (Mil.) (a) The watch of a whole army by night, when in danger of surprise or attack. (b) An encampment for the night without tents or covering.

Biv"ouac, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bivouacked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bivouacking.] (Mil.) (a) To watch at night or be on guard, as a whole army. (b) To encamp for the night without tents or covering.

Bi"week`ly (&?;), a. [Pref. bi- + weekly.] Occurring or appearing once every two weeks; fortnightly. -- n. A publication issued every two weeks. -- Bi"week"ly, adv.

Bi*wreye" (&?;), v. t. To bewray; to reveal. [Obs.]

Biz"an*tine (&?;). See Byzantine.

Bi*zarre" (&?;), a. [F. bizarre odd, fr. Sp. bizarro gallant, brave, liberal, prob. of Basque origin; cf. Basque bizarra beard, whence the meaning manly, brave.] Odd in manner or appearance; fantastic; whimsical; extravagant; grotesque. C. Kingsley.

Bi*zet" (&?;), n. [Cf. Bezel.] The upper faceted portion of a brilliant-cut diamond, which projects from the setting and occupies the zone between the girdle and the table. See Brilliant, n.

Blab (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blabbed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blabbing.] [Cf. OE. blaberen, or Dan. blabbre, G. plappern, Gael. blabaran a stammerer; prob. of imitative origin. Cf. also Blubber, v.] To utter or tell unnecessarily, or in a thoughtless manner; to publish (secrets or trifles) without reserve or discretion. Udall.

> And yonder a vile physician blabbing
> The case of his patient.
> Tennyson.

Blab, v. i. To talk thoughtlessly or without discretion; to tattle; to tell tales.

> She must burst or blab.
> Dryden.

Blab, n. [OE. blabbe.] One who blabs; a babbler; a telltale. "Avoided as a blab." Milton.

> For who will open himself to a blab or a babbler.
> Bacon.

Blab"ber (&?;), n. A tattler; a telltale.

Black (&?;), a. [OE. blak, AS. blæc; akin to Icel. blakkr dark, swarthy, Sw. bläck ink, Dan. blæk, OHG. blach, LG. & D. blaken to burn with a black smoke. Not akin to AS. blc, E. bleak pallid. &?;98.] 1. Destitute of light, or incapable of reflecting it; of the color of soot or coal; of the darkest or a very dark color, the opposite of white; characterized by such a color; as, black cloth; black hair or eyes.

> O night, with hue so black!
> Shak.

2. In a less literal sense: Enveloped or shrouded in darkness; very dark or gloomy; as, a black night; the heavens black with clouds.

> I spy a black, suspicious, threatening cloud.
> Shak.

3. Fig.: Dismal, gloomy, or forbidding, like darkness; destitute of moral light or goodness; atrociously wicked; cruel; mournful; calamitous; horrible. "This day's black fate." "Black villainy." "Arise, black vengeance." "Black day." "Black despair." Shak.

4. Expressing menace, or discontent; threatening; sullen; foreboding; as, to regard one with black looks.

Black is often used in self-explaining compound words; as, black-eyed, black-faced, black-haired, black- visaged.

Black act, the English statute 9 George I, which makes it a felony to appear armed in any park or warren, etc., or to hunt or steal deer, etc., with the face blackened or disguised. Subsequent acts inflicting heavy penalties for malicious injuries to cattle and machinery have been called black acts. -- Black angel (Zoöl.), a fish of the West Indies and Florida (Holacanthus tricolor), with the head and tail yellow, and the middle of the body black. -- Black antimony (Chem.), the black sulphide of antimony, Sb2S3, used in pyrotechnics, etc. -- Black bear (Zoöl.), the common American bear (Ursus Americanus). -- Black beast. See Bête noire. -- Black beetle (Zoöl.), the common large cockroach (Blatta orientalis). -- Black and blue, the dark color of a bruise in the flesh, which is accompanied with a mixture of blue. "To pinch the slatterns black and blue." Hudibras. -- Black bonnet (Zoöl.), the black-headed bunting (Embriza Schœniclus) of Europe. -- Black canker, a disease in turnips and other crops, produced by a species of caterpillar. -- Black cat (Zoöl.), the fisher, a quadruped of North America allied to the sable, but larger. See Fisher. -- Black cattle, any bovine cattle reared for slaughter, in distinction from dairy cattle. [Eng.] -- Black cherry. See under Cherry. -- Black cockatoo (Zoöl.), the palm cockatoo. See Cockatoo. -- Black copper. Same as Melaconite. -- Black currant. (Bot.) See Currant. -- Black diamond. (Min.) See Carbonado. -- Black draught (Med.), a cathartic medicine, composed of senna and magnesia. -- Black drop (Med.), vinegar of opium; a narcotic preparation consisting essentially of a solution of opium in vinegar. -- Black earth, mold; earth of a dark color. Woodward. -- Black flag, the flag of a pirate, often bearing in white a skull and crossbones; a signal of defiance. -- Black flea (Zoöl.), a flea beetle (Haltica nemorum) injurious to turnips. -- Black flux, a mixture of carbonate of potash and charcoal, obtained by deflagrating tartar with half its weight of niter. Brande & C. -- Black fly. (Zoöl.) (a) In the United States, a small, venomous, two-winged fly of the genus Simulium of several species, exceedingly abundant and troublesome in the northern forests. The larvæ are aquatic. (b) A black plant louse, as the bean aphis (A. fabæ). -- Black Forest [a translation of G. Schwarzwald], a forest in Baden and Würtemburg, in Germany; a part of the ancient Hercynian forest. -- Black game, or Black grouse. (Zoöl.) See Blackcock, Grouse, and Heath grouse. -- Black grass (Bot.), a grasslike rush of the species Juncus Gerardi, growing on salt marshes, and making good hay. -- Black gum (Bot.), an American tree, the tupelo or pepperidge. See Tupelo. -- Black Hamburg (grape) (Bot.), a sweet and juicy variety of dark purple or "black" grape. -- Black horse (Zoöl.), a fish of the Mississippi valley (Cycleptus elongatus), of the sucker family; the Missouri sucker. -- Black lemur (Zoöl.), the Lemurniger of Madagascar; the acoumbo of the natives. -- Black list, a list of persons who are for some reason thought deserving of censure or punishment; -- esp. a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy, made for the protection of tradesmen or employers. See Blacklist, v. t. -- Black manganese (Chem.), the black oxide of manganese, MnO2. -- Black Maria, the close wagon in which prisoners are carried to or from jail. -- Black martin (Zoöl.), the chimney swift. See Swift. -- Black moss (Bot.), the common so-called long moss of the southern United States. See Tillandsia. -- Black oak. See under Oak. -- Black ocher. See Wad. -- Black pigment, a very fine, light carbonaceous substance, or lampblack, prepared chiefly for the manufacture of printers' ink. It is obtained by burning common coal tar. -- Black plate, sheet iron before it is tinned. Knight. -- Black quarter, malignant anthrax with engorgement of a shoulder or quarter, etc., as of an ox. -- Black rat (Zoöl.), one of the species of rats (Mus rattus), commonly infesting houses. -- Black rent. See Blackmail, n., 3. -- Black rust, a disease of wheat, in which a black, moist matter is deposited in the fissures of the grain. -- Black sheep, one in a family or company who is unlike the rest, and makes trouble. -- Black silver. (Min.) See under Silver. -- Black and tan, black mixed or spotted with tan color or reddish brown; -- used in describing certain breeds of dogs. -- Black tea. See under Tea. -- Black tin (Mining), tin ore (cassiterite), when dressed, stamped and washed, ready for smelting. It is in the form of a black powder, like fine sand. Knight. -- Black walnut. See under Walnut. -- Black warrior (Zoöl.), an American hawk (Buteo Harlani).

Syn. -- Dark; murky; pitchy; inky; somber; dusky; gloomy; swart; Cimmerian; ebon; atrocious.

Black (&?;), adv. Sullenly; threateningly; maliciously; so as to produce blackness.

Black, n. 1. That which is destitute of light or whiteness; the darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color; as, a cloth has a good black.

> Black is the badge of hell,
> The hue of dungeons, and the suit of night.
> Shak.

2. A black pigment or dye.

3. A negro; a person whose skin is of a black color, or shaded with black; esp. a member or descendant of certain African races.

4. A black garment or dress; as, she wears black; pl. (Obs.) Mourning garments of a black color; funereal drapery.

> Friends weeping, and blacks, and obsequies, and the like show death terrible.
> Bacon.

> That was the full time they used to wear blacks for the death of their fathers.
> Sir T. North.

5. The part of a thing which is distinguished from the rest by being black.

> The black or sight of the eye.
> Sir K. Digby.

6. A stain; a spot; a smooch.

> Defiling her white lawn of chastity with ugly blacks of lust.
> Rowley.

Black and white, writing or print; as, I must have that statement in black and white. -- Blue black, a pigment of a blue black color. -- Ivory black, a fine kind of animal charcoal prepared by calcining ivory or bones. When ground it is the chief ingredient of the ink used in copperplate printing. -- Berlin black. See under Berlin.

Black, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blacked; p. pr. & vb. n. Blacking.] [See Black, a., and cf. Blacken.]

1. To make black; to blacken; to soil; to sully.

> They have their teeth blacked, both men and women, for they say a dog hath his teeth white, therefore they will black theirs.
> Hakluyt.

> Sins which black thy soul.
> J. Fletcher.

2. To make black and shining, as boots or a stove, by applying blacking and then polishing with a brush.

Black"a*moor (&?;), n. [Black + Moor.] A negro or negress. Shak.

Black" art` (&?;). The art practiced by conjurers and witches; necromancy; conjuration; magic.

This name was given in the Middle Ages to necromancy, under the idea that the latter term was derived from niger black, instead of nekro`s, a dead person, and mantei`a, divination. Wright.

Black"-a-vised` (&?;), a. Dark-visaged; swart.

Black"ball` (&?;), n. 1. A composition for blacking shoes, boots, etc.; also, one for taking impressions of engraved work.

2. A ball of black color, esp. one used as a negative in voting; -- in this sense usually two words.

Black"ball`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackballed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blackballing.] 1. To vote against, by putting a black ball into a ballot box; to reject or exclude, as by voting against with black balls; to ostracize.

> He was blackballed at two clubs in succession.
> Thackeray.

2. To blacken (leather, shoes, etc.) with blacking.

Black"band` (&?;), n. (Min.) An earthy carbonate of iron containing considerable carbonaceous matter; -- valuable as an iron ore.

Black" bass` (&?;). (Zoöl.) 1. An edible, fresh-water fish of the United States, of the genus Micropterus. the small-mouthed kind is M. dolomie; the large-mouthed is M. salmoides.

2. The sea bass. See Blackfish, 3.

Black"ber*ry (blk"br*r), n. [OE. blakberye, AS. blæcberie; blæc black + berie berry.] The fruit of several species of bramble (Rubus); also, the plant itself. Rubus fruticosus is the blackberry of England; R. villosus and R. Canadensis are the high blackberry and low blackberry of the United States. There are also other kinds.

Black"bird (blk"brd), n. (Zoöl.) In England, a species of thrush (Turdus merula), a singing bird with a fin note; the merle. In America the name is given to several birds, as the Quiscalus versicolor, or crow blackbird; the Agelæus phœniceus, or red-winged blackbird; the cowbird; the rusty grackle, etc. See Redwing.

Black"board` (-brd`), n. A broad board painted black, or any black surface on which writing, drawing, or the working of mathematical problems can be done with chalk or crayons. It is much used in schools.

Black" book` (bk`). 1. One of several books of a political character, published at different times and for different purposes; -- so called either from the color of the binding, or from the character of the contents.

<! p. 151 !>

2. A book compiled in the twelfth century, containing a description of the court of exchequer of England, an official statement of the revenues of the crown, etc.

3. A book containing details of the enormities practiced in the English monasteries and religious houses, compiled by order of their visitors under Henry VIII., to hasten their dissolution.

4. A book of admiralty law, of the highest authority, compiled in the reign of Edw. III. Bouvier. Wharton.

5. A book kept for the purpose of registering the names of persons liable to censure or punishment, as in the English universities, or the English armies.

6. Any book which treats of necromancy.

Black"-browed` (blk"broud`), a. Having black eyebrows. Hence: Gloomy; dismal; threatening; forbidding. Shak. Dryden.

Black*bur"ni*an war"bler (&?;). [Named from Mrs. Blackburn, an English lady.] (Zoöl.) A beautiful warbler of the United States (Dendroica Blackburniæ). The male is strongly marked with orange, yellow, and black on the head and neck, and has an orange-yellow breast.

Black"cap` (-kp`), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European song bird (Sylvia atricapilla), with a black crown; the mock nightingale. (b) An American titmouse (Parus atricapillus); the chickadee.

2. (Cookery) An apple roasted till black, to be served in a dish of boiled custard.

3. The black raspberry.

Black"coat` (&?;), n. A clergyman; -- familiarly so called, as a soldier is sometimes called a redcoat or a bluecoat.

Black"cock` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The male of the European black grouse (Tetrao tetrix, Linn.); - - so called by sportsmen. The female is called gray hen. See Heath grouse.

Black" death` (&?;). A pestilence which ravaged Europe and Asia in the fourteenth century.

Black"en (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackened (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blackening.] [See Black, a., and cf. Black, v. t. ] 1. To make or render black.

> While the long funerals blacken all the way.
> Pope.

2. To make dark; to darken; to cloud. "Blackened the whole heavens." South.

3. To defame; to sully, as reputation; to make infamous; as, vice blackens the character.

Syn. -- To denigrate; defame; vilify; slander; calumniate; traduce; malign; asperse.

Black"en, v. i. To grow black or dark.

Black"en*er (&?;), n. One who blackens.

Black"-eyed` (&?;), a. Having black eyes. Dryden.

Black"-faced` (&?;), a. Having a black, dark, or gloomy face or aspect.

Black"feet` (&?;), n. pl. (Ethn.) A tribe of North American Indians formerly inhabiting the country from the upper Missouri River to the Saskatchewan, but now much reduced in numbers.

Black"fin` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Bluefin.

Black"fish (&?;), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A small kind of whale, of the genus Globicephalus, of several species. The most common is G. melas. Also sometimes applied to other whales of larger size.

2. (Zoöl.) The tautog of New England (Tautoga).

3. (Zoöl.) The black sea bass (Centropristis atrarius) of the Atlantic coast. It is excellent food fish; -- locally called also black Harry.

4. (Zoöl.) A fish of southern Europe (Centrolophus pompilus) of the Mackerel family.

5. (Zoöl.) The female salmon in the spawning season.

The name is locally applied to other fishes.

Black"foot` (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to the Blackfeet; as, a Blackfoot Indian. -- n. A Blackfoot Indian.

Black" fri`ar (&?;). (Eccl.) A friar of the Dominican order; -- called also predicant and preaching friar; in France, Jacobin. Also, sometimes, a Benedictine.

Black"guard (&?;), n. [Black + guard.] 1. The scullions and lower menials of a court, or of a nobleman's household, who, in a removal from one residence to another, had charge of the kitchen utensils, and being smutted by them, were jocularly called the "black guard"; also, the servants and hangers-on of an army. [Obs.]

> A lousy slave, that . . . rode with the black guard in the duke's carriage, 'mongst spits and dripping pans.
> Webster (1612).

2. The criminals and vagrants or vagabonds of a town or community, collectively. [Obs.]

3. A person of stained or low character, esp. one who uses scurrilous language, or treats others with foul abuse; a scoundrel; a rough.

> A man whose manners and sentiments are decidedly below those of his class deserves to be called a blackguard.
> Macaulay.

4. A vagrant; a bootblack; a gamin. [Obs.]

Black"guard`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackguarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blackguarding.] To revile or abuse in scurrilous language. Southey.

Black"guard, a. Scurrilous; abusive; low; worthless; vicious; as, blackguard language.

Black"guard*ism (&?;), n. The conduct or language of a blackguard; ruffianism.

Black"guard*ly, adv. & a. In the manner of or resembling a blackguard; abusive; scurrilous; ruffianly.

Black"head` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The scaup duck.

Black"heart` (&?;), n. A heart-shaped cherry with a very dark-colored skin.

Black"-heart`ed, a. Having a wicked, malignant disposition; morally bad.

Black" hole` (&?;). A dungeon or dark cell in a prison; a military lock-up or guardroom; -- now commonly with allusion to the cell (the Black Hole) in a fort at Calcutta, into which 146 English prisoners were thrust by the nabob Suraja Dowla on the night of June 20, 17656, and in which 123 of the prisoners died before morning from lack of air.

> A discipline of unlimited autocracy, upheld by rods, and ferules, and the black hole.
> H. Spencer.

Black"ing, n. 1. Any preparation for making things black; esp. one for giving a black luster to boots and shoes, or to stoves.

2. The act or process of making black.

Black"ish, a. Somewhat black.

Black"-jack`, n. 1. (Min.) A name given by English miners to sphalerite, or zinc blende; -- called also false galena. See Blende.

2. Caramel or burnt sugar, used to color wines, spirits, ground coffee, etc.

3. A large leather vessel for beer, etc. [Obs.]

4. (Bot.) The Quercus nigra, or barren oak.

5. The ensign of a pirate.

Black` lead" (&?;). Plumbago; graphite. It leaves a blackish mark somewhat like lead. See Graphite.

Black`lead", v. t. To coat or to polish with black lead.

Black"leg` (&?;), n. 1. A notorious gambler. [Colloq.]

2. A disease among calves and sheep, characterized by a settling of gelatinous matter in the legs, and sometimes in the neck. [Eng.]

Black" let`ter (&?;). The old English or Gothic letter, in which the Early English manuscripts were written, and the first English books were printed. It was conspicuous for its blackness. See Type.

Black"-let`ter, a. 1. Written or printed in black letter; as, a black-letter manuscript or book.

2. Given to the study of books in black letter; that is, of old books; out of date.

> Kemble, a black-letter man!
> J. Boaden.

3. Of or pertaining to the days in the calendar not marked with red letters as saints' days. Hence: Unlucky; inauspicious.

Black"list` (&?;), v. t. To put in a black list as deserving of suspicion, censure, or punishment; esp. to put in a list of persons stigmatized as insolvent or untrustworthy, -- as tradesmen and employers do for mutual protection; as, to blacklist a workman who has been discharged. See Black list, under Black, a.

> If you blacklist us, we will boycott you.
> John Swinton.

Black"ly, adv. In a black manner; darkly, in color; gloomily; threateningly; atrociously. "Deeds so blackly grim and horrid." Feltham.

Black"mail` (&?;), n. [Black + mail a piece of money.] 1. A certain rate of money, corn, cattle, or other thing, anciently paid, in the north of England and south of Scotland, to certain men who were allied to robbers, or moss troopers, to be by them protected from pillage. Sir W. Scott.

2. Payment of money exacted by means of intimidation; also, extortion of money from a person by threats of public accusation, exposure, or censure.

3. (Eng. Law) Black rent, or rent paid in corn, flesh, or the lowest coin, a opposed to "white rent", which paid in silver.

To levy blackmail, to extort money by threats, as of injury to one's reputation.

Black"mail`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackmailed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blackmailing.] To extort money from by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm, as injury to reputation, distress of mind, etc.; as, to blackmail a merchant by threatening to expose an alleged fraud. [U. S.]

Black"mail`er (&?;), n. One who extorts, or endeavors to extort, money, by black mailing.

Black"mail`ing, n. The act or practice of extorting money by exciting fears of injury other than bodily harm, as injury to reputation.

Black" Mon`day (&?;). 1. Easter Monday, so called from the severity of that day in 1360, which was so unusual that many of Edward III.'s soldiers, then before Paris, died from the cold. Stow.

> Then it was not for nothing that my nose fell a bleeding on Black Monday last.
> Shak.

2. The first Monday after the holidays; -- so called by English schoolboys. Halliwell.

Black" monk` (&?;). A Benedictine monk.

Black"moor (&?;), n. See Blackamoor.

Black"-mouthed` (&?;), a. Using foul or scurrilous language; slanderous.

Black"ness, n. The quality or state of being black; black color; atrociousness or enormity in wickedness.

> They're darker now than blackness.
> Donne.

Black"poll` (&?;), n. [Black + poll head.] (Zoöl.) A warbler of the United States (Dendroica striata).

Black" pud"ding (&?;). A kind of sausage made of blood, suet, etc., thickened with meal.

> And fat black puddings, -- proper food,
> For warriors that delight in blood.
> Hudibras.

Black" Rod` (&?;). (a) the usher to the Chapter of the Garter, so called from the black rod which he carries. He is of the king's chamber, and also usher to the House of Lords. [Eng.] (b) An usher in the legislature of British colonies. Cowell.

> Committed to the custody of the Black Rod.
> Macaulay.

Black"root`, n. (Bot.) See Colicroot.

Blacks (&?;), n. pl. 1. The name of a kind of in used in copperplate printing, prepared from the charred husks of the grape, and residue of the wine press.

2. Soot flying in the air. [Eng.]

3. Black garments, etc. See Black, n., 4.

Black"salt`er (&?;), n. One who makes crude potash, or black salts.

Black" salts` (&?;). Crude potash. De Colange.

Black"smith` (&?;), n. [Black (in allusion to the color of the metal) + smith. Cf. Whitesmith.] 1. A smith who works in iron with a forge, and makes iron utensils, horseshoes, etc.

> The blacksmith may forge what he pleases.
> Howell.

2. (Zoöl.) A fish of the Pacific coast (Chromis, or Heliastes, punctipinnis), of a blackish color.

{ Black" snake` (snk) or Black"snake }, n. (Zoöl.) A snake of a black color, of which two species are common in the United States, the Bascanium constrictor, or racer, sometimes six feet long, and the Scotophis Alleghaniensis, seven or eight feet long.

The name is also applied to various other black serpents, as Natrix atra of Jamaica.

Black"strap` (-strp), n. 1. A mixture of spirituous liquor (usually rum) and molasses.

> No blackstrap to-night; switchel, or ginger pop.
> Judd.

2. Bad port wine; any common wine of the Mediterranean; -- so called by sailors.

Black"tail` (&?;), n. [Black + tail.] 1. (Zoöl.) A fish; the ruff or pope.

2. (Zoöl.) The black-tailed deer (Cervus or Cariacus Columbianus) of California and Oregon; also, the mule deer of the Rocky Mountains. See Mule deer.

Black"thorn` (&?;), n. (Bot.) (a) A spreading thorny shrub or small tree (Prunus spinosa), with blackish bark, and bearing little black plums, which are called sloes; the sloe. (b) A species of Cratægus or hawthorn (C. tomentosa). Both are used for hedges.

Black" vom"it (&?;). (Med.) A copious vomiting of dark-colored matter; or the substance so discharged; -- one of the most fatal symptoms in yellow fever.

{ Black" wash` (&?;) or Black"wash }, n. 1. (Med.) A lotion made by mixing calomel and lime water.

2. A wash that blackens, as opposed to whitewash; hence, figuratively, calumny.

> To remove as far as he can the modern layers of black wash, and let the man himself, fair or foul, be seen.
> C. Kingsley.

Black"wood (&?;), n. A name given to several dark-colored timbers. The East Indian black wood is from the tree Dalbergia latifolia. Balfour.

Black"work` (&?;), n. Work wrought by blacksmiths; -- so called in distinction from that wrought by whitesmiths. Knight.

Blad"der (&?;), n. [OE. bladder, bleddre, AS. bl&?;dre, bl&?;ddre; akin to Icel. bla&?;ra, SW. bläddra, Dan. blære, D. blaar, OHG. bltara the bladder in the body of animals, G. blatter blister, bustule; all fr. the same root as AS. blwan, E. blow, to puff. See Blow to puff.]

1. (Anat.) A bag or sac in animals, which serves as the receptacle of some fluid; as, the urinary bladder; the gall bladder; -- applied especially to the urinary bladder, either within the animal, or when taken out and inflated with air.

2. Any vesicle or blister, especially if filled with air, or a thin, watery fluid.

3. (Bot.) A distended, membranaceous pericarp.

4. Anything inflated, empty, or unsound. "To swim with bladders of philosophy." Rochester.

Bladder nut, or Bladder tree (Bot.), a genus of plants (Staphylea) with bladderlike seed pods. -- Bladder pod (Bot.), a genus of low herbs (Vesicaria) with inflated seed pods. -- Bladdor senna (Bot.), a genus of shrubs (Colutea), with membranaceous, inflated pods. -- Bladder worm (Zoöl.), the larva of any species of tapeworm (Tænia), found in the flesh or other parts of animals. See Measle, Cysticercus. -- Bladder wrack (Bot.), the common black rock weed of the seacoast (Fucus nodosus and F. vesiculosus) -- called also bladder tangle. See Wrack.

Blad"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bladdered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bladdering.] 1. To swell out like a bladder with air; to inflate. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

2. To put up in bladders; as, bladdered lard.

Blad"der*wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A genus (Utricularia) of aquatic or marshy plants, which usually bear numerous vesicles in the divisions of the leaves. These serve as traps for minute animals. See Ascidium.

Blad"der*y (&?;), a. Having bladders; also, resembling a bladder.

Blade (bld), n. [OE. blade, blad, AS. blæd leaf; akin to OS., D., Dan., & Sw. blad, Icel. blað, OHG. blat, G. blatt, and perh. to L. folium, Gr. fy`llon. The root is prob. the same as that of AS. blwan, E. blow, to blossom. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Foil leaf of metal.]

1. Properly, the leaf, or flat part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous plants. The term is sometimes applied to the spire of grasses.

> The crimson dulse . . . with its waving blade.
> Percival.

> First the blade, then ear, after that the full corn in the ear.
> Mark iv. 28.

2. The cutting part of an instrument; as, the blade of a knife or a sword.

3. The broad part of an oar; also, one of the projecting arms of a screw propeller.

4. The scapula or shoulder blade.

5. pl. (Arch.) The principal rafters of a roof. Weale.

6. pl. (Com.) The four large shell plates on the sides, and the five large ones of the middle, of the carapace of the sea turtle, which yield the best tortoise shell. De Colange.

7. A sharp-witted, dashing, wild, or reckless, fellow; -- a word of somewhat indefinite meaning.

> He saw a turnkey in a trice
> Fetter a troublesome blade.
> Coleridge.

<! p. 152 !>

Blade (bld), v. t. To furnish with a blade.

Blade, v. i. To put forth or have a blade.

> As sweet a plant, as fair a flower, is faded
> As ever in the Muses' garden bladed.
> P. Fletcher.

Blade"bone` (-bn`), n. The scapula. See Blade, 4.

Blad"ed (bld"d), a. 1. Having a blade or blades; as, a two-bladed knife.

> Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass.
> Shak.

2. Divested of blades; as, bladed corn.

3. (Min.) Composed of long and narrow plates, shaped like the blade of a knife.

Blade"fish` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A long, thin, marine fish of Europe (Trichiurus lepturus); the ribbon fish.

Blade"smith` (&?;), n. A sword cutler. [Obs.]

Blad"y (&?;), a. Consisting of blades. [R.] "Blady grass." Drayton.

Blæ (&?;), a. [See Blue.] Dark blue or bluish gray; lead-colored. [Scot.]

Blæ"ber*ry (&?;), n. [Blæ + berry; akin to Icel blber, Sw. bl&?;bär, D. blaabær. Cf. Blueberry.] The bilberry. [North of Eng. & Scot.]

||Blague (blg), n. [F.] Mendacious boasting; falsehood; humbug.

Blain (bln), n. [OE. blein, bleyn, AS. blgen; akin to Dan. blegn, D. blein; perh. fr. the same root as E. bladder. See Bladder.] 1. An inflammatory swelling or sore; a bulla, pustule, or blister.

> Blotches and blains must all his flesh emboss.
> Milton.

2. (Far.) A bladder growing on the root of the tongue of a horse, against the windpipe, and stopping the breath.

Blam"a*ble (blm"*b'l), a. [Cf. F. blâmable.] Deserving of censure; faulty; culpable; reprehensible; censurable; blameworthy. -- Blam"a*ble*ness, n. -- Blam"a*bly (&?;), adv.

Blame (blm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blamed (blmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Blaming.] [OE. blamen, F. blâmer, OF. blasmer, fr. L. blasphemare to blaspheme, LL. also to blame, fr. Gr. blasfhmei^n to speak ill, to slander, to blaspheme, fr. bla`sfhmos evil speaking, perh, for blapsi`fhmos; bla`psis injury (fr. bla`ptein to injure) + fh`mh a saying, fr. fa`nai to say. Cf. Blaspheme, and see Fame.]

1. To censure; to express disapprobation of; to find fault with; to reproach.

> We have none to blame but ourselves.
> Tillotson.

2. To bring reproach upon; to blemish. [Obs.]

> She . . . blamed her noble blood.
> Spenser.

To blame, to be blamed, or deserving blame; in fault; as, the conductor was to blame for the accident.

> You were to blame, I must be plain with you.
> Shak.

Blame, n. [OE. blame, fr. F. blâme, OF. blasme, fr. blâmer, OF. blasmer, to blame. See Blame, v.] 1. An expression of disapprobation fir something deemed to be wrong; imputation of fault; censure.

> Let me bear the blame forever.
> Gen. xiiii. 9.

2. That which is deserving of censure or disapprobation; culpability; fault; crime; sin.

> Holy and without blame before him in love.
> Eph. i. 4.

3. Hurt; injury. [Obs.] Spenser.

Syn. -- Censure; reprehension; condemnation; reproach; fault; sin; crime; wrongdoing.

Blame"ful (&?;), a. 1. Faulty; meriting blame. Shak.

2. Attributing blame or fault; implying or conveying censure; faultfinding; censorious. Chaucer.

-- Blame"ful*ly, adv. -- Blame"ful*ness, n.

Blame"less, a. Free from blame; without fault; innocent; guiltless; -- sometimes followed by of.

> A bishop then must be blameless.
> 1 Tim. iii. 2.

> Blameless still of arts that polish to deprave.
> Mallet.

> We will be blameless of this thine oath.
> Josh. ii. 17.

Syn. -- Irreproachable; sinless; unblemished; inculpable. -- Blameless, Spotless, Faultless, Stainless. We speak of a thing as blameless when it is free from blame, or the just imputation of fault; as, a blameless life or character. The others are stronger. We speak of a thing as faultless, stainless, or spotless, only when we mean that it is absolutely without fault or blemish; as, a spotless or stainless reputation; a faultless course of conduct. The last three words apply only to the general character, while blameless may be used in reverence to particular points; as, in this transaction he was wholly blameless. We also apply faultless to personal appearance; as, a faultless figure; which can not be done in respect to any of the other words.

Blame"less*ly, adv. In a blameless manner.

Blame"less*ness, n. The quality or state of being blameless; innocence.

Blam"er (&?;), n. One who blames. Wyclif.

Blame"wor`thy (&?;), a. Deserving blame; culpable; reprehensible. -- Blame"wor`thi*ness, n.

Blan"card (&?;), n. [F., fr. blanc white.] A kind of linen cloth made in Normandy, the thread of which is partly blanches before it is woven.

Blanch (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blanching.] [OE. blanchen, blaunchen, F. blanchir, fr. blanc white. See Blank, a.]

1. To take the color out of, and make white; to bleach; as, to blanch linen; age has blanched his hair.

2. (Gardening) To bleach by excluding the light, as the stalks or leaves of plants, by earthing them up or tying them together.

3. (Confectionery & Cookery) (a) To make white by removing the skin of, as by scalding; as, to blanch almonds. (b) To whiten, as the surface of meat, by plunging into boiling water and afterwards into cold, so as to harden the surface and retain the juices.

4. To give a white luster to (silver, before stamping, in the process of coining.).

5. To cover (sheet iron) with a coating of tin.

6. Fig.: To whiten; to give a favorable appearance to; to whitewash; to palliate.

> Blanch over the blackest and most absurd things.
> Tillotson.

Syn. -- To Blanch, Whiten. To whiten is the generic term, denoting, to render white; as, to whiten the walls of a room. Usually (though not of necessity) this is supposed to be done by placing some white coloring matter in or upon the surface of the object in question. To blanch is to whiten by the removal of coloring matter; as, to blanch linen. So the cheek is blanched by fear, i. e., by the withdrawal of the blood, which leaves it white.

Blanch (&?;), v. i. To grow or become white; as, his cheek blanched with fear; the rose blanches in the sun.

> [Bones] blanching on the grass.
> Tennyson.

Blanch, v. t. [See Blench.] 1. To avoid, as from fear; to evade; to leave unnoticed. [Obs.]

> Ifs and ands to qualify the words of treason, whereby every man might express his malice and blanch his danger.
> Bacon.

> I suppose you will not blanch Paris in your way.
> Reliq. Wot.

2. To cause to turn aside or back; as, to blanch a deer.

Blanch, v. i. To use evasion. [Obs.]

> Books will speak plain, when counselors blanch.
> Bacon.

Blanch, n. (Mining) Ore, not in masses, but mixed with other minerals.

Blanch"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, blanches or whitens; esp., one who anneals and cleanses money; also, a chemical preparation for this purpose.

Blanch"er, n. One who, or that which, frightens away or turns aside. [Obs.]

> And Gynecia, a blancher, which kept the dearest deer from her.
> Sir P. Sidney.

> And so even now hath he divers blanchers belonging to the market, to let and stop the light of the gospel.
> Latimer.

Blanch" hold`ing (&?;). (Scots Law) A mode of tenure by the payment of a small duty in white rent (silver) or otherwise.

Blanch*im"e*ter (&?;), n. [1st blanch + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the bleaching power of chloride of lime and potash; a chlorometer. Ure.

Blanc*mange" (&?;), n. [F. blancmanger, lit. white food; blanc white + manger to eat.] (Cookery) A preparation for desserts, etc., made from isinglass, sea moss, cornstarch, or other gelatinous or starchy substance, with mild, usually sweetened and flavored, and shaped in a mold.

Blanc*man"ger (&?;), n. [F. See Blancmange.] A sort of fricassee with white sauce, variously made of capon, fish, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bland (&?;), a. [L. blandus, of unknown origin.]

1. Mild; soft; gentle; smooth and soothing in manner; suave; as, a bland temper; bland persuasion; a bland sycophant. "Exhilarating vapor bland." Milton.

2. Having soft and soothing qualities; not drastic or irritating; not stimulating; as, a bland oil; a bland diet.

Blan*da"tion (&?;), n. [Cf. L. blanditia, blandities, fr. blandus. See Bland.] Flattery. [Obs.]

Blan*dil"o*quence (&?;), n. [L. blandiloquentia; blandus mild + loqui to speak.] Mild, flattering speech.

{ Blan*dil"o*quous (&?;), Blan*di*lo"qui*ous (&?;), } a. Fair-spoken; flattering.

Blan"dise (&?;), v. i. [Same word as Blandish.] To blandish any one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blan"dish (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blandished (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blandishing.] [OE. blaundisen, F. blandir, fr. L. blandiri, fr. blandus mild, flattering.] 1. To flatter with kind words or affectionate actions; to caress; to cajole.

2. To make agreeable and enticing.

> Mustering all her wiles,
> With blandished parleys.
> Milton.

Blan"dish*er (&?;), n. One who uses blandishments.

Blan"dish*ment (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. blandissement.] The act of blandishing; a word or act expressive of affection or kindness, and tending to win the heart; soft words and artful caresses; cajolery; allurement.

> Cowering low with blandishment.
> Milton.

> Attacked by royal smiles, by female blandishments.
> Macaulay.

Bland"ly (&?;), adv. In a bland manner; mildly; suavely.

Bland"ness, n. The state or quality of being bland.

Blank (&?;), a. [OE. blank, blonc, blaunc, blaunche, fr. F. blanc, fem. blanche, fr. OHG. blanch shining, bright, white, G. blank; akin to E. blink, cf. also AS. blanc white. &?;98. See Blink, and cf. 1st Blanch.]

1. Of a white or pale color; without color.

> To the blank moon
> Her office they prescribed.
> Milton.

2. Free from writing, printing, or marks; having an empty space to be filled in with some special writing; -- said of checks, official documents, etc.; as, blank paper; a blank check; a blank ballot.

3. Utterly confounded or discomfited.

> Adam . . . astonied stood, and blank.
> Milton.

4. Empty; void; without result; fruitless; as, a blank space; a blank day.

5. Lacking characteristics which give variety; as, a blank desert; a blank wall; destitute of interests, affections, hopes, etc.; as, to live a blank existence; destitute of sensations; as, blank unconsciousness.

6. Lacking animation and intelligence, or their associated characteristics, as expression of face, look, etc.; expressionless; vacant. "Blank and horror-stricken faces." C. Kingsley.

> The blank . . . glance of a half returned consciousness.
> G. Eliot.

7. Absolute; downright; unmixed; as, blank terror.

Blank bar (Law), a plea put in to oblige the plaintiff in an action of trespass to assign the certain place where the trespass was committed; -- called also common bar. -- Blank cartridge, a cartridge containing no ball. -- Blank deed. See Deed. -- Blank door, or Blank window (Arch.), a depression in a wall of the size of a door or window, either for symmetrical effect, or for the more convenient insertion of a door or window at a future time, should it be needed. -- Blank indorsement (Law), an indorsement which omits the name of the person in whose favor it is made; it is usually made by simply writing the name of the indorser on the back of the bill. -- Blank line (Print.), a vacant space of the breadth of a line, on a printed page; a line of quadrats. -- Blank tire (Mech.), a tire without a flange. -- Blank tooling. See Blind tooling, under Blind. -- Blank verse. See under Verse. -- Blank wall, a wall in which there is no opening; a dead wall.

Blank (&?;), n. 1. Any void space; a void space on paper, or in any written instrument; an interval void of consciousness, action, result, etc; a void.

> I can not write a paper full, I used to do; and yet I will not forgive a blank of half an inch from you.
> Swift.

> From this time there ensues a long blank in the history of French legislation.
> Hallam.

> I was ill. I can't tell how long -- it was a blank.
> G. Eliot.

2. A lot by which nothing is gained; a ticket in a lottery on which no prize is indicated.

> In Fortune's lottery lies
> A heap of blanks, like this, for one small prize.
> Dryden.

3. A paper unwritten; a paper without marks or characters a blank ballot; -- especially, a paper on which are to be inserted designated items of information, for which spaces are left vacant; a bland form.

> The freemen signified their approbation by an inscribed vote, and their dissent by a blank.
> Palfrey.

4. A paper containing the substance of a legal instrument, as a deed, release, writ, or execution, with spaces left to be filled with names, date, descriptions, etc.

5. The point aimed at in a target, marked with a white spot; hence, the object to which anything is directed.

> Let me still remain
> The true blank of thine eye.
> Shak.

6. Aim; shot; range. [Obs.]

> I have stood . . . within the blank of his displeasure
> For my free speech.
> Shak.

7. A kind of base silver money, first coined in England by Henry V., and worth about 8 pence; also, a French coin of the seventeenth century, worth about 4 pence. Nares.

8. (Mech.) A piece of metal prepared to be made into something by a further operation, as a coin, screw, nuts.

9. (Dominoes) A piece or division of a piece, without spots; as, the "double blank"; the "six blank."

In blank, with an essential portion to be supplied by another; as, to make out a check in blank.

Blank, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blanking.] [Cf. 3d Blanch.] 1. To make void; to annul. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To blanch; to make blank; to damp the spirits of; to dispirit or confuse. [Obs.]

> Each opposite that blanks the face of joy.
> Shak.

Blan"ket (&?;), n. [F. blanchet, OF. also blanket, a woolen waistcoat or shirt, the blanket of a printing press; prop. white woolen stuff, dim. of blanc white; blanquette a kind of white pear, fr. blanc white. See Blank, a.] 1. A heavy, loosely woven fabric, usually of wool, and having a nap, used in bed clothing; also, a similar fabric used as a robe; or any fabric used as a cover for a horse.

2. (Print.) A piece of rubber, felt, or woolen cloth, used in the tympan to make it soft and elastic.

3. A streak or layer of blubber in whales.

The use of blankets formerly as curtains in theaters explains the following figure of Shakespeare. Nares.

> Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark
> To cry, "Hold, hold!"
> Shak.

Blanket sheet, a newspaper of folio size. -- A wet blanket, anything which damps, chills, dispirits, or discour&?;ges.

Blan"ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blanketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Blanketing.] 1. To cover with a blanket.

> I'll . . . blanket my loins.
> Shak.

2. To toss in a blanket by way of punishment.

> We'll have our men blanket 'em i' the hall.
> B. Jonson.

3. To take the wind out of the sails of (another vessel) by sailing to windward of her.

Blanket cattle. See Belted cattle, under Belted.

Blan"ket*ing, n. 1. Cloth for blankets.

2. The act or punishment of tossing in a blanket.

> That affair of the blanketing happened to thee for the fault thou wast guilty of.
> Smollett.

Blank"ly (&?;), adv. 1. In a blank manner; without expression; vacuously; as, to stare blankly. G. Eliot.

2. Directly; flatly; point blank. De Quincey.

Blank"ness, n. The state of being blank.

||Blan*quette" (&?;), n. [F. blanquette, from blanc white.] (Cookery) A white fricassee.

||Blan*quil"lo (&?;), n. [Sp. blanquillo whitish.] (Zoöl.) A large fish of Florida and the W. Indies (Caulolatilus chrysops). It is red, marked with yellow.

Blare (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blared (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blaring.] [OE. blaren, bloren, to cry, woop; cf. G. plärren to bleat, D. blaren to bleat, cry, weep. Prob. an imitative word, but cf. also E. blast. Cf. Blore.] To sound loudly and somewhat harshly. "The trumpet blared." Tennyson.

Blare, v. t. To cause to sound like the blare of a trumpet; to proclaim loudly.

> To blare its own interpretation.
> Tennyson.

Blare, n. The harsh noise of a trumpet; a loud and somewhat harsh noise, like the blast of a trumpet; a roar or bellowing.

> With blare of bugle, clamor of men.
> Tennyson.

> His ears are stunned with the thunder's blare.
> J. R. Drake.

Blar"ney (blär"n), n. [Blarney, a village and castle near Cork.] Smooth, wheedling talk; flattery. [Colloq.]

Blarney stone, a stone in Blarney castle, Ireland, said to make those who kiss it proficient in the use of blarney.

Blar"ney, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blarneyed (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Blarneying.] To influence by blarney; to wheedle with smooth talk; to make or accomplish by blarney. "Blarneyed the landlord." Irving.

> Had blarneyed his way from Long Island.
> S. G. Goodrich.

||Bla*sé" (bl*z"), a. [F., p. p. of blaser.] Having the sensibilities deadened by excess or frequency of enjoyment; sated or surfeited with pleasure; used up.

<! p. 153 !>

Blas*pheme" (bls*fm"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasphemed (-fmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Blaspheming.] [OE. blasfemn, L. blasphemare, fr. Gr. blasfhmei^n: cf. F. blasphémer. See Blame, v.] 1. To speak of, or address, with impious irreverence; to revile impiously (anything sacred); as, to blaspheme the Holy Spirit.

> So Dagon shall be magnified, and God,
> Besides whom is no god, compared with idols,
> Disglorified, blasphemed, and had in scorn.
> Milton.

> How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge thyself on all those who thus continually blaspheme thy great and all-glorious name?
> Dr. W. Beveridge.

2. Figuratively, of persons and things not religiously sacred, but held in high honor: To calumniate; to revile; to abuse.

> You do blaspheme the good in mocking me.
> Shak.

> Those who from our labors heap their board,
> Blaspheme their feeder and forget their lord.
> Pope.

Blas*pheme", v. i. To utter blasphemy.

> He that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness.
> Mark iii. 29.

Blas*phem"er (&?;), n. One who blasphemes.

> And each blasphemer quite escape the rod,
> Because the insult's not on man, but God ?
> Pope.

Blas"phe*mous (&?;), a. [L. blasphemus, Gr. &?;.] Speaking or writing blasphemy; uttering or exhibiting anything impiously irreverent; profane; as, a blasphemous person; containing blasphemy; as, a blasphemous book; a blasphemous caricature. "Blasphemous publications." Porteus.

> Nor from the Holy One of Heaven
> Refrained his tongue blasphemous.
> Milton.

Formerly this word was accented on the second syllable, as in the above example.

Blas"phe*mous*ly, adv. In a blasphemous manner.

Blas"phe*my (&?;), n. [L. blasphemia, Gr. &?;: cf. OF. blasphemie.] 1. An indignity offered to God in words, writing, or signs; impiously irreverent words or signs addressed to, or used in reference to, God; speaking evil of God; also, the act of claiming the attributes or prerogatives of deity.

When used generally in statutes or at common law, blasphemy is the use of irreverent words or signs in reference to the Supreme Being in such a way as to produce scandal or provoke violence.

2. Figuratively, of things held in high honor: Calumny; abuse; vilification.

> Punished for his blasphemy against learning.
> Bacon.

-blast (&?;). [Gr. &?; sprout, shoot.] A suffix or terminal formative, used principally in biological terms, and signifying growth, formation; as, bioblast, epiblast, mesoblast, etc.

Blast (blst), n. [AS. blst a puff of wind, a blowing; akin to Icel. blstr, OHG. blst, and fr. a verb akin to Icel. blsa to blow, OHG. blâsan, Goth. blsan (in comp.); all prob. from the same root as E. blow. See Blow to eject air.] 1. A violent gust of wind.

> And see where surly Winter passes off,
> Far to the north, and calls his ruffian blasts;
> His blasts obey, and quit the howling hill.
> Thomson.

2. A forcible stream of air from an orifice, as from a bellows, the mouth, etc. Hence: The continuous blowing to which one charge of ore or metal is subjected in a furnace; as, to melt so many tons of iron at a blast.

The terms hot blast and cold blast are employed to designate whether the current is heated or not heated before entering the furnace. A blast furnace is said to be in blast while it is in operation, and out of blast when not in use.

3. The exhaust steam from and engine, driving a column of air out of a boiler chimney, and thus creating an intense draught through the fire; also, any draught produced by the blast.

4. The sound made by blowing a wind instrument; strictly, the sound produces at one breath.

> One blast upon his bugle horn
> Were worth a thousand men.
> Sir W. Scott.

> The blast of triumph o'er thy grave.
> Bryant.

5. A sudden, pernicious effect, as if by a noxious wind, especially on animals and plants; a blight.

> By the blast of God they perish.
> Job iv. 9.

> Virtue preserved from fell destruction's blast.
> Shak.

6. The act of rending, or attempting to rend, heavy masses of rock, earth, etc., by the explosion of gunpowder, dynamite, etc.; also, the charge used for this purpose. "Large blasts are often used." Tomlinson.

7. A flatulent disease of sheep.

Blast furnace, a furnace, usually a shaft furnace for smelting ores, into which air is forced by pressure. -- Blast hole, a hole in the bottom of a pump stock through which water enters. -- Blast nozzle, a fixed or variable orifice in the delivery end of a blast pipe; -- called also blast orifice. -- In full blast, in complete operation; in a state of great activity. See Blast, n., 2. [Colloq.]

Blast, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blasting.] 1. To injure, as by a noxious wind; to cause to wither; to stop or check the growth of, and prevent from fruit-bearing, by some pernicious influence; to blight; to shrivel.

> Seven thin ears, and blasted with the east wind.
> Gen. xii. 6.

2. Hence, to affect with some sudden violence, plague, calamity, or blighting influence, which destroys or causes to fail; to visit with a curse; to curse; to ruin; as, to blast pride, hopes, or character.

> I'll cross it, though it blast me.
> Shak.

> Blasted with excess of light.
> T. Gray.

3. To confound by a loud blast or din.

> Trumpeters,
> With brazen din blast you the city's ear.
> Shak.

4. To rend open by any explosive agent, as gunpowder, dynamite, etc.; to shatter; as, to blast rocks.

Blast, v. i. 1. To be blighted or withered; as, the bud blasted in the blossom.

2. To blow; to blow on a trumpet. [Obs.]

> Toke his blake trumpe faste
> And gan to puffen and to blaste.
> Chaucer.

Blast"ed (&?;), a. 1. Blighted; withered.

> Upon this blasted heath.

Shak.

2. Confounded; accursed; detestable.

> Some of her own blasted gypsies.
> Sir W. Scott.

3. Rent open by an explosive.

> The blasted quarry thunders, heard remote.
> Wordsworth.

||Blas*te"ma (&?;), n.; pl. Blastemata (&?;). [Gr. &?; bud, sprout.] (Biol.) The structureless, protoplasmic tissue of the embryo; the primitive basis of an organ yet unformed, from which it grows.

Blas*te"mal (&?;), a. (Biol.) Relating to the blastema; rudimentary.

Blas`te*mat"ic (&?;), a. (Biol.) Connected with, or proceeding from, the blastema; blastemal.

Blast"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, blasts or destroys.

Blas"tide (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; sprout, fr. &?; to grow.] (Biol.) A small, clear space in the segments of the ovum, the precursor of the nucleus.

Blast"ing (&?;), n. 1. A blast; destruction by a blast, or by some pernicious cause.

> I have smitten you with blasting and mildew.
> Amos iv. 9.

2. The act or process of one who, or that which, blasts; the business of one who blasts.

Blast"ment (&?;), n. A sudden stroke or injury produced by some destructive cause. [Obs.] Shak.

Blas`to*car"pous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; sprout, germ + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) Germinating inside the pericarp, as the mangrove. Brande & C.

Blas"to*cœle (&?;), n. [Gr. blasto`s sprout + koi^los hollow.] (Biol.) The cavity of the blastosphere, or segmentation cavity.

Blas"to*cyst (&?;), n. [Gr. blasto`s sprout + E. cyst.] (Biol.) The germinal vesicle.

Blas"to*derm (&?;), n. [Gr. blasto`s sprout + E. derm.] (Biol.) The germinal membrane in an ovum, from which the embryo is developed.

{ Blas`to*der*mat"ic (&?;), Blas`to*der"mic (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to the blastoderm.

Blas`to*gen"e*sis (&?;), n. [Gr. blasto`s sprout + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Multiplication or increase by gemmation or budding.

Blas"toid (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Blastoidea.

||Blas*toid"e*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. blasto`s sprout + -oid.] (Zoöl.) One of the divisions of Crinoidea found fossil in paleozoic rocks; pentremites. They are so named on account of their budlike form.

Blas"to*mere (&?;), n. [Gr. blasto`s sprout + -mere.] (Biol.) One of the segments first formed by the division of the ovum. Balfour.

{ Blas`toph"o*ral (&?;), Blas`to*phor"ic (&?;), } a. Relating to the blastophore.

Blas"to*phore (&?;), n. [Gr. blasto`s sprout + &?; to bear.] (Biol.) That portion of the spermatospore which is not converted into spermatoblasts, but carries them.

Blas"to*pore (&?;), n. [Gr. blasto`s sprout + E. pore.] (Biol.) The pore or opening leading into the cavity of invagination, or archenteron. [See Illust. of Invagination.] Balfour.

Blas"to*sphere (&?;), n. [Gr. blasto`s sprout + E. sphere.] (Biol.) The hollow globe or sphere formed by the arrangement of the blastomeres on the periphery of an impregnated ovum. [See Illust. of Invagination.]

Blas"to*style (&?;), n. [Gr. blasto`s sprout, bud + &?; a pillar.] (Zoöl.) In certain hydroids, an imperfect zooid, whose special function is to produce medusoid buds. See Hydroidea, and Athecata.

Blast" pipe` (&?;). The exhaust pipe of a steam engine, or any pipe delivering steam or air, when so constructed as to cause a blast.

||Blas"tu*la (&?;), n. [NL., dim. of Gr. blasto`s a sprout.] (Biol.) That stage in the development of the ovum in which the outer cells of the morula become more defined and form the blastoderm.

Blas"tule (&?;), n. (Biol.) Same as Blastula.

Blast"y (&?;), a. 1. Affected by blasts; gusty.

2. Causing blast or injury. [Obs.] Boyle.

Blat (&?;), v. i. To cry, as a calf or sheep; to bleat; to make a senseless noise; to talk inconsiderately. [Low]

Blat, v. t. To utter inconsiderately. [Low]

> If I have anything on my mind, I have to blat it right out.
> W. D. Howells.

Bla"tan*cy (&?;), n. Blatant quality.

Bla"tant (&?;), a. [Cf. Bleat.] Bellowing, as a calf; bawling; brawling; clamoring; disagreeably clamorous; sounding loudly and harshly. "Harsh and blatant tone." R. H. Dana.

> A monster, which the blatant beast men call.
> Spenser.

> Glory, that blatant word, which haunts some military minds like the bray of the trumpet.
> W. Irving.

Bla"tant*ly, adv. In a blatant manner.

Blath"er*skite (&?;), n. A blustering, talkative fellow. [Local slang, U. S.] Barllett.

Blat"ter (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blattered (&?;).] [L. blaterare to babble: cf. F. blatérer to bleat.] To prate; to babble; to rail; to make a senseless noise; to patter. [Archaic] "The rain blattered." Jeffrey.

> They procured . . . preachers to blatter against me, . . . so that they had place and time to belie me shamefully.
> Latimer.

Blat`ter*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. blateratio a babbling.] Blattering.

Blat"ter*er (&?;), n. One who blatters; a babbler; a noisy, blustering boaster.

Blat"ter*ing, n. Senseless babble or boasting.

Blat`ter*oon" (&?;), n. [L. blatero, -onis.] A senseless babbler or boaster. [Obs.] "I hate such blatteroons." Howell.

||Blau"bok (&?;), n. [D. blauwbok.] (Zoöl.) The blue buck. See Blue buck, under Blue.

Blay (&?;), n. [AS. bl&?;ge, fr. bl&?;c, bleak, white; akin to Icel. bleikja, OHG. bleicha, G. bleihe. See Bleak, n. & a.] (Zoöl.) A fish. See Bleak, n.

Blaze (blz), n. [OE. blase, AS. blæse, blase; akin to OHG. blass whitish, G. blass pale, MHG. blas torch, Icel. blys torch; perh. fr. the same root as E. blast. Cf. Blast, Blush, Blink.] 1. A stream of gas or vapor emitting light and heat in the process of combustion; a bright flame. "To heaven the blaze uprolled." Croly.

2. Intense, direct light accompanied with heat; as, to seek shelter from the blaze of the sun.

> O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon!
> Milton.

3. A bursting out, or active display of any quality; an outburst; a brilliant display. "Fierce blaze of riot." "His blaze of wrath." Shak.

> For what is glory but the blaze of fame?
> Milton.

4. [Cf. D. bles; akin to E. blaze light.] A white spot on the forehead of a horse.

5. A spot made on trees by chipping off a piece of the bark, usually as a surveyor's mark.

> Three blazes in a perpendicular line on the same tree indicating a legislative road, the single blaze a settlement or neighborhood road.
> Carlton.

In a blaze, on fire; burning with a flame; filled with, giving, or reflecting light; excited or exasperated. -- Like blazes, furiously; rapidly. [Low] "The horses did along like blazes tear." Poem in Essex dialect.

In low language in the U. S., blazes is frequently used of something extreme or excessive, especially of something very bad; as, blue as blazes. Neal.

Syn. -- Blaze, Flame. A blaze and a flame are both produced by burning gas. In blaze the idea of light rapidly evolved is prominent, with or without heat; as, the blaze of the sun or of a meteor. Flame includes a stronger notion of heat; as, he perished in the flames.

Blaze, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blazed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blazing.] 1. To shine with flame; to glow with flame; as, the fire blazes.

2. To send forth or reflect glowing or brilliant light; to show a blaze.

> And far and wide the icy summit blazed.
> Wordsworth.

3. To be resplendent. Macaulay.

To blaze away, to discharge a firearm, or to continue firing; -- said esp. of a number of persons, as a line of soldiers. Also used (fig.) of speech or action. [Colloq.]

Blaze, v. t. 1. To mark (a tree) by chipping off a piece of the bark.

> I found my way by the blazed trees.
> Hoffman.

2. To designate by blazing; to mark out, as by blazed trees; as, to blaze a line or path.

> Champollion died in 1832, having done little more than blaze out the road to be traveled by others.
> Nott.

Blaze, v. t. [OE. blasen to blow; perh. confused with blast and blaze a flame, OE. blase. Cf. Blaze, v. i., and see Blast.] 1. To make public far and wide; to make known; to render conspicuous.

> On charitable lists he blazed his name.
> Pollok.

> To blaze those virtues which the good would hide.
> Pope.

2. (Her.) To blazon. [Obs.] Peacham.

Blaz"er (&?;), n. One who spreads reports or blazes matters abroad. "Blazers of crime." Spenser.

Blaz"ing, a. Burning with a blaze; as, a blazing fire; blazing torches. Sir W. Scott.

Blazing star. (a) A comet. [Obs.] (b) A brilliant center of attraction. (c) (Bot.) A name given to several plants; as, to Chamælirium luteum of the Lily family; Liatris squarrosa; and Aletris farinosa, called also colicroot and star grass.

Bla"zon (&?;), n. [OE. blason, blasoun, shield, fr. F. blason coat of arms, OF. shield, from the root of AS. blæse blaze, i. e., luster, splendor, MHG. blas torch See Blaze, n.] 1. A shield. [Obs.]

2. An heraldic shield; a coat of arms, or a bearing on a coat of arms; armorial bearings.

> Their blazon o'er his towers displayed.
> Sir W. Scott.

3. The art or act of describing or depicting heraldic bearings in the proper language or manner. Peacham.

4. Ostentatious display, either by words or other means; publication; show; description; record.

> Obtrude the blazon of their exploits upon the company.
> Collier.

> Thy tongue, thy face, thy limbs, actions, and spirit,
> Do give thee fivefold blazon.
> Shak.

Bla"zon, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blazoned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blazoning (&?;).] [From blazon, n.; confused with 4th blaze: cf. F. blasonner.] 1. To depict in colors; to display; to exhibit conspicuously; to publish or make public far and wide.

> Thyself thou blazon'st.
> Shak.

> There pride sits blazoned on th' unmeaning brow.
> Trumbull.

> To blazon his own worthless name.
> Cowper.

2. To deck; to embellish; to adorn.

> She blazons in dread smiles her hideous form.
> Garth.

3. (Her.) To describe in proper terms (the figures of heraldic devices); also, to delineate (armorial bearings); to emblazon.

> The coat of , arms, which I am not herald enough to blazon into English.
> Addison.

Bla"zon, v. i. To shine; to be conspicuous. [R.]

Bla"zon*er (&?;), n. One who gives publicity, proclaims, or blazons; esp., one who blazons coats of arms; a herald. Burke.

<! p. 154 !>

Bla"zon*ment (bl"z'n*ment), n. The act of blazoning; blazoning; emblazonment.

Bla"zon*ry, n. 1. Same as Blazon, 3.

> The principles of blazonry.
> Peacham.

2. A coat of arms; an armorial bearing or bearings.

> The blazonry of Argyle.
> Lord Dufferin.

3. Artistic representation or display.

Blea (&?;), n. The part of a tree which lies immediately under the bark; the alburnum or sapwood.

Blea"ber*ry (&?;), n. (Bot.) See Blaeberry.

Bleach (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleached (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bleaching.] [OE. blakien, blechen, v. t. & v. i., AS. blcian, bl&?;can, to grow pale; akin to Icel. bleikja, Sw. bleka, Dan. blege, D. bleeken, G. bleichen, AS. blc pale. See Bleak, a.] To make white, or whiter; to remove the color, or stains, from; to blanch; to whiten.

> The destruction of the coloring matters attached to the bodies to be bleached is effected either by the action of the air and light, of chlorine, or of sulphurous acid.
> Ure.

> Immortal liberty, whose look sublime
> Hath bleached the tyrant's cheek in every varying clime.
> Smollett.

Bleach, v. i. To grow white or lose color; to whiten.

Bleached (&?;), a. Whitened; make white.

> Let their bleached bones, and blood's unbleaching stain,
> Long mark the battlefield with hideous awe.
> Byron.

Bleach"er (&?;), n. One who whitens, or whose occupation is to whiten, by bleaching.

Bleach"er*y (&?;), n.; pl. Bleacheries (&?;). A place or an establishment where bleaching is done.

Bleach"ing, n. The act or process of whitening, by removing color or stains; esp. the process of whitening fabrics by chemical agents. Ure.

Bleaching powder, a powder for bleaching, consisting of chloride of lime, or some other chemical or chemicals.

Bleak (&?;), a. [OE. blac, bleyke, bleche, AS. blc, bl&?;c, pale, wan; akin to Icel. bleikr, Sw. blek, Dan. bleg, OS. bl&?;k, D. bleek, OHG. pleih, G. bleich; all from the root of AS. blcan to shine; akin to OHG. blchen to shine; cf. L. flagrare to burn, Gr. &?; to burn, shine, Skr. bhrj to shine, and E. flame. &?;98. Cf. Bleach, Blink, Flame.] 1. Without color; pale; pallid. [Obs.]

> When she came out she looked as pale and as bleak as one that were laid out dead.
> Foxe.

2. Desolate and exposed; swept by cold winds.

> Wastes too bleak to rear
> The common growth of earth, the foodful ear.
> Wordsworth.

> At daybreak, on the bleak sea beach.
> Longfellow.

3. Cold and cutting; cheerless; as, a bleak blast.

-- Bleak"ish, a. -- Bleak"ly, adv. -- Bleak"ness, n.

Bleak, n. [From Bleak, a., cf. Blay.] (Zoöl.) A small European river fish (Leuciscus alburnus), of the family Cyprinidæ; the blay. [Written also blick.]

The silvery pigment lining the scales of the bleak is used in the manufacture of artificial pearls. Baird.

Bleak"y (&?;), a. Bleak. [Obs.] Dryden.

Blear (&?;), a. [See Blear, v.] 1. Dim or sore with water or rheum; -- said of the eyes.

> His blear eyes ran in gutters to his chin.
> Dryden.

2. Causing or caused by dimness of sight; dim.

> Power to cheat the eye with blear illusion.
> Milton.

Blear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bleared (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blearing.] [OE. bleren; cf. Dan. plire to blink, Sw. plira to twinkle, wink, LG. plieren; perh. from the same root as E. blink. See Blink, and cf. Blur.] To make somewhat sore or watery, as the eyes; to dim, or blur, as the sight. Figuratively: To obscure (mental or moral perception); to blind; to hoodwink.

> That tickling rheums
> Should ever tease the lungs and blear the sight.
> Cowper.

To blear the eye of, to deceive; to impose upon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bleared (&?;), a. Dimmed, as by a watery humor; affected with rheum. -- Blear"ed*ness (&?;), n.

> Dardanian wives,
> With bleared visages, come forth to view
> The issue of the exploit.
> Shak.

Blear"eye` (&?;), n. (Med.) A disease of the eyelids, consisting in chronic inflammation of the margins, with a gummy secretion of sebaceous matter. Dunglison.

Blear"-eyed` (&?;), a. 1. Having sore eyes; having the eyes dim with rheum; dim- sighted.

> The blear-eyed Crispin.
> Drant.

2. Lacking in perception or penetration; short- sighted; as, a blear-eyed bigot.

Blear"eyed`ness, n. The state of being blear-eyed.

Blear"y (&?;), a. Somewhat blear.

Bleat (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bleated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bleating.] [OE. bleten, AS. bl&?;tan; akin to D. blaten, bleeten, OHG. blzan, plzan; prob. of imitative origin.] To make the noise of, or one like that of, a sheep; to cry like a sheep or calf.

> Then suddenly was heard along the main,
> To low the ox, to bleat the woolly train.
> Pope

> The ewe that will not hear her lamb when it baas, will never answer a calf when he bleats.
> Shak.

Bleat, n. A plaintive cry of, or like that of, a sheep.

> The bleat of fleecy sheep.
> Chapman's Homer.

Bleat"er (&?;), n. One who bleats; a sheep.

> In cold, stiff soils the bleaters oft complain
> Of gouty ails.
> Dyer.

Bleat"ing, a. Crying as a sheep does.

> Then came the shepherd back with his bleating flocks from the seaside.
> Longfellow.

Bleat"ing, n. The cry of, or as of, a sheep. Chapman.

Bleb (&?;), n. [Prov. E. bleb, bleib, blob, bubble, blister. This word belongs to the root of blub, blubber, blabber, and perh. blow to puff.] A large vesicle or bulla, usually containing a serous fluid; a blister; a bubble, as in water, glass, etc.

> Arsenic abounds with air blebs.
> Kirwan.

Bleb"by (&?;), a. Containing blebs, or characterized by blebs; as, blebby glass.

{ Bleck, Blek } (&?;), v. t. To blacken; also, to defile. [Obs. or Dial.] Wyclif.

Bled (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Bleed.

Blee (&?;), n. [AS. bleó, bleóh.] Complexion; color; hue; likeness; form. [Archaic]

> For him which is so bright of blee.
> Lament. of Mary Magd.

> That boy has a strong blee of his father.
> Forby.

Bleed (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bleeding.] [OE. bleden, AS. bl&?;dan, fr. bl&?;d blood; akin to Sw. blöda, Dan. blöde, D. bloeden, G. bluten. See Blood.] 1. To emit blood; to lose blood; to run with blood, by whatever means; as, the arm bleeds; the wound bled freely; to bleed at the nose.

2. To withdraw blood from the body; to let blood; as, Dr. A. bleeds in fevers.

3. To lose or shed one's blood, as in case of a violent death or severe wounds; to die by violence. "Cæsar must bleed." Shak.

> The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day.
> Pope.

4. To issue forth, or drop, as blood from an incision.

> For me the balm shall bleed.
> Pope.

5. To lose sap, gum, or juice; as, a tree or a vine bleeds when tapped or wounded.

6. To pay or lose money; to have money drawn or extorted; as, to bleed freely for a cause. [Colloq.]

To make the heart bleed, to cause extreme pain, as from sympathy or pity.

Bleed, v. t. 1. To let blood from; to take or draw blood from, as by opening a vein.

2. To lose, as blood; to emit or let drop, as sap.

> A decaying pine of stately size, bleeding amber.
> H. Miller.

3. To draw money from (one); to induce to pay; as, they bled him freely for this fund. [Colloq.]

Bleed"er (&?;), n. (Med.) (a) One who, or that which, draws blood. (b) One in whom slight wounds give rise to profuse or uncontrollable bleeding.

Bleed"ing, a. Emitting, or appearing to emit, blood or sap, etc.; also, expressing anguish or compassion.

Bleed"ing, n. A running or issuing of blood, as from the nose or a wound; a hemorrhage; the operation of letting blood, as in surgery; a drawing or running of sap from a tree or plant.

Blem"ish (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blemished (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blemishing.] [OE. blemissen, blemishen, OF. blemir, blesmir, to strike, injure, soil, F. blêmir to grow pale, fr. OF. bleme, blesme, pale, wan, F. blême, prob. fr. Icel blman the livid color of a wound, fr. blr blue; akin to E. blue. OF. blemir properly signifies to beat one (black and) blue, and to render blue or dirty. See Blue.] 1. To mark with deformity; to injure or impair, as anything which is well formed, or excellent; to mar, or make defective, either the body or mind.

> Sin is a soil which blemisheth the beauty of thy soul.
> Brathwait.

2. To tarnish, as reputation or character; to defame.

> There had nothing passed between us that might blemish reputation.
> Oldys.

Blem"ish, n.; pl. Blemishes (&?;). Any mark of deformity or injury, whether physical or moral; anything that diminishes beauty, or renders imperfect that which is otherwise well formed; that which impairs reputation.

> He shall take two he lambs without blemish, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish.
> Lev. xiv. 10.

> The reliefs of an envious man are those little blemishes and imperfections that discover themselves in an illustrious character.
> Spectator.

Syn. -- Spot; speck; flaw; deformity; stain; defect; fault; taint; reproach; dishonor; imputation; disgrace.

Blem"ish*less, a. Without blemish; spotless.

> A life in all so blemishless.
> Feltham.

Blem"ish*ment (&?;), n. The state of being blemished; blemish; disgrace; damage; impairment.

> For dread of blame and honor's blemishment.
> Spenser.

Blench (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blenched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blenching.] [OE. blenchen to blench, elude, deceive, AS. blencan to deceive; akin to Icel. blekkja to impose upon. Prop. a causative of blink to make to wink, to deceive. See Blink, and cf. 3d Blanch.] 1. To shrink; to start back; to draw back, from lack of courage or resolution; to flinch; to quail.

> Blench not at thy chosen lot.
> Bryant.

> This painful, heroic task he undertook, and never blenched from its fulfillment.
> Jeffrey.

2. To fly off; to turn aside. [Obs.]

> Though sometimes you do blench from this to that.
> Shak.

Blench, v. t. 1. To baffle; to disconcert; to turn away; -- also, to obstruct; to hinder. [Obs.]

> Ye should have somewhat blenched him therewith, yet he might and would of likelihood have gone further.
> Sir T. More.

2. To draw back from; to deny from fear. [Obs.]

> He now blenched what before he affirmed.
> Evelyn.

Blench, n. A looking aside or askance. [Obs.]

> These blenches gave my heart another youth.
> Shak.

Blench, v. i. & t. [See 1st Blanch.] To grow or make pale. Barbour.

Blench"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, scares another; specifically, a person stationed to prevent the escape of the deer, at a hunt. See Blancher. [Obs.]

2. One who blenches, flinches, or shrinks back.

Blench" hold`ing. (Law) See Blanch holding.

Blend (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blended or Blent (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blending.] [OE. blenden, blanden, AS. blandan to blend, mix; akin to Goth. blandan to mix, Icel. blanda, Sw. blanda, Dan. blande, OHG. blantan to mis; to unknown origin.] 1. To mix or mingle together; esp. to mingle, combine, or associate so that the separate things mixed, or the line of demarcation, can not be distinguished. Hence: To confuse; to confound.

> Blending the grand, the beautiful, the gay.
> Percival.

2. To pollute by mixture or association; to spoil or corrupt; to blot; to stain. [Obs.] Spenser.

Syn. -- To commingle; combine; fuse; merge; amalgamate; harmonize.

Blend (&?;), v. i. To mingle; to mix; to unite intimately; to pass or shade insensibly into each other, as colors.

> There is a tone of solemn and sacred feeling that blends with our conviviality.
> Irving.

Blend, n. A thorough mixture of one thing with another, as color, tint, etc., into another, so that it cannot be known where one ends or the other begins.

Blend, v. t. [AS. blendan, from blind blind. See Blind, a.] To make blind, literally or figuratively; to dazzle; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blende (&?;), n. [G., fr. blenden to blind, dazzle, deceive, fr. blind blind. So called either in allusion to its dazzling luster; or (Dana) because, though often resembling galena, it yields no lead. Cf. Sphalerite.] (Min.) (a) A mineral, called also sphalerite, and by miners mock lead, false galena, and black-jack. It is a zinc sulphide, but often contains some iron. Its color is usually yellow, brown, or black, and its luster resinous. (b) A general term for some minerals, chiefly metallic sulphides which have a somewhat brilliant but nonmetallic luster.

Blend"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, blends; an instrument, as a brush, used in blending.

Blend"ing, n. 1. The act of mingling.

2. (Paint.) The method of laying on different tints so that they may mingle together while wet, and shade into each other insensibly. Weale.

Blend"ous (&?;), a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, blende.

Blend"wa`ter (&?;), n. A distemper incident to cattle, in which their livers are affected. Crabb.

Blen"heim span"iel (&?;). [So called from Blenheim House, the seat of the duke of Marlborough, in England.] A small variety of spaniel, kept as a pet.

Blenk, v. i. To blink; to shine; to look. [Obs.]

{ Blen"ni*oid (&?;), Blen"ni*id (&?;), } a. [Blenny + -oid] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the blennies.

Blen*nog"e*nous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; mucus + -genous.] Generating mucus.

||Blen`nor*rhe"a (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; mucus + &?; to flow.] (Med.) (a) An inordinate secretion and discharge of mucus. (b) Gonorrhea. Dunglison.

Blen"ny (&?;), n.; pl. Blennies (&?;). [L. blennius, blendius, blendea, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; slime, mucus.] (Zoöl.) A marine fish of the genus Blennius or family Blenniidæ; -- so called from its coating of mucus. The species are numerous.

Blent (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Blend to mingle. Mingled; mixed; blended; also, polluted; stained.

> Rider and horse, friend, foe, in one red burial blent.
> Byron.

Blent, imp. & p. p. of Blend to blind. Blinded. Also (Chaucer), 3d sing. pres. Blindeth. [Obs.]

||Bles"bok (&?;), n. [D., fr. bles a white spot on the forehead + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) A South African antelope (Alcelaphus albifrons), having a large white spot on the forehead.

Bless (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blessed (&?;) or Blest; p. pr. & vb. n. Blessing.] [OE. blessien, bletsen, AS. bletsian, bledsian, bloedsian, fr. bl&?;d blood; prob. originally to consecrate by sprinkling with blood. See Blood.] 1. To make or pronounce holy; to consecrate

> And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it.
> Gen. ii. 3.

2. To make happy, blithesome, or joyous; to confer prosperity or happiness upon; to grant divine favor to.

> The quality of mercy is . . . twice blest;
> It blesseth him that gives and him that takes.
> Shak.

> It hath pleased thee to bless the house of thy servant, that it may continue forever before thee.
> 1 Chron. xvii. 27 (R. V. )

3. To express a wish or prayer for the happiness of; to invoke a blessing upon; -- applied to persons.

> Bless them which persecute you.
> Rom. xii. 14.

4. To invoke or confer beneficial attributes or qualities upon; to invoke or confer a blessing on, -- as on food.

> Then he took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed them.
> Luke ix. 16.

5. To make the sign of the cross upon; to cross (one's self). [Archaic] Holinshed.

6. To guard; to keep; to protect. [Obs.]

7. To praise, or glorify; to extol for excellences.

> Bless the Lord, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless his holy name.
> Ps. ciii. 1.

8. To esteem or account happy; to felicitate.

> The nations shall bless themselves in him.
> Jer. iv. 3.

9. To wave; to brandish. [Obs.]

> And burning blades about their heads do bless.
> Spenser.

> Round his armed head his trenchant blade he blest.
> Fairfax.

This is an old sense of the word, supposed by Johnson, Nares, and others, to have been derived from the old rite of blessing a field by directing the hands to all parts of it. "In drawing [their bow] some fetch such a compass as though they would turn about and bless all the field." Ascham.

<! p. 155 !>

Bless me! Bless us! an exclamation of surprise. Milton. -- To bless from, to secure, defend, or preserve from. "Bless me from marrying a usurer." Shak.

> To bless the doors from nightly harm.
> Milton.

-- To bless with, To be blessed with, to favor or endow with; to be favored or endowed with; as, God blesses us with health; we are blessed with happiness.

Bless"ed (bls"d), a. 1. Hallowed; consecrated; worthy of blessing or adoration; heavenly; holy.

> O, run; prevent them with thy humble ode,
> And lay it lowly at his blessed feet.
> Milton.

2. Enjoying happiness or bliss; favored with blessings; happy; highly favored.

> All generations shall call me blessed.
> Luke i. 48.

> Towards England's blessed shore.
> Shak.

3. Imparting happiness or bliss; fraught with happiness; blissful; joyful. "Then was a blessed time." "So blessed a disposition." Shak.

4. Enjoying, or pertaining to, spiritual happiness, or heavenly felicity; as, the blessed in heaven.

> Reverenced like a blessed saint.
> Shak.

> Cast out from God and blessed vision.
> Milton.

5. (R. C. Ch.) Beatified.

6. Used euphemistically, ironically, or intensively.

> Not a blessed man came to set her [a boat] free.
> R. D. Blackmore.

Bless"ed*ly, adv. Happily; fortunately; joyfully.

> We shall blessedly meet again never to depart.
> Sir P. Sidney.

Bless"ed*ness, n. The state of being blessed; happiness; felicity; bliss; heavenly joys; the favor of God.

> The assurance of a future blessedness.
> Tillotson.

Single blessedness, the unmarried state. "Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness." Shak.

Syn. -- Delight; beatitude; ecstasy. See Happiness.

Bless"ed this"tle (&?;). See under Thistle.

Bless"er (&?;), n. One who blesses; one who bestows or invokes a blessing.

Bless"ing, n. [AS. bletsung. See Bless, v. t.] 1. The act of one who blesses.

2. A declaration of divine favor, or an invocation imploring divine favor on some or something; a benediction; a wish of happiness pronounces.

> This is the blessing, where with Moses the man of God blessed the children of Israel.
> Deut. xxxiii. 1.

3. A means of happiness; that which promotes prosperity and welfare; a beneficent gift.

> Nature's full blessings would be well dispensed.
> Milton.

4. (Bib.) A gift. [A Hebraism] Gen. xxxiii. 11.

5. Grateful praise or worship.

Blest, a. Blessed. "This patriarch blest." Milton.

> White these blest sounds my ravished ear assail.
> Trumbull.

Blet (&?;), n. [F. blet, blette, a., soft from over ripeness.] A form of decay in fruit which is overripe.

Ble"ton*ism (&?;), n. The supposed faculty of perceiving subterraneous springs and currents by sensation; -- so called from one Bleton, of France.

Blet"ting (&?;), n. A form of decay seen in fleshy, overripe fruit. Lindley.

Blew (&?;), imp. of Blow.

Bleyme (&?;), n. [F. bleime.] (Far.) An inflammation in the foot of a horse, between the sole and the bone. [Obs.]

Bleyn"te (&?;), imp. of Blench. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blick"ey (&?;), n. [D. blik tin.] A tin dinner pail. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Blight (blt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blighting.] [Perh. contr. from AS. blcettan to glitter, fr. the same root as E. bleak. The meaning "to blight" comes in that case from to glitter, hence, to be white or pale, grow pale, make pale, bleach. Cf. Bleach, Bleak.] 1. To affect with blight; to blast; to prevent the growth and fertility of.

> [This vapor] blasts vegetables, blights corn and fruit, and is sometimes injurious even to man.
> Woodward.

2. Hence: To destroy the happiness of; to ruin; to mar essentially; to frustrate; as, to blight one's prospects.

> Seared in heart and lone and blighted.
> Byron.

Blight, v. i. To be affected by blight; to blast; as, this vine never blights.

Blight, n. 1. Mildew; decay; anything nipping or blasting; -- applied as a general name to various injuries or diseases of plants, causing the whole or a part to wither, whether occasioned by insects, fungi, or atmospheric influences.

2. The act of blighting, or the state of being blighted; a withering or mildewing, or a stoppage of growth in the whole or a part of a plant, etc.

3. That which frustrates one's plans or withers one's hopes; that which impairs or destroys.

> A blight seemed to have fallen over our fortunes.
> Disraeli.

4. (Zoöl.) A downy species of aphis, or plant louse, destructive to fruit trees, infesting both the roots and branches; -- also applied to several other injurious insects.

5. pl. A rashlike eruption on the human skin. [U. S.]

Blight"ing, a. Causing blight.

Blight"ing*ly, adv. So as to cause blight.

{ Blim"bi (&?;), Blim"bing } (&?;), n. See Bilimbi, etc.

Blin (&?;), v. t. & i. [OE. blinnen, AS. blinnan; pref. be- + linnan to cease.] To stop; to cease; to desist. [Obs.] Spenser.

Blin, n. [AS. blinn.] Cessation; end. [Obs.]

Blind (&?;), a. [AS.; akin to D., G., OS., Sw., & Dan. blind, Icel. blindr, Goth. blinds; of uncertain origin.] 1. Destitute of the sense of seeing, either by natural defect or by deprivation; without sight.

> He that is strucken blind can not forget
> The precious treasure of his eyesight lost.
> Shak.

2. Not having the faculty of discernment; destitute of intellectual light; unable or unwilling to understand or judge; as, authors are blind to their own defects.

> But hard be hardened, blind be blinded more,
> That they may stumble on, and deeper fall.
> Milton.

3. Undiscerning; undiscriminating; inconsiderate.

> This plan is recommended neither to blind approbation nor to blind reprobation.
> Jay.

4. Having such a state or condition as a thing would have to a person who is blind; not well marked or easily discernible; hidden; unseen; concealed; as, a blind path; a blind ditch.

5. Involved; intricate; not easily followed or traced.

> The blind mazes of this tangled wood.
> Milton.

6. Having no openings for light or passage; as, a blind wall; open only at one end; as, a blind alley; a blind gut.

7. Unintelligible, or not easily intelligible; as, a blind passage in a book; illegible; as, blind writing.

8. (Hort.) Abortive; failing to produce flowers or fruit; as, blind buds; blind flowers.

Blind alley, an alley closed at one end; a cul- de-sac. -- Blind axle, an axle which turns but does not communicate motion. Knight. -- Blind beetle, one of the insects apt to fly against people, esp. at night. -- Blind cat (Zoöl.), a species of catfish (Gronias nigrolabris), nearly destitute of eyes, living in caverns in Pennsylvania. -- Blind coal, coal that burns without flame; anthracite coal. Simmonds. - - Blind door, Blind window, an imitation of a door or window, without an opening for passage or light. See Blank door or window, under Blank, a. -- Blind level (Mining), a level or drainage gallery which has a vertical shaft at each end, and acts as an inverted siphon. Knight. -- Blind nettle (Bot.), dead nettle. See Dead nettle, under Dead. -- Blind shell (Gunnery), a shell containing no charge, or one that does not explode. -- Blind side, the side which is most easily assailed; a weak or unguarded side; the side on which one is least able or disposed to see danger. Swift. -- Blind snake (Zoöl.), a small, harmless, burrowing snake, of the family Typhlopidæ, with rudimentary eyes. -- Blind spot (Anat.), the point in the retina of the eye where the optic nerve enters, and which is insensible to light. -- Blind tooling, in bookbinding and leather work, the indented impression of heated tools, without gilding; -- called also blank tooling, and blind blocking. -- Blind wall, a wall without an opening; a blank wall.

Blind (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blinding.] 1. To make blind; to deprive of sight or discernment. "To blind the truth and me." Tennyson.

> A blind guide is certainly a great mischief; but a guide that blinds those whom he should lead is . . . a much greater.
> South.

2. To deprive partially of vision; to make vision difficult for and painful to; to dazzle.

> Her beauty all the rest did blind.
> P. Fletcher.

3. To darken; to obscure to the eye or understanding; to conceal; to deceive.

> Such darkness blinds the sky.
> Dryden.

> The state of the controversy between us he endeavored, with all his art, to blind and confound.
> Stillingfleet.

4. To cover with a thin coating of sand and fine gravel; as a road newly paved, in order that the joints between the stones may be filled.

Blind (&?;), n. 1. Something to hinder sight or keep out light; a screen; a cover; esp. a hinged screen or shutter for a window; a blinder for a horse.

2. Something to mislead the eye or the understanding, or to conceal some covert deed or design; a subterfuge.

3. [Cf. F. blindes, p&?;., fr. G. blende, fr. blenden to blind, fr. blind blind.] (Mil.) A blindage. See Blindage.

4. A halting place. [Obs.] Dryden.

{ Blind, Blinde } (&?;), n. See Blende.

Blind"age (&?;), n. [Cf. F. blindage.] (Mil.) A cover or protection for an advanced trench or approach, formed of fascines and earth supported by a framework.

Blind"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, blinds.

2. (Saddlery) One of the leather screens on a bridle, to hinder a horse from seeing objects at the side; a blinker.

Blind"fish` (&?;), n. A small fish (Amblyopsis spelæus) destitute of eyes, found in the waters of the Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky. Related fishes from other caves take the same name.

Blind"fold` (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blindfolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blindfolding.] [OE. blindfolden, blindfelden, blindfellen; AS. blind blind + prob. fellan, fyllan, to fell, strike down.] To cover the eyes of, as with a bandage; to hinder from seeing.

> And when they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the face.
> Luke xxii. 64.

Blind"fold`, a. Having the eyes covered; blinded; having the mental eye darkened. Hence: Heedless; reckless; as, blindfold zeal; blindfold fury.

> Fate's blindfold reign the atheist loudly owns.
> Dryden.

Blind"ing, a. Making blind or as if blind; depriving of sight or of understanding; obscuring; as, blinding tears; blinding snow.

Blind"ing, n. A thin coating of sand and fine gravel over a newly paved road. See Blind, v. t., 4.

Blind"ly, adv. Without sight, discernment, or understanding; without thought, investigation, knowledge, or purpose of one's own.

> By his imperious mistress blindly led.
> Dryden.

Blind"man's buff" (&?;). [See Buff a buffet.] A play in which one person is blindfolded, and tries to catch some one of the company and tell who it is.

> Surely he fancies I play at blindman's buff with him, for he thinks I never have my eyes open.
> Stillingfleet.

Blind`man's hol"i*day (&?;). The time between daylight and candle light. [Humorous]

Blind"ness (&?;), n. State or condition of being blind, literally or figuratively. Darwin.

Color blindness, inability to distinguish certain color. See Daltonism.

Blind"sto`ry (&?;), n. (Arch.) The triforium as opposed to the clearstory.

Blind"worm` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A small, burrowing, snakelike, limbless lizard (Anguis fragilis), with minute eyes, popularly believed to be blind; the slowworm; -- formerly a name for the adder.

> Newts and blindworms do no wrong.
> Shak.

Blink (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blinked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blinking.] [OE. blenken; akin to dan. blinke, Sw. blinka, G. blinken to shine, glance, wink, twinkle, D. blinken to shine; and prob. to D. blikken to glance, twinkle, G. blicken to look, glance, AS. blcan to shine, E. bleak. √98. See Bleak; cf. 1st Blench.]

1. To wink; to twinkle with, or as with, the eye.

> One eye was blinking, and one leg was lame.
> Pope

2. To see with the eyes half shut, or indistinctly and with frequent winking, as a person with weak eyes.

> Show me thy chink, to blink through with mine eyne.
> Shak.

3. To shine, esp. with intermittent light; to twinkle; to flicker; to glimmer, as a lamp.

> The dew was falling fast, the stars began to blink.
> Wordsworth.

> The sun blinked fair on pool and stream .
> Sir W. Scott.

4. To turn slightly sour, as beer, mild, etc.

Blink, v. t. 1. To shut out of sight; to avoid, or purposely evade; to shirk; as, to blink the question.

2. To trick; to deceive. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Blink, n. [OE. blink. See Blink, v. i. ] 1. A glimpse or glance.

> This is the first blink that ever I had of him.
> Bp. Hall.

2. Gleam; glimmer; sparkle. Sir W. Scott.

> Not a blink of light was there.
> Wordsworth.

3. (Naut.) The dazzling whiteness about the horizon caused by the reflection of light from fields of ice at sea; ice blink.

4. pl. [Cf. Blencher.] (Sporting) Boughs cast where deer are to pass, to turn or check them. [Prov. Eng.]

Blink"ard (&?;), n. [Blind + - ard.] 1. One who blinks with, or as with, weak eyes.

> Among the blind the one-eyed blinkard reigns.
> Marvell.

2. That which twinkles or glances, as a dim star, which appears and disappears. Hakewill.

Blink" beer` (&?;) Beer kept unbroached until it is sharp. Crabb.

Blink"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, blinks.

2. A blinder for horses; a flap of leather on a horse's bridle to prevent him from seeing objects as his side hence, whatever obstructs sight or discernment.

> Nor bigots who but one way see,
> through blinkers of authority.
> M. Green.

3. pl. A kind of goggles, used to protect the eyes form glare, etc.

Blink"-eyed` (&?;), a. Habitually winking. Marlowe.

Blirt (&?;), n. (Naut.) A gust of wind and rain. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Bliss (bls), n.; pl. Blisses (bls"z). [OE. blis, blisse, AS. blis, blðs, fr. blðe blithe. See Blithe.] Orig., blithesomeness; gladness; now, the highest degree of happiness; blessedness; exalted felicity; heavenly joy.

> An then at last our bliss
> Full and perfect is.
> Milton.

Syn. -- Blessedness; felicity; beatitude; happiness; joy; enjoyment. See Happiness.

Bliss"ful (&?;), a. Full of, characterized by, or causing, joy and felicity; happy in the highest degree. "Blissful solitude." Milton. -- Bliss"ful*ly, adv. -- Bliss"ful*ness, n.

Bliss"less, a. Destitute of bliss. Sir P. Sidney.

Blis"som (&?;), v. i. [For blithesome: but cf. also Icel. bl&?;sma of a goat at heat.] To be lustful; to be lascivious. [Obs.]

Blis"som, a. Lascivious; also, in heat; -- said of ewes.

Blis"ter (&?;), n. [OE.; akin to OD. bluyster, fr. the same root as blast, bladder, blow. See Blow to eject wind.] 1. A vesicle of the skin, containing watery matter or serum, whether occasioned by a burn or other injury, or by a vesicatory; a collection of serous fluid causing a bladderlike elevation of the cuticle.

> And painful blisters swelled my tender hands.
> Grainger.

2. Any elevation made by the separation of the film or skin, as on plants; or by the swelling of the substance at the surface, as on steel.

3. A vesicatory; a plaster of Spanish flies, or other matter, applied to raise a blister. Dunglison.

Blister beetle, a beetle used to raise blisters, esp. the Lytta (or Cantharis) vesicatoria, called Cantharis or Spanish fly by druggists. See Cantharis. -- Blister fly, a blister beetle. -- Blister plaster, a plaster designed to raise a blister; -- usually made of Spanish flies. -- Blister steel, crude steel formed from wrought iron by cementation; - - so called because of its blistered surface. Called also blistered steel. -- Blood blister. See under Blood.

Blis"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blistered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blistering.] To be affected with a blister or blisters; to have a blister form on.

> Let my tongue blister.
> Shak.

Blis"ter, v. t. 1. To raise a blister or blisters upon.

> My hands were blistered.
> Franklin.

2. To give pain to, or to injure, as if by a blister.

> This tyrant, whose sole name blisters our tongue.
> Shak.

Blis"ter*y (&?;), a. Full of blisters. Hooker.

Blite (blt), n. [L. blitum, Gr. bli`ton.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs (Blitum>) with a fleshy calyx. Blitum capitatum is the strawberry blite.

<! p. 156 !>

Blithe (bl), a. [AS. blðe blithe, kind; akin to Goth. bleiþs kind, Icel. blðr mild, gentle, Dan. & Sw. blid gentle, D. blijd blithe, OHG. bldi kind, blithe.] Gay; merry; sprightly; joyous; glad; cheerful; as, a blithe spirit.

> The blithe sounds of festal music.
> Prescott.

> A daughter fair,
> So buxom, blithe, and debonair.
> Milton.

Blithe"ful (bl"fl), a. Gay; full of gayety; joyous.

Blithe"ly, adv. In a blithe manner.

Blithe"ness, n. The state of being blithe. Chaucer.

Blithe"some (-sm), a. Cheery; gay; merry.

> The blithesome sounds of wassail gay.
> Sir W. Scott.

-- Blithe"some*ly, adv. -- Blithe"some*ness, n.

Blive (blv), adv. [A contraction of Belive.] Quickly; forthwith. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bliz"zard (blz"zrd), n. [Cf. Blaze to flash. Formerly, in local use, a rattling volley; cf. "to blaze away" to fire away.] A gale of piercingly cold wind, usually accompanied with fine and blinding snow; a furious blast. [U. S.]

Bloat (blt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloated; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloating.] [Cf. Icel. blotna to become soft, blautr soft, wet, Sw. blöt soft, blöta to soak; akin to G. bloss bare, and AS. bleát wretched; or perh. fr. root of Eng. 5th blow. Cf. Blote.] 1. To make turgid, as with water or air; to cause a swelling of the surface of, from effusion of serum in the cellular tissue, producing a morbid enlargement, often accompanied with softness.

2. To inflate; to puff up; to make vain. Dryden.

Bloat, v. i. To grow turgid as by effusion of liquid in the cellular tissue; to puff out; to swell. Arbuthnot.

Bloat, a. Bloated. [R.] Shak.

Bloat, n. A term of contempt for a worthless, dissipated fellow. [Slang]

Bloat, v. t. To dry (herrings) in smoke. See Blote.

Bloat"ed (blt"d), p. a. Distended beyond the natural or usual size, as by the presence of water, serum, etc.; turgid; swollen; as, a bloated face. Also, puffed up with pride; pompous.

Bloat"ed*ness, n. The state of being bloated.

Bloat"er (-r), n. [See Bloat, Blote.] The common herring, esp. when of large size, smoked, and half dried; -- called also bloat herring.

Blob (blb), n. [See Bleb.] 1. Something blunt and round; a small drop or lump of something viscid or thick; a drop; a bubble; a blister. Wright.

2. (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water fish (Uranidea Richardsoni); the miller's thumb.

Blob"ber (blb"br), n. [See Blubber, Blub.] A bubble; blubber. [Low] T. Carew.

Blobber lip, a thick, protruding lip.

> His blobber lips and beetle brows commend.
> Dryden.

Blob"ber-lipped` (-lpt`), a. Having thick lips. "A blobber-lipped shell." Grew.

||Blo*cage" (&?;), n. [F.] (Arch.) The roughest and cheapest sort of rubblework, in masonry.

Block (&?;), n. [OE. blok; cf. F. bloc (fr. OHG.), D. & Dan. blok, Sw. & G. block, OHG. bloch. There is also an OHG. bloch, biloh; bi by + the same root as that of E. lock. Cf. Block, v. t., Blockade, and see Lock.]

1. A piece of wood more or less bulky; a solid mass of wood, stone, etc., usually with one or more plane, or approximately plane, faces; as, a block on which a butcher chops his meat; a block by which to mount a horse; children's playing blocks, etc.

> Now all our neighbors' chimneys smoke,
> And Christmas blocks are burning.
> Wither.

> All her labor was but as a block
> Left in the quarry.
> Tennyson.

2. The solid piece of wood on which condemned persons lay their necks when they are beheaded.

> Noble heads which have been brought to the block.
> E. Everett.

3. The wooden mold on which hats, bonnets, etc., are shaped. Hence: The pattern or shape of a hat.

> He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat; it ever changes with the next block.
> Shak.

4. A large or long building divided into separate houses or shops, or a number of houses or shops built in contact with each other so as to form one building; a row of houses or shops.

5. A square, or portion of a city inclosed by streets, whether occupied by buildings or not.

> The new city was laid out in rectangular blocks, each block containing thirty building lots. Such an average block, comprising 282 houses and covering nine acres of ground, exists in Oxford Street.
> Lond. Quart. Rev.

6. A grooved pulley or sheave incased in a frame or shell which is provided with a hook, eye, or strap, by which it may be attached to an object. It is used to change the direction of motion, as in raising a heavy object that can not be conveniently reached, and also, when two or more such sheaves are compounded, to change the rate of motion, or to exert increased force; -- used especially in the rigging of ships, and in tackles.

7. (Falconry) The perch on which a bird of prey is kept.

8. Any obstruction, or cause of obstruction; a stop; a hindrance; an obstacle; as, a block in the way.

9. A piece of box or other wood for engravers' work.

10. (Print.) A piece of hard wood (as mahogany or cherry) on which a stereotype or electrotype plate is mounted to make it type high.

11. A blockhead; a stupid fellow; a dolt. [Obs.]

> What a block art thou !
> Shak.

12. A section of a railroad where the block system is used. See Block system, below.

A block of shares (Stock Exchange), a large number of shares in a stock company, sold in a lump. Bartlett. -- Block printing. (a) A mode of printing (common in China and Japan) from engraved boards by means of a sheet of paper laid on the linked surface and rubbed with a brush. S. W. Williams. (b) A method of printing cotton cloth and paper hangings with colors, by pressing them upon an engraved surface coated with coloring matter. -- Block system on railways, a system by which the track is divided into sections of three or four miles, and trains are so run by the guidance of electric signals that no train enters a section or block before the preceding train has left it.

Block (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blocked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blocking.] [Cf. F. bloquer, fr. bloc block. See Block, n.] 1. To obstruct so as to prevent passage or progress; to prevent passage from, through, or into, by obstructing the way; -- used both of persons and things; -- often followed by up; as, to block up a road or harbor.

> With moles . . . would block the port.
> Rowe.

> A city . . . besieged and blocked about.
> Milton.

2. To secure or support by means of blocks; to secure, as two boards at their angles of intersection, by pieces of wood glued to each.

3. To shape on, or stamp with, a block; as, to block a hat.

To block out, to begin to reduce to shape; to mark out roughly; to lay out; as, to block out a plan.

Block*ade" (&?;), n. [Cf. It. bloccata. See Block, v. t. ] 1. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships, with the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the reception of supplies; as, the blockade of the ports of an enemy.

Blockade is now usually applied to an investment with ships or vessels, while siege is used of an investment by land forces. To constitute a blockade, the investing power must be able to apply its force to every point of practicable access, so as to render it dangerous to attempt to enter; and there is no blockade of that port where its force can not be brought to bear. Kent.

2. An obstruction to passage.

To raise a blockade. See under Raise.

Block*ade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blockading.] 1. To shut up, as a town or fortress, by investing it with troops or vessels or war for the purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the introduction of supplies. See note under Blockade, n. "Blockaded the place by sea." Gilpin.

2. Hence, to shut in so as to prevent egress.

> Till storm and driving ice blockade him there.
> Wordsworth.

3. To obstruct entrance to or egress from.

> Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door.
> Pope.

Block*ad"er (&?;), n. 1. One who blockades.

2. (Naut.) A vessel employed in blockading.

Block"age (&?;), n. The act of blocking up; the state of being blocked up.

Block" book` (&?;). A book printed from engraved wooden blocks instead of movable types.

Block"head` (&?;), n. [Block + head.] A stupid fellow; a dolt; a person deficient in understanding.

> The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,
> With loads of learned lumber in his head.
> Pope.

Block"head`ed, a. Stupid; dull.

Block"head*ism (&?;), n. That which characterizes a blockhead; stupidity. Carlyle.

Block"house` (&?;), n. [Block + house: cf. G. blockhaus.] 1. (Mil.) An edifice or structure of heavy timbers or logs for military defense, having its sides loopholed for musketry, and often an upper story projecting over the lower, or so placed upon it as to have its sides make an angle with the sides of the lower story, thus enabling the defenders to fire downward, and in all directions; -- formerly much used in America and Germany.

2. A house of squared logs. [West. & South. U. S.]

Block"ing, n. 1. The act of obstructing, supporting, shaping, or stamping with a block or blocks.

2. Blocks used to support (a building, etc.) temporarily.

Block"ing course` (&?;). (Arch.) The finishing course of a wall showing above a cornice.

Block"ish, a. Like a block; deficient in understanding; stupid; dull. "Blockish Ajax." Shak. -- Block"ish*ly, adv. -- Block"ish*ness, n.

Block"like` (&?;), a. Like a block; stupid.

Block" tin` (&?;). See under Tin.

Bloe"dite (&?;), n. [From the chemist Blöde.] (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of magnesium and sodium.

Blom"a*ry (&?;), n. See Bloomery.

{ Blonc"ket, Blon"ket } (&?;), a. [OF. blanquet whitish, dim. of blanc white. Cf. Blanket.] Gray; bluish gray. [Obs.]

> Our bloncket liveries been all too sad.
> Spenser.

{ Blond, Blonde } (&?;), a. [F., fair, light, of uncertain origin; cf. AS. blonden-feax gray-haired, old, prop. blended-haired, as a mixture of white and brown or black. See Blend, v. t. ] Of a fair color; light- colored; as, blond hair; a blond complexion.

Blonde (&?;), n. [F.] 1. A person of very fair complexion, with light hair and light blue eyes. [Written also blond.]

2. [So called from its color.] A kind of silk lace originally of the color of raw silk, now sometimes dyed; -- called also blond lace.

Blond" met`al (&?;). A variety of clay ironstone, in Staffordshire, England, used for making tools.

Blond"ness, n. The state of being blond. G. Eliot.

Blood (bld), n. [OE. blod, blood, AS. bld; akin to D. bloed, OHG. bluot, G. blut, Goth. blþ, Icel. blð, Sw. & Dan. blod; prob. fr. the same root as E. blow to bloom. See Blow to bloom.] 1. The fluid which circulates in the principal vascular system of animals, carrying nourishment to all parts of the body, and bringing away waste products to be excreted. See under Arterial.

The blood consists of a liquid, the plasma, containing minute particles, the blood corpuscles. In the invertebrate animals it is usually nearly colorless, and contains only one kind of corpuscles; but in all vertebrates, except Amphioxus, it contains some colorless corpuscles, with many more which are red and give the blood its uniformly red color. See Corpuscle, Plasma.

2. Relationship by descent from a common ancestor; consanguinity; kinship.

> To share the blood of Saxon royalty.
> Sir W. Scott.

> A friend of our own blood.
> Waller.

Half blood (Law), relationship through only one parent. -- Whole blood, relationship through both father and mother. In American Law, blood includes both half blood, and whole blood. Bouvier. Peters.

3. Descent; lineage; especially, honorable birth; the highest royal lineage.

> Give us a prince of blood, a son of Priam.
> Shak.

> I am a gentleman of blood and breeding.
> Shak.

4. (Stock Breeding) Descent from parents of recognized breed; excellence or purity of breed.

In stock breeding half blood is descent showing one half only of pure breed. Blue blood, full blood, or warm blood, is the same as blood.

5. The fleshy nature of man.

> Nor gives it satisfaction to our blood.
> Shak.

6. The shedding of blood; the taking of life, murder; manslaughter; destruction.

> So wills the fierce, avenging sprite,
> Till blood for blood atones.
> Hood.

7. A bloodthirsty or murderous disposition. [R.]

> He was a thing of blood, whose every motion
> Was timed with dying cries.
> Shak.

8. Temper of mind; disposition; state of the passions; -- as if the blood were the seat of emotions.

> When you perceive his blood inclined to mirth.
> Shak.

Often, in this sense, accompanied with bad, cold, warm, or other qualifying word. Thus, to commit an act in cold blood, is to do it deliberately, and without sudden passion; to do it in bad blood, is to do it in anger. Warm blood denotes a temper inflamed or irritated. To warm or heat the blood is to excite the passions. Qualified by up, excited feeling or passion is signified; as, my blood was up.

9. A man of fire or spirit; a fiery spark; a gay, showy man; a rake.

> Seest thou not . . . how giddily 'a turns about all the hot bloods between fourteen and five and thirty?
> Shak.

> It was the morning costume of a dandy or blood.
> Thackeray.

10. The juice of anything, especially if red.

> He washed . . . his clothes in the blood of grapes.
> Gen. xiix. 11.

Blood is often used as an adjective, and as the first part of self-explaining compound words; as, blood-bespotted, blood- bought, blood-curdling, blood-dyed, blood-red, blood-spilling, blood-stained, blood-warm, blood- won.

Blood baptism (Eccl. Hist.), the martyrdom of those who had not been baptized. They were considered as baptized in blood, and this was regarded as a full substitute for literal baptism. -- Blood blister, a blister or bleb containing blood or bloody serum, usually caused by an injury. -- Blood brother, brother by blood or birth. -- Blood clam (Zoöl.), a bivalve mollusk of the genus Arca and allied genera, esp. Argina pexata of the American coast. So named from the color of its flesh. -- Blood corpuscle. See Corpuscle. -- Blood crystal (Physiol.), one of the crystals formed by the separation in a crystalline form of the hæmoglobin of the red blood corpuscles; hæmatocrystallin. All blood does not yield blood crystals. -- Blood heat, heat equal to the temperature of human blood, or about 98½ ° Fahr. -- Blood horse, a horse whose blood or lineage is derived from the purest and most highly prized origin or stock. -- Blood money. See in the Vocabulary. -- Blood orange, an orange with dark red pulp. -- Blood poisoning (Med.), a morbid state of the blood caused by the introduction of poisonous or infective matters from without, or the absorption or retention of such as are produced in the body itself; toxæmia. -- Blood pudding, a pudding made of blood and other materials. -- Blood relation, one connected by blood or descent. -- Blood spavin. See under Spavin. -- Blood vessel. See in the Vocabulary. -- Blue blood, the blood of noble or aristocratic families, which, according to a Spanish prover , has in it a tinge of blue; -- hence, a member of an old and aristocratic family. -- Flesh and blood. (a) A blood relation, esp. a child. (b) Human nature. -- In blood (Hunting), in a state of perfect health and vigor. Shak. -- To let blood. See under Let. -- Prince of the blood, the son of a sovereign, or the issue of a royal family. The sons, brothers, and uncles of the sovereign are styled princes of the blood royal; and the daughters, sisters, and aunts are princesses of the blood royal.

Blood (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Blooding.] 1. To bleed. [Obs.] Cowper.

<! p. 157 !>

2. To stain, smear or wet, with blood. [Archaic]

> Reach out their spears afar,
> And blood their points.
> Dryden.

3. To give (hounds or soldiers) a first taste or sight of blood, as in hunting or war.

> It was most important too that his troops should be blooded.
> Macaulay.

4. To heat the blood of; to exasperate. [Obs.]

> The auxiliary forces of the French and English were much blooded one against another.
> Bacon.

Blood"bird` (bld"brd`), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian honeysucker (Myzomela sanguineolata); -- so called from the bright red color of the male bird.

Blood"-bol`tered (&?;), a. [Blood + Prov. E. bolter to mat in tufts. Cf. Balter.] Having the hair matted with clotted blood. [Obs. & R.]

> The blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me.
> Shak.

Blood"ed, a. Having pure blood, or a large admixture or pure blood; of approved breed; of the best stock.

Used also in composition in phrases indicating a particular condition or quality of blood; as, cold-blooded; warm- blooded.

Blood"flow`er (&?;), n. [From the color of the flower.] (Bot.) A genus of bulbous plants, natives of Southern Africa, named Hæmanthus, of the Amaryllis family. The juice of H. toxicarius is used by the Hottentots to poison their arrows.

Blood"guilt`y (&?;), a. Guilty of murder or bloodshed. "A bloodguilty life." Fairfax. -- Blood"guilt`i*ness (&?;), n. -- Blood"guilt`less, a.

Blood"hound` (&?;), n. A breed of large and powerful dogs, with long, smooth, and pendulous ears, and remarkable for acuteness of smell. It is employed to recover game or prey which has escaped wounded from a hunter, and for tracking criminals. Formerly it was used for pursuing runaway slaves. Other varieties of dog are often used for the same purpose and go by the same name. The Cuban bloodhound is said to be a variety of the mastiff.

Blood"i*ly (&?;), adv. In a bloody manner; cruelly; with a disposition to shed blood.

Blood"i*ness, n. 1. The state of being bloody.

2. Disposition to shed blood; bloodthirstiness.

> All that bloodiness and savage cruelty which was in our nature.
> Holland.

Blood"less, a. [AS. bl&?;dleás.] 1. Destitute of blood, or apparently so; as, bloodless cheeks; lifeless; dead.

> The bloodless carcass of my Hector sold.
> Dryden.

2. Not attended with shedding of blood, or slaughter; as, a bloodless victory. Froude.

3. Without spirit or activity.

> Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood !
> Shak.

-- Blood"less*ly, adv. -- Blood"less*ness, n.

Blood"let` (&?;), v. t. [AS. bl&?;dl&?;tan; bl&?;d blood + l&?;atan to let.] bleed; to let blood. Arbuthnot.

Blood"let`ter (&?;), n. One who, or that which, lets blood; a phlebotomist.

Blood"let`ting, n. (Med.) The act or process of letting blood or bleeding, as by opening a vein or artery, or by cupping or leeches; -- esp. applied to venesection.

Blood" mon`ey (&?;). 1. Money paid to the next of kin of a person who has been killed by another.

2. Money obtained as the price, or at the cost, of another's life; -- said of a reward for supporting a capital charge, of money obtained for betraying a fugitive or for committing murder, or of money obtained from the sale of that which will destroy the purchaser.

Blood"root` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant (Sanguinaria Canadensis), with a red root and red sap, and bearing a pretty, white flower in early spring; -- called also puccoon, redroot, bloodwort, tetterwort, turmeric, and Indian paint. It has acrid emetic properties, and the rootstock is used as a stimulant expectorant. See Sanguinaria.

In England the name is given to the tormentil, once used as a remedy for dysentery.

Blood"shed` (&?;), n. [Blood + shed] The shedding or spilling of blood; slaughter; the act of shedding human blood, or taking life, as in war, riot, or murder.

Blood"shed`der (&?;), n. One who sheds blood; a manslayer; a murderer.

Blood"shed`ding (&?;), n. Bloodshed. Shak.

Blood"shot` (&?;), a. [Blood + shot, p. p. of shoot to variegate.] Red and inflamed; suffused with blood, or having the vessels turgid with blood, as when the conjunctiva is inflamed or irritated.

> His eyes were bloodshot, . . . and his hair disheveled.
> Dickens.

Blood"-shot`ten (&?;), a. Bloodshot. [Obs.]

Blood"stick" (&?;), n. (Far.) A piece of hard wood loaded at one end with lead, and used to strike the fleam into the vein. Youatt.

Blood"stone` (&?;), n. (Min.) (a) A green siliceous stone sprinkled with red jasper, as if with blood; hence the name; -- called also heliotrope. (b) Hematite, an ore of iron yielding a blood red powder or "streak."

Blood"stroke` (&?;), n. [Cf. F. coup de sang.] Loss of sensation and motion from hemorrhage or congestion in the brain. Dunglison.

Blood"suck`er (&?;), n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any animal that sucks blood; esp., the leech (Hirudo medicinalis), and related species.

2. One who sheds blood; a cruel, bloodthirsty man; one guilty of bloodshed; a murderer. [Obs.] Shak.

3. A hard and exacting master, landlord, or money lender; an extortioner.

Blood"thirst`y (&?;), a. Eager to shed blood; cruel; sanguinary; murderous. -- Blood"thirst`i*ness (&?;), n.

Blood"ulf (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The European bullfinch.

Blood" ves`sel (&?;). (Anat.) Any vessel or canal in which blood circulates in an animal, as an artery or vein.

{ Blood"wite` (&?;), Blood"wit` (&?;), } n. [AS. bl&?;wte; bl&?;d blood, + wte wite, fine.] (Anc. Law) A fine or amercement paid as a composition for the shedding of blood; also, a riot wherein blood was spilled.

Blood"wood (&?;), n. (Bot.) A tree having the wood or the sap of the color of blood.

Norfolk Island bloodwood is a euphorbiaceous tree (Baloghia lucida), from which the sap is collected for use as a plant. Various other trees have the name, chiefly on account of the color of the wood, as Gordonia Hæmatoxylon of Jamaica, and several species of Australian Eucalyptus; also the true logwood ( Hæmatoxylon campechianum).

Blood"wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant, Rumex sanguineus, or bloody-veined dock. The name is applied also to bloodroot (Sanguinaria Canadensis), and to an extensive order of plants (Hæmodoraceæ), the roots of many species of which contain a red coloring matter useful in dyeing.

Blood"y (&?;), a. [AS. bldig.] 1. Containing or resembling blood; of the nature of blood; as, bloody excretions; bloody sweat.

2. Smeared or stained with blood; as, bloody hands; a bloody handkerchief.

3. Given, or tending, to the shedding of blood; having a cruel, savage disposition; murderous; cruel.

> Some bloody passion shakes your very frame.
> Shak.

4. Attended with, or involving, bloodshed; sanguinary; esp., marked by great slaughter or cruelty; as, a bloody battle.

5. Infamous; contemptible; -- variously used for mere emphasis or as a low epithet. [Vulgar] Thackeray.

Blood"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloodied (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bloodying.] To stain with blood. Overbury.

Blood"y*bones` (&?;), n. A terrible bugbear.

Blood"y flux` (&?;). The dysentery, a disease in which the flux or discharge from the bowels has a mixture of blood. Arbuthnot.

Blood"y hand` (&?;). 1. A hand stained with the blood of a deer, which, in the old forest laws of England, was sufficient evidence of a man's trespass in the forest against venison. Jacob.

2. (Her.) A red hand, as in the arms of Ulster, which is now the distinguishing mark of a baronet of the United Kingdom.

Blood"y-mind"ed (&?;), a. Having a cruel, ferocious disposition; bloodthirsty. Dryden.

Blood"y sweat` (&?;). A sweat accompanied by a discharge of blood; a disease, called sweating sickness, formerly prevalent in England and other countries.

Bloom (&?;), n. [OE. blome, fr. Icel. bl&?;m, bl&?;mi; akin to Sw. blom, Goth. bl&?;ma, OS. bl&?;mo, D. bloem, OHG. bluomo, bluoma, G. blume; fr. the same root as AS. bl&?;wan to blow, blossom. See Blow to bloom, and cf. Blossom.] 1. A blossom; the flower of a plant; an expanded bud; flowers, collectively.

> The rich blooms of the tropics.
> Prescott.

2. The opening of flowers in general; the state of blossoming or of having the flowers open; as, the cherry trees are in bloom. "Sight of vernal bloom." Milton.

3. A state or time of beauty, freshness, and vigor; an opening to higher perfection, analogous to that of buds into blossoms; as, the bloom of youth.

> Every successive mother has transmitted a fainter bloom, a more delicate and briefer beauty.
> Hawthorne.

4. The delicate, powdery coating upon certain growing or newly-gathered fruits or leaves, as on grapes, plums, etc. Hence: Anything giving an appearance of attractive freshness; a flush; a glow.

> A new, fresh, brilliant world, with all the bloom upon it.
> Thackeray.

5. The clouded appearance which varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a picture.

6. A yellowish deposit or powdery coating which appears on well-tanned leather. Knight.

7. (Min.) A popular term for a bright-hued variety of some minerals; as, the rose-red cobalt bloom.

Bloom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bloomed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blooming.] 1. To produce or yield blossoms; to blossom; to flower or be in flower.

> A flower which once
> In Paradise, fast by the tree of life,
> Began to bloom.
> Milton.

2. To be in a state of healthful, growing youth and vigor; to show beauty and freshness, as of flowers; to give promise, as by or with flowers.

> A better country blooms to view,

> Beneath a brighter sky.
> Logan.

Bloom, v. t. 1. To cause to blossom; to make flourish. [R.]

> Charitable affection bloomed them.
> Hooker.

2. To bestow a bloom upon; to make blooming or radiant. [R.] Milton.

> While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day.
> Keats.

Bloom, n. [AS. bl&?;ma a mass or lump, senes bl&?;ma a lump or wedge of iron.] (Metal.) (a) A mass of wrought iron from the Catalan forge or from the puddling furnace, deprived of its dross, and shaped usually in the form of an oblong block by shingling. (b) A large bar of steel formed directly from an ingot by hammering or rolling, being a preliminary shape for further working.

Bloom"a*ry (&?;), n. See Bloomery.

Bloom"er (&?;), n. [From Mrs. Bloomer, an American, who sought to introduce this style of dress.] 1. A costume for women, consisting of a short dress, with loose trousers gathered round ankles, and (commonly) a broad-brimmed hat.

2. A woman who wears a Bloomer costume.

Bloom"er*y (&?;), n. (Manuf.) A furnace and forge in which wrought iron in the form of blooms is made directly from the ore, or (more rarely) from cast iron.

Bloom"ing, n. (Metal.) The process of making blooms from the ore or from cast iron.

Bloom"ing, a. 1. Opening in blossoms; flowering.

2. Thriving in health, beauty, and vigor; indicating the freshness and beauties of youth or health.

Bloom"ing*ly, adv. In a blooming manner.

Bloom"ing*ness, n. A blooming condition.

Bloom"less, a. Without bloom or flowers. Shelley.

Bloom"y (&?;), a. 1. Full of bloom; flowery; flourishing with the vigor of youth; as, a bloomy spray.

> But all the bloomy flush of life is fled.
> Goldsmith.

2. Covered with bloom, as fruit. Dryden.

Blooth (&?;), n. Bloom; a blossoming. [Prov. Eng.]

> All that blooth means heavy autumn work for him and his hands.
> T. Hardy.

Blore (&?;), n. [Perh. a variant of blare, v. i.; or cf. Gael. & Ir. blor a loud noise.] The act of blowing; a roaring wind; a blast. [Obs.]

> A most tempestuous blore.
> Chapman.

Blos"my (&?;), a. Blossomy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Blos"som (bls"sm), n. [OE. blosme, blostme, AS. blsma, blstma, blossom; akin to D. bloesem, L. fios, and E. flower; from the root of E. blow to blossom. See Blow to blossom, and cf. Bloom a blossom.] 1. The flower of a plant, or the essential organs of reproduction, with their appendages; florescence; bloom; the flowers of a plant, collectively; as, the blossoms and fruit of a tree; an apple tree in blossom.

The term has been applied by some botanists, and is also applied in common usage, to the corolla. It is more commonly used than flower or bloom, when we have reference to the fruit which is to succeed. Thus we use flowers when we speak of plants cultivated for ornament, and bloom in a more general sense, as of flowers in general, or in reference to the beauty of flowers.

> Blossoms flaunting in the eye of day.
> Longfellow.

2. A blooming period or stage of development; something lovely that gives rich promise.

> In the blossom of my youth.
> Massinger.

3. The color of a horse that has white hairs intermixed with sorrel and bay hairs; -- otherwise called peach color.

In blossom, having the blossoms open; in bloom.

Blos"som, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blossomed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blossoming.] [AS. bl&?;stmian. See Blossom, n.] 1. To put forth blossoms or flowers; to bloom; to blow; to flower.

> The moving whisper of huge trees that branched
> And blossomed.
> Tennyson.

2. To flourish and prosper.

> Israel shall blossom and bud, and full the face of the world with fruit.
> Isa. xxvii. 6.

Blos"som*less, a. Without blossoms.

Blos"som*y (&?;), a. Full of blossoms; flowery.

Blot (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blotted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blotting.] [Cf. Dan. plette. See 3d Blot.]

1. To spot, stain, or bespatter, as with ink.

> The brief was writ and blotted all with gore.
> Gascoigne.

2. To impair; to damage; to mar; to soil.

> It blots thy beauty, as frosts do bite the meads.
> Shak.

3. To stain with infamy; to disgrace.

> Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood.
> Rowe.

4. To obliterate, as writing with ink; to cancel; to efface; -- generally with out; as, to blot out a word or a sentence. Often figuratively; as, to blot out offenses.

> One act like this blots out a thousand crimes.
> Dryden.

5. To obscure; to eclipse; to shadow.

> He sung how earth blots the moon's gilded wane.
> Cowley.

6. To dry, as writing, with blotting paper.

Syn. -- To obliterate; expunge; erase; efface; cancel; tarnish; disgrace; blur; sully; smear; smutch.

Blot, v. i. To take a blot; as, this paper blots easily.

Blot, n. [Cf. Icel. blettr, Dan. plet.] 1. A spot or stain, as of ink on paper; a blur. "Inky blots and rotten parchment bonds." Shak.

2. An obliteration of something written or printed; an erasure. Dryden.

3. A spot on reputation; a stain; a disgrace; a reproach; a blemish.

> This deadly blot in thy digressing son.
> Shak.

Blot, n. [Cf. Dan. blot bare, naked, Sw. blott, d. bloot, G. bloss, and perh. E. bloat.] 1. (Backgammon) (a) An exposure of a single man to be taken up. (b) A single man left on a point, exposed to be taken up.

> He is too great a master of his art to make a blot which may be so easily hit.
> Dryden.

2. A weak point; a failing; an exposed point or mark.

Blotch (&?;), n. [Cf. OE. blacche in blacchepot blacking pot, akin to black, as bleach is akin to bleak. See Black, a., or cf. Blot a spot.] 1. A blot or spot, as of color or of ink; especially a large or irregular spot. Also Fig.; as, a moral blotch.

> Spots and blotches . . . some red, others yellow.
> Harvey.

2. (Med.) A large pustule, or a coarse eruption.

> Foul scurf and blotches him defile.
> Thomson.

Blotched (&?;), a. Marked or covered with blotches.

> To give their blotched and blistered bodies ease.
> Drayton.

Blotch"y (&?;), a. Having blotches.

Blote (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bloting.] [Cf. Sw. blöt-fisk soaked fish, fr. blöta to soak. See 1st Bloat.] To cure, as herrings, by salting and smoking them; to bloat. [Obs.]

Blot"less (&?;), a. Without blot.

Blot"ter (blt"tr), n. 1. One who, or that which, blots; esp. a device for absorbing superfluous ink.

<! p. 158 !>

2. (Com.) A wastebook, in which entries of transactions are made as they take place.

Blot*tesque" (blt*tsk"), a. (Painting) Characterized by blots or heavy touches; coarsely depicted; wanting in delineation. Ruskin.

Blot"ting pa`per (p`pr). A kind of thick, bibulous, unsized paper, used to absorb superfluous ink from freshly written manuscript, and thus prevent blots.

Blouse (blouz; F. blz), n. [F. blouse. Of unknown origin.] A light, loose over-garment, like a smock frock, worn especially by workingmen in France; also, a loose coat of any material, as the undress uniform coat of the United States army.

Blow (bl), v. i. [imp. Blew (bl); p. p. Blown (bln); p. pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] [OE. blowen, AS. blwan to blossom; akin to OS. bljan, D. bloeijen, OHG. pluojan, MHG. blüejen, G. blühen, L. florere to flourish, OIr. blath blossom. Cf. Blow to puff, Flourish.] To flower; to blossom; to bloom.

> How blows the citron grove.
> Milton.

Blow, v. t. To cause to blossom; to put forth (blossoms or flowers).

> The odorous banks, that blow
> Flowers of more mingled hue.
> Milton.

Blow, n. (Bot.) A blossom; a flower; also, a state of blossoming; a mass of blossoms. "Such a blow of tulips." Tatler.

Blow, n. [OE. blaw, blowe; cf. OHG. bliuwan, pliuwan, to beat, G. bläuen, Goth. bliggwan.] 1. A forcible stroke with the hand, fist, or some instrument, as a rod, a club, an ax, or a sword.

> Well struck ! there was blow for blow.
> Shak.

2. A sudden or forcible act or effort; an assault.

> A vigorous blow might win [Hanno's camp].
> T. Arnold.

3. The infliction of evil; a sudden calamity; something which produces mental, physical, or financial suffering or loss (esp. when sudden); a buffet.

> A most poor man, made tame to fortune's blows.
> Shak.

At a blow, suddenly; at one effort; by a single vigorous act. "They lose a province at a blow." Dryden. -- To come to blows, to engage in combat; to fight; - - said of individuals, armies, and nations.

Syn. -- Stroke; knock; shock; misfortune.

Blow, v. i. [imp. Blew (bl); p. p. Blown (bln); p. pr. & vb. n. Blowing.] [OE. blawen, blowen, AS. blwan to blow, as wind; akin to OHG. pljan, G. blähen, to blow up, swell, L. flare to blow, Gr. 'ekflai`nein to spout out, and to E. bladder, blast, inflate, etc., and perh. blow to bloom.] 1. To produce a current of air; to move, as air, esp. to move rapidly or with power; as, the wind blows.

> Hark how it rains and blows !
> Walton.

2. To send forth a forcible current of air, as from the mouth or from a pair of bellows.

3. To breathe hard or quick; to pant; to puff.

> Here is Mistress Page at the door, sweating and blowing.
> Shak.

4. To sound on being blown into, as a trumpet.

> There let the pealing organ blow.
> Milton.

5. To spout water, etc., from the blowholes, as a whale.

6. To be carried or moved by the wind; as, the dust blows in from the street.

> The grass blows from their graves to thy own.
> M. Arnold.

7. To talk loudly; to boast; to storm. [Colloq.]

> You blow behind my back, but dare not say anything to my face.
> Bartlett.

To blow hot and cold (a saying derived from a fable of Æsop's), to favor a thing at one time and treat it coldly at another; or to appear both to favor and to oppose. -- To blow off, to let steam escape through a passage provided for the purpose; as, the engine or steamer is blowing off. -- To blow out. (a) To be driven out by the expansive force of a gas or vapor; as, a steam cock or valve sometimes blows out. (b) To talk violently or abusively. [Low] -- To blow over, to pass away without effect; to cease, or be dissipated; as, the storm and the clouds have blown over. -- To blow up, to be torn to pieces and thrown into the air as by an explosion of powder or gas or the expansive force of steam; to burst; to explode; as, a powder mill or steam boiler blows up. "The enemy's magazines blew up." Tatler.

Blow, v. t. 1. To force a current of air upon with the mouth, or by other means; as, to blow the fire.

2. To drive by a current air; to impel; as, the tempest blew the ship ashore.

> Off at sea northeast winds blow
> Sabean odors from the spicy shore.
> Milton.

3. To cause air to pass through by the action of the mouth, or otherwise; to cause to sound, as a wind instrument; as, to blow a trumpet; to blow an organ.

> Hath she no husband
> That will take pains to blow a horn before her?
> Shak.

> Boy, blow the pipe until the bubble rise,
> Then cast it off to float upon the skies.
> Parnell.

4. To clear of contents by forcing air through; as, to blow an egg; to blow one's nose.

5. To burst, shatter, or destroy by an explosion; - - usually with up, down, open, or similar adverb; as, to blow up a building.

6. To spread by report; to publish; to disclose.

> Through the court his courtesy was blown.
> Dryden.

> His language does his knowledge blow.
> Whiting.

7. To form by inflation; to swell by injecting air; as, to blow bubbles; to blow glass.

8. To inflate, as with pride; to puff up.

> Look how imagination blows him.
> Shak.

9. To put out of breath; to cause to blow from fatigue; as, to blow a horse. Sir W. Scott.

10. To deposit eggs or larvæ upon, or in (meat, etc.).

> To suffer
> The flesh fly blow my mouth.
> Shak.

To blow great guns, to blow furiously and with roaring blasts; -- said of the wind at sea or along the coast. -- To blow off, to empty (a boiler) of water through the blow-off pipe, while under steam pressure; also, to eject (steam, water, sediment, etc.) from a boiler. -- To blow one's own trumpet, to vaunt one's own exploits, or sound one's own praises. -- To blow out, to extinguish by a current of air, as a candle. -- To blow up. (a) To fill with air; to swell; as, to blow up a bladder or bubble. (b) To inflate, as with pride, self-conceit, etc.; to puff up; as, to blow one up with flattery. "Blown up with high conceits engendering pride." Milton. (c) To excite; as, to blow up a contention. (d) To burst, to raise into the air, or to scatter, by an explosion; as, to blow up a fort. (e) To scold violently; as, to blow up a person for some offense. [Colloq.]

> I have blown him up well -- nobody can say I wink at what he does.
> G. Eliot.

-- To blow upon. (a) To blast; to taint; to bring into discredit; to render stale, unsavory, or worthless. (b) To inform against. [Colloq.]

> How far the very custom of hearing anything spouted withers and blows upon a fine passage, may be seen in those speeches from [Shakespeare's] Henry V. which are current in the mouths of schoolboys.
> C. Lamb.

> A lady's maid whose character had been blown upon.
> Macaulay.

Blow (&?;), n. 1. A blowing, esp., a violent blowing of the wind; a gale; as, a heavy blow came on, and the ship put back to port.

2. The act of forcing air from the mouth, or through or from some instrument; as, to give a hard blow on a whistle or horn; to give the fire a blow with the bellows.

3. The spouting of a whale.

4. (Metal.) A single heat or operation of the Bessemer converter. Raymond.

5. An egg, or a larva, deposited by a fly on or in flesh, or the act of depositing it. Chapman.

Blow"ball` (&?;), n. The downy seed head of a dandelion, which children delight to blow away. B. Jonson.

{ Blow"en (&?;), Blow"ess (&?;), } n. A prostitute; a courtesan; a strumpet. [Low] Smart.

Blow"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, blows.

2. (Mech.) A device for producing a current of air; as: (a) A metal plate temporarily placed before the upper part of a grate or open fire. (b) A machine for producing an artificial blast or current of air by pressure, as for increasing the draft of a furnace, ventilating a building or shaft, cleansing gram, etc.

3. A blowing out or excessive discharge of gas from a hole or fissure in a mine.

4. The whale; -- so called by seamen, from the circumstance of its spouting up a column of water.

5. (Zoöl.) A small fish of the Atlantic coast (Tetrodon turgidus); the puffer.

6. A braggart, or loud talker. [Slang] Bartlett.

Blow"fly` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of fly of the genus Musca that deposits its eggs or young larvæ (called flyblows and maggots) upon meat or other animal products.

Blow"gun` (&?;), n. A tube, as of cane or reed, sometimes twelve feet long, through which an arrow or other projectile may be impelled by the force of the breath. It is a weapon much used by certain Indians of America and the West Indies; -- called also blowpipe, and blowtube. See Sumpitan.

Blow"hole` (&?;), n. 1. A cavern in a cliff, at the water level, opening to the air at its farther extremity, so that the waters rush in with each surge and rise in a lofty jet from the extremity.

2. A nostril or spiracle in the top of the head of a whale or other cetacean.

There are two spiracles or blowholes in the common whales, but only one in sperm whales, porpoises, etc.

3. A hole in the ice to which whales, seals, etc., come to breathe.

4. (Founding) An air hole in a casting.

Blown (&?;), p. p. & a. 1. Swollen; inflated; distended; puffed up, as cattle when gorged with green food which develops gas.

2. Stale; worthless.

3. Out of breath; tired; exhausted. "Their horses much blown." Sir W. Scott.

4. Covered with the eggs and larvæ of flies; fly blown.

Blown, p. p. & a. Opened; in blossom or having blossomed, as a flower. Shak.

Blow"-off` (&?;), n. 1. A blowing off steam, water, etc.; -- Also, adj. as, a blow-off cock or pipe.

2. An outburst of temper or excitement. [Colloq.]

Blow"-out` (&?;), n. The cleaning of the flues of a boiler from scale, etc., by a blast of steam.

Blow"pipe` (&?;), n. 1. A tube for directing a jet of air into a fire or into the flame of a lamp or candle, so as to concentrate the heat on some object.

It is called a mouth blowpipe when used with the mouth; but for both chemical and industrial purposes, it is often worked by a bellows or other contrivance. The common mouth blowpipe is a tapering tube with a very small orifice at the end to be inserted in the flame. The oxyhydrogen blowpipe, invented by Dr. Hare in 1801, is an instrument in which oxygen and hydrogen, taken from separate reservoirs, in the proportions of two volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen, are burned in a jet, under pressure. It gives a heat that will consume the diamond, fuse platinum, and dissipate in vapor, or in gaseous forms, most known substances.

2. A blowgun; a blowtube.

Blowpipe analysis (Chem.), analysis by means of the blowpipe. -- Blowpipe reaction (Chem.), the characteristic behavior of a substance subjected to a test by means of the blowpipe.

Blow"point` (&?;), n. A child's game. [Obs.]

Blowse, n. See Blowze.

Blowth (&?;), n. [From Blow to blossom: cf. Growth.] A blossoming; a bloom. [Obs. or Archaic] "In the blowth and bud." Sir W. Raleigh.

Blow"tube` (&?;), n. 1. A blowgun. Tylor.

2. A similar instrument, commonly of tin, used by boys for discharging paper wads and other light missiles.

3. (Glassmaking) A long wrought iron tube, on the end of which the workman gathers a quantity of "metal" (melted glass), and through which he blows to expand or shape it; -- called also blowing tube, and blowpipe.

Blow" valve` (&?;). (Mach.) See Snifting valve.

Blow"y (&?;), a. Windy; as, blowy weather; a blowy upland.

Blowze (&?;), n. [Prob. from the same root as blush.] A ruddy, fat-faced woman; a wench. [Obs.] Shak.

Blowzed (&?;), a. Having high color from exposure to the weather; ruddy-faced; blowzy; disordered.

> Huge women blowzed with health and wind.
> Tennyson.

Blowz"y (&?;), a. Coarse and ruddy- faced; fat and ruddy; high colored; frowzy.

Blub (&?;), v. t. & i. [Cf. Bleb, Blob.] To swell; to puff out, as with weeping. [Obs.]

Blub"ber (&?;), n. [See Blobber, Blob, Bleb.]

1. A bubble.

> At his mouth a blubber stood of foam.
> Henryson.

2. The fat of whales and other large sea animals from which oil is obtained. It lies immediately under the skin and over the muscular flesh.

3. (Zoöl.) A large sea nettle or medusa.

Blub"ber, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blubbered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blubbering.] To weep noisily, or so as to disfigure the face; to cry in a childish manner.

> She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her hair.
> Swift.

Blub"ber, v. t. 1. To swell or disfigure (the face) with weeping; to wet with tears.

> Dear Cloe, how blubbered is that pretty face!
> Prior.

2. To give vent to (tears) or utter (broken words or cries); -- with forth or out.

Blub"bered (&?;), p. p. & a. Swollen; turgid; as, a blubbered lip. Spenser.

Blub"ber*ing, n. The act of weeping noisily.

> He spake well save that his blubbering interrupted him.
> Winthrop.

Blub"ber*y (&?;), a. 1. Swollen; protuberant.

2. Like blubber; gelatinous and quivering; as, a blubbery mass.

Blu"cher (bl"kr), n. A kind of half boot, named from the Prussian general Blücher. Thackeray.

Bludg"eon (&?;), n. [Cf. Ir. blocan a little block, Gael. plocan a mallet, W. plocyn, dim. of ploc block; or perh. connected with E. blow a stroke. Cf. Block, Blow a stroke.] A short stick, with one end loaded, or thicker and heavier that the other, used as an offensive weapon.

Blue (bl), a. [Compar. Bluer (-r); superl. Bluest.] [OE. bla, blo, blew, blue, livid, black, fr. Icel.blr livid; akin to Dan. blaa blue, Sw. blå, D. blauw, OHG. blo, G. blau; but influenced in form by F. bleu, from OHG. blo.] 1. Having the color of the clear sky, or a hue resembling it, whether lighter or darker; as, the deep, blue sea; as blue as a sapphire; blue violets. "The blue firmament." Milton.

2. Pale, without redness or glare, -- said of a flame; hence, of the color of burning brimstone, betokening the presence of ghosts or devils; as, the candle burns blue; the air was blue with oaths.

3. Low in spirits; melancholy; as, to feel blue.

4. Suited to produce low spirits; gloomy in prospect; as, thongs looked blue. [Colloq.]

5. Severe or over strict in morals; gloom; as, blue and sour religionists; suiting one who is over strict in morals; inculcating an impracticable, severe, or gloomy mortality; as, blue laws.

6. Literary; -- applied to women; -- an abbreviation of bluestocking. [Colloq.]

> The ladies were very blue and well informed.
> Thackeray.

Blue asbestus. See Crocidolite. -- Blue black, of, or having, a very dark blue color, almost black. -- Blue blood. See under Blood. -- Blue buck (Zoöl.), a small South African antelope (Cephalophus pygmæus); also applied to a larger species (Ægoceras leucophæus); the blaubok. -- Blue cod (Zoöl.), the buffalo cod. -- Blue crab (Zoöl.), the common edible crab of the Atlantic coast of the United States (Callinectes hastatus). -- Blue curls (Bot.), a common plant (Trichostema dichotomum), resembling pennyroyal, and hence called also bastard pennyroyal. -- Blue devils, apparitions supposed to be seen by persons suffering with delirium tremens; hence, very low spirits. "Can Gumbo shut the hall door upon blue devils, or lay them all in a red sea of claret?" Thackeray. -- Blue gage. See under Gage, a plum. -- Blue gum, an Australian myrtaceous tree (Eucalyptus globulus), of the loftiest proportions, now cultivated in tropical and warm temperate regions for its timber, and as a protection against malaria. The essential oil is beginning to be used in medicine. The timber is very useful. See Eucalyptus. -- Blue jack, Blue stone, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. -- Blue jacket, a man-of war's man; a sailor wearing a naval uniform. -- Blue jaundice. See under Jaundice. -- Blue laws, a name first used in the eighteenth century to describe certain supposititious laws of extreme rigor reported to have been enacted in New Haven; hence, any puritanical laws. [U. S.] -- Blue light, a composition which burns with a brilliant blue flame; -- used in pyrotechnics and as a night signal at sea, and in military operations. -- Blue mantle (Her.), one of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms; -- so called from the color of his official robes. -- Blue mass, a preparation of mercury from which is formed the blue pill. McElrath. -- Blue mold, or mould, the blue fungus (Aspergillus glaucus) which grows on cheese. Brande & C. -- Blue Monday, a Monday following a Sunday of dissipation, or itself given to dissipation (as the Monday before Lent). -- Blue ointment (Med.), mercurial ointment. -- Blue Peter (British Marine), a blue flag with a white square in the center, used as a signal for sailing, to recall boats, etc. It is a corruption of blue repeater, one of the British signal flags. -- Blue pill. (Med.) (a) A pill of prepared mercury, used as an aperient, etc. (b) Blue mass. -- Blue ribbon. (a) The ribbon worn by members of the order of the Garter; -- hence, a member of that order. (b) Anything the attainment of which is an object of great ambition; a distinction; a prize. "These [scholarships] were the blue ribbon of the college." Farrar. (c) The distinctive badge of certain temperance or total abstinence organizations, as of the Blue ribbon Army. -- Blue ruin, utter ruin; also, gin. [Eng. Slang] Carlyle. -- Blue spar (Min.), azure spar; lazulite. See Lazulite. -- Blue thrush (Zoöl.), a European and Asiatic thrush (Petrocossyphus cyaneas). -- Blue verditer. See Verditer. -- Blue vitriol (Chem.), sulphate of copper, a violet blue crystallized salt, used in electric batteries, calico printing, etc. -- Blue water, the open ocean. -- To look blue, to look disheartened or dejected. -- True blue, genuine and thorough; not modified, nor mixed; not spurious; specifically, of uncompromising Presbyterianism, blue being the color adopted by the Covenanters.

<! p. 159 !>

> For his religion . . .
> 'T was Presbyterian, true blue.
> Hudibras.

Blue (bl), n. 1. One of the seven colors into which the rays of light divide themselves, when refracted through a glass prism; the color of the clear sky, or a color resembling that, whether lighter or darker; a pigment having such color. Sometimes, poetically, the sky.

2. A pedantic woman; a bluestocking. [Colloq.]

3. pl. [Short for blue devils.] Low spirits; a fit of despondency; melancholy. [Colloq.]

Berlin blue, Prussian blue. -- Mineral blue. See under Mineral. -- Prussian blue. See under Prussian.

Blue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blued (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bluing.] To make blue; to dye of a blue color; to make blue by heating, as metals, etc.

Blue"back` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A trout (Salmo oquassa) inhabiting some of the lakes of Maine. (b) A salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of the Columbia River and northward. (c) An American river herring (Clupea æstivalis), closely allied to the alewife.

Blue"beard (&?;), n. The hero of a mediæval French nursery legend, who, leaving home, enjoined his young wife not to open a certain room in his castle. She entered it, and found the murdered bodies of his former wives. -- Also used adjectively of a subject which it is forbidden to investigate.

> The Bluebeard chamber of his mind, into which no eye but his own must look.
> Carlyle.

Blue"bell` (&?;), n. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Campanula, especially the Campanula rotundifolia, which bears blue bell-shaped flowers; the harebell. (b) A plant of the genus Scilla (Scilla nutans).

Blue"berry (&?;), n. [Cf. Blaeberry.] (Bot.) The berry of several species of Vaccinium, an ericaceous genus, differing from the American huckleberries in containing numerous minute seeds instead of ten nutlets. The commonest species are V. Pennsylvanicum and V. vacillans. V. corymbosum is the tall blueberry.

Blue"bill` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A duck of the genus Fuligula. Two American species (F. marila and F. affinis) are common. See Scaup duck.

Blue"bird` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A small song bird (Sialia sialis), very common in the United States, and, in the north, one of the earliest to arrive in spring. The male is blue, with the breast reddish. It is related to the European robin.

Pairy bluebird (Zoöl.), a brilliant Indian or East Indian bird of the genus Irena, of several species.

{ Blue" bon`net or Blue"-bon`net } (&?;), n. 1. A broad, flat Scottish cap of blue woolen, or one wearing such cap; a Scotchman.

2. (Bot.) A plant. Same as Bluebottle.

3. (Zoöl.) The European blue titmouse (Parus cœruleus); the bluecap.

Blue" book` (&?;). 1. A parliamentary publication, so called from its blue paper covers. [Eng.]

2. The United States official "Biennial Register."

Blue"bot`tle (&?;), n. 1. (Bot.) A plant (Centaurea cyanus) which grows in grain fields. It receives its name from its blue bottle-shaped flowers.

2. (Zoöl.) A large and troublesome species of blowfly (Musca vomitoria). Its body is steel blue.

Blue"breast` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A small European bird; the blue-throated warbler.

Blue"cap` (&?;), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The bluepoll. (b) The blue bonnet or blue titmouse.

2. A Scot; a Scotchman; -- so named from wearing a blue bonnet. [Poetic] Shak.

Blue"coat` (&?;), n. One dressed in blue, as a soldier, a sailor, a beadle, etc.

Blue"-eye` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The blue-cheeked honeysucker of Australia.

Blue"-eyed` (&?;), a. Having blue eyes.

Blue-eyed grass (&?;) (Bot.) a grasslike plant (Sisyrinchium anceps), with small flowers of a delicate blue color.

Blue"fin` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A species of whitefish (Coregonus nigripinnis) found in Lake Michigan.

Blue"fish` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) 1. A large voracious fish (Pomatomus saitatrix), of the family Carangidæ, valued as a food fish, and widely distributed on the American coast. On the New Jersey and Rhode Island coast it is called the horse mackerel, in Virginia saltwater tailor, or skipjack.

2. A West Indian fish (Platyglossus radiatus), of the family Labridæ.

The name is applied locally to other species of fishes; as the cunner, sea bass, squeteague, etc.

Blue"gown` (&?;), n. One of a class of paupers or pensioners, or licensed beggars, in Scotland, to whim annually on the king's birthday were distributed certain alms, including a blue gown; a beadsman.

Blue" grass` (&?;). (Bot.) A species of grass (Poa compressa) with bluish green stems, valuable in thin gravelly soils; wire grass.

Kentucky blue grass, a species of grass (Poa pratensis) which has running rootstocks and spreads rapidly. It is valuable as a pasture grass, as it endures both winter and drought better than other kinds, and is very nutritious.

Blue" jay` (&?;). (Zoöl.) The common jay of the United States (Cyanocitta, or Cyanura, cristata). The predominant color is bright blue.

Blue"-john` (&?;), n. A name given to fluor spar in Derbyshire, where it is used for ornamental purposes.

Blue"ly, adv. With a blue color. Swift.

Blue"ness, n. The quality of being blue; a blue color. Boyle.

Blue"nose (&?;), n. A nickname for a Nova Scotian.

Blue"poll` (&?;), n. [Blue + poll head.] (Zoöl.) A kind of salmon (Salmo Cambricus) found in Wales.

Blue"print. See under Print.

Blue"stock`ing (&?;), n. 1. A literary lady; a female pedant. [Colloq.]

As explained in Boswell's "Life of Dr. Johnson", this term is derived from the name given to certain meetings held by ladies, in Johnson's time, for conversation with distinguished literary men. An eminent attendant of these assemblies was a Mr. Stillingfleet, who always wore blue stockings. He was so much distinguished for his conversational powers that his absence at any time was felt to be a great loss, so that the remark became common, "We can do nothing without the blue stockings." Hence these meetings were sportively called bluestocking clubs, and the ladies who attended them, bluestockings.

2. (Zoöl.) The American avocet (Recurvirostra Americana).

Blue"stock`ing*ism (&?;), n. The character or manner of a bluestocking; female pedantry. [Colloq.]

Blue"stone` (&?;), n. 1. Blue vitriol. Dunglison.

2. A grayish blue building stone, as that commonly used in the eastern United States.

Blue"throat` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A singing bird of northern Europe and Asia (Cyanecula Suecica), related to the nightingales; -- called also blue-throated robin and blue-throated warbler.

Blu"ets (&?;), n. [F. bluet, bleuet, dim. of bleu blue. See Blue, a.] (Bot.) A name given to several different species of plants having blue flowers, as the Houstonia cœrulea, the Centaurea cyanus or bluebottle, and the Vaccinium angustifolium.

Blue"-veined` (&?;), a. Having blue veins or blue streaks.

Blue"wing` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The blue-winged teal. See Teal.

Blue"y (&?;), a. Bluish. Southey.

Bluff (&?;), a. [Cf. OD. blaf flat, broad, blaffaert one with a broad face, also, a boaster; or G. verblüffen to confuse, LG. bluffen to frighten; to unknown origin.] 1. Having a broad, flattened front; as, the bluff bows of a ship. "Bluff visages." Irving.

2. Rising steeply with a flat or rounded front. "A bluff or bold shore." Falconer.

> Its banks, if not really steep, had a bluff and precipitous aspect.
> Judd.

3. Surly; churlish; gruff; rough.

4. Abrupt; roughly frank; unceremonious; blunt; brusque; as, a bluff answer; a bluff manner of talking; a bluff sea captain. "Bluff King Hal." Sir W. Scott.

> There is indeed a bluff pertinacity which is a proper defense in a moment of surprise.
> I. Taylor.

Bluff, n. 1. A high, steep bank, as by a river or the sea, or beside a ravine or plain; a cliff with a broad face.

> Beach, bluff, and wave, adieu.
> Whittier.

2. An act of bluffing; an expression of self- confidence for the purpose of intimidation; braggadocio; as, that is only bluff, or a bluff.

3. A game at cards; poker. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Bluff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bluffed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bluffing.] 1. (Poker) To deter (an opponent) from taking the risk of betting on his hand of cards, as the bluffer does by betting heavily on his own hand although it may be of less value. [U. S.]

2. To frighten or deter from accomplishing a purpose by making a show of confidence in one's strength or resources; as, he bluffed me off. [Colloq.]

Bluff, v. i. To act as in the game of bluff.

Bluff"-bowed` (&?;), a. (Naut.) Built with the stem nearly straight up and down.

Bluff"er, (&?;) n. One who bluffs.

Bluff"-head`ed (&?;), a. (Naut.) Built with the stem nearly straight up and down.

Bluff"ness, n. The quality or state of being bluff.

Bluff"y (&?;), a. 1. Having bluffs, or bold, steep banks.

2. Inclined to bo bluff; brusque.

Blu"ing (&?;), n. 1. The act of rendering blue; as, the bluing of steel. Tomlinson.

2. Something to give a bluish tint, as indigo, or preparations used by washerwomen.

Blu"ish (&?;), a. Somewhat blue; as, bluish veins. "Bluish mists." Dryden. -- Blu"ish*ly, adv. -- Blu"ish*ness, n.

Blun"der (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blundered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blundering.] [OE. blunderen, blondren, to stir, confuse, blunder; perh. allied to blend to mix, to confound by mixture.] 1. To make a gross error or mistake; as, to blunder in writing or preparing a medical prescription. Swift.

2. To move in an awkward, clumsy manner; to flounder and stumble.

> I was never distinguished for address, and have often even blundered in making my bow.
> Goldsmith.

> Yet knows not how to find the uncertain place,
> And blunders on, and staggers every pace.
> Dryden.

To blunder on. (a) To continue blundering. (b) To find or reach as if by an accident involving more or less stupidity, -- applied to something desirable; as, to blunder on a useful discovery.

Blun"der, v. t. 1. To cause to blunder. [Obs.] "To blunder an adversary." Ditton.

2. To do or treat in a blundering manner; to confuse.

> He blunders and confounds all these together.
> Stillingfleet.

Blun"der, n. 1. Confusion; disturbance. [Obs.]

2. A gross error or mistake, resulting from carelessness, stupidity, or culpable ignorance.

Syn. -- Blunder, Error, Mistake, Bull. An error is a departure or deviation from that which is right or correct; as, an error of the press; an error of judgment. A mistake is the interchange or taking of one thing for another, through haste, inadvertence, etc.; as, a careless mistake. A blunder is a mistake or error of a gross kind. It supposes a person to flounder on in his course, from carelessness, ignorance, or stupidity. A bull is a verbal blunder containing a laughable incongruity of ideas.

Blun"der*buss (&?;), n. [Either fr. blunder + D. bus tube, box, akin to G. büchse box, gun, E. box; or corrupted fr. D. donderbus (literally) thunder box, gun, musket.] 1. A short gun or firearm, with a large bore, capable of holding a number of balls, and intended to do execution without exact aim.

2. A stupid, blundering fellow.

Blun"der*er (&?;), n. One who is apt to blunder.

Blun"der*head` (&?;), n. [Blunder + head.] A stupid, blundering fellow.

Blun"der*ing, a. Characterized by blunders.

Blun"der*ing*ly, adv. In a blundering manner.

Blunge (&?;), v. t. To amalgamate and blend; to beat up or mix in water, as clay.

Blun"ger (&?;), n. [Corrupted from plunger.] A wooden blade with a cross handle, used for mi&?;ing the clay in potteries; a plunger. Tomlinson.

Blun"ging (&?;), n. The process of mixing clay in potteries with a blunger. Tomlinson.

Blunt (&?;), a. [Cf. Prov. G. bludde a dull or blunt knife, Dan. blunde to sleep, Sw. & Icel. blunda; or perh. akin to E. blind.] 1. Having a thick edge or point, as an instrument; dull; not sharp.

> The murderous knife was dull and blunt.
> Shak.

2. Dull in understanding; slow of discernment; stupid; -- opposed to acute.

> His wits are not so blunt.
> Shak.

3. Abrupt in address; plain; unceremonious; wanting the forms of civility; rough in manners or speech. "Hiding his bitter jests in blunt behavior." "A plain, blunt man." Shak.

4. Hard to impress or penetrate. [R.]

> I find my heart hardened and blunt to new impressions.
> Pope.

Blunt is much used in composition, as blunt-edged, blunt-sighted, blunt-spoken.

Syn. -- Obtuse; dull; pointless; curt; short; coarse; rude; brusque; impolite; uncivil.

Blunt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blunting.] 1. To dull the edge or point of, by making it thicker; to make blunt. Shak.

2. To repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power of the mind; to impair the force, keenness, or susceptibility, of; as, to blunt the feelings.

Blunt, n. 1. A fencer's foil. [Obs.]

2. A short needle with a strong point. See Needle.

3. Money. [Cant] Beaconsfield.

Blunt"ish, a. Somewhat blunt. -- Blunt"ish*ness, n.

Blunt"ly, adv. In a blunt manner; coarsely; plainly; abruptly; without delicacy, or the usual forms of civility.

> Sometimes after bluntly giving his opinions, he would quietly lay himself asleep until the end of their deliberations.
> Jeffrey.

Blunt"ness, n. 1. Want of edge or point; dullness; obtuseness; want of sharpness.

> The multitude of elements and bluntness of angles.
> Holland.

2. Abruptness of address; rude plainness. "Bluntness of speech." Boyle.

Blunt"-wit`ted (&?;), n. Dull; stupid.

> Blunt-witted lord, ignoble in demeanor!
> Shak.

Blur (blûr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurred (blûrd); p. pr. & vb. n. Blurring.] [Prob. of same origin as blear. See Blear.] 1. To render obscure by making the form or outline of confused and uncertain, as by soiling; to smear; to make indistinct and confused; as, to blur manuscript by handling it while damp; to blur the impression of a woodcut by an excess of ink.

> But time hath nothing blurred those lines of favor
> Which then he wore.
> Shak.

2. To cause imperfection of vision in; to dim; to darken.

> Her eyes are blurred with the lightning's glare.
> J. R. Drake.

3. To sully; to stain; to blemish, as reputation.

> Sarcasms may eclipse thine own,
> But can not blur my lost renown.
> Hudibras.

Syn. -- To spot; blot; disfigure; stain; sully.

<! p. 160 !>

Blur (blûr), n. 1. That which obscures without effacing; a stain; a blot, as upon paper or other substance.

> As for those who cleanse blurs with blotted fingers, they make it worse.
> Fuller.

2. A dim, confused appearance; indistinctness of vision; as, to see things with a blur; it was all blur.

3. A moral stain or blot.

> Lest she . . . will with her railing set a great blur on mine honesty and good name.
> Udall.

Blur"ry (blûr"r), a. Full of blurs; blurred.

Blurt (blûrt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blurted; p. pr. & vb. n. Blurting.] [Cf. Blare.] To utter suddenly and unadvisedly; to divulge inconsiderately; to ejaculate; -- commonly with out.

> Others . . . can not hold, but blurt out, those words which afterward they are forced to eat.
> Hakewill.

To blurt at, to speak contemptuously of. [Obs.] Shak.

Blush (blsh) v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blushed (blsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Blushing.] [OE. bluschen to shine, look, turn red, AS. blyscan to glow; akin to blysa a torch, blsian to blush, D. blozen, Dan. blusse to blaze, blush.]

1. To become suffused with red in the cheeks, as from a sense of shame, modesty, or confusion; to become red from such cause, as the cheeks or face.

> To the nuptial bower
> I led her blushing like the morn.
> Milton.

> In the presence of the shameless and unblushing, the young offender is ashamed to blush.
> Buckminster.

> He would stroke
> The head of modest and ingenuous worth,
> That blushed at its own praise.
> Cowper.

2. To grow red; to have a red or rosy color.

> The sun of heaven, methought, was loth to set,
> But stayed, and made the western welkin blush.
> Shak.

3. To have a warm and delicate color, as some roses and other flowers.

> Full many a flower is born to blush unseen.
> T. Gray.

Blush, v. t. 1. To suffuse with a blush; to redden; to make roseate. [Obs.]

> To blush and beautify the cheek again.
> Shak.

2. To express or make known by blushing.

> I'll blush you thanks.
> Shak.

Blush, n. 1. A suffusion of the cheeks or face with red, as from a sense of shame, confusion, or modesty.

> The rosy blush of love.
> Trumbull.

2. A red or reddish color; a rosy tint.

> Light's last blushes tinged the distant hills.
> Lyttleton.

At first blush, or At the first blush, at the first appearance or view. "At the first blush, we thought they had been ships come from France." Hakluyt. This phrase is used now more of ideas, opinions, etc., than of material things. "All purely identical propositions, obviously, and at first blush, appear," etc. Locke. -- To put to the blush, to cause to blush with shame; to put to shame.

Blush"er (blsh"r), n. One that blushes.

Blush"et (-t), n. A modest girl. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Blush"ful (-fl), a. Full of blushes.

> While from his ardent look the turning Spring
> Averts her blushful face.
> Thomson.

Blush"ing, a. Showing blushes; rosy red; having a warm and delicate color like some roses and other flowers; blooming; ruddy; roseate.

> The dappled pink and blushing rose.
> Prior.

Blush"ing, n. The act of turning red; the appearance of a reddish color or flush upon the cheeks.

Blush"ing*ly, adv. In a blushing manner; with a blush or blushes; as, to answer or confess blushingly.

Blush"less, a. Free from blushes; incapable of blushing; shameless; impudent.

> Vice now, secure, her blushless front shall raise.
> Dodsley.

Blush"y (&?;), a. Like a blush; having the color of a blush; rosy. [R.] "A blushy color." Harvey.

Blus"ter (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Blustered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Blustering.] [Allied to blast.]

1. To blow fitfully with violence and noise, as wind; to be windy and boisterous, as the weather.

> And ever-threatening storms
> Of Chaos blustering round.
> Milton.

2. To talk with noisy violence; to swagger, as a turbulent or boasting person; to act in a noisy, tumultuous way; to play the bully; to storm; to rage.

> Your ministerial directors blustered like tragic tyrants.
> Burke.

Blus"ter, v. t. To utter, or do, with noisy violence; to force by blustering; to bully.

> He bloweth and blustereth out . . . his abominable blasphemy.
> Sir T. More.

> As if therewith he meant to bluster all princes into a perfect obedience to his commands.
> Fuller.

Blus"ter, n. 1. Fitful noise and violence, as of a storm; violent winds; boisterousness.

> To the winds they set
> Their corners, when with bluster to confound
> Sea, air, and shore.
> Milton.

2. Noisy and violent or threatening talk; noisy and boastful language. L'Estrange.

Syn. -- Noise; boisterousness; tumult; turbulence; confusion; boasting; swaggering; bullying.

Blus"ter*er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, blusters; a noisy swaggerer.

Blus"ter*ing, a. 1. Exhibiting noisy violence, as the wind; stormy; tumultuous.

> A tempest and a blustering day.
> Shak.

2. Uttering noisy threats; noisy and swaggering; boisterous. "A blustering fellow." L'Estrange.

Blus"ter*ing*ly, adv. In a blustering manner.

Blus"ter*ous (&?;), a. Inclined to bluster; given to blustering; blustering. Motley.

Blus"trous (&?;), a. Blusterous. Shak.

Bo (&?;), interj. [Cf. W. bw, an interj. of threatening or frightening; n., terror, fear, dread.] An exclamation used to startle or frighten. [Spelt also boh and boo.]

Bo"a (b"), n.; pl. Boas. [L. boa a kind of water serpent. Perh. fr. bos an ox.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of large American serpents, including the boa constrictor, the emperor boa of Mexico (B. imperator), and the chevalier boa of Peru (B. eques).

The name is also applied to related genera; as, the dog-headed boa (Xiphosoma caninum).

2. A long, round fur tippet; -- so called from its resemblance in shape to the boa constrictor.

Bo"a con*strict"or (&?;). [NL. See Boa, and Constrictor.] (Zoöl.) A large and powerful serpent of tropical America, sometimes twenty or thirty feet long. See Illustration in Appendix.

It has a succession of spots, alternately black and yellow, extending along the back. It kills its prey by constriction. The name is also loosely applied to other large serpents which crush their prey, particularly to those of the genus Python, found in Asia and Africa.

||Bo`a*ner"ges (&?;). [Gr. &?;, fr. Heb. bn hargem sons of thunder. -- an appellation given by Christ to two of his disciples (James and John). See Mark iii. 17.] Any declamatory and vociferous preacher or orator.

Boar (br), n. [OE. bar, bor, bore, AS. br; akin to OHG. pr, MHG. br, G. bär, boar (but not bär bear), and perh. Russ. borov' boar.] (Zoöl.) The uncastrated male of swine; specifically, the wild hog.

Board (brd), n. [OE. bord, AS. bord board, shipboard; akin to bred plank, Icel. borð board, side of a ship, Goth. ftu-baurd footstool, D. bord board, G. brett, bort. See def. 8. √92.] 1. A piece of timber sawed thin, and of considerable length and breadth as compared with the thickness, -- used for building, etc.

When sawed thick, as over one and a half or two inches, it is usually called a plank.

2. A table to put food upon.

The term board answers to the modern table, but it was often movable, and placed on trestles. Halliwell.

> Fruit of all kinds . . .
> She gathers, tribute large, and on the board
> Heaps with unsparing hand.
> Milton.

3. Hence: What is served on a table as food; stated meals; provision; entertainment; -- usually as furnished for pay; as, to work for one's board; the price of board.

4. A table at which a council or court is held. Hence: A council, convened for business, or any authorized assembly or meeting, public or private; a number of persons appointed or elected to sit in council for the management or direction of some public or private business or trust; as, the Board of Admiralty; a board of trade; a board of directors, trustees, commissioners, etc.

> Both better acquainted with affairs than any other who sat then at that board.
> Clarendon.

> We may judge from their letters to the board.
> Porteus.

5. A square or oblong piece of thin wood or other material used for some special purpose, as, a molding board; a board or surface painted or arranged for a game; as, a chessboard; a backgammon board.

6. Paper made thick and stiff like a board, for book covers, etc.; pasteboard; as, to bind a book in boards.

7. pl. The stage in a theater; as, to go upon the boards, to enter upon the theatrical profession.

8. [In this use originally perh. a different word meaning border, margin; cf. D. boord, G. bord, shipboard, and G. borte trimming; also F. bord (fr. G.) the side of a ship. Cf. Border.] The border or side of anything. (Naut.) (a) The side of a ship. "Now board to board the rival vessels row." Dryden. See On board, below. (b) The stretch which a ship makes in one tack.

Board is much used adjectively or as the last part of a compound; as, fir board, clapboard, floor board, shipboard, sideboard, ironing board, chessboard, cardboard, pasteboard, seaboard; board measure.

The American Board, a shortened form of "The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions" (the foreign missionary society of the American Congregational churches). -- Bed and board. See under Bed. -- Board and board (Naut.), side by side. -- Board of control, six privy councilors formerly appointed to superintend the affairs of the British East Indies. Stormonth. -- Board rule, a figured scale for finding without calculation the number of square feet in a board. Haldeman. -- Board of trade, in England, a committee of the privy council appointed to superintend matters relating to trade. In the United States, a body of men appointed for the advancement and protection of their business interests; a chamber of commerce. -- Board wages. (a) Food and lodging supplied as compensation for services; as, to work hard, and get only board wages. (b) Money wages which are barely sufficient to buy food and lodging. (c) A separate or special allowance of wages for the procurement of food, or food and lodging. Dryden. -- By the board, over the board, or side. "The mast went by the board." Totten. Hence (Fig.), To go by the board, to suffer complete destruction or overthrow. -- To enter on the boards, to have one's name inscribed on a board or tablet in a college as a student. [Cambridge, England.] "Having been entered on the boards of Trinity college." Hallam. -- To make a good board (Naut.), to sail in a straight line when close-hauled; to lose little to leeward. -- To make short boards, to tack frequently. -- On board. (a) On shipboard; in a ship or a boat; on board of; as, I came on board early; to be on board ship. (b) In or into a railway car or train. [Colloq. U. S.] -- Returning board, a board empowered to canvass and make an official statement of the votes cast at an election. [U.S.]

Board, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Boarding.] 1. To cover with boards or boarding; as, to board a house. "The boarded hovel." Cowper.

2. [Cf. Board to accost, and see Board, n.] To go on board of, or enter, as a ship, whether in a hostile or a friendly way.

> You board an enemy to capture her, and a stranger to receive news or make a communication.
> Totten.

3. To enter, as a railway car. [Colloq. U. S.]

4. To furnish with regular meals, or with meals and lodgings, for compensation; to supply with daily meals.

5. To place at board, for compensation; as, to board one's horse at a livery stable.

Board (&?;), v. i. To obtain meals, or meals and lodgings, statedly for compensation; as, he boards at the hotel.

> We are several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who board in the same house.
> Spectator.

Board, v. t. [F. aborder. See Abord, v. t.] To approach; to accost; to address; hence, to woo. [Obs.]

> I will board her, though she chide as loud
> As thunder when the clouds in autumn crack.
> Shak.

Board"a*ble (&?;), a. That can be boarded, as a ship.

Board"er (&?;), n. 1. One who has food statedly at another's table, or meals and lodgings in his house, for pay, or compensation of any kind.

2. (Naut.) One who boards a ship; one selected to board an enemy's ship. Totten.

Board"ing, n. 1. (Naut.) The act of entering a ship, whether with a hostile or a friendly purpose.

> Both slain at one time, as they attempted the boarding of a frigate.
> Sir F. Drake.

2. The act of covering with boards; also, boards, collectively; or a covering made of boards.

3. The act of supplying, or the state of being supplied, with regular or specified meals, or with meals and lodgings, for pay.

Boarding house, a house in which boarders are kept. -- Boarding nettings (Naut.), a strong network of cords or ropes erected at the side of a ship to prevent an enemy from boarding it. -- Boarding pike (Naut.), a pike used by sailors in boarding a vessel, or in repelling an attempt to board it. Totten. -- Boarding school, a school in which pupils receive board and lodging as well as instruction.

Boar"fish` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A Mediterranean fish (Capros aper), of the family Caproidæ; -- so called from the resemblance of the extended lips to a hog's snout. (b) An Australian percoid fish (Histiopterus recurvirostris), valued as a food fish.

Boar"ish, a. Swinish; brutal; cruel.

> In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs.
> Shak.

Boast (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boasting.] [OE. bosten, boosten, v., bost, boost, n., noise, boasting; cf. G. bausen, bauschen, to swell, pusten, Dan. puste, Sw. pusta, to blow, Sw. pösa to swell; or W. bostio to boast, bost boast, Gael. bosd. But these last may be from English.] 1. To vaunt one's self; to brag; to say or tell things which are intended to give others a high opinion of one's self or of things belonging to one's self; as, to boast of one's exploits courage, descent, wealth.

> By grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: . . not of works, lest any man should boast.
> Eph. ii. 8, 9.

2. To speak in exulting language of another; to glory; to exult.

> In God we boast all the day long.
> Ps. xliv. 8

Syn. -- To brag; bluster; vapor; crow; talk big.

Boast, v. t. 1. To display in ostentatious language; to speak of with pride, vanity, or exultation, with a view to self-commendation; to extol.

> Lest bad men should boast
> Their specious deeds.
> Milton.

2. To display vaingloriously.

3. To possess or have; as, to boast a name.

To boast one's self, to speak with unbecoming confidence in, and approval of, one's self; -- followed by of and the thing to which the boasting relates. [Archaic]

> Boast not thyself of to-morrow.
> Prov. xxvii. 1

Boast, v. t. [Of uncertain etymology.] 1. (Masonry) To dress, as a stone, with a broad chisel. Weale.

2. (Sculp.) To shape roughly as a preparation for the finer work to follow; to cut to the general form required.

Boast, n. 1. Act of boasting; vaunting or bragging.

> Reason and morals? and where live they most,
> In Christian comfort, or in Stoic boast!
> Byron.

2. The cause of boasting; occasion of pride or exultation, -- sometimes of laudable pride or exultation.

> The boast of historians.
> Macaulay.

Boast"ance (&?;), n. Boasting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Boast"er (&?;), n. One who boasts; a braggart.

Boast"er, n. A stone mason's broad-faced chisel.

Boast"ful (&?;), a. Given to, or full of, boasting; inclined to boast; vaunting; vainglorious; self- praising. -- Boast"ful*ly, adv. -- Boast"ful*ness, n.

Boast"ing, n. The act of glorying or vaunting; vainglorious speaking; ostentatious display.

> When boasting ends, then dignity begins.
> Young.

Boast"ing*ly, adv. Boastfully; with boasting. "He boastingly tells you." Burke.

Boast"ive (&?;), a. Presumptuous. [R.]

Boast"less, a. Without boasting or ostentation.

Boat (&?;), n. [OE. boot, bat, AS. bt; akin to Icel. btr, Sw. båt, Dan. baad, D. & G. boot. Cf. Bateau.]

1. A small open vessel, or water craft, usually moved by cars or paddles, but often by a sail.

Different kinds of boats have different names; as, canoe, yawl, wherry, pinnace, punt, etc.

2. Hence, any vessel; usually with some epithet descriptive of its use or mode of propulsion; as, pilot boat, packet boat, passage boat, advice boat, etc. The term is sometimes applied to steam vessels, even of the largest class; as, the Cunard boats.

3. A vehicle, utensil, or dish, somewhat resembling a boat in shape; as, a stone boat; a gravy boat.

<! p. 161 !>

Boat is much used either adjectively or in combination; as, boat builder or boatbuilder; boat building or boatbuilding; boat hook or boathook; boathouse; boat keeper or boatkeeper; boat load; boat race; boat racing; boat rowing; boat song; boatlike; boat-shaped.

Advice boat. See under Advice. -- Boat hook (Naut.), an iron hook with a point on the back, fixed to a long pole, to pull or push a boat, raft, log, etc. Totten. -- Boat rope, a rope for fastening a boat; -- usually called a painter. -- In the same boat, in the same situation or predicament. [Colloq.] F. W. Newman.

Boat (bt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boated; p. pr. & vb. n. Boating.] 1. To transport in a boat; as, to boat goods.

2. To place in a boat; as, to boat oars.

To boat the oars. See under Oar.

Boat, v. i. To go or row in a boat.

> I boated over, ran my craft aground.
> Tennyson.

Boat"a*ble (&?;), a. 1. Such as can be transported in a boat.

2. Navigable for boats, or small river craft.

> The boatable waters of the Alleghany.
> J. Morse.

Boat"age (&?;), n. Conveyance by boat; also, a charge for such conveyance.

Boat"bill` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) 1. A wading bird (Cancroma cochlearia) of the tropical parts of South America. Its bill is somewhat like a boat with the keel uppermost.

2. A perching bird of India, of the genus Eurylaimus.

Boat" bug` (&?;). (Zoöl.) An aquatic hemipterous insect of the genus Notonecta; -- so called from swimming on its back, which gives it the appearance of a little boat. Called also boat fly, boat insect, boatman, and water boatman.

Boat"ful (&?;), n.; pl. Boatfuls. The quantity or amount that fills a boat.

Boat"house` (&?;), n. A house for sheltering boats.

> Half the latticed boathouse hides.
> Wordsworth.

Boat"ing, n. 1. The act or practice of rowing or sailing, esp. as an amusement; carriage in boats.

2. In Persia, a punishment of capital offenders, by laying them on the back in a covered boat, where they are left to perish.

Bo*a"tion (&?;), n. [L. boatus, fr. boare to roar.] A crying out; a roaring; a bellowing; reverberation. [Obs.]

> The guns were heard . . . about a hundred Italian miles, in long boations.
> Derham.

Boat"man (&?;), n.; pl. Boatmen (&?;). 1. A man who manages a boat; a rower of a boat.

> As late the boatman hies him home.
> Percival.

2. (Zoöl.) A boat bug. See Boat bug.

Boat"man*ship, n. The art of managing a boat.

Boat"-shaped` (&?;), a. (Bot.) See Cymbiform.

Boat" shell` (&?;). (Zoöl.) (a) A marine gastropod of the genus Crepidula. The species are numerous. It is so named from its form and interior deck. (b) A marine univalve shell of the genus Cymba.

Boats"man (&?;), n. A boatman. [Archaic]

Boat"swain (&?;), n. [Boat + swain.] 1. (Naut.) An officer who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, colors, anchors, cables, cordage, etc., of a ship, and who also summons the crew, and performs other duties.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The jager gull. (b) The tropic bird.

Boatswain's mate, an assistant of the boatswain. Totten.

Boat"-tail` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A large grackle or blackbird (Quiscalus major), found in the Southern United States.

Boat"wom`an (&?;), n.; pl. Boatwomen (&?;). A woman who manages a boat.

Bob (&?;), n. [An onomatopoetic word, expressing quick, jerky motion; OE. bob bunch, bobben to strike, mock, deceive. Cf. Prov. Eng. bob, n., a ball, an engine beam, bunch, blast, trick, taunt, scoff; as, a v., to dance, to courtesy, to disappoint, OF. bober to mock.] 1. Anything that hangs so as to play loosely, or with a short abrupt motion, as at the end of a string; a pendant; as, the bob at the end of a kite's tail.

> In jewels dressed and at each ear a bob.
> Dryden.

2. A knot of worms, or of rags, on a string, used in angling, as for eels; formerly, a worm suitable for bait.

> Or yellow bobs, turned up before the plow,
> Are chiefest baits, with cork and lead enow.
> Lauson.

3. A small piece of cork or light wood attached to a fishing line to show when a fish is biting; a float.

4. The ball or heavy part of a pendulum; also, the ball or weight at the end of a plumb line.

5. A small wheel, made of leather, with rounded edges, used in polishing spoons, etc.

6. A short, jerking motion; act of bobbing; as, a bob of the head.

7. (Steam Engine) A working beam.

8. A knot or short curl of hair; also, a bob wig.

> A plain brown bob he wore.
> Shenstone.

9. A peculiar mode of ringing changes on bells.

10. The refrain of a song.

> To bed, to bed, will be the bob of the song.
> L'Estrange.

11. A blow; a shake or jog; a rap, as with the fist.

12. A jeer or flout; a sharp jest or taunt; a trick.

> He that a fool doth very wisely hit,
> Doth very foolishly, although he smart,
> Not to seem senseless of the bob.
> Shak.

13. A shilling. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

Bob (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bobbed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bobbing.] [OE. bobben. See Bob, n.] 1. To cause to move in a short, jerking manner; to move (a thing) with a bob. "He bobbed his head." W. Irving.

2. To strike with a quick, light blow; to tap.

> If any man happened by long sitting to sleep . . . he was suddenly bobbed on the face by the servants.
> Elyot.

3. To cheat; to gain by fraud or cheating; to filch.

> Gold and jewels that I bobbed from him.
> Shak.

4. To mock or delude; to cheat.

> To play her pranks, and bob the fool,
> The shrewish wife began.
> Turbervile.

5. To cut short; as, to bob the hair, or a horse's tail.

Bob, v. i. 1. To have a short, jerking motion; to play to and fro, or up and down; to play loosely against anything. "Bobbing and courtesying." Thackeray.

2. To angle with a bob. See Bob, n., 2 & 3.

> He ne'er had learned the art to bob
> For anything but eels.
> Saxe.

To bob at an apple, cherry, etc. to attempt to bite or seize with the mouth an apple, cherry, or other round fruit, while it is swinging from a string or floating in a tug of water.

||Bo"bac (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The Poland marmot (Arctomys bobac).

Bo*bance" (&?;), n. [OF. bobance, F. bombance, boasting, pageantry, fr. L. bombus a humming, buzzing.] A boasting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bob"ber (&?;), n. One who, or that which, bobs.

Bob"ber*y (&?;), n. [Prob. an Anglo-Indian form of Hindi bp re O thou father! (a very disrespectful address).] A squabble; a tumult; a noisy disturbance; as, to raise a bobbery. [Low] Halliwell.

Bob"bin (&?;), n. [F. bobine; of uncertain origin; cf. L. bombus a humming, from the noise it makes, or Ir. & Gael. baban tassel, or E. bob.] 1. A small pin, or cylinder, formerly of bone, now most commonly of wood, used in the making of pillow lace. Each thread is wound on a separate bobbin which hangs down holding the thread at a slight tension.

2. A spool or reel of various material and construction, with a head at one or both ends, and sometimes with a hole bored through its length by which it may be placed on a spindle or pivot. It is used to hold yarn or thread, as in spinning or warping machines, looms, sewing machines, etc.

3. The little rounded piece of wood, at the end of a latch string, which is pulled to raise the latch.

4. (Haberdashery) A fine cord or narrow braid.

5. (Elec.) A cylindrical or spool-shaped coil or insulated wire, usually containing a core of soft iron which becomes magnetic when the wire is traversed by an electrical current.

Bobbin and fly frame, a roving machine. -- Bobbin lace, lace made on a pillow with bobbins; pillow lace.

Bob`bi*net" (&?;), n. [Bobbin + net.] A kind of cotton lace which is wrought by machines, and not by hand. [Sometimes written bobbin net.]

> The English machine-made net is now confined to point net, warp net, and bobbin net, so called from the peculiar construction of the machines by which they are produced.
> Tomlinsom.

Bob"bin*work` (&?;), n. Work woven with bobbins.

Bob"bish (&?;), a. Hearty; in good spirits. [Low, Eng.] Dickens.

Bob"by (&?;), n. A nickname for a policeman; -- from Sir Robert Peel, who remodeled the police force. See Peeler. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

Bob"-cher`ry (&?;), n. A play among children, in which a cherry, hung so as to bob against the mouth, is to be caught with the teeth.

Bob"fly` (&?;), n. (Fishing) The fly at the end of the leader; an end fly.

Bob"o*link` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An American singing bird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). The male is black and white; the female is brown; -- called also, ricebird, reedbird, and Boblincoln.

> The happiest bird of our spring is the bobolink.
> W. Irving.

{ Bob"sled` (&?;), Bob"sleigh` } (&?;), n. A short sled, mostly used as one of a pair connected by a reach or coupling; also, the compound sled so formed. [U. S.]

> The long wagon body set on bobsleds.
> W. D. Howells.

Bob"stay` (&?;), n. [Bob + stay.] (Naut.) A rope or chain to confine the bowsprit of a ship downward to the stem or cutwater; -- usually in the pl.

Bob"tail` (&?;), n. [Bob + tail.] An animal (as a horse or dog) with a short tail.

Rag, tag, and bobtail, the rabble.

Bob"tail`, a. Bobtailed. "Bobtail cur." Marryat.

Bob"tailed` (&?;), a. Having the tail cut short, or naturally short; curtailed; as, a bobtailed horse or dog; a bobtailed coat.

Bob"white` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The common quail of North America (Colinus, or Ortyx, Virginianus); -- so called from its note.

Bob" wig` (&?;). A short wig with bobs or short curls; -- called also bobtail wig. Spectator.

Bo"cal (&?;), n. [F.] A cylindrical glass vessel, with a large and short neck.

Bo*car"do (&?;), n. [A mnemonic word.] 1. (Logic) A form of syllogism of which the first and third propositions are particular negatives, and the middle term a universal affirmative.

> Baroko and Bocardo have been stumbling blocks to the logicians.
> Bowen.

2. A prison; -- originally the name of the old north gate in Oxford, which was used as a prison. [Eng.] Latimer.

Boc"a*sine (&?;), n. [F. bocassin, boucassin.] A sort of fine buckram.

||Boc"ca (&?;), n. [It., mouth.] The round hole in the furnace of a glass manufactory through which the fused glass is taken out. Craig.

Boce (bs), n. [L. box, bocis, Gr. bo`ax, bw^x.] (Zoöl.) A European fish (Box vulgaris), having a compressed body and bright colors; -- called also box, and bogue.

Bock" beer` (&?;). [G. bockbier; bock a buck + bier beer; -- said to be so named from its tendency to cause the drinker to caper like a goat.] A strong beer, originally made in Bavaria. [Also written buck beer.]

Bock"e*let (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of long-winged hawk; -- called also bockerel, and bockeret. [Obs.]

Bock"ey (&?;), n. [D. bokaal.] A bowl or vessel made from a gourd. [Local, New York] Bartlett.

Bock"ing, n. A coarse woolen fabric, used for floor cloths, to cover carpets, etc.; -- so called from the town of Bocking, in England, where it was first made.

Bock"land (&?;), n. See Bookland.

Bod"dice (&?;), n. See Bodick.

Bode (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boded; p. pr. & vb. n. Boding.] [OE. bodien, AS. bodian to announce, tell from bod command; akin to Icel. bo&?;a to announce, Sw. båda to announce, portend. √89. See Bid.] To indicate by signs, as future events; to be the omen of; to portend to presage; to foreshow.

> A raven that bodes nothing but mischief.
> Goldsmith.

> Good onset bodes good end.
> Spenser.

Bode, v. i. To foreshow something; to augur.

> Whatever now
> The omen proved, it boded well to you.
> Dryden.

Syn. -- To forebode; foreshadow; augur; betoken.

Bode, n. 1. An omen; a foreshadowing. [Obs.]

> The owl eke, that of death the bode bringeth.
> Chaucer.

2. A bid; an offer. [Obs. or Dial.] Sir W. Scott

Bode, n. [AS. boda; akin to OFries. boda, AS. bodo, OHG. boto. See Bode, v. t.] A messenger; a herald. Robertson.

Bode, n. [See Abide.] A stop; a halting; delay. [Obs.]

Bode, imp. & p. p. from Bide. Abode.

> There that night they bode.
> Tennyson.

Bode, p. p. of Bid. Bid or bidden. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bode"ful (&?;), a. Portentous; ominous. Carlyle.

Bode"ment (&?;), n. An omen; a prognostic. [Obs.]

> This foolish, dreaming, superstitious girl
> Makes all these bodements.
> Shak.

Bodge (&?;), n. A botch; a patch. [Dial.] Whitlock.

Bodge (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bodged (&?;).] To botch; to mend clumsily; to patch. [Obs. or Dial.]

Bodge, v. i. See Budge.

Bo"di*an (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A large food fish (Diagramma lineatum), native of the East Indies.

Bod"ice (&?;), n. [This is properly the plural of body, Oe. bodise a pair of bodies, equiv. to a bodice. Cf. Corset, and see Body.] 1. A kind of under waist stiffened with whalebone, etc., worn esp. by women; a corset; stays.

2. A close-fitting outer waist or vest forming the upper part of a woman's dress, or a portion of it.

> Her bodice half way she unlaced.
> Prior.

Bod"iced (&?;), a. Wearing a bodice. Thackeray.

Bod"ied (&?;), a. Having a body; -- usually in composition; as, able-bodied.

> A doe . . . not altogether so fat, but very good flesh and good bodied.
> Hakluyt.

Bod"i*less (&?;), a. 1. Having no body.

2. Without material form; incorporeal.

> Phantoms bodiless and vain.
> Swift.

Bod"i*li*ness (&?;), n. Corporeality. Minsheu.

Bod"i*ly (&?;), a. 1. Having a body or material form; physical; corporeal; consisting of matter.

> You are a mere spirit, and have no knowledge of the bodily part of us.
> Tatler.

2. Of or pertaining to the body, in distinction from the mind. "Bodily defects." L'Estrange.

3. Real; actual; put in execution. [Obs.]

> Be brought to bodily act.
> Shak.

Bodily fear, apprehension of physical injury.

Syn. -- See Corporal.

Bod"i*ly, adv. 1. Corporeally; in bodily form; united with a body or matter; in the body.

> For in him dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead bodily.
> Col. ii. 9

2. In respect to, or so as to affect, the entire body or mass; entirely; all at once; completely; as, to carry away bodily. "Leapt bodily below." Lowell.

<! p. 162 !>

Bod"ing (bd"ng), a. Foreshowing; presaging; ominous. -- Bod"ing*ly, adv.

Bod"ing, n. A prognostic; an omen; a foreboding.

Bod"kin (bd"kn), n. [OE. boydekyn dagger; of uncertain origin; cf. W. bidog hanger, short sword, Ir. bideog, Gael. biodag.] 1. A dagger. [Obs.]

> When he himself might his quietus make
> With a bare bodkin.
> Shak.

2. (Needlework) An implement of steel, bone, ivory, etc., with a sharp point, for making holes by piercing; a &?;tiletto; an eyeleteer.

3. (Print.) A sharp tool, like an awl, used for picking &?;ut letters from a column or page in making corrections.

4. A kind of needle with a large eye and a blunt point, for drawing tape, ribbon, etc., through a loop or a hem; a tape needle.

> Wedged whole ages in a bodkin's eye.
> Pope.

5. A kind of pin used by women to fasten the hair.

To sit, ride, or travel bodkin, to sit closely wedged between two persons. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Bod"kin, n. See Baudekin. [Obs.] Shirley.

Bo"dle (&?;), n. A small Scotch coin worth about one sixth of an English penny. Sir W. Scott.

Bod"lei*an, a. Of or pertaining to Sir Thomas Bodley, or to the celebrated library at Oxford, founded by him in the sixteenth century.

Bo*dock" (&?;), n. [Corrupt. fr. bois d'arc.] The Osage orange. [Southwestern U.S.]

Bod"rage (&?;), n. [Prob. of Celtic origin: cf. Bordrage.] A raid. [Obs.]

Bod"y (&?;), n.; pl. Bodies (&?;). [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. √257. Cf. Bodice.]

1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the physical person.

> Absent in body, but present in spirit.
> 1 Cor. v. 3

> For of the soul the body form doth take.
> For soul is form, and doth the body make.
> Spenser.

2. The trunk, or main part, of a person or animal, as distinguished from the limbs and head; the main, central, or principal part, as of a tree, army, country, etc.

> Who set the body and the limbs
> Of this great sport together?
> Shak.

> The van of the king's army was led by the general; . . . in the body was the king and the prince.
> Clarendon.

> Rivers that run up into the body of Italy.
> Addison.

3. The real, as opposed to the symbolical; the substance, as opposed to the shadow.

> Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ.
> Col. ii. 17.

4. A person; a human being; -- frequently in composition; as, anybody, nobody.

> A dry, shrewd kind of a body.
> W. Irving.

5. A number of individuals spoken of collectively, usually as united by some common tie, or as organized for some purpose; a collective whole or totality; a corporation; as, a legislative body; a clerical body.

> A numerous body led unresistingly to the slaughter.
> Prescott.

6. A number of things or particulars embodied in a system; a general collection; as, a great body of facts; a body of laws or of divinity.

7. Any mass or portion of matter; any substance distinct from others; as, a metallic body; a moving body; an aëriform body. "A body of cold air." Huxley.

> By collision of two bodies, grind
> The air attrite to fire.
> Milton.

8. Amount; quantity; extent.

9. That part of a garment covering the body, as distinguished from the parts covering the limbs.

10. The bed or box of a vehicle, on or in which the load is placed; as, a wagon body; a cart body.

11. (Print.) The shank of a type, or the depth of the shank (by which the size is indicated); as, a nonpareil face on an agate body.

12. (Geom.) A figure that has length, breadth, and thickness; any solid figure.

13. Consistency; thickness; substance; strength; as, this color has body; wine of a good body.

Colors bear a body when they are capable of being ground so fine, and of being mixed so entirely with oil, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same color.

After body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat. -- Body cavity (Anat.), the space between the walls of the body and the inclosed viscera; the cælum; -- in mammals, divided by the diaphragm into thoracic and abdominal cavities. -- Body of a church, the nave. -- Body cloth; pl. Body cloths, a cloth or blanket for covering horses. -- Body clothes. (pl.) 1. Clothing for the body; esp. underclothing. 2. Body cloths for horses. [Obs.] Addison. -- Body coat, a gentleman's dress coat. -- Body color (Paint.), a pigment that has consistency, thickness, or body, in distinction from a tint or wash. -- Body of a law (Law), the main and operative part. -- Body louse (Zoöl.), a species of louse (Pediculus vestimenti), which sometimes infests the human body and clothes. See Grayback. -- Body plan (Shipbuilding), an end elevation, showing the conbour of the sides of a ship at certain points of her length. -- Body politic, the collective body of a nation or state as politically organized, or as exercising political functions; also, a corporation. Wharton.

> As to the persons who compose the body politic or associate themselves, they take collectively the name of "people", or "nation".
> Bouvier.

-- Body servant, a valet. -- The bodies seven (Alchemy), the metals corresponding to the planets. [Obs.]

> Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe (=call), Mars yren (=iron), Mercurie quicksilver we clepe, Saturnus lead, and Jupiter is tin, and Venus coper.
> Chaucer.

-- Body snatcher, one who secretly removes without right or authority a dead body from a grave, vault, etc.; a resurrectionist. -- Body snatching (Law), the unauthorized removal of a dead body from the grave; usually for the purpose of dissection.

Bod"y (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bodied (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bodying.] To furnish with, or as with, a body; to produce in definite shape; to embody.

To body forth, to give from or shape to mentally.

> Imagination bodies forth
> The forms of things unknown.
> Shak.

Bod"y*guard` (&?;), n. 1. A guard to protect or defend the person; a lifeguard.

2. Retinue; attendance; following. Bp. Porteus.

Bœ*o"tian (&?;), a. [L. Boeotia, Gr. &?;, noted for its moist, thick atmosphere, and the dullness and stupidity of its inhabitants.] Of or pertaining to Bœotia; hence, stupid; dull; obtuse. -- n. A native of Bœotia; also, one who is dull and ignorant.

||Boer (&?;), n. [D., a farmer. See Boor.] A colonist or farmer in South Africa of Dutch descent.

Bo"es (&?;), 3d sing. pr. of Behove. Behoves or behooves. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bog (&?;), n. [Ir. & Gael. bog soft, tender, moist: cf. Ir. bogach bog, moor, marsh, Gael. bogan quagmire.]

1. A quagmire filled with decayed moss and other vegetable matter; wet spongy ground where a heavy body is apt to sink; a marsh; a morass.

> Appalled with thoughts of bog, or caverned pit,
> Of treacherous earth, subsiding where they tread.
> R. Jago.

2. A little elevated spot or clump of earth, roots, and grass, in a marsh or swamp. [Local, U. S.]

Bog bean. See Buck bean. -- Bog bumper (bump, to make a loud noise), Bog blitter, Bog bluiter, Bog jumper, the bittern. [Prov.] -- Bog butter, a hydrocarbon of butterlike consistence found in the peat bogs of Ireland. -- Bog earth (Min.), a soil composed for the most part of silex and partially decomposed vegetable fiber. P. Cyc. -- Bog moss. (Bot.) Same as Sphagnum. -- Bog myrtle (Bot.), the sweet gale. -- Bog ore. (Min.) (a) An ore of iron found in boggy or swampy land; a variety of brown iron ore, or limonite. (b) Bog manganese, the hydrated peroxide of manganese. -- Bog rush (Bot.), any rush growing in bogs; saw grass. -- Bog spavin. See under Spavin.

Bog, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bogged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bogging.] To sink, as into a bog; to submerge in a bog; to cause to sink and stick, as in mud and mire.

> At another time, he was bogged up to the middle in the slough of Lochend.
> Sir W. Scott.

Bog"ber`ry (&?;), n. (Bot.) The small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus), which grows in boggy places.

Bo"gey (&?;), n. A goblin; a bugbear. See Bogy.

Bog"gard (&?;), n. A bogey. [Local, Eng.]

Bog"gle (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boggled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Boggling (&?;).] [ See Bogle, n.] 1. To stop or hesitate as if suddenly frightened, or in doubt, or impeded by unforeseen difficulties; to take alarm; to exhibit hesitancy and indecision.

> We start and boggle at every unusual appearance.
> Glanvill.

> Boggling at nothing which serveth their purpose.
> Barrow.

2. To do anything awkwardly or unskillfully.

3. To play fast and loose; to dissemble. Howell.

Syn. -- To doubt; hesitate; shrink; stickle; demur.

Bog"gle, v. t. To embarrass with difficulties; to make a bungle or botch of. [Local, U. S.]

Bog"gler (&?;), n. One who boggles.

Bog"glish (&?;), a. Doubtful; skittish. [Obs.]

Bog"gy (&?;), a. Consisting of, or containing, a bog or bogs; of the nature of a bog; swampy; as, boggy land.

Bo"gie (&?;), n. [A dialectic word. N. of Eng. & Scot.] A four-wheeled truck, having a certain amount of play around a vertical axis, used to support in part a locomotive on a railway track.

Bo"gle (&?;), n. [Scot. and North Eng. bogle, bogill, bugill, specter; as a verb, to terrify, fr. W. bwgwl threatening, fear, bwg, bwgan, specter, hobgoblin. Cf. Bug.] A goblin; a specter; a frightful phantom; a bogy; a bugbear. [Written also boggle.]

Bog"suck`er (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The American woodcock; -- so called from its feeding among the bogs.

Bog"trot`ter (&?;), n. One who lives in a boggy country; -- applied in derision to the lowest class of Irish. Halliwell.

Bog"trot`ting (&?;), a. Living among bogs.

Bogue (&?;), v. i. (Naut.) To fall off from the wind; to edge away to leeward; -- said only of inferior craft.

Bogue (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The boce; -- called also bogue bream. See Boce.

Bo"gus (&?;), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Spurious; fictitious; sham; -- a cant term originally applied to counterfeit coin, and hence denoting anything counterfeit. [Colloq. U. S.]

Bo"gus, n. A liquor made of rum and molasses. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Bog"wood` (&?;), n. The wood of trees, esp. of oaks, dug up from peat bogs. It is of a shining black or ebony color, and is largely used for making ornaments.

Bo"gy (&?;), n.; pl. Bogies (&?;). [See Bogle.] A specter; a hobgoblin; a bugbear. "Death's heads and bogies." J. H. Newman. [Written also bogey.]

> There are plenty of such foolish attempts at playing bogy in the history of savages.
> C. Kingsley.

Bo*hea" (&?;), n. [From Wu-i, pronounced by the Chinese bu-i, the name of the hills where this kind of tea is grown.] Bohea tea, an inferior kind of black tea. See under Tea.

The name was formerly applied to superior kinds of black tea, or to black tea in general.

Bo*he"mi*a (&?;), n. 1. A country of central Europe.

2. Fig.: The region or community of social Bohemians. See Bohemian, n., 3.

> She knew every one who was any one in the land of Bohemia.
> Compton Reade.

Bo*he"mi*an (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia, or to the language of its ancient inhabitants or their descendants. See Bohemian, n., 2.

2. Of or pertaining to a social gypsy or "Bohemian" (see Bohemian, n., 3); vagabond; unconventional; free and easy. [Modern]

> Hers was a pleasant Bohemian life till she was five and thirty.
> Blackw. Mag.

> Artists have abandoned their Bohemian manners and customs nowadays.
> W. Black.

Bohemian chatterer, or Bohemian waxwing (Zoöl.), a small bird of Europe and America (Ampelis garrulus); the waxwing. -- Bohemian glass, a variety of hard glass of fine quality, made in Bohemia. It is of variable composition, containing usually silica, lime, and potash, rarely soda, but no lead. It is often remarkable for beauty of color.

Bo*he"mi*an (&?;), n. 1. A native of Bohemia.

2. The language of the Czechs (the ancient inhabitants of Bohemia), the richest and most developed of the dialects of the Slavic family.

3. A restless vagabond; -- originally, an idle stroller or gypsy (as in France) thought to have come from Bohemia; in later times often applied to an adventurer in art or literature, of irregular, unconventional habits, questionable tastes, or free morals. [Modern]

In this sense from the French bohémien, a gypsy; also, a person of irregular habits.

> She was of a wild, roving nature, inherited from father and mother, who were both Bohemians by taste and circumstances.
> Thackeray.

Bo*he"mi*an*ism (&?;), n. The characteristic conduct or methods of a Bohemian. [Modern]

||Bo"hun u"pas (&?;). See Upas.

||Bo*iar" (&?;), n. See Boyar.

Boil (boil), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boiled (boild); p. pr. & vb. n. Boiling.] [OE. boilen, OF. boilir, builir, F. bouillir, fr. L. bullire to be in a bubbling motion, from bulla bubble; akin to Gr. &?;, Lith. bumbuls. Cf. Bull an edict, Budge, v., and Ebullition.] 1. To be agitated, or tumultuously moved, as a liquid by the generation and rising of bubbles of steam (or vapor), or of currents produced by heating it to the boiling point; to be in a state of ebullition; as, the water boils.

2. To be agitated like boiling water, by any other cause than heat; to bubble; to effervesce; as, the boiling waves.

> He maketh the deep to boil like a pot.
> Job xii. 31.

3. To pass from a liquid to an aëriform state or vapor when heated; as, the water boils away.

4. To be moved or excited with passion; to be hot or fervid; as, his blood boils with anger.

> Then boiled my breast with flame and burning wrath.
> Surrey.

5. To be in boiling water, as in cooking; as, the potatoes are boiling.

To boil away, to vaporize; to evaporate or be evaporated by the action of heat. -- To boil over, to run over the top of a vessel, as liquid when thrown into violent agitation by heat or other cause of effervescence; to be excited with ardor or passion so as to lose self-control.

Boil, v. t. 1. To heat to the boiling point, or so as to cause ebullition; as, to boil water.

2. To form, or separate, by boiling or evaporation; as, to boil sugar or salt.

3. To subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid so as to produce some specific effect, as cooking, cleansing, etc.; as, to boil meat; to boil clothes.

> The stomach cook is for the hall,
> And boileth meate for them all.
> Gower.

4. To steep or soak in warm water. [Obs.]

> To try whether seeds be old or new, the sense can not inform; but if you boil them in water, the new seeds will sprout sooner.
> Bacon.

To boil down, to reduce in bulk by boiling; as, to boil down sap or sirup.

Boil, n. Act or state of boiling. [Colloq.]

Boil, n. [Influenced by boil, v. See Beal, Bile.] A hard, painful, inflamed tumor, which, on suppuration, discharges pus, mixed with blood, and discloses a small fibrous mass of dead tissue, called the core.

A blind boil, one that suppurates imperfectly, or fails to come to a head. -- Delhi boil (Med.), a peculiar affection of the skin, probably parasitic in origin, prevailing in India (as among the British troops) and especially at Delhi.

Boil"a*ry (&?;), n. See Boilery.

Boiled (&?;), a. Dressed or cooked by boiling; subjected to the action of a boiling liquid; as, boiled meat; a boiled dinner; boiled clothes.

Boil"er (&?;), n. 1. One who boils.

2. A vessel in which any thing is boiled.

The word boiler is a generic term covering a great variety of kettles, saucepans, clothes boilers, evaporators, coppers, retorts, etc.

3. (Mech.) A strong metallic vessel, usually of wrought iron plates riveted together, or a composite structure variously formed, in which steam is generated for driving engines, or for heating, cooking, or other purposes.

The earliest steam boilers were usually spheres or sections of spheres, heated wholly from the outside. Watt used the wagon boiler (shaped like the top of a covered wagon) which is still used with low pressures. Most of the boilers in present use may be classified as plain cylinder boilers, flue boilers, sectional and tubular boilers.

Barrel of a boiler, the cylindrical part containing the flues. -- Boiler plate, Boiler iron, plate or rolled iron of about a quarter to a half inch in thickness, used for making boilers and tanks, for covering ships, etc. -- Cylinder boiler, one which consists of a single iron cylinder. -- Flue boilers are usually single shells containing a small number of large flues, through which the heat either passes from the fire or returns to the chimney, and sometimes containing a fire box inclosed by water. -- Locomotive boiler, a boiler which contains an inclosed fire box and a large number of small flues leading to the chimney. -- Multiflue boiler. Same as Tubular boiler, below. -- Sectional boiler, a boiler composed of a number of sections, which are usually of small capacity and similar to, and connected with, each other. By multiplication of the sections a boiler of any desired capacity can be built up. -- Tubular boiler, a boiler containing tubes which form flues, and are surrounded by the water contained in the boiler. See Illust. of Steam boiler, under Steam. -- Tubulous boiler. See under Tubulous. See Tube, n., 6, and 1st Flue.

<! p. 163 !>

Boil"er*y (boil"r*), n. [Cf. F. bouillerie.] A place and apparatus for boiling, as for evaporating brine in salt making.

Boil"ing, a. Heated to the point of bubbling; heaving with bubbles; in tumultuous agitation, as boiling liquid; surging; seething; swelling with heat, ardor, or passion.

Boiling point, the temperature at which a fluid is converted into vapor, with the phenomena of ebullition. This is different for different liquids, and for the same liquid under different pressures. For water, at the level of the sea, barometer 30 in., it is 212 ° Fahrenheit; for alcohol, 172.96°; for ether, 94.8°; for mercury, about 675°. The boiling point of water is lowered one degree Fahrenheit for about 550 feet of ascent above the level of the sea. -- Boiling spring, a spring which gives out very hot water, or water and steam, often ejecting it with much force; a geyser. -- To be at the boiling point, to be very angry. -- To keep the pot boiling, to keep going on actively, as in certain games. [Colloq.]

Boil"ing, n. 1. The act of ebullition or of tumultuous agitation.

2. Exposure to the action of a hot liquid.

Boil"ing*ly, adv. With boiling or ebullition.

> And lakes of bitumen rise boiling higher.
> Byron.

||Bois" d'arc" (&?;). [F., bow wood. So called because used for bows by the Western Indians.] (Bot.) The Osage orange (Maclura aurantiaca).

> The bois d'arc seems to be the characteristic growth of the black prairies.
> U. S. Census (1880).

||Bois" dur`ci" (&?;). [F., hardened wood.] A hard, highly polishable composition, made of fine sawdust from hard wood (as rosewood) mixed with blood, and pressed.

Boist (&?;), n. [OF. boiste, F. boîte, from the same root as E. box.] A box. [Obs.]

Bois"ter*ous (&?;), a. [OE. boistous; of uncertain origin; cf. W. bwyst wild, savage, wildness, ferocity, bwystus ferocious.] 1. Rough or rude; unbending; unyielding; strong; powerful. [Obs.] "Boisterous sword." "Boisterous hand." Shak.

2. Exhibiting tumultuous violence and fury; acting with noisy turbulence; violent; rough; stormy.

> The waters swell before a boisterous storm.
> Shak.

> The brute and boisterous force of violent men.
> Milton.

3. Noisy; rough; turbulent; as, boisterous mirth; boisterous behavior.

> I like not that loud, boisterous man.
> Addison.

4. Vehement; excessive. [R.]

> The heat becomes too powerful and boisterous for them.
> Woodward.

Syn. -- Loud; roaring; violent; stormy; turbulent; furious; tumultuous; noisy; impetuous; vehement.

Bois"ter*ous*ly, adv. In a boisterous manner.

Bois"ter*ous*ness, n. The state or quality of being boisterous; turbulence; disorder; tumultuousness.

Bois"tous (&?;), a. Rough or rude; coarse; strong; violent; boisterous; noisy. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Bois"tous*ly, adv. -- Bois"tous*ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bo*ja"nus or"gan (&?;). [From Bojanus, the discoverer.] (Zoöl.) A glandular organ of bivalve mollusca, serving in part as a kidney.

Bo"ka*dam` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Cerberus.

Boke, v. t. & i. To poke; to thrust. [Obs. or Dial.]

Bo"lar (&?;), a. [See Bole clay.] Of or pertaining to bole or clay; partaking of the nature and qualities of bole; clayey.

||Bo"las (&?;), n. sing. & pl. [Sp.] A kind of missile weapon consisting of one, two, or more balls of stone, iron, or other material, attached to the ends of a leather cord; -- used by the Gauchos of South America, and others, for hurling at and entangling an animal.

Bold (bld), a. [OE. bald, bold, AS. bald, beald; akin to Icel. ballr, OHG. bald, MHG. balt, D. boud, Goth. balþei boldness, It. baldo. In Ger. there remains only bald, adv. soon. Cf. Bawd, n.] 1. Forward to meet danger; venturesome; daring; not timorous or shrinking from risk; brave; courageous.

> Throngs of knights and barons bold.
> Milton.

2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and contempt of danger; planned with courage; daring; vigorous. "The bold design leased highly." Milton.

3. In a bad sense, too forward; taking undue liberties; over assuming or confident; lacking proper modesty or restraint; rude; impudent.

> Thou art too wild, too rude and bold of voice.
> Shak.

4. Somewhat overstepping usual bounds, or conventional rules, as in art, literature, etc.; taking liberties in composition or expression; as, the figures of an author are bold. "Bold tales." Waller.

> The cathedral church is a very bold work.
> Addison.

5. Standing prominently out to view; markedly conspicuous; striking the eye; in high relief.

> Shadows in painting . . . make the figure bolder.
> Dryden.

6. Steep; abrupt; prominent.

> Where the bold cape its warning forehead rears.
> Trumbull.

Bold eagle, (Zoöl.) an Australian eagle (Aquila audax), which destroys lambs and even the kangaroo. -- To make bold, to take liberties or the liberty; to venture.

Syn. -- Courageous; daring; brave; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; valiant; manful; audacious; stouthearted; high-spirited; adventurous; confident; strenuous; forward; impudent.

Bold (&?;), v. t. To make bold or daring. [Obs.] Shak.

Bold, v. i. To be or become bold. [Obs.]

Bold"en (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boldened (&?;). ] To make bold; to encourage; to embolden.

> Ready speakers, being boldened with their present abilities to say more, . . . use less help of diligence and study.
> Ascham.

Bold"-faced` (&?;), a. 1. Somewhat impudent; lacking modesty; as, a bold-faced woman.

> I have seen enough to confute all the bold-faced atheists of this age.
> Bramhall.

2. (Print.) Having a conspicuous or heavy face.

This line is bold-faced nonpareil.

Bold"ly, adv. [AS. bealdlce.] In a bold manner.

Bold"ness, n. The state or quality of being bold.

Syn. -- Courage; bravery; intrepidity; dauntlessness; hardihood; assurance.

{ ||Bol"do (&?;), ||Bol"du (&?;), } n. (Bot.) A fragrant evergreen shrub of Chili (Peumus Boldus). The bark is used in tanning, the wood for making charcoal, the leaves in medicine, and the drupes are eaten.

Bole (&?;), n. [OE. bole, fr. Icel. bolr; akin to Sw. bål, Dan. bul, trunk, stem of a tree, G. bohle a thick plank or board; cf. LG. boll round. Cf. Bulge.] The trunk or stem of a tree, or that which is like it.

> Enormous elm-tree boles did stoop and lean.
> Tennyson.

Bole, n. [Etym. doubtful.] An aperture, with a wooden shutter, in the wall of a house, for giving, occasionally, air or light; also, a small closet. [Scot.]

> Open the bole wi'speed, that I may see if this be the right Lord Geraldin.
> Sir W. Scott.

Bole, n. A measure. See Boll, n., 2. Mortimer.

Bole, n. [Gr. &?; a clod or lump of earth: cf. F. bol, and also L. bolus morsel. Cf. Bolus.] 1. Any one of several varieties of friable earthy clay, usually colored more or less strongly red by oxide of iron, and used to color and adulterate various substances. It was formerly used in medicine. It is composed essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, or more rarely of magnesia. See Clay, and Terra alba.

2. A bolus; a dose. Coleridge.

Armenian bole. See under Armenian. -- Bole Armoniac, or Armoniak, Armenian bole. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bo*lec"tion (&?;), n. (Arch.) A projecting molding round a panel. Same as Bilection. Gwilt.

||Bo*le"ro (&?;), n. [Sp.] (Mus.) A Spanish dance, or the lively music which accompanies it.

bolete n. any fungus of the family Boletaceae.
[WordNet 1.5]

Bo*let"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, the Boletus.

Boletic acid, an acid obtained from the Boletus fomentarius, variety pseudo-igniarius. Same as Fumaric acid.

||Bo*le"tus (&?;), n. [L. boletus, Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) A genus of fungi having the under side of the pileus or cap composed of a multitude of fine separate tubes. A few are edible, and others very poisonous.

{ Bo"ley, Bo"lye } (&?;), n. Same as Booly.

Bo"lide (&?;), n. [F. See Bolis.] A kind of bright meteor; a bolis.

||Bo"lis, n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; missile, arrow, fr. &?; to throw.] A meteor or brilliant shooting star, followed by a train of light or sparks; esp. one which explodes.

Bo*liv"i*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Bolivia. -- n. A native of Bolivia.

Boll (&?;), n. [OE. bolle boll, bowl, AS. bolla. See Bowl a vessel.] 1. The pod or capsule of a plant, as of flax or cotton; a pericarp of a globular form.

2. A Scotch measure, formerly in use: for wheat and beans it contained four Winchester bushels; for oats, barley, and potatoes, six bushels. A boll of meal is 140 lbs. avoirdupois. Also, a measure for salt of two bushels. [Sometimes spelled bole.]

Boll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bolled (&?;).] To form a boll or seed vessel; to go to seed.

> The barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled.
> Ex. ix. 31.

Bol"land*ists (&?;), n. pl. The Jesuit editors of the "Acta Sanctorum", or Lives of the Saints; -- named from John Bolland, who began the work.

Bol"lard (&?;), n. [Cf. Bole the stem of a tree, and Pollard.] An upright wooden or iron post in a boat or on a dock, used in veering or fastening ropes.

Bollard timber (Naut.), a timber, also called a knighthead, rising just within the stem in a ship, on either side of the bowsprit, to secure its end.

Boll"en (&?;), a. See Boln, a.

Boll"ing (&?;), n. [Cf. Bole stem of a tree, and Poll, v. t.] A tree from which the branches have been cut; a pollard.

Boll"worm` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a moth (Heliothis armigera) which devours the bolls or unripe pods of the cotton plant, often doing great damage to the crops.

Boln (&?;), v. i. [OE. bolnen, bollen; cf. Dan. bulne. Cf. Bulge.] To swell; to puff. Holland.

{ Boln (&?;), Boll"en (&?;), } a. Swollen; puffed out.

> Thin, and boln out like a sail.
> B. Jonson.

Bo*lo"gna (&?;), n. 1. A city of Italy which has given its name to various objects.

2. A Bologna sausage.

Bologna sausage [It. salsiccia di Bologna], a large sausage made of bacon or ham, veal, and pork, chopped fine and inclosed in a skin. -- Bologna stone (Min.), radiated barite, or barium sulphate, found in roundish masses composed of radiating fibers, first discovered near Bologna. It is phosphorescent when calcined. -- Bologna vial, a vial of unannealed glass which will fly into pieces when its surface is scratched by a hard body, as by dropping into it a fragment of flint; whereas a bullet may be dropped into it without injury.

Bo*lo`gnese" (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Bologna. -- n. A native of Bologna.

Bolognese school (Paint.), a school of painting founded by the Carracci, otherwise called the Lombard or Eclectic school, the object of which was to unite the excellences of the preceding schools.

Bo*lo"gnian (&?;), a. & n. Bolognese.

Bolognian stone. See Bologna stone, under Bologna.

Bo*lom"e*ter (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; a stroke, ray + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring minute quantities of radiant heat, especially in different parts of the spectrum; -- called also actinic balance, thermic balance. S. P. Langley.

Bol"ster (&?;), n. [AS. bolster; akin to Icel. b&?;lstr, Sw. & Dan. bolster, OHG. bolstar, polstar, G. polster; from the same root as E. bole stem, bowl hollow vessel. Cf. Bulge, Poltroon.] 1. A long pillow or cushion, used to support the head of a person lying on a bed; -- generally laid under the pillows.

> And here I'll fling the pillow, there the bolster,
> This way the coverlet, another way the sheets.
> Shak.

2. A pad, quilt, or anything used to hinder pressure, support any part of the body, or make a bandage sit easy upon a wounded part; a compress.

> This arm shall be a bolster for thy head.
> Gay.

3. Anything arranged to act as a support, as in various forms of mechanism, etc.

4. (Saddlery) A cushioned or a piece part of a saddle.

5. (Naut.) (a) A cushioned or a piece of soft wood covered with tarred canvas, placed on the trestletrees and against the mast, for the collars of the shrouds to rest on, to prevent chafing. (b) Anything used to prevent chafing.

6. A plate of iron or a mass of wood under the end of a bridge girder, to keep the girder from resting directly on the abutment.

7. A transverse bar above the axle of a wagon, on which the bed or body rests.

8. The crossbeam forming the bearing piece of the body of a railway car; the central and principal cross beam of a car truck.

9. (Mech.) the perforated plate in a punching machine on which anything rests when being punched.

10. (Cutlery) (a) That part of a knife blade which abuts upon the end of the handle. (b) The metallic end of a pocketknife handle. G. Francis.

11. (Arch.) The rolls forming the ends or sides of the Ionic capital. G. Francis.

12. (Mil.) A block of wood on the carriage of a siege gun, upon which the breech of the gun rests when arranged for transportation. [See Illust. of Gun carriage.]

Bolster work (Arch.), members which are bellied or curved outward like cushions, as in friezes of certain classical styles.

Bol"ster, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolstered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bolstering.] 1. To support with a bolster or pillow. S. Sharp.

2. To support, hold up, or maintain with difficulty or unusual effort; -- often with up.

> To bolster baseness.
> Drayton.

> Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride.
> Compton Reade.

Bol"stered (&?;), a. 1. Supported; upheld.

2. Swelled out.

Bol"ster*er (&?;), n. A supporter.

Bolt (&?;), n. [AS. bolt; akin to Icel. bolti, Dan. bolt, D. bout, OHG. bolz, G. bolz, bolzen; of uncertain origin.] 1. A shaft or missile intended to be shot from a crossbow or catapult, esp. a short, stout, blunt-headed arrow; a quarrel; an arrow, or that which resembles an arrow; a dart.

> Look that the crossbowmen lack not bolts.
> Sir W. Scott.

> A fool's bolt is soon shot.
> Shak.

2. Lightning; a thunderbolt.

3. A strong pin, of iron or other material, used to fasten or hold something in place, often having a head at one end and screw thread cut upon the other end.

4. A sliding catch, or fastening, as for a door or gate; the portion of a lock which is shot or withdrawn by the action of the key.

5. An iron to fasten the legs of a prisoner; a shackle; a fetter. [Obs.]

> Away with him to prison!
> lay bolts enough upon him.
> Shak.

6. A compact package or roll of cloth, as of canvas or silk, often containing about forty yards.

7. A bundle, as of oziers.

Bolt auger, an auger of large size; an auger to make holes for the bolts used by shipwrights. -- Bolt and nut, a metallic pin with a head formed upon one end, and a movable piece (the nut) screwed upon a thread cut upon the other end. See B, C, and D, in illust. above.

See Tap bolt, Screw bolt, and Stud bolt.

Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolting.] 1. To shoot; to discharge or drive forth.

<! p. 164 !>

2. To utter precipitately; to blurt or throw out.

> I hate when Vice can bolt her arguments.
> Milton.

3. To swallow without chewing; as, to bolt food.

4. (U. S. Politics) To refuse to support, as a nomination made by a party to which one has belonged or by a caucus in which one has taken part.

5. (Sporting) To cause to start or spring forth; to dislodge, as conies, rabbits, etc.

6. To fasten or secure with, or as with, a bolt or bolts, as a door, a timber, fetters; to shackle; to restrain.

> Let tenfold iron bolt my door.
> Langhorn.

> Which shackles accidents and bolts up change.
> Shak.

Bolt (blt; 110), v. i. 1. To start forth like a bolt or arrow; to spring abruptly; to come or go suddenly; to dart; as, to bolt out of the room.

> This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt, . . .
> And oft out of a bush doth bolt.
> Drayton.

2. To strike or fall suddenly like a bolt.

> His cloudless thunder bolted on their heads.
> Milton.

3. To spring suddenly aside, or out of the regular path; as, the horse bolted.

4. (U.S. Politics) To refuse to support a nomination made by a party or a caucus with which one has been connected; to break away from a party.

Bolt, adv. In the manner of a bolt; suddenly; straight; unbendingly.

> [He] came bolt up against the heavy dragoon.
> Thackeray.

Bolt upright. (a) Perfectly upright; perpendicular; straight up; unbendingly erect. Addison. (b) On the back at full length. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bolt, n. [From Bolt, v. i.] 1. A sudden spring or start; a sudden spring aside; as, the horse made a bolt.

2. A sudden flight, as to escape creditors.

> This gentleman was so hopelessly involved that he contemplated a bolt to America -- or anywhere.
> Compton Reade.

3. (U. S. Politics) A refusal to support a nomination made by the party with which one has been connected; a breaking away from one's party.

Bolt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Bolting.] [OE. bolten, boulten, OF. buleter, F. bluter, fr. Ll. buletare, buratare, cf. F. bure coarse woolen stuff; fr. L. burrus red. See Borrel, and cf. Bultel.]

1. To sift or separate the coarser from the finer particles of, as bran from flour, by means of a bolter; to separate, assort, refine, or purify by other means.

> He now had bolted all the flour.
> Spenser.

> Ill schooled in bolted language.
> Shak.

2. To separate, as if by sifting or bolting; -- with out.

> Time and nature will bolt out the truth of things.
> L'Estrange.

3. (Law) To discuss or argue privately, and for practice, as cases at law. Jacob.

To bolt to the bran, to examine thoroughly, so as to separate or discover everything important. Chaucer.

> This bolts the matter fairly to the bran.
> Harte.

> The report of the committee was examined and sifted and bolted to the bran.
> Burke.

Bolt, n. A sieve, esp. a long fine sieve used in milling for bolting flour and meal; a bolter. B. Jonson.

Bol"tel (&?;), n. See Boultel.

Bolt"er (&?;), n. One who bolts; esp.: (a) A horse which starts suddenly aside. (b) A man who breaks away from his party.

Bolt"er, n. 1. One who sifts flour or meal.

2. An instrument or machine for separating bran from flour, or the coarser part of meal from the finer; a sieve.

Bolt"er, n. A kind of fishing line. See Boulter.

Bolt"head` (&?;), n. 1. (Chem.) A long, straight-necked, glass vessel for chemical distillations; -- called also a matrass or receiver.

2. The head of a bolt.

Bolt"ing, n. A darting away; a starting off or aside.

Bolt"ing, n. 1. A sifting, as of flour or meal.

2. (Law) A private arguing of cases for practice by students, as in the Inns of Court. [Obs.]

Bolting cloth, wire, hair, silk, or other sieve cloth of different degrees of fineness; -- used by millers for sifting flour. McElrath. -- Bolting hutch, a bin or tub for the bolted flour or meal; (fig.) a receptacle.

Bol"ton*ite (&?;), n. (Min.) A granular mineral of a grayish or yellowish color, found in Bolton, Massachusetts. It is a silicate of magnesium, belonging to the chrysolite family.

Bolt"rope` (&?;), n. (Naut.) A rope stitched to the edges of a sail to strengthen the sail.

Bolt"sprit` (&?;), n. [A corruption of bowsprit.] (Naut.) See Bowsprit.

Bol"ty (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An edible fish of the Nile (genus Chromis). [Written also bulti.]

Bo"lus (&?;), n.; pl. Boluses (&?;). [L. bolus bit, morsel; cf. G. &?; lump of earth. See Bole, n., clay.] A rounded mass of anything, esp. a large pill.

Bom (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A large American serpent, so called from the sound it makes.

Bomb (&?;), n. [F. bombe bombshell, fr. L. bombus a humming or buzzing noise, Gr. &?;.]

1. A great noise; a hollow sound. [Obs.]

> A pillar of iron . . . which if you had struck, would make . . . a great bomb in the chamber beneath.
> Bacon.

2. (Mil.) A shell; esp. a spherical shell, like those fired from mortars. See Shell.

3. A bomb ketch.

Bomb chest (Mil.), a chest filled with bombs, or only with gunpowder, placed under ground, to cause destruction by its explosion. -- Bomb ketch, Bomb vessel (Naut.), a small ketch or vessel, very strongly built, on which mortars are mounted to be used in naval bombardments; -- called also mortar vessel. -- Bomb lance, a lance or harpoon with an explosive head, used in whale fishing. -- Volcanic bomb, a mass of lava of a spherical or pear shape. "I noticed volcanic bombs." Darwin.

Bomb, v. t. To bombard. [Obs.] Prior.

Bomb, v. i. [Cf. Boom.] To sound; to boom; to make a humming or buzzing sound. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bom"bace (&?;), n. [OF.] Cotton; padding. [Obs.]

Bom"bard (&?;), n. [F. bombarde, LL. bombarda, fr. L. bombus + -ard. Cf. Bumper, and see Bomb.] 1. (Gun.) A piece of heavy ordnance formerly used for throwing stones and other ponderous missiles. It was the earliest kind of cannon.

> They planted in divers places twelve great bombards, wherewith they threw huge stones into the air, which, falling down into the city, might break down the houses.
> Knolles.

2. A bombardment. [Poetic & R.] J. Barlow.

3. A large drinking vessel or can, or a leather bottle, for carrying liquor or beer. [Obs.]

> Yond same black cloud, yond huge one, looks like a foul bombard that would shed his liquor.
> Shak.

4. pl. Padded breeches. [Obs.]

Bombard phrase, inflated language; bombast. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bom"bard (&?;), n. [OE. bombarde, fr. F. bombarde.] (Mus.) See Bombardo. [Obs.]

Bom*bard" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bombarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bombarding.] To attack with bombards or with artillery; especially, to throw shells, hot shot, etc., at or into.

> Next, she means to bombard Naples.
> Burke.

> His fleet bombarded and burnt down Dieppe.
> Wood.

Bom`bar*dier" (&?;), n. [F. bombardier.] (Mil.) (a) One who used or managed a bombard; an artilleryman; a gunner. [Archaic] (b) A noncommissioned officer in the British artillery.

Bombardier beetle (Zoöl.), a kind of beetle (Brachinus crepitans), so called because, when disturbed, it makes an explosive discharge of a pungent and acrid vapor from its anal glands. The name is applied to other related species, as the B. displosor, which can produce ten or twelve explosions successively. The common American species is B. fumans.

Bom"bard*man (&?;), n. One who carried liquor or beer in a can or bombard. [Obs.]

> They . . . made room for a bombardman that brought bouge for a country lady.
> B. Jonson.

Bom*bard"ment (&?;), n. [F. bombardement.] An attack upon a fortress or fortified town, with shells, hot shot, rockets, etc.; the act of throwing bombs and shot into a town or fortified place.

{ ||Bom*bar"do (&?;), Bom*bar"don (&?;), } n. [It. bombardo.] (Mus.) Originally, a deep-toned instrument of the oboe or bassoon family; thence, a bass reed stop on the organ. The name bombardon is now given to a brass instrument, the lowest of the saxhorns, in tone resembling the ophicleide. Grove.

Bom`ba*sine" (&?;), n. Same as Bombazine.

Bom"bast (bm"bst or bm"bst; 277), n. [OF. bombace cotton, LL. bombax cotton, bombasium a doublet of cotton; hence, padding, wadding, fustian. See Bombazine.] 1. Originally, cotton, or cotton wool. [Obs.]

> A candle with a wick of bombast.
> Lupton.

2. Cotton, or any soft, fibrous material, used as stuffing for garments; stuffing; padding. [Obs.]

> How now, my sweet creature of bombast!
> Shak.

> Doublets, stuffed with four, five, or six pounds of bombast at least.
> Stubbes.

3. Fig.: High-sounding words; an inflated style; language above the dignity of the occasion; fustian.

> Yet noisy bombast carefully avoid.
> Dryden.

Bom"bast, a. High-sounding; inflated; big without meaning; magniloquent; bombastic.

> [He] evades them with a bombast circumstance,
> Horribly stuffed with epithets of war.
> Shak.

> Nor a tall metaphor in bombast way.
> Cowley.

Bom*bast" (bm*bst" or bm*bst"), v. t. To swell or fill out; to pad; to inflate. [Obs.]

> Not bombasted with words vain ticklish ears to feed.
> Drayton.

{ Bom*bas"tic (bm*bs"tk or bm*bs"tk), Bom*bas"tic*al } (&?;), a. Characterized by bombast; high-sounding; inflated. -- Bom*bas"tic*al*ly, adv.

> A theatrical, bombastic, windy phraseology.
> Burke.

Syn. -- Turgid; tumid; pompous; grandiloquent.

Bom"bast*ry (&?;), n. Swelling words without much meaning; bombastic language; fustian.

> Bombastry and buffoonery, by nature lofty and light, soar highest of all.
> Swift.

||Bom"bax (&?;), n. [LL., cotton. See Bombast, n.] (Bot.) A genus of trees, called also the silkcotton tree; also, a tree of the genus Bombax.

{ Bom`ba*zet" Bom`ba*zette" } (&?;), n. [Cf. Bombazine.] A sort of thin woolen cloth. It is of various colors, and may be plain or twilled.

Bom`ba*zine" (&?;), n. [F. bombasin, LL. bombacinium, bambacinium, L. bombycinus silken, bombycinum a silk or cotton texture, fr. bombyx silk, silkworm, Gr. &?;. Cf. Bombast, Bombycinous.] A twilled fabric for dresses, of which the warp is silk, and the weft worsted. Black bombazine has been much used for mourning garments. [Sometimes spelt bombasin, and bombasine.] Tomlinson.

Bom"bic (&?;), a. [L. bombyx silk, silkworm: cf. F. bombique.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, the silkworm; as, bombic acid.

Bom"bi*late (&?;), v. i. [LL. bombilare, for L. bombitare. See Bomb, n.] To hum; to buzz. [R.]

Bom`bi*la"tion (&?;), n. A humming sound; a booming.

> To . . . silence the bombilation of guns.
> Sir T. Browne.

Bom"bi*nate (&?;), v. i. To hum; to boom.

Bom`bi*na"tion (&?;), n. A humming or buzzing.

Bom"bo*lo (&?;), n.; pl. Bomboloes (&?;). [Cf. It bombola a pitcher.] A thin spheroidal glass retort or flask, used in the sublimation of camphor. [Written also bumbelo, and bumbolo.]

Bomb"proof` (&?;), a. Secure against the explosive force of bombs. -- n. A structure which heavy shot and shell will not penetrate.

Bomb"shell` (&?;), n. A bomb. See Bomb, n.

Bom*by"cid (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Bombyx, or the family Bombycidæ.

Bom*byc"i*nous (&?;), a. [L. bombycinus. See Bombazine.] 1. Silken; made of silk. [Obs.] Coles.

2. Being of the color of the silkworm; transparent with a yellow tint. E. Darwin.

Bom*byl"i*ous (&?;), a. [L. bombylius a bumblebee, Gr. &?;.] Buzzing, like a bumblebee; as, the bombylious noise of the horse fly. [Obs.] Derham.

||Bom"byx (bm"bks), n. [L., silkworm. See Bombazine.] (Zoöl.) A genus of moths, which includes the silkworm moth. See Silkworm.

||Bon (&?;), a. [F., fr. L. bonus.] Good; valid as security for something.

Bon-ac*cord" (&?;), n. Good will; good fellowship; agreement. [Scot.]

||Bo"na fi"de (&?;). [L.] In or with good faith; without fraud or deceit; real or really; actual or actually; genuine or genuinely; as, you must proceed bona fide; a bona fide purchaser or transaction.

Bo*nair" (&?;), a. [OE., also bonere, OF. bonnaire, Cotgr., abbrev. of debonnaire. See Debonair.] Gentle; courteous; complaisant; yielding. [Obs.]

Bo*nan"za (&?;), n. [Sp., prop. calm., fair weather, prosperity, fr. L. bonus good.] In mining, a rich mine or vein of silver or gold; hence, anything which is a mine of wealth or yields a large income. [Colloq. U. S.]

Bo`na*part"e*an (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Napoleon Bonaparte or his family.

Bo"na*part`ism (&?;), n. The policy of Bonaparte or of the Bonapartes.

Bo"na*part`ist, n. One attached to the policy or family of Bonaparte, or of the Bonapartes.

||Bo"na per`i*tu"ra (&?;). [L.] (Law) Perishable goods. Bouvier.

||Bo"na ro"ba (&?;). [It., prop. "good stuff."] A showy wanton; a courtesan. Shak

{ Bo*na"sus (&?;), Bo*nas"sus } (&?;), n. [L. bonasus, Gr. &?;, &?;.] (Zoöl.) The aurochs or European bison. See Aurochs.

||Bon"bon` (&?;), n. [F. bonbon, fr. bon bon very good, a superlative by reduplication, fr. bon good.] Sugar confectionery; a sugarplum; hence, any dainty.

Bonce (&?;), n. [Etymol. unknown.] A boy's game played with large marbles.

||Bon`chré`tien" (&?;), n. [F., good Christian.] A name given to several kinds of pears. See Bartlett.

Bon"ci*late (&?;), n. [Empirical trade name.] A substance composed of ground bone, mineral matters, etc., hardened by pressure, and used for making billiard balls, boxes, etc.

Bond (&?;), n. [The same word as band. Cf. Band, Bend.] 1. That which binds, ties, fastens, or confines, or by which anything is fastened or bound, as a cord, chain, etc.; a band; a ligament; a shackle or a manacle.

> Gnawing with my teeth my bonds in sunder,
> I gained my freedom.
> Shak.

2. pl. The state of being bound; imprisonment; captivity, restraint. "This man doeth nothing worthy of death or of bonds." Acts xxvi.

3. A binding force or influence; a cause of union; a uniting tie; as, the bonds of fellowship.

> A people with whom I have no tie but the common bond of mankind.
> Burke.

4. Moral or political duty or obligation.

> I love your majesty
> According to my bond, nor more nor less.
> Shak.

5. (Law) A writing under seal, by which a person binds himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed. This is a single bond. But usually a condition is added, that, if the obligor shall do a certain act, appear at a certain place, conform to certain rules, faithfully perform certain duties, or pay a certain sum of money, on or before a time specified, the obligation shall be void; otherwise it shall remain in full force. If the condition is not performed, the bond becomes forfeited, and the obligor and his heirs are liable to the payment of the whole sum. Bouvier. Wharton.

6. An instrument (of the nature of the ordinary legal bond) made by a government or a corporation for purpose of borrowing money; as, a government, city, or railway bond.

7. The state of goods placed in a bonded warehouse till the duties are paid; as, merchandise in bond.

8. (Arch.) The union or tie of the several stones or bricks forming a wall. The bricks may be arranged for this purpose in several different ways, as in English or block bond (Fig. 1), where one course consists of bricks with their ends toward the face of the wall, called headers, and the next course of bricks with their lengths parallel to the face of the wall, called stretchers; Flemish bond (Fig.2), where each course consists of headers and stretchers alternately, so laid as always to break joints; Cross bond, which differs from the English by the change of the second stretcher line so that its joints come in the middle of the first, and the same position of stretchers comes back every fifth line; Combined cross and English bond, where the inner part of the wall is laid in the one method, the outer in the other.

<! p. 165 !>

9. (Chem.) A unit of chemical attraction; as, oxygen has two bonds of affinity. It is often represented in graphic formulæ by a short line or dash. See Diagram of Benzene nucleus, and Valence.

Arbitration bond. See under Arbitration. -- Bond crediter (Law), a creditor whose debt is secured by a bond. Blackstone. -- Bond debt (Law), a debt contracted under the obligation of a bond. Burrows. -- Bond (or lap) of a slate, the distance between the top of one slate and the bottom or drip of the second slate above, i. e., the space which is covered with three thicknesses; also, the distance between the nail of the under slate and the lower edge of the upper slate. -- Bond timber, timber worked into a wall to tie or strengthen it longitudinally.

Syn. -- Chains; fetters; captivity; imprisonment.

Bond (bnd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bonded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bonding.] 1. To place under the conditions of a bond; to mortgage; to secure the payment of the duties on (goods or merchandise) by giving a bond.

2. (Arch.) To dispose in building, as the materials of a wall, so as to secure solidity.

Bond, n. [OE. bond, bonde, peasant, serf, AS. bonda, bunda, husband, bouseholder, from Icel. bndi husbandman, for bandi, fr. ba to dwell. See Boor, Husband.] A vassal or serf; a slave. [Obs. or Archaic]

Bond, a. In a state of servitude or slavery; captive.

> By one Spirit are we all baptized .. whether we be Jews or Bentiles, whether we be bond or free.
> 1 Cor. xii. 13.

Bond"age (&?;), n. [LL. bondagium. See Bond, a.]

1. The state of being bound; condition of being under restraint; restraint of personal liberty by compulsion; involuntary servitude; slavery; captivity.

> The King, when he designed you for my guard,
> Resolved he would not make my bondage hard.
> Dryden.

2. Obligation; tie of duty.

> He must resolve by no means to be . . . brought under the bondage of onserving oaths.
> South.

3. (Old Eng. Law) Villenage; tenure of land on condition of doing the meanest services for the owner.

Syn. -- Thralldom; bond service; imprisonment.

Bond"a*ger (&?;), n. A field worker, esp. a woman who works in the field. [Scot.]

||Bon"dar (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small quadruped of Bengal (Paradoxurus bondar), allied to the genet; -- called also musk cat.

Bond"ed (&?;), a. Placed under, or covered by, a bond, as for the payment of duties, or for conformity to certain regulations.

Bonded goods, goods placed in a bonded warehouse; goods, for the duties on which bonds are given at the customhouse. -- Bonded warehouse, a warehouse in which goods on which the duties are unpaid are stored under bond and in the joint custody of the importer, or his agent, and the customs officers.

Bond"er (&?;), n. 1. One who places goods under bond or in a bonded warehouse.

2. (Masonry) A bonding stone or brick; a bondstone.

Bond"er, n. [Norwegian bonde.] A freeholder on a small scale. [Norway] Emerson.

Bond"hold`er (&?;), n. A person who holds the bonds of a public or private corporation for the payment of money at a certain time.

Bond"maid` (&?;), n. [Bond, a. or n. + maid.] A female slave, or one bound to service without wages, as distinguished from a hired servant.

Bond"man (&?;), n.; pl. Bondmen (&?;). [Bond, a. or n. + man.] 1. A man slave, or one bound to service without wages. "To enfranchise bondmen." Macaulay.

2. (Old Eng. Law) A villain, or tenant in villenage.

Bond" serv`ant (&?;). A slave; one who is bound to service without wages.

> If thy brother . . . be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond servant: but as an hired servant.
> Lev. xxv. 39, 40.

Bond" serv`ice (&?;). The condition of a bond servant; service without wages; slavery.

> Their children . . . upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bond service.
> 1 Kings ix. 21.

Bond"slave` (&?;), n. A person in a state of slavery; one whose person and liberty are subjected to the authority of a master.

Bonds"man (&?;), n.; pl. Bondsmen. [Bond, a. or n. + man.] 1. A slave; a villain; a serf; a bondman.

> Carnal, greedy people, without such a precept, would have no mercy upon their poor bondsmen.
> Derham.

2. (Law) A surety; one who is bound, or who gives security, for another.

Bond"stone` (&?;), n. [Bond, n. + stone.] (Masonry) A stone running through a wall from one face to another, to bind it together; a binding stone.

Bonds"wom`an (&?;), n. See Bondwoman.

||Bon"duc (&?;), n. [F. bonduc, fr. Ar. bunduq hazel nut, filbert nut.] (Bot.) See Nicker tree.

Bond"wom`an (&?;), n.; pl. Bondwomen (&?;). [Bond, a. or n. + woman.] A woman who is a slave, or in bondage.

> He who was of the bondwoman.
> Gal. iv. 23.

Bone (&?;), n. [OE. bon, ban, AS. bn; akin to Icel. bein, Sw. ben, Dan. & D. been, G. bein bone, leg; cf. Icel. beinn straight.] 1. (Anat.) The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of vertebrate animals, consisting very largely of calcic carbonate, calcic phosphate, and gelatine; as, blood and bone.

Even in the hardest parts of bone there are many minute cavities containing living matter and connected by minute canals, some of which connect with larger canals through which blood vessels ramify.

2. One of the pieces or parts of an animal skeleton; as, a rib or a thigh bone; a bone of the arm or leg; also, any fragment of bony substance. (pl.) The frame or skeleton of the body.

3. Anything made of bone, as a bobbin for weaving bone lace.

4. pl. Two or four pieces of bone held between the fingers and struck together to make a kind of music.

5. pl. Dice.

6. Whalebone; hence, a piece of whalebone or of steel for a corset.

7. Fig.: The framework of anything.

A bone of contention, a subject of contention or dispute. -- A bone to pick, something to investigate, or to busy one's self about; a dispute to be settled (with some one). -- Bone ash, the residue from calcined bones; -- used for making cupels, and for cleaning jewelry. - - Bone black (Chem.), the black, carbonaceous substance into which bones are converted by calcination in close vessels; - - called also animal charcoal. It is used as a decolorizing material in filtering sirups, extracts, etc., and as a black pigment. See Ivory black, under Black. -- Bone cave, a cave in which are found bones of extinct or recent animals, mingled sometimes with the works and bones of man. Am. Cyc. -- Bone dust, ground or pulverized bones, used as a fertilizer. -- Bone earth (Chem.), the earthy residuum after the calcination of bone, consisting chiefly of phosphate of calcium. -- Bone lace, a lace made of linen thread, so called because woven with bobbins of bone. -- Bone oil, an oil obtained by, heating bones (as in the manufacture of bone black), and remarkable for containing the nitrogenous bases, pyridine and quinoline, and their derivatives; -- also called Dippel's oil. -- Bone setter. Same as Bonesetter. See in the Vocabulary. -- Bone shark (Zoöl.), the basking shark. -- Bone spavin. See under Spavin. -- Bone turquoise, fossil bone or tooth of a delicate blue color, sometimes used as an imitation of true turquoise. -- Bone whale (Zoöl.), a right whale. - - To be upon the bones of, to attack. [Obs.] -- To make no bones, to make no scruple; not to hesitate. [Low] -- To pick a bone with, to quarrel with, as dogs quarrel over a bone; to settle a disagreement. [Colloq.]

Bone (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Boning.] 1. To withdraw bones from the flesh of, as in cookery. "To bone a turkey." Soyer.

2. To put whalebone into; as, to bone stays. Ash.

3. To fertilize with bone.

4. To steal; to take possession of. [Slang]

Bone, v. t. [F. bornoyer to look at with one eye, to sight, fr. borgne one-eyed.] To sight along an object or set of objects, to see if it or they be level or in line, as in carpentry, masonry, and surveying. Knight.

> Joiners, etc., bone their work with two straight edges. W.
> M. Buchanan.

Bone"ache` (&?;), n. Pain in the bones. Shak.

Bone"black` (&?;), n. See Bone black, under Bone, n.

Boned (&?;), a. 1. Having (such) bones; -- used in composition; as, big-boned; strong-boned.

> No big-boned men framed of the Cyclops' size.
> Shak.

2. Deprived of bones; as, boned turkey or codfish.

3. Manured with bone; as, boned land.

Bone"dog` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The spiny dogfish.

Bone"fish` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Ladyfish.

Bone"less, a. Without bones. "Boneless gums." Shak.

Bone"set` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A medicinal plant, the thoroughwort (Eupatorium perfoliatum). Its properties are diaphoretic and tonic.

Bone"set*ter (&?;), n. One who sets broken or dislocated bones; -- commonly applied to one, not a regular surgeon, who makes an occupation of setting bones. -- Bone"set*ting, n.

Bone"shaw (&?;), n. (Med.) Sciatica. [Obs.]

Bo*net"ta (&?;), n. See Bonito. Sir T. Herbert.

Bon"fire` (&?;), n. [OE. bonefire, banefire, orig. a fire of bones; bone + fire; but cf. also Prov. E. bun a dry stalk.] A large fire built in the open air, as an expression of public joy and exultation, or for amusement.

> Full soon by bonfire and by bell,
> We learnt our liege was passing well.
> Gay.

Bon"grace` (&?;), n. [F. bon good + grâce grace, charm.] A projecting bonnet or shade to protect the complexion; also, a wide-brimmed hat. [Obs.]

||Bon`ho*mie", ||Bon`hom*mie" (&?;), n. [F.] good nature; pleasant and easy manner.

Bon"i*bell (&?;), n. See Bonnibel. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bon"i*face (&?;), n. [From the sleek, jolly landlord in Farquhar's comedy of "The Beaux' Stratagem."] An innkeeper.

Bon"i*form (&?;), a. [L. bonus good + -form.] Sensitive or responsive to moral excellence. Dr. H. More.

Bon"i*fy (&?;), v. t. [L. bonus good + -fy: cf. F. bonifier.] To convert into, or make, good.

> To bonify evils, or tincture them with good.
> Cudworth.

Bon"i*ness (&?;), n. The condition or quality of being bony.

Bon"ing, n. [Senses 1 and 2 fr. 1st Bone, sense 3 fr. 3d Bone.] 1. The clearing of bones from fish or meat.

2. The manuring of land with bones.

3. A method of leveling a line or surface by sighting along the tops of two or more straight edges, or a range of properly spaced poles. See 3d Bone, v. t.

Bon"i*ta*ry (&?;), a. Beneficial, as opposed to statutory or civil; as, bonitary dominion of land.

Bo*ni"to (&?;), n.; pl. Bonitoes (&?;). [Sp. & Pg. bonito, fr. Ar. baint and bainth.] [Often incorrectly written bonita.] (Zoöl.) 1. A large tropical fish (Orcynus pelamys) allied to the tunny. It is about three feet long, blue above, with four brown stripes on the sides. It is sometimes found on the American coast.

2. The skipjack (Sarda Mediterranea) of the Atlantic, an important and abundant food fish on the coast of the United States, and (S. Chilensis) of the Pacific, and other related species. They are large and active fishes, of a blue color with black oblique stripes.

3. The medregal (Seriola fasciata), an edible fish of the southern of the United States and the West Indies.

4. The cobia or crab eater (Elacate canada), an edible fish of the Middle and Southern United States.

||Bon"mot` (&?;), n.; pl. Bonsmots (&?;). [ F. bon good + mot word.] A witty repartee; a jest.

||Bonne (bn), n. (F., prop. good woman.) A female servant charged with the care of a young child.

||Bonne" bouche" (&?;); pl. Bonnes bouches (&?;). [F. bon, fem. bonne, good + bouche mouth.] A delicious morsel or mouthful; a tidbit.

Bon"net (bn"nt), n. [OE. bonet, OF. bonet, bonete. F. bonnet fr. LL. bonneta, bonetum; orig. the name of a stuff, and of unknown origin.] 1. A headdress for men and boys; a cap. [Obs.] Milton. Shak.

2. A soft, elastic, very durable cap, made of thick, seamless woolen stuff, and worn by men in Scotland.

> And p&?;i&?;s and bonnets waving high.
> Sir W. Scott.

3. A covering for the head, worn by women, usually protecting more or less the back and sides of the head, but no part of the forehead. The shape of the bonnet varies greatly at different times; formerly the front part projected, and spread outward, like the mouth of a funnel.

4. Anything resembling a bonnet in shape or use; as, (a) (Fort.) A small defense work at a salient angle; or a part of a parapet elevated to screen the other part from enfilade fire. (b) A metallic canopy, or projection, over an opening, as a fireplace, or a cowl or hood to increase the draught of a chimney, etc. (c) A frame of wire netting over a locomotive chimney, to prevent escape of sparks. (d) A roofing over the cage of a mine, to protect its occupants from objects falling down the shaft. (e) In pumps, a metal covering for the openings in the valve chambers.

5. (Naut.) An additional piece of canvas laced to the foot of a jib or foresail in moderate winds. Hakluyt.

6. The second stomach of a ruminating animal.

7. An accomplice of a gambler, auctioneer, etc., who entices others to bet or to bid; a decoy. [Cant]

Bonnet head (Zoöl.), a shark (Sphyrna tiburio) of the southern United States and West Indies. -- Bonnet limpet (Zoöl.), a name given, from their shape, to various species of shells (family Calyptræidæ). -- Bonnet monkey (Zoöl.), an East Indian monkey (Macacus sinicus), with a tuft of hair on its head; the munga. -- Bonnet piece, a gold coin of the time of James V. of Scotland, the king's head on which wears a bonnet. Sir W. Scott. -- To have a bee in the bonnet. See under Bee. -- Black bonnet. See under Black. -- Blue bonnet. See in the Vocabulary.

Bon"net, v. i. To take off the bonnet or cap as a mark of respect; to uncover. [Obs.] Shak.

Bon"net*ed, a. 1. Wearing a bonnet. "Bonneted and shawled." Howitt.

2. (Fort.) Protected by a bonnet. See Bonnet, 4 (a).

Bon"net*less, a. Without a bonnet.

Bon"ni*bel (&?;), n. [F. bonne et belle, good and beautiful. Cf. Bellibone.] A handsome girl. [Obs.]

Bon"nie (&?;), a. [Scot.] See Bonny, a.

Bon"ni*lass` (&?;), n. [Bonny + lass.] A "bonny lass"; a beautiful girl. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bon"ni*ly, adv. Gayly; handsomely.

Bon"ni*ness, n. The quality of being bonny; gayety; handsomeness. [R.]

Bon"ny (&?;), a. [Spelled bonnie by the Scotch.] [OE. boni, prob. fr. F. bon, fem. bonne, good, fr. L. bonus good. See Bounty, and cf. Bonus, Boon.] 1. Handsome; beautiful; pretty; attractively lively and graceful.

> Till bonny Susan sped across the plain.
> Gay.

> Far from the bonnie banks of Ayr.
> Burns.

2. Gay; merry; frolicsome; cheerful; blithe.

> Be you blithe and bonny.
> Shak.

> Report speaks you a bonny monk, that would hear the mati&?;chime ere he quitted his bowl.
> Sir W. Scott.

Bon"ny, n. (Mining) A round and compact bed of ore, or a distinct bed, not communicating with a vein.

Bon"ny*clab`ber (&?;), n. [Ir. bainne, baine, milk + clabar mud, mire.] Coagulated sour milk; loppered milk; curdled milk; -- sometimes called simply clabber. B. Jonson.

||Bon" Si`lène" (&?;). [F.] (Bot.) A very fragrant tea rose with petals of various shades of pink.

Bon"spiel (&?;), n. [Scot.; of uncertain origin.] A cur&?;ing match between clubs. [Scot.]

||Bon"te*bok (&?;), n. [D. bont a sort of skin or fur, prop. variegated + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) The pied antelope of South Africa (Alcelaphus pygarga). Its face and rump are white. Called also nunni.

||Bon" ton" (&?;). [F., good tone, manner.] The height of the fashion; fashionable society.

Bo"nus (&?;), n.; pl. Bonuses (&?;). [L. bonus good. Cf. Bonny.] 1. (Law) A premium given for a loan, or for a charter or other privilege granted to a company; as the bank paid a bonus for its charter. Bouvier.

2. An extra dividend to the shareholders of a joint stock company, out of accumulated profits.

3. Money paid in addition to a stated compensation.

||Bon" vi`vant" (&?;); pl. Bons vivants (&?;). [F. bon good + vivant, p. pr. of vivre to live.] A good fellow; a jovial companion; a free liver.

Bon"y (&?;), a. 1. Consisting of bone, or of bones; full of bones; pertaining to bones.

2. Having large or prominent bones.

Bony fish (Zoöl.), the menhaden. -- Bony pike (Zoöl.), the gar pike (Lepidosteus).

Bon"ze (bn"z; 277), n. [Pg. bonzo, fr. Japan. bzu a Buddhist priest: cf. F. bonze.] A Buddhist or Fohist priest, monk, or nun.

The name was given by the Portuguese to the priests of Japan, and has since been applied to the priests of China, Cochin China, and the neighboring countries.

Boo"by (b"b), n.; pl. Boobies (-bz). [Sp. bobo dunce, idiot; cf. L. balbus stammering, E. barbarous.]

1. A dunce; a stupid fellow.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A swimming bird (Sula fiber or S. sula) related to the common gannet, and found in the West Indies, nesting on the bare rocks. It is so called on account of its apparent stupidity. The name is also sometimes applied to other species of gannets; as, S. piscator, the red-footed booby. (b) A species of penguin of the antarctic seas.

<! p. 166 !>

Booby hatch (Naut.), a kind of wooden hood over a hatch, readily removable. -- Booby hut, a carriage body put upon sleigh runners. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. -- Booby hutch, a clumsy covered carriage or seat, used in the eastern part of England. Forby. -- Booby trap, a schoolboy's practical joke, as a shower bath when a door is opened.

Boo"by (b"b), a. Having the characteristics of a booby; stupid.

Boo"by*ish, a. Stupid; dull.

Boodh (&?;), n. Same as Buddha. Malcom.

Boodh"ism (&?;), n. Same as Buddhism.

Boodh"ist, n. Same as Buddhist.

Boo"dle (&?;), n. [Origin uncertain.] 1. The whole collection or lot; caboodle. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett.

2. Money given in payment for votes or political influence; bribe money; swag. [Polit. slang, U. S.]

Boo`hoe" (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boohooed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Boohooing.] [An imitative word.] To bawl; to cry loudly. [Low] Bartlett.

Boo"hoo` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The sailfish; -- called also woohoo.

Book (bk), n. [OE. book, bok, AS. bc; akin to Goth. bka a letter, in pl. book, writing, Icel. bk, Sw. bok, Dan. bog, OS. bk, D. boek, OHG. puoh, G. buch; and fr. AS. bc, bce, beech; because the ancient Saxons and Germans in general wrote runes on pieces of beechen board. Cf. Beech.] 1. A collection of sheets of paper, or similar material, blank, written, or printed, bound together; commonly, many folded and bound sheets containing continuous printing or writing.

When blank, it is called a blank book. When printed, the term often distinguishes a bound volume, or a volume of some size, from a pamphlet.

It has been held that, under the copyright law, a book is not necessarily a volume made of many sheets bound together; it may be printed on a single sheet, as music or a diagram of patterns. Abbott.

2. A composition, written or printed; a treatise.

> A good book is the precious life blood of a master spirit, embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life.
> Milton.

3. A part or subdivision of a treatise or literary work; as, the tenth book of "Paradise Lost."

4. A volume or collection of sheets in which accounts are kept; a register of debts and credits, receipts and expenditures, etc.

5. Six tricks taken by one side, in the game of whist; in certain other games, two or more corresponding cards, forming a set.

Book is used adjectively or as a part of many compounds; as, book buyer, bookrack, book club, book lore, book sale, book trade, memorandum book, cashbook.

Book account, an account or register of debt or credit in a book. -- Book debt, a debt for items charged to the debtor by the creditor in his book of accounts. -- Book learning, learning acquired from books, as distinguished from practical knowledge. "Neither does it so much require book learning and scholarship, as good natural sense, to distinguish true and false." Burnet. -- Book louse (Zoöl.), one of several species of minute, wingless insects injurious to books and papers. They belong to the Pseudoneuroptera. -- Book moth (Zoöl.), the name of several species of moths, the larvæ of which eat books. -- Book oath, an oath made on The Book, or Bible. -- The Book of Books, the Bible. -- Book post, a system under which books, bulky manuscripts, etc., may be transmitted by mail. -- Book scorpion (Zoöl.), one of the false scorpions (Chelifer cancroides) found among books and papers. It can run sidewise and backward, and feeds on small insects. -- Book stall, a stand or stall, often in the open air, for retailing books. -- Canonical books. See Canonical. -- In one's books, in one's favor. "I was so much in his books, that at his decease he left me his lamp." Addison. -- To bring to book. (a) To compel to give an account. (b) To compare with an admitted authority. "To bring it manifestly to book is impossible." M. Arnold. -- To curse by bell, book, and candle. See under Bell. -- To make a book (Horse Racing), to lay bets (recorded in a pocket book) against the success of every horse, so that the bookmaker wins on all the unsuccessful horses and loses only on the winning horse or horses. -- To speak by the book, to speak with minute exactness. -- Without book. (a) By memory. (b) Without authority.

Book, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Booking.] 1. To enter, write, or register in a book or list.

> Let it be booked with the rest of this day's deeds.
> Shak.

2. To enter the name of (any one) in a book for the purpose of securing a passage, conveyance, or seat; as, to be booked for Southampton; to book a seat in a theater.

3. To mark out for; to destine or assign for; as, he is booked for the valedictory. [Colloq.]

> Here I am booked for three days more in Paris.
> Charles Reade.

Book"bind`er (&?;), n. One whose occupation is to bind books.

Book"bind`er*y (&?;), n. A bookbinder's shop; a place or establishment for binding books.

Book"bind`ing, n. The art, process, or business of binding books.

Book"case` (&?;), n. A case with shelves for holding books, esp. one with glazed doors.

Book"craft` (&?;), n. Authorship; literary skill.

Booked (&?;), a. 1. Registered.

2. On the way; destined. [Colloq.]

Book"er (&?;), n. One who enters accounts or names, etc., in a book; a bookkeeper.

Book"ful (&?;), n. As much as will fill a book; a book full. Shak. -- a. Filled with book learning. [R.] "The bookful blockhead." Pope.

Book"hold`er (&?;), n. 1. A prompter at a theater. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. A support for a book, holding it open, while one reads or copies from it.

Book"ing clerk` (&?;). A clerk who registers passengers, baggage, etc., for conveyance, as by railway or steamship, or who sells passage tickets at a booking office.

Book"ing of`fice (&?;). 1. An office where passengers, baggage, etc., are registered for conveyance, as by railway or steamship.

2. An office where passage tickets are sold. [Eng.]

Book"ish, a. 1. Given to reading; fond of study; better acquainted with books than with men; learned from books. "A bookish man." Addison. "Bookish skill." Bp. Hall.

2. Characterized by a method of expression generally found in books; formal; labored; pedantic; as, a bookish way of talking; bookish sentences.

-- Book"ish*ly, adv. -- Book"ish*ness, n.

Book"keep`er (&?;), n. One who keeps accounts; one who has the charge of keeping the books and accounts in an office.

Book"keep`ing, n. The art of recording pecuniary or business transactions in a regular and systematic manner, so as to show their relation to each other, and the state of the business in which they occur; the art of keeping accounts. The books commonly used are a daybook, cashbook, journal, and ledger. See Daybook, Cashbook, Journal, and Ledger.

Bookkeeping by single entry, the method of keeping books by carrying the record of each transaction to the debit or credit of a single account. -- Bookkeeping by double entry, a mode of bookkeeping in which two entries of every transaction are carried to the ledger, one to the Dr., or left hand, side of one account, and the other to the Cr., or right hand, side of a corresponding account, in order tha&?; the one entry may check the other; -- sometimes called, from the place of its origin, the Italian method.

{ Book"land` (&?;), Bock"land` } (&?;), n. [AS. b&?;cland; b&?;c book + land land.] (O. Eng. Law) Charter land held by deed under certain rents and free services, which differed in nothing from free socage lands. This species of tenure has given rise to the modern freeholds.

Book"-learned` (&?;), a. Versed in books; having knowledge derived from books. [Often in a disparaging sense.]

> Whate'er these book-learned blockheads say,
> Solon's the veriest fool in all the play.
> Dryden.

Book"less, a. Without books; unlearned. Shenstone.

Book"let (&?;), n. A little book. T. Arnold.

Book"mak`er (&?;), n. 1. One who writes and publishes books; especially, one who gathers his materials from other books; a compiler.

2. (Horse Racing) A betting man who "makes a book." See To make a book, under Book, n.

Book"man (&?;), n.; pl. Bookmen (&?;). A studious man; a scholar. Shak.

Book"mark` (&?;), n. Something placed in a book to guide in finding a particular page or passage; also, a label in a book to designate the owner; a bookplate.

Book"mate` (&?;), n. [Book + mate.] A schoolfellow; an associate in study.

Book"mon`ger (&?;), n. A dealer in books.

Book" mus`lin (&?;). 1. A kind of muslin used for the covers of books.

2. A kind of thin white muslin for ladies' dresses.

Book"plate` (&?;), n. A label, placed upon or in a book, showing its ownership or its position in a library.

Book"sell`er (&?;), n. One who sells books.

Book"sell`ing (&?;), n. The employment of selling books.

Book"shelf` (&?;), n.; pl. Bookshelves (&?;). A shelf to hold books.

Book"shop` (&?;), n. A bookseller's shop. [Eng.]

Book"stall` (&?;), n. A stall or stand where books are sold.

Book"stand` (&?;), n. 1. A place or stand for the sale of books in the streets; a bookstall.

2. A stand to hold books for reading or reference.

Book"store` (&?;), n. A store where books are kept for sale; -- called in England a bookseller's shop.

Book"work` (&?;), n. 1. Work done upon a book or books (as in a printing office), in distinction from newspaper or job work.

2. Study; application to books.

Book"worm` (&?;), n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any larva of a beetle or moth, which is injurious to books. Many species are known.

2. A student closely attached to books or addicted to study; a reader without appreciation.

> I wanted but a black gown and a salary to be as mere a bookworm as any there.
> Pope.

Book"y (&?;), a. Bookish.

Boo"ly (&?;), n.; pl. Boolies (&?;). [Ir. buachail cowherd; bo cow + giolla boy.] A company of Irish herdsmen, or a single herdsman, wandering from place to place with flocks and herds, and living on their milk, like the Tartars; also, a place in the mountain pastures inclosed for the shelter of cattle or their keepers. [Obs.] [Written also boley, bolye, bouillie.] Spenser.

Boom (bm), n. [D. boom tree, pole, beam, bar. See Beam.] 1. (Naut.) A long pole or spar, run out for the purpose of extending the bottom of a particular sail; as, the jib boom, the studding-sail boom, etc.

2. (Mech.) A long spar or beam, projecting from the mast of a derrick, from the outer end of which the body to be lifted is suspended.

3. A pole with a conspicuous top, set up to mark the channel in a river or harbor. [Obs.]

4. (Mil. & Naval) A strong chain cable, or line of spars bound together, extended across a river or the mouth of a harbor, to obstruct navigation or passage.

5. (Lumbering) A line of connected floating timbers stretched across a river, or inclosing an area of water, to keep saw logs, etc., from floating away.

Boom iron, one of the iron rings on the yards through which the studding-sail booms traverse. -- The booms, that space on the upper deck of a ship between the foremast and mainmast, where the boats, spare spars, etc., are stowed. Totten.

Boom (bm), v. t. (Naut.) To extend, or push, with a boom or pole; as, to boom out a sail; to boom off a boat.

Boom (bm), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boomed (&?;), p. pr. & vb. n. Booming.] [Of imitative origin; cf. OE. bommen to hum, D. bommen to drum, sound as an empty barrel, also W. bwmp a hollow sound; aderyn y bwmp, the bird of the hollow sound, i. e., the bittern. Cf. Bum, Bump, v. i., Bomb, v. i.] 1. To cry with a hollow note; to make a hollow sound, as the bittern, and some insects.

> At eve the beetle boometh
> Athwart the thicket lone.
> Tennyson.

2. To make a hollow sound, as of waves or cannon.

> Alarm guns booming through the night air.
> W. Irving.

3. To rush with violence and noise, as a ship under a press of sail, before a free wind.

> She comes booming down before it.
> Totten.

4. To have a rapid growth in market value or in popular favor; to go on rushingly.

Boom, n. 1. A hollow roar, as of waves or cannon; also, the hollow cry of the bittern; a booming.

2. A strong and extensive advance, with more or less noisy excitement; -- applied colloquially or humorously to market prices, the demand for stocks or commodities and to political chances of aspirants to office; as, a boom in the stock market; a boom in coffee. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boom, v. t. To cause to advance rapidly in price; as, to boom railroad or mining shares; to create a "boom" for; as to boom Mr. C. for senator. [Colloq. U. S.]

||Boom"das (&?;), n. [D. boom tree + das badger.] (Zoöl.) A small African hyracoid mammal (Dendrohyrax arboreus) resembling the daman.

Boom"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, booms.

2. (Zoöl.) A North American rodent, so named because it is said to make a booming noise. See Sewellel.

3. (Zoöl.) A large male kangaroo.

4. One who works up a "boom". [Slang, U. S.]

Boom"er*ang (&?;), n. A very singular missile weapon used by the natives of Australia and in some parts of India. It is usually a curved stick of hard wood, from twenty to thirty inches in length, from two to three inches wide, and half or three quarters of an inch thick. When thrown from the hand with a quick rotary motion, it describes very remarkable curves, according to the shape of the instrument and the manner of throwing it, often moving nearly horizontally a long distance, then curving upward to a considerable height, and finally taking a retrograde direction, so as to fall near the place from which it was thrown, or even far in the rear of it.

Boom"ing, a. 1. Rushing with violence; swelling with a hollow sound; making a hollow sound or note; roaring; resounding.

> O'er the sea-beat ships the booming waters roar.
> Falcone.

2. Advancing or increasing amid noisy excitement; as, booming prices; booming popularity. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boom"ing, n. The act of producing a hollow or roaring sound; a violent rushing with heavy roar; as, the booming of the sea; a deep, hollow sound; as, the booming of bitterns. Howitt.

Boom"kin (&?;), n. (Naut.) Same as Bumkin.

||Boo"mo*rah (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small West African chevrotain (Hyæmoschus aquaticus), resembling the musk deer.

||Boom"slang*e (&?;), n. [D. boom tree + slang snake.] (Zoöl.) A large South African tree snake (Bucephalus Capensis). Although considered venomous by natives, it has no poison fangs.

Boon (bn), n. [OE. bone, boin, a petition, fr. Icel. bn; akin to Sw. & Dan. bän, AS. bn, and perh. to E. ban; but influenced by F. bon good, fr. L. bonus. √86. See 2d Ban, Bounty.] 1. A prayer or petition. [Obs.]

> For which to God he made so many an idle boon.
> Spenser.

2. That which is asked or granted as a benefit or favor; a gift; a benefaction; a grant; a present.

> Every good gift and every perfect boon is from above.
> James i. 17 (Rev. Ver. ).

Boon, a. [F. bon. See Boon, n.] 1. Good; prosperous; as, boon voyage. [Obs.]

2. Kind; bountiful; benign.

> Which . . . Nature boon
> Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.
> Milton.

3. Gay; merry; jovial; convivial.

> A boon companion, loving his bottle.
> Arbuthnot.

Boon, n. [Scot. boon, bune, been, Gael. & Ir. bunach coarse tow, fr. bun root, stubble.] The woody portion flax, which is separated from the fiber as refuse matter by retting, braking, and scutching.

Boor (&?;), n. [D. boer farmer, boor; akin to AS. geb&?;r countryman, G. bauer; fr. the root of AS. b&?;an to inhabit, and akin to E. bower, be. Cf. Neighbor, Boer, and Big to build.] 1. A husbandman; a peasant; a rustic; esp. a clownish or unrefined countryman.

2. A Dutch, German, or Russian peasant; esp. a Dutch colonist in South Africa, Guiana, etc.: a boer.

3. A rude ill-bred person; one who is clownish in manners.

Boor"ish, a. Like a boor; clownish; uncultured; unmannerly. -- Boor"ish*ly, adv. -- Boor"ish*ness, n.

> Which is in truth a gross and boorish opinion.
> Milton.

Boort (&?;), n. See Bort.

Boose (&?;), n. [AS. bs, bsig; akin to Icel. bss, Sw. bås, Dan. baas, stall, G. banse, Goth. bansts barn, Skr. bhsas stall. √252.] A stall or a crib for an ox, cow, or other animal. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Boose (&?;), v. i. To drink excessively. See Booze.

Boos"er (&?;), n. A toper; a guzzler. See Boozer.

Boost (bst), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boosting.] [Cf. Boast, v. i.] To lift or push from behind (one who is endeavoring to climb); to push up; hence, to assist in overcoming obstacles, or in making advancement. [Colloq. U. S.]

<! p. 167 !>

Boost (bst), n. A push from behind, as to one who is endeavoring to climb; help. [Colloq. U. S.]

Boot (bt), n. [OE. bot, bote, advantage, amends, cure, AS. bt; akin to Icel. bt, Sw. bot, Dan. bod, Goth. bta, D. boete, G. busse; prop., a making good or better, from the root of E. better, adj. √255.] 1. Remedy; relief; amends; reparation; hence, one who brings relief.

> He gaf the sike man his boote.
> Chaucer.

> Thou art boot for many a bruise
> And healest many a wound.
> Sir W. Scott.

> Next her Son, our soul's best boot.
> Wordsworth.

2. That which is given to make an exchange equal, or to make up for the deficiency of value in one of the things exchanged.

> I'll give you boot, I'll give you three for one.
> Shak.

3. Profit; gain; advantage; use. [Obs.]

> Then talk no more of flight, it is no boot.
> Shak.

To boot, in addition; over and above; besides; as a compensation for the difference of value between things bartered.

> Helen, to change, would give an eye to boot.
> Shak.

> A man's heaviness is refreshed long before he comes to drunkenness, for when he arrives thither he hath but changed his heaviness, and taken a crime to boot.
> Jer. Taylor.

Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted; p. pr. & vb. n. Booting.] 1. To profit; to advantage; to avail; -- generally followed by it; as, what boots it?

> What booteth it to others that we wish them well, and do nothing for them?
> Hooker.

> What subdued
> To change like this a mind so far imbued
> With scorn of man, it little boots to know.
> Byron.

> What boots to us your victories?
> Southey.

2. To enrich; to benefit; to give in addition. [Obs.]

> And I will boot thee with what gift beside
> Thy modesty can beg.
> Shak.

Boot, n. [OE. bote, OF. bote, F. botte, LL. botta; of uncertain origin.] 1. A covering for the foot and lower part of the leg, ordinarily made of leather.

2. An instrument of torture for the leg, formerly used to extort confessions, particularly in Scotland.

> So he was put to the torture, which in Scotland they call the boots; for they put a pair of iron boots close on the leg, and drive wedges between them and the leg.
> Bp. Burnet.

3. A place at the side of a coach, where attendants rode; also, a low outside place before and behind the body of the coach. [Obs.]

4. A place for baggage at either end of an old- fashioned stagecoach.

5. An apron or cover (of leather or rubber cloth) for the driving seat of a vehicle, to protect from rain and mud.

6. (Plumbing) The metal casing and flange fitted about a pipe where it passes through a roof.

Boot catcher, the person at an inn whose business it was to pull off boots and clean them. [Obs.] Swift. -- Boot closer, one who, or that which, sews the uppers of boots. -- Boot crimp, a frame or device used by bootmakers for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. -- Boot hook, a hook with a handle, used for pulling on boots. -- Boots and saddles (Cavalry Tactics), the trumpet call which is the first signal for mounted drill. -- Sly boots. See Slyboots, in the Vocabulary.

Boot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Booted; p. pr. & vb. n. Booting.] 1. To put boots on, esp. for riding.

> Coated and booted for it.
> B. Jonson.

2. To punish by kicking with a booted foot. [U. S.]

Boot, v. i. To boot one's self; to put on one's boots.

Boot, n. Booty; spoil. [Obs. or R.] Shak.

Boot"black` (&?;), n. One who blacks boots.

Boot"ed (&?;), a. 1. Wearing boots, especially boots with long tops, as for riding; as, a booted squire.

2. (Zoöl.) Having an undivided, horny, bootlike covering; -- said of the tarsus of some birds.

Boot*ee" (&?;), n. A half boot or short boot.

||Bo*ö"tes (b*"tz), n. [L. Bootes, Gr. bow`ths herdsman, fr. boy^s, gen. boo`s, ox, cow.] (Astron.) A northern constellation, containing the bright star Arcturus.

Booth (b), n. [OE. bothe; cf. Icel. bð, Dan. & Sw. bod, MHG. buode, G. bude, baude; from the same root as AS. ban to dwell, E. boor, bower, be; cf. Bohem. bauda, Pol. buda, Russ. budka, Lith. buda, W. bwth, pl. bythod, Gael. buth, Ir. both.] 1. A house or shed built of boards, boughs, or other slight materials, for temporary occupation. Camden.

2. A covered stall or temporary structure in a fair or market, or at a polling place.

Boot"hale` (&?;), v. t. & i. [Boot, for booty + hale.] To forage for booty; to plunder. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Boot"hose` (&?;), n. 1. Stocking hose, or spatterdashes, in lieu of boots. Shak.

2. Hose made to be worn with boots, as by travelers on horseback. Sir W. Scott.

Booth"y (&?;), n. See Bothy.

Boot"i*kin (&?;), n. [Boot + - kin.] 1. A little boot, legging, or gaiter.

2. A covering for the foot or hand, worn as a cure for the gout. H. Walpole.

Boot"ing, n. Advantage; gain; gain by plunder; booty. [Obs.] Sir. J. Harrington.

Boot"ing, n. 1. A kind of torture. See Boot, n., 2.

2. A kicking, as with a booted foot. [U. S.]

Boot"jack` (&?;), n. A device for pulling off boots.

Boot"less (&?;), a. [From Boot profit.] Unavailing; unprofitable; useless; without advantage or success. Chaucer.

> I'll follow him no more with bootless prayers.
> Shak.

-- Boot"less*ly, adv. -- Boot"less*ness, n.

Boot"lick` (&?;), n. A toady. [Low, U. S.] Bartlett.

Boot"mak`er (&?;), n. One who makes boots. -- Boot"mak`ing, n.

Boots (&?;), n. A servant at a hotel or elsewhere, who cleans and blacks the boots and shoes.

Boot"top`ping (&?;), n. 1. (Naut.) The act or process of daubing a vessel's bottom near the surface of the water with a mixture of tallow, sulphur, and resin, as a temporary protection against worms, after the slime, shells, etc., have been scraped off.

2. (Naut.) Sheathing a vessel with planking over felt.

Boot"tree` (&?;), n. [Boot + tree wood, timber.] An instrument to stretch and widen the leg of a boot, consisting of two pieces, together shaped like a leg, between which, when put into the boot, a wedge is driven.

> The pretty boots trimly stretched on boottrees.
> Thackeray.

Boo"ty (&?;), n. [Cf. Icel. b&?;ti exchange, barter, Sw. byte barter, booty, Dan. bytte; akin to D. buit booty, G. beute, and fr. Icel. byta, Sw. byta, Dan. bytte, to distribute, exchange. The Scandinavian word was influenced in English by boot profit.] That which is seized by violence or obtained by robbery, especially collective spoil taken in war; plunder; pillage. Milton.

To play booty, to play dishonestly, with an intent to lose; to allow one's adversary to win at cards at first, in order to induce him to continue playing and victimize him afterwards. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Booze (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Boozed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Boozing.] [D. buizen; akin to G. bausen, and perh. fr. D. buis tube, channel, bus box, jar.] To drink greedily or immoderately, esp. alcoholic liquor; to tipple. [Written also bouse, and boose.] Landor.

> This is better than boozing in public houses.
> H. R. Haweis.

Booze, n. A carouse; a drinking. Sir W. Scott.

Booz"er (&?;), n. One who boozes; a toper; a guzzler of alcoholic liquors; a bouser.

Booz"y (&?;), a. A little intoxicated; fuddled; stupid with liquor; bousy. [Colloq.] C. Kingsley.

Bo*peep" (&?;), n. [Bo + peep.] The act of looking out suddenly, as from behind a screen, so as to startle some one (as by children in play), or of looking out and drawing suddenly back, as if frightened.

> I for sorrow sung,
> That such a king should play bopeep,
> And go the fools among.
> Shak.

Bor"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being bored. [R.]

Bo*rach"te (&?;), n. [Sp. borracha a leather bottle for wine, borracho drunk, fr. borra a lamb.] A large leather bottle for liquors, etc., made of the skin of a goat or other animal. Hence: A drunkard. [Obs.]

> You're an absolute borachio.
> Congreve.

Bo*rac"ic (&?;), a. [Cf. F. boracique. See Borax.] Pertaining to, or produced from, borax; containing boron; boric; as, boracic acid.

Bo"ra*cite (&?;), n. (Min.) A mineral of a white or gray color occurring massive and in isometric crystals; in composition it is a magnesium borate with magnesium chloride.

Bo"ra*cous (&?;), a. (Chem.) Relating to, or obtained from, borax; containing borax.

Bor"age (&?;), n. [OE. borage (cf. F. bourrache, It. borraggine, borrace, LL. borago, borrago, LGr. &?;), fr. LL. borra, F. bourre, hair of beasts, flock; so called from its hairy leaves.] (Bot.) A mucilaginous plant of the genus Borago (B. officinalis), which is used, esp. in France, as a demulcent and diaphoretic.

Bor"age*wort` (&?;), n. Plant of the Borage family.

Bo*rag`i*na"ceous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants (Boraginaceæ) which includes the borage, heliotrope, beggar's lice, and many pestiferous plants.

Bor`a*gin"e*ous (&?;), a. (Bot.) Relating to the Borage tribe; boraginaceous.

Bor"a*mez (&?;), n. See Barometz.

Bo"rate (&?;), n. [From Boric.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of boric acid with a base or positive radical.

Bo"rax (&?;), n. [OE. boras, fr. F. borax, earlier spelt borras; cf. LL. borax, Sp. borraj; all fr. Ar. b&?;rag, fr. Pers. b&?;rah.] A white or gray crystalline salt, with a slight alkaline taste, used as a flux, in soldering metals, making enamels, fixing colors on porcelain, and as a soap. It occurs native in certain mineral springs, and is made from the boric acid of hot springs in Tuscany. It was originally obtained from a lake in Thibet, and was sent to Europe under the name of tincal. Borax is a pyroborate or tetraborate of sodium, Na2B4O7.10H2O.

Borax bead. (Chem.) See Bead, n., 3.

Bor"bo*rygm (&?;), n. [F. borborygme, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to rumble in the bowels.] (Med.) A rumbling or gurgling noise produced by wind in the bowels. Dunglison.

Bord (&?;), n. [See Board, n.] 1. A board; a table. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Mining) The face of coal parallel to the natural fissures.

Bord (&?;), n. See Bourd. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bord"age (&?;), n. [LL. bordagium.] The base or servile tenure by which a bordar held his cottage.

Bord"ar (&?;), n. [LL. bordarius, fr. borda a cottage; of uncertain origin.] A villein who rendered menial service for his cottage; a cottier.

> The cottar, the bordar, and the laborer were bound to aid in the work of the home farm.
> J. R. Green.

Bor*deaux" (&?;), a. Pertaining to Bordeaux in the south of France. -- n. A claret wine from Bordeaux.

{ Bor"del (&?;), Bor*del"lo (&?;), } n. [F. bordel, orig. a little hut, OF. borde hut, cabin, of German origin, and akin to E. board, n. See Board, n.] A brothel; a bawdyhouse; a house devoted to prostitution. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

||Bor`de*lais" (&?;), a. [F.] Of or pertaining to Bordeaux, in France, or to the district around Bordeaux.

Bor"del*ler (&?;), n. A keeper or a frequenter of a brothel. [Obs.] Gower.

Bor"der (&?;), n. [OE. bordure, F. bordure, fr. border to border, fr. bord a border; of German origin; cf. MHG. borte border, trimming, G. borte trimming, ribbon; akin to E. board in sense 8. See Board, n., and cf. Bordure.] 1. The outer part or edge of anything, as of a garment, a garden, etc.; margin; verge; brink.

> Upon the borders of these solitudes.
> Bentham.

> In the borders of death.
> Barrow.

2. A boundary; a frontier of a state or of the settled part of a country; a frontier district.

3. A strip or stripe arranged along or near the edge of something, as an ornament or finish.

4. A narrow flower bed.

Border land, land on the frontiers of two adjoining countries; debatable land; -- often used figuratively; as, the border land of science. -- The Border, The Borders, specifically, the frontier districts of Scotland and England which lie adjacent. -- Over the border, across the boundary line or frontier.

Syn. -- Edge; verge; brink; margin; brim; rim; boundary; confine.

Bor"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bordered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bordering.] 1. To touch at the edge or boundary; to be contiguous or adjacent; -- with on or upon as, Connecticut borders on Massachusetts.

2. To approach; to come near to; to verge.

> Wit which borders upon profaneness deserves to be branded as folly.
> Abp. Tillotson.

Bor"der, v. t. 1. To make a border for; to furnish with a border, as for ornament; as, to border a garment or a garden.

2. To be, or to have, contiguous to; to touch, or be touched, as by a border; to be, or to have, near the limits or boundary; as, the region borders a forest, or is bordered on the north by a forest.

> The country is bordered by a broad tract called the "hot region."
> Prescott.

> Shebah and Raamah . . . border the sea called the Persian gulf.
> Sir W. Raleigh.

3. To confine within bounds; to limit. [Obs.]

> That nature, which contemns its origin,
> Can not be bordered certain in itself.
> Shak.

Bor"der*er (&?;), n. One who dwells on a border, or at the extreme part or confines of a country, region, or tract of land; one who dwells near to a place or region.

> Borderers of the Caspian.
> Dyer.

Bord"land` (&?;), n. [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + land.] (O. Eng. Law) Either land held by a bordar, or the land which a lord kept for the maintenance of his board, or table. Spelman.

Bord"lode` (&?;), n. [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + lode leading.] (O. Eng. Law) The service formerly required of a tenant, to carry timber from the woods to the lord's house. Bailey. Mozley & W.

Bord"man (&?;), n. [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + man.] A bordar; a tenant in bordage.

{ Bord"rag (&?;), Bord"ra`ging (&?;), } n. [Perh. from OE. bord, for border + raging. Cf. Bodrage.] An incursion upon the borders of a country; a raid. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bord" serv`ice (&?;). [Bordar (or perh. bord a board) + service.] (O. Eng. Law) Service due from a bordar; bordage.

Bor"dure (&?;), n. [F. bordure. See Border, n.] (Her.) A border one fifth the width of the shield, surrounding the field. It is usually plain, but may be charged.

Bore (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bored (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Boring.] [OE. borien, AS. borian; akin to Icel. bora, Dan. bore, D. boren, OHG. por&?;n, G. bohren, L. forare, Gr. &?; to plow, Zend bar. √91.] 1. To perforate or penetrate, as a solid body, by turning an auger, gimlet, drill, or other instrument; to make a round hole in or through; to pierce; as, to bore a plank.

> I'll believe as soon this whole earth may be bored.
> Shak.

2. To form or enlarge by means of a boring instrument or apparatus; as, to bore a steam cylinder or a gun barrel; to bore a hole.

> Short but very powerful jaws, by means whereof the insect can bore, as with a centerbit, a cylindrical passage through the most solid wood.
> T. W. Harris.

3. To make (a passage) by laborious effort, as in boring; as, to bore one's way through a crowd; to force a narrow and difficult passage through. "What bustling crowds I bored." Gay.

4. To weary by tedious iteration or by dullness; to tire; to trouble; to vex; to annoy; to pester.

> He bores me with some trick.
> Shak.

> Used to come and bore me at rare intervals.
> Carlyle.

5. To befool; to trick. [Obs.]

> I am abused, betrayed; I am laughed at, scorned,
> Baffled and bored, it seems.
> Beau. & Fl.

Bore, v. i. 1. To make a hole or perforation with, or as with, a boring instrument; to cut a circular hole by the rotary motion of a tool; as, to bore for water or oil (i. e., to sink a well by boring for water or oil); to bore with a gimlet; to bore into a tree (as insects).

2. To be pierced or penetrated by an instrument that cuts as it turns; as, this timber does not bore well, or is hard to bore.

3. To push forward in a certain direction with laborious effort.

> They take their flight . . . boring to the west.
> Dryden.

<! p. 168 !>

4. (Man.) To shoot out the nose or toss it in the air; -- said of a horse. Crabb.

Bore (br), n. 1. A hole made by boring; a perforation.

2. The internal cylindrical cavity of a gun, cannon, pistol, or other firearm, or of a pipe or tube.

> The bores of wind instruments.
> Bacon.

> Love's counselor should fill the bores of hearing.
> Shak.

3. The size of a hole; the interior diameter of a tube or gun barrel; the caliber.

4. A tool for making a hole by boring, as an auger.

5. Caliber; importance. [Obs.]

> Yet are they much too light for the bore of the matter.
> Shak.

6. A person or thing that wearies by prolixity or dullness; a tiresome person or affair; any person or thing which causes ennui.

> It is as great a bore as to hear a poet read his own verses.
> Hawthorne.

Bore, n. [Icel. bra wave: cf. G. empor upwards, OHG. bor height, burren to lift, perh. allied to AS. beran, E. 1st bear. √92.] (Physical Geog.) (a) A tidal flood which regularly or occasionally rushes into certain rivers of peculiar configuration or location, in one or more waves which present a very abrupt front of considerable height, dangerous to shipping, as at the mouth of the Amazon, in South America, the Hoogly and Indus, in India, and the Tsien- tang, in China. (b) Less properly, a very high and rapid tidal flow, when not so abrupt, such as occurs at the Bay of Fundy and in the British Channel.

Bore, imp. of 1st & 2d Bear.

Bo"re*al (&?;), a. [L. borealis: cf. F. boréal. See Boreas.] Northern; pertaining to the north, or to the north wind; as, a boreal bird; a boreal blast.

> So from their own clear north in radiant streams,
> Bright over Europe bursts the boreal morn.
> Thomson.

||Bo"re*as (&?;), n. [L. boreas, Gr. &?;.] The north wind; -- usually a personification.

Bore"cole` (&?;), n. [Cf. D. boerenkool (lit.) husbandman's cabbage.] A brassicaceous plant of many varieties, cultivated for its leaves, which are not formed into a compact head like the cabbage, but are loose, and are generally curled or wrinkled; kale.

Bore"dom (&?;), n. 1. The state of being bored, or pestered; a state of ennui. Dickens.

2. The realm of bores; bores, collectively.

Bo*ree" (&?;), n. Same as BourrÉé. [Obs.] Swift.

Bor"el (&?;), n. See Borrel.

Bor"e*le (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The smaller two-horned rhinoceros of South Africa (Atelodus bicornis).

Bor"er (&?;), n. 1. One that bores; an instrument for boring.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A marine, bivalve mollusk, of the genus Teredo and allies, which burrows in wood. See Teredo. (b) Any bivalve mollusk (Saxicava, Lithodomus, etc.) which bores into limestone and similar substances. (c) One of the larvæ of many species of insects, which penetrate trees, as the apple, peach, pine, etc. See Apple borer, under Apple. (d) The hagfish (Myxine).

Bo"ric (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, boron.

Boric acid, a white crystalline substance B(OH)3, easily obtained from its salts, and occurring in solution in the hot lagoons of Tuscany.

Bo"ride (&?;), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of boron with a more positive or basic element or radical; -- formerly called boruret.

Bor"ing (&?;), n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, bores; as, the boring of cannon; the boring of piles and ship timbers by certain marine mollusks.

> One of the most important applications of boring is in the formation of artesian wells.
> Tomlinson.

2. A hole made by boring.

3. pl. The chips or fragments made by boring.

Boring bar, a revolving or stationary bar, carrying one or more cutting tools for dressing round holes. -- Boring tool (Metal Working), a cutting tool placed in a cutter head to dress round holes. Knight.

Born (bôrn), p. p. & a. [See Bear, v. t.] 1. Brought forth, as an animal; brought into life; introduced by birth.

> No one could be born into slavery in Mexico.
> Prescott.

2. Having from birth a certain character; by or from birth; by nature; innate; as, a born liar. "A born matchmaker." W. D. Howells.

Born again (Theol.), regenerated; renewed; having received spiritual life. "Except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God." John iii. 3. -- Born days, days since one was born; lifetime. [Colloq.]

Borne (brn), p. p. of Bear. Carried; conveyed; supported; defrayed. See Bear, v. t.

Bor"ne*ol (&?;), n. [Borneo + - ol.] (Chem.) A rare variety of camphor, C10H17.OH, resembling ordinary camphor, from which it can be produced by reduction. It is said to occur in the camphor tree of Borneo and Sumatra (Dryobalanops camphora), but the natural borneol is rarely found in European or American commerce, being in great request by the Chinese. Called also Borneo camphor, Malay camphor, and camphol.

Bor"nite (&?;), n. [Named after Von Born, a mineralogist.] (Min.) A valuable ore of copper, containing copper, iron, and sulphur; -- also called purple copper ore (or erubescite), in allusion to the colors shown upon the slightly tarnished surface.

Bo`ro*flu"or*ide (&?;), n. [Boron + fluoride.] (Chem.) A double fluoride of boron and hydrogen, or some other positive element, or radical; -- called also fluoboride, and formerly fluoborate.

Bo"ro*glyc"er*ide (&?;), n. [Boron + glyceride.] (Chem.) A compound of boric acid and glycerin, used as an antiseptic.

Bo"ron (b"rn), n. [See Borax.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element occurring abundantly in borax. It is reduced with difficulty to the free state, when it can be obtained in several different forms; viz., as a substance of a deep olive color, in a semimetallic form, and in colorless quadratic crystals similar to the diamond in hardness and other properties. It occurs in nature also in boracite, datolite, tourmaline, and some other minerals. Atomic weight 10.9. Symbol B.

Bo"ro*sil"i*cate (&?;), n. [Boron + silicate.] (Chem.) A double salt of boric and silicic acids, as in the natural minerals tourmaline, datolite, etc.

Bor"ough (&?;), n. [OE. burgh, burw, boru, port, town, burrow, AS. burh, burg; akin to Icel., Sw., & Dan. borg, OS. & D. burg, OHG. puruc, purc, MHG. burc, G. burg, Goth. baúrgs; and from the root of AS. beorgan to hide, save, defend, G. bergen; or perh. from that of AS. beorg hill, mountain. √95. See Bury, v. t., and cf. Burrow, Burg, Bury, n., Burgess, Iceberg, Borrow, Harbor, Hauberk.] 1. In England, an incorporated town that is not a city; also, a town that sends members to parliament; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction; in America, an incorporated town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut. Burrill. Erskine.

2. The collective body of citizens or inhabitants of a borough; as, the borough voted to lay a tax.

Close borough, or Pocket borough, a borough having the right of sending a member to Parliament, whose nomination is in the hands of a single person. -- Rotten borough, a name given to any borough which, at the time of the passage of the Reform Bill of 1832, contained but few voters, yet retained the privilege of sending a member to Parliament.

Bor"ough, n. [See Borrow.] (O. Eng. Law) (a) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behavior of each other. (b) The pledge or surety thus given. Blackstone. Tomlins.

Bor"ough-Eng"lish (&?;), n. (Eng. Law) A custom, as in some ancient boroughs, by which lands and tenements descend to the youngest son, instead of the eldest; or, if the owner have no issue, to the youngest brother. Blackstone.

Bor"ough*head` (&?;), n. See Headborough. [Obs.]

Bor"ough*hold"er (&?;), n. A headborough; a borsholder.

Bor"ough*mas"ter (&?;), n. [Cf. Burgomaster.] The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough.

Bor"ough*mon"ger (&?;), n. One who buys or sells the parliamentary seats of boroughs.

{ Bor"ough*mon"ger*ing, Bor"ough*mon"ger*y } (&?;), n. The practices of a boroughmonger.

Bor*rach"o (&?;), n. See Borachio. [Obs.]

Bor"rage (&?;), n., Bor*rag`i*na"ceous (&?;), a., etc. See Borage, n., etc.

Bor"rel (&?;), n. [OF. burel a kind of coarse woolen cloth, fr. F. bure drugget. See Bureau. Rustic and common people dressed in this cloth, which was prob. so called from its color.] 1. Coarse woolen cloth; hence, coarse clothing; a garment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A kind of light stuff, of silk and wool.

Bor"rel, a. [Prob. from Borrel, n.] Ignorant, unlearned; belonging to the laity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bor"row (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Borrowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Borrowing.] [OE. borwen, AS. borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge; akin to D. borg, G. borg; prob. fr. root of AS. beorgan to protect. &?;95. See 1st Borough.] 1. To receive from another as a loan, with the implied or expressed intention of returning the identical article or its equivalent in kind; -- the opposite of lend.

2. (Arith.) To take (one or more) from the next higher denomination in order to add it to the next lower; -- a term of subtraction when the figure of the subtrahend is larger than the corresponding one of the minuend.

3. To copy or imitate; to adopt; as, to borrow the style, manner, or opinions of another.

> Rites borrowed from the ancients.
> Macaulay.

> It is not hard for any man, who hath a Bible in his hands, to borrow good words and holy sayings in abundance; but to make them his own is a work of grace only from above.
> Milton.

4. To feign or counterfeit. "Borrowed hair." Spenser.

> The borrowed majesty of England.
> Shak.

5. To receive; to take; to derive.

> Any drop thou borrowedst from thy mother.
> Shak.

To borrow trouble, to be needlessly troubled; to be overapprehensive.

Bor"row, n. 1. Something deposited as security; a pledge; a surety; a hostage. [Obs.]

> Ye may retain as borrows my two priests.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. The act of borrowing. [Obs.]

> Of your royal presence I'll adventure
> The borrow of a week.
> Shak.

Bor"row*er (&?;), n. One who borrows.

> Neither a borrower nor a lender be.
> Shak.

Bors"hold`er (&?;), n. [OE. borsolder; prob. fr. AS. borg, gen. borges, pledge + ealdor elder. See Borrow, and Elder, a.] (Eng. Law) The head or chief of a tithing, or borough (see 2d Borough); the headborough; a parish constable. Spelman.

Bort (&?;), n. Imperfectly crystallized or coarse diamonds, or fragments made in cutting good diamonds which are reduced to powder and used in lapidary work.

Bo"ru*ret (&?;), n. (Chem.) A boride. [Obs.]

Bor"we (&?;), n. Pledge; borrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Bos (&?;), n. [L., ox, cow.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminant quadrupeds, including the wild and domestic cattle, distinguished by a stout body, hollow horns, and a large fold of skin hanging from the neck.

||Bo"sa (&?;), n. [Ar. b&?;za, Pers. b&?;zah: cf. F. bosan.] A drink, used in the East. See Boza.

Bos"cage (&?;), n. [OF. boscage grove, F. bocage, fr. LL. boscus, buscus, thicket, wood. See 1st Bush.] 1. A growth of trees or shrubs; underwood; a thicket; thick foliage; a wooded landscape.

2. (O. Eng. Law) Food or sustenance for cattle, obtained from bushes and trees; also, a tax on wood.

Bosh (&?;), n. [Cf. G. posse joke, trifle; It. bozzo a rough stone, bozzetto a rough sketch, s-bozzo a rough draught, sketch.] Figure; outline; show. [Obs.]

Bosh, n. [Turk.] Empty talk; contemptible nonsense; trash; humbug. [Colloq.]

Bosh, n.; pl. Boshes (&?;). [Cf. G. böschung a slope.]

1. One of the sloping sides of the lower part of a blast furnace; also, one of the hollow iron or brick sides of the bed of a puddling or boiling furnace.

2. pl. The lower part of a blast furnace, which slopes inward, or the widest space at the top of this part.

3. In forging and smelting, a trough in which tools and ingots are cooled.

||Bosh"bok (&?;), n. [D. bosch wood + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) A kind of antelope. See Bush buck.

||Bosh"vark (&?;), n. [D. bosch wood + varken pig.] (Zoöl.) The bush hog. See under Bush, a thicket.

||Bos"jes*man (&?;), n.; pl. Bosjesmans. [D. boschjesman.] See Bushman.

Bosk (&?;), n. [See Bosket.] A thicket; a small wood. "Through bosk and dell." Sir W. Scott.

Bos"kage (&?;), n. Same as Boscage.

> Thridding the somber boskage of the wood.
> Tennyson.

{ Bos"ket, Bos"quet } (&?;), n. [F. bosquet a little wood, dim. fr. LL. boscus. See Boscage, and cf. Bouquet.] (Gardening) A grove; a thicket; shrubbery; an inclosure formed by branches of trees, regularly or irregularly disposed.

Bosk"i*ness (&?;), n. Boscage; also, the state or quality of being bosky.

Bosk"y (&?;), a. [Cf. Bushy.] 1. Woody or bushy; covered with boscage or thickets. Milton.

2. Caused by boscage.

> Darkened over by long bosky shadows.
> H. James.

Bos"om (bz"m), n. [AS. b&?;sm; akin to D. bozem, Fries. b&?;sm, OHG. puosum, G. busen, and prob. E. bough.] 1. The breast of a human being; the part, between the arms, to which anything is pressed when embraced by them.

> You must prepare your bosom for his knife.
> Shak.

2. The breast, considered as the seat of the passions, affections, and operations of the mind; consciousness; secret thoughts.

> Tut, I am in their bosoms, and I know
> Wherefore they do it.
> Shak.

> If I covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding my iniquity in my bosom.
> Job xxxi. 33.

3. Embrace; loving or affectionate inclosure; fold.

> Within the bosom of that church.
> Hooker.

4. Any thing or place resembling the breast; a supporting surface; an inner recess; the interior; as, the bosom of the earth. "The bosom of the ocean." Addison.

5. The part of the dress worn upon the breast; an article, or a portion of an article, of dress to be worn upon the breast; as, the bosom of a shirt; a linen bosom.

> He put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow.
> Ex. iv. 6.

6. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] Shak.

7. A depression round the eye of a millstone. Knight.

Bos"om, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the bosom.

2. Intimate; confidential; familiar; trusted; cherished; beloved; as, a bosom friend.

Bos"om, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bosomed (-md); p. pr. & vb. n. Bosoming.] 1. To inclose or carry in the bosom; to keep with care; to take to heart; to cherish.

> Bosom up my counsel,
> You'll find it wholesome.
> Shak.

2. To conceal; to hide from view; to embosom.

> To happy convents bosomed deep in vines.
> Pope.

Bos"omed (bz"md), a. Having, or resembling, bosom; kept in the bosom; hidden.

Bos"om*y (-), a. Characterized by recesses or sheltered hollows.

Bo"son (b"s'n), n. See Boatswain. [Obs.] Dryden.

Bos*po"ri*an (&?;), a. [L. Bosporus, G. Bo`sporos, lit., ox-ford, the ox's or heifer's ford, on account of Io's passage here as a heifer; fr. boy^s ox, heifer + po`ros ford.] Of or pertaining to the Thracian or the Cimmerian Bosporus.

> The Alans forced the Bosporian kings to pay them tribute and exterminated the Taurians.
> Tooke.

Bos"po*rus (bs"p*rs), n. [L.] A strait or narrow sea between two seas, or a lake and a seas; as, the Bosporus (formerly the Thracian Bosporus) or Strait of Constantinople, between the Black Sea and Sea of Marmora; the Cimmerian Bosporus, between the Black Sea and Sea of Azof. [Written also Bosphorus.]

Bos"quet (&?;), n. See Bosket.

Boss (bs; 115), n.; pl. Bosses (-z). [OE. boce, bose, boche, OF. boce, boche, bosse, F. bosse, of G. origin; cf. OHG. bzo tuft, bunch, OHG. bzan, MHG. bôzen, to beat. See Beat, and cf. Botch a swelling.] 1. Any protuberant part; a round, swelling part or body; a knoblike process; as, a boss of wood.

2. A protuberant ornament on any work, either of different material from that of the work or of the same, as upon a buckler or bridle; a stud; a knob; the central projection of a shield. See Umbilicus.

<! p. 169 !>

3. (Arch.) A projecting ornament placed at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat, and in other situations.

4. [Cf. D. bus box, Dan. bösse.] A wooden vessel for the mortar used in tiling or masonry, hung by a hook from the laths, or from the rounds of a ladder. Gwilt.

5. (Mech.) (a) The enlarged part of a shaft, on which a wheel is keyed, or at the end, where it is coupled to another. (b) A swage or die used for shaping metals.

6. A head or reservoir of water. [Obs.]

Boss (bs), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bossed (bst); p. pr. & vb. n. Bossing.] [OE. bocen, fr. OF. bocier. See the preceding word.] To ornament with bosses; to stud.

Boss, n. [D. baas master.] A master workman or superintendent; a director or manager; a political dictator. [Slang, U. S.]

Boss"age (&?;), n. [F. bossage, fr. bosse. See Boss a stud.] 1. (Arch.) A stone in a building, left rough and projecting, to be afterward carved into shape. Gwilt.

2. (Arch.) Rustic work, consisting of stones which seem to advance beyond the level of the building, by reason of indentures or channels left in the joinings. Gwilt.

Bossed (&?;), a. Embossed; also, bossy.

Bos"set (&?;), n. [Cf. Boss a stud.] (Zoöl.) A rudimental antler of a young male of the red deer.

Boss"ism (&?;), n. The rule or practices of bosses, esp. political bosses. [Slang, U. S.]

Boss"y (&?;), a. Ornamented with bosses; studded.

Bos"sy, n. [Dim. fr. Prov. E. boss in boss-calf, buss-calf, for boose-calf, prop., a calf kept in the stall. See 1st Boose.] A cow or calf; -- familiarly so called. [U. S.]

Bos"ton (&?;), n. A game at cards, played by four persons, with two packs of fifty-two cards each; -- said to be so called from Boston, Massachusetts, and to have been invented by officers of the French army in America during the Revolutionary war.

Bos*well"i*an (&?;), a. Relating to, or characteristic of, Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson.

Bos"well*ism (&?;), n. The style of Boswell.

Bot (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Bots.

{ Bo*tan"ic (&?;), Bo*tan"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. botanique. See Botany.] Of or pertaining to botany; relating to the study of plants; as, a botanical system, arrangement, textbook, expedition. -- Botan"ic*al*ly, adv.

Botanic garden, a garden devoted to the culture of plants collected for the purpose of illustrating the science of botany. -- Botanic physician, a physician whose medicines consist chiefly of herbs and roots.

Bot"a*nist (&?;), n. [Cf. F. botaniste.] One skilled in botany; one versed in the knowledge of plants.

Bot"a*nize (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Botanized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Botanizing (&?;).] [Cf. F. botaniser.] To seek after plants for botanical investigation; to study plants.

Bot"a*nize, v. t. To explore for botanical purposes.

Bot"a*ni`zer (&?;), n. One who botanizes.

Bot`a*nol"o*ger (&?;), n. A botanist. [Obs.]

Bot`a*nol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Botany + -logy: cf. F. botanologie.] The science of botany. [Obs.] Bailey.

Bot"a*no*man`cy (&?;), n. [Botany + -mancy: cf. F. botanomantie.] An ancient species of divination by means of plants, esp. sage and fig leaves.

Bot"a*ny (&?;), n.; pl. Botanies (&?;). [F. botanique, a. & n., fr. Gr. &?; botanic, fr. &?; herb, plant, fr. &?; to feed, graze.] 1. The science which treats of the structure of plants, the functions of their parts, their places of growth, their classification, and the terms which are employed in their description and denomination. See Plant.

2. A book which treats of the science of botany.

Botany is divided into various departments; as, Structural Botany, which investigates the structure and organic composition of plants; Physiological Botany, the study of their functions and life; and Systematic Botany, which has to do with their classification, description, nomenclature, etc.

Bot"a*ny Bay" (&?;). A harbor on the east coast of Australia, and an English convict settlement there; -- so called from the number of new plants found on its shore at its discovery by Cook in 1770.

Hence, any place to which desperadoes resort.

Botany Bay kino (Med.), an astringent, reddish substance consisting of the inspissated juice of several Australian species of Eucalyptus. -- Botany Bay resin (Med.), a resin of reddish yellow color, resembling gamboge, the product of different Australian species of Xanthorrhæa, esp. the grass tree (X. hastilis).

Bo*tar"go (&?;), n. [It. bottarga, bottarica; or Sp. botarga; a kind of large sausages, a sort of wide breeches: cf. F. boutargue.] A sort of cake or sausage, made of the salted roes of the mullet, much used on the coast of the Mediterranean as an incentive to drink.

Botch (&?;), n.; pl. Botches (&?;). [Same as Boss a stud. For senses 2 & 3 cf. D. botsen to beat, akin to E. beat.] 1. A swelling on the skin; a large ulcerous affection; a boil; an eruptive disease. [Obs. or Dial.]

> Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss.
> Milton.

2. A patch put on, or a part of a garment patched or mended in a clumsy manner.

3. Work done in a bungling manner; a clumsy performance; a piece of work, or a place in work, marred in the doing, or not properly finished; a bungle.

> To leave no rubs nor botches in the work.
> Shak.

Botch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Botched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Botching.] [See Botch, n.] 1. To mark with, or as with, botches.

> Young Hylas, botched with stains.
> Garth.

2. To repair; to mend; esp. to patch in a clumsy or imperfect manner, as a garment; -- sometimes with up.

> Sick bodies . . . to be kept and botched up for a time.
> Robynson (More's Utopia).

3. To put together unsuitably or unskillfully; to express or perform in a bungling manner; to spoil or mar, as by unskillful work.

> For treason botched in rhyme will be thy bane.
> Dryden.

Botch"ed*ly (&?;), adv. In a clumsy manner.

Botch"er (&?;), n. 1. One who mends or patches, esp. a tailor or cobbler. Shak.

2. A clumsy or careless workman; a bungler.

3. (Zoöl.) A young salmon; a grilse.

Botch"er*ly, a. Bungling; awkward. [R.]

Botch"er*y (&?;), n. A botching, or that which is done by botching; clumsy or careless workmanship.

Botch"y (&?;), a. Marked with botches; full of botches; poorly done. "This botchy business." Bp. Watson.

Bote (&?;), n. [Old form of boot; -- used in composition. See 1st Boot.] (Law) (a) Compensation; amends; satisfaction; expiation; as, man bote, a compensation or a man slain. (b) Payment of any kind. Bouvier. (c) A privilege or allowance of necessaries.

This word is still used in composition as equivalent to the French estovers, supplies, necessaries; as, housebote, a sufficiency of wood to repair a house, or for fuel, sometimes called firebote; so plowbote, cartbote, wood for making or repairing instruments of husbandry; haybote or hedgebote, wood for hedges, fences, etc. These were privileges enjoyed by tenants under the feudal system. Burrill. Bouvier. Blackstone.

Bote"less, a. Unavailing; in vain. See Bootless.

Bot"fly` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A dipterous insect of the family (Estridæ, of many different species, some of which are particularly troublesome to domestic animals, as the horse, ox, and sheep, on which they deposit their eggs. A common species is one of the botflies of the horse (Gastrophilus equi), the larvæ of which (bots) are taken into the stomach of the animal, where they live several months and pass through their larval states. In tropical America one species sometimes lives under the human skin, and another in the stomach. See Gadfly.

Both (&?;), a. or pron. [OE. bothe, ba&?;e, fr. Icel. b&?;ir; akin to Dan. baade, Sw. båda, Goth. baj&?;&?;s, OHG. beid&?;, b&?;d&?;, G. & D. beide, also AS. begen, b, b&?;, Goth. bai, and Gr. &?;, L. ambo, Lith. abà, OSlav. oba, Skr. ubha. √310. Cf. Amb-.] The one and the other; the two; the pair, without exception of either.

It is generally used adjectively with nouns; as, both horses ran away; but with pronouns, and often with nous, it is used substantively, and followed by of.

It frequently stands as a pronoun.

> She alone is heir to both of us.
> Shak.

> Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech; and both of them made a covenant.
> Gen. xxi. 27.

> He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate; but he will bear both, because he is prepared for both.
> Bolingbroke.

It is often used in apposition with nouns or pronouns.

> Thy weal and woe are both of them extremes.
> Shak.

> This said, they both betook them several ways.
> Milton.

Both now always precedes any other attributive words; as, both their armies; both our eyes.

Both of is used before pronouns in the objective case; as, both of us, them, whom, etc.; but before substantives its used is colloquial, both (without of) being the preferred form; as, both the brothers.

Both, conj. As well; not only; equally.

Both precedes the first of two coördinate words or phrases, and is followed by and before the other, both . . . and . . . ; as well the one as the other; not only this, but also that; equally the former and the latter. It is also sometimes followed by more than two coördinate words, connected by and expressed or understood.

> To judge both quick and dead.
> Milton.

> A masterpiece both for argument and style.
> Goldsmith.

> To whom bothe heven and erthe and see is sene.
> Chaucer.

> Both mongrel, puppy, whelp, and hound.
> Goldsmith.

> He prayeth well who loveth well
> Both man and bird and beast.
> Coleridge.

Both"er (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bothered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bothering.] [Cf. Ir. buaidhirt trouble, buaidhrim I vex.] To annoy; to trouble; to worry; to perplex. See Pother.

The imperative is sometimes used as an exclamation mildly imprecatory.

Both"er, v. i. To feel care or anxiety; to make or take trouble; to be troublesome.

> Without bothering about it.
> H. James.

Both"er, n. One who, or that which, bothers; state of perplexity or annoyance; embarrassment; worry; disturbance; petty trouble; as, to be in a bother.

Both`er*a"tion (&?;), n. The act of bothering, or state of being bothered; cause of trouble; perplexity; annoyance; vexation. [Colloq.]

Both"er*er (&?;), n. One who bothers.

Both"er*some (&?;), a. Vexatious; causing bother; causing trouble or perplexity; troublesome.

Both"-hands` (&?;), n. A factotum. [R.]

> He is his master's both-hands, I assure you.
> B. Jonson.

Both"ie (&?;), n. Same as Bothy. [Scot.]

{ Both"ni*an (&?;), Both"nic (&?;), } a. Of or pertaining to Bothnia, a country of northern Europe, or to a gulf of the same name which forms the northern part of the Baltic sea.

||Both*ren"chy*ma (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; pit + &?; something poured in. Formed like parenchyma.] (Bot.) Dotted or pitted ducts or vessels forming the pores seen in many kinds of wood.

{ Both"y (&?;) Booth"y } (&?;) n.; pl. -ies (&?;) [Scottish. Cf. Booth.] A wooden hut or humble cot, esp. a rude hut or barrack for unmarried farm servants; a shepherd's or hunter's hut; a booth. [Scot.]

||Bo`to*cu"dos (&?;), n. pl. [Pg. botoque stopple. So called because they wear a wooden plug in the pierced lower lip.] A Brazilian tribe of Indians, noted for their use of poisons; -- also called Aymborés.

Bo" tree` (&?;). (Bot.) The peepul tree; esp., the very ancient tree standing at Anurajahpoora in Ceylon, grown from a slip of the tree under which Gautama is said to have received the heavenly light and so to have become Buddha.

> The sacred bo tree of the Buddhists (Ficus religiosa), which is planted close to every temple, and attracts almost as much veneration as the status of the god himself. . . . It differs from the banyan (Ficus Indica) by sending down no roots from its branches.
> Tennent.

Bot"ry*o*gen (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; cluster of grapes + -gen.] (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of iron of a deep red color. It often occurs in botryoidal form.

{ Bot"ry*oid (&?;), Bot`ry*oid"al (&?;), } a. [Gr. &?; cluster of grapes + -oid.] Having the form of a bunch of grapes; like a cluster of grapes, as a mineral presenting an aggregation of small spherical or spheroidal prominences.

Bot"ry*o*lite (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; cluster of grapes + -lite.] (Min.) A variety of datolite, usually having a botryoidal structure.

Bot"ry*ose` (&?;), a. (Bot.) (a) Having the form of a cluster of grapes. (b) Of the racemose or acropetal type of inflorescence. Gray.

Bots (&?;), n. pl. [Cf. Gael. botus belly worm, boiteag maggot.] (Zoöl.) The larvæ of several species of botfly, especially those larvæ which infest the stomach, throat, or intestines of the horse, and are supposed to be the cause of various ailments. [Written also botts.] See Illust. of Botfly.

Bot*tine" (&?;), n. [F. See Boot (for the foot.).]

1. A small boot; a lady's boot.

2. An appliance resembling a small boot furnished with straps, buckles, etc., used to correct or prevent distortions in the lower extremities of children. Dunglison.

Bot"tle (&?;), n. [OE. bote, botelle, OF. botel, bouteille, F. bouteille, fr. LL. buticula, dim. of butis, buttis, butta, flask. Cf. Butt a cask.] 1. A hollow vessel, usually of glass or earthenware (but formerly of leather), with a narrow neck or mouth, for holding liquids.

2. The contents of a bottle; as much as a bottle contains; as, to drink a bottle of wine.

3. Fig.: Intoxicating liquor; as, to drown one's reason in the bottle.

Bottle is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound.

Bottle ale, bottled ale. [Obs.] Shak. -- Bottle brush, a cylindrical brush for cleansing the interior of bottles. -- Bottle fish (Zoöl.), a kind of deep-sea eel (Saccopharynx ampullaceus), remarkable for its baglike gullet, which enables it to swallow fishes two or three times its won size. -- Bottle flower. (Bot.) Same as Bluebottle. -- Bottle glass, a coarse, green glass, used in the manufacture of bottles. Ure. -- Bottle gourd (Bot.), the common gourd or calabash (Lagenaria Vulgaris), whose shell is used for bottles, dippers, etc. -- Bottle grass (Bot.), a nutritious fodder grass (Setaria glauca and S. viridis); -- called also foxtail, and green foxtail. -- Bottle tit (Zoöl.), the European long-tailed titmouse; - - so called from the shape of its nest. -- Bottle tree (Bot.), an Australian tree (Sterculia rupestris), with a bottle-shaped, or greatly swollen, trunk. -- Feeding bottle, Nursing bottle, a bottle with a rubber nipple (generally with an intervening tube), used in feeding infants.

Bot"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottled (&?;) p. pr. & vb. n. Bottling (&?;).] To put into bottles; to inclose in, or as in, a bottle or bottles; to keep or restrain as in a bottle; as, to bottle wine or porter; to bottle up one's wrath.

Bot"tle, n. [OE. botel, OF. botel, dim. of F. botte; cf. OHG. bozo bunch. See Boss stud.] A bundle, esp. of hay. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. Shak.

Bot"tled (&?;), a. 1. Put into bottles; inclosed in bottles; pent up in, or as in, a bottle.

2. Having the shape of a bottle; protuberant. Shak.

Bot"tle green` (&?;) A dark shade of green, like that of bottle glass. -- Bot"tle-green`, a.

Bot"tle*head` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A cetacean allied to the grampus; -- called also bottle-nosed whale.

There are several species so named, as the pilot whales, of the genus Globicephalus, and one or more species of Hyperoödon (H. bidens, etc.), found on the European coast. See Blackfish, 1.

Bot"tle*hold`er (&?;), n. 1. One who attends a pugilist in a prize fight; -- so called from the bottle of water of which he has charge.

2. One who assists or supports another in a contest; an abettor; a backer. [Colloq.]

> Lord Palmerston considered himself the bottleholder of oppressed states.
> The London Times.

Bot"tle-nose` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) 1. A cetacean of the Dolphin family, of several species, as Delphinus Tursio and Lagenorhyncus leucopleurus, of Europe.

2. The puffin.

Bot"tle-nosed` (-nzd), a. Having the nose bottle-shaped, or large at the end. Dickens.

Bot"tler (bt"tlr/), n. One who bottles wine, beer, soda water, etc.

Bot"tle*screw` (&?;) n. A corkscrew. Swift.

Bot"tling (bt"tlng) n. The act or the process of putting anything into bottles (as beer, mineral water, etc.) and corking the bottles.

<! p. 170 !>

Bot"tom (bt"tm), n. [OE. botum, botme, AS. botm; akin to OS. bodom, D. bodem, OHG. podam, G. boden, Icel. botn, Sw. botten, Dan. bund (for budn), L. fundus (for fudnus), Gr. pyqmh`n (for fyqmh`n), Skr. budhna (for bhudhna), and Ir. bonn sole of the foot, W. bon stem, base. √257. Cf. 4th Found, Fund, n.] 1. The lowest part of anything; the foot; as, the bottom of a tree or well; the bottom of a hill, a lane, or a page.

> Or dive into the bottom of the deep.
> Shak.

2. The part of anything which is beneath the contents and supports them, as the part of a chair on which a person sits, the circular base or lower head of a cask or tub, or the plank floor of a ship's hold; the under surface.

> Barrels with the bottom knocked out.
> Macaulay.

> No two chairs were alike; such high backs and low backs and leather bottoms and worsted bottoms.
> W. Irving.

3. That upon which anything rests or is founded, in a literal or a figurative sense; foundation; groundwork.

4. The bed of a body of water, as of a river, lake, sea.

5. The fundament; the buttocks.

6. An abyss. [Obs.] Dryden.

7. Low land formed by alluvial deposits along a river; low-lying ground; a dale; a valley. "The bottoms and the high grounds." Stoddard.

8. (Naut.) The part of a ship which is ordinarily under water; hence, the vessel itself; a ship.

> My ventures are not in one bottom trusted.
> Shak.

> Not to sell the teas, but to return them to London in the
> same bottoms in which they were shipped.
> Bancroft.

Full bottom, a hull of such shape as permits carrying a large amount of merchandise.

9. Power of endurance; as, a horse of a good bottom.

10. Dregs or grounds; lees; sediment. Johnson.

At bottom, At the bottom, at the foundation or basis; in reality. "He was at the bottom a good man." J. F. Cooper. -- To be at the bottom of, to be the cause or originator of; to be the source of. [Usually in an opprobrious sense.] J. H. Newman.

> He was at the bottom of many excellent counsels.
> Addison.

-- To go to the bottom, to sink; esp. to be wrecked. -- To touch bottom, to reach the lowest point; to find something on which to rest.

Bot"tom, a. Of or pertaining to the bottom; fundamental; lowest; under; as, bottom rock; the bottom board of a wagon box; bottom prices.

Bottom glade, a low glade or open place; a valley; a dale. Milton.

-- Bottom grass, grass growing on bottom lands. -- Bottom land. See 1st Bottom, n., 7.

Bot"tom, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bottomed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bottoming.]

1. To found or build upon; to fix upon as a support; -- followed by on or upon.

> Action is supposed to be bottomed upon principle.
> Atterbury.

> Those false and deceiving grounds upon which many bottom their eternal state].
> South.

2. To furnish with a bottom; as, to bottom a chair.

3. To reach or get to the bottom of. Smiles.

Bot"tom, v. i. 1. To rest, as upon an ultimate support; to be based or grounded; -- usually with on or upon.

> Find on what foundation any proposition bottoms.
> Locke.

2. To reach or impinge against the bottom, so as to impede free action, as when the point of a cog strikes the bottom of a space between two other cogs, or a piston the end of a cylinder.

Bot"tom, n. [OE. botme, perh. corrupt. for button. See Button.] A ball or skein of thread; a cocoon. [Obs.]

> Silkworms finish their bottoms in . . . fifteen days.
> Mortimer.

Bot"tom, v. t. To wind round something, as in making a ball of thread. [Obs.]

> As you unwind her love from him,
> Lest it should ravel and be good to none,
> You must provide to bottom it on me.
> Shak.

Bot"tomed (&?;), a. Having at the bottom, or as a bottom; resting upon a bottom; grounded; -- mostly, in composition; as, sharp-bottomed; well-bottomed.

Bot"tom*less, a. Without a bottom; hence, fathomless; baseless; as, a bottomless abyss. "Bottomless speculations." Burke.

Bot"tom*ry (&?;), n. [From 1st Bottom in sense 8: cf.D. bodemerij. Cf. Bummery.] (Mar.Law) A contract in the nature of a mortgage, by which the owner of a ship, or the master as his agent, hypothecates and binds the ship (and sometimes the accruing freight) as security for the repayment of money advanced or lent for the use of the ship, if she terminates her voyage successfully. If the ship is lost by perils of the sea, the lender loses the money; but if the ship arrives safe, he is to receive the money lent, with the interest or premium stipulated, although it may, and usually does, exceed the legal rate of interest. See Hypothecation.

{ Bot"ton*y (&?;), Bot"to*né (&?;), } a. [F. boutonné, fr. boutonner to bud, button.] (Her.) Having a bud or button, or a kind of trefoil, at the end; furnished with knobs or buttons.

Cross bottony (Her.), a cross having each arm terminating in three rounded lobes, forming a sort of trefoil.

Botts (&?;), n. pl. (Zoöl.) See Bots.

Bot"u*li*form` (&?;), a. [L. botulus sausage + -form.] (Bot.) Having the shape of a sausage. Henslow.

||Bouche (&?;), n. [F.] Same as Bush, a lining.

Bouche, v. t. Same as Bush, to line.

{ ||Bouche, Bouch } (&?;), n. [F. bouche mouth, victuals.]

1. A mouth. [Obs.]

2. An allowance of meat and drink for the tables of inferior officers or servants in a nobleman's palace or at court. [Obs.]

||Bou`chées" (&?;), n. pl. [F., morsels, mouthfuls, fr. bouche mouth.] (Cookery) Small patties.

Boud (&?;), n. A weevil; a worm that breeds in malt, biscuit, etc. [Obs.] Tusser.

||Bou*doir" (&?;), n. [F., fr. bouder to pout, be sulky.] A small room, esp. if pleasant, or elegantly furnished, to which a lady may retire to be alone, or to receive intimate friends; a lady's (or sometimes a gentleman's) private room. Cowper.

||Bouffe (?), n. [F., buffoon.] Comic opera. See Opera Bouffe.

||Bou`gain*vil*læ`a (&?;), n. [Named from Bougainville, the French navigator.] (Bot.) A genus of plants of the order Nyctoginaceæ, from tropical South America, having the flowers surrounded by large bracts.

Bouge (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bouged (&?;)] [Variant of bulge. Cf. Bowge.]

1. To swell out. [Obs.]

2. To bilge. [Obs.] "Their ship bouged." Hakluyt.

Bouge, v. t. To stave in; to bilge. [Obs.] Holland.

Bouge, n. [F. bouche mouth, victuals.] Bouche (see Bouche, 2); food and drink; provisions. [Obs.]

> [They] made room for a bombardman that brought bouge for a country lady or two, that fainted . . . with fasting.
> B. Jonson.

Bou"get (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bougette sack, bag. Cf. Budget.] (Her.) A charge representing a leather vessel for carrying water; -- also called water bouget.

Bough (&?;), n. [OE. bogh, AS. bg, bh, bough, shoulder; akin to Icel. bgr shoulder, bow of a ship, Sw. bog, Dan. bov, OHG. buog, G. bug, and to Gr.&?; ( for &?; ) forearm, Skr. bhu (for bhghu) arm. √88, 251. Cf. Bow of a ship.]

1. An arm or branch of a tree, esp. a large arm or main branch.

2. A gallows. [Archaic] Spenser.

Bought (&?;), n. [Cf. Dan. bugt bend, turning, Icel. bug&?;a. Cf. Bight, Bout, and see Bow to bend.]

1. A flexure; a bend; a twist; a turn; a coil, as in a rope; as the boughts of a serpent. [Obs.] Spenser.

> The boughts of the fore legs.
> Sir T. Browne.

2. The part of a sling that contains the stone. [Obs.]

Bought (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Buy.

Bought, p. a. Purchased; bribed.

Bought"en (&?;), a. Purchased; not obtained or produced at home. Coleridge.

Bought"y (&?;), a. Bending. [Obs.] Sherwood.

||Bou*gie" (&?;), n. [F. bougie wax candle, bougie, fr. Bougie, Bugia, a town of North Africa, from which these candles were first imported into Europe.]

1. (Surg.) A long, flexible instrument, that is

introduced into the urethra, esophagus, etc., to remove obstructions, or for the other purposes. It was originally made of waxed linen rolled into cylindrical form.

2. (Pharm.) A long slender rod consisting of gelatin or some other substance that melts at the temperature of the body. It is impregnated with medicine, and designed for introduction into urethra, etc.

||Bou`illi" (&?;), n. [F., fr. bouillir to boil.] (Cookery) Boiled or stewed meat; beef boiled with vegetables in water from which its gravy is to be made; beef from which bouillon or soup has been made.

||Bou`illon" (&?;), n. [F., fr. bouillir to boil.] 1. A nutritious liquid food made by boiling beef, or other meat, in water; a clear soup or broth.

2. (Far.) An excrescence on a horse's frush or frog.

Bouk (bk), n. [AS. bc belly; akin to G. bauch, Icel. bkr body.]

1. The body. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Bulk; volume. [Scot.]

Boul (bl), n. A curved handle. Sir W. Scott.

Bou*lan"ger*ite (&?;), n. [From Boulanger, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) A mineral of a bluish gray color and metallic luster, usually in plumose masses, also compact. It is a sulphide of antimony and lead.

Boul"der (bl"dr), n. Same as Bowlder.

Boul"der*y (&?;), a. Characterized by bowlders.

{ Boule (&?;), Boule"work` } (&?;), n. Same as Buhl, Buhlwork.

||Bou"le*vard` (&?;), n. [F. boulevard, boulevart, fr. G. bollwerk. See Bulwark.]

1. Originally, a bulwark or rampart of fortification or fortified town.

2. A public walk or street occupying the site of demolished fortifications. Hence: A broad avenue in or around a city.

||Boule`verse`ment" (&?;), n. [F., fr. bouleverser to overthrow.] Complete overthrow; disorder; a turning upside down.

Boult (blt), n. Corrupted form Bolt.

{ Boul"tel (&?;), Boul"tin } (&?;), n. (Arch.) (a) A molding, the convexity of which is one fourth of a circle, being a member just below the abacus in the Tuscan and Roman Doric capital; a torus; an ovolo. (b) One of the shafts of a clustered column. [Written also bowtel, boltel, boultell, etc.]

Boul"ter (&?;), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A long, stout fishing line to which many hooks are attached.

Boun (&?;), a. [See Bound ready.] Ready; prepared; destined; tending. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Boun, v. t. To make or get ready. Sir W. Scott.

Bounce (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bounced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bouncing (&?;).] [OE. bunsen; cf. D. bonzen to strike, bounce, bons blow, LG. bunsen to knock; all prob. of imitative origin.]

1. To strike or thump, so as to rebound, or to make a sudden noise; a knock loudly.

> Another bounces as hard as he can knock.
> Swift.

> Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart.
> Dryden.

2. To leap or spring suddenly or unceremoniously; to bound; as, she bounced into the room.

> Out bounced the mastiff.
> Swift.

> Bounced off his arm+chair.
> Thackeray.

3. To boast; to talk big; to bluster. [Obs.]

Bounce, v. t. 1. To drive against anything suddenly and violently; to bump; to thump. Swift.

2. To cause to bound or rebound; sometimes, to toss.

3. To eject violently, as from a room; to discharge unceremoniously, as from employment. [Collog. U. S.]

4. To bully; to scold. [Collog.] J. Fletcher.

Bounce (&?;), n.

1. A sudden leap or bound; a rebound.

2. A heavy, sudden, and often noisy, blow or thump.

> The bounce burst open the door.
> Dryden.

3. An explosion, or the noise of one. [Obs.]

4. Bluster; brag; untruthful boasting; audacious exaggeration; an impudent lie; a bouncer. Johnson. De Quincey.&?;

5. (Zoöl.) A dogfish of Europe (Scyllium catulus).

Bounce, adv. With a sudden leap; suddenly.

> This impudent puppy comes bounce in upon me.
> Bickerstaff.

Boun"cer (&?;), n. 1. One who bounces; a large, heavy person who makes much noise in moving.

2. A boaster; a bully. [Collog.] Johnson.

3. A bold lie; also, a liar. [Collog.] Marryat.

4. Something big; a good stout example of the kind.

> The stone must be a bouncer.
> De Quincey.

Boun"cing (&?;), a. 1. Stout; plump and healthy; lusty; buxom.

> Many tall and bouncing young ladies.
> Thackeray.

2. Excessive; big. "A bouncing reckoning." B. & Fl.

Bouncing Bet (Bot.), the common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis). Harper's Mag.

Boun"cing*ly, adv. With a bounce.

Bound (&?;), n. [OE. bounde, bunne, OF. bonne, bonde, bodne, F. borne, fr. LL. bodina, bodena, bonna; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Arm. bonn boundary, limit, and boden, bod, a tuft or cluster of trees, by which a boundary or limit could be marked. Cf. Bourne.] The external or limiting line, either real or imaginary, of any object or space; that which limits or restrains, or within which something is limited or restrained; limit; confine; extent; boundary.

> He hath compassed the waters with bounds.
> Job xxvi. 10.

> On earth's remotest bounds.
> Campbell.

> And mete the bounds of hate and love.
> Tennyson.

To keep within bounds, not to exceed or pass beyond assigned limits; to act with propriety or discretion.

Syn. -- See Boundary.

Bound, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Bounding.]

1. To limit; to terminate; to fix the furthest point of extension of; -- said of natural or of moral objects; to lie along, or form, a boundary of; to inclose; to circumscribe; to restrain; to confine.

> Where full measure only bounds excess.
> Milton.

> Phlegethon . . .
> Whose fiery flood the burning empire bounds.
> Dryden.

2. To name the boundaries of; as, to bound France.

Bound, v. i. [F. bondir to leap, OF. bondir, bundir, to leap, resound, fr. L. bombitare to buzz, hum, fr. bombus a humming, buzzing. See Bomb.]

1. To move with a sudden spring or leap, or with a succession of springs or leaps; as the beast bounded from his den; the herd bounded across the plain.

> Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds.
> Pope.

> And the waves bound beneath me as a steed
> That knows his rider.
> Byron.

2. To rebound, as an elastic ball.

Bound, v. t. 1. To make to bound or leap; as, to bound a horse. [R.] Shak.

2. To cause to rebound; to throw so that it will rebound; as, to bound a ball on the floor. [Collog.]

Bound, n. 1. A leap; an elastic spring; a jump.

> A bound of graceful hardihood.
> Wordsworth.

2. Rebound; as, the bound of a ball. Johnson.

3. (Dancing) Spring from one foot to the other.

Bound, imp. & p. p. of Bind.

Bound, p. p. & a. 1. Restrained by a hand, rope, chain, fetters, or the like.

2. Inclosed in a binding or cover; as, a bound volume.

3. Under legal or moral restraint or obligation.

4. Constrained or compelled; destined; certain; -- followed by the infinitive; as, he is bound to succeed; he is bound to fail.

5. Resolved; as, I am bound to do it. [Collog. U. S.]

6. Constipated; costive.

Used also in composition; as, icebound, windbound, hidebound, etc.

Bound bailiff (Eng. Law), a sheriff's officer who serves writs, makes arrests, etc. The sheriff being answerable for the bailiff's misdemeanors, the bailiff is usually under bond for the faithful discharge of his trust. -- Bound up in, entirely devoted to; inseparable from.

Bound, a. [Past p. of OE. bounen to prepare, fr. boun ready, prepared, fr. Icel. binn, p. p. of ba to dwell, prepare; akin to E. boor and bower. See Bond, a., and cf. Busk, v.] Ready or intending to go; on the way toward; going; -- with to or for, or with an adverb of motion; as, a ship is bound to Cadiz, or for Cadiz. "The mariner bound homeward." Cowper.

Bound"a*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Boundaries (&?;) [From Bound a limit; cf. LL. bonnarium piece of land with fixed limits.] That which indicates or fixes a limit or extent, or marks a bound, as of a territory; a bounding or separating line; a real or imaginary limit.

> But still his native country lies
> Beyond the boundaries of the skies.
> N. Cotton.

> That bright and tranquil stream, the boundary of Louth and Meath.
> Macaulay.

> Sensation and reflection are the boundaries of our thoughts.
> Locke.

Syn. -- Limit; bound; border; term; termination; barrier; verge; confines; precinct. Bound, Boundary. Boundary, in its original and strictest sense, is a visible object or mark indicating a limit. Bound is the limit itself. But in ordinary usage the two words are made interchangeable.

Bound"en (&?;), p. p & a. [Old. p. p. of bind.]

1. Bound; fastened by bonds. [Obs.]

<! p. 171 !>

2. Under obligation; bound by some favor rendered; obliged; beholden.

> This holy word, that teacheth us truly our bounden duty toward our Lord God in every point.
> Ridley.

3. Made obligatory; imposed as a duty; binding.

> I am much bounden to your majesty.
> Shak.

Bound"er (bound"r), n. One who, or that which, limits; a boundary. Sir T. Herbert.

Bound"ing, a. Moving with a bound or bounds.

> The bounding pulse, the languid limb.
> Montgomery.

Bound"less, a. Without bounds or confines; illimitable; vast; unlimited. "The boundless sky." Bryant. "The boundless ocean." Dryden. "Boundless rapacity." "Boundless prospect of gain." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Unlimited; unconfined; immeasurable; illimitable; infinite.

-- Bound"less*ly, adv. -- Bound"less*ness, n.

Boun"te*ous (&?;), a. [OE. bountevous, fr. bounte bounty.] Liberal in charity; disposed to give freely; generously liberal; munificent; beneficent; free in bestowing gifts; as, bounteous production.

> But O, thou bounteous Giver of all good.
> Cowper.

-- Boun"te*ous*ly, adv. -- Boun"te*ous*ness, n.

Boun"ti*ful (&?;), a.

1. Free in giving; liberal in bestowing gifts and favors.

> God, the bountiful Author of our being.
> Locke.

2. Plentiful; abundant; as, a bountiful supply of food.

Syn. -- Liberal; munificent; generous; bounteous.

-- Boun"ti*ful*ly, adv. -- Boun"ti*ful*ness, n.

{ Boun"ti*head (&?;), Boun"ty*hood (&?;), } n. Goodness; generosity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Boun"ty, n.; pl. Bounties (&?;). [OE. bounte goodness, kindness, F. bonté, fr. L. bonitas, fr. bonus good, for older duonus; cf. Skr. duvas honor, respect.]

1. Goodness, kindness; virtue; worth. [Obs.]

> Nature set in her at once beauty with bounty.
> Gower.

2. Liberality in bestowing gifts or favors; gracious or liberal giving; generosity; munificence.

> My bounty is as boundless as the sea.
> Shak.

3. That which is given generously or liberally. "Thy morning bounties." Cowper.

4. A premium offered or given to induce men to enlist into the public service; or to encourage any branch of industry, as husbandry or manufactures.

Bounty jumper, one who, during the latter part of the Civil War, enlisted in the United States service, and deserted as soon as possible after receiving the bounty. [Collog.] -- Queen Anne's bounty (Eng. Hist.), a provision made in Queen Anne's reign for augmenting poor clerical livings.

Syn. -- Munificence; generosity; beneficence.

Bou*quet" (&?;), n. [F. bouquet bunch, bunch of flowers, trees, feathers, for bousquet, bosquet, thicket, a little wood, dim. of LL. boscus. See Bush thicket, and cf. Bosket, Busket.]

1. A nosegay; a bunch of flowers.

2. A perfume; an aroma; as, the bouquet of wine.

||Bou`que*tin" (&?;), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The ibex.

Bour (&?;), n. [See Bower a chamber.] A chamber or a cottage. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bour"bon (&?;), n. [From the castle and seigniory of Bourbon in central France.]

1. A member of a family which has occupied several European thrones, and whose descendants still claim the throne of France.

2. A politician who is behind the age; a ruler or politician who neither forgets nor learns anything; an obstinate conservative.

Bour"bon*ism (&?;), n. The principles of those adhering to the house of Bourbon; obstinate conservatism.

Bour"bon*ist, n. One who adheres to the house of Bourbon; a legitimist.

Bour"bon whis"ky. See under Whisky.

Bourd (&?;), n. [F. bourde fib, lie, OF. borde, bourde, jest, joke.] A jest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bourd (&?;), v. i. To jest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bourd"er (&?;), n. A jester. [Obs.]

Bour"don (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. burdo mule, esp. one used for carrying litters. Cf. Sp. muleta a young she mule; also, crutch, prop.] A pilgrim's staff.

||Bour"don` (&?;), n. [F. See Burden a refrain.] (Mus.) (a) A drone bass, as in a bagpipe, or a hurdy-gurdy. See Burden (of a song.) (b) A kind of organ stop.

Bour*geois" (&?;), n. [From a French type founder named Bourgeois, or fr. F. bourgeois of the middle class; hence applied to an intermediate size of type between brevier and long primer: cf. G. bourgeois, borgis. Cf. Burgess.] (Print.) A size of type between long primer and brevier. See Type.

This line is printed in bourgeois type.

||Bour*geois" (&?;), n. [F., fr. bourg town; of German origin. See Burgess.] A man of middle rank in society; one of the shopkeeping class. [France.]

a. Characteristic of the middle class, as in France.

||Bour*geoi*sie", n. [F.] The French middle class, particularly such as are concerned in, or dependent on, trade.

Bour"geon (&?;), v. i. [OE. burjoun a bud, burjounen to bud, F. bourgeon a bud, bourgeonner to bud; cf. OHG. burjan to raise.] To sprout; to put forth buds; to shoot forth, as a branch.

> Gayly to bourgeon and broadly to grow.
> Sir W. Scott.

||Bou"ri (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A mullet (Mugil capito) found in the rivers of Southern Europe and in Africa.

{ Bourn, Bourne } (&?;), n. [OE. burne, borne, AS. burna; akin to OS. brunno spring, G. born, brunnen, OHG. prunno, Goth. brunna, Icel. brunnr, and perh. to Gr. &?;. The root is prob. that of burn, v., because the source of a stream seems to issue forth bubbling and boiling from the earth. Cf. Torrent, and see Burn, v.] A stream or rivulet; a burn.

> My little boat can safely pass this perilous bourn.
> Spenser.

{ Bourn, Bourne } (&?;), n. [F. borne. See Bound a limit.] A bound; a boundary; a limit. Hence: Point aimed at; goal.

> Where the land slopes to its watery bourn.
> Cowper.

> The undiscovered country, from whose bourn
> No traveler returns.
> Shak.

> Sole bourn, sole wish, sole object of my song.
> Wordsworth.

> To make the doctrine . . . their intellectual bourne.
> Tyndall.

Bourn"less, a. Without a bourn or limit.

Bour"non*ite (&?;), n. [Named after Count Bournon, a mineralogist.] (Min.) A mineral of a steel- gray to black color and metallic luster, occurring crystallized, often in twin crystals shaped like cogwheels (wheel ore), also massive. It is a sulphide of antimony, lead, and copper.

Bour*nous" (&?;), n. See Burnoose.

||Bour*rée (&?;), n. [F.] (Mus.) An old French dance tune in common time.

||Bourse (&?;), n. [F. bourse purse, exchange, LL. bursa, fr. Gr.&?; skin, hide, of which a purse was usually made. Cf. Purse, Burse.] An exchange, or place where merchants, bankers, etc., meet for business at certain hours; esp., the Stock Exchange of Paris.

Bouse (&?;), v. i. To drink immoderately; to carouse; to booze. See Booze.

Bouse, n. Drink, esp. alcoholic drink; also, a carouse; a booze. "A good bouse of liquor." Carlyle.

Bous"er (&?;), n. A toper; a boozer.

||Bou`stro*phe"don (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; turning like oxen in plowing; &?; to turn.] An ancient mode of writing, in alternate directions, one line from left to right, and the next from right to left (as fields are plowed), as in early Greek and Hittite.

Bou*stroph`e*don"ic (&?;), a. Relating to the boustrophedon made of writing.

Bou*stroph"ic (&?;), a. [Gr. boystro`fos ox-guiding.] Boustrophedonic.

Bousy (b"z), a. Drunken; sotted; boozy.

> In his cups the bousy poet songs.
> Dryden.

Bout (bout), n. [A different spelling and application of bought bend.] 1. As much of an action as is performed at one time; a going and returning, as of workmen in reaping, mowing, etc.; a turn; a round.

> In notes with many a winding bout
> Of linked sweetness long drawn out.
> Milton.

> The prince . . . has taken me in his train, so that I am in no danger of starving for this bout.
> Goldsmith.

2. A conflict; contest; attempt; trial; a set-to at anything; as, a fencing bout; a drinking bout.

> The gentleman will, for his honor's sake, have one bout with you; he can not by the duello avoid it.
> Shak.

Bou*tade" (&?;), n. [F., fr. bouter to thrust. See Butt.] An outbreak; a caprice; a whim. [Obs.]

Boute"feu (&?;), n. [F.; bouter to thrust, put + feu fire.] An incendiary; an inciter of quarrels. [Obs.]

> Animated by . . . John à Chamber, a very boutefeu, . . . they entered into open rebellion.
> Bacon.

||Bou`ton`nière" (&?;), n. [F., buttonhole.] A bouquet worn in a buttonhole.

||Bouts`-ri*més" (&?;), n. pl. [F. bout end + rimé rhymed.] Words that rhyme, proposed as the ends of verses, to be filled out by the ingenuity of the person to whom they are offered.

Bo"vate (&?;), n. [LL. bovata, fr. bos, bovis, ox.] (O.Eng.Law.) An oxgang, or as much land as an ox can plow in a year; an ancient measure of land, of indefinite quantity, but usually estimated at fifteen acres.

Bo"vey coal` (&?;). (Min.) A kind of mineral coal, or brown lignite, burning with a weak flame, and generally a disagreeable odor; -- found at Bovey Tracey, Devonshire, England. It is of geological age of the oölite, and not of the true coal era.

Bo"vid (&?;), a. [L. bos, bovis, ox, cow.] (Zoöl.) Relating to that tribe of ruminant mammals of which the genus Bos is the type.

Bo"vi*form (&?;), a. [L. bos, bovis, ox + -form.] Resembling an ox in form; ox- shaped. [R.]

Bo"vine (&?;), a. [LL. bovinus, fr.L. bos, bovis, ox, cow: cf. F. bovine. See Cow.]

1. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Bos; relating to, or resembling, the ox or cow; oxlike; as, the bovine genus; a bovine antelope.

2. Having qualities characteristic of oxen or cows; sluggish and patient; dull; as, a bovine temperament.

> The bovine gaze of gaping rustics.
> W. Black.

Bow (bou), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bowing.] [OE. bowen, bogen, bugen, AS. bgan (generally v. i.); akin to D. buigen, OHG. biogan, G. biegen, beugen, Icel. boginn bent, beygja to bend, Sw. böja, Dan. böie, bugne, Coth. biugan; also to L. fugere to flee, Gr. &?;, and Skr. bhuj to bend. √88. Cf. Fugitive.]

1. To cause to deviate from straightness; to bend; to inflect; to make crooked or curved.

> We bow things the contrary way, to make them come to their natural straightness.
> Milton.

> The whole nation bowed their necks to the worst kind of tyranny.
> Prescott.

2. To exercise powerful or controlling influence over; to bend, figuratively; to turn; to incline.

> Adversities do more bow men's minds to religion.
> Bacon.

> Not to bow and bias their opinions.
> Fuller.

3. To bend or incline, as the head or body, in token of respect, gratitude, assent, homage, or condescension.

> They came to meet him, and bowed themselves to the ground before him.
> 2 Kings ii. 15.

4. To cause to bend down; to prostrate; to depress,;&?; to crush; to subdue.

> Whose heavy hand hath bowed you to the grave.
> Shak.

5. To express by bowing; as, to bow one's thanks.

Bow (bou), v. i. 1. To bend; to curve. [Obs.]

2. To stop. [Archaic]

> They stoop, they bow down together.
> Is. xlvi. 2&?;

3. To bend the head, knee, or body, in token of reverence or submission; -- often with down.

> O come, let us worship and bow down: let us kneel before the Lord our maker.
> Ps. xcv. 6.

4. To incline the head in token of salutation, civility, or assent; to make bow.

> Admired, adored by all circling crowd,
> For wheresoe'er she turned her face, they bowed.
> Dryden.

Bow (bou), n. An inclination of the head, or a bending of the body, in token of reverence, respect, civility, or submission; an obeisance; as, a bow of deep humility.

Bow (b), n. [OE. bowe, boge, AS. boga, fr. AS. bgan to bend; akin to D. boog, G. bogen, Icel. bogi. See Bow, v. t.]

1. Anything bent, or in the form of a curve, as the rainbow.

> I do set my bow in the cloud.
> Gen. ix. 13.

2. A weapon made of a strip of wood, or other elastic material, with a cord connecting the two ends, by means of which an arrow is propelled.

3. An ornamental knot, with projecting loops, formed by doubling a ribbon or string.

4. The U-shaped piece which embraces the neck of an ox and fastens it to the yoke.

5. (Mus.) An appliance consisting of an elastic rod, with a number of horse hairs stretched from end to end of it, used in playing on a stringed instrument.

6. An arcograph.

7. (Mech. & Manuf.) Any instrument consisting of an elastic rod, with ends connected by a string, employed for giving reciprocating motion to a drill, or for preparing and arranging the hair, fur, etc., used by hatters.

8. (Naut.) A rude sort of quadrant formerly used for taking the sun's altitude at sea.

9. (Saddlery) sing. or pl. Two pieces of wood which form the arched forward part of a saddletree.

Bow bearer (O. Eng. Law), an under officer of the forest who looked after trespassers. -- Bow drill, a drill worked by a bow and string. -- Bow instrument (Mus.), any stringed instrument from which the tones are produced by the bow. -- Bow window (Arch.) See Bay window. -- To draw a long bow, to lie; to exaggerate. [Colloq.]

Bow (b), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bowing.] To play (music) with a bow. -- v. i. To manage the bow.

Bow (b), n. [Icel. bgr shoulder, bow of a ship. See Bough.]

1. (Naut.) The bending or rounded part of a ship forward; the stream or prow.

2. (Naut.) One who rows in the forward part of a boat; the bow oar.

Bow chaser (Naut.), a gun in the bow for firing while chasing another vessel. Totten.

- Bow piece, a piece of ordnance carried at the bow of a ship. -- On the bow (Naut.), on that part of the horizon within 45° on either side of the line ahead. Totten.

Bow"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being bowed or bent; flexible; easily influenced; yielding. [Obs.]

Bow"bell` (&?;), n. One born within hearing distance of Bow-bells; a cockney. Halliwell.

Bow"-bells` (&?;), n. pl. The bells of Bow Church in London; cockneydom.

> People born within the sound of Bow-bells are usually called cockneys.
> Murray's Handbook of London.

Bow"bent` (&?;), a. Bent, like a bow. Milton.

Bow"-com`pass (&?;), n.; pl. Bow-compasses (&?;).

1. An arcograph.

2. A small pair of compasses, one leg of which carries a pencil, or a pen, for drawing circles. Its legs are often connected by a bow-shaped spring, instead of by a joint.

3. A pair of compasses, with a bow or arched plate riveted to one of the legs, and passing through the other.

Bow"el (?), n. [OE. bouel, bouele, OF. boel, boele, F. boyau, fr. L. botellus a small sausage, in LL. also intestine, dim. of L. botulus sausage.]

1. One of the intestines of an animal; an entrail, especially of man; a gut; -- generally used in the plural.

> He burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out.
> Acts i. 18.

2. pl. Hence, figuratively: The interior part of anything; as, the bowels of the earth.

> His soldiers . . . cried out amain,
> And rushed into the bowels of the battle.
> Shak.

3. pl. The seat of pity or kindness. Hence: Tenderness; compassion. "Thou thing of no bowels." Shak.

> Bloody Bonner, that corpulent tyrant, full (as one said) of guts, and empty of bowels.
> Fuller.

4. pl. Offspring. [Obs.] Shak.

Bow"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boweled or Bowelled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Boweling or Bowelling.] To take out the bowels of; to eviscerate; to disembowel.

Bow"eled (&?;), a. [Written also bowelled.] Having bowels; hollow. "The boweled cavern." Thomson.

Bow"el*less, a. Without pity. Sir T. Browne.

Bow"en*ite (&?;), n. [From G.T. Bowen, who analyzed it in 1822.] (Min.) A hard, compact variety of serpentine found in Rhode Island. It is of a light green color and resembles jade.

Bo"wer (&?;), n. [From Bow, v. & n.]

1. One who bows or bends.

2. (Naut.) An anchor carried at the bow of a ship.

3. A muscle that bends a limb, esp. the arm. [Obs.]

> His rawbone arms, whose mighty brawned bowers
> Were wont to rive steel plates and helmets hew.

Spenser.

Best bower, Small bower. See the Note under Anchor.

<! p. 172 !>

Bow"er (bou"r), n. [G. bauer a peasant. So called from the figure sometimes used for the knave in cards. See Boor.] One of the two highest cards in the pack commonly used in the game of euchre.

Right bower, the knave of the trump suit, the highest card (except the "Joker") in the game. -- Left bower, the knave of the other suit of the same color as the trump, being the next to the right bower in value. -- Best bower or Joker, in some forms of euchre and some other games, an extra card sometimes added to the pack, which takes precedence of all others as the highest card.

Bow"er, n. [OE. bour, bur, room, dwelling, AS. br, fr. the root of AS. ban to dwell; akin to Icel. br chamber, storehouse, Sw. br cage, Dan. buur, OHG. pr room, G. bauer cage, bauer a peasant. √97] Cf.Boor, Byre.]

1. Anciently, a chamber; a lodging room; esp., a lady's private apartment.

> Give me my lute in bed now as I lie,
> And lock the doors of mine unlucky bower.
> Gascoigne.

2. A rustic cottage or abode; poetically, an attractive abode or retreat. Shenstone. B. Johnson.

3. A shelter or covered place in a garden, made with boughs of trees or vines, etc., twined together; an arbor; a shady recess.

Bow"er, v. t. To embower; to inclose. Shak.

Bow"er, v. i. To lodge. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bow"er, n. [From Bough, cf. Brancher.] (Falconry) A young hawk, when it begins to leave the nest. [Obs.]

Bow"er bird` (&?;). (Zoöl.) An Australian bird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus or holosericeus), allied to the starling, which constructs singular bowers or playhouses of twigs and decorates them with bright-colored objects; the satin bird.

The name is also applied to other related birds of the same region, having similar habits; as, the spotted bower bird (Chalmydodera maculata), and the regent bird (Sericulus melinus).

Bow"er*y (&?;), a. Shading, like a bower; full of bowers.

> A bowery maze that shades the purple streams.
> Trumbull.

Bow"er*y, n.; pl. Boweries (&?;). [D. bouwerij.] A farm or plantation with its buildings. [U.S.Hist.]

> The emigrants [in New York] were scattered on boweries or plantations; and seeing the evils of this mode of living widely apart, they were advised, in 1643 and 1646, by the Dutch authorities, to gather into "villages, towns, and hamlets, as the English were in the habit of doing."
> Bancroft.

Bow"er*y, a. Characteristic of the street called the Bowery, in New York city; swaggering; flashy.

Bow"ess (&?;), n. (Falconry) Same as Bower. [Obs.]

Bow"fin` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A voracious ganoid fish (Amia calva) found in the fresh waters of the United States; the mudfish; -- called also Johnny Grindle, and dogfish.

Bowge (&?;), v. i. To swell out. See Bouge. [Obs.]

Bowge, v. t. To cause to leak. [Obs.] See Bouge.

Bow"grace` (&?;), n. (Naut.) A frame or fender of rope or junk, laid out at the sides or bows of a vessel to secure it from injury by floating ice.

Bow" hand` (&?;). 1. (Archery) The hand that holds the bow, i. e., the left hand.

> Surely he shoots wide on the bow hand.
> Spenser.

2. (Mus.) The hand that draws the bow, i. e., the right hand.

Bow"head` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The great Arctic or Greenland whale. (Balæna mysticetus). See Baleen, and Whale.

Bow"ie knife` (&?;). A knife with a strong blade from ten to fifteen inches long, and double-edged near the point; -- used as a hunting knife, and formerly as a weapon in the southwestern part of the United States. It was named from its inventor, Colonel James Bowie. Also, by extension, any large sheath knife.

Bow"ing (&?;), n. (Mus.) 1. The act or art of managing the bow in playing on stringed instruments.

> Bowing constitutes a principal part of the art of the violinist, the violist, etc.
> J. W. Moore.

2. In hatmaking, the act or process of separating and distributing the fur or hair by means of a bow, to prepare it for felting.

Bow"ing*ly (&?;), adv. In a bending manner.

Bow"knot` (&?;), n. A knot in which a portion of the string is drawn through in the form of a loop or bow, so as to be readily untied.

Bowl (bl), n. [OE. bolle, AS. bolla; akin to Icel. bolli, Dan. bolle, G. bolle, and perh. to E. boil a tumor. Cf. Boll.]

1. A concave vessel of various forms (often approximately hemispherical), to hold liquids, etc.

> Brought them food in bowls of basswood.
> Longfellow.

2. Specifically, a drinking vessel for wine or other spirituous liquors; hence, convivial drinking.

3. The contents of a full bowl; what a bowl will hold.

4. The hollow part of a thing; as, the bowl of a spoon.

Bowl (bl), n. [F. boule, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud. Cf. Bull an edict, Bill a writing.]

1. A ball of wood or other material used for rolling on a level surface in play; a ball of hard wood having one side heavier than the other, so as to give it a bias when rolled.

2. pl. An ancient game, popular in Great Britain, played with biased balls on a level plat of greensward.

> Like an uninstructed bowler, . . . who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straightforward upon it.
> Sir W. Scott.

3. pl. The game of tenpins or bowling. [U.S.]

Bowl (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bowling.] 1. To roll, as a bowl or cricket ball.

> Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel,
> And bowl the round nave down the hill of heaven.
> Shak.

2. To roll or carry smoothly on, or as on, wheels; as, we were bowled rapidly along the road.

3. To pelt or strike with anything rolled.

> Alas, I had rather be set quick i' the earth,
> And bowled to death with turnips&?;
> Shak.

To bowl (a player) out, in cricket, to put out a striker by knocking down a bail or a stump in bowling.

Bowl, v. i. 1. To play with bowls.

2. To roll a ball on a plane, as at cricket, bowls, etc.

3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball; as, the carriage bowled along.

{ Bowl"der, Boul"der (&?;), } n. [Cf. Sw. bullra to roar, rattle, Dan. buldre, dial. Sw. bullersteen larger kind of pebbles; perh. akin to E. bellow.]

1. A large stone, worn smooth or rounded by the action of water; a large pebble.

2. (Geol.) A mass of any rock, whether rounded or not, that has been transported by natural agencies from its native bed. See Drift.

Bowlder clay, the unstratified clay deposit of the Glacial or Drift epoch, often containing large numbers of bowlders. -- Bowlder wall, a wall constructed of large stones or bowlders.

Bowl"der*y (&?;), a. Characterized by bowlders.

Bow"leg` (&?;), n. A crooked leg. Jer. Taylor.

Bow"-legged` (&?;), a. Having crooked legs, esp. with the knees bent outward. Johnson.

Bowl"er (&?;), n. One who plays at bowls, or who rolls the ball in cricket or any other game.

Bow"less, a. Destitute of a bow.

Bow"line (&?;), n. [Cf. D. boelijn, Icel. böglïna&?;, Dan. bovline; properly the line attached to the shoulder or side of the sail. See Bow (of a ship), and Line.] (Naut.) A rope fastened near the middle of the leech or perpendicular edge of the square sails, by subordinate ropes, called bridles, and used to keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when the ship is closehauled.

Bowline bridles, the ropes by which the bowline is fastened to the leech of the sail. -- Bowline knot. See Illust. under Knot. -- On a bowline, close-hauled or sailing close to the wind; -- said of a ship.

Bowl"ing (&?;), n. The act of playing at or rolling bowls, or of rolling the ball at cricket; the game of bowls or of tenpins.

Bowling alley, a covered place for playing at bowls or tenpins. -- Bowling green, a level piece of greensward or smooth ground for bowling, as the small park in lower Broadway, New York, where the Dutch of New Amsterdam played this game.

Bowls (blz), n. pl. See Bowl, a ball, a game.

Bow"man (&?;), n.; pl. Bowmen (&?;). A man who uses a bow; an archer.

> The whole city shall flee for the noise of the horsemen and bowmen.
> Jer. iv. 29.

Bowman's root. (Bot.) See Indian physic, under Indian.

Bow"man (&?;), n. (Naut.) The man who rows the foremost oar in a boat; the bow oar.

Bowne (&?;), v. t. [See Boun.] To make ready; to prepare; to dress. [Obs.]

> We will all bowne ourselves for the banquet.
> Sir W. Scott.

Bow" net` (&?;). 1. A trap for lobsters, being a wickerwork cylinder with a funnel-shaped entrance at one end.

2. A net for catching birds. J. H. Walsh.

Bow" oar` (&?;). 1. The oar used by the bowman.

2. One who rows at the bow of a boat.

Bow"-pen` (&?;), n. Bow-compasses carrying a drawing pen. See Bow-compass.

Bow"-pen`cil (&?;), n. Bow-compasses, one leg of which carries a pencil.

Bow"-saw` (&?;), n. A saw with a thin or narrow blade set in a strong frame.

Bowse (&?;), v. i. [See Booze, and Bouse.]

1. To carouse; to bouse; to booze. De Quincey.

2. (Naut.) To pull or haul; as, to bowse upon a tack; to bowse away, i. e., to pull all together.

Bowse, n. A carouse; a drinking bout; a booze.

Bow"shot` (&?;), n. The distance traversed by an arrow shot from a bow.

Bow"sprit` (&?;), n. [Bow + sprit; akin to D. boegspriet; boeg bow of a ship + spriet, E. sprit, also Sw. bogspröt, G. bugspriet.] (Naut.) A large boom or spar, which projects over the stem of a ship or other vessel, to carry sail forward.

Bows"sen (&?;), v. t. To drench; to soak; especially, to immerse (in water believed to have curative properties). [Obs.]

> There were many bowssening places, for curing of mad men.
> . . . If there appeared small amendment he was bowssened again and again.
> Carew.

Bow"string` (&?;), n. 1. The string of a bow.

2. A string used by the Turks for strangling offenders.

Bowstring bridge, a bridge formed of an arch of timber or iron, often braced, the thrust of which is resisted by a tie forming a chord of the arch. -- Bowstring girder, an arched beam strengthened by a tie connecting its two ends. -- Bowstring hemp (Bot.), the tenacious fiber of the Sanseviera Zeylanica, growing in India and Africa, from which bowstrings are made. Balfour.

Bow"string` (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bowstringed (&?;) or Bowstrung (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bowstringing.] To strangle with a bowstring.

Bow"stringed` (&?;), p.a. 1. Furnished with bowstring.

2. Put to death with a bowstring; strangled.

Bow"tel (&?;), n. See Boultel.

Bow"wow` (&?;), n. An onomatopoetic name for a dog or its bark. -- a. Onomatopoetic; as, the bowwow theory of language; a bowwow word. [Jocose.]

Bow"yer (&?;), n. [From Bow, like lawyer from law.]

1. An archer; one who uses bow.

2. One who makes or sells bows.

Box (bks), n. [As. box, L. buxus, fr. Gr. &?;. See Box a case.] (Bot.) A tree or shrub, flourishing in different parts of the world. The common box (Buxus sempervirens) has two varieties, one of which, the dwarf box (B. suffruticosa), is much used for borders in gardens. The wood of the tree varieties, being very hard and smooth, is extensively used in the arts, as by turners, engravers, mathematical instrument makers, etc.

Box elder, the ash-leaved maple (Negundo aceroides), of North America. -- Box holly, the butcher's broom (Russus aculeatus). -- Box thorn, a shrub (Lycium barbarum). -- Box tree, the tree variety of the common box.

Box, n.; pl. Boxes (&?;) [As. box a small case or vessel with a cover; akin to OHG. buhsa box, G. büchse; fr. L. buxus boxwood, anything made of boxwood. See Pyx, and cf. Box a tree, Bushel.] 1. A receptacle or case of any firm material and of various shapes.

2. The quantity that a box contain.

3. A space with a few seats partitioned off in a theater, or other place of public amusement.

> Laughed at by the pit, box, galleries, nay, stage.
> Dorset.

> The boxes and the pit are sovereign judges.
> Dryden.

4. A chest or any receptacle for the deposit of money; as, a poor box; a contribution box.

> Yet since his neighbors give, the churl unlocks,
> Damning the poor, his tripple-bolted box.
> J. Warton.

5. A small country house. "A shooting box." Wilson.

> Tight boxes neatly sashed.
> Cowper.

6. A boxlike shed for shelter; as, a sentry box.

7. (Mach) (a) An axle box, journal box, journal bearing, or bushing. (b) A chamber or section of tube in which a valve works; the bucket of a lifting pump.

8. The driver's seat on a carriage or coach.

9. A present in a box; a present; esp. a Christmas box or gift. "A Christmas box." Dickens.

10. (Baseball) The square in which the pitcher stands.

11. (Zoöl.) A Mediterranean food fish; the bogue.

Box is much used adjectively or in composition; as box lid, box maker, box circle, etc.; also with modifying substantives; as money box, letter box, bandbox, hatbox or hat box, snuff box or snuffbox.

Box beam (Arch.), a beam made of metal plates so as to have the form of a long box. -- Box car (Railroads), a freight car covered with a roof and inclosed on the sides to protect its contents. -- Box chronometer, a ship's chronometer, mounted in gimbals, to preserve its proper position. -- Box coat, a thick overcoat for driving; sometimes with a heavy cape to carry off the rain. -- Box coupling, a metal collar uniting the ends of shafts or other parts in machinery. -- Box crab (Zoöl.), a crab of the genus Calappa, which, when at rest with the legs retracted, resembles a box. -- Box drain (Arch.), a drain constructed with upright sides, and with flat top and bottom. -- Box girder (Arch.), a box beam. -- Box groove (Metal Working), a closed groove between two rolls, formed by a collar on one roll fitting between collars on another. R. W. Raymond. -- Box metal, an alloy of copper and tin, or of zinc, lead, and antimony, for the bearings of journals, etc. -- Box plait, a plait that doubles both to the right and the left. -- Box turtle or Box tortoise (Zoöl.), a land tortoise or turtle of the genera Cistudo and Emys; -- so named because it can withdraw entirely within its shell, which can be closed by hinged joints in the lower shell. Also, humorously, an exceedingly reticent person. Emerson. -- In a box, in a perplexity or an embarrassing position; in difficulty. (Colloq.) -- In the wrong box, out of one's place; out of one's element; awkwardly situated. (Colloq.) Ridley (1554)

Box, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Boxing.]

1. To inclose in a box.

2. To furnish with boxes, as a wheel.

3. (Arch.) To inclose with boarding, lathing, etc., so as to bring to a required form.

To box a tree, to make an incision or hole in a tree for the purpose of procuring the sap. -- To box off, to divide into tight compartments. -- To box up. (a) To put into a box in order to save; as, he had boxed up twelve score pounds. (b) To confine; as, to be boxed up in narrow quarters.

Box, n. [Cf.Dan. baske to slap, bask slap, blow. Cf. Pash.] A blow on the head or ear with the hand.

> A good-humored box on the ear.
> W. Irving.

Box, v. i. To fight with the fist; to combat with, or as with, the hand or fist; to spar.

Box, v. t. To strike with the hand or fist, especially to strike on the ear, or on the side of the head.

Box, v. t. [Cf.Sp. boxar, now spelt bojar.] To boxhaul.

To box off (Naut.), to turn the head of a vessel either way by bracing the headyards aback. -- To box the compass (Naut.), to name the thirty-two points of the compass in their order.

Box"ber`ry (&?;), n. (Bot.) The wintergreen. (Gaultheria procumbens). [Local, U.S.]

<! p. 173 !>

Box"en (bks"'n), a. Made of boxwood; pertaining to, or resembling, the box (Buxus). [R.]

> The faded hue of sapless boxen leaves.
> Dryden.

Box"er (bks"r), n. One who packs boxes.

Box"er, n. One who boxes; a pugilist.

Box"fish` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The trunkfish.

Box"haul` (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boxhauled (&?;).] (Naut.) To put (a vessel) on the other tack by veering her short round on her heel; -- so called from the circumstance of bracing the head yards abox (i. e., sharp aback, on the wind). Totten.

Box"haul`ing, n. (Naut.) A method of going from one tack to another. See Boxhaul.

Box"ing, n. 1. The act of inclosing (anything) in a box, as for storage or transportation.

2. Material used in making boxes or casings.

3. Any boxlike inclosure or recess; a casing.

4. (Arch.) The external case of thin material used to bring any member to a required form.

Box"ing, n. The act of fighting with the fist; a combat with the fist; sparring. Blackstone.

Boxing glove, a large padded mitten or glove used in sparring for exercise or amusement.

Box"-i`ron (&?;), n. A hollow smoothing iron containing a heater within.

Box"keep`er (&?;), n. An attendant at a theater who has charge of the boxes.

Box"thorn` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lycium, esp. Lycium barbarum.

Box"wood` (&?;), n. The wood of the box (Buxus).

Boy (&?;), n. [Cf. D. boef, Fries. boi, boy; akin to G. bube, Icel. bofi rouge.] A male child, from birth to the age of puberty; a lad; hence, a son.

> My only boy fell by the side of great Dundee.
> Sir W. Scott.

Boy is often used as a term of comradeship, as in college, or in the army or navy. In the plural used colloquially of members of an associaton, fraternity, or party.

Boy bishop, a boy (usually a chorister) elected bishop, in old Christian sports, and invested with robes and other insignia. He practiced a kind of mimicry of the ceremonies in which the bishop usually officiated. -- The Old Boy, the Devil. [Slang] -- Yellow boys, guineas. [Slang, Eng.] -- Boy's love, a popular English name of Southernwood (Artemisia abrotonum); -- called also lad's love. -- Boy's play, childish amusements; anything trifling.

Boy, v. t. To act as a boy; -- in allusion to the former practice of boys acting women's parts on the stage.

> I shall see
> Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness.
> Shak.

{ Bo*yar" (&?;), Bo*yard" (&?;), } n. [Russ. boiárin'.] A member of a Russian aristocratic order abolished by Peter the Great. Also, one of a privileged class in Roumania.

English writers sometimes call Russian landed proprietors boyars.

||Boy"au (&?;), n.; pl. Boyaux or Boyaus (&?;). [F. boyau gut, a long and narrow place, and (of trenches) a branch. See Bowel.] (Fort.) A winding or zigzag trench forming a path or communication from one siegework to another, to a magazine, etc.

Boy"cott` (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Boycotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Boycotting.] [From Captain Boycott, a land agent in Mayo, Ireland, so treated in 1880.] To combine against (a landlord, tradesman, employer, or other person), to withhold social or business relations from him, and to deter others from holding such relations; to subject to a boycott.

Boy"cott, n. The process, fact, or pressure of boycotting; a combining to withhold or prevent dealing or social intercourse with a tradesman, employer, etc.; social and business interdiction for the purpose of coercion.

Boy"cott`er (&?;), n. A participant in boycotting.

Boy"cott*ism (&?;), n. Methods of boycotters.

Boy"de*kin (&?;), n. A dagger; a bodkin. [Obs.]

Boy"er (&?;), n. [D. boeijer; -- so called because these vessels were employed for laying the boeijen, or buoys: cf. F. boyer. See Buoy.] (Naut.) A Flemish sloop with a castle at each end. Sir W. Raleigh.

Boy"hood (&?;), n. [Boy + - hood.] The state of being a boy; the time during which one is a boy. Hood.

Boy"ish, a. Resembling a boy in a manners or opinions; belonging to a boy; childish; trifling; puerile.

> A boyish, odd conceit.
> Baillie.

Boy"ish*ly, adv. In a boyish manner; like a boy.

Boy"ish*ness, n. The manners or behavior of a boy.

Boy"ism (&?;), n. 1. Boyhood. [Obs.] T. Warton.

2. The nature of a boy; childishness. Dryden.

Boyle's" law` (&?;). See under Law.

||Bo"za (&?;), n. [See Bosa.] An acidulated fermented drink of the Arabs and Egyptians, made from millet seed and various astringent substances; also, an intoxicating beverage made from hemp seed, darnel meal, and water. [Written also bosa, bozah, bouza.]

Bra*bant"ine (&?;), a. Pertaining to Brabant, an ancient province of the Netherlands.

Brab"ble (&?;), v. i. [D. brabbelen to talk confusedly. &?;95. Cf. Blab, Babble.] To clamor; to contest noisily. [R.]

Brab"ble, n. A broil; a noisy contest; a wrangle.

> This petty brabble will undo us all.
> Shak.

Brab"ble*ment (&?;), n. A brabble. [R.] Holland.

Brab"bler (&?;), n. A clamorous, quarrelsome, noisy fellow; a wrangler. [R] Shak.

Brac"cate (&?;), a. [L. bracatus wearing breeches, fr. bracae breeches.] (Zoöl.) Furnished with feathers which conceal the feet.

Brace (&?;), n. [OF. brace, brasse, the two arms, embrace, fathom, F. brasse fathom, fr. L. bracchia the arms (stretched out), pl. of bracchium arm; cf. Gr. &?;.] 1. That which holds anything tightly or supports it firmly; a bandage or a prop.

2. A cord, ligament, or rod, for producing or maintaining tension, as a cord on the side of a drum.

> The little bones of the ear drum do in straining and relaxing it as the braces of the war drum do in that.
> Derham.

3. The state of being braced or tight; tension.

> The laxness of the tympanum, when it has lost its brace or tension.
> Holder.

4. (Arch. & Engin.) A piece of material used to transmit, or change the direction of, weight or pressure; any one of the pieces, in a frame or truss, which divide the structure into triangular parts. It may act as a tie, or as a strut, and serves to prevent distortion of the structure, and transverse strains in its members. A boiler brace is a diagonal stay, connecting the head with the shell.

5. (Print.) A vertical curved line connecting two or more words or lines, which are to be taken together; thus, boll, bowl; or, in music, used to connect staves.

6. (Naut.) A rope reeved through a block at the end of a yard, by which the yard is moved horizontally; also, a rudder gudgeon.

7. (Mech.) A curved instrument or handle of iron or wood, for holding and turning bits, etc.; a bitstock.

8. A pair; a couple; as, a brace of ducks; now rarely applied to persons, except familiarly or with some contempt. "A brace of greyhounds." Shak.

> He is said to have shot . . . fifty brace of pheasants.
> Addison.

> A brace of brethren, both bishops, both eminent for learning and religion, now appeared in the church.
> Fuller.

> But you, my brace of lords.
> Shak.

9. pl. Straps or bands to sustain trousers; suspenders.

> I embroidered for you a beautiful pair of braces.
> Thackeray.

10. Harness; warlike preparation. [Obs.]

> For that it stands not in such warlike brace.
> Shak.

11. Armor for the arm; vantbrace.

12. (Mining) The mouth of a shaft. [Cornwall]

Angle brace. See under Angle.

Brace (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bracing.] 1. To furnish with braces; to support; to prop; as, to brace a beam in a building.

2. To draw tight; to tighten; to put in a state of tension; to strain; to strengthen; as, to brace the nerves.

> And welcome war to brace her drums.
> Campbell.

3. To bind or tie closely; to fasten tightly.

> The women of China, by bracing and binding them from their infancy, have very little feet.
> Locke.

> Some who spurs had first braced on.
> Sir W. Scott.

4. To place in a position for resisting pressure; to hold firmly; as, he braced himself against the crowd.

> A sturdy lance in his right hand he braced.
> Fairfax.

5. (Naut.) To move around by means of braces; as, to brace the yards.

To brace about (Naut.), to turn (a yard) round for the contrary tack. -- To brace a yard (Naut.), to move it horizontally by means of a brace. -- To brace in (Naut.), to turn (a yard) by hauling in the weather brace. -- To brace one's self, to call up one's energies. "He braced himself for an effort which he was little able to make." J. D. Forbes. -- To brace to (Naut.), to turn (a yard) by checking or easing off the lee brace, and hauling in the weather one, to assist in tacking. -- To brace up (Naut.), to bring (a yard) nearer the direction of the keel by hauling in the lee brace. -- To brace up sharp (Naut.), to turn (a yard) as far forward as the rigging will permit.

Brace, v. i. To get tone or vigor; to rouse one's energies; -- with up. [Colloq.]

Brace"let (&?;), n. [F. bracelet, dim. of OF. bracel armlet, prop. little arm, dim. of bras arm, fr. L. bracchium. See Brace, n.] 1. An ornamental band or ring, for the wrist or the arm; in modern times, an ornament encircling the wrist, worn by women or girls.

2. A piece of defensive armor for the arm. Johnson.

Bra"cer (&?;), n. 1. That which braces, binds, or makes firm; a band or bandage.

2. A covering to protect the arm of the bowman from the vibration of the string; also, a brassart. Chaucer.

3. A medicine, as an astringent or a tonic, which gives tension or tone to any part of the body. Johnson.

Brach (brk), n. [OE. brache a kind of scenting hound or setting dog, OF. brache, F. braque, fr. OHG. braccho, G. bracke; possibly akin to E. fragrant, fr. L. fragrare to smell.] A bitch of the hound kind. Shak.

||Brach*el"y*tra (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. (&?;) short + &?; a covering.] (Zoöl.) A group of beetles having short elytra, as the rove beetles.

||Brach"i*a (&?;), n. pl. See Brachium.

Brach"i*al (&?;) or (&?;), a. [L. brachialis (bracch-), from bracchium (bracch-) arm: cf. F. brachial.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining or belonging to the arm; as, the brachial artery; the brachial nerve.

2. Of the nature of an arm; resembling an arm.

||Brach`i*a"ta (&?;), n. pl. [See Brachiate.] (Zoöl.) A division of the Crinoidea, including those furnished with long jointed arms. See Crinoidea.

Brach"i*ate (&?;), a. [L. brachiatus (bracch-) with boughs or branches like arms, from brackium (bracch-) arm.] (Bot.) Having branches in pairs, decussated, all nearly horizontal, and each pair at right angles with the next, as in the maple and lilac.

Brach`i*og"a*noid (&?;), n. One of the Brachioganoidei.

||Brach`i*o*ga*noid"e*i (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from L. brachium (bracch-) arm + NL. ganoidei.] (Zoöl.) An order of ganoid fishes of which the bichir of Africa is a living example. See Crossopterygii.

||Brach`i*o*la"ri*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. brachiolum (bracch-), dim. of brachium (bracch-) arm.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar early larval stage of certain starfishes, having a bilateral structure, and swimming by means of bands of vibrating cilia.

Brach"i*o*pod (&?;), n. [Cf.F. brachiopode.] (Zoöl.) One of the Brachiopoda, or its shell.

||Brach`i*op"o*da (&?;), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; arm + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A class of Molluscoidea having a symmetrical bivalve shell, often attached by a fleshy peduncle.

Within the shell is a pair of "arms," often long and spirally coiled, bearing rows of ciliated tentacles by which a current of water is made to flow into the mantle cavity, bringing the microscopic food to the mouth between the bases of the arms. The shell is both opened and closed by special muscles. They form two orders; Lyopoma, in which the shell is thin, and without a distinct hinge, as in Lingula; and Arthropoma, in which the firm calcareous shell has a regular hinge, as in Rhynchonella. See Arthropomata.

||Brach"i*um (&?;), n.; pl. Bracchia (&?;). [L. brachium or bracchium, arm.] (Anat.) The upper arm; the segment of the fore limb between the shoulder and the elbow.

Brach"man (&?;), n. [L. Brachmanae, pl., Gr. &?;.] See Brahman. [Obs.]

Brach`y*cat`a*lec"tic (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; brachy`s short + &?; to leave off; cf. &?; incomplete.] (Gr. & Last. Pros.) A verse wanting two syllables at its termination.

{ Brach`y*ce*phal"ic (&?;), Brach`y*ceph"a*lous (&?;) }, a. [Gr. brachy`s short + &?; head.] (Anat.) Having the skull short in proportion to its breadth; shortheaded; -- in distinction from dolichocephalic.

{ Brach`y*ceph"a*ly (&?;), Brach`y*ceph"a*lism (&?;) }, n. [Cf. F. Brachycéphalie] . (Anat.) The state or condition of being brachycephalic; shortness of head.

Bra*chyc"er*al (&?;), a. [Gr. brachy`s short + &?; horn.] (Zoöl.) Having short antennæ, as certain insects.

Brach`y*di*ag"o*nal (&?;), a. [Gr. brachy`s short + E. diagonal.] Pertaining to the shorter diagonal, as of a rhombic prism.

Brachydiagonal axis, the shorter lateral axis of an orthorhombic crystal.

Brach`y*di*ag"o*nal, n. The shorter of the diagonals in a rhombic prism.

Brach`y*dome (&?;), n. [Gr. brachy`s short + E. dome.] (Crystallog.) A dome parallel to the shorter lateral axis. See Dome.

Bra*chyg"ra*pher (&?;), n. A writer in short hand; a stenographer.

> He asked the brachygrapher whether he wrote the notes of the sermon.
> Gayton.

Bra*chyg"ra*phy (&?;), n. [Gr. brachy`s short + -graphy: cf. F. brachygraphie.] Stenography. B. Jonson.

Bra*chyl"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; : brachy`s short + &?; discourse: cf. F. brachylogie.] (Rhet.) Conciseness of expression; brevity.

Brach`y*pin"a*coid (&?;), n. [Gr. brachy`s short + E. pinacoid.] (Crytallog.) A plane of an orthorhombic crystal which is parallel both to the vertical axis and to the shorter lateral (brachydiagonal) axis.

||Bra*chyp"te*ra (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; short-winged; brachy`s short + &?; feather, wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of Coleoptera having short wings; the rove beetles.

||Bra*chyp"te*res (&?;), n.pl. [NL. See Brachyptera. ] (Zoöl.) A group of birds, including auks, divers, and penguins.

Bra*chyp"ter*ous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; : cf. F. brachyptère.] (Zoöl.) Having short wings.

Bra*chys"to*chrone (&?;), n. [Incorrect for brachistochrone, fr. Gr. bra`chistos shortest (superl. of brachy`s short) + &?; time : cf. F. brachistochrone. ] (Math.) A curve, in which a body, starting from a given point, and descending solely by the force of gravity, will reach another given point in a shorter time than it could by any other path. This curve of quickest descent, as it is sometimes called, is, in a vacuum, the same as the cycloid.

Brach"y*ty`pous (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; short + &?; stamp, form.] (Min.) Of a short form.

||Brach`y*u"ra (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. brachy`s short + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of decapod Crustacea, including the common crabs, characterized by a small and short abdomen, which is bent up beneath the large cephalo-thorax. [Also spelt Brachyoura.] See Crab, and Illustration in Appendix.

{ Brach`y*u"ral (&?;), Brach`y*u"rous (&?;) }, a. [Cf. F. brachyure.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Brachyura.

Brach`y*u"ran (&?;), n. One of the Brachyura.

Bra"cing (&?;), a. Imparting strength or tone; strengthening; invigorating; as, a bracing north wind.

Bra"cing (&?;), n. 1. The act of strengthening, supporting, or propping, with a brace or braces; the state of being braced.

2. (Engin.) Any system of braces; braces, collectively; as, the bracing of a truss.

<! p. 174 !>

Brack (brk), n. [Cf.D. braak, Dan. bræk, a breaking, Sw. & Icel. brak a crackling, creaking. Cf. Breach.] An opening caused by the parting of any solid body; a crack or breach; a flaw.

> Stain or brack in her sweet reputation.
> J. Fletcher.

Brack, n. [D. brak, adj., salt; cf. LG. wrak refuse, G. brack.] Salt or brackish water. [Obs.] Drayton.

Brack"en (&?;), n. [OE. braken, AS. bracce. See 2d Brake, n.] A brake or fern. Sir W. Scott.

Brack"et (&?;), n. [Cf.OF. braguette codpiece, F. brayette, Sp. bragueta, also a projecting mold in architecture; dim. fr.L. bracae breeches; cf. also, OF. bracon beam, prop, support; of unknown origin. Cf. Breeches.]

1. (Arch.) An architectural member, plain or ornamental, projecting from a wall or pier, to support weight falling outside of the same; also, a decorative feature seeming to discharge such an office.

This is the more general word. See Brace, Cantalever, Console, Corbel, Strut.

2. (Engin. & Mech.) A piece or combination of pieces, usually triangular in general shape, projecting from, or fastened to, a wall, or other surface, to support heavy bodies or to strengthen angles.

3. (Naut.) A shot, crooked timber, resembling a knee, used as a support.

4. (Mil.) The cheek or side of an ordnance carriage.

5. (Print.) One of two characters [], used to inclose a reference, explanation, or note, or a part to be excluded from a sentence, to indicate an interpolation, to rectify a mistake, or to supply an omission, and for certain other purposes; -- called also crotchet.

6. A gas fixture or lamp holder projecting from the face of a wall, column, or the like.

Bracket light, a gas fixture or a lamp attached to a wall, column, etc.

Brack"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bracketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Bracketing] To place within brackets; to connect by brackets; to furnish with brackets.

Brack"et*ing, n. (Arch.) A series or group of brackets; brackets, collectively.

Brack"ish (&?;), a. [See Brack salt water.] Saltish, or salt in a moderate degree, as water in saline soil.

> Springs in deserts found seem sweet, all brackish though they be.
> Byron.

Brack"ish*ness, n. The quality or state of being brackish, or somewhat salt.

Brack"y (&?;), a. Brackish. Drayton.

Bract (&?;), n. [See Bractea.] (Bot.) (a) A leaf, usually smaller than the true leaves of a plant, from the axil of which a flower stalk arises. (b) Any modified leaf, or scale, on a flower stalk or at the base of a flower.

Bracts are often inconspicuous, but sometimes large and showy, or highly colored, as in many cactaceous plants. The spathes of aroid plants are conspicuous forms of bracts.

||Brac"te*a (&?;), n. [L., a thin plate of metal or wood, gold foil.] (Bot.) A bract.

Brac"te*al (&?;), a. [Cf.F. bractéal.] Having the nature or appearance of a bract.

Brac"te*ate (&?;), a. [Cf.L. bracteatus covered with gold plate.] (Bot.) Having a bract or bracts.

Bract"ed (&?;), a. (Bot.) Furnished with bracts.

Brac"te*o*late (&?;), a. (Bot.) Furnished with bracteoles or bractlets.

Brac"te*ole (&?;), n. [L. bracteola, dim. of bractea. See Bractea.] (Bot.) Same as Bractlet.

Bract"less, a. (Bot.) Destitute of bracts.

Bract"let (&?;), n. [Bract + - let] (Bot.) A bract on the stalk of a single flower, which is itself on a main stalk that support several flowers. Gray.

Brad (&?;), n. [Cf.OE. brod, Dan. braad prick, sting, brodde ice spur, frost nail, Sw. brodd frost nail, Icel. broddr any pointed piece of iron or stell; akin to AS. brord point, spire of grass, and perh. to E. bristle. See Bristle, n.] A thin nail, usually small, with a slight projection at the top on one side instead of a head; also, a small wire nail, with a flat circular head; sometimes, a small, tapering, square-bodied finishing nail, with a countersunk head.

Brad" awl` (&?;). A straight awl with chisel edge, used to make holes for brads, etc. Weale.

Bra*doon" (&?;), n. Same as Bridoon.

||Brae (&?;), n. [See Bray a hill.] A hillside; a slope; a bank; a hill. [Scot.] Burns.

Brag (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bragged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bragging.] [OE. braggen to resound, blow, boast (cf. F. braguer to lead a merry life, flaunt, boast, OF. brague merriment), from Icel. braka to creak, brak noise, fr. the same root as E. break; properly then, to make a noise, boast. &?;95.] To talk about one's self, or things pertaining to one's self, in a manner intended to excite admiration, envy, or wonder; to talk boastfully; to boast; -- often followed by of; as, to brag of one's exploits, courage, or money, or of the great things one intends to do.

> Conceit, more rich in matter than in words,
> Brags of his substance, not of ornament.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To swagger; boast; vapor; bluster; vaunt; flourish; talk big.

Brag, v. t. To boast of. [Obs.] Shak.

Brag, n. 1. A boast or boasting; bragging; ostentatious pretense or self glorification.

> Cæsar . . . made not here his brag
> Of "came," and "saw," and "overcame."
> Shak.

2. The thing which is boasted of.

> Beauty is Nature's brag.
> Milton.

3. A game at cards similar to bluff. Chesterfield.

Brag (&?;), a. [See Brag, v. i.] Brisk; full of spirits; boasting; pretentious; conceited. [Archaic]

> A brag young fellow.
> B. Jonson.

Brag, adv. Proudly; boastfully. [Obs.] Fuller.

Brag`ga*do"cio (&?;), n. [From Braggadocchio, a boastful character in Spenser's "Faërie Queene."] 1. A braggart; a boaster; a swaggerer. Dryden.

2. Empty boasting; mere brag; pretension.

Brag"gard*ism (&?;), n. [See Braggart.] Boastfulness; act of bragging. Shak.

Brag"gart (&?;), n. [OF. bragard flaunting, vain, bragging. See Brag, v. i.] A boaster.

> O, I could play the woman with mine eyes,
> And braggart with my tongue.
> Shak.

Brag"gart, a. Boastful. -- Brag"gart*ly, adv.

Brag"ger (&?;), n. One who brags; a boaster.

Brag"get (&?;), n. [OE. braket, bragot, fr. W. bragawd, bragod, fr. brag malt.] A liquor made of ale and honey fermented, with spices, etc. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Brag"ging`ly (&?;), adv. Boastingly.

Brag"less, a. Without bragging. [R.] Shak.

Brag"ly, adv. In a manner to be bragged of; finely; proudly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Brah"ma (&?;), n. [See Brahman.]

1. (Hindoo Myth.) The One First Cause; also, one of the triad of Hindoo gods. The triad consists of Brahma, the Creator, Vishnu, the Preserver, and Siva, the Destroyer.

According to the Hindoo religious books, Brahma (with the final a short), or Brahm, is the Divine Essence, the One First Cause, the All in All, while the personal gods, Brahmá (with the final a long), Vishnu, and Siva, are emanations or manifestations of Brahma the Divine Essence.

2. (Zoöl.) A valuable variety of large, domestic fowl, peculiar in having the comb divided lengthwise into three parts, and the legs well feathered. There are two breeds, the dark or penciled, and the light; -- called also Brahmapootra.

{ Brah"man (&?;), Brah"min (&?;), } n.; pl. Brahmans, Brahmins. [Skr. Brhmana (cf. Brahman worship, holiness; the God Brahma, also Brahman): cf. F. Brahmane, Brachmane, Bramine, L. Brachmanae, -manes, - mani, pl., Gr. &?;, pl.] A person of the highest or sacerdotal caste among the Hindoos.

Brahman bull (Zoöl.), the male of a variety of the zebu, or Indian ox, considered sacred by the Hindoos.

Brah"man*ess (&?;), n. A Brahmani.

Brah"man*i (&?;), n. [Fem. of Brahman.] Any Brahman woman. [Written also Brahmanee.]

{ Brah*man"ic (&?;), -ic*al (&?;), Brah*min"ic (&?;), *ic*al (&?;),} a. Of or pertaining to the Brahmans or to their doctrines and worship.

{ Brah"man*ism (&?;), Brah"min*ism (&?;), } n. The religion or system of doctrines of the Brahmans; the religion of Brahma.

{ Brah"man*ist (&?;), Brah"min*ist (&?;), } n. An adherent of the religion of the Brahmans.

Brah"mo*ism (&?;), n. The religious system of Brahmo-somaj. Balfour.

Brah`mo-so*maj" (&?;), n. [Bengalese, a worshiping assembly.] A modern reforming theistic sect among the Hindoos. [Written also Brama-samaj.]

Braid (brd), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Braided; p. pr. & vb. n. Braiding.] [OE. braiden, breiden, to pull, reach, braid, AS. bregdan to move to and fro, to weave; akin. to Icel. bregða, D. breiden to knit, OS. bregdan to weave, OHG. brettan to brandish. Cf. Broid.]

1. To weave, interlace, or entwine together, as three or more strands or threads; to form into a braid; to plait.

> Braid your locks with rosy twine.
> Milton.

2. To mingle, or to bring to a uniformly soft consistence, by beating, rubbing, or straining, as in some culinary operations.

3. To reproach. [Obs.] See Upbraid. Shak.

Braid (&?;), n. 1. A plait, band, or narrow fabric formed by intertwining or weaving together different strands.

> A braid of hair composed of two different colors twined together.
> Scott.

2. A narrow fabric, as of wool, silk, or linen, used for binding, trimming, or ornamenting dresses, etc.

Braid, n. [Cf.Icel. breg&?;a to move quickly.]

1. A quick motion; a start. [Obs.] Sackville.

2. A fancy; freak; caprice. [Obs.] R. Hyrde.

Braid v. i. To start; to awake. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Braid, a. [AS. bræd, bred, deceit; akin to Icel. bragð trick, AS. bredan, bregdan, to braid, knit, (hence) to knit a net, to draw into a net, i. e., to deceive. See Braid, v. t.] Deceitful. [Obs.]

> Since Frenchmen are so braid,
> Marry that will, I live and die a maid.
> Shak.

Braid"ing, n. 1. The act of making or using braids.

2. Braids, collectively; trimming.

> A gentleman enveloped in mustachios, whiskers, fur collars, and braiding.
> Thackeray.

Brail (&?;), n. [OE. brayle furling rope, OF. braiol a band placed around the breeches, fr.F. braies, pl., breeches, fr.L. braca, bracae, breeches, a Gallic word; cf. Arm. bragez. Cf. Breeches.]

1. (Falconry) A thong of soft leather to bind up a hawk's wing.

2. pl. (Naut.) Ropes passing through pulleys, and used to haul in or up the leeches, bottoms, or corners of sails, preparatory to furling.

3. A stock at each end of a seine to keep it stretched.

Brail, v. t. (Naut.) To haul up by the brails; -- used with up; as, to brail up a sail.

Brain (&?;), n. [OE. brain, brein, AS. bragen, brægen; akin to LG. brägen, bregen, D. brein, and perh. to Gr. &?;, the upper part of head, if &?; =&?;. √95.]

1. (Anat.) The whitish mass of soft matter (the center of the nervous system, and the seat of consciousness and volition) which is inclosed in the cartilaginous or bony cranium of vertebrate animals. It is simply the anterior termination of the spinal cord, and is developed from three embryonic vesicles, whose cavities are connected with the central canal of the cord; the cavities of the vesicles become the central cavities, or ventricles, and the walls thicken unequally and become the three segments, the fore-, mid-, and hind-brain.

In the brain of man the cerebral lobes, or largest part of the forebrain, are enormously developed so as to overhang the cerebellum, the great lobe of the hindbrain, and completely cover the lobes of the midbrain. The surface of the cerebrum is divided into irregular ridges, or convolutions, separated by grooves (the so-called fissures and sulci), and the two hemispheres are connected at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure by a great transverse band of nervous matter, the corpus callosum, while the two halves of the cerebellum are connected on the under side of the brain by the bridge, or pons Varolii.

2. (Zoöl.) The anterior or cephalic ganglion in insects and other invertebrates.

3. The organ or seat of intellect; hence, the understanding. " My brain is too dull." Sir W. Scott.

In this sense, often used in the plural.

4. The affections; fancy; imagination. [R.] Shak.

To have on the brain, to have constantly in one's thoughts, as a sort of monomania. [Low]

Brain box or case, the bony on cartilaginous case inclosing the brain. -- Brain coral, Brain stone coral (Zoöl), a massive reef-building coral having the surface covered by ridges separated by furrows so as to resemble somewhat the surface of the brain, esp. such corals of the genera Mæandrina and Diploria. -- Brain fag (Med.), brain weariness. See Cerebropathy. -- Brain fever (Med.), fever in which the brain is specially affected; any acute cerebral affection attended by fever. -- Brain sand, calcareous matter found in the pineal gland.

Brain (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brained (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Braining.]

1. To dash out the brains of; to kill by beating out the brains. Hence, Fig.: To destroy; to put an end to; to defeat.

> There thou mayst brain him.
> Shak.

> It was the swift celerity of the death . . .
> That brained my purpose.
> Shak.

2. To conceive; to understand. [Obs.]

> &?;T is still a dream, or else such stuff as madmen
> Tongue, and brain not.
> Shak.

Brained (&?;), p.a. Supplied with brains.

> If th' other two be brained like us.
> Shak.

Brain"ish, a. Hot-headed; furious. [R.] Shak.

Brain"less, a. Without understanding; silly; thoughtless; witless. -- Brain"less*ness, n.

Brain"pan` (&?;), n. [Brain + pan.] The bones which inclose the brain; the skull; the cranium.

Brain"sick` (&?;), a. Disordered in the understanding; giddy; thoughtless. -- Brain"sick*ness, n.

Brain"sick`ly, adv. In a brainsick manner.

Brain"y (&?;), a. Having an active or vigorous mind. [Colloq.]

{ Braise, Braize } (&?;), n. [So called from its iridescent colors.] (Zoöl.) A European marine fish (Pagrus vulgaris) allied to the American scup; the becker. The name is sometimes applied to the related species. [Also written brazier.]

{ Braise, Braize }, n. [F.] 1. Charcoal powder; breeze.

2. (Cookery) Braised meat.

Braise, v. t. [F. braiser, fr. braise coals.] (Cookery) To stew or broil in a covered kettle or pan.

> A braising kettle has a deep cover which holds coals; consequently the cooking is done from above, as well as below.
> Mrs. Henderson.

Brais"er (&?;), n. A kettle or pan for braising.

Brait (&?;), n. [Cf.W. braith variegated, Ir. breath, breagh, fine, comely.] A rough diamond.

Braize (brz), n. See Braise.

Brake (brk), imp. of Break. [Arhaic] Tennyson.

Brake, n. [OE. brake fern; cf. AS. bracce fern, LG. brake willow bush, Da. bregne fern, G. brach fallow; prob. orig. the growth on rough, broken ground, fr. the root of E. break. See Break, v. t., cf. Bracken, and 2d Brake, n.]

1. (Bot.) A fern of the genus Pteris, esp. the P. aquilina, common in almost all countries. It has solitary stems dividing into three principal branches. Less properly: Any fern.

2. A thicket; a place overgrown with shrubs and brambles, with undergrowth and ferns, or with canes.

> Rounds rising hillocks, brakes obscure and rough,
> To shelter thee from tempest and from rain.
> Shak.

> He stayed not for brake, and he stopped not for stone.
> Sir W. Scott.

Cane brake, a thicket of canes. See Canebrake.

<! p. 175 !>

Brake (brk), n. [OE. brake; cf. LG. brake an instrument for breaking flax, G. breche, fr. the root of E. break. See Break, v. t., and cf. Breach.] 1. An instrument or machine to break or bruise the woody part of flax or hemp so that it may be separated from the fiber.

2. An extended handle by means of which a number of men can unite in working a pump, as in a fire engine.

3. A baker's kneading though. Johnson.

4. A sharp bit or snaffle.

> Pampered jades . . . which need nor break nor bit.
> Gascoigne.

5. A frame for confining a refractory horse while the smith is shoeing him; also, an inclosure to restrain cattle, horses, etc.

> A horse . . . which Philip had bought . . . and because of his fierceness kept him within a brake of iron bars.
> J. Brende.

6. That part of a carriage, as of a movable battery, or engine, which enables it to turn.

7. (Mil.) An ancient engine of war analogous to the crossbow and ballista.

8. (Agric.) A large, heavy harrow for breaking clods after plowing; a drag.

9. A piece of mechanism for retarding or stopping motion by friction, as of a carriage or railway car, by the pressure of rubbers against the wheels, or of clogs or ratchets against the track or roadway, or of a pivoted lever against a wheel or drum in a machine.

10. (Engin.) An apparatus for testing the power of a steam engine, or other motor, by weighing the amount of friction that the motor will overcome; a friction brake.

11. A cart or carriage without a body, used in breaking in horses.

12. An ancient instrument of torture. Holinshed.

Air brake. See Air brake, in the Vocabulary. -- Brake beam or Brake bar, the beam that connects the brake blocks of opposite wheels. -- Brake block. (a) The part of a brake holding the brake shoe. (b) A brake shoe. -- Brake shoe or Brake rubber, the part of a brake against which the wheel rubs. -- Brake wheel, a wheel on the platform or top of a car by which brakes are operated. -- Continuous brake . See under Continuous.

Brake"man (brk"man), n.; pl. Brakemen (-men).

1. (Railroads) A man in charge of a brake or brakes.

2. (Mining) The man in charge of the winding (or hoisting) engine for a mine.

Brak"y (brk"), a. Full of brakes; abounding with brambles, shrubs, or ferns; rough; thorny.

> In the woods and braky glens.
> W. Browne.

Bra"ma (&?;), n. See Brahma.

Bra"mah press` (&?;). A hydrostatic press of immense power, invented by Joseph Bramah of London. See under Hydrostatic.

Bram"ble (brm"b'l), n. [OE. brembil, AS. brmel, brmbel, brmbel (akin to OHG. brmal), fr. the same root as E. broom, As. brm. See Broom.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Rubus, including the raspberry and blackberry. Hence: Any rough, prickly shrub.

> The thorny brambles, and embracing bushes.
> Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) The brambling or bramble finch.

Bram"ble bush` (bsh`). (Bot.) The bramble, or a collection of brambles growing together.

> He jumped into a bramble bush
> And scratched out both his eyes.
> Mother Goose.

Bram"bled (&?;), a. Overgrown with brambles.

> Forlorn she sits upon the brambled floor.
> T. Warton.

Bram"ble net` (&?;). A net to catch birds.

Bram"bling (&?;), n. [OE. bramline. See Bramble, n.] (Zoöl.) The European mountain finch (Fringilla montifringilla); -- called also bramble finch and bramble.

Bram"bly (&?;), a. Pertaining to, resembling, or full of, brambles. "In brambly wildernesses." Tennyson.

Brame (&?;), n. [Cf. Breme.] Sharp passion; vexation. [Obs.]

> Heart-burning brame.
> Spenser.

{ Bra"min (&?;), Bra*min"ic (&?;), etc.} See Brahman, Brachmanic, etc.

Bran (&?;), n. [OE. bren, bran, OF. bren, F. bran, from Celtic; cf. Armor. brenn, Ir. bran, bran, chaff.] 1. The broken coat of the seed of wheat, rye, or other cereal grain, separated from the flour or meal by sifting or bolting; the coarse, chaffy part of ground grain.

2. (Zoöl.) The European carrion crow.

Bran"card (&?;), n. [F.] A litter on which a person may be carried. [Obs.] Coigrave.

Branch (&?;), n.; pl. Branches (&?;). [OE. braunche, F. branche, fr. LL. branca claw of a bird or beast of prey; cf. Armor. brank branch, bough.] 1. (Bot.) A shoot or secondary stem growing from the main stem, or from a principal limb or bough of a tree or other plant.

2. Any division extending like a branch; any arm or part connected with the main body of thing; ramification; as, the branch of an antler; the branch of a chandelier; a branch of a river; a branch of a railway.

> Most of the branches , or streams, were dried up.
> W. Irving.

3. Any member or part of a body or system; a distinct article; a section or subdivision; a department. "Branches of knowledge." Prescott.

> It is a branch and parcel of mine oath.
> Shak.

4. (Geom.) One of the portions of a curve that extends outwards to an indefinitely great distance; as, the branches of an hyperbola.

5. A line of family descent, in distinction from some other line or lines from the same stock; any descendant in such a line; as, the English branch of a family.

> His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock.
> Carew.

6. (Naut.) A warrant or commission given to a pilot, authorizing him to pilot vessels in certain waters.

Branches of a bridle, two pieces of bent iron, which bear the bit, the cross chains, and the curb. -- Branch herring. See Alewife. -- Root and branch , totally, wholly.

Syn. -- Bough; limb; shoot; offshoot; twig; sprig.

Branch (&?;), a. Diverging from, or tributary to, a main stock, line, way, theme, etc.; as, a branch vein; a branch road or line; a branch topic; a branch store.

Branch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Branched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Branching.] 1. To shoot or spread in branches; to separate into branches; to ramify.

2. To divide into separate parts or subdivision.

To branch off, to form a branch or a separate part; to diverge. -- To branch out, to speak diffusively; to extend one's discourse to other topics than the main one; also, to enlarge the scope of one's business, etc.

> To branch out into a long disputation.
> Spectator.

Branch, v. t. 1. To divide as into branches; to make subordinate division in.

2. To adorn with needlework representing branches, flowers, or twigs.

> The train whereof loose far behind her strayed,
> Branched with gold and pearl, most richly wrought.
> Spenser.

Branch"er (&?;), n. 1. That which shoots forth branches; one who shows growth in various directions.

2. (Falconry) A young hawk when it begins to leave the nest and take to the branches.

Branch"er*y (&?;), n. A system of branches.

||Bran"chi*a (&?;), n.; pl. Branchiæ (&?;). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, pl. of &?;.] (Anat.) A gill; a respiratory organ for breathing the air contained in water, such as many aquatic and semiaquatic animals have.

Bran"chi*al (&?;), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to branchiæ or gills.

Branchial arches, the bony or cartilaginous arches which support the gills on each side of the throat of fishes and amphibians. See Illustration in Appendix. -- Branchial clefts, the openings between the branchial arches through which water passes.

Bran"chi*ate (&?;), a. (Anat.) Furnished with branchiæ; as, branchiate segments.

Bran*chif"er*ous (&?;), a. (Anat.) Having gills; branchiate; as, branchiferous gastropods.

Branch"i*ness (&?;), n. Fullness of branches.

Branch"ing, a. Furnished with branches; shooting our branches; extending in a branch or branches.

> Shaded with branching palm.
> Milton.

Branch"ing, n. The act or state of separation into branches; division into branches; a division or branch.

> The sciences, with their numerous branchings.
> L. Watts.

||Bran`chi*o*gas*trop"o*da (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; gill + E. gastropoda.] (Zoöl.) Those Gastropoda that breathe by branchiæ, including the Prosobranchiata and Opisthobranchiata.

Bran`chi*om"er*ism (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; gill + -mere.] (Anat.) The state of being made up of branchiate segments. R. Wiedersheim.

Bran"chi*o*pod (&?;), n. One of the Branchiopoda.

||Bran"chi*o*poda (&?;), n. pl. [Gr. &?; gill + -poda: cf. F. branchiopode.] (Zoöl.) An order of Entomostraca; -- so named from the feet of branchiopods having been supposed to perform the function of gills. It includes the fresh-water genera Branchipus, Apus, and Limnadia, and the genus Artemia found in salt lakes. It is also called Phyllopoda. See Phyllopoda, Cladocera. It is sometimes used in a broader sense.

Bran`chi*os"te*gal (&?;), a. [Gr. &?; gill + &?; to cover: cf. F. branchiostège.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the membrane covering the gills of fishes. -- n. (Anat.) A branchiostegal ray. See Illustration of Branchial arches in Appendix.

This term was formerly applied to a group of fishes having boneless branchiæ. But the arrangement was artificial, and has been rejected.

Bran`chi*os"tege (&?;), (Anat.) The branchiostegal membrane. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bran`chi*os"te*gous (&?;), a. (Anat.) Branchiostegal.

||Bran`chi*os"to*ma (&?;), n. [NL., fr., Gr. &?; gill + &?; mouth.] (Zoöl.) The lancelet. See Amphioxus.

||Bran"chi*u"ra (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr., Gr. &?; gill + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) A group of Entomostraca, with suctorial mouths, including species parasitic on fishes, as the carp lice (Argulus).

Branch"less (&?;), a. Destitute of branches or shoots; without any valuable product; barren; naked.

Branch"let (&?;), n. [Branch + - let.] A little branch; a twig.

Branch" pi`lot (&?;). A pilot who has a branch or commission, as from Trinity House, England, for special navigation.

Branch"y (&?;), a. Full of branches; having wide-spreading branches; consisting of branches.

> Beneath thy branchy bowers of thickest gloom.
> J. Scott.

Brand (&?;), n. [OE. brand, brond, AS. brand brond brand, sword, from byrnan, beornan, to burn; akin to D., Dan., Sw., & G. brand brand, Icel. brandr a brand, blade of a sword. √32. See Burn, v. t., and cf. Brandish.] 1. A burning piece of wood; or a stick or piece of wood partly burnt, whether burning or after the fire is extinct.

> Snatching a live brand from a wigwam, Mason threw it on a matted roof.
> Palfrey.

2. A sword, so called from its glittering or flashing brightness. [Poetic] Tennyson.

> Paradise, so late their happy seat,
> Waved over by that flaming brand.
> Milton.

3. A mark made by burning with a hot iron, as upon a cask, to designate the quality, manufacturer, etc., of the contents, or upon an animal, to designate ownership; -- also, a mark for a similar purpose made in any other way, as with a stencil. Hence, figurately: Quality; kind; grade; as, a good brand of flour.

4. A mark put upon criminals with a hot iron. Hence: Any mark of infamy or vice; a stigma.

> The brand of private vice.
> Channing.

5. An instrument to brand with; a branding iron.

6. (Bot.) Any minute fungus which produces a burnt appearance in plants. The brands are of many species and several genera of the order Pucciniæi.

Brand (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Branded; p. pr. & vb. n. Branding.]. 1. To burn a distinctive mark into or upon with a hot iron, to indicate quality, ownership, etc., or to mark as infamous (as a convict).

2. To put an actual distinctive mark upon in any other way, as with a stencil, to show quality of contents, name of manufacture, etc.

3. Fig.: To fix a mark of infamy, or a stigma, upon.

> The Inquisition branded its victims with infamy.
> Prescott.

> There were the enormities, branded and condemned by the first and most natural verdict of common humanity.
> South.

4. To mark or impress indelibly, as with a hot iron.

> As if it were branded on my mind.
> Geo. Eliot.

Brand"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, brands; a branding iron.

2. A gridiron. [Scot.]

Brand" goose` (&?;). [Prob. fr. 1st brand + goose: cf. Sw. brandgås. Cf. Brant.] (Zoöl.) A species of wild goose (Branta bernicla) usually called in America brant. See Brant.

Bran"died (&?;), a. Mingled with brandy; made stronger by the addition of brandy; flavored or treated with brandy; as, brandied peaches.

Brand"ing i`*ron (&?;). An iron to brand with.

Brand" i`ron. 1. A branding iron.

2. A trivet to set a pot on. Huloet.

3. The horizontal bar of an andiron.

Bran"dish (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brandished (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brandishing.] [OE. braundisen, F. brandir, fr. brand a sword, fr. OHG. brant brand. See Brand, n.] 1. To move or wave, as a weapon; to raise and move in various directions; to shake or flourish.

> The quivering lance which he brandished bright.
> Drake.

2. To play with; to flourish; as, to brandish syllogisms.

Bran"dish, n. A flourish, as with a weapon, whip, etc. "Brandishes of the fan." Tailer.

Bran"dish*er (&?;), n. One who brandishes.

Bran"dle (&?;), v. t. & i. [F. brandiller.] To shake; to totter. [Obs.]

{ Brand"ling (&?;), Brand"lin (&?;) }, n. (Zoöl.) Same as Branlin, fish and worm.

Brand"-new" (&?;), a. [See Brand, and cf. Brannew.] Quite new; bright as if fresh from the forge.

Brand" spore` (&?;). (Bot.) One of several spores growing in a series or chain, and produced by one of the fungi called brand.

Bran"dy (&?;), n.; pl. Brandies (&?;). [From older brandywine, brandwine, fr. D. brandewijn, fr. p. p. of branden to burn, distill + wijn wine, akin to G. branntwein. See Brand.] A strong alcoholic liquor distilled from wine. The name is also given to spirit distilled from other liquors, and in the United States to that distilled from cider and peaches. In northern Europe, it is also applied to a spirit obtained from grain.

Brandy fruit, fruit preserved in brandy and sugar.

Bran"dy*wine` (&?;), n. Brandy. [Obs.] Wiseman.

Bran"gle (&?;), n. [Prov. E. brangled confused, entangled, Scot. brangle to shake, menace; probably a variant of wrangle, confused with brawl. √95.> ] A wrangle; a squabble; a noisy contest or dispute. [R.]

> A brangle between him and his neighbor.
> Swift.

Bran"gle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brangled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brangling (&?;).] To wrangle; to dispute contentiously; to squabble. [R.]

Bran"gle*ment (&?;), n. Wrangle; brangle. [Obs.]

Bran"gler (&?;), n. A quarrelsome person.

Bran"gling (&?;), n. A quarrel. [R.] Whitlock.

Brank (&?;), n. [Prov. of Celtic origin; cf. L. brance, brace, the Gallic name of a particularly white kind of corn.] Buckwheat. [Local, Eng.] Halliwell.

{ Brank, Branks, } n. [Cf. Gael. brangus, brangas, a sort of pillory, Ir. brancas halter, or D. pranger fetter.] 1. A sort of bridle with wooden side pieces. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Jamieson.

2. A scolding bridle, an instrument formerly used for correcting scolding women. It was an iron frame surrounding the head and having a triangular piece entering the mouth of the scold.

Brank, v. i. 1. To hold up and toss the head; -- applied to horses as spurning the bit. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

2. To prance; to caper. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Brank"ur*sine (&?;), n. [F. branc- ursine, branch-ursine, fr. LL. branca claw + L. ursinus belonging to a bear (fr. ursus bear), i. e., bear's claw, because its leaves resemble the claws of a bear. Cf. Branch.] (Bot.) Bear's-breech, or Acanthus.

Bran"lin (&?;), n. [Scot. branlie fr. brand.] (Zoöl.) A young salmon or parr, in the stage in which it has transverse black bands, as if burned by a gridiron.

Bran"lin, n. [See Brand.] A small red worm or larva, used as bait for small fresh-water fish; -- so called from its red color.

Bran"-new" (&?;), a. See Brand- new.

Bran"ny (&?;), a. Having the appearance of bran; consisting of or containing bran. Wiseman.

Bran"sle (&?;), n. [See Brawl a dance.] A brawl or dance. [Obs.] Spenser.

<! p. 176 !>

Brant (brnt), n. [Cf.Brand goose, Brent, Brenicle.] (Zoöl.) A species of wild goose (Branta bernicla) -- called also brent and brand goose. The name is also applied to other related species.

Brant, a. [See Brent.] Steep. [Prov. Eng.]

Bran"tail` (brn"tl`), n. (Zoöl.) The European redstart; -- so called from the red color of its tail.

Brant"-fox` (&?;), n. [For brand-fox; cf. G. brandfuchs, Sw. bradräf. So called from its yellowish brown and somewhat black color. See Brand.] (Zoöl.) A kind of fox found in Sweden (Vulpes alopex), smaller than the common fox (V. vulgaris), but probably a variety of it.

Bran"u*lar (&?;), a. Relating to the brain; cerebral. I. Taylor.

Bra"sen (&?;), a. Same as Brazen.

Brash (&?;), a. [Cf. Gael. bras or G. barsch harsh, sharp, tart, impetuous, D. barsch, Sw. & Dan. barsk.] Hasty in temper; impetuous. Grose.

Brash, a. [Cf. Amer. bresk, brusk, fragile, brittle.] Brittle, as wood or vegetables. [Colloq., U. S.] Bartlett.

Brash, n. [See Brash brittle.] 1. A rash or eruption; a sudden or transient fit of sickness.

2. Refuse boughs of trees; also, the clippings of hedges. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

3. (Geol.) Broken and angular fragments of rocks underlying alluvial deposits. Lyell.

4. Broken fragments of ice. Kane.

Water brash (Med.), an affection characterized by a spasmodic pain or hot sensation in the stomach with a rising of watery liquid into the mouth; pyrosis. -- Weaning brash (Med.), a severe form of diarrhea which sometimes attacks children just weaned.

{ Bra"sier, Bra"zier } (&?;), n. [OE. brasiere, F. braise live coals. See Brass.] An artificer who works in brass. Franklin.

{ Bra"sier, Bra"zier }, n. [F. brasier, braisíer, fr. braise live coals. See Brass.] A pan for holding burning coals.

Brass (&?;), n.; pl. Brasses (&?;). [OE. bras, bres, AS. bræs; akin to Icel. bras cement, solder, brasa to harden by fire, and to E. braze, brazen. Cf. 1st & 2d Braze.] 1. An alloy (usually yellow) of copper and zinc, in variable proportion, but often containing two parts of copper to one part of zinc. It sometimes contains tin, and rarely other metals.

2. (Mach.) A journal bearing, so called because frequently made of brass. A brass is often lined with a softer metal, when the latter is generally called a white metal lining. See Axle box, Journal Box, and Bearing.

3. Coin made of copper, brass, or bronze. [Obs.]

> Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, nor scrip for your journey.
> Matt. x. 9.

4. Impudence; a brazen face. [Colloq.]

5. pl. Utensils, ornaments, or other articles of brass.

> The very scullion who cleans the brasses.
> Hopkinson.

6. A brass plate engraved with a figure or device. Specifically, one used as a memorial to the dead, and generally having the portrait, coat of arms, etc.

7. pl. (Mining) Lumps of pyrites or sulphuret of iron, the color of which is near to that of brass.

The word brass as used in Sculpture language is a translation for copper or some kind of bronze.

Brass is often used adjectively or in self-explaining compounds; as, brass button, brass kettle, brass founder, brass foundry or brassfoundry.

Brass band (Mus.), a band of musicians who play upon wind instruments made of brass, as trumpets, cornets, etc. - - Brass foil, Brass leaf, brass made into very thin sheets; -- called also Dutch gold.

Bras"sage (&?;), n. [F.] A sum formerly levied to pay the expense of coinage; -- now called seigniorage.

Bras"sart (&?;), n. [F. brassard, fr. bras arm. See Brace, n.] Armor for the arm; -- generally used for the whole arm from the shoulder to the wrist, and consisting, in the 15th and 16th centuries, of many parts.

Brasse (&?;), n. [Perh. a transposition of barse; but cf. LG. brasse the bream, G. brassen Cf. Bream.] (Zoöl.) A spotted European fish of the genus Lucioperca, resembling a perch.

Bras"sets (&?;), n. See Brassart.

||Bras"si*ca (&?;), n. [L., cabbage.] (Bot.) A genus of plants embracing several species and varieties differing much in appearance and qualities: such as the common cabbage (B. oleracea), broccoli, cauliflowers, etc.; the wild turnip (B. campestris); the common turnip (B. rapa); the rape or coleseed (B. napus), etc.

Bras`si*ca"ceous (&?;), a. [L. brassica cabbage.] (Bot.) Related to, or resembling, the cabbage, or plants of the Cabbage family.

Brass"i*ness (&?;), n. The state, condition, or quality of being brassy. [Colloq.]

Brass"-vis"aged (&?;), a. Impudent; bold.

Brass"y (&?;), a. 1. Of or pertaining to brass; having the nature, appearance, or hardness, of brass.

2. Impudent; impudently bold. [Colloq.]

Brast (&?;), v. t. & i. [See Burst.] To burst. [Obs.]

> And both his yën braste out of his face.
> Chaucer.

> Dreadfull furies which their chains have brast.
> Spenser.

Brat (brt), n. [OE. bratt coarse garnment, AS. bratt cloak, fr. the Celtic; cf. W. brat clout, rag, Gael. brat cloak, apron, rag, Ir. brat cloak; properly then, a child's bib or clout; hence, a child.] 1. A coarse garment or cloak; also, coarse clothing, in general. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A coarse kind of apron for keeping the clothes clean; a bib. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Wright.

3. A child; an offspring; -- formerly used in a good sense, but now usually in a contemptuous sense. "This brat is none of mine." Shak. "A beggar's brat." Swift.

> O Israel! O household of the Lord!
> O Abraham's brats! O brood of blessed seed!
> Gascoigne.

4. The young of an animal. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Brat (&?;), n. (Mining) A thin bed of coal mixed with pyrites or carbonate of lime.

||Brat"sche (&?;), n. [G., fr. It. viola da braccio viola held on the arm.] The tenor viola, or viola.

Brat"tice (&?;), n. [See Brettice.] (Mining) (a) A wall of separation in a shaft or gallery used for ventilation. (b) Planking to support a roof or wall.

Brat"tish*ing (&?;), n. 1. See Brattice, n.

2. (Arch.) Carved openwork, as of a shrine, battlement, or parapet.

Braun"ite (&?;), n. (Min.) A native oxide of manganese, of dark brownish black color. It was named from a Mr. Braun of Gotha.

Bra*vade" (br*vd"), n. Bravado. [Obs.] Fanshawe.

Bra*va"do (br*v"d), n., pl. Bravadoes (-dz). [Sp. bravada, bravata, boast, brag: cf. F. bravade. See Brave.] Boastful and threatening behavior; a boastful menace.

> In spite of our host's bravado.
> Irving.

Brave (brv), a. [Compar. Braver; superl. Bravest.] [F. brave, It. or Sp. bravo, (orig.) fierce, wild, savage, prob. from. L. barbarus. See Barbarous, and cf. Bravo.]

1. Bold; courageous; daring; intrepid; -- opposed to cowardly; as, a brave man; a brave act.

2. Having any sort of superiority or excellence; -- especially such as in conspicuous. [Obs. or Archaic as applied to material things.]

> Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth.
> Bacon.

> It being a brave day, I walked to Whitehall.
> Pepys.

3. Making a fine show or display. [Archaic]

> Wear my dagger with the braver grace.
> Shak.

> For I have gold, and therefore will be brave.
> In silks I'll rattle it of every color.
> Robert Greene.

> Frog and lizard in holiday coats
> And turtle brave in his golden spots.
> Emerson.

Syn. -- Courageous; gallant; daring; valiant; valorous; bold; heroic; intrepid; fearless; dauntless; magnanimous; high-spirited; stout- hearted. See Gallant.

Brave (&?;), n. 1. A brave person; one who is daring.

> The star-spangled banner, O,long may it wave
> O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
> F. S. Key.

2. Specifically, an Indian warrior.

3. A man daring beyond discretion; a bully.

> Hot braves like thee may fight.
> Dryden.

4. A challenge; a defiance; bravado. [Obs.]

> Demetrius, thou dost overween in all;
> And so in this, to bear me down with braves.
> Shak.

Brave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Braved (brvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Braving.] 1. To encounter with courage and fortitude; to set at defiance; to defy; to dare.

> These I can brave, but those I can not bear.
> Dryden.

2. To adorn; to make fine or showy. [Obs.]

> Thou [a tailor whom Grunio was browbeating] hast braved meny men; brave not me; I'll neither be faced or braved.
> Shak.

Brave"ly adv. 1. In a brave manner; courageously; gallantly; valiantly; splendidly; nobly.

2. Finely; gaudily; gayly; showily.

> And [she] decked herself bravely to allure the eyes of all men that should see her.
> Judith. x. 4.

3. Well; thrivingly; prosperously. [Colloq.]

Brave"ness, n. The quality of state or being brave.

Brav"er*y (&?;), n. [Cf. F. braverie.] 1. The quality of being brave; fearless; intrepidity.

> Remember, sir, my liege, . . .
> The natural bravery of your isle.
> Shak.

2. The act of braving; defiance; bravado. [Obs.]

> Reform, then, without bravery or scandal of former times and persons.
> Bacon.

3. Splendor; magnificence; showy appearance; ostentation; fine dress.

> With scarfs and fans and double change of bravery.
> Shak.

> Like a stately ship . . .
> With all her bravery on, and tackle trim.
> Milton.

4. A showy person; a fine gentleman; a beau. [Obs.]

> A man that is the bravery of his age.
> Beau. & Fl.

Syn. -- Courage; heroism; interpidity; gallantry; valor; fearlessness; dauntlessness; hardihood; manfulness. See Courage, and Heroism.

Brav"ing (&?;), n. A bravado; a boast.

> With so proud a strain
> Of threats and bravings.
> Chapman.

Brav"ing*ly (&?;), adv. In a defiant manner.

Bra"vo (&?;), n.; pl. Bravoes (&?;). [I. See Brave, a.] A daring villain; a bandit; one who sets law at defiance; a professional assassin or murderer.

> Safe from detection, seize the unwary prey.
> And stab, like bravoes, all who come this way.
> Churchill.

Bra"vo (&?;), interj. [It. See Brave.] Well done! excellent! an exclamation expressive of applause.

||Bra*vu"ra (&?;), n. [It., (properly) bravery, spirit, from bravo. See Brave.] (Mus.) A florid, brilliant style of music, written for effect, to show the range and flexibility of a singer's voice, or the technical force and skill of a performer; virtuoso music.

Aria di bravura (&?;) [It.], a florid air demanding brilliant execution.

Brawl (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brawled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brawling.] [OE. braulen to quarrel, boast, brallen to cry, make a noise; cf. LG. brallen to brag, MHG. pr&?;ulen, G. prahlen, F. brailler to cry, shout, Pr. brailar, braillar, W. bragal to vociferate, brag, Armor. bragal to romp, to strut, W. broliaw to brag, brawl boast. &?;95.] 1. To quarrel noisily and outrageously.

> Let a man that is a man consider that he is a fool that brawleth openly with his wife.
> Golden Boke.

2. To complain loudly; to scold.

3. To make a loud confused noise, as the water of a rapid stream running over stones.

> Where the brook brawls along the painful road.
> Wordsworth.

Syn. -- To wrangle; squabble; contend.

Brawl (&?;), n. A noisy quarrel; loud, angry contention; a wrangle; a tumult; as, a drunken brawl.

> His sports were hindered by the brawls.
> Shak.

Syn. -- Noise; quarrel; uproar; row; tumult.

Brawl"er (&?;), n. One that brawls; wrangler.

Common brawler (Law), one who disturbs a neighborhood by brawling (and is therefore indictable at common law as a nuisance). Wharton.

Brawl"ing, a. 1. Quarreling; quarrelsome; noisy.

> She is an irksome brawling scold.
> Shak.

2. Making a loud confused noise. See Brawl, v. i., 3.

> A brawling stream.
> J. S. Shairp.

Brawl"ing*ly, adv. In a brawling manner.

Brawn (&?;), n. [OF. braon fleshy part, muscle, fr. HG. br&?;to flesh, G. braten roast meat; akin to Icel. br&?;&?; flesh, food of beasts, AS. br&?;de roast meat, br&?;dan to roast, G. braten, and possibly to E. breed.] 1. A muscle; flesh. [Obs.]

> Formed well of brawns and of bones.
> Chaucer.

2. Full, strong muscles, esp. of the arm or leg, muscular strength; a protuberant muscular part of the body; sometimes, the arm.

> Brawn without brains is thine.
> Dryden.

> It was ordained that murderers should be brent on the brawn of the left hand.
> E. Hall.

> And in my vantbrace put this withered brawn.
> Shak.

3. The flesh of a boar; also, the salted and prepared flesh of a boar.

> The best age for the boar is from two to five years, at which time it is best to geld him, or sell him for brawn.
> Mortimer.

4. A boar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Brawned (&?;), a. Brawny; strong; muscular. [Obs.] Spenser.

Brawn"er (&?;), n. A boor killed for the table.

Brawn"i*ness (&?;), n. The quality or state of being brawny.

Brawn"y (&?;), a. Having large, strong muscles; muscular; fleshy; strong. "Brawny limbs." W. Irving.

Syn. -- Muscular; fleshy; strong; bulky; sinewy; athletic; stalwart; powerful; robust.

Brax"y (&?;), n. [Cf. AS. breac rheum, broc sickness, Ir. bracha corruption. Jamieson.] 1. A disease of sheep. The term is variously applied in different localities. [Scot.]

2. A diseased sheep, or its mutton.

Bray (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brayed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Braying.] [OE. brayen, OF. breier, F. broyer to pound, grind, fr. OHG. brehhan to break. See Break.] To pound, beat, rub, or grind small or fine.

> Though thou shouldest bray a fool in a mortar, . . . yet will not his foolishness depart from him.
> Prov. xxvii. 22.

Bray, v. i. [OE brayen, F. braire to bray, OF. braire to cry, fr. LL. bragire to whinny; perh. fr. the Celtic and akin to E. break; or perh. of imitative origin.]

1. To utter a loud, harsh cry, as an ass.

> Laugh, and they
> Return it louder than an ass can bray.
> Dryden.

2. To make a harsh, grating, or discordant noise.

> Heard ye the din of battle bray?
> Gray.

Bray, v. t. To make or utter with a loud, discordant, or harsh and grating sound.

> Arms on armor clashing, brayed
> Horrible discord.
> MIlton.

> And varying notes the war pipes brayed.
> Sir W. Scott.

Bray, n. The harsh cry of an ass; also, any harsh, grating, or discordant sound.

> The bray and roar of multitudinous London.
> Jerrold.

Bray, n. [OE. braye, brey, brew, eyebrow, brow of a hill, hill, bank, Scot. bra, brae, bray, fr. AS. br&?;w eyebrow, influenced by the allied Icel. br&?; eyebrow, bank, also akin to AS. br&?; yebrow. See Brow.] A bank; the slope of a hill; a hill. See Brae, which is now the usual spelling. [North of Eng. & Scot.] Fairfax.

Bray"er (&?;), n. An implement for braying and spreading ink in hand printing.

Bray"er, n. One that brays like an ass. Pope.

Bray"ing, a. Making a harsh noise; blaring. "Braying trumpets." Shak.

Braze (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brazed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brazing.] [F. braser to solder, fr. Icel. brasa to harden by fire. Cf. Brass.] 1. To solder with hard solder, esp. with an alloy of copper and zinc; as, to braze the seams of a copper pipe.

2. To harden. "Now I am brazes to it." Shak.

Braze (&?;), v. t. [AS. bræsian, fr. bræs brass. See Brass.] To cover or ornament with brass. Chapman.

Bra"zen (&?;), a. [OE. brasen, AS. bræsen. See Brass.] 1. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, brass.

2. Sounding harsh and loud, like resounding brass.

3. Impudent; immodest; shameless; having a front like brass; as, a brazen countenance.

Brazen age. (a) (Myth.) The age of war and lawlessness which succeeded the silver age. (b) (Archæol.) See under Bronze. -- Brazen sea (Jewish Antiq.), a large laver of brass, placed in Solomon's temple for the use of the priests.

Bra"zen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brazened (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brazening.] To carry through impudently or shamelessly; as, to brazen the matter through.

> Sabina brazened it out before Mrs. Wygram, but inwardly she was resolved to be a good deal more circumspect.
> W. Black.

Bra"zen-browed` (&?;), a. Shamelessly impudent. Sir T. Browne.

Bra"zen*face` (&?;), n. An impudent or shameless person. "Well said, brazenface; hold it out." Shak.

Bra"zen*faced` (&?;), a. Impudent; shameless.

Bra"zen*ly (&?;), adv. In a bold, impudent manner.

<! p. 177 !>

Bra"zen*ness (br"z'n*ns), n. The quality or state of being brazen. Johnson.

Bra"zier (br"zhr), n. Same as Brasier.

||Braz`i*let"to (&?;), n. [Cf. Pg. & Sp. brasilete, It. brasiletto.] See Brazil wood.

Bra*zil"ian (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Brazil. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Brazil.

Brazilian pebble. See Pebble, n., 2.

Braz"i*lin (&?;), n. [Cf. F. brésiline. See Brazil.] (Chem.) A substance contained in both Brazil wood and Sapan wood, from which it is extracted as a yellow crystalline substance which is white when pure. It is colored intensely red by alkalies. [Written also brezilin.]

Bra*zil" nut` (&?;). (Bot.) An oily, three-sided nut, the seed of the Bertholletia excelsa; the cream nut.

From eighteen to twenty-four of the seed or "nuts" grow in a hard and nearly globular shell.

Bra*zil" wood` (&?;). [OE. brasil, LL. brasile (cf. Pg. & Sp. brasil, Pr. bresil, Pr. bresil); perh. from Sp. or Pg. brasa a live coal (cf. Braze, Brasier); or Ar. vars plant for dyeing red or yellow. This name was given to the wood from its color; and it is said that King Emanuel, of Portugal, gave the name Brazil to the country in South America on account of its producing this wood.]

1. The wood of the oriental Cæsalpinia Sapan; -- so called before the discovery of America.

2. A very heavy wood of a reddish color, imported from Brazil and other tropical countries, for cabinet-work, and for dyeing. The best is the heartwood of Cæsalpinia echinata, a leguminous tree; but other trees also yield it. An inferior sort comes from Jamaica, the timber of C. Braziliensis and C. crista. This is often distinguished as Braziletto , but the better kind is also frequently so named.

Breach (&?;), n. [OE. breke, breche, AS. brice, gebrice, gebrece (in comp.), fr. brecan to break; akin to Dan. bræk, MHG. breche, gap, breach. See Break, and cf. Brake (the instrument), Brack a break] . 1. The act of breaking, in a figurative sense.

2. Specifically: A breaking or infraction of a law, or of any obligation or tie; violation; non-fulfillment; as, a breach of contract; a breach of promise.

3. A gap or opening made made by breaking or battering, as in a wall or fortification; the space between the parts of a solid body rent by violence; a break; a rupture.

> Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more;
> Or close the wall up with our English dead.
> Shak.

4. A breaking of waters, as over a vessel; the waters themselves; surge; surf.

> The Lord hath broken forth upon mine enemies before me, as the breach of waters.
> 2 Sam. v. 20&?;

A clear breach implies that the waves roll over the vessel without breaking. -- A clean breach implies that everything on deck is swept away. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

5. A breaking up of amicable relations; rupture.

> There's fallen between him and my lord
> An unkind breach.
> Shak.

6. A bruise; a wound.

> Breach for breach, eye for eye.
> Lev. xxiv. 20&?;

7. (Med.) A hernia; a rupture.

8. A breaking out upon; an assault.

> The Lord had made a breach upon Uzza.
> 1. Chron. xiii. 11&?;

Breach of falth, a breaking, or a failure to keep, an expressed or implied promise; a betrayal of confidence or trust. -- Breach of peace, disorderly conduct, disturbing the public peace. -- Breach of privilege, an act or default in violation of the privilege or either house of Parliament, of Congress, or of a State legislature, as, for instance, by false swearing before a committee. Mozley. Abbott.

- Breach of promise, violation of one's plighted word, esp. of a promise to marry. -- Breach of trust, violation of one's duty or faith in a matter entrusted to one.

Syn. -- Rent; cleft; chasm; rift; aperture; gap; break; disruption; fracture; rupture; infraction; infringement; violation; quarrel; dispute; contention; difference; misunderstanding.

Breach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breached (&?;) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Breaching.] To make a breach or opening in; as, to breach the walls of a city.

Breach, v. i. To break the water, as by leaping out; -- said of a whale.

Breach"y (&?;), a. Apt to break fences or to break out of pasture; unruly; as, breachy cattle.

Bread (brd), v. t. [AS. brdan to make broad, to spread. See Broad, a.] To spread. [Obs.] Ray.

Bread (brd), n. [AS. breád; akin to OFries. brd, OS. brd, D. brood, G. brod, brot, Icel. brauð, Sw. & Dan. bröd. The root is probably that of E. brew. √93. See Brew.] 1. An article of food made from flour or meal by moistening, kneading, and baking.

Raised bread is made with yeast, salt, and sometimes a little butter or lard, and is mixed with warm milk or water to form the dough, which, after kneading, is given time to rise before baking. -- Cream of tartar bread is raised by the action of an alkaline carbonate or bicarbonate (as saleratus or ammonium bicarbonate) and cream of tartar (acid tartrate of potassium) or some acid. -- Unleavened bread is usually mixed with water and salt only.

Aërated bread. See under Aërated. Bread and butter (fig.), means of living. -- Brown bread, Indian bread, Graham bread, Rye and Indian bread. See Brown bread, under Brown. -- Bread tree. See Breadfruit.

2. Food; sustenance; support of life, in general.

> Give us this day our daily bread.
> Matt. vi. 11

Bread, v. t. (Cookery) To cover with bread crumbs, preparatory to cooking; as, breaded cutlets.

Bread"bas`ket (&?;), n. The stomach. [Humorous] S. Foote.

Bread"corn` (&?;). Corn of grain of which bread is made, as wheat, rye, etc.

Bread"ed, a. Braided [Obs.] Spenser.

Bread"en (&?;), a. Made of bread. [R.]

Bread"fruit` (&?;), n. (Bot.) 1. The fruit of a tree (Artocarpus incisa) found in the islands of the Pacific, esp. the South Sea islands. It is of a roundish form, from four to six or seven inches in diameter, and, when baked, somewhat resembles bread, and is eaten as food, whence the name.

2. (Bot.) The tree itself, which is one of considerable size, with large, lobed leaves. Cloth is made from the bark, and the timber is used for many purposes. Called also breadfruit tree and bread tree.

Bread"less, a. Without bread; destitute of food.

> Plump peers and breadless bards alike are dull.
> P. Whitehead.

Bread`root" (&?;), n. (Bot.) The root of a leguminous plant (Psoralea esculenta), found near the Rocky Mountains. It is usually oval in form, and abounds in farinaceous matter, affording sweet and palatable food.

It is the Pomme blanche of Canadian voyageurs.

Bread"stuff (&?;), n. Grain, flour, or meal of which bread is made.

Breadth (brdth), n. [OE. brede, breede, whence later bredette, AS. brdu, fr. brd broad. See Broad, a.]

1. Distance from side to side of any surface or thing; measure across, or at right angles to the length; width.

2. (Fine Arts) The quality of having the colors and shadows broad and massive, and the arrangement of objects such as to avoid to great multiplicity of details, producing an impression of largeness and simple grandeur; -- called also breadth of effect.

> Breadth of coloring is a prominent character in the painting of all great masters.
> Weale.

Breadth"less, a. Without breadth.

Breadth"ways (-wz), ads. Breadthwise. Whewell.

Breadth"wise (-wz), ads. In the direction of the breadth.

Bread"win`ner (brd"wn`nr), n. The member of a family whose labor supplies the food of the family; one who works for his living. H. Spencer.

Break (brk), v. t. [imp. broke (brk), (Obs. Brake); p. p. Broken (br"k'n), (Obs. Broke); p. pr. & vb. n. Breaking.] [OE. breken, AS. brecan; akin to OS. brekan, D. breken, OHG. brehhan, G. brechen, Icel. braka to creak, Sw. braka, bräkka to crack, Dan. brække to break, Goth. brikan to break, L. frangere. Cf. Bray to pound, Breach, Fragile.] 1. To strain apart; to sever by fracture; to divide with violence; as, to break a rope or chain; to break a seal; to break an axle; to break rocks or coal; to break a lock. Shak.

2. To lay open as by breaking; to divide; as, to break a package of goods.

3. To lay open, as a purpose; to disclose, divulge, or communicate.

> Katharine, break thy mind to me.
> Shak.

4. To infringe or violate, as an obligation, law, or promise.

> Out, out, hyena! these are thy wonted arts . . .
> To break all faith, all vows, deceive, betray.
> Milton

5. To interrupt; to destroy the continuity of; to dissolve or terminate; as, to break silence; to break one's sleep; to break one's journey.

> Go, release them, Ariel;
> My charms I'll break, their senses I'll restore.

Shak.

6. To destroy the completeness of; to remove a part from; as, to break a set.

7. To destroy the arrangement of; to throw into disorder; to pierce; as, the cavalry were not able to break the British squares.

8. To shatter to pieces; to reduce to fragments.

> The victim broke in pieces the musical instruments with which he had solaced the hours of captivity.
> Prescott.

9. To exchange for other money or currency of smaller denomination; as, to break a five dollar bill.

10. To destroy the strength, firmness, or consistency of; as, to break flax.

11. To weaken or impair, as health, spirit, or mind.

> An old man, broken with the storms of state.
> Shak.

12. To diminish the force of; to lessen the shock of, as a fall or blow.

> I'll rather leap down first, and break your fall.
> Dryden.

13. To impart, as news or information; to broach; - - with to, and often with a modified word implying some reserve; as, to break the news gently to the widow; to break a purpose cautiously to a friend.

14. To tame; to reduce to subjection; to make tractable; to discipline; as, to break a horse to the harness or saddle. "To break a colt." Spenser.

> Why, then thou canst not break her to the lute?
> Shak.

15. To destroy the financial credit of; to make bankrupt; to ruin.

> With arts like these rich Matho, when he speaks,
> Attracts all fees, and little lawyers breaks.
> Dryden.

16. To destroy the official character and standing of; to cashier; to dismiss.

> I see a great officer broken.
> Swift.

With prepositions or adverbs: --

To break down. (a) To crush; to overwhelm; as, to break down one's strength; to break down opposition. (b) To remove, or open a way through, by breaking; as, to break down a door or wall. -- To break in. (a) To force in; as, to break in a door. (b) To train; to discipline; as, a horse well broken in. -- To break of, to rid of; to cause to abandon; as, to break one of a habit. -- To break off. (a) To separate by breaking; as, to break off a twig. (b) To stop suddenly; to abandon. "Break off thy sins by righteousness." Dan. iv. 27. -- To break open, to open by breaking. "Open the door, or I will break it open." Shak. -- To break out, to take or force out by breaking; as, to break out a pane of glass. -- To break out a cargo, to unstow a cargo, so as to unload it easily. -- To break through. (a) To make an opening through, as, as by violence or the force of gravity; to pass violently through; as, to break through the enemy's lines; to break through the ice. (b) To disregard; as, to break through the ceremony. -- To break up. (a) To separate into parts; to plow (new or fallow ground). "Break up this capon." Shak. "Break up your fallow ground." Jer. iv. 3. (b) To dissolve; to put an end to. "Break up the court." Shak. -- To break (one) all up, to unsettle or disconcert completely; to upset. [Colloq.]

With an immediate object: --

To break the back. (a) To dislocate the backbone; hence, to disable totally. (b) To get through the worst part of; as, to break the back of a difficult undertaking. -- To break bulk, to destroy the entirety of a load by removing a portion of it; to begin to unload; also, to transfer in detail, as from boats to cars. -- To break cover, to burst forth from a protecting concealment, as game when hunted. -- To break a deer or stag, to cut it up and apportion the parts among those entitled to a share. -- To break fast, to partake of food after abstinence. See Breakfast. -- To break ground. (a) To open the earth as for planting; to commence excavation, as for building, siege operations, and the like; as, to break ground for a foundation, a canal, or a railroad. (b) Fig.: To begin to execute any plan. (c) (Naut.) To release the anchor from the bottom. -- To break the heart, to crush or overwhelm (one) with grief. -- To break a house (Law), to remove or set aside with violence and a felonious intent any part of a house or of the fastenings provided to secure it. -- To break the ice, to get through first difficulties; to overcome obstacles and make a beginning; to introduce a subject. -- To break jail, to escape from confinement in jail, usually by forcible means. -- To break a jest, to utter a jest. "Patroclus . . . the livelong day breaks scurril jests." Shak. -- To break joints, to lay or arrange bricks, shingles, etc., so that the joints in one course shall not coincide with those in the preceding course. -- To break a lance, to engage in a tilt or contest. -- To break the neck, to dislocate the joints of the neck. -- To break no squares, to create no trouble. [Obs.] -- To break a path, road, etc., to open a way through obstacles by force or labor. -- To break upon a wheel, to execute or torture, as a criminal by stretching him upon a wheel, and breaking his limbs with an iron bar; -- a mode of punishment formerly employed in some countries. -- To break wind, to give vent to wind from the anus.

Syn. -- To dispart; rend; tear; shatter; batter; violate; infringe; demolish; destroy; burst; dislocate.

Break (brk), v. i. 1. To come apart or divide into two or more pieces, usually with suddenness and violence; to part; to burst asunder.

2. To open spontaneously, or by pressure from within, as a bubble, a tumor, a seed vessel, a bag.

> Else the bottle break, and the wine runneth out.
> Math. ix. 17.

3. To burst forth; to make its way; to come to view; to appear; to dawn.

> The day begins to break, and night is fled.
> Shak.

> And from the turf a fountain broke,
> and gurgled at our feet.
> Wordsworth.

4. To burst forth violently, as a storm.

> The clouds are still above; and, while I speak,
> A second deluge o'er our head may break.
> Dryden.

5. To open up; to be scattered; to be dissipated; as, the clouds are breaking.

> At length the darkness begins to break.
> Macaulay.

6. To become weakened in constitution or faculties; to lose health or strength.

> See how the dean begins to break;
> Poor gentleman! he droops apace.
> Swift.

7. To be crushed, or overwhelmed with sorrow or grief; as, my heart is breaking.

8. To fall in business; to become bankrupt.

> He that puts all upon adventures doth oftentimes break, and come to poverty.
> Bacn.

9. To make an abrupt or sudden change; to change the gait; as, to break into a run or gallop.

10. To fail in musical quality; as, a singer's voice breaks when it is strained beyond its compass and a tone or note is not completed, but degenerates into an unmusical sound instead. Also, to change in tone, as a boy's voice at puberty.

11. To fall out; to terminate friendship.

> To break upon the score of danger or expense is to be mean and narrow-spirited.
> Collier.

With prepositions or adverbs: -

To break away, to disengage one's self abruptly; to come or go away against resistance.

> Fear me not, man; I will not break away.
> Shak.

To break down. (a) To come down by breaking; as, the coach broke down. (b) To fail in any undertaking.

> He had broken down almost at the outset.
> Thackeray.

-- To break forth, to issue; to come out suddenly, as sound, light, etc. "Then shall thy light break forth as the morning." Isa. lviii. 8;

often with into in expressing or giving vent to one's feelings. "Break forth into singing, ye mountains." Isa. xliv. 23.

To break from, to go away from abruptly.

> This radiant from the circling crowd he broke.
> Dryden.

-- To break into, to enter by breaking; as, to break into a house. -- To break in upon, to enter or approach violently or unexpectedly. "This, this is he; softly awhile; let us not break in upon him." Milton. -- To break loose. (a) To extricate one's self forcibly. "Who would not, finding way, break loose from hell?" Milton. (b) To cast off restraint, as of morals or propriety. -- To break off. (a) To become separated by rupture, or with suddenness and violence. (b) To desist or cease suddenly. "Nay, forward, old man; do not break off so." Shak. -- To break off from, to desist from; to abandon, as a habit. -- To break out. (a) To burst forth; to escape from restraint; to appear suddenly, as a fire or an epidemic. "For in the wilderness shall waters break out, and stream in the desert." Isa. xxxv. 6 (b) To show itself in cutaneous eruptions; -- said of a disease. (c) To have a rash or eruption on the akin; -- said of a patient. -- To break over, to overflow; to go beyond limits. -- To break up. (a) To become separated into parts or fragments; as, the ice break up in the rivers; the wreck will break up in the next storm. (b) To disperse. "The company breaks up." I. Watts. -- To break upon, to discover itself suddenly to; to dawn upon. -- To break with. (a) To fall out; to sever one's relations with; to part friendship. "It can not be the Volsces dare break with us." Shak. "If she did not intend to marry Clive, she should have broken with him altogether." Thackeray. (b) To come to an explanation; to enter into conference; to speak. [Obs.] "I will break with her and with her father." Shak.

<! p. 178 !>

Break (
[1913 Webster]), n. [See Break, v. t., and cf. Brake (the instrument), Breach, Brack a crack.] 1. An opening made by fracture or disruption.

2. An interruption of continuity; change of direction; as, a break in a wall; a break in the deck of a ship. Specifically: (a) (Arch.) A projection or recess from the face of a building. (b) (Elec.) An opening or displacement in the circuit, interrupting the electrical current.

3. An interruption; a pause; as, a break in friendship; a break in the conversation.

4. An interruption in continuity in writing or printing, as where there is an omission, an unfilled line, etc.

> All modern trash is
> Set forth with numerous breaks and dashes.
> Swift.

5. The first appearing, as of light in the morning; the dawn; as, the break of day; the break of dawn.

6. A large four-wheeled carriage, having a straight body and calash top, with the driver's seat in front and the footman's behind.

7. A device for checking motion, or for measuring friction. See Brake, n. 9 & 10.

8. (Teleg.) See Commutator.

Break"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being broken.

Break"age (&?;), n. 1. The act of breaking; a break; a breaking; also, articles broken.

2. An allowance or compensation for things broken accidentally, as in transportation or use.

Break"bone` fe`ver (&?;). (Med.) See Dengue.

Break"-cir`cuit (&?;), n. (Elec.) A key or other device for breaking an electrical circuit.

Break"down` (&?;), n. 1. The act or result of breaking down, as of a carriage; downfall.

2. (a) A noisy, rapid, shuffling dance engaged in competitively by a number of persons or pairs in succession, as among the colored people of the Southern United States, and so called, perhaps, because the exercise is continued until most of those who take part in it break down. (b) Any rude, noisy dance performed by shuffling the feet, usually by one person at a time. [U.S.]

> Don't clear out when the quadrilles are over, for we are going to have a breakdown to wind up with.
> New Eng. Tales.

Break"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, breaks.

> I'll be no breaker of the law.
> Shak.

2. Specifically: A machine for breaking rocks, or for breaking coal at the mines; also, the building in which such a machine is placed.

3. (Naut.) A small water cask. Totten.

4. A wave breaking into foam against the shore, or against a sand bank, or a rock or reef near the surface.

> The breakers were right beneath her bows.
> Longfellow.

Break"fast (&?;), n. [Break + fast.] 1. The first meal in the day, or that which is eaten at the first meal.

> A sorry breakfast for my lord protector.
> Shak.

2. A meal after fasting, or food in general.

> The wolves will get a breakfast by my death.
> Dryden.

Break"fast, v. i. [imp. & p. p. breakfasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Breakfasting.] To break one's fast in the morning; too eat the first meal in the day.

> First, sir, I read, and then I breakfast.
> Prior.

Break"fast, v. t. To furnish with breakfast. Milton.

Break"man (&?;), n. See Brakeman.

Break"neck` (&?;), n. 1. A fall that breaks the neck.

2. A steep place endangering the neck.

Break"neck` (&?;), a. Producing danger of a broken neck; as, breakneck speed.

Break"-up` (&?;), n. Disruption; a separation and dispersion of the parts or members; as, a break-up of an assembly or dinner party; a break-up of the government.

Break"wa`ter (&?;), n. Any structure or contrivance, as a mole, or a wall at the mouth of a harbor, to break the force of waves, and afford protection from their violence.

Bream (&?;), n. [OE. breme, brem, F. brême, OF. bresme, of German origin; cf. OHG. brahsema, brahsina, OLG. bressemo, G. brassen. Cf. Brasse.]

1. (Zoöl) A European fresh-water cyprinoid fish of the genus Abramis, little valued as food. Several species are known.

2. (Zoöl) An American fresh-water fish, of various species of Pomotis and allied genera, which are also called sunfishes and pondfishes. See Pondfish.

3. (Zoöl) A marine sparoid fish of the genus Pagellus, and allied genera. See Sea Bream.

Bream, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breamed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Breaming.] [Cf. Broom, and G. ein schiff brennen.] (Naut.) To clean, as a ship's bottom of adherent shells, seaweed, etc., by the application of fire and scraping.

Breast (brst), n. [OE. brest, breost, As. breóst; akin to Icel. brjst, Sw. bröst, Dan. bryst, Goth. brusts, OS. briost, D. borst, G. brust.] 1. The fore part of the body, between the neck and the belly; the chest; as, the breast of a man or of a horse.

2. Either one of the protuberant glands, situated on the front of the chest or thorax in the female of man and of some other mammalia, in which milk is secreted for the nourishment of the young; a mamma; a teat.

> My brother, that sucked the breasts of my mother.
> Cant. viii. 1.

3. Anything resembling the human breast, or bosom; the front or forward part of anything; as, a chimney breast; a plow breast; the breast of a hill.

> Mountains on whose barren breast
> The laboring clouds do often rest.
> Milton.

4. (Mining) (a) The face of a coal working. (b) The front of a furnace.

5. The seat of consciousness; the repository of thought and self-consciousness, or of secrets; the seat of the affections and passions; the heart.

> He has a loyal breast.
> Shak.

6. The power of singing; a musical voice; -- so called, probably, from the connection of the voice with the lungs, which lie within the breast. [Obs.]

> By my troth, the fool has an excellent breast.
> Shak.

Breast drill, a portable drilling machine, provided with a breastplate, for forcing the drill against the work. - - Breast pang. See Angina pectoris, under Angina. -- To make a clean breast, to disclose the secrets which weigh upon one; to make full confession.

Breast, v. t. [imp. & p. p.Breasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Breasting.] To meet, with the breast; to struggle with or oppose manfully; as, to breast the storm or waves.

> The court breasted the popular current by sustaining the demurrer.
> Wirt.

To breast up a hedge, to cut the face of it on one side so as to lay bare the principal upright stems of the plants.

Breast"band` (-bnd`), n. A band for the breast. Specifically: (Naut.) A band of canvas, or a rope, fastened at both ends to the rigging, to support the man who heaves the lead in sounding.

Breast"beam` (brst"bm`), n. (Mach.) The front transverse beam of a locomotive.

Breast"bone` (brst"bn`), n. The bone of the breast; the sternum.

Breast"-deep` (brst"dp`), a. Deep as from the breast to the feet; as high as the breast.

> Set him breast-deep in earth, and famish him.
> Shak.

Breast"ed, a. Having a breast; -- used in composition with qualifying words, in either a literal or a metaphorical sense; as, a single-breasted coat.

> The close minister is buttoned up, and the brave officer open-breasted, on these occasions.
> Spectator.

Breast"fast` (&?;), n. (Naut.) A large rope to fasten the midship part of a ship to a wharf, or to another vessel.

Breast"height` (&?;), n. The interior slope of a fortification, against which the garrison lean in firing.

Breast"-high` (&?;), a. High as the breast.

Breast"hook` (&?;), n. (Naut.) A thick piece of timber in the form of a knee, placed across the stem of a ship to strengthen the fore part and unite the bows on each side. Totten.

Breast"ing, n. (Mach.) The curved channel in which a breast wheel turns. It is closely adapted to the curve of the wheel through about a quarter of its circumference, and prevents the escape of the water until it has spent its force upon the wheel. See Breast wheel.

Breast"knot` (brst"nt), n. A knot of ribbons worn on the breast. Addison.

Breast"pin` (brst"pn`), n. A pin worn on the breast for a fastening, or for ornament; a brooch.

Breast"plate` (&?;), n. 1. A plate of metal covering the breast as defensive armor.

> Before his old rusty breastplate could be scoured, and his cracked headpiece mended.
> Swift.

2. A piece against which the workman presses his breast in operating a breast drill, or other similar tool.

3. A strap that runs across a horse's breast. Ash.

4. (Jewish Antiq.) A part of the vestment of the high priest, worn upon the front of the ephod. It was a double piece of richly embroidered stuff, a span square, set with twelve precious stones, on which were engraved the names of the twelve tribes of Israel. See Ephod.

{ Breast"plow`, Breast"plough` } (&?;), n. A kind of plow, driven by the breast of the workman; -- used to cut or pare turf.

Breast"rail` (-rl`), n. The upper rail of any parapet of ordinary height, as of a balcony; the railing of a quarter-deck, etc.

Breast"rope` (brst"rp`), n. See Breastband.

Breast"sum`mer (&?;), n. (Arch.) A summer or girder extending across a building flush with, and supporting, the upper part of a front or external wall; a long lintel; a girder; -- used principally above shop windows. [Written also brestsummer and bressummer.]

Breast"wheel` (brst" hwl`), n. A water wheel, on which the stream of water strikes neither so high as in the overshot wheel, nor so low as in the undershot, but generally at about half the height of the wheel, being kept in contact with it by the breasting. The water acts on the float boards partly by impulse, partly by its weight.

Breast"work` (brst"wûrk`), n. 1. (Fort.) A defensive work of moderate height, hastily thrown up, of earth or other material.

2. (Naut.) A railing on the quarter-deck and forecastle.

Breath (brth), n. [OE. breth, breeth, AS. brð odor, scent, breath; cf. OHG. brdam steam, vapor, breath, G. brodem, and possibly E. Brawn, and Breed.] 1. The air inhaled and exhaled in respiration; air which, in the process of respiration, has parted with oxygen and has received carbonic acid, aqueous vapor, warmth, etc.

> Melted as breath into the wind.
> Shak.

2. The act of breathing naturally or freely; the power or capacity to breathe freely; as, I am out of breath.

3. The power of respiration, and hence, life. Hood.

> Thou takest away their breath, they die.
> Ps. civ. 29.

4. Time to breathe; respite; pause.

> Give me some breath, some little pause.
> Shak.

5. A single respiration, or the time of making it; a single act; an instant.

> He smiles and he frowns in a breath.
> Dryden.

6. Fig.: That which gives or strengthens life.

> The earthquake voice of victory,
> To thee the breath of life.
> Byron.

7. A single word; the slightest effort; a trifle.

> A breath can make them, as a breath has made.
> Goldsmith.

8. A very slight breeze; air in gentle motion.

> Calm and unruffled as a summer's sea,
> when not a breath of wind flies o'er its surface.
> Addison.

9. Fragrance; exhalation; odor; perfume. Tennison.

> The breath of flowers.
> Bacon.

10. Gentle exercise, causing a quicker respiration.

> An after dinner's breath.
> Shak.

Out of breath, breathless, exhausted; breathing with difficulty. -- Under one's breath, in low tones.

Breath"a*ble (br"*b'l), a. Such as can be breathed.

Breath"a*ble*ness, n. State of being breathable.

Breathe (br), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Breathed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Breathing.] [From Breath.]

1. To respire; to inhale and exhale air; hence;, to live. "I am in health, I breathe." Shak.

> Breathes there a man with soul so dead?
> Sir W. Scott.

2. To take breath; to rest from action.

> Well! breathe awhile, and then to it again!
> Shak.

3. To pass like breath; noiselessly or gently; to exhale; to emanate; to blow gently.

> The air breathes upon us here most sweetly.
> Shak.

> There breathes a living fragrance from the shore.
> Byron.

Breathe, v. t. 1. To inhale and exhale in the process of respiration; to respire.

> To view the light of heaven, and breathe the vital air.
> Dryden.

2. To inject by breathing; to infuse; -- with into.

> Able to breathe life into a stone.
> Shak.

> And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.
> Gen. ii. 7.

3. To emit or utter by the breath; to utter softly; to whisper; as, to breathe a vow.

> He softly breathed thy name.
> Dryden.

> Or let the church, our mother, breathe her curse,
> A mother's curse, on her revolting son.
> Shak.

4. To exhale; to emit, as breath; as, the flowers breathe odors or perfumes.

5. To express; to manifest; to give forth.

> Others articles breathe the same severe spirit.
> Milner.

6. To act upon by the breath; to cause to sound by breathing. "They breathe the flute." Prior.

7. To promote free respiration in; to exercise.

> And every man should beat thee. I think thou wast created for men to breathe themselves upon thee.
> Shak.

8. To suffer to take breath, or recover the natural breathing; to rest; as, to breathe a horse.

> A moment breathed his panting steed.
> Sir W. Scott.

9. To put out of breath; to exhaust.

> Mr. Tulkinghorn arrives in his turret room, a little breathed by the journey up.
> Dickens.

10. (Phonetics) To utter without vocality, as the nonvocal consonants.

> The same sound may be pronounces either breathed, voiced, or whispered.
> H. Sweet.

> Breathed elements, being already voiceless, remain unchanged [in whispering].
> H. Sweet.

To breathe again, to take breath; to feel a sense of relief, as from danger, responsibility, or press of business. -- To breathe one's last, to die; to expire. -- To breathe a vein, to open a vein; to let blood. Dryden.

Breath"er (&?;), n. 1. One who breathes. Hence: (a) One who lives.(b) One who utters. (c) One who animates or inspires.

2. That which puts one out of breath, as violent exercise. [Colloq.]

Breath"ful (&?;), a. Full of breath; full of odor; fragrant. [Obs.]

Breath"ing (&?;), n. 1. Respiration; the act of inhaling and exhaling air.

> Subject to a difficulty of breathing.
> Melmoth.

2. Air in gentle motion.

3. Any gentle influence or operation; inspiration; as, the breathings of the Spirit.

4. Aspiration; secret prayer. "Earnest desires and breathings after that blessed state." Tillotson.

5. Exercising; promotion of respiration.

> Here is a lady that wants breathing too;
> And I have heard, you knights of Tyre
> Are excellent in making ladies trip.
> Shak.

6. Utterance; communication or publicity by words.

> I am sorry to give breathing to my purpose.
> Shak.

7. Breathing place; vent. Dryden.

8. Stop; pause; delay.

> You shake the head at so long a breathing.
> Shak.

9. Also, in a wider sense, the sound caused by the friction of the outgoing breath in the throat, mouth, etc., when the glottis is wide open; aspiration; the sound expressed by the letter h.

<! p. 179 !>

10. (Gr. Gram.) A mark to indicate aspiration or its absence. See Rough breathing, Smooth breathing, below.

Breathing place. (a) A pause. "That cæsura, or breathing place, in the midst of the verse." Sir P. Sidney. (b) A vent. -- Breathing time, pause; relaxation. Bp. Hall. -- Breathing while, time sufficient for drawing breath; a short time. Shak. -- Rough breathing (spiritus asper) (). See 2d Asper, n. -- Smooth breathing (spiritus lenis), a mark (') indicating the absence of the sound of h, as in 'ie`nai (ienai).

Breath"less (brth"ls), a. 1. Spent with labor or violent action; out of breath.

2. Not breathing; holding the breath, on account of fear, expectation, or intense interest; attended with a holding of the breath; as, breathless attention.

> But breathless, as we grow when feeling most.
> Byron.

3. Dead; as, a breathless body.

Breath"less*ly, adv. In a breathless manner.

Breath"less*ness, n. The state of being breathless or out of breath.

||Brec"cia (&?;), n. [It., breach, pebble, fragments of stone, fr. F. brèche; of German origin. See Breach.] (Geol.) A rock composed of angular fragments either of the same mineral or of different minerals, etc., united by a cement, and commonly presenting a variety of colors.

Bone breccia, a breccia containing bones, usually fragmentary. -- Coin breccia, a breccia containing coins.

Brec"ci*a`ted (&?;), a. Consisting of angular fragments cemented together; resembling breccia in appearance.

> The brecciated appearance of many specimens [of meteorites].
> H. A. Newton.

Bred (&?;), imp. & p. p. of Breed.

Bred out, degenerated. "The strain of man's bred out into baboon and monkey." Shak. -- Bred to arms. See under Arms. -- Well bred. (a) Of a good family; having a good pedigree. "A gentleman well bred and of good name." Shak. [Obs., except as applied to domestic animals.] (b) Well brought up, as shown in having good manners; cultivated; refined; polite.

{ Brede, or Breede } (&?;), n. Breadth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brede (&?;), n. [See Braid woven cord.] A braid. [R.]

> Half lapped in glowing gauze and golden brede.
> Tennyson.

Breech (&?;), n. [See Breeches.] 1. The lower part of the body behind; the buttocks.

2. Breeches. [Obs.] Shak.

3. The hinder part of anything; esp., the part of a cannon, or other firearm, behind the chamber.

4. (Naut.) The external angle of knee timber, the inside of which is called the throat.

Breech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Breeched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Breeching (&?;).] 1. To put into, or clothe with, breeches.

> A great man . . . anxious to know whether the blacksmith's youngest boy was breeched.
> Macaulay.

2. To cover as with breeches. [Poetic]

> Their daggers unmannerly breeched with gore.
> Shak.

3. To fit or furnish with a breech; as, to breech a gun.

4. To whip on the breech. [Obs.]

> Had not a courteous serving man conveyed me away, whilst he went to fetch whips, I think, in my conscience, he would have breeched me.
> Old Play.

5. To fasten with breeching.

Breech"block (&?;), n. The movable piece which closes the breech of a breech-loading firearm, and resists the backward force of the discharge. It is withdrawn for the insertion of a cartridge, and closed again before the gun is fired.

Breech"cloth` (&?;), n. A cloth worn around the breech.

Breech"es (&?;), n. pl. [OE. brech, brek, AS. brk, pl. of brc breech, breeches; akin to Icel. brk breeches, ODan. brog, D. broek, G. bruch; cf. L. bracae, braccae, which is of Celtic origin. Cf. Brail.] 1. A garment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs; smallclothes.

> His jacket was red, and his breeches were blue.
> Coleridge.

2. Trousers; pantaloons. [Colloq.]

Breeches buoy, in the life-saving service, a pair of canvas breeches depending from an annular or beltlike life buoy which is usually of cork. This contrivance, inclosing the person to be rescued, is hung by short ropes from a block which runs upon the hawser stretched from the ship to the shore, and is drawn to land by hauling lines. -- Breeches pipe, a forked pipe forming two branches united at one end. -- Knee breeches, breeches coming to the knee, and buckled or fastened there; smallclothes. -- To wear the breeches, to usurp the authority of the husband; -- said of a wife. [Colloq.]

Breech"ing (&?;), n. 1. A whipping on the breech, or the act of whipping on the breech.

> I view the prince with Aristarchus' eyes,
> Whose looks were as a breeching to a boy.
> Marlowe.

2. That part of a harness which passes round the breech of a horse, enabling him to hold back a vehicle.

3. (Naut.) A strong rope rove through the cascabel of a cannon and secured to ringbolts in the ship's side, to limit the recoil of the gun when it is discharged.

4. The sheet iron casing at the end of boilers to convey the smoke from the flues to the smokestack.

Breech"load`er (&?;), n. A firearm which receives its load at the breech.

> For cavalry, the revolver and breechloader will supersede the saber.
> Rep. Sec. War (1860).

Breech"-load`ing, a. Receiving the charge at the breech instead of at the muzzle.

{ Breech" pin` (&?;), Breech" screw` } (&?;). A strong iron or steel plug screwed into the breech of a musket or other firearm, to close the bottom of the bore.

Breech" sight` (&?;). A device attached to the breech of a firearm, to guide the eye, in conjunction with the front sight, in taking aim.

Breed (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Breeding.] [OE. breden, AS. brdan to nourish, cherish, keep warm, from brd brood; akin to D. broeden to brood, OHG. bruoten, G. brüten. See Brood.] 1. To produce as offspring; to bring forth; to bear; to procreate; to generate; to beget; to hatch.

> Yet every mother breeds not sons alike.
> Shak.

> If the sun breed maggots in a dead dog.
> Shak.

2. To take care of in infancy, and through the age of youth; to bring up; to nurse and foster.

> To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed.
> Dryden.

> Born and bred on the verge of the wilderness.
> Everett.

3. To educate; to instruct; to form by education; to train; -- sometimes followed by up.

> But no care was taken to breed him a Protestant.
> Bp. Burnet.

> His farm may not remove his children too far from him, or the trade he breeds them up in.
> Locke.

4. To engender; to cause; to occasion; to originate; to produce; as, to breed a storm; to breed disease.

> Lest the place
> And my quaint habits breed astonishment.
> Milton.

5. To give birth to; to be the native place of; as, a pond breeds fish; a northern country breeds stout men.

6. To raise, as any kind of stock.

7. To produce or obtain by any natural process. [Obs.]

> Children would breed their teeth with less danger.
> Locke.

Syn. -- To engender; generate; beget; produce; hatch; originate; bring up; nourish; train; instruct.

Breed, v. i. 1. To bear and nourish young; to reproduce or multiply itself; to be pregnant.

> That they breed abundantly in the earth.
> Gen. viii. 17.

> The mother had never bred before.
> Carpenter.

> Ant. Is your gold and silver ewes and rams?
> Shy. I can not tell. I make it breed as fast.
> Shak.

2. To be formed in the parent or dam; to be generated, or to grow, as young before birth.

3. To have birth; to be produced or multiplied.

> Heavens rain grace
> On that which breeds between them.
> Shak.

4. To raise a breed; to get progeny.

> The kind of animal which you wish to breed from.
> Gardner.

To breed in and in, to breed from animals of the same stock that are closely related.

Breed, n. 1. A race or variety of men or other animals (or of plants), perpetuating its special or distinctive characteristics by inheritance.

> Twice fifteen thousand hearts of England's breed.
> Shak.

> Greyhounds of the best breed.
> Carpenter.

2. Class; sort; kind; -- of men, things, or qualities.

> Are these the breed of wits so wondered at?
> Shak.

> This courtesy is not of the right breed.
> Shak.

3. A number produced at once; a brood. [Obs.]

Breed is usually applied to domestic animals; species or variety to wild animals and to plants; and race to men.

Breed"bate (&?;), n. One who breeds or originates quarrels. [Obs.] "No telltale nor no breedbate." Shak.

Breed"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, breeds, produces, brings up, etc.

> She was a great breeder.
> Dr. A. Carlyle.

> Italy and Rome have been the best breeders of worthy men.
> Ascham.

2. A cause. "The breeder of my sorrow." Shak.

Breed"ing (&?;), n. 1. The act or process of generating or bearing.

2. The raising or improving of any kind of domestic animals; as, farmers should pay attention to breeding.

3. Nurture; education; formation of manners.

> She had her breeding at my father's charge.
> Shak.

4. Deportment or behavior in the external offices and decorums of social life; manners; knowledge of, or training in, the ceremonies, or polite observances of society.

> Delicacy of breeding, or that polite deference and respect which civility obliges us either to express or counterfeit towards the persons with whom we converse.
> Hume.

5. Descent; pedigree; extraction. [Obs.]

> Honest gentlemen, I know not your breeding.
> Shak.

Close breeding, In and in breeding, breeding from a male and female from the same parentage. -- Cross breeding, breeding from a male and female of different lineage. -- Good breeding, politeness; genteel deportment.

Syn. -- Education; instruction; nurture; training; manners. See Education.

Breeze (&?;), Breeze" fly` (&?;), n. [OE. brese, AS. briósa; perh. akin to OHG. brimissa, G. breme, bremse, D. brems, which are akin to G. brummen to growl, buzz, grumble, L. fremere to murmur; cf. G. brausen, Sw. brusa, Dan. bruse, to roar, rush.] (Zoöl.) A fly of various species, of the family Tabanidæ, noted for buzzing about animals, and tormenting them by sucking their blood; -- called also horsefly, and gadfly. They are among the largest of two-winged or dipterous insects. The name is also given to different species of botflies. [Written also breese and brize.]

Breeze, n. [F. brise; akin to It. brezza breeze, Sp. briza, brisa, a breeze from northeast, Pg. briza northeast wind; of uncertain origin; cf. F. bise, Pr. bisa, OHG. bisa, north wind, Arm. biz northeast wind.] 1. A light, gentle wind; a fresh, soft-blowing wind.

> Into a gradual calm the breezes sink.
> Wordsworth.

2. An excited or ruffed state of feeling; a flurry of excitement; a disturbance; a quarrel; as, the discovery produced a breeze. [Colloq.]

Land breeze, a wind blowing from the land, generally at night. -- Sea breeze, a breeze or wind blowing, generally in the daytime, from the sea.

Breeze (&?;), n. [F. braise cinders, live coals. See Brasier.] 1. Refuse left in the process of making coke or burning charcoal.

2. (Brickmaking) Refuse coal, coal ashes, and cinders, used in the burning of bricks.

Breeze, v. i. To blow gently. [R.] J. Barlow.

To breeze up (Naut.), to blow with increasing freshness.

Breeze"less, a. Motionless; destitute of breezes.

> A stagnant, breezeless air becalms my soul.
> Shenstone.

Breez"i*ness (&?;), n. State of being breezy.

Breez"y (&?;), a. 1. Characterized by, or having, breezes; airy. "A breezy day in May." Coleridge.

> 'Mid lawns and shades by breezy rivulets fanned.
> Wordsworth.

2. Fresh; brisk; full of life. [Colloq.]

||Breg"ma (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; the front part of the head: cf. F. bregma.] (Anat.) The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures of the skull.

Breg*mat"ic (&?;), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the bregma.

Bre"hon (&?;), n. [Ir. breitheamh judge.] An ancient Irish or Scotch judge.

Brehon laws, the ancient Irish laws, -- unwritten, like the common law of England. They were abolished by statute of Edward III.

Breme (brm), a. [OE. breme, brime, fierce, impetuous, glorious, AS. brme, brme, famous. Cf. Brim, a.] 1. Fierce; sharp; severe; cruel. [Obs.] Spenser.

> From the septentrion cold, in the breme freezing air.
> Drayton.

2. Famous; renowned; well known. Wright.

[Written also brim and brimme.]

{ Bren (&?;), Bren"ne (&?;), } v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Brent (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brenning.] [See Burn.] To burn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Consuming fire brent his shearing house or stall.
> W. Browne.

Bren, n. Bran. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bren"nage (&?;), n. [OF. brenage; cf. LL. brennagium, brenagium. See Bran.] (Old Eng. Law) A tribute which tenants paid to their lord, in lieu of bran, which they were obliged to furnish for his hounds.

Bren"ning*ly, adv. Burningly; ardently. [Obs.]

{ Brent (&?;), Brant } (&?;), a. [AS. brant; akin to Dan. brat, Icel. brattr, steep.] 1. Steep; high. [Obs.]

> Grapes grow on the brant rocks so wonderfully that ye will marvel how any man dare climb up to them.
> Ascham.

2. Smooth; unwrinkled. [Scot.]

> Your bonnie brow was brent.
> Burns.

Brent, imp. & p. p. of Bren. Burnt. [Obs.]

Brent, n. [Cf. Brant.] A brant. See Brant.

Breq"uet chain` (&?;). A watch-guard.

Brere (&?;), n. A brier. [Archaic] Chaucer.

Brest (&?;), 3d sing.pr. for Bursteth. [Obs.]

{ Brest, Breast } (&?;), n. (Arch.) A torus. [Obs.]

Bres"te (&?;), v. t. & i. [imp. Brast; p. p. Brusten, Borsten, Bursten.] To burst. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brest"sum`mer (&?;), n. See Breastsummer.

Bret (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Birt.

Bret"ful (&?;), a. [OE. also brerdful, fr. brerd top, brim, AS. brerd.] Brimful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Breth"ren (&?;), n.; pl. of Brother.

This form of the plural is used, for the most part, in solemn address, and in speaking of religious sects or fraternities, or their members.

Bret"on (&?;), a. [F. breton.] Of or relating to Brittany, or Bretagne, in France. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Brittany, or Bretagne, in France; also, the ancient language of Brittany; Armorican.

Brett (&?;), n. Same as Britzska.

Bret"tice (&?;), n.; pl. Brettices (&?;). [OE. bretasce, bretage, parapet, OF. bretesche wooden tower, F. bretèche, LL. breteschia, bertresca, prob. fr. OHG. bret, G. brett board; akin to E. board. See Board, n., and cf. Bartizan.] The wooden boarding used in supporting the roofs and walls of coal mines. See Brattice.

Bret"wal*da (&?;), n. [AS. Bretwalda, br&?;ten walda, a powerful ruler.] (Eng. Hist.) The official title applied to that one of the Anglo-Saxon chieftains who was chosen by the other chiefs to lead them in their warfare against the British tribes. Brande & C.

Bret"zel (&?;), n. [G.] See Pretzel.

Breve (brv), n. [It. & (in sense 2) LL. breve, fr. L. brevis short. See Brief.] 1. (Mus.) A note or character of time, equivalent to two semibreves or four minims. When dotted, it is equal to three semibreves. It was formerly of a square figure (as thus: &?; ), but is now made oval, with a line perpendicular to the staff on each of its sides; -- formerly much used for choir service. Moore.

2. (Law) Any writ or precept under seal, issued out of any court.

3. (Print.) A curved mark [] used commonly to indicate the short quantity of a vowel.

4. (Zoöl.) The great ant thrush of Sumatra (Pitta gigas), which has a very short tail.

Bre*vet" (br*vt"; 277), n. [F. brevet, LL. brevetum, fr. L. brevis short. See Brief.] 1. A warrant from the government, granting a privilege, title, or dignity. [French usage].

2. (Mil.) A commission giving an officer higher rank than that for which he receives pay; an honorary promotion of an officer.

In the United States army, rank by brevet is conferred, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for "gallant actions or meritorious services." A brevet rank gives no right of command in the particular corps to which the officer brevetted belongs, and can be exercised only by special assignment of the President, or on court martial, and detachments composed of different corps, with pay of the brevet rank when on such duty.

<! p. 180 !>

Bre*vet" (br*vt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brevetted (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brevetting.] (Mil.) To confer rank upon by brevet.

Bre*vet", a. (Mil.) Taking or conferring rank by brevet; as, a brevet colonel; a brevet commission.

Bre*vet"cy (br*vt"s), n.; pl. Brevetcies (- sz). (Mil.) The rank or condition of a brevet officer.

Bre"vi*a*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Breviaries (&?;). [F. bréviarie, L. breviarium summary, abridgment, neut. noun fr. breviarius abridged, fr. brevis short. See Brief, and cf. Brevier.] 1. An abridgment; a compend; an epitome; a brief account or summary.

> A book entitled the abridgment or breviary of those roots that are to be cut up or gathered.
> Holland.

2. A book containing the daily public or canonical prayers of the Roman Catholic or of the Greek Church for the seven canonical hours, namely, matins and lauds, the first, third, sixth, and ninth hours, vespers, and compline; -- distinguished from the missal.

Bre"vi*ate (&?;), n. [L. breviatus, p. p. of breviare to shorten, brevis short.] 1. A short compend; a summary; a brief statement.

> I omit in this breviate to rehearse.
> Hakluyt.

> The same little breviates of infidelity have . . . been published and dispersed with great activity.
> Bp. Porteus.

2. A lawyer's brief. [R.] Hudibras.

Bre"vi*ate (&?;), v. t. To abbreviate. [Obs.]

Bre"vi*a*ture (&?;), n. An abbreviature; an abbreviation. [Obs.] Johnson.

Bre*vier" (br*vr"), n. [Prob. from being originally used in printing a breviary. See Breviary.] (Print.) A size of type between bourgeois and minion.

This line is printed in brevier type.

Bre*vil"o*quence (&?;), n. [L. breviloquentia.] A brief and pertinent mode of speaking. [R.]

Brev"i*ped (&?;), a. [L. brevis short + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. brévipède.] (Zoöl.) Having short legs. -- n. A breviped bird.

Brev"i*pen (&?;), n. [L. brevis short + penna wing: cf. F. brévipenne.] (Zoöl.) A brevipennate bird.

Brev`i*pen"nate (&?;), a. [L. brevis short + E. pennate.] (Zoöl.) Short-winged; -- applied to birds which can not fly, owing to their short wings, as the ostrich, cassowary, and emu.

{ Brev`i*ros"tral (&?;), Brev`i*ros"trate (&?;), } a. [L. brevis short + E. rostral, rostrate.] (Zoöl.) Short-billed; having a short beak.

Brev"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Brevities (&?;). [L. brevitas, fr. brevis short: cf. F. brièvité. See Brief.] 1. Shortness of duration; briefness of time; as, the brevity of human life.

2. Contraction into few words; conciseness.

> Brevity is the soul of wit.
> Shak.

> This argument is stated by St. John with his usual elegant brevity and simplicity.
> Bp. Porteus.

Syn. -- Shortness; conciseness; succinctness; terseness.

Brew (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brewed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brewing.] [OE. brewen, AS. breówan; akin to D. brouwen, OHG. priuwan, MHG. briuwen, br&?;wen, G. brauen, Icel. brugga, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and perh. to L. defrutum must boiled down, Gr. &?; (for &?;?) a kind of beer. The original meaning seems to have been to prepare by heat. √93. Cf. Broth, Bread.] 1. To boil or seethe; to cook. [Obs.]

2. To prepare, as beer or other liquor, from malt and hops, or from other materials, by steeping, boiling, and fermentation. "She brews good ale." Shak.

3. To prepare by steeping and mingling; to concoct.

> Go, brew me a pottle of sack finely.
> Shak.

4. To foment or prepare, as by brewing; to contrive; to plot; to concoct; to hatch; as, to brew mischief.

> Hence with thy brewed enchantments, foul deceiver!
> Milton.

Brew (&?;), v. i. 1. To attend to the business, or go through the processes, of brewing or making beer.

> I wash, wring, brew, bake, scour.
> Shak.

2. To be in a state of preparation; to be mixing, forming, or gathering; as, a storm brews in the west.

> There is some ill a-brewing towards my rest.
> Shak.

Brew (&?;), n. The mixture formed by brewing; that which is brewed. Bacon.

Brew"age (&?;), n. Malt liquor; drink brewed. "Some well-spiced brewage." Milton.

> A rich brewage, made of the best Spanish wine.
> Macaulay.

Brew"er (&?;), n. One who brews; one whose occupation is to prepare malt liquors.

Brew"er*y (&?;), n. A brewhouse; the building and apparatus where brewing is carried on.

Brew"house` (&?;), n. A house or building appropriated to brewing; a brewery.

Brew"ing (&?;), n. 1. The act or process of preparing liquors which are brewed, as beer and ale.

2. The quantity brewed at once.

> A brewing of new beer, set by old beer.
> Bacon.

3. A mixing together.

> I am not able to avouch anything for certainty, such a brewing and sophistication of them they make.
> Holland.

4. (Naut.) A gathering or forming of a storm or squall, indicated by thick, dark clouds.

Brew"is (&?;), n. [OE. brewis, brouwys, browesse, brewet, OF. brouet, - s being the OF. ending of the nom. sing. and acc. pl.; dim. of OHG. brod. √93. See Broth, and cf. Brose.] 1. Broth or pottage. [Obs.]

> Let them of their Bonner's "beef" and "broth" make what brewis they please for their credulous guests.
> Bp. Hall.

2. Bread soaked in broth, drippings of roast meat, milk, or water and butter.

Brews"ter*ite (&?;), n. [Named after Sir David Brewster.] A rare zeolitic mineral occurring in white monoclinic crystals with pearly luster. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia, baryta, and strontia.

Brez"i*lin (&?;), n. See Brazilin.

Bri"ar (&?;), n. Same as Brier.

Bri*a"re*an (&?;), a. [L. Briareius, fr. Briareus a mythological hundred-handed giant, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; strong.] Pertaining to, or resembling, Briareus, a giant fabled to have a hundred hands; hence, hundred-handed or many-handed.

Brib"a*ble (&?;), a. Capable of being bribed.

> A more bribable class of electors.
> S. Edwards.

Bribe (&?;), n. [F. bribe a lump of bread, scraps, leavings of meals (that are generally given to a beggar), LL. briba scrap of bread; cf. OF. briber, brifer, to eat gluttonously, to beg, and OHG. bilibi food.] 1. A gift begged; a present. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A price, reward, gift, or favor bestowed or promised with a view to prevent the judgment or corrupt the conduct of a judge, witness, voter, or other person in a position of trust.

> Undue reward for anything against justice is a bribe.
> Hobart.

3. That which seduces; seduction; allurement.

> Not the bribes of sordid wealth can seduce to leave these ever&?;blooming sweets.
> Akenside.

Bribe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bribed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bribing.] 1. To rob or steal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To give or promise a reward or consideration to (a judge, juror, legislator, voter, or other person in a position of trust) with a view to prevent the judgment or corrupt the conduct; to induce or influence by a bribe; to give a bribe to.

> Neither is he worthy who bribes a man to vote against his conscience.
> F. W. Robertson.

3. To gain by a bribe; of induce as by a bribe.

Bribe, v. i. 1. To commit robbery or theft. [Obs.]

2. To give a bribe to a person; to pervert the judgment or corrupt the action of a person in a position of trust, by some gift or promise.

> An attempt to bribe, though unsuccessful, has been holden to be criminal, and the offender may be indicted.
> Bouvier.

> The bard may supplicate, but cannot bribe.
> Goldsmith.

Bribe"less, a. Incapable of being bribed; free from bribes.

> From thence to heaven's bribeless hall.
> Sir W. Raleigh.

Brib"er (&?;), n. 1. A thief. [Obs.] Lydgate.

2. One who bribes, or pays for corrupt practices.

3. That which bribes; a bribe.

> His service . . . were a sufficient briber for his life.
> Shak.

Brib"er*y (&?;), n.; pl. Briberies (&?;). [OE. brybery rascality, OF. briberie. See Bribe, n.] 1. Robbery; extortion. [Obs.]

2. The act or practice of giving or taking bribes; the act of influencing the official or political action of another by corrupt inducements.

Bribery oath, an oath taken by a person that he has not been bribed as to voting. [Eng.]

Bric"-a brac` (&?;), n. [F.] Miscellaneous curiosities and works of decorative art, considered collectively.

A piece of bric-a-brac, any curious or antique article of virtu, as a piece of antiquated furniture or metal work, or an odd knickknack.

Brick (&?;), n. [OE. brik, F. brique; of Ger. origin; cf. AS. brice a breaking, fragment, Prov. E. brique piece, brique de pain, equiv. to AS. hlfes brice, fr. the root of E. break. See Break.] 1. A block or clay tempered with water, sand, etc., molded into a regular form, usually rectangular, and sun-dried, or burnt in a kiln, or in a heap or stack called a clamp.

> The Assyrians appear to have made much less use of bricks baked in the furnace than the Babylonians.
> Layard.

2. Bricks, collectively, as designating that kind of material; as, a load of brick; a thousand of brick.

> Some of Palladio's finest examples are of brick.
> Weale.

3. Any oblong rectangular mass; as, a brick of maple sugar; a penny brick (of bread).

4. A good fellow; a merry person; as, you 're a brick. [Slang] "He 's a dear little brick." Thackeray.

To have a brick in one's hat, to be drunk. [Slang]

Brick is used adjectively or in combination; as, brick wall; brick clay; brick color; brick red.

Brick clay, clay suitable for, or used in making, bricks. -- Brick dust, dust of pounded or broken bricks. -- Brick earth, clay or earth suitable for, or used in making, bricks. -- Brick loaf, a loaf of bread somewhat resembling a brick in shape. -- Brick nogging (Arch.), rough brickwork used to fill in the spaces between the uprights of a wooden partition; brick filling. -- Brick tea, tea leaves and young shoots, or refuse tea, steamed or mixed with fat, etc., and pressed into the form of bricks. It is used in Northern and Central Asia. S. W. Williams. -- Brick trimmer (Arch.), a brick arch under a hearth, usually within the thickness of a wooden floor, to guard against accidents by fire. -- Brick trowel. See Trowel. -- Brick works, a place where bricks are made. -- Bath brick. See under Bath, a city. -- Pressed brick, bricks which, before burning, have been subjected to pressure, to free them from the imperfections of shape and texture which are common in molded bricks.

Brick, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bricked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bricking.] 1. To lay or pave with bricks; to surround, line, or construct with bricks.

2. To imitate or counterfeit a brick wall on, as by smearing plaster with red ocher, making the joints with an edge tool, and pointing them.

To brick up, to fill up, inclose, or line, with brick.

Brick"bat` (&?;), n. A piece or fragment of a brick. See Bat, 4. Bacon.

Brick"kiln` (&?;), n. A kiln, or furnace, in which bricks are baked or burnt; or a pile of green bricks, laid loose, with arches underneath to receive the wood or fuel for burning them.

Brick"lay`er (&?;), n. [Brick + lay.] One whose occupation is to build with bricks.

Bricklayer's itch. See under Itch.

Brick"lay`ing, n. The art of building with bricks, or of uniting them by cement or mortar into various forms; the act or occupation of laying bricks.

Bric"kle (&?;), a. [OE. brekil, brokel, bruchel, fr. AS. brecan, E. break. Cf. Brittle.] Brittle; easily broken. [Obs. or Prov.] Spenser.

> As stubborn steel excels the brickle glass.
> Turbervile.

Bric"kle*ness, n. Brittleness. [Obs.]

Brick"mak`er (&?;), n. One whose occupation is to make bricks. -- Brick"mak*ing, n.

Brick"work` (&?;), n. 1. Anything made of bricks.

> Niches in brickwork form the most difficult part of the bricklayer's art.
> Tomlinson.

2. The act of building with or laying bricks.

Brick"y (&?;), a. Full of bricks; formed of bricks; resembling bricks or brick dust. [R.] Spenser.

Brick"yard` (&?;), n. A place where bricks are made, especially an inclosed place.

||Bri*cole" (&?;), n. [F.] (Mil.) A kind of traces with hooks and rings, with which men drag and maneuver guns where horses can not be used.

Brid (&?;), n. A bird. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brid"al (&?;), a. [From Bride. Cf. Bridal, n.] Of or pertaining to a bride, or to wedding; nuptial; as, bridal ornaments; a bridal outfit; a bridal chamber.

Brid"al, n. [OE. bridale, brudale, AS. brdealo brideale, bridal feast. See Bride, and Ale, 2.] A nuptial festival or ceremony; a marriage.

> Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright,
> The bridal of the earth and sky.
> Herbert.

Brid"al*ty (&?;), n. Celebration of the nuptial feast. [Obs.] "In honor of this bridalty." B. Jonson.

Bride (brd), n. [OE. bride, brid, brude, brud, burd, AS. brd; akin to OFries. breid, OSax. brd, D. bruid, OHG. prt, brt, G. braut, Icel. brðr, Sw. & Dan. brud, Goth. brþs; cf. Armor. pried spouse, W. priawd a married person.] 1. A woman newly married, or about to be married.

> Has by his own experience tried
> How much the wife is dearer than the bride.
> Lyttleton.

> I will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife.
> Rev. xxi. 9.

2. Fig.: An object ardently loved.

Bride of the sea, the city of Venice.

Bride, v. t. To make a bride of. [Obs.]

Bride"-ale` (&?;), n. [See Bridal.] A rustic wedding feast; a bridal. See Ale.

> The man that 's bid to bride-ale, if he ha' cake,
> And drink enough, he need not fear his stake.
> B. Jonson.

Bride"bed` (&?;), n. The marriage bed. [Poetic]

Bride"cake` (&?;), n. Rich or highly ornamented cake, to be distributed to the guests at a wedding, or sent to friends after the wedding.

Bride"cham`ber (&?;), n. The nuptial apartment. Matt. ix. 15.

Bride"groom` (-grm`), n. [OE. bridegome, brudgume, AS. brdguma (akin to OS. brdigumo, D. bruidegom, bruigom, OHG. prtigomo, MHG. briutegome, G. bräutigam); AS. brd bride + guma man, akin to Goth. guma, Icel. gumi, OHG. gomo, L. homo; the insertion of r being caused by confusion with groom. See Bride, and cf. Groom, Homage.] A man newly married, or just about to be married.

Bride"knot` (&?;), n. A knot of ribbons worn by a guest at a wedding; a wedding favor. [Obs.]

Bride"maid` (&?;), n., Bride"man (&?;), n. See Bridesmaid, Bridesman.

Brides"maid` (&?;), n. A female friend who attends on a bride at her wedding.

Brides"man (&?;), n.; pl. Bridesmen (&?;). A male friend who attends upon a bridegroom and bride at their marriage; the "best man." Sir W. Scott.

Bride"stake` (&?;), n. A stake or post set in the ground, for guests at a wedding to dance round.

> Divide the broad bridecake
> Round about the bridestake.
> B. Jonson.

Bride"well (&?;), n. A house of correction for the confinement of disorderly persons; -- so called from a hospital built in 1553 near St. Bride's (or Bridget's) well, in London, which was subsequently a penal workhouse.

Bridge (&?;), n. [OE. brig, brigge, brug, brugge, AS. brycg, bricg; akin to Fries. bregge, D. brug, OHG. brucca, G. brücke, Icel. bryggja pier, bridge, Sw. brygga, Dan. brygge, and prob. Icel. br bridge, Sw. & Dan. bro bridge, pavement, and possibly to E. brow.] 1. A structure, usually of wood, stone, brick, or iron, erected over a river or other water course, or over a chasm, railroad, etc., to make a passageway from one bank to the other.

2. Anything supported at the ends, which serves to keep some other thing from resting upon the object spanned, as in engraving, watchmaking, etc., or which forms a platform or staging over which something passes or is conveyed.

3. (Mus.) The small arch or bar at right angles to the strings of a violin, guitar, etc., serving of raise them and transmit their vibrations to the body of the instrument.

4. (Elec.) A device to measure the resistance of a wire or other conductor forming part of an electric circuit.

5. A low wall or vertical partition in the fire chamber of a furnace, for deflecting flame, etc.; -- usually called a bridge wall.

Aqueduct bridge. See Aqueduct. -- Asses' bridge, Bascule bridge, Bateau bridge. See under Ass, Bascule, Bateau. -- Bridge of a steamer (Naut.), a narrow platform across the deck, above the rail, for the convenience of the officer in charge of the ship; in paddlewheel vessels it connects the paddle boxes. -- Bridge of the nose, the upper, bony part of the nose. -- Cantalever bridge. See under Cantalever. -- Draw bridge. See Drawbridge. -- Flying bridge, a temporary bridge suspended or floating, as for the passage of armies; also, a floating structure connected by a cable with an anchor or pier up stream, and made to pass from bank to bank by the action of the current or other means. -- Girder bridge or Truss bridge, a bridge formed by girders, or by trusses resting upon abutments or piers. -- Lattice bridge, a bridge formed by lattice girders. -- Pontoon bridge, Ponton bridge. See under Pontoon. -- Skew bridge, a bridge built obliquely from bank to bank, as sometimes required in railway engineering. -- Suspension bridge. See under Suspension. -- Trestle bridge, a bridge formed of a series of short, simple girders resting on trestles. -- Tubular bridge, a bridge in the form of a hollow trunk or rectangular tube, with cellular walls made of iron plates riveted together, as the Britannia bridge over the Menai Strait, and the Victoria bridge at Montreal. -- Wheatstone's bridge (Elec.), a device for the measurement of resistances, so called because the balance between the resistances to be measured is indicated by the absence of a current in a certain wire forming a bridge or connection between two points of the apparatus; -- invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone.

<! p. 181 !>

Bridge (brj), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bridged (brjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bridging.] 1. To build a bridge or bridges on or over; as, to bridge a river.

> Their simple engineering bridged with felled trees the streams which could not be forded.
> Palfrey.

2. To open or make a passage, as by a bridge.

> Xerxes . . . over Hellespont
> Bridging his way, Europe with Asia joined.
> Milton.

3. To find a way of getting over, as a difficulty; -- generally with over.

Bridge"board` (&?;), n. 1. (Arch.) A notched board to which the treads and risers of the steps of wooden stairs are fastened.

2. A board or plank used as a bridge.

Bridge"head` (&?;), n. A fortification commanding the extremity of a bridge nearest the enemy, to insure the preservation and usefulness of the bridge, and prevent the enemy from crossing; a tête-de-pont.

Bridge"less, a. Having no bridge; not bridged.

Bridge"pot` (&?;), n. (Mining) The adjustable socket, or step, of a millstone spindle. Knight.

Bridge"tree` (&?;), n. [Bridge + tree a beam.] (Mining) The beam which supports the spindle socket of the runner in a grinding mill. Knight.

Bridge"-ward` (&?;), n. 1. A bridge keeper; a warden or a guard for a bridge. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott.

2. The principal ward of a key. Knight.

Bridg"ing (&?;), n. (Arch.) The system of bracing used between floor or other timbers to distribute the weight.

Bridging joist. Same as Binding joist.

Bridg"y (&?;), a. Full of bridges. [R.] Sherwood.

Bri"dle (&?;), n. [OE. bridel, AS. bridel; akin to OHG. britil, brittil, D. breidel, and possibly to E. braid. Cf. Bridoon.] 1. The head gear with which a horse is governed and restrained, consisting of a headstall, a bit, and reins, with other appendages.

2. A restraint; a curb; a check. I. Watts.

3. (Gun.) The piece in the interior of a gun lock, which holds in place the tumbler, sear, etc.

4. (Naut.) (a) A span of rope, line, or chain made fast as both ends, so that another rope, line, or chain may be attached to its middle. (b) A mooring hawser.

Bowline bridle. See under Bowline. -- Branches of a bridle. See under Branch. - - Bridle cable (Naut.), a cable which is bent to a bridle. See 4, above. -- Bridle hand, the hand which holds the bridle in riding; the left hand. -- Bridle path, Bridle way, a path or way for saddle horses and pack horses, as distinguished from a road for vehicles. -- Bridle port (Naut.), a porthole or opening in the bow through which hawsers, mooring or bridle cables, etc., are passed. -- Bridle rein, a rein attached to the bit. -- Bridle road. (a) Same as Bridle path. Lowell. (b) A road in a pleasure park reserved for horseback exercise. -- Bridle track, a bridle path. - - Scolding bridle. See Branks, 2.

Syn. -- A check; restrain.

Bri"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bridled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bridling (&?;).] 1. To put a bridle upon; to equip with a bridle; as, to bridle a horse.

> He bridled her mouth with a silkweed twist.
> Drake.

2. To restrain, guide, or govern, with, or as with, a bridle; to check, curb, or control; as, to bridle the passions; to bridle a muse. Addison.

> Savoy and Nice, the keys of Italy, and the citadel in her hands to bridle Switzerland, are in that consolidation.
> Burke.

Syn. -- To check; restrain; curb; govern; control; repress; master; subdue.

Bri"dle, v. i. To hold up the head, and draw in the chin, as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment; to assume a lofty manner; -- usually with up. "His bridling neck." Wordsworth.

> By her bridling up I perceived she expected to be treated hereafter not as Jenny Distaff, but Mrs. Tranquillus.
> Tatler.

Bri"dle i`ron (&?;). (Arch.) A strong flat bar of iron, so bent as to support, as in a stirrup, one end of a floor timber, etc., where no sufficient bearing can be had; -- called also stirrup and hanger.

Bri"dler (&?;), n. One who bridles; one who restrains and governs, as with a bridle. Milton.

Bri*doon" (&?;), n. [F. bridon, from bride; of German origin. See Bridle, n.] (Mil.) The snaffle and rein of a military bridle, which acts independently of the bit, at the pleasure of the rider. It is used in connection with a curb bit, which has its own rein. Campbell.

Brief (&?;), a. [OE. bref, F. brief, bref, fr. L. brevis; akin to Gr. &?; short, and perh. to Skr. barh to tear. Cf. Breve.] 1. Short in duration.

> How brief the life of man.
> Shak.

2. Concise; terse; succinct.

> The brief style is that which expresseth much in little.
> B. Jonson.

3. Rife; common; prevalent. [Prov. Eng.]

In brief. See under Brief, n.

Syn. -- Short; concise; succinct; summary; compendious; condensed; terse; curt; transitory; short-lived.

Brief, adv. 1. Briefly. [Obs. or Poetic]

> Adam, faltering long, thus answered brief.
> Milton.

2. Soon; quickly. [Obs.] Shak.

Brief (brf), n. [See Brief, a., and cf. Breve.] 1. A short concise writing or letter; a statement in few words.

> Bear this sealed brief,
> With winged hastle, to the lord marshal.
> Shak.

> And she told me
> In a sweet, verbal brief.
> Shak.

2. An epitome.

> Each woman is a brief of womankind.
> Overbury.

3. (Law) An abridgment or concise statement of a client's case, made out for the instruction of counsel in a trial at law. This word is applied also to a statement of the heads or points of a law argument.

> It was not without some reference to it that I perused many a brief.
> Sir J. Stephen.

In England, the brief is prepared by the attorney; in the United States, counsel generally make up their own briefs.

4. (Law) A writ; a breve. See Breve, n., 2.

5. (Scots Law) A writ issuing from the chancery, directed to any judge ordinary, commanding and authorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the case, and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence.

6. A letter patent, from proper authority, authorizing a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches, for any public or private purpose. [Eng.]

Apostolical brief, a letter of the pope written on fine parchment in modern characters, subscribed by the secretary of briefs, dated "a die Nativitatis," i. e., "from the day of the Nativity," and sealed with the ring of the fisherman. It differs from a bull, in its parchment, written character, date, and seal. See Bull. -- Brief of title, an abstract or abridgment of all the deeds and other papers constituting the chain of title to any real estate. -- In brief, in a few words; in short; briefly. "Open the matter in brief." Shak.

Brief, v. t. To make an abstract or abridgment of; to shorten; as, to brief pleadings.

Brief"less (&?;), a. Having no brief; without clients; as, a briefless barrister.

Brief"ly (&?;), adv. Concisely; in few words.

Brief"man (&?;), n. 1. One who makes a brief.

2. A copier of a manuscript.

Brief"ness (&?;), n. The quality of being brief; brevity; conciseness in discourse or writing.

{ Bri"er, Bri"ar } (&?;), n. [OE. brere, brer, AS. brr, brær; cf. Ir. briar prickle, thorn, brier, pin, Gael. preas bush, brier, W. prys, prysg.] 1. A plant with a slender woody stem bearing stout prickles; especially, species of Rosa, Rubus, and Smilax.

2. Fig.: Anything sharp or unpleasant to the feelings.

> The thorns and briers of reproof.
> Cowper.

Brier root, the root of the southern Smilax laurifolia and S. Walteri; -- used for tobacco pipes. -- Cat brier, Green brier, several species of Smilax (S. rotundifolia, etc.) -- Sweet brier (Rosa rubiginosa). See Sweetbrier. - - Yellow brier, the Rosa Eglantina.

Bri"ered (&?;), a. Set with briers. Chatterton.

Bri"er*y (&?;), a. Full of briers; thorny.

Bri"er*y, n. A place where briers grow. Huloet.

Brig (brg), n. A bridge. [Scot.] Burns.

Brig, n. [Shortened from Brigantine.] (Naut.) A two-masted, square-rigged vessel.

Hermaphrodite brig, a two-masted vessel square- rigged forward and schooner-rigged aft. See Illustration in Appendix.

Bri*gade" (&?;), n. [F. brigade, fr. It. brigata troop, crew, brigade, originally, a contending troop, fr. briga trouble, quarrel. See Brigand.] 1. (Mil.) A body of troops, whether cavalry, artillery, infantry, or mixed, consisting of two or more regiments, under the command of a brigadier general.

Two or more brigades constitute a division, commanded by a major general; two or more divisions constitute an army corps, or corps d'armée. [U.S.]

2. Any body of persons organized for acting or marching together under authority; as, a fire brigade.

Brigade inspector, an officer whose duty is to inspect troops in companies before they are mustered into service. -- Brigade major, an officer who may be attached to a brigade to assist the brigadier in his duties.

Bri*gade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brigaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Brigading.] (Mil.) To form into a brigade, or into brigades.

Brig`a*dier" gen"er*al (&?;). [F. brigadier, fr. brigade.] (Mil.) An officer in rank next above a colonel, and below a major general. He commands a brigade, and is sometimes called, by a shortening of his title, simple a brigadier.

Brig"and (brg"and), n. [F. brigand, OF. brigant light-armed soldier, fr. LL. brigans light-armed soldier (cf. It. brigante.) fr. brigare to strive, contend, fr. briga quarrel; prob. of German origin, and akin to E. break; cf. Goth. brikan to break, brakja strife. Cf. Brigue.] 1. A light-armed, irregular foot soldier. [Obs.]

2. A lawless fellow who lives by plunder; one of a band of robbers; especially, one of a gang living in mountain retreats; a highwayman; a freebooter.

> Giving them not a little the air of brigands or banditti.
> Jeffery.

Brig"and*age (-j), n. [F. brigandage.] Life and practice of brigands; highway robbery; plunder.

Brig"an*dine (&?;), n. [F. brigandine (cf. It. brigantina), fr. OF. brigant. See Brigand.] A coast of armor for the body, consisting of scales or plates, sometimes overlapping each other, generally of metal, and sewed to linen or other material. It was worn in the Middle Ages. [Written also brigantine.] Jer. xlvi. 4.

> Then put on all thy gorgeous arms, thy helmet,
> And brigandine of brass.
> Milton.

Brig"and*ish (&?;), a. Like a brigand or freebooter; robberlike.

Brig"and*ism (&?;), n. Brigandage.

Brig"an*tine (&?;), n. [F. brigantin, fr. It. brigantino, originally, a practical vessel. See Brigand, and cf. Brig] 1. A practical vessel. [Obs.]

2. A two-masted, square-rigged vessel, differing from a brig in that she does not carry a square mainsail.

3. See Brigandine.

Brig"ge (&?;), n. A bridge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Bright (&?;), v. i. See Brite, v. i.

Bright (&?;), a. [OE. briht, AS. beorht, briht; akin to OS. berht, OHG. beraht, Icel. bjartr, Goth. baírhts. √94.] 1. Radiating or reflecting light; shedding or having much light; shining; luminous; not dark.

> The sun was bright o'erhead.
> Longfellow.

> The earth was dark, but the heavens were bright.
> Drake.

> The public places were as bright as at noonday.
> Macaulay.

2. Transmitting light; clear; transparent.

> From the brightest wines
> He 'd turn abhorrent.
> Thomson.

3. Having qualities that render conspicuous or attractive, or that affect the mind as light does the eye; resplendent with charms; as, bright beauty.

> Bright as an angel new-dropped from the sky.
> Parnell.

4. Having a clear, quick intellect; intelligent.

5. Sparkling with wit; lively; vivacious; shedding cheerfulness and joy around; cheerful; cheery.

> Be bright and jovial among your guests.
> Shak.

6. Illustrious; glorious.

> In the brightest annals of a female reign.
> Cotton.

7. Manifest to the mind, as light is to the eyes; clear; evident; plain.

> That he may with more ease, with brighter evidence, and with surer success, draw the bearner on.
> I. Watts.

8. Of brilliant color; of lively hue or appearance.

> Here the bright crocus and blue violet grew.
> Pope.

Bright is used in composition in the sense of brilliant, clear, sunny, etc.; as, bright-eyed, bright-haired, bright-hued.

Syn. -- Shining; splending; luminous; lustrous; brilliant; resplendent; effulgent; refulgent; radiant; sparkling; glittering; lucid; beamy; clear; transparent; illustrious; witty; clear; vivacious; sunny.

Bright, n. Splendor; brightness. [Poetic]

> Dark with excessive bright thy skirts appear.
> Milton.

Bright, adv. Brightly. Chaucer.

> I say it is the moon that shines so bright.
> Shak.

Bright"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brightened (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brightening.] [From Bright, a.] 1. To make bright or brighter; to make to shine; to increase the luster of; to give a brighter hue to.

2. To make illustrious, or more distinguished; to add luster or splendor to.

> The present queen would brighten her character, if she would exert her authority to instill virtues into her people.
> Swift.

3. To improve or relieve by dispelling gloom or removing that which obscures and darkens; to shed light upon; to make cheerful; as, to brighten one's prospects.

> An ecstasy, which mothers only feel,
> Plays round my heart and brightens all my sorrow.
> Philips.

4. To make acute or witty; to enliven. Johnson.

Bright"en, v. i. [AS. beorhtan.] To grow bright, or more bright; to become less dark or gloomy; to clear up; to become bright or cheerful.

> And night shall brighten into day.
> N. Cotton.

> And, all his prospects brightening to the last,
> His heaven commences ere world be past.
> Goldsmith.

Bright"-har`nessed (&?;), a. Having glittering armor. [Poetic] Milton.

Bright"ly, adv. 1. Brilliantly; splendidly; with luster; as, brightly shining armor.

2. With lively intelligence; intelligently.

> Looking brightly into the mother's face.
> Hawthorne.

Bright"ness, n. [AS. beorhines. See Bright.] 1. The quality or state of being bright; splendor; luster; brilliancy; clearness.

> A sudden brightness in his face appear.
> Crabbe.

2. Acuteness (of the faculties); sharpness 9wit.

> The brightness of his parts . . . distinguished him.
> Prior.

Syn. -- Splendor; luster; radiance; resplendence; brilliancy; effulgence; glory; clearness.

Bright's" dis*ease" (&?;). [From Dr. Bright of London, who first described it.] (Med.) An affection of the kidneys, usually inflammatory in character, and distinguished by the occurrence of albumin and renal casts in the urine. Several varieties of Bright's disease are now recognized, differing in the part of the kidney involved, and in the intensity and course of the morbid process.

Bright"some (&?;), a. Bright; clear; luminous; brilliant. [R.] Marlowe.

Bri*gose" (&?;), a. [LL. brigosus, It. brigoso. See Brigue, n.] Contentious; quarrelsome. [Obs.] Puller.

Brigue (&?;), n. [F. brigue, fr. LL. briga quarrel. See Brigand.] A cabal, intrigue, faction, contention, strife, or quarrel. [Obs.] Chesterfield.

Brigue, v. i. [F. briguer. See Brigue, n.] To contend for; to canvass; to solicit. [Obs.] Bp. Hurd.

Brike (&?;), n. [AS. brice.] A breach; ruin; downfall; peril. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brill (brl), n. [Cf. Corn. brilli mackerel, fr. brith streaked, speckled.] (Zoöl.) A fish allied to the turbot (Rhombus levis), much esteemed in England for food; -- called also bret, pearl, prill. See Bret.

||Bril*lan"te (&?;), adv. [It. See Brilliant, a.] (Mus.) In a gay, showy, and sparkling style.

Bril"liance (brl"yan*s), n. Brilliancy. Tennyson.

Bril"lian*cy (brl"yan*s), n. [See Brilliant.] The quality of being brilliant; splendor; glitter; great brightness, whether in a literal or figurative sense.

> With many readers brilliancy of style passes for affluence of thought.
> Longfellow.

<! p. 182 !>

Bril"liant (brl"yant), a. [F. brillant, p. pr. of briller to shine or sparkle (cf. Pr. & Sp. brillar, It. brillare), fr. L. beryllus a precious stone of sea-green color, Prov. It. brill. See Beryl.] 1. Sparkling with luster; glittering; very bright; as, a brilliant star.

2. Distinguished by qualities which excite admiration; splendid; shining; as, brilliant talents.

> Washington was more solicitous to avoid fatal mistakes than to perform brilliant exploits.
> Fisher Ames.

Syn. -- See Shining.

Bril"liant, n. [F. brillant. See Brilliant, a.] 1. A diamond or other gem of the finest cut, formed into faces and facets, so as to reflect and refract the light, by which it is rendered more brilliant. It has at the middle, or top, a principal face, called the table, which is surrounded by a number of sloping facets forming a bizet; below, it has a small face or collet, parallel to the table, connected with the girdle by a pavilion of elongated facets. It is thus distinguished from the rose diamond, which is entirely covered with facets on the surface, and is flat below.

> This snuffbox -- on the hinge see brilliants shine.
> Pope.

2. (Print.) The smallest size of type used in England printing.

This line is printed in the type called Brilliant.

3. A kind of cotton goods, figured on the weaving.

Bril"liant*ly, adv. In a brilliant manner.

Bril"liant*ness, n. Brilliancy; splendor; glitter.

Brills (&?;), n. pl. [CF. G. brille spectacles, D. bril, fr. L. berillus. See Brilliant.] The hair on the eyelids of a horse. Bailey.

Brim (&?;), n. [OE. brim, brimme, AS. brymme edge, border; akin to Icel. barmr, Sw. bräm, Dan. bræmme, G. brame, bräme. Possibly the same word as AS. brim surge, sea, and properly meaning, the line of surf at the border of the sea, and akin to L. fremere to roar, murmur. Cf. Breeze a fly.] 1. The rim, border, or upper edge of a cup, dish, or any hollow vessel used for holding anything.

> Saw I that insect on this goblet's brim
> I would remove it with an anxious pity.
> Coleridge.

2. The edge or margin, as of a fountain, or of the water contained in it; the brink; border.

> The feet of the priests that bare the ark were dipped in the brim of the water.
> Josh. iii. 15.

3. The rim of a hat. Wordsworth.

Brim, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brimmed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brimming.] To be full to the brim. "The brimming stream." Milton.

To brim over (literally or figuratively), to be so full that some of the contents flows over the brim; as, a cup brimming over with wine; a man brimming over with fun.

Brim, v. t. To fill to the brim, upper edge, or top.

> Arrange the board and brim the glass.
> Tennyson.

Brim, a. Fierce; sharp; cold. See Breme. [Obs.]

Brim"ful (&?;), a. Full to the brim; completely full; ready to overflow. "Her brimful eyes." Dryden.

Brim"less, a. Having no brim; as, brimless caps.

Brimmed (&?;), a. 1. Having a brim; -- usually in composition. "Broad-brimmed hat." Spectator.

2. Full to, or level with, the brim. Milton.

Brim"mer (&?;), n. A brimful bowl; a bumper.

Brim"ming, a. Full to the brim; overflowing.

Brim"stone (&?;), n. [OE. brimston, bremston, bernston, brenston; cf. Icel. brennistein. See Burn, v. t., and Stone.] Sulphur; See Sulphur.

Brim"stone, a. Made of, or pertaining to, brimstone; as, brimstone matches.

> From his brimstone bed at break of day
> A-walking the devil has gone.
> Coleridge.

Brim"sto`ny (&?;), a. Containing or resembling brimstone; sulphurous. B. Jonson.

Brin (&?;), n. [F.] One of the radiating sticks of a fan. The outermost are larger and longer, and are called panaches. Knight.

Brin"ded (&?;), a. [Cf. Icel. bröndttr brindled, fr. brandr brand; and OE. bernen, brinnen, to burn. See Brand, Burn.] Of a gray or tawny color with streaks of darker hue; streaked; brindled. "Three brinded cows," Dryden. "The brinded cat." Shak.

Brin"dle (&?;), n. [See Brindled.] 1. The state of being brindled.

2. A brindled color; also, that which is brindled.

Brin"dle, a. Brindled.

Brin"dled (&?;), a. [A dim. form of brinded.] Having dark streaks or spots on a gray or tawny ground; brinded. "With a brindled lion played." Churchill.

Brine (&?;), n. [AS. bryne a burning, salt liquor, brine, fr. brinnan, brynnan, to burn. See Burn.] 1. Water saturated or strongly impregnated with salt; pickle; hence, any strong saline solution; also, the saline residue or strong mother liquor resulting from the evaporation of natural or artificial waters.

2. The ocean; the water of an ocean, sea, or salt lake.

> Not long beneath the whelming brine . . . he lay.
> Cowper.

3. Tears; -- so called from their saltness.

> What a deal of brine
> Hath washed thy sallow cheecks for
> Rosaline!
> Shak.

Brine fly (Zoöl.), a fly of the genus Ephydra, the larvæ of which live in artificial brines and in salt lakes. -- Brine gauge, an instrument for measuring the saltness of a liquid. -- Brine pan, a pit or pan of salt water, where salt is formed by cristallization. -- Brine pit, a salt spring or well, from which water is taken to be boiled or evaporated for making salt. -- Brine pump (Marine Engin.), a pump for changing the water in the boilers, so as to clear them of the brine which collects at the bottom. -- Brine shrimp, Brine worm (Zoöl.), a phyllopod crustacean of the genus Artemia, inhabiting the strong brines of salt works and natural salt lakes. See Artemia. -- Brine spring, a spring of salt water. -- Leach brine (Saltmaking), brine which drops from granulated salt in drying, and is preserved to be boiled again.

Brine (&?;), v. t. 1. To steep or saturate in brine.

2. To sprinkle with salt or brine; as, to brine hay.

Bring (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brought (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bringing.] [OE. bringen, AS. bringan; akin to OS. brengian, D. brengen, Fries. brenga, OHG. bringan, G. bringen, Goth. briggan.] 1. To convey to the place where the speaker is or is to be; to bear from a more distant to a nearer place; to fetch.

> And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said, Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread.
> 1 Kings xvii. 11.

> To France shall we convey you safe,
> And bring you back.
> Shak.

2. To cause the accession or obtaining of; to procure; to make to come; to produce; to draw to.

> There is nothing will bring you more honor . . . than to do what right in justice you may.
> Bacon.

3. To convey; to move; to carry or conduct.

> In distillation, the water . . . brings over with it some part of the oil of vitriol.
> Sir I. Newton.

4. To persuade; to induce; to draw; to lead; to guide.

> It seems so preposterous a thing . . . that they do not easily bring themselves to it.
> Locke.

> The nature of the things . . . would not suffer him to think otherwise, how, or whensoever, he is brought to reflect on them.
> Locke.

5. To produce in exchange; to sell for; to fetch; as, what does coal bring per ton?

To bring about, to bring to pass; to effect; to accomplish. -- To bring back. (a) To recall. (b) To restore, as something borrowed, to its owner. -- To bring by the lee (Naut.), to incline so rapidly to leeward of the course, when a ship sails large, as to bring the lee side suddenly to the windward, any by laying the sails aback, expose her to danger of upsetting. -- To bring down. (a) To cause to come down. (b) To humble or abase; as, to bring down high looks. -- To bring down the house, to cause tremendous applause. [Colloq.] -- To bring forth. (a) To produce, as young fruit. (b) To bring to light; to make manifest. -- To bring forward (a) To exhibit; to introduce; to produce to view. (b) To hasten; to promote; to forward. (c) To propose; to adduce; as, to bring forward arguments. -- To bring home. (a) To bring to one's house. (b) To prove conclusively; as, to bring home a charge of treason. (c) To cause one to feel or appreciate by personal experience. (d) (Naut.) To lift of its place, as an anchor. -- To bring in. (a) To fetch from without; to import. (b) To introduce, as a bill in a deliberative assembly. (c) To return or repot to, or lay before, a court or other body; to render; as, to bring in a verdict or a report. (d) To take to an appointed place of deposit or collection; as, to bring in provisions or money for a specified object. (e) To produce, as income. (f) To induce to join. -- To bring off, to bear or convey away; to clear from condemnation; to cause to escape. -- To bring on. (a) To cause to begin. (b) To originate or cause to exist; as, to bring on a disease. -- To bring one on one's way, to accompany, guide, or attend one. -- To bring out, to expose; to detect; to bring to light from concealment. -- To bring over. (a) To fetch or bear across. (b) To convert by persuasion or other means; to cause to change sides or an opinion. -- To bring to. (a) To resuscitate; to bring back to consciousness or life, as a fainting person. (b) (Naut.) To check the course of, as of a ship, by dropping the anchor, or by counterbracing the sails so as to keep her nearly stationary (she is then said to lie to). (c) To cause (a vessel) to lie to, as by firing across her course. (d) To apply a rope to the capstan. -- To bring to light, to disclose; to discover; to make clear; to reveal. -- To bring a sail to (Naut.), to bend it to the yard. -- To bring to pass, to accomplish to effect. "Trust also in Him; and He shall bring it to pass." Ps. xxxvii. 5. -- To bring under, to subdue; to restrain; to reduce to obedience. -- To bring up. (a) To carry upward; to nurse; to rear; to educate. (b) To cause to stop suddenly. (c) [v. i. by dropping the reflexive pronoun] To stop suddenly; to come to a standstill. [Colloq.] -- To bring up (any one) with a round turn, to cause (any one) to stop abruptly. [Colloq.] -- To be brought to bed. See under Bed.

Syn. -- To fetch; bear; carry; convey; transport; import; procure; produce; cause; adduce; induce.

Bring"er (&?;), n. One who brings.

> Yet the first bringer of unwelcome news
> Hath but a losing office.
> Shak.

Bringer in, one who, or that which, introduces.

Brin"i*ness (&?;), n. The state or quality of being briny; saltness; brinishness.

Brin"ish (&?;), a. Like brine; somewhat salt; saltish. "Brinish tears." Shak.

Brin"ish*ness, n. State or quality of being brinish.

||Brin"ja*ree` (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A rough-haired East Indian variety of the greyhound.

Brink (&?;), n. [Dan. brink edge, verge; akin to Sw. brink declivity, hill, Icel. brekka; cf. LG. brink a grassy hill, W. bryn hill, bryncyn hillock.] The edge, margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice; a bank or edge, as of a river or pit; a verge; a border; as, the brink of a chasm. Also Fig. "The brink of vice." Bp. Porteus. "The brink of ruin." Burke.

> The plashy brink of weedy lake.
> Bryant.

Brin"y (&?;), a. [From Brine.] Of or pertaining to brine, or to the sea; partaking of the nature of brine; salt; as, a briny taste; the briny flood.

Bri"o*ny (&?;), n. See Bryony. Tennyson.

Brisk (&?;), a. [Cf. W. brysg, fr. brys haste, Gael. briosg quick, lively, Ir. broisg a start, leap, jerk.] 1. Full of liveliness and activity; characterized by quickness of motion or action; lively; spirited; quick.

> Cheerily, boys; be brick awhile.
> Shak.

> Brick toil alternating with ready ease.
> Wordworth.

2. Full of spirit of life; effervesc&?;ng, as liquors; sparkling; as, brick cider.

Syn. -- Active; lively; agile; alert; nimble; quick; sprightly; vivacious; gay; spirited; animated.

Brisk (&?;), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Bricked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bricking.] To make or become lively; to enliven; to animate; to take, or cause to take, an erect or bold attitude; -- usually with up.

Bris"ket (&?;), n. [OE. bruskette, OF. bruschet, F. bréchet, brichet; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. brysced the breast of a slain animal, brisket, Corn. vrys breast, Armor. brusk, bruched, the front of the chest, Gael. brisgein the cartilaginous part of a bone.] That part of the breast of an animal which extends from the fore legs back beneath the ribs; also applied to the fore part of a horse, from the shoulders to the bottom of the chest. [See Illust. of Beef.]

Brisk"ly (&?;), adv. In a brisk manner; nimbly.

Brisk"ness, n. Liveliness; vigor in action; quickness; gayety; vivacity; effervescence.

Bris"tle (brs"s'l), n. [OE. bristel, brustel, AS. bristl, byrst; akin to D. borstel, OHG. burst, G. borste, Icel. burst, Sw. borst, and to Skr. bhshti edge, point, and prob, L. fastigium extremity, Gr. 'a`flaston stern of a ship, and E. brush, burr, perh. to brad. √96.] 1. A short, stiff, coarse hair, as on the back of swine.

2. (Bot.) A stiff, sharp, roundish hair. Gray.

Bris"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bristled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bristling (&?;).] 1. To erect the bristles of; to cause to stand up, as the bristles of an angry hog; -- sometimes with up.

> Now for the bare-picked bone of majesty
> Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest.
> Shak.

> Boy, bristle thy courage up.
> Shak.

2. To fix a bristle to; as, to bristle a thread.

Bris"tle, v. i. 1. To rise or stand erect, like bristles.

> His hair did bristle upon his head.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. To appear as if covered with bristles; to have standing, thick and erect, like bristles.

> The hill of La Haye Sainte bristling with ten thousand bayonets.
> Thackeray.

> Ports bristling with thousands of masts.
> Macaulay.

3. To show defiance or indignation.

To bristle up, to show anger or defiance.

Bris"tle-point`ed (&?;), a. (Bot.) Terminating in a very fine, sharp point, as some leaves.

Bris"tle-shaped` (&?;), a. Resembling a bristle in form; as, a bristle-shaped leaf.

Bris"tle*tail` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An insect of the genera Lepisma, Campodea, etc., belonging to the Thysanura.

Bris"tli*ness (&?;), n. The quality or state of having bristles.

Bris"tly (&?;), a. Thick set with bristles, or with hairs resembling bristles; rough.

> The leaves of the black mulberry are somewhat bristly.
> Bacon.

Bris"tol (&?;), n. A seaport city in the west of England.

Bristol board, a kind of fine pasteboard, made with a smooth but usually unglazed surface. -- Bristol brick, a brick of siliceous matter used for polishing cultery; -- originally manufactured at Bristol. -- Bristol stone, rock crystal, or brilliant crystals of quartz, found in the mountain limestone near Bristol, and used in making ornaments, vases, etc. When polished, it is called Bristol diamond.

Bri*sure" (&?;), n. [F.] 1. (Fort.) Any part of a rampart or parapet which deviates from the general direction.

2. (Her.) A mark of cadency or difference.

{ Brit, Britt } (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The young of the common herring; also, a small species of herring; the sprat. (b) The minute marine animals (chiefly Entomostraca) upon which the right whales feed.

Bri*tan"ni*a (&?;), n. [From L. Britannia Great Britain.] A white-metal alloy of tin, antimony, bismuth, copper, etc. It somewhat resembles silver, and is used for table ware. Called also Britannia metal.

Bri*tan"nic (&?;), a. [L. Britannicus, fr. Britannia Great Britain.] Of or pertaining to Great Britain; British; as, her Britannic Majesty.

{ Brite, Bright } (&?;), v. t. To be or become overripe, as wheat, barley, or hops. [Prov. Eng.]

Brit"i*cism (&?;), n. A word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to Great Britain; any manner of using a word or words that is peculiar to Great Britain.

Brit"ish (brt"sh), a. [AS. Brittisc, Bryttisc.] Of or pertaining to Great Britain or to its inhabitants; -- sometimes restricted to the original inhabitants.

British gum, a brownish substance, very soluble in cold water, formed by heating dry starch at a temperature of about 600° Fahr. It corresponds, in its properties, to dextrin, and is used, in solution, as a substitute for gum in stiffering goods. -- British lion, the national emblem of Great Britain. -- British seas, the four seas which surround Great Britain.

Brit"ish, n. pl. People of Great Britain.

Brit"ish*er, n. An Englishman; a subject or inhabitant of Great Britain, esp. one in the British military or naval service. [Now used jocosely]

Brit"on (&?;), a. [AS. bryten Britain.] British. [Obs.] Spenser. -- n. A native of Great Britain.

Brit"tle (&?;), a. [OE. britel, brutel, AS. bryttian to dispense, fr. breótan to break; akin to Icel. brytja, Sw. bryta, Dan. bryde. Cf. Brickle.] Easily broken; apt to break; fragile; not tough or tenacious.

> Farewell, thou pretty, brittle piece
> Of fine-cut crystal.
> Cotton.

Brittle silver ore, the mineral stephanite.

Brit"tle*ly, adv. In a brittle manner. Sherwood.

Brit"tle*ness, n. Aptness to break; fragility.

<! p. 183 !>

Brit"tle star` (brt"t'l stär`), (Zoöl.) Any species of ophiuran starfishes. See Ophiuroidea.

Britz"ska (brts"k), n. [Russ. britshka; cf. Pol. bryczka, dim. of bryka freight wagon.] A long carriage, with a calash top, so constructed as to give space for reclining at night, when used on a journey.

Brize (brz), n. The breeze fly. See Breeze. Shak.

Broach (&?;), n. [OE. broche, F. broche, fr. LL. brocca; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. proc thrust, stab, Gael. brog awl. Cf. Brooch.] 1. A spit. [Obs.]

> He turned a broach that had worn a crown.
> Bacon.

2. An awl; a bodkin; also, a wooden rod or pin, sharpened at each end, used by thatchers. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

3. (Mech.) (a) A tool of steel, generally tapering, and of a polygonal form, with from four to eight cutting edges, for smoothing or enlarging holes in metal; sometimes made smooth or without edges, as for burnishing pivot holes in watches; a reamer. The broach for gun barrels is commonly square and without taper. (b) A straight tool with file teeth, made of steel, to be pressed through irregular holes in metal that cannot be dressed by revolving tools; a drift.

4. (Masonry) A broad chisel for stonecutting.

5. (Arch.) A spire rising from a tower. [Local, Eng.]

6. A clasp for fastening a garment. See Brooch.

7. A spitlike start, on the head of a young stag.

8. The stick from which candle wicks are suspended for dipping. Knight.

9. The pin in a lock which enters the barrel of the key.

Broach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broached (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Broaching.] [F. brocher, fr. broche. See Broach, n.] 1. To spit; to pierce as with a spit.

> I'll broach the tadpole on my rapier's point.
> Shak.

2. To tap; to pierce, as a cask, in order to draw the liquor. Hence: To let out; to shed, as blood.

> Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,
> He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.
> Shak.

3. To open for the first time, as stores.

> You shall want neither weapons, victuals, nor aid; I will open the old armories, I will broach my store, and will bring forth my stores.
> Knolles.

4. To make public; to utter; to publish first; to put forth; to introduce as a topic of conversation.

> Those very opinions themselves had broached.
> Swift.

5. To cause to begin or break out. [Obs.] Shak.

6. (Masonry) To shape roughly, as a block of stone, by chiseling with a coarse tool. [Scot. & North of Eng.]

7. To enlarge or dress (a hole), by using a broach.

To broach to (Naut.), to incline suddenly to windward, so as to lay the sails aback, and expose the vessel to the danger of oversetting.

Broach"er (&?;), n. 1. A spit; a broach.

> On five sharp broachers ranked, the roast they turned.
> Dryden.

2. One who broaches, opens, or utters; a first publisher or promoter.

> Some such broacher of heresy.
> Atterbury.

Broad (&?;), a. [Compar. Broader (&?;); superl. Broadest.] [OE. brod, brad, AS. brd; akin to OS. brd, D. breed, G. breit, Icel. brei&?;r, Sw. & Dan. bred, Goth. braids. Cf. Breadth.] 1. Wide; extend in breadth, or from side to side; -- opposed to narrow; as, a broad street, a broad table; an inch broad.

2. Extending far and wide; extensive; vast; as, the broad expanse of ocean.

3. Extended, in the sense of diffused; open; clear; full. "Broad and open day." Bp. Porteus.

4. Fig.: Having a large measure of any thing or quality; not limited; not restrained; -- applied to any subject, and retaining the literal idea more or less clearly, the precise meaning depending largely on the substantive.

> A broad mixture of falsehood.
> Locke.

Hence: -

5. Comprehensive; liberal; enlarged.

> The words in the Constitution are broad enough to include the case.
> D. Daggett.

> In a broad, statesmanlike, and masterly way.
> E. Everett.

6. Plain; evident; as, a broad hint.

7. Free; unrestrained; unconfined.

> As broad and general as the casing air.
> Shak.

8. (Fine Arts) Characterized by breadth. See Breadth.

9. Cross; coarse; indelicate; as, a broad compliment; a broad joke; broad humor.

10. Strongly marked; as, a broad Scotch accent.

Broad is often used in compounds to signify wide, large, etc.; as, broad-chested, broad-shouldered, broad-spreading, broad-winged.

Broad acres. See under Acre. -- Broad arrow, originally a pheon. See Pheon, and Broad arrow under Arrow. -- As broad as long, having the length equal to the breadth; hence, the same one way as another; coming to the same result by different ways or processes.

> It is as broad as long, whether they rise to others, or bring others down to them.
> L'Estrange.

Broad pennant. See under Pennant.

Syn. -- Wide; large; ample; expanded; spacious; roomy; extensive; vast; comprehensive; liberal.

Broad, n. 1. The broad part of anything; as, the broad of an oar.

2. The spread of a river into a sheet of water; a flooded fen. [Local, Eng.] Southey.

3. A lathe tool for turning down the insides and bottoms of cylinders. Knight.

{ Broad"ax` Broad"axe` } (&?;), n. 1. An ancient military weapon; a battle-ax.

2. An ax with a broad edge, for hewing timber.

Broad"bill` (&?;), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A wild duck (Aythya, or Fuligula, marila), which appears in large numbers on the eastern coast of the United States, in autumn; -- called also bluebill, blackhead, raft duck, and scaup duck. See Scaup duck.

2. (Zoöl.) The shoveler. See Shoveler.

Broad"brim` (&?;), n. 1. A hat with a very broad brim, like those worn by men of the society of Friends.

2. A member of the society of Friends; a Quaker. [Sportive]

Broad"-brimmed` (&?;), a. Having a broad brim.

> A broad-brimmed flat silver plate.
> Tatler.

Broad"cast` (&?;), n. (Agric.) A casting or throwing seed in all directions, as from the hand in sowing.

Broad"cast`, a. 1. Cast or dispersed in all directions, as seed from the hand in sowing; widely diffused.

2. Scattering in all directions (as a method of sowing); -- opposed to planting in hills, or rows.

Broad"cast`, adv. So as to scatter or be scattered in all directions; so as to spread widely, as seed from the hand in sowing, or news from the press.

Broad" Church` (&?;). (Eccl.) A portion of the Church of England, consisting of persons who claim to hold a position, in respect to doctrine and fellowship, intermediate between the High Church party and the Low Church, or evangelical, party. The term has been applied to other bodies of men holding liberal or comprehensive views of Christian doctrine and fellowship.

> Side by side with these various shades of High and Low Church, another party of a different character has always existed in the Church of England. It is called by different names: Moderate, Catholic, or Broad Church, by its friends; Latitudinarian or Indifferent, by its enemies. Its distinctive character is the desire of comprehension. Its watch words are charity and toleration.
> Conybeare.

Broad"cloth (&?;), n. A fine smooth- faced woolen cloth for men's garments, usually of double width (i.e., a yard and a half); -- so called in distinction from woolens three quarters of a yard wide.

Broad"en (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broadened (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Broadening (&?;).] [From Broad, a.] To grow broad; to become broader or wider.

> The broadening sun appears.
> Wordsworth.

Broad"en, v. t. To make broad or broader; to render more broad or comprehensive.

Broad" gauge` (&?;). (Railroad) A wider distance between the rails than the "standard" gauge of four feet eight inches and a half. See Gauge.

Broad"-horned` (&?;), a. Having horns spreading widely.

Broad"ish, a. Rather broad; moderately broad.

Broad"leaf` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A tree (Terminalia latifolia) of Jamaica, the wood of which is used for boards, scantling, shingles, etc; -- sometimes called the almond tree, from the shape of its fruit.

{ Broad"-leaved` (&?;), Broad"-leafed` } (&?;), a. Having broad, or relatively broad, leaves. Keats.

Broad"ly, adv. In a broad manner.

Broad"mouth` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Eurylaimidæ, a family of East Indian passerine birds.

Broad"ness, n. [AS. brdnes.] The condition or quality of being broad; breadth; coarseness; grossness.

Broad"piece` (&?;), n. An old English gold coin, broader than a guinea, as a Carolus or Jacobus.

Broad" seal` (&?;). The great seal of England; the public seal of a country or state.

Broad"seal`, v. t. To stamp with the broad seal; to make sure; to guarantee or warrant. [Obs.]

> Thy presence broadseals our delights for pure.
> B. Jonson.

Broad"side` (&?;), n. 1. (Naut.) The side of a ship above the water line, from the bow to the quarter.

2. A discharge of or from all the guns on one side of a ship, at the same time.

3. A volley of abuse or denunciation. [Colloq.]

4. (Print.) A sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on one side only; -- called also broadsheet.

Broad"spread` (&?;), a. Widespread.

Broad"spread`ing, a. Spreading widely.

Broad"sword` (&?;), n. A sword with a broad blade and a cutting edge; a claymore.

> I heard the broadsword's deadly clang.
> Sir W. Scott.

Broad"wise` (&?;), adv. Breadthwise. [Archaic]

Brob (&?;), n. [Cf. Gael. brog, E. brog, n.] (Carp.) A peculiar brad-shaped spike, to be driven alongside the end of an abutting timber to prevent its slipping.

Brob`ding*nag"i*an (&?;), a. [From Brobdingnag, a country of giants in "Gulliver's Travels."] Colossal; of extraordinary height; gigantic. -- n. A giant. [Spelt often Brobdignagian.]

Bro*cade" (&?;), n. [Sp. brocado (cf. It. broccato, F. brocart), fr. LL. brocare *prick, to figure (textile fabrics), to emboss (linen), to stitch. See Broach.] Silk stuff, woven with gold and silver threads, or ornamented with raised flowers, foliage, etc.; -- also applied to other stuffs thus wrought and enriched.

> A gala suit of faded brocade.
> W. Irving.

Bro*cad"ed (&?;), a. 1. Woven or worked, as brocade, with gold and silver, or with raised flowers, etc.

> Brocaded flowers o'er the gay mantua shine.
> Gay.

2. Dressed in brocade.

Bro"cage (&?;), n. See Brokkerage.

Broc"ard (&?;), n. [Perh. fr. Brocardica, Brocardicorum opus, a collection of ecclesiastical canons by Burkhard, Bishop of Worms, called, by the Italians and French, Brocard.] An elementary principle or maximum; a short, proverbial rule, in law, ethics, or metaphysics.

> The legal brocard, "Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus," is a rule not more applicable to other witness than to consciousness.
> Sir W. Hamilton.

Bro"ca*tel (&?;), n. [F. brocatelle, fr. It. brocatello: cf. Sp. brocatel. See Brocade.] 1. A kind of coarse brocade, or figured fabric, used chiefly for tapestry, linings for carriages, etc.

2. A marble, clouded and veined with white, gray, yellow, and red, in which the yellow usually prevails. It is also called Siena marble, from its locality.

Bro`ca*tel"lo (&?;), n. Same as Brocatel.

Broc"co*li (&?;), n. [It. broccoli, pl. of broccolo sprout, cabbage sprout, dim. of brocco splinter. See Broach, n.] (Bot.) A plant of the Cabbage species (Brassica oleracea) of many varieties, resembling the cauliflower. The "curd," or flowering head, is the part used for food.

Broch"an*tite (&?;), n. [From Brochant de Villiers, a French mineralogist.] (Min.) A basic sulphate of copper, occurring in emerald-green crystals.

||Bro`ché" (&?;), a. [F.] Woven with a figure; as, broché goods.

||Broche (&?;), n. [F.] See Broach, n.

||Bro*chure" (&?;), n. [F., fr. brocher to stitch. See Broach, v. t.] A printed and stitched book containing only a few leaves; a pamphlet.

Brock (&?;), n. [AS. broc, fr. W. broch; akin to Ir. & Gael. broc, Corn. & Armor. broch; cf. Ir. & Gael. breac speckled.] (Zoöl.) A badger.

> Or with pretense of chasing thence the brock.
> B. Jonson.

Brock, n. [See Brocket.] (Zoöl.) A brocket. Bailey.

Brock"et (brk"t), n. [OE. broket, F. broquart fallow deer a year old, fr. the same root as E. broach, meaning point (hence tine of a horn).] 1. (Zoöl.) A male red deer two years old; -- sometimes called brock.

2. (Zoöl.) A small South American deer, of several species (Coassus superciliaris, C. rufus, and C. auritus).

Brock"ish, a. Beastly; brutal. [Obs.] Bale.

Brode"kin (brd"kn), n. [F. brodequin, OE. brossequin, fr. OD. broseken, brosekin, dim. of broos buskin, prob. fr. LL. byrsa leather, Gr. by`rsa skin, hide. Cf. Buskin.] A buskin or half-boot. [Written also brodequin.] [Obs.]

Brog (brg), n. [Gael. Cf. Brob.] A pointed instrument, as a joiner's awl, a brad awl, a needle, or a small sharp stick.

Brog, v. t. To prod with a pointed instrument, as a lance; also, to broggle. [Scot. & Prov.] Sir W. Scott.

Bro"gan (&?;), n. A stout, coarse shoe; a brogue.

Brog"gle (&?;), v. i. [Dim. of Prov. E. brog to broggle. Cf. Brog, n.] To sniggle, or fish with a brog. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Brogue (&?;), n. [Ir. & Gael. brog shoe, hoof.] 1. A stout, coarse shoe; a brogan.

In the Highlands of Scotland, the ancient brogue was made of horsehide or deerskin, untanned or tenned with the hair on, gathered round the ankle with a thong. The name was afterward given to any shoe worn as a part of the Highland costume.

Clouted brogues, patched brogues; also, brogues studded with nails. See under Clout, v. t.

2. A dialectic pronunciation; esp. the Irish manner of pronouncing English.

> Or take, Hibernis, thy still ranker brogue.
> Lloyd.

Brogues (&?;), n. pl. [Cf. Breeches.] Breeches. [Obs.] Shenstone.

Broid (&?;), v. t. To braid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Broid"er (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broidered (&?;).] [OE. broiden, brouden, F. broder, confused with E. braid; F. broder is either the same word as border to border (see Border), or perh. of Celtic origin; cf. W. brathu to sting, stab, Ir. & Gael. brod goad, prickle, OE. brod a goad; and also Icel. broddr a spike, a sting, AS. brord a point.] To embroider. [Archaic]

> They shall make a broidered coat.
> Ex. xxviii. 4.

Broid"er*er (&?;), n. One who embroiders. [Archaic]

Broid"er*y (&?;), n. Embroidery. [Archaic]

> The golden broidery tender Milkah wove.
> Tickell.

Broil (&?;), n. [F. brouiller to disorder, from LL. brogilus, broilus, brolium, thicket, wood, park; of uncertain origin; cf. W. brog a swelling out, OHG. pril marsh, G. brühl, MHG. brogen to rise. The meaning tumult, confusion, comes apparently from tangled undergrowth, thicket, and this possibly from the meaning to grow, rise, sprout.] A tumult; a noisy quarrel; a disturbance; a brawl; contention; discord, either between individuals or in the state.

> I will own that there is a haughtiness and fierceness in human nature which will which will cause innumerable broils, place men in what situation you please.
> Burke.

Syn. -- Contention; fray; affray; tumult; altercation; dissension; discord; contest; conflict; brawl; uproar.

Broil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Broiled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Broiling.] [OE. broilen, OF. bruillir, fr. bruir to broil, burn; of Ger. origin; cf. MHG. brüejen, G. brühen, to scald, akin to E. brood.] 1. To cook by direct exposure to heat over a fire, esp. upon a gridiron over coals.

2. To subject to great (commonly direct) heat.

Broil, v. i. To be subjected to the action of heat, as meat over the fire; to be greatly heated, or to be made uncomfortable with heat.

> The planets and comets had been broiling in the sun.
> Cheyne.

Broil"er (&?;), n. One who excites broils; one who engages in or promotes noisy quarrels.

> What doth he but turn broiler, . . . make new libels against the church?
> Hammond.

Broil"er, n. 1. One who broils, or cooks by broiling.

2. A gridiron or other utensil used in broiling.

3. A chicken or other bird fit for broiling. [Colloq.]

Broil"ing, a. Excessively hot; as, a broiling sun. -- n. The act of causing anything to broil.

Bro"kage (&?;), n. See Brokerage.

Broke (&?;), v. i. [See Broker, and cf. Brook.] 1. To transact business for another. [R.] Brome.

2. To act as procurer in love matters; to pimp. [Obs.]

> We do want a certain necessary woman to broke between them, Cupid said.
> Fanshawe.

> And brokes with all that can in such a suit
> Corrupt the tender honor of a maid.
> Shak.

<! p. 184 !>

Broke (brk), imp. & p. p. of Break.

Bro"ken (br"k'n), a. [From Break, v. t.] 1. Separated into parts or pieces by violence; divided into fragments; as, a broken chain or rope; a broken dish.

2. Disconnected; not continuous; also, rough; uneven; as, a broken surface.

3. Fractured; cracked; disunited; sundered; strained; apart; as, a broken reed; broken friendship.

4. Made infirm or weak, by disease, age, or hardships.

> The one being who remembered him as he been before his mind was broken.
> G. Eliot.

> The broken soldier, kindly bade to stay,
> Sat by his fire, and talked the night away.
> Goldsmith.

5. Subdued; humbled; contrite.

> The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit.
> Ps. li. 17.

6. Subjugated; trained for use, as a horse.

7. Crushed and ruined as by something that destroys hope; blighted. "Her broken love and life." G. Eliot.

8. Not carried into effect; not adhered to; violated; as, a broken promise, vow, or contract; a broken law.

9. Ruined financially; incapable of redeeming promises made, or of paying debts incurred; as, a broken bank; a broken tradesman.

10. Imperfectly spoken, as by a foreigner; as, broken English; imperfectly spoken on account of emotion; as, to say a few broken words at parting.

> Amidst the broken words and loud weeping of those grave senators.
> Macaulay.

Broken ground. (a) (Mil.) Rough or uneven ground; as, the troops were retarded in their advance by broken ground. (b) Ground recently opened with the plow. -- Broken line (Geom.), the straight lines which join a number of given points taken in some specified order. -- Broken meat, fragments of meat or other food. -- Broken number, a fraction. -- Broken weather, unsettled weather.

Bro"ken-backed` (&?;), a. 1. Having a broken back; as, a broken-backed chair.

2. (Naut.) Hogged; so weakened in the frame as to droop at each end; -- said of a ship. Totten.

Bro"ken-bel`lied (&?;), a. Having a ruptured belly. [R.]

Bro"ken-heart`ed (&?;), a. Having the spirits depressed or crushed by grief or despair.

> She left her husband almost broken-hearted.
> Macaulay.

Syn. -- Disconsolable; heart-broken; inconsolable; comfortless; woe-begone; forlorn.

Bro"ken*ly, adv. In a broken, interrupted manner; in a broken state; in broken language.

> The pagans worship God . . . as it were brokenly and by piecemeal.
> Cudworth.

Bro"ken*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being broken; unevenness. Macaulay.

2. Contrition; as, brokenness of heart.

Bro"ken wind` (&?;). (Far.) The heaves.

Bro"ken-wind`ed, a. (Far.) Having short breath or disordered respiration, as a horse.

Bro"ker (br"kr), n. [OE. brocour, from a word akin to broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, possess, digest, fr. AS. brcan to use, enjoy; cf. Fries. broker, F. brocanteur. See Brook, v. t.] 1. One who transacts business for another; an agent.

2. (Law) An agent employed to effect bargains and contracts, as a middleman or negotiator, between other persons, for a compensation commonly called brokerage. He takes no possession, as broker, of the subject matter of the negotiation. He generally contracts in the names of those who employ him, and not in his own. Story.

3. A dealer in money, notes, bills of exchange, etc.

4. A dealer in secondhand goods. [Eng.]

5. A pimp or procurer. [Obs.] Shak.

Bill broker, one who buys and sells notes and bills of exchange. -- Curbstone broker or Street broker, an operator in stocks (not a member of the Stock Exchange) who executes orders by running from office to office, or by transactions on the street. [U.S.] -- Exchange broker, one who buys and sells uncurrent money, and deals in exchanges relating to money. -- Insurance broker, one who is agent in procuring insurance on vessels, or against fire. -- Pawn broker. See Pawnbroker. -- Real estate broker, one who buys and sells lands, and negotiates loans, etc., upon mortgage. - - Ship broker, one who acts as agent in buying and selling ships, procuring freight, etc. -- Stock broker. See Stockbroker.

Bro"ker*age (&?;), n. 1. The business or employment of a broker. Burke.

2. The fee, reward, or commission, given or changed for transacting business as a broker.

Bro"ker*ly, a. Mean; servile. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Bro"ker*y (&?;), n. The business of a broker. [Obs.]

> And with extorting, cozening, forfeiting,
> And tricks belonging unto brokery.
> Marlowe.

Bro"king (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to a broker or brokers, or to brokerage. [Obs.]

> Redeem from broking pawn the blemished crown.
> Shak.

Bro"ma (br"m), n. [NL., fr. Gr. brw^ma food, bibrw`skein to eat.] 1. (Med.) Aliment; food. Dunglison.

2. A light form of prepared cocoa (or cacao), or the drink made from it.

Bro"mal (br"mal), n. [Bromine + aldehyde.] (Chem.) An oily, colorless fluid, CBr3.COH, related to bromoform, as chloral is to chloroform, and obtained by the action of bromine on alcohol.

Bro"mate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A salt of bromic acid.

Bro"mate (&?;), v. t. (Med.) To combine or impregnate with bromine; as, bromated camphor.

Bro`ma*tol"o*gist (&?;), n. One versed in the science of foods.

Bro`ma*tol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, food + -logy.] The science of aliments. Dunglison.

||Brome (&?;), n. [F.] (Chem.) See Bromine.

Brome" grass` (&?;). [L. bromos a kind of oats, Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) A genus (Bromus) of grasses, one species of which is the chess or cheat.

Bro*me`li*a"ceous (&?;), a. [Named after Olaf Bromel, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a family of endogenous and mostly epiphytic or saxicolous plants of which the genera Tillandsia and Billbergia are examples. The pineapple, though terrestrial, is also of this family.

Bro"mic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, bromine; -- said of those compounds of bromine in which this element has a valence of five, or the next to its highest; as, bromic acid.

Bro"mide (&?;), n. (Chem.) A compound of bromine with a positive radical.

Bro"mi*nate (&?;), v. t. See Bromate, v. t.

Bro"mine (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; bad smell, stink. Cf. Brome.] (Chem.) One of the elements, related in its chemical qualities to chlorine and iodine. Atomic weight 79.8. Symbol Br. It is a deep reddish brown liquid of a very disagreeable odor, emitting a brownish vapor at the ordinary temperature. In combination it is found in minute quantities in sea water, and in many saline springs. It occurs also in the mineral bromyrite.

Bro"mism (&?;), n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by the excessive use of bromine or one of its compounds. It is characterized by mental dullness and muscular weakness.

Bro"mize (&?;), v. t. (Photog.) To prepare or treat with bromine; as, to bromize a silvered plate.

Brom"life (&?;), n. [From Bromley Hill, near Alston, Cumberland, England.] (Min.) A carbonate of baryta and lime, intermediate between witherite and strontianite; -- called also alstonite.

Bro"mo*form (&?;), n. [Bromine + formyl.] (Chem.) A colorless liquid, CHBr3, having an agreeable odor and sweetish taste. It is produced by the simultaneous action of bromine and caustic potash upon wood spirit, alcohol, or acetone, as also by certain other reactions. In composition it is the same as chloroform, with the substitution of bromine for chlorine. It is somewhat similar to chloroform in its effects. Watts.

Brom*pi"crin (&?;), n. [G. brompikrin; brom bromine + pikrinsäure picric acid.] (Chem.) A pungent colorless explosive liquid, CNO2Br3, analogous to and resembling chlorpicrin. [Spelt also brompikrin.]

Brom"u*ret (&?;), n. See Bromide. [Obs.]

Brom"y*rite (&?;), n. [Bromine + Gr. &?; silver.] (Min.) Silver bromide, a rare mineral; -- called also bromargyrite.

||Bron"chi (&?;), n. pl. (Anat.) See Bronchus.

||Bron"chi*a (&?;), n. pl. [L. , pl. Cf. Bronchus.] (Anat.) The bronchial tubes which arise from the branching of the trachea, esp. the subdivision of the bronchi. Dunglison.

Bron"chi*al (&?;), a. [Cf. F. bronchial. See Bronchia.] (Anat.) Belonging to the bronchi and their ramifications in the lungs.

Bronchial arteries, branches of the descending aorta, accompanying the bronchia in all their ramifications. -- Bronchial cells, the air cells terminating the bronchia. -- Bronchial glands, glands whose functions are unknown, seated along the bronchia. -- Bronchial membrane, the mucous membrane lining the bronchia. -- Bronchial tube, the bronchi, or the bronchia.

Bron"chic (&?;), a. (Anat.) Bronchial.

Bron"chi*ole (&?;), n. (Anat.) A minute bronchial tube.

Bron*chit"ic (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to bronchitis; as, bronchitic inflammation.

Bron*chi"tis (&?;), n. [Bronchus + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the bronchial tubes or any part of them.

Bron"cho (&?;), n. [Sp. bronco rough, wild.] A native or a Mexican horse of small size. [Western U.S.]

Bron"cho*cele (&?;), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; windpipe + &?; tumor.] (Med.) See Goiter.

Bron*choph"o*ny (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; windpipe + &?; sound.] A modification of the voice sounds, by which they are intensified and heightened in pitch; -- observed in auscultation of the chest in certain cases of intro-thoracic disease.

Bron`cho-pneu*mo"ni*a (&?;), n. [Bronchus + pneumonia.] (Med.) Inflammation of the bronchi and lungs; catarrhal pneumonia.

Bron"cho*tome (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; windpipe + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) An instrument for cutting into the bronchial tubes.

Bron*chot"o*my (&?;), n. (Surg.) An incision into the windpipe or larynx, including the operations of tracheotomy and laryngotomy.

||Bron"chus (&?;), n.; pl. Bronchi (&?;). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; windpipe. Cf. Bronchia.] (Anat.) One of the subdivisions of the trachea or windpipe; esp. one of the two primary divisions.

Bron"co (&?;), n. Same as Broncho.

Brond (&?;), n. [See Brand.] A sword. [Obs.]

{ Bron"to*lite (&?;), Bron"to*lith (&?;), } n. [Gr. &?; + -lite, -lith.] An aërolite. [R.]

Bron*tol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; thunder + -logy.] A treatise upon thunder.

||Bron`to*sau"rus (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; thunder + &?; lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of American jurassic dinosaurs. A length of sixty feet is believed to have been attained by these reptiles.

||Bron`to*the"ri*um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; thunder + &?; beast.] (Paleon.) A genus of large extinct mammals from the miocene strata of western North America. They were allied to the rhinoceros, but the skull bears a pair of powerful horn cores in front of the orbits, and the fore feet were four-toed. See Illustration in Appendix.

||Bron`to*zo"um (&?;), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; thunder + &?; animal.] (Paleon.) An extinct animal of large size, known from its three-toed footprints in Mesozoic sandstone.

The tracks made by these reptiles are found eighteen inches in length, and were formerly referred to gigantic birds; but the discovery of large bipedal three-toed dinosaurs has suggested that they were made by those reptiles.

Bronze (&?;), n. [F. bronze, fr. It. bronzo brown, fr. OHG. br&?;n, G. braun. See Brown, a.] 1. An alloy of copper and tin, to which small proportions of other metals, especially zinc, are sometimes added. It is hard and sonorous, and is used for statues, bells, cannon, etc., the proportions of the ingredients being varied to suit the particular purposes. The varieties containing the higher proportions of tin are brittle, as in bell metal and speculum metal.

2. A statue, bust, etc., cast in bronze.

> A print, a bronze, a flower, a root.
> Prior.

3. A yellowish or reddish brown, the color of bronze; also, a pigment or powder for imitating bronze.

4. Boldness; impudence; "brass."

> Imbrowned with native bronze, lo! Henley stands.
> Pope.

Aluminium bronze. See under Aluminium. -- Bronze age, an age of the world which followed the stone age, and was characterized by the use of implements and ornaments of copper or bronze. -- Bronze powder, a metallic powder, used with size or in combination with painting, to give the appearance of bronze, gold, or other metal, to any surface. -- Phosphor bronze ∧ Silicious or Silicium bronze are made by adding phosphorus and silicon respectively to ordinary bronze, and are characterized by great tenacity.

Bronze, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bronzed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bronzing.] [Cf. F. bronzer. See Bronze, n.] 1. To give an appearance of bronze to, by a coating of bronze powder, or by other means; to make of the color of bronze; as, to bronze plaster casts; to bronze coins or medals.

> The tall bronzed black-eyed stranger.
> W. Black.

2. To make hard or unfeeling; to brazen.

> The lawer who bronzes his bosom instead of his forehead.
> Sir W. Scott.

Bronzed skin disease. (Pathol.) See Addison's disease.

Bronze"wing` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian pigeon of the genus Phaps, of several species; -- so called from its bronze plumage.

Bronz"ine (&?;), n. A metal so prepared as to have the appearance of bronze. -- a. Made of bronzine; resembling bronze; bronzelike.

Bronz"ing, n. 1. The act or art of communicating to articles in metal, wood, clay, plaster, etc., the appearance of bronze by means of bronze powders, or imitative painting, or by chemical processes. Tomlinson.

2. A material for bronzing.

Bronz"ist, n. One who makes, imitates, collects, or deals in, bronzes.

Bronz"ite (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bronzite.] (Min.) A variety of enstatite, often having a bronzelike luster. It is a silicate of magnesia and iron, of the pyroxene family.

Bronz"y (&?;), a. Like bronze.

Brooch (brch; 277), n. [See Broach, n.] 1. An ornament, in various forms, with a tongue, pin, or loop for attaching it to a garment; now worn at the breast by women; a breastpin. Formerly worn by men on the hat.

> Honor 's a good brooch to wear in a man's hat.
> B. Jonson.

2. (Paint.) A painting all of one color, as a sepia painting, or an India painting.

Brooch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brooched (brcht).] To adorn as with a brooch. [R.]

Brood (brd), n. [OE. brod, AS. brd; akin to D. broed, OHG. bruot, G. brut, and also to G. brühe broth, MHG. brüeje, and perh. to E. brawn, breath. Cf. Breed, v. t.] 1. The young birds hatched at one time; a hatch; as, a brood of chickens.

> As a hen doth gather her brood under her wings.
> Luke xiii. 34.

> A hen followed by a brood of ducks.
> Spectator.

2. The young from the same dam, whether produced at the same time or not; young children of the same mother, especially if nearly of the same age; offspring; progeny; as, a woman with a brood of children.

> The lion roars and gluts his tawny brood.
> Wordsworth.

3. That which is bred or produced; breed; species.

> Flocks of the airy brood,
> (Cranes, geese or long-necked swans).
> Chapman.

4. (Mining) Heavy waste in tin and copper ores.

To sit on brood, to ponder. [Poetic] Shak.

Brood, a. 1. Sitting or inclined to sit on eggs.

2. Kept for breeding from; as, a brood mare; brood stock; having young; as, a brood sow.

Brood (brch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Brooding.] 1. To sit on and cover eggs, as a fowl, for the purpose of warming them and hatching the young; or to sit over and cover young, as a hen her chickens, in order to warm and protect them; hence, to sit quietly, as if brooding.

> Birds of calm sir brooding on the charmed wave.
> Milton.

2. To have the mind dwell continuously or moodily on a subject; to think long and anxiously; to be in a state of gloomy, serious thought; -- usually followed by over or on; as, to brood over misfortunes.

> Brooding on unprofitable gold.
> Dryden.

> Brooding over all these matters, the mother felt like one who has evoked a spirit.
> Hawthorne.

> When with downcast eyes we muse and brood.
> Tennyson.

<! p. 185 !>

Brood (brd), v. t. 1. To sit over, cover, and cherish; as, a hen broods her chickens.

2. To cherish with care. [R.]

3. To think anxiously or moodily upon.

> You'll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne.
> Dryden.

Brood"y (&?;), a. Inclined to brood. Ray.

Brook (&?;), n. [OE. brok, broke, brook, AS. brc; akin to D. broek, LG. brk, marshy ground, OHG. pruoh, G. bruch marsh; prob. fr. the root of E. break, so as that it signifies water breaking through the earth, a spring or brook, as well as a marsh. See Break, v. t.] A natural stream of water smaller than a river or creek.

> The Lord thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water.
> Deut. viii. 7.

> Empires itself, as doth an inland brook
> Into the main of waters.
> Shak.

Brook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brooked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brooking.] [OE. broken, bruken, to use, enjoy, digest, AS. br&?;can; akin to D. gebruiken to use, OHG. pr&?;hhan, G. brauchen, gebrauchen, Icel. br&?;ka, Goth. br&?;kjan, and L. frui, to enjoy. Cf. Fruit, Broker.] 1. To use; to enjoy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To bear; to endure; to put up with; to tolerate; as, young men can not brook restraint. Spenser.

> Shall we, who could not brook one lord,
> Crouch to the wicked ten?
> Macaulay.

3. To deserve; to earn. [Obs.] Sir J. Hawkins.

Brook"ite (&?;), n. [Named from the English mineralogist, H. J. Brooke.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of titanic oxide, and hence identical with rutile and octahedrite in composition, but crystallizing in the orthorhombic system.

Brook"let (&?;), n. A small brook.

Brook"lime` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant (Veronica Beccabunga), with flowers, usually blue, in axillary racemes. The American species is V. Americana. [Formerly written broklempe or broklympe.]

Brook" mint` (&?;). (Bot.) See Water mint.

Brook"side` (&?;), n. The bank of a brook.

Brook"weed` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A small white-flowered herb (Samolus Valerandi) found usually in wet places; water pimpernel.

Broom (&?;), n. [OE. brom, brome, AS. brm; akin to LG. bram, D. brem, OHG. brmo broom, thorn&?;bush, G. brombeere blackberry. Cf. Bramble, n.] 1. (Bot.) A plant having twigs suitable for making brooms to sweep with when bound together; esp., the Cytisus scoparius of Western Europe, which is a low shrub with long, straight, green, angular branches, minute leaves, and large yellow flowers.

> No gypsy cowered o'er fires of furze and broom.
> Wordsworth.

2. An implement for sweeping floors, etc., commonly made of the panicles or tops of broom corn, bound together or attached to a long wooden handle; -- so called because originally made of the twigs of the broom.

Butcher's broom, a plant (Ruscus aculeatus) of the Smilax family, used by butchers for brooms to sweep their blocks; -- called also knee holly. See Cladophyll. -- Dyer's broom, a species of mignonette (Reseda luteola), used for dyeing yellow; dyer's weed; dyer's rocket. -- Spanish broom. See under Spanish.

Broom, v. t. (Naut.) See Bream.

Broom" corn` (&?;). (Bot.) A variety of Sorghum vulgare, having a joined stem, like maize, rising to the height of eight or ten feet, and bearing its seeds on a panicle with long branches, of which brooms are made.

Broom" rape` (&?;). (Bot.) A genus (Orobanche) of parasitic plants of Europe and Asia. They are destitute of chlorophyll, have scales instead of leaves, and spiked flowers, and grow attached to the roots of other plants, as furze, clover, flax, wild carrot, etc. The name is sometimes applied to other plants related to this genus, as Aphyllon uniflorumand A. Ludovicianum.

Broom"staff` (&?;), n. A broomstick. [Obs.] Shak.

Broom"stick` (&?;), n. A stick used as a handle of a broom.

Broom"y (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to broom; overgrowing with broom; resembling broom or a broom.

> If land grow mossy or broomy.
> Mortimer.

Brose (&?;), n. [CF. Gael. brothas. Cf. Brewis, Broth.] Pottage made by pouring some boiling liquid on meal (esp. oatmeal), and stirring it. It is called beef brose, water brose, etc., according to the name of the liquid (beef broth, hot water, etc.) used. [Scot.]

Brot"el (&?;), a. Brittle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Brot"el*ness, n. Brittleness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Broth (&?;), n. [AS. bro&?;; akin to OHG. brod, brot; cf. Ir. broth, Gael. brot. √93. Cf. Brewis, Brew.] Liquid in which flesh (and sometimes other substances, as barley or rice) has been boiled; thin or simple soup.

> I am sure by your unprejudiced discourses that you love broth better than soup.
> Addison.

Broth"el (&?;), n. [OE. brothel, brodel, brethel, a prostitute, a worthless fellow, fr. AS. beró&?;an to ruin, destroy; cf. AS. breótan to break, and E. brittle. The term brothel house was confused with bordel brothel. CF. Bordel.] A house of lewdness or ill fame; a house frequented by prostitutes; a bawdyhouse.

Broth"el*er (&?;), n. One who frequents brothels.

Broth"el*ry (&?;), n. Lewdness; obscenity; a brothel. B. Jonson.

Broth"er (br"r), n.; pl. Brothers (br"rz) or Brethren (br"rn). See Brethren. [OE. brother, AS. brðor; akin to OS. brothar, D. broeder, OHG. pruodar, G. bruder, Icel. brðir, Sw. & Dan. broder, Goth. brþar, Ir. brathair, W. brawd, pl. brodyr, Lith. brolis, Lett. brahlis, Russ. brat', Pol. & Serv. brat, OSlav. bratr, L. frater, Skr. bhrt, Zend bratar brother, Gr. fra`thr, fra`twr, a clansman. The common plural is Brothers; in the solemn style, Brethren, OE. pl. brether, bretheren, AS. dat. sing. brðer, nom. pl. brðor, brðru. √258. Cf. Friar, Fraternal.] 1. A male person who has the same father and mother with another person, or who has one of them only. In the latter case he is more definitely called a half brother, or brother of the half blood.

> Two of us in the churchyard lie,
> My sister and my brother.
> Wordsworth.

2. One related or closely united to another by some common tie or interest, as of rank, profession, membership in a society, toil, suffering, etc.; -- used among judges, clergymen, monks, physicians, lawyers, professors of religion, etc. "A brother of your order." Shak.

> We few, we happy few, we band of brothers,
> For he to-day that sheds his blood with me
> Shall be my brother.
> Shak.

3. One who, or that which, resembles another in distinctive qualities or traits of character.

> He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster.
> Prov. xviii. 9.

> That April morn
> Of this the very brother.
> Wordsworth.

In Scripture, the term brother is applied to a kinsman by blood more remote than a son of the same parents, as in the case of Abraham and Lot, Jacob and Laban. In a more general sense, brother or brethren is used for fellow-man or fellow-men.

> For of whom such massacre
> Make they but of their brethren, men of men?
> Milton.

Brother Jonathan, a humorous designation for the people of the United States collectively. The phrase is said to have originated from Washington's referring to the patriotic Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, as "Brother Jonathan." -- Blood brother. See under Blood.

Broth"er (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brothered (&?;).] To make a brother of; to call or treat as a brother; to admit to a brotherhood. Sir W. Scott.

Broth"er ger"man (&?;). (Law) A brother by both the father's and mother's side, in contradistinction to a uterine brother, one by the mother only. Bouvier.

Broth"er*hood (&?;), n. [Brother + -hood.] 1. The state of being brothers or a brother.

2. An association for any purpose, as a society of monks; a fraternity.

3. The whole body of persons engaged in the same business, -- especially those of the same profession; as, the legal or medical brotherhood.

4. Persons, and, poetically, things, of a like kind.

> A brotherhood of venerable trees.
> Wordsworth.

Syn. -- Fraternity; association; fellowship; sodality.

Broth"er-in-law` (&?;), n.; pl. Brothers-in-law (&?;). The brother of one's husband or wife; also, the husband of one's sister; sometimes, the husband of one's wife's sister.

Broth"er*li*ness (&?;), n. The state or quality of being brotherly.

Broth"er*ly (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to brothers; such as is natural for brothers; becoming to brothers; kind; affectionate; as, brotherly love.

Syn. -- Fraternal; kind; affectionate; tender.

Broth"er*ly, adv. Like a brother; affectionately; kindly. "I speak but brotherly of him." Shak.

Broud"ed (&?;), p.a. Braided; broidered. [Obs.]

> Alle his clothes brouded up and down.
> Chaucer.

Brough"am (&?;), n. A light, close carriage, with seats inside for two or four, and the fore wheels so arranged as to turn short.

Brow (&?;), n. [OE. browe, bruwe, AS. br&?;; akin to AS. br&?;w, breáw, eyelid, OFries. br, D. braauw, Icel. br, br&?;n, OHG. prwa, G. braue, OSlav. br&?;v&?;, Russ. brove, Ir. brai, Ir. & Gael. abhra, Armor. abrant, Gr. &?;, Skr. bhr&?;. Cf. Bray a bank, Bridge.] 1. The prominent ridge over the eye, with the hair that covers it, forming an arch above the orbit.

> And his arched brow, pulled o'er his eyes,
> With solemn proof proclaims him wise.
> Churchill.

2. The hair that covers the brow (ridge over the eyes); the eyebrow.

> 'T is not your inky brows, your brack silk hair.
> Shak.

3. The forehead; as, a feverish brow.

> Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow.
> Shak.

4. The general air of the countenance.

> To whom thus Satan with contemptuous brow.
> Milton.

> He told them with a masterly brow.
> Milton.

5. The edge or projecting upper part of a steep place; as, the brow of a precipice; the brow of a hill.

To bend the brow, To knit the brows, to frown; to scowl.

Brow, v. t. To bound to limit; to be at, or form, the edge of. [R.]

> Tending my flocks hard by i' the hilly crofts
> That brow this bottom glade.
> Milton.

Brow"beat` (&?;), v. t. [imp. Browbeat; p. p. Browbeaten (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Browbeating.] To depress or bear down with haughty, stern looks, or with arrogant speech and dogmatic assertions; to abash or disconcert by impudent or abusive words or looks; to bully; as, to browbeat witnesses.

> My grandfather was not a man to be browbeaten.
> W. Irving.

Brow"beat`ing, n. The act of bearing down, abashing, or disconcerting, with stern looks, supercilious manners, or confident assertions.

> The imperious browbeatings and scorn of great men.
> L'Estrange.

Brow"bound` (-bound`), a. Crowned; having the head encircled as with a diadem. Shak.

Browd"yng (broud"ng/), n. Embroidery. [Obs.]

> Of goldsmithrye, of browdyng, and of steel.
> Chaucer.

Browed (&?;), a. Having (such) a brow; - - used in composition; as, dark-browed, stern- browed.

Brow"less (&?;), a. Without shame. L. Addison.

Brown (&?;), a. [Compar. Browner (&?;); superl. Brownest.] [OE. brun, broun, AS. br&?;n; akin to D. bruin, OHG. br&?;n, Icel. br&?;nn, Sw. brun, Dan. bruun, G. braun, Lith. brunas, Skr. babhru. √93, 253. Cf. Bruin, Beaver, Burnish, Brunette.] Of a dark color, of various shades between black and red or yellow.

> Cheeks brown as the oak leaves.
> Longfellow.

Brown Bess, the old regulation flintlock smoothbore musket, with bronzed barrel, formerly used in the British army. -- Brown bread (a) Dark colored bread; esp. a kind made of unbolted wheat flour, sometimes called in the United States Graham bread. "He would mouth with a beggar though she smelt brown bread and garlic." Shak. (b) Dark colored bread made of rye meal and Indian meal, or of wheat and rye or Indian; rye and Indian bread. [U.S.] -- Brown coal, wood coal. See Lignite. -- Brown hematite or Brown iron ore (Min.), the hydrous iron oxide, limonite, which has a brown streak. See Limonite. -- Brown holland. See under Holland. -- Brown paper, dark colored paper, esp. coarse wrapping paper, made of unbleached materials. -- Brown spar (Min.), a ferruginous variety of dolomite, in part identical with ankerite. -- Brown stone. See Brownstone. -- Brown stout, a strong kind of porter or malt liquor. -- Brown study, a state of mental abstraction or serious reverie. W. Irving.

Brown, n. A dark color inclining to red or yellow, resulting from the mixture of red and black, or of red, black, and yellow; a tawny, dusky hue.

Brown, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Browning.] 1. To make brown or dusky.

> A trembling twilight o'er welkin moves,
> Browns the dim void and darkens deep the groves.
> Barlow.

2. To make brown by scorching slightly; as, to brown meat or flour.

3. To give a bright brown color to, as to gun barrels, by forming a thin coat of oxide on their surface. Ure.

Brown, v. i. To become brown.

Brown"back` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The dowitcher or red-breasted snipe. See Dowitcher.

Brown" bill` (&?;). [Brown + bill cutting tool.] A bill or halberd of the 16th and 17th centuries. See 4th Bill.

> Many time, but for a sallet, my brainpan had been cleft with a brown bill.
> Shak.

The black, or as it is sometimes called, the brown bill, was a kind of halberd, the cutting part hooked like a woodman's bill, from the back of which projected a spike, and another from the head. Grose.

Brown"i*an (&?;), a. Pertaining to Dr. Robert Brown, who first demonstrated (about 1827) the commonness of the motion described below.

Brownian movement, the peculiar, rapid, vibratory movement exhibited by the microscopic particles of substances when suspended in water or other fluids.

Brown"ie (&?;), n. [So called from its supposed tawny or swarthy color.] An imaginary good- natured spirit, who was supposed often to perform important services around the house by night, such as thrashing, churning, sweeping. [Scot.]

Brown"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of giving a brown color, as to gun barrels, etc.

2. (Masonry) A smooth coat of brown mortar, usually the second coat, and the preparation for the finishing coat of plaster.

Brown"ish, a. Somewhat brown.

Brown"ism (&?;), n. (Eccl. Hist.) The views or teachings of Robert Brown of the Brownists. Milton.

Brown"ism, n. (Med.) The doctrines of the Brunonian system of medicine. See Brunonian.

Brown"ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Robert Brown, of England, in the 16th century, who taught that every church is complete and independent in itself when organized, and consists of members meeting in one place, having full power to elect and depose its officers.

Brown"ist, n. (Med.) One who advocates the Brunonian system of medicine.

Brown"ness, n. The quality or state of being brown.

> Now like I brown (O lovely brown thy hair);
> Only in brownness beauty dwelleth there.
> Drayton.

Brown"stone` (&?;), n. A dark variety of sandstone, much used for building purposes.

Brown" thrush" (&?;). (Zoöl.) A common American singing bird (Harporhynchus rufus), allied to the mocking bird; -- also called brown thrasher.

Brown"wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A species of figwort or Scrophularia (S. vernalis), and other species of the same genus, mostly perennials with inconspicuous coarse flowers.

Brown"y (&?;), a. Brown or, somewhat brown. "Browny locks." Shak.

Brow"post` (&?;), n. (Carp.) A beam that goes across a building.

Browse (brouz), n. [OF. brost, broust, sprout, shoot, F. brout browse, browsewood, prob. fr. OHG. burst, G. borste, bristle; cf. also Armor. brousta to browse. See Bristle, n., Brush, n.] The tender branches or twigs of trees and shrubs, fit for the food of cattle and other animals; green food. Spenser.

> Sheep, goats, and oxen, and the nobler steed,
> On browse, and corn, and flowery meadows feed.
> Dryden.

Browse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Browsed (brouzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Browsing.] [For broust, OF. brouster, bruster, F. brouter. See Browse, n., and cf. Brut.] 1. To eat or nibble off, as the tender branches of trees, shrubs, etc.; -- said of cattle, sheep, deer, and some other animals.

> Yes, like the stag, when snow the plasture sheets,
> The barks of trees thou browsedst.
> Shak.

2. To feed on, as pasture; to pasture on; to graze.

> Fields . . . browsed by deep-uddered kine.
> Tennyson.

<! p. 186 !>

Browse (brouz), v. i. 1. To feed on the tender branches or shoots of shrubs or trees, as do cattle, sheep, and deer.

2. To pasture; to feed; to nibble. Shak.

Brows"er (brouz"r), n. An animal that browses.

Browse"wood` (&?;), n. Shrubs and bushes upon which animals browse.

Brows"ing, n. Browse; also, a place abounding with shrubs where animals may browse.

> Browsings for the deer.
> Howell.

Brow"spot` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A rounded organ between the eyes of the frog; the interocular gland.

||Bru*ang" (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The Malayan sun bear.

Bru"cine (&?;), n. [Cf. F. brucine, fr. James Bruce, a Scottish traveler.] (Chem.) A powerful vegetable alkaloid, found, associated with strychnine, in the seeds of different species of Strychnos, especially in the Nux vomica. It is less powerful than strychnine. Called also brucia and brucina.

Bru"cite (&?;), n. [Named after Dr. A. Bruce of New York.] (Min.) (a) A white, pearly mineral, occurring thin and foliated, like talc, and also fibrous; a native magnesium hydrate. (b) The mineral chondrodite. [R.]

Bruck"eled (&?;), a. Wet and dirty; begrimed. [Obs. or Dial.] Herrick.

||Bruh (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) [Native name.] The rhesus monkey. See Rhesus.

Bru"in (&?;), n. [D. bruin brown. In the epic poem of "Reynard the Fox" the bear is so called from his color. See Brown, a.] A bear; -- so called in popular tales and fables.

Bruise (brz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruised (brzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Bruising.] [OE. brusen, brisen, brosen, bresen, AS. brsan or fr. OF. bruiser, bruisier, bruser, to break, shiver, perh. from OHG. brochisn. Cf. Break, v. t.] 1. To injure, as by a blow or collision, without laceration; to contuse; as, to bruise one's finger with a hammer; to bruise the bark of a tree with a stone; to bruise an apple by letting it fall.

2. To break; as in a mortar; to bray, as minerals, roots, etc.; to crush.

> Nor bruise her flowerets with the armed hoofs.
> Shak.

Syn. -- To pulverize; bray; triturate; pound; contuse.

Bruise, v. i. To fight with the fists; to box.

> Bruising was considered a fine, manly, old English custom.
> Thackeray.

Bruise, n. An injury to the flesh of animals, or to plants, fruit, etc., with a blunt or heavy instrument, or by collision with some other body; a contusion; as, a bruise on the head; bruises on fruit.

> From the sole of the foot even unto the head there is no soundness in it; but wounds, and bruises.
> Isa. i. 6.

Bruis"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, bruises.

2. A boxer; a pugilist. R. Browning.

> Like a new bruiser on Broughtonic sand,
> Amid the lists our hero takes his stand.
> T. Warton.

3. A concave tool used in grinding lenses or the speculums of telescopes. Knight.

Bruise"wort` (&?;), n. A plant supposed to heal bruises, as the true daisy, the soapwort, and the comfrey.

Bruit (&?;), n. [OE. bruit, brut, noise, bruit, F. bruit, fr. LL. brugitus; cf. L. rugire to roar; perh. influenced by the source of E. bray to make a harsh noise, Armor. brud bruit.] 1. Report; rumor; fame.

> The bruit thereof will bring you many friends.
> Shak.

2. [French pron. &?;.] (Med.) An abnormal sound of several kinds, heard on auscultation.

Bruit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bruited; p. pr. & vb. n. Bruiting.] To report; to noise abroad.

> I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited.
> Shak.

||Bru`maire" (&?;), n. [F., fr. L. bruma winter.] The second month of the calendar adopted by the first French republic. It began thirty days after the autumnal equinox. See Vendemiaire.

Bru"mal (&?;), a. [L. brumalis, fr. bruma winter: cf. F. brumal.] Of or pertaining to winter. "The brumal solstice." Sir T. Browne.

Brume (&?;), n. [F. brume winter season, mist, L. bruma winter.] Mist; fog; vapors. "The drifting brume." Longfellow.

Brum"ma*gem (&?;), a. [Birmingham (formerly Bromwycham), Eng., "the great mart and manufactory of gilt toys, cheap jewelry," etc.] Counterfeit; gaudy but worthless; sham. [Slang] "These Brummagem gentry." Lady D. Hardy.

Bru"mous (&?;), a. Foggy; misty.

Brun (&?;), n. [See Broun a brook.] Same as Brun, a brook. [Scot.]

Bru*nette" (&?;), n. [F. brunet, brunette, brownish, dim. of brun, brune, brown, fr. OHG. br&?;n. See Brown, a.] A girl or woman with a somewhat brown or dark complexion. -- a. Having a dark tint.

Brun"ion (&?;), n. [F. brugnon (cf. It. brugna, prugna), fr. L. prunum. See Prune, n.] A nectarine.

Bru*no"ni*an (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or invented by, Brown; -- a term applied to a system of medicine promulgated in the 18th century by John Brown, of Scotland, the fundamental doctrine of which was, that life is a state of excitation produced by the normal action of external agents upon the body, and that disease consists in excess or deficiency of excitation.

Bruns"wick black` (&?;). See Japan black.

Bruns"wick green` (&?;). [G. Braunschweiger grün, first made at Brunswick, in Germany.] An oxychloride of copper, used as a green pigment; also, a carbonate of copper similarly employed.

Brunt (brnt), n. [OE. brunt, bront, fr. Icel. bruna to rush; cf. Icel. brenna to burn. Cf. Burn, v. t.] 1. The heat, or utmost violence, of an onset; the strength or greatest fury of any contention; as, the brunt of a battle.

2. The force of a blow; shock; collision. "And heavy brunt of cannon ball." Hudibras.

> It is instantly and irrecoverably scattered by our first brunt with some real affair of common life.
> I. Taylor.

Brush (&?;), n. [OE. brusche, OF. broche, broce, brosse, brushwood, F. brosse brush, LL. brustia, bruscia, fr. OHG. brusta, brust, bristle, G. borste bristle, bürste brush. See Bristle, n., and cf. Browse.] 1. An instrument composed of bristles, or other like material, set in a suitable back or handle, as of wood, bone, or ivory, and used for various purposes, as in removing dust from clothes, laying on colors, etc. Brushes have different shapes and names according to their use; as, clothes brush, paint brush, tooth brush, etc.

2. The bushy tail of a fox.

3. (Zoöl.) A tuft of hair on the mandibles.

4. Branches of trees lopped off; brushwood.

5. A thicket of shrubs or small trees; the shrubs and small trees in a wood; underbrush.

6. (Elec.) A bundle of flexible wires or thin plates of metal, used to conduct an electrical current to or from the commutator of a dynamo, electric motor, or similar apparatus.

7. The act of brushing; as, to give one's clothes a brush; a rubbing or grazing with a quick motion; a light touch; as, we got a brush from the wheel as it passed.

> [As leaves] have with one winter's brush
> Fell from their boughts.
> Shak.

8. A skirmish; a slight encounter; a shock or collision; as, to have a brush with an enemy.

> Let grow thy sinews till their knots be strong,
> And tempt not yet the brushes of the war.
> Shak.

9. A short contest, or trial, of speed.

> Let us enjoy a brush across the country.
> Cornhill Mag.

Electrical brush, a form of the electric discharge characterized by a brushlike appearance of luminous rays diverging from an electrified body.

Brush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brushed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brushing.] [OE. bruschen; cf. F. brosser. See Brush, n.] 1. To apply a brush to, according to its particular use; to rub, smooth, clean, paint, etc., with a brush. "A' brushes his hat o' mornings." Shak.

2. To touch in passing, or to pass lightly over, as with a brush.

> Some spread their sailes, some with strong oars sweep
> The waters smooth, and brush the buxom wave.
> Fairfax.

> Brushed with the kiss of rustling wings.
> Milton.

3. To remove or gather by brushing, or by an act like that of brushing, or by passing lightly over, as wind; -- commonly with off.

> As wicked dew as e'er my mother brushed
> With raven's feather from unwholesome fen.
> Shak.

> And from the boughts brush off the evil dew.
> Milton.

To brush aside, to remove from one's way, as with a brush. -- To brush away, to remove, as with a brush or brushing motion. -- To brush up, to paint, or make clean or bright with a brush; to cleanse or improve; to renew.

> You have commissioned me to paint your shop, and I have done my best to brush you up like your neighbors.
> Pope.

Brush, v. i. To move nimbly in haste; to move so lightly as scarcely to be perceived; as, to brush by.

> Snatching his hat, he brushed off like the wind.
> Goldsmith.

Brush"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, brushes.

Brush"i*ness (&?;), n. The quality of resembling a brush; brushlike condition; shagginess. Dr. H. More.

Brush"ing, a. 1. Constructed or used to brush with; as a brushing machine.

2. Brisk; light; as, a brushing gallop.

Brush"ite (&?;), n. [From George J. Brush, an American mineralogist.] (Min.) A white or gray crystalline mineral consisting of the acid phosphate of calcium.

Brush" tur`key (&?;). (Zoöl.) A large, edible, gregarious bird of Australia (Talegalla Lathami) of the family Megapodidæ. Also applied to several allied species of New Guinea.

The brush turkeys live in the "brush," and construct a common nest by collecting a large heap of decaying vegetable matter, which generates heat sufficient to hatch the numerous eggs (sometimes half a bushel) deposited in it by the females of the flock.

Brush" wheel` (&?;). 1. A wheel without teeth, used to turn a similar one by the friction of bristles or something brushlike or soft attached to the circumference.

2. A circular revolving brush used by turners, lapidaries, silversmiths, etc., for polishing.

Brush"wood (&?;), n. 1. Brush; a thicket or coppice of small trees and shrubs.

2. Small branches of trees cut off.

Brush"y, a. Resembling a brush; shaggy; rough.

Brusk (&?;), a. Same as Brusque.

Brusque (&?;), a. [F. brusque, from It. brusco brusque, tart, sour, perh. fr. L. (vitis) labrusca wild (vine); or cf. OHG. bruttisc grim, fr. brutti terror.] Rough and prompt in manner; blunt; abrupt; bluff; as, a brusque man; a brusque style.

Brusque"ness, n. Quality of being brusque; roughness joined with promptness; bluntness. Brit. Quar.

Brus"sels (&?;), n. A city of Belgium, giving its name to a kind of carpet, a kind of lace, etc.

Brussels carpet, a kind of carpet made of worsted yarn fixed in a foundation web of strong linen thread. The worsted, which alone shows on the upper surface in drawn up in loops to form the pattern. -- Brussels ground, a name given to the handmade ground of real Brussels lace. It is very costly because of the extreme fineness of the threads. -- Brussels lace, an expensive kind of lace of several varieties, originally made in Brussels; as, Brussels point, Brussels ground, Brussels wire ground. -- Brussels net, an imitation of Brussels ground, made by machinery. -- Brussels point. See Point lace. -- Brussels sprouts (Bot.), a plant of the Cabbage family, which produces, in the axils of the upright stem, numerous small green heads, or "sprouts," each a cabbage in miniature, of one or two inches in diameter; the thousand-headed cabbage. -- Brussels wire ground, a ground for lace, made of silk, with meshes partly straight and partly arched.

Brus"tle (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Brustled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brustling (&?;).] [OE. brustlien and brastlien, AS. brastlian, fr. berstan to burst, akin to G. prasseln to crackle. See Burst, v. i.] 1. To crackle; to rustle, as a silk garment. [Obs.] Gower.

2. To make a show of fierceness or defiance; to bristle. [Obs.]

To brustle up, to bristle up. [Obs.] Otway.

Brus"tle, n. A bristle. [Obs. or Prov.] Chaucer.

Brut (&?;), v. i. [F. brouter, OF. brouster. See Browse, n.] To browse. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Brut, n. (Zoöl.) See Birt.

||Bru"ta (&?;), n. [NL., neuter pl., fr. L. brutus heavy, stupid.] (Zoöl.) See Edentata.

Bru"tal (&?;), a. [Cf. F. brutal. See Brute, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to a brute; as, brutal nature. "Above the rest of brutal kind." Milton.

2. Like a brute; savage; cruel; inhuman; brutish; unfeeling; merciless; gross; as, brutal manners. "Brutal intemperance." Macaulay.

Bru"tal*ism (&?;), n. Brutish quality; brutality.

Bru*tal"i*ty (&?;), n.; pl. Brutalities (&?;). [Cf. F. brutalité.] 1. The quality of being brutal; inhumanity; savageness; pitilessness.

2. An inhuman act.

> The . . . brutalities exercised in war.
> Brougham.

Bru`tal*i*za"tion (&?;), n. The act or process of making brutal; state of being brutalized.

Bru"tal*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brutalized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brutalizing.] [Cf. F. brutaliser.] To make brutal; beasty; unfeeling; or inhuman.

Bru"tal*ize, v. i. To become brutal, inhuman, barbarous, or coarse and beasty. [R.]

> He mixed . . . with his countrymen, brutalized with them in their habits and manners.
> Addison.

Bru"tal*ly, adv. In a brutal manner; cruelly.

Brute (brt), a. [F. brut, nasc., brute, fem., raw, rough, rude, brutish, L. brutus stupid, irrational: cf. It. & Sp. bruto.] 1. Not having sensation; senseless; inanimate; unconscious; without intelligence or volition; as, the brute earth; the brute powers of nature.

2. Not possessing reason, irrational; unthinking; as, a brute beast; the brute creation.

> A creature . . . not prone
> And brute as other creatures, but endued
> With sanctity of reason.
> Milton.

3. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, a brute beast. Hence: Brutal; cruel; fierce; ferocious; savage; pitiless; as, brute violence. Macaulay.

> The influence of capital and mere brute labor.
> Playfair.

4. Having the physical powers predominating over the mental; coarse; unpolished; unintelligent.

> A great brute farmer from Liddesdale.
> Sir W. Scott.

5. Rough; uncivilized; unfeeling. [R.]

Brute, n. 1. An animal destitute of human reason; any animal not human; esp. a quadruped; a beast.

> Brutes may be considered as either aëral, terrestrial, aquatic, or amphibious.
> Locke.

2. A brutal person; a savage in heart or manners; as unfeeling or coarse person.

> An ill-natured brute of a husband.
> Franklin.

Syn. -- See Beast.

Brute, v. t. [For bruit.] To report; to bruit. [Obs.]

Brute"ly, adv. In a rude or violent manner.

Brute"ness, n. 1. Brutality. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Insensibility. "The bruteness of nature." Emerson.

Bru"ti*fy (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Brutified (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Brutifying.] [Brute + -fy: cf. F. brutifier.] To make like a brute; to make senseless, stupid, or unfeeling; to brutalize.

> Any man not quite brutified and void of sense.
> Barrow.

Bru"tish (br"tsh), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a brute or brutes; of a cruel, gross, and stupid nature; coarse; unfeeling; unintelligent.

> O, let all provocation
> Take every brutish shape it can devise.
> Leigh Hunt.

> Man may . . . render himself brutish, but it is in vain that he would seek to take the rank and density of the brute.
> I. Taylor.

Syn. -- Insensible; stupid; unfeeling; savage; cruel; brutal; barbarous; inhuman; ferocious; gross; carnal; sensual; bestial.

-- Bru"tish*ly, adv. -- Bru"tish*ness, n.

Bru"tism (br"tz'm), n. The nature or characteristic qualities or actions of a brute; extreme stupidity, or beastly vulgarity.

Brut"ting (&?;), n. Browsing. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Bry*o*log"i*cal (&?;), a. Relating to bryology; as, bryological studies.

Bry*ol"o*gist (&?;), n. One versed in bryology.

Bry*ol"o*gy (&?;), n. [Gr. &?; moss + - logy.] That part of botany which relates to mosses.

Bry"o*nin (&?;), n. (Chem.) A bitter principle obtained from the root of the bryony (Bryonia alba and B. dioica). It is a white, or slightly colored, substance, and is emetic and cathartic.

<! p. 187 !>

Bry"o*ny (br"*n), n. [L. bryonia, Gr. brywni`a, fr. bry`ein to swell, esp. of plants.] (Bot.) The common name of several cucurbitaceous plants of the genus Bryonia. The root of B. alba (rough or white bryony) and of B. dioica is a strong, irritating cathartic.

Black bryony, a plant (Tamus communis) so named from its dark glossy leaves and black root; black bindweed.

||Bry*oph"y*ta (&?;), n. pl. See Cryptogamia.

||Bry`o*zo"a (&?;), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; moss + &?; animal.] (Zoöl.) A class of Molluscoidea, including minute animals which by budding form compound colonies; -- called also Polyzoa.

They are often coralike in form and appearance, each small cell containing an individual zooid. Other species grow in delicate, flexible, branched forms, resembling moss, whence the name. Some are found in fresh water, but most are marine. The three principal divisions are Ectoprocta, Entoprocta, and Pterobranchia. See Cyclostoma, Chilostoma, and Phylactolema.

Bry`o*zo"an (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Bryozoa. -- n. One of the Bryozoa.

||Bry`o*zo"um (&?;), n. [NL. See Bryozoa.] (Zoöl.) An individual zooid of a bryozoan coralline, of which there may be two or more kinds in a single colony. The zoœcia usually have a wreath of tentacles around the mouth, and a well developed stomach and intestinal canal; but these parts are lacking in the other zooids (Avicularia, Oœcia, etc.).

||Bu`an*su"ah (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The wild dog of northern India (Cuon primævus), supposed by some to be an ancestral species of the domestic dog.

||Bu"at (&?;), n. [Scot., of uncertain origin.] A lantern; also, the moon. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Bub (&?;), n. Strong malt liquor. [Cant] Prior.

Bub, n. [Cf. 2d Bubby.] A young brother; a little boy; -- a familiar term of address of a small boy.

Bub, v. t. [Abbrev. from Bubble.] To throw out in bubbles; to bubble. [Obs.] Sackville.

Bu"ba*le (&?;), n. [Cf. F. bubale. See Buffalo, n.] (Zoöl.) A large antelope (Alcelaphus bubalis) of Egypt and the Desert of Sahara, supposed by some to be the fallow deer of the Bible.

Bu"ba*line (&?;), a. (Zoöl.) Resembling a buffalo.

Bubaline antelope (Zoöl.), the bubale.

Bub"ble (&?;), n. [Cf. D. bobbel, Dan. boble, Sw. bubbla. Cf. Blob, n.] 1. A thin film of liquid inflated with air or gas; as, a soap bubble; bubbles on the surface of a river.

> Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow,
> Like bubbles in a late disturbed stream.
> Shak.

2. A small quantity of air or gas within a liquid body; as, bubbles rising in champagne or aërated waters.

3. A globule of air, or globular vacuum, in a transparent solid; as, bubbles in window glass, or in a lens.

4. A small, hollow, floating bead or globe, formerly used for testing the strength of spirits.

5. The globule of air in the spirit tube of a level.

6. Anything that wants firmness or solidity; that which is more specious than real; a false show; a cheat or fraud; a delusive scheme; an empty project; a dishonest speculation; as, the South Sea bubble.

> Then a soldier . . .
> Seeking the bubble reputation
> Even in the cannon's mouth.
> Shak.

7. A person deceived by an empty project; a gull. [Obs.] "Ganny's a cheat, and I'm a bubble." Prior.

Bub"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bubbled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bubbling (&?;).] [Cf. D. bobbelen, Dan. boble. See Bubble, n.] 1. To rise in bubbles, as liquids when boiling or agitated; to contain bubbles.

> The milk that bubbled in the pail.
> Tennyson.

2. To run with a gurgling noise, as if forming bubbles; as, a bubbling stream. Pope.

3. To sing with a gurgling or warbling sound.

> At mine ear
> Bubbled the nightingale and heeded not.
> Tennyson.

Bub"bler, v. t. To cheat; to deceive.

> She has bubbled him out of his youth.
> Addison.

> The great Locke, who was seldom outwitted by false sounds, was nevertheless bubbled here.
> Sterne.

Bub"bler (&?;), n. 1. One who cheats.

> All the Jews, jobbers, bubblers, subscribers, projectors, etc.
> Pope.

2. (Zoöl.) A fish of the Ohio river; -- so called from the noise it makes.

Bub"ble shell` (&?;). (Zoöl.) A marine univalve shell of the genus Bulla and allied genera, belonging to the Tectibranchiata.

Bub"bling Jock` (&?;) (Zoöl.) The male wild turkey, the gobbler; -- so called in allusion to its notes.

Bub"bly (&?;), a. Abounding in bubbles; bubbling. Nash.

Bub"by (bb"b), n. [Cf. Prov. G. bübbi, or It. poppa, Pr. popa, OF. poupe, a woman's breast.] A woman's breast. [Low]

Bub"by, n. [A corruption of brother.] Bub; -- a term of familiar or affectionate address to a small boy.

Bu"bo (b"b), n.; pl. Buboes (-bz). [LL. bubo the groin, a swelling in the groin, Gr. boubw`n.] (Med.) An inflammation, with enlargement, of a lymphatic gland, esp. in the groin, as in syphilis.

Bu*bon"ic (b*bn"k), a. Of or pertaining to a bubo or buboes; characterized by buboes.

Bu*bon"o*cele (b*bn"*sl), n. [Gr. boubw`n groin + &?; tumor: cf. F. bubonocèle.] (Med.) An inguinal hernia; esp. that incomplete variety in which the hernial pouch descends only as far as the groin, forming a swelling there like a bubo.

Bu"bu*kle (&?;), n. A red pimple. [R.] Shak.

Buc"cal (&?;), a. [L. bucca cheek: cf. F. buccal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the mouth or cheeks.

Buc`ca*neer" (&?;), n. [F. boucanier, fr. boucaner to smoke or broil meat and fish, to hunt wild beasts for their skins, boucan a smoking place for meat or fish, gridiron for smoking: a word of American origin.] A robber upon the sea; a pirate; -- a term applied especially to the piratical adventurers who made depredations on the Spaniards in America in the 17th and 18th centuries. [Written also bucanier.]

Primarily, one who dries and smokes flesh or fish after the manner of the Indians. The name was first given to the French settlers in Hayti or Hispaniola, whose business was to hunt wild cattle and swine.

Buc`ca*neer", v. i. To act the part of a buccaneer; to live as a piratical adventurer or sea robber.

Buc`ca*neer"ish, a. Like a buccaneer; piratical.

Buc"ci*nal (&?;), a. [L. bucina a crooked horn or trumpet.] Shaped or sounding like a trumpet; trumpetlike.

||Buc`ci*na"tor (&?;), n. [L., a trumpeter, fr. bucinare to sound the trumpet.] (Anat.) A muscle of the cheek; -- so called from its use in blowing wind instruments.

Buc"ci*noid (&?;), a. [Buccinum + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the genus Buccinum, or pertaining to the Buccinidæ, a family of marine univalve shells. See Whelk, and Prosobranchiata.

||Buc"ci*num (&?;), n. [L., a trumpet, a trumpet shell.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large univalve mollusks abundant in the arctic seas. It includes the common whelk (B. undatum).

Bu*cen"taur (&?;), n. [Gr. boy^s ox + ke`ntayros centaur.] 1. A fabulous monster, half ox, half man.

2. [It. bucentoro.] The state barge of Venice, used by the doge in the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic.

||Bu"ce*ros (&?;), n. [Gr. boy`kerws horned like an ox; boy^s ox + ke`ras horn.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large perching birds; the hornbills.

Buch"ol*zite (&?;), n. [So called from Bucholz, a German chemist.] (Min.) Same as Fibrolite.

Bu"chu (&?;), n. (Bot.) A South African shrub (Barosma) with small leaves that are dotted with oil glands; also, the leaves themselves, which are used in medicine for diseases of the urinary organs, etc. Several species furnish the leaves.

Buck (bk), n. [Akin to LG. büke, Dan. byg, Sw. byk, G. bauche: cf. It. bucato, Prov. Sp. bugada, F. buée.] 1. Lye or suds in which cloth is soaked in the operation of bleaching, or in which clothes are washed.

2. The cloth or clothes soaked or washed. [Obs.] Shak.

Buck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bucked (bkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Bucking.] [OE. bouken; akin to LG. büken, Dan. byge, Sw. byka, G. bauchen, beuchen; cf. OF. buer. Cf. the preceding noun.] 1. To soak, steep, or boil, in lye or suds; -- a process in bleaching.

2. To wash (clothes) in lye or suds, or, in later usage, by beating them on stones in running water.

3. (Mining) To break up or pulverize, as ores.

Buck, n. [OE. buk, bucke, AS. bucca, bua, he-goat; akin to D. bok, OHG. pocch, G. bock, Ir. boc, W. bwch, Corn. byk; cf. Zend bza, Skr. bukka. √256. Cf. Butcher, n.] 1. The male of deer, especially fallow deer and antelopes, or of goats, sheep, hares, and rabbits.

A male fallow deer is called a fawn in his first year; a pricket in his second; a sorel in his third; a sore in his fourth; a buck of the first head in his fifth; and a great buck in his sixth. The female of the fallow deer is termed a doe. The male of the red deer is termed a stag or hart and not a buck, and the female is called a hind. Brande & C.

2. A gay, dashing young fellow; a fop; a dandy.

> The leading bucks of the day.
> Thackeray.

3. A male Indian or negro. [Colloq. U.S.]

The word buck is much used in composition for the names of antelopes; as, bush buck, spring buck.

Blue buck. See under Blue. -- Water buck, a South African variety of antelope (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). See Illust. of Antelope.

Buck (bk), v. i. 1. To copulate, as bucks and does.

2. To spring with quick plunging leaps, descending with the fore legs rigid and the head held as low down as possible; -- said of a vicious horse or mule.

Buck, v. t. 1. (Mil.) To subject to a mode of punishment which consists in tying the wrists together, passing the arms over the bent knees, and putting a stick across the arms and in the angle formed by the knees.

2. To throw by bucking. See Buck, v. i., 2.

> The brute that he was riding had nearly bucked him out of the saddle.
> W. E. Norris.

Buck, n. A frame on which firewood is sawed; a sawhorse; a sawbuck.

Buck saw, a saw set in a frame and used for sawing wood on a sawhorse.

Buck, n. [See Beech, n.] The beech tree. [Scot.]

Buck mast, the mast or fruit of the beech tree. Johnson.

Buck"-bas`ket (&?;), n. [See 1st Buck.] A basket in which clothes are carried to the wash. Shak.

Buck" bean` (bn`). (Bot.) A plant (Menyanthes trifoliata) which grows in moist and boggy places, having racemes of white or reddish flowers and intensely bitter leaves, sometimes used in medicine; marsh trefoil; -- called also bog bean.

Buck"board` (&?;), n. A four-wheeled vehicle, having a long elastic board or frame resting on the bolsters or axletrees, and a seat or seats placed transversely upon it; -- called also buck wagon.

Buck"er (&?;), n. (Mining) 1. One who bucks ore.

2. A broad-headed hammer used in bucking ore.

Buck"er, n. A horse or mule that bucks.

Buck"et (&?;), n. [OE. boket; cf. AS. buc pitcher, or Corn. buket tub.] 1. A vessel for drawing up water from a well, or for catching, holding, or carrying water, sap, or other liquids.

> The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket,
> The moss-covered bucket, which hung in the well.
> Wordsworth.

2. A vessel (as a tub or scoop) for hoisting and conveying coal, ore, grain, etc.

3. (Mach.) One of the receptacles on the rim of a water wheel into which the water rushes, causing the wheel to revolve; also, a float of a paddle wheel.

4. The valved piston of a lifting pump.

Fire bucket, a bucket for carrying water to put out fires. -- To kick the bucket, to die. [Low]

Buck"et shop` (&?;). An office or a place where facilities are given for betting small sums on current prices of stocks, petroleum, etc. [Slang, U.S.]

Buck"et*y (&?;), n. [A corruption of buckwheat.] Paste used by weavers to dress their webs. Buchanan.

Buck"eye` (bk"`), n. 1. (Bot.) A name given to several American trees and shrubs of the same genus (Æsculus) as the horse chestnut.

The Ohio buckeye, or Fetid buckeye, is Æsculus glabra. -- Red buckeye is Æ. Pavia. -- Small buckeye is Æ. paviflora. -- Sweet buckeye, or Yellow buckeye, is Æ. flava.

2. A cant name for a native in Ohio. [U.S.]

Buckeye State, Ohio; -- so called because buckeye trees abound there.

Buck"-eyed` (&?;), a. Having bad or speckled eyes. "A buck-eyed horse." James White.

Buck"hound` (&?;), n. A hound for hunting deer.

Master of the buckhounds, an officer in the royal household. [Eng.]

Buck"ie (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A large spiral marine shell, esp. the common whelk. See Buccinum. [Scot.]

Deil's buckie, a perverse, refractory youngster. [Slang]

Buck"ing, n. 1. The act or process of soaking or boiling cloth in an alkaline liquid in the operation of bleaching; also, the liquid used. Tomlinson.

2. A washing.

3. The process of breaking up or pulverizing ores.

Bucking iron (Mining), a broad-faced hammer, used in bucking or breaking up ores. -- Bucking kier (Manuf.), a large circular boiler, or kier, used in bleaching. -- Bucking stool, a washing block.

Buck"ish, a. Dandified; foppish.

Buc"kle (&?;), n. [OE. bocle buckle, boss of a shield, OF. bocle, F. boucle, boss of a shield, ring, fr. L. buccula a little cheek or mouth, dim. of bucca cheek; this boss or knob resembling a cheek.] 1. A device, usually of metal, consisting of a frame with one more movable tongues or catches, used for fastening things together, as parts of dress or harness, by means of a strap passing through the frame and pierced by the tongue.

2. A distortion bulge, bend, or kink, as in a saw blade or a plate of sheet metal. Knight.

3. A curl of hair, esp. a kind of crisp curl formerly worn; also, the state of being curled.

> Earlocks in tight buckles on each side of a lantern face.
> W. Irving.

> Lets his wig lie in buckle for a whole half year.
> Addison.

4. A contorted expression, as of the face. [R.]

> 'Gainst nature armed by gravity,
> His features too in buckle see.
> Churchill.

Buc"kle (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buckled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Buckling.] [OE. boclen, F. boucler. See Buckle, n.] 1. To fasten or confine with a buckle or buckles; as, to buckle a harness.

2. To bend; to cause to kink, or to become distorted.

3. To prepare for action; to apply with vigor and earnestness; -- generally used reflexively.

> Cartwright buckled himself to the employment.
> Fuller.

4. To join in marriage. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

<! p. 188 !>

Buc"kle (bk"k'l), v. i. 1. To bend permanently; to become distorted; to bow; to curl; to kink.

> Buckled with the heat of the fire like parchment.
> Pepys.

2. To bend out of a true vertical plane, as a wall.

3. To yield; to give way; to cease opposing. [Obs.]

> The Dutch, as high as they seem, do begin to buckle.
> Pepys.

4. To enter upon some labor or contest; to join in close fight; to struggle; to contend.

> The bishop was as able and ready to buckle with the Lord Protector as he was with him.
> Latimer.

> In single combat thou shalt buckle with me.
> Shak.

To buckle to, to bend to; to engage with zeal.

> To make our sturdy humor buckle thereto.
> Barrow.

> Before buckling to my winter's work.
> J. D. Forbes.

Buc"kler (&?;), n. [OE. bocler, OF. bocler, F. bouclier, a shield with a boss, from OF. bocle, boucle, boss. See Buckle, n.] 1. A kind of shield, of various shapes and sizes, worn on one of the arms (usually the left) for protecting the front of the body.

In the sword and buckler play of the Middle Ages in England, the buckler was a small shield, used, not to cover the body, but to stop or parry blows.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the large, bony, external plates found on many ganoid fishes. (b) The anterior segment of the shell of trilobites.

3. (Naut.) A block of wood or plate of iron made to fit a hawse hole, or the circular opening in a half-port, to prevent water from entering when the vessel pitches.

Blind buckler (Naut.), a solid buckler. -- Buckler mustard (Bot.), a genus of plants (Biscutella) with small bright yellow flowers. The seed vessel on bursting resembles two bucklers or shields. -- Buckler thorn, a plant with seed vessels shaped like a buckler. See Christ's thorn. -- Riding buckler (Naut.), a buckler with a hole for the passage of a cable.

Buc"kler, v. t. To shield; to defend. [Obs.]

> Can Oxford, that did ever fence the right,
> Now buckler falsehood with a pedigree?
> Shak.

Buc"kler-head`ed (&?;), a. Having a head like a buckler.

Buc"kling (&?;), a. Wavy; curling, as hair. Latham.

Buck"ra (&?;), n. [In the language of the Calabar coast, buckra means "demon, a powerful and superior being." J. L. Wilson.] A white man; -- a term used by negroes of the African coast, West Indies, etc.

Buck"ra, a. White; white man's; strong; good; as, buckra yam, a white yam.

Buck"ram (&?;), n. [OE. bokeram, bougeren, OF. boqueran, F. bougran, MHG. buckeram, LL. buchiranus, boquerannus, fr. MHG. boc, G. bock, goat (as being made of goat's hair), or fr. F. bouracan, by transposing the letter r. See Buck, Barracan.] 1. A coarse cloth of linen or hemp, stiffened with size or glue, used in garments to keep them in the form intended, and for wrappers to cover merchandise.

Buckram was formerly a very different material from that now known by the name. It was used for wearing apparel, etc. Beck (Draper's Dict. ).

2. (Bot.) A plant. See Ramson. Dr. Prior.

Buck"ram, a. 1. Made of buckram; as, a buckram suit.

2. Stiff; precise. "Buckram dames." Brooke.

Buck"ram, v. t. To strengthen with buckram; to make stiff. Cowper.

Buck's"-horn` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant with leaves branched somewhat like a buck's horn (Plantago Coronopus); also, Lobelia coronopifolia.

Buck"shot` (&?;), n. A coarse leaden shot, larger than swan shot, used in hunting deer and large game.

Buck"skin` (&?;), n. 1. The skin of a buck.

2. A soft strong leather, usually yellowish or grayish in color, made of deerskin.

3. A person clothed in buckskin, particularly an American soldier of the Revolutionary war.

> Cornwallis fought as lang's he dought,
> An' did the buckskins claw, man.
> Burns.

4. pl. Breeches made of buckskin.

> I have alluded to his buckskin.
> Thackeray.

Buck"stall` (&?;), n. A toil or net to take deer.

Buck"thorn` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A genus (Rhamnus) of shrubs or trees. The shorter branches of some species terminate in long spines or thorns. See Rhamnus.

Sea buckthorn, a plant of the genus Hippophaë.

Buck"tooth` (&?;), n. Any tooth that juts out.

> When he laughed, two white buckteeth protruded.
> Thackeray.

Buck"wheat` (&?;), n. [Buck a beech tree + wheat; akin to D. boekweit, G. buchweizen.] 1. (Bot.) A plant (Fagopyrum esculentum) of the Polygonum family, the seed of which is used for food.

2. The triangular seed used, when ground, for griddle cakes, etc.

Bu*col"ic (&?;), a. [L. bucolicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; cowherd, herdsman; &?; ox + (perh.) &?; race horse; cf. Skr. kal to drive: cf. F. bucolique. See Cow the animal.] Of or pertaining to the life and occupation of a shepherd; pastoral; rustic.

Bu*col"ic, n. [L. Bucolicôn poëma.] A pastoral poem, representing rural affairs, and the life, manners, and occupation of shepherds; as, the Bucolics of Theocritus and Virgil. Dryden.

Bu*col"ic*al (&?;), a. Bucolic.

||Bu*cra"ni*um (&?;), n.; pl. L. Bucrania (&?;). [L., fr. Gr. &?; ox head.] A sculptured ornament, representing an ox skull adorned with wreaths, etc.

Bud (&?;), n. [OE. budde; cf. D. bot, G. butze, butz, the core of a fruit, bud, LG. butte in hagebutte, hainbutte, a hip of the dog-rose, or OF. boton, F. bouton, bud, button, OF. boter to bud, push; all akin to E. beat. See Button.] 1. (Bot.) A small protuberance on the stem or branches of a plant, containing the rudiments of future leaves, flowers, or stems; an undeveloped branch or flower.

2. (Biol.) A small protuberance on certain low forms of animals and vegetables which develops into a new organism, either free or attached. See Hydra.

Bud moth (Zoöl.), a lepidopterous insect of several species, which destroys the buds of fruit trees; esp. Tmetocera ocellana and Eccopsis malana on the apple tree.

Bud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budded; p. pr. & vb. n. Budding.] 1. To put forth or produce buds, as a plant; to grow, as a bud does, into a flower or shoot.

2. To begin to grow, or to issue from a stock in the manner of a bud, as a horn.

3. To be like a bud in respect to youth and freshness, or growth and promise; as, a budding virgin. Shak.

Syn. -- To sprout; germinate; blossom.

Bud, v. t. To graft, as a plant with another or into another, by inserting a bud from the one into an opening in the bark of the other, in order to raise, upon the budded stock, fruit different from that which it would naturally bear.

> The apricot and the nectarine may be, and usually are, budded upon the peach; the plum and the peach are budded on each other.
> Farm. Dict.

Bud"dha (&?;), n. [Skr. buddha wise, sage, fr. budh to know.] The title of an incarnation of self- abnegation, virtue, and wisdom, or a deified religious teacher of the Buddhists, esp. Gautama Siddartha or Sakya Sinha (or Muni), the founder of Buddhism.

Bud"dhism (&?;), n. The religion based upon the doctrine originally taught by the Hindoo sage Gautama Siddartha, surnamed Buddha, "the awakened or enlightened," in the sixth century b. c., and adopted as a religion by the greater part of the inhabitants of Central and Eastern Asia and the Indian Islands. Buddha's teaching is believed to have been atheistic; yet it was characterized by elevated humanity and morality. It presents release from existence (a beatific enfranchisement, Nirvâna) as the greatest good. Buddhists believe in transmigration of souls through all phases and forms of life. Their number was estimated in 1881 at 470,000,000.

Bud"dhist (&?;), n. One who accepts the teachings of Buddhism.

Bud"dhist, a. Of or pertaining to Buddha, Buddhism, or the Buddhists.

Bud*dhis"tic (&?;), a. Same as Buddhist, a.

Bud"ding (&?;), n. 1. The act or process of producing buds.

2. (Biol.) A process of asexual reproduction, in which a new organism or cell is formed by a protrusion of a portion of the animal or vegetable organism, the bud thus formed sometimes remaining attached to the parent stalk or cell, at other times becoming free; gemmation. See Hydroidea.

3. The act or process of ingrafting one kind of plant upon another stock by inserting a bud under the bark.

Bud"dle (&?;), n. [Prov. E., to cleanse ore, also a vessel for this purpose; cf. G. butteln to shake.] (Mining) An apparatus, especially an inclined trough or vat, in which stamped ore is concentrated by subjecting it to the action of running water so as to wash out the lighter and less valuable portions.

Bud"dle, v. i. (Mining) To wash ore in a buddle.

Bude" burn`er (&?;). [See Bude light.] A burner consisting of two or more concentric Argand burners (the inner rising above the outer) and a central tube by which oxygen gas or common air is supplied.

Bude" light` (&?;). [From Bude, in Cornwall, the residence of Sir G.Gurney, the inventor.] A light in which high illuminating power is obtained by introducing a jet of oxygen gas or of common air into the center of a flame fed with coal gas or with oil.

Budge (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Budged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Budging.] [F. bouger to stir, move (akin to Pr. bojar, bolegar, to stir, move, It. bulicare to boil, bubble), fr. L. bullire. See Boil, v. i.] To move off; to stir; to walk away.

> I'll not budge an inch, boy.
> Shak.

> The mouse ne'er shunned the cat as they did budge
> From rascals worse than they.
> Shak.

Budge, a. [See Budge, v.] Brisk; stirring; jocund. [Obs.] South.

Budge, n. [OE. bouge bag, OF. boge, bouge, fr. L. bulga a leathern bag or knapsack; a Gallic word; cf. OIr. bolc, Gael. bolg. Cf. Budge, n.] A kind of fur prepared from lambskin dressed with the wool on; -- used formerly as an edging and ornament, esp. of scholastic habits.

Budge, a. 1. Lined with budge; hence, scholastic. "Budge gowns." Milton.

2. Austere or stiff, like scholastics.

> Those budge doctors of the stoic fur.
> Milton.

Budge bachelor, one of a company of men clothed in long gowns lined with budge, who formerly accompanied the lord mayor of London in his inaugural procession. -- Budge barrel (Mil.), a small copper-hooped barrel with only one head, the other end being closed by a piece of leather, which is drawn together with strings like a purse. It is used for carrying powder from the magazine to the battery, in siege or seacoast service.

Budge"ness (&?;), n. Sternness; severity. [Obs.]

> A Sara for goodness, a great Bellona for budgeness.
> Stanyhurst.

Budg"er (&?;), n. One who budges. Shak.

||budg"e*row (&?;), n. [Hindi bajr.] A large and commodious, but generally cumbrous and sluggish boat, used for journeys on the Ganges.

Budg"et (&?;), n. [OE. bogett, bouget, F. bougette bag, wallet, dim. of OF. boge, bouge, leather bag. See Budge, n., and cf. Bouget.] 1. A bag or sack with its contents; hence, a stock or store; an accumulation; as, a budget of inventions.

2. The annual financial statement which the British chancellor of the exchequer makes in the House of Commons. It comprehends a general view of the finances of the country, with the proposed plan of taxation for the ensuing year. The term is sometimes applied to a similar statement in other countries.

To open the budget, to lay before a legislative body the financial estimates and plans of the executive government.

Budg"y, a. [From Budge, n.] Consisting of fur. [Obs.]

Bud"let (&?;), n. [Bud + -let.] A little bud springing from a parent bud.

> We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets which are its offspring.
> E. Darwin.

Buff (bf), n. [OE. buff, buffe, buff, buffalo, F. buffle buffalo. See Buffalo.] 1. A sort of leather, prepared from the skin of the buffalo, dressed with oil, like chamois; also, the skins of oxen, elks, and other animals, dressed in like manner. "A suit of buff." Shak.

2. The color of buff; a light yellow, shading toward pink, gray, or brown.

> A visage rough,
> Deformed, unfeatured, and a skin of buff.
> Dryden.

3. A military coat, made of buff leather. Shak.

4. (Med.) The grayish viscid substance constituting the buffy coat. See Buffy coat, under Buffy, a.

5. (Mech.) A wheel covered with buff leather, and used in polishing cutlery, spoons, etc.

6. The bare skin; as, to strip to the buff. [Colloq.]

> To be in buff is equivalent to being naked.
> Wright.

Buff, a. 1. Made of buff leather. Goldsmith.

2. Of the color of buff.

Buff coat, a close, military outer garment, with short sleeves, and laced tightly over the chest, made of buffalo skin, or other thick and elastic material, worn by soldiers in the 17th century as a defensive covering. -- Buff jerkin, originally, a leather waistcoat; afterward, one of cloth of a buff color. [Obs.] Nares. -- Buff stick (Mech.), a strip of wood covered with buff leather, used in polishing.

Buff, v. t. To polish with a buff. See Buff, n., 5.

Buff, v. t. [OF. bufer to cuff, buffet. See Buffet a blow.] To strike. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Buff, n. [See Buffet.] A buffet; a blow; -- obsolete except in the phrase "Blindman's buff."

> Nathless so sore a buff to him it lent
> That made him reel.
> Spenser.

Buff, a. [Of uncertain etymol.] Firm; sturdy.

> And for the good old cause stood buff,
> 'Gainst many a bitter kick and cuff.
> Hudibras.

||Buf"fa (&?;), n. fem. (Mus.) [It. See Buffoon.] The comic actress in an opera. -- a. Comic, farcical.

Aria buffa, a droll or comic air. -- Opera buffa, a comic opera. See Opera bouffe.

Buf"fa*lo (&?;), n.; pl. Buffaloes (&?;). [Sp. bufalo (cf. It. bufalo, F. buffle), fr. L. bubalus, bufalus, a kind of African stag or gazelle; also, the buffalo or wild ox, fr. Gr. &?; buffalo, prob. fr. &?; ox. See Cow the animal, and cf. Buff the color, and Bubale.] 1. (Zoöl.) A species of the genus Bos or Bubalus (B. bubalus), originally from India, but now found in most of the warmer countries of the eastern continent. It is larger and less docile than the common ox, and is fond of marshy places and rivers.

2. (Zoöl.) A very large and savage species of the same genus (B. Caffer) found in South Africa; -- called also Cape buffalo.

3. (Zoöl.) Any species of wild ox.

4. (Zoöl.) The bison of North America.

5. A buffalo robe. See Buffalo robe, below.

6. (Zoöl.) The buffalo fish. See Buffalo fish, below.

Buffalo berry (Bot.), a shrub of the Upper Missouri (Sherherdia argentea) with acid edible red berries. -- Buffalo bird (Zoöl.), an African bird of the genus Buphaga, of two species. These birds perch upon buffaloes and cattle, in search of parasites. -- Buffalo bug, the carpet beetle. See under Carpet. -- Buffalo chips, dry dung of the buffalo, or bison, used for fuel. [U.S.] -- Buffalo clover (Bot.), a kind of clover (Trifolium reflexum and T.soloniferum) found in the ancient grazing grounds of the American bison. -- Buffalo cod (Zoöl.), a large, edible, marine fish (Ophiodon elongatus) of the northern Pacific coast; -- called also blue cod, and cultus cod. -- Buffalo fish (Zoöl.), one of several large fresh-water fishes of the family Catostomidæ, of the Mississippi valley. The red-mouthed or brown (Ictiobus bubalus), the big-mouthed or black (Bubalichthys urus), and the small-mouthed (B. altus), are among the more important species used as food. -- Buffalo fly, or Buffalo gnat (Zoöl.), a small dipterous insect of the genus Simulium, allied to the black fly of the North. It is often extremely abundant in the lower part of the Mississippi valley and does great injury to domestic animals, often killing large numbers of cattle and horses. In Europe the Columbatz fly is a species with similar habits. -- Buffalo grass (Bot.), a species of short, sweet grass (Buchloë dactyloides), from two to four inches high, covering the prairies on which the buffaloes, or bisons, feed. [U.S.] -- Buffalo nut (Bot.), the oily and drupelike fruit of an American shrub (Pyrularia oleifera); also, the shrub itself; oilnut. -- Buffalo robe, the skin of the bison of North America, prepared with the hair on; -- much used as a lap robe in sleighs.

<! p. 189 !>

Buf"fel duck (bf"fl dk`). [See Buffalo.] (Zoöl.) A small duck (Charitonetta albeola); the spirit duck, or butterball. The head of the male is covered with numerous elongated feathers, and thus appears large. Called also bufflehead.

Buff"er (bf"r), n. [Prop a striker. See Buffet a blow.] 1. (Mech.) (a) An elastic apparatus or fender, for deadening the jar caused by the collision of bodies; as, a buffer at the end of a railroad car. (b) A pad or cushion forming the end of a fender, which receives the blow; -- sometimes called buffing apparatus.

2. One who polishes with a buff.

3. A wheel for buffing; a buff.

4. A good-humored, slow-witted fellow; -- usually said of an elderly man. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Buff"er*head` (&?;), n. The head of a buffer, which recieves the concussion, in railroad carriages.

Buf*fet" (bf*f"), n. [F. buffet, LL. bufetum; of uncertain origin; perh. fr. the same source as E. buffet a blow, the root meaning to puff, hence (cf. puffed up) the idea of ostentation or display.] 1. A cupboard or set of shelves, either movable or fixed at one side of a room, for the display of plate, china, etc., a sideboard.

> Not when a gilt buffet's reflected pride
> Turns you from sound philosophy aside.
> Pope.

2. A counter for refreshments; a restaurant at a railroad station, or place of public gathering.

Buf"fet (bf"ft), n. [OE. buffet, boffet, OF. buffet a slap in the face, a pair of bellows, fr. buffe blow, cf. F. bouffer to blow, puff; prob. akin to E. puff. For the meaning slap, blow, cf. F. soufflet a slap, souffler to blow. See Puff, v. i., and cf. Buffet sidebroad, Buffoon] 1. A blow with the hand; a slap on the face; a cuff.

> When on his cheek a buffet fell.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. A blow from any source, or that which affects like a blow, as the violence of winds or waves; a stroke; an adverse action; an affliction; a trial; adversity.

> Those planks of tough and hardy oak that used for yeas to brave the buffets of the Bay of Biscay.
> Burke.

> Fortune's buffets and rewards.
> Shak.

3. A small stool; a stool for a buffet or counter.

> Go fetch us a light buffet.
> Townely Myst.

Buf"fet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buffeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Buffeting.] [OE. buffeten, OF. buffeter. See the preceding noun.] 1. To strike with the hand or fist; to box; to beat; to cuff; to slap.

> They spit in his face and buffeted him.
> Matt. xxvi. 67.

2. To affect as with blows; to strike repeatedly; to strive with or contend against; as, to buffet the billows.

> The sudden hurricane in thunder roars,
> Buffets the bark, and whirls it from the shores.
> Broome.

> You are lucky fellows who can live in a dreamland of your own, instead of being buffeted about the world.
> W. Black.

3. [Cf. Buffer.] To deaden the sound of (bells) by muffling the clapper.

Buf"fet, v. i. 1. To exercise or play at boxing; to strike; to smite; to strive; to contend.

> If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse for her favors, I could lay on like a butcher.
> Shak.

2. To make one's way by blows or struggling.

> Strove to buffet to land in vain.
> Tennyson.

Buf"fet*er (&?;), n. One who buffets; a boxer. Jonson.

Buf"fet*ing, n. 1. A striking with the hand.

2. A succession of blows; continued violence, as of winds or waves; afflictions; adversity.

> He seems to have been a plant of slow growth, but . . . fitted to endure the buffeting on the rudest storm.
> Wirt.

Buf"fin (&?;), n. [So called from resembling buff &?;eather.] A sort of coarse stuff; as, buffin gowns. [Obs.]

Buff"ing ap`pa*ra"tus (&?;). See Buffer, 1.

Buf"fle (&?;), n. [OE., from F. buffle. See Buffalo.] The buffalo. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Buf"fle, v. i. To puzzle; to be at a loss. [Obs.] Swift.

Buf"fle*head` (&?;), n. [Buffle + head.] 1. One who has a large head; a heavy, stupid fellow. [Obs.]

> What makes you stare so, bufflehead?
> Plautus (trans. 1694).

2. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck. See Buffel duck.

Buf"fle-head`ed, a. Having a large head, like a buffalo; dull; stupid; blundering. [Obs.]

> So fell this buffle-headed giant.
> Gayton.

||Buf"fo (&?;), n.masc. [It. See Buffoon.] (Mus.) The comic actor in an opera.

Buf*foon" (&?;), n. [F. bouffon (cf. It. buffone, buffo, buffa, puff of wind, vanity, nonsense, trick), fr. bouffer to puff out, because the buffoons puffed out their cheeks for the amusement of the spectators. See Buffet a blow.] A man who makes a practice of amusing others by low tricks, antic gestures, etc.; a droll; a mimic; a harlequin; a clown; a merry-andrew.

Buf*foon" (&?;), a. Characteristic of, or like, a buffoon. "Buffoon stories." Macaulay.

> To divert the audience with buffoon postures and antic dances.
> Melmoth.

Buf*foon", v. i. To act the part of a buffoon. [R.]

Buf*foon", v. t. To treat with buffoonery. Glanvill.

Buf*foon"er*y (&?;), n.; pl. Buffooneries (&?;). [F. bouffonnerie.] The arts and practices of a buffoon, as low jests, ridiculous pranks, vulgar tricks and postures.

> Nor that it will ever constitute a wit to conclude a tart piece of buffoonery with a "What makes you blush?"
> Spectator.

Buf*foon"ish, a. Like a buffoon; consisting in low jests or gestures. Blair.

Buf*foon"ism (&?;), n. The practices of a buffoon; buffoonery.

Buf*foon"ly, a. Low; vulgar. [R.]

> Apish tricks and buffoonly discourse.
> Goodman.

Buff"y (&?;), a. (Med.) Resembling, or characterized by, buff.

Buffy coat, the coagulated plasma of blood when the red corpuscles have so settled out that the coagulum appears nearly colorless. This is common in diseased conditions where the corpuscles run together more rapidly and in denser masses than usual. Huxley.

||Bu"fo (&?;), n. [L. bufo a toad.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Amphibia including various species of toads.

Bu"fon*ite (&?;), n. [L. bufo toad: cf. F. bufonite.] (Paleon.) An old name for a fossil consisting of the petrified teeth and palatal bones of fishes belonging to the family of Pycnodonts (thick teeth), whose remains occur in the oölite and chalk formations; toadstone; -- so named from a notion that it was originally formed in the head of a toad.

Bug (&?;), n. [OE. bugge, fr. W. bwg, bwgan, hobgoblin, scarecrow, bugbear. Cf. Bogey, Boggle.] 1. A bugbear; anything which terrifies. [Obs.]

> Sir, spare your threats:
> The bug which you would fright me with I seek.
> Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) A general name applied to various insects belonging to the Hemiptera; as, the squash bug; the chinch bug, etc.

3. (Zoöl.) An insect of the genus Cimex, especially the bedbug (C. lectularius). See Bedbug.

4. (Zoöl.) One of various species of Coleoptera; as, the ladybug; potato bug, etc.; loosely, any beetle.

5. (Zoöl.) One of certain kinds of Crustacea; as, the sow bug; pill bug; bait bug; salve bug, etc.

According to present popular usage in England, and among housekeepers in America, bug, when not joined with some qualifying word, is used specifically for bedbug. As a general term it is used very loosely in America, and was formerly used still more loosely in England. "God's rare workmanship in the ant, the poorest bug that creeps." Rogers (Naaman). "This bug with gilded wings." Pope.

Bait bug. See under Bait. -- Bug word, swaggering or threatening language. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

{ Bug`a*boo" (&?;), Bug"bear` } (&?;), n. [See Bug.] Something frightful, as a specter; anything imaginary that causes needless fright; something used to excite needless fear; also, something really dangerous, used to frighten children, etc. "Bugaboos to fright ye." Lloyd.

> But, to the world no bugbear is so great
> As want of figure and a small estate.
> Pope.

> The bugaboo of the liberals is the church pray.
> S. B. Griffin.

> The great bugaboo of the birds is the owl.
> J. Burroughs.

Syn. -- Hobgoblin; goblin; specter; ogre; scarecrow.

Bug"bane` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A perennial white-flowered herb of the order Ranunculaceæ and genus Cimiciguga; bugwort. There are several species.

Bug"bear` (&?;), n. Same as Bugaboo. -- a. Causing needless fright. Locke.

Bug"bear`, v. t. To alarm with idle phantoms.

Bug"fish` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The menhaden. [U.S.]

Bug"ger (&?;), n. [F. bougre, fr. LL. Bulgarus, a Bulgarian, and also a heretic; because the inhabitants of Bulgaria were infected with heresy. Those guilty of the crime of buggery were called heretics, because in the eyes of their adversaries there was nothing more heinous than heresy, and it was therefore thought that the origin of such a vice could only be owing to heretics.] 1. One guilty of buggery or unnatural vice; a sodomite.

2. A wretch; -- sometimes used humorously or in playful disparagement. [Low]

Bug"ger*y (&?;), n. [OF. bougrerie, bogrerie, heresy. See Bugger.] Unnatural sexual intercourse; sodomy.

Bug"gi*ness (&?;), n. [From Buggy, a.] The state of being infested with bugs.

Bug"gy (&?;), a. [From Bug.] Infested or abounding with bugs.

Bug"gy, n.; pl. Buggies. 1. A light one horse two- wheeled vehicle. [Eng.]

> Villebeck prevailed upon Flora to drive with him to the race in a buggy.
> Beaconsfield.

2. A light, four-wheeled vehicle, usually with one seat, and with or without a calash top. [U.S.]

Buggy cultivator, a cultivator with a seat for the driver. -- Buggy plow, a plow, or set of plows, having a seat for the driver; -- called also sulky plow.

Bu"gle (&?;), n. [OE. bugle buffalo, buffalo's horn, OF. bugle, fr. L. buculus a young bullock, steer, dim. of bos ox. See Cow the animal.] A sort of wild ox; a buffalo. E. Phillips.

Bu"gle, n. [See Bugle a wild ox.] 1. A horn used by hunters.

2. (Mus.) A copper instrument of the horn quality of tone, shorter and more conical that the trumpet, sometimes keyed; formerly much used in military bands, very rarely in the orchestra; now superseded by the cornet; -- called also the Kent bugle.

Bu"gle, n. [LL. bugulus a woman's ornament: cf. G. bügel a bent piece of metal or wood, fr. the same root as G. biegen to bend, E. bow to bend.] An elongated glass bead, of various colors, though commonly black.

Bu"gle, a. [From Bugle a bead.] Jet black. "Bugle eyeballs." Shak.

Bu"gle, n. [F. bugle; cf. It. bugola, L. bugillo.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ajuga of the Mint family, a native of the Old World.

Yellow bugle, the Ajuga chamæpitys.

Bu"gled (&?;), a. Ornamented with bugles.

Bu"gle horn` (&?;). 1. A bugle.

> One blast upon his bugle horn
> Were worth a thousand men.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. A drinking vessel made of horn. [Obs.]

> And drinketh of his bugle horn the wine.
> Chaucer.

Bu"gler (&?;), n. One who plays on a bugle.

Bu"gle*weed` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant of the Mint family and genus Lycopus; esp. L. Virginicus, which has mild narcotic and astringent properties, and is sometimes used as a remedy for hemorrhage.

Bu"gloss (&?;), n.; pl. Buglosses (&?;). [F. buglosse, L. buglossa, buglossus, fr. Gr. &?; oxtongue &?; ox + &?; tongue.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Anchusa, and especially the A. officinalis, sometimes called alkanet; oxtongue.

Small wild bugloss, the Asperugo procumbens and the Lycopsis arvensis. -- Viper's bugloss, a species of Echium.

Bug"wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) Bugbane.

{ Buhl (&?;), Buhl"work } (&?;), n. [From A. Ch. Boule, a French carver in wood.] Decorative woodwork in which tortoise shell, yellow metal, white metal, etc., are inlaid, forming scrolls, cartouches, etc. [Written also boule, boulework.]

Buhl"buhl (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Bulbul.

Buhr"stone` (&?;), n. [OE. bur a whetstone for scythes.] (Min.) A cellular, flinty rock, used for mill stones. [Written also burrstone.]

Build (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Built (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Building. The regular imp. & p. p. Builded is antiquated.] [OE. bulden, bilden, AS. byldan to build, fr. bold house; cf. Icel. bl farm, abode, Dan. bol small farm, OSw. bol, böle, house, dwelling, fr. root of Icel. b&?;a to dwell; akin to E. be, bower, boor. √97.] 1. To erect or construct, as an edifice or fabric of any kind; to form by uniting materials into a regular structure; to fabricate; to make; to raise.

> Nor aught availed him now
> To have built in heaven high towers.
> Milton.

2. To raise or place on a foundation; to form, establish, or produce by using appropriate means.

> Who builds his hopes in air of your good looks.
> Shak.

3. To increase and strengthen; to increase the power and stability of; to settle, or establish, and preserve; -- frequently with up; as, to build up one's constitution.

> I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up.
> Acts xx. 32.

Syn. -- To erect; construct; raise; found; frame.

Build (&?;), v. i. 1. To exercise the art, or practice the business, of building.

2. To rest or depend, as on a foundation; to ground one's self or one's hopes or opinions upon something deemed reliable; to rely; as, to build on the opinions or advice of others.

Build, n. Form or mode of construction; general figure; make; as, the build of a ship.

Build"er (&?;), n. One who builds; one whose occupation is to build, as a carpenter, a shipwright, or a mason.

> In the practice of civil architecture, the builder comes between the architect who designs the work and the artisans who execute it.
> Eng. Cyc.

Build"ing, n. 1. The act of constructing, erecting, or establishing.

> Hence it is that the building of our Sion rises no faster.
> Bp. Hall.

2. The art of constructing edifices, or the practice of civil architecture.

> The execution of works of architecture necessarily includes building; but building is frequently employed when the result is not architectural.
> Hosking.

3. That which is built; a fabric or edifice constructed, as a house, a church, etc.

> Thy sumptuous buildings and thy wife's attire
> Have cost a mass of public treasury.
> Shak.

Built (&?;), n. Shape; build; form of structure; as, the built of a ship. [Obs.] Dryden.

Built, a. Formed; shaped; constructed; made; -- often used in composition and preceded by the word denoting the form; as, frigate-built, clipper-built, etc.

> Like the generality of Genoese countrywomen, strongly built.
> Landor.

Buke" mus"lin (&?;). See Book muslin.

||Buk"shish (&?;), n. See Backsheesh.

||Bu"lau (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian insectivorous mammal (Gymnura Rafflesii), somewhat like a rat in appearance, but allied to the hedgehog.

<! p. 190 !>

Bulb (blb), n. [L. bulbus, Gr. bolbo`s: cf. F. bulbe.] 1. (Bot.) A spheroidal body growing from a plant either above or below the ground (usually below), which is strictly a bud, consisting of a cluster of partially developed leaves, and producing, as it grows, a stem above, and roots below, as in the onion, tulip, etc. It differs from a corm in not being solid.

2. (Anat.) A name given to some parts that resemble in shape certain bulbous roots; as, the bulb of the aorta.

Bulb of the eye, the eyeball. -- Bulb of a hair, the "root," or part whence the hair originates. -- Bulb of the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata, often called simply bulb. -- Bulb of a tooth, the vascular and nervous papilla contained in the cavity of the tooth.

3. An expansion or protuberance on a stem or tube, as the bulb of a thermometer, which may be of any form, as spherical, cylindrical, curved, etc. Tomlinson.

Bulb, v. i. To take the shape of a bulb; to swell.

Bul*ba"ceous (&?;), a. [L. bulbaceus. See Bulb, n.] Bulbous. Jonson.

Bulb"ar (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to bulb; especially, in medicine, pertaining to the bulb of the spinal cord, or medulla oblongata; as, bulbar paralysis.

Bulbed (&?;), a. Having a bulb; round- headed.

Bulb"el (&?;), n. [Dim., fr. bulb, n.] (Bot.) A separable bulb formed on some flowering plants.

Bul*bif"er*ous (&?;), a. [Bulb,n.+ -ferous: cf. F. bulbifère.] (Bot.) Producing bulbs.

Bulb"let (&?;), n. [Bulb,n.+ -let.] (Bot.) A small bulb, either produced on a larger bulb, or on some aërial part of a plant, as in the axils of leaves in the tiger lily, or replacing the flowers in some kinds of onion.

Bul*bose" (&?;), a. Bulbous.

Bul"bo-tu`ber (&?;), n. [Bulb,n.+ tuber.] (Bot.) A corm.

Bulb"ous (&?;), a. [L. bulbosus: cf. F. bulbeux. See Bulb, n.] Having or containing bulbs, or a bulb; growing from bulbs; bulblike in shape or structure.

||Bul"bul (&?;), n. [Per.] (Zoöl.) The Persian nightingale (Pycnonotus jocosus). The name is also applied to several other Asiatic singing birds, of the family Timaliidæ. The green bulbuls belong to the Chloropsis and allied genera. [Written also buhlbuhl.]

Bul"bule (&?;), n. [L. bulbulus, dim. of bulbus. See Bulb, n.] A small bulb; a bulblet.

Bul"chin (&?;), n. [Dim. of bull.] A little bull.

Bulge (&?;), n. [OE. bulge a swelling; cf. AS. belgan to swell, OSw. bulgja, Icel. blginn swollen, OHG. belgan to swell, G. bulge leathern sack, Skr. b&?;h to be large, strong; the root meaning to swell. Cf. Bilge, Belly, Billow, Bouge, n.] 1. The bilge or protuberant part of a cask.

2. A swelling, protuberant part; a bending outward, esp. when caused by pressure; as, a bulge in a wall.

3. (Naut.) The bilge of a vessel. See Bilge, 2.

Bulge ways. (Naut.) See Bilge ways.

Bulge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bulging.] 1. To swell or jut out; to bend outward, as a wall when it yields to pressure; to be protuberant; as, the wall bulges.

2. To bilge, as a ship; to founder.

> And scattered navies bulge on distant shores.
> Broome.

Bul"gy (&?;), a. Bulged; bulging; bending, or tending to bend, outward. [Colloq.]

{ ||Bu*lim"i*a (&?;), Bu"li*my (&?;), } n. [NL. bulimia, fr. Gr. boylimi`a, lit., ox-hunger; boy^s ox + limo`s hunger: cf. F. boulimie.] (Med.) A disease in which there is a perpetual and insatiable appetite for food; a diseased and voracious appetite.

||Bu*li"mus (b*l"ms), n. [L. bulimus hunger. See Bulimy.] (Zoöl.) A genus of land snails having an elongated spiral shell, often of large size. The species are numerous and abundant in tropical America.

Bulk (blk), n. [OE. bulke, bolke, heap; cf. Dan. bulk lump, clod, OSw. bolk crowd, mass, Icel. b&?;lkast to be bulky. Cf. Boll, n., Bile a boil, Bulge, n.] 1. Magnitude of material substance; dimensions; mass; size; as, an ox or ship of great bulk.

> Against these forces there were prepared near one hundred ships; not so great of bulk indeed, but of a more nimble motion, and more serviceable.
> Bacon.

2. The main mass or body; the largest or principal portion; the majority; as, the bulk of a debt.

> The bulk of the people must labor, Burke told them, "to obtain what by labor can be obtained."
> J. Morley.

3. (Naut.) The cargo of a vessel when stowed.

4. The body. [Obs.] Shak.

> My liver leaped within my bulk.
> Turbervile.

Barrel bulk. See under Barrel. -- To break bulk (Naut.), to begin to unload or more the cargo. -- In bulk, in a mass; loose; not inclosed in separate packages or divided into separate parts; in such shape that any desired quantity may be taken or sold. -- Laden in bulk, Stowed in bulk, having the cargo loose in the hold or not inclosed in boxes, bales, or casks. -- Sale by bulk, a sale of goods as they are, without weight or measure.

Syn. -- Size; magnitude; dimension; volume; bigness; largeness; massiveness.

Bulk (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bulked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bulking.] To appear or seem to be, as to bulk or extent; to swell.

> The fame of Warburton possibly bulked larger for the moment.
> Leslie Stephen.

Bulk, n. [Icel. blkr a beam, partition. Cf. Balk, n. & v.] A projecting part of a building. [Obs.]

> Here, stand behind this bulk.
> Shak.

Bulk"er (&?;), n. (Naut.) A person employed to ascertain the bulk or size of goods, in order to fix the amount of freight or dues payable on them.

Bulk"head` (&?;), n. [See Bulk part of a building.] 1. (Naut.) A partition in a vessel, to separate apartments on the same deck.

2. A structure of wood or stone, to resist the pressure of earth or water; a partition wall or structure, as in a mine; the limiting wall along a water front.

Bulked line, a line beyond which a wharf must not project; -- usually, the harbor line.

Bulk"i*ness (&?;), n. Greatness in bulk; size.

Bulk"y (&?;), a. Of great bulk or dimensions; of great size; large; thick; massive; as, bulky volumes.

> A bulky digest of the revenue laws.
> Hawthorne.

Bull (&?;), n. [OE. bule, bul, bole; akin to D. bul, G. bulle, Icel. boli, Lith. bullus, Lett. bollis, Russ. vol'; prob. fr. the root of AS. bellan, E. bellow.] 1. (Zoöl.) The male of any species of cattle (Bovidæ); hence, the male of any large quadruped, as the elephant; also, the male of the whale.

The wild bull of the Old Testament is thought to be the oryx, a large species of antelope.

2. One who, or that which, resembles a bull in character or action. Ps. xxii. 12.

3. (Astron.) (a) Taurus, the second of the twelve signs of the zodiac. (b) A constellation of the zodiac between Aries and Gemini. It contains the Pleiades.

> At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun,
> And the bright Bull receives him.
> Thomson.

4. (Stock Exchange) One who operates in expectation of a rise in the price of stocks, or in order to effect such a rise. See 4th Bear, n., 5.

Bull baiting, the practice of baiting bulls, or rendering them furious, as by setting dogs to attack them. -- John Bull, a humorous name for the English, collectively; also, an Englishman. "Good-looking young John Bull." W. D.Howells. -- To take the bull by the horns, to grapple with a difficulty instead of avoiding it.

Bull, a. Of or pertaining to a bull; resembling a bull; male; large; fierce.

Bull bat (Zoöl.), the night hawk; -- so called from the loud noise it makes while feeding on the wing, in the evening. -- Bull calf. (a) A stupid fellow. -- Bull mackerel (Zoöl.), the chub mackerel. -- Bull pump (Mining), a direct single-acting pumping engine, in which the steam cylinder is placed above the pump. -- Bull snake (Zoöl.), the pine snake of the United States. -- Bull stag, a castrated bull. See Stag. -- Bull wheel, a wheel, or drum, on which a rope is wound for lifting heavy articles, as logs, the tools in well boring, etc.

Bull, v. i. To be in heat; to manifest sexual desire as cows do. [Colloq.]

Bull, v. t. (Stock Exchange) To endeavor to raise the market price of; as, to bull railroad bonds; to bull stocks; to bull Lake Shore; to endeavor to raise prices in; as, to bull the market. See 1st Bull, n., 4.

Bull, n. [OE. bulle, fr. L. bulla bubble, stud, knob, LL., a seal or stamp: cf. F. bulle. Cf. Bull a writing, Bowl a ball, Boil, v. i.] 1. A seal. See Bulla.

2. A letter, edict, or respect, of the pope, written in Gothic characters on rough parchment, sealed with a bulla, and dated "a die Incarnationis," i. e., "from the day of the Incarnation." See Apostolical brief, under Brief.

> A fresh bull of Leo's had declared how inflexible the court of Rome was in the point of abuses.
> Atterbury.

3. A grotesque blunder in language; an apparent congruity, but real incongruity, of ideas, contained in a form of expression; so called, perhaps, from the apparent incongruity between the dictatorial nature of the pope's bulls and his professions of humility.

> And whereas the papist boasts himself to be a Roman Catholic, it is a mere contradiction, one of the pope's bulls, as if he should say universal particular; a Catholic schimatic.
> Milton.

The Golden Bull, an edict or imperial constitution made by the emperor Charles IV. (1356), containing what became the fundamental law of the German empire; -- so called from its golden seal.

Syn. -- See Blunder.

||Bul"la (&?;), n.; pl. Bullæ (&?;). [L. bulla bubble. See Bull an edict.] 1. (Med.) A bleb; a vesicle, or an elevation of the cuticle, containing a transparent watery fluid.

2. (Anat.) The ovoid prominence below the opening of the ear in the skulls of many animals; as, the tympanic or auditory bulla.

3. A leaden seal for a document; esp. the round leaden seal attached to the papal bulls, which has on one side a representation of St. Peter and St. Paul, and on the other the name of the pope who uses it.

4. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine shells. See Bubble shell.

Bul"lace (&?;), n. [OE. bolas, bolace, OF. beloce; of Celtic origin; cf. Arm. bolos, polos, Gael. bulaistear.] (Bot.) (a) A small European plum (Prunus communis, var. insitita). See Plum. (b) The bully tree.

Bul*lan"tic (&?;), a. [See Bull an edict.] Pertaining to, or used in, papal bulls. Fry.

Bullantic letters, Gothic letters used in papal bulls.

Bul"la*ry (&?;), n. [LL. bullarium: cf. F. bullairie. See Bull an edict.] A collection of papal bulls.

Bul"la*ry, n.; pl. Bullaries (-rz). [Cf. Boilary.] A place for boiling or preparing salt; a boilery. Crabb.

> And certain salt fats or bullaries.
> Bills in Chancery.

Bul"late (bl"lt/), a. [L. bullatus, fr. bulla bubble.] (Biol.) Appearing as if blistered; inflated; puckered.

Bullate leaf (Bot.), a leaf, the membranous part of which rises between the veins puckered elevations convex on one side and concave on the other.

Bull"beg`gar (&?;), n. Something used or suggested to produce terror, as in children or persons of weak mind; a bugbear.

> And being an ill-looked fellow, he has a pension from the church wardens for being bullbeggar to all the forward children in the parish.
> Mountfort (1691).

Bull" bri`er (&?;). (Bot.) A species of Smilax (S. Pseudo-China) growing from New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico, which has very large tuberous and farinaceous rootstocks, formerly used by the Indians for a sort of bread, and by the negroes as an ingredient in making beer; -- called also bamboo brier and China brier.

Bull"comb*er (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A scaraboid beetle; esp. the Typhæus vulgaris of Europe.

Bull"dog` (&?;), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A variety of dog, of remarkable ferocity, courage, and tenacity of grip; -- so named, probably, from being formerly employed in baiting bulls.

2. (Metal.) A refractory material used as a furnace lining, obtained by calcining the cinder or slag from the puddling furnace of a rolling mill.

Bull"dog`, a. Characteristic of, or like, a bulldog; stubborn; as, bulldog courage; bulldog tenacity.

Bulldog bat (Zo'94l.), a bat of the genus Nyctinomus; -- so called from the shape of its face.

Bull"doze` (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulldozed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bulldozing.] To intimidate; to restrain or coerce by intimidation or violence; -- used originally of the intimidation of negro voters, in Louisiana. [Slang, U.S.]

Bull"do`zer (&?;), n. One who bulldozes. [Slang]

Bulled (&?;), a. [Cf. Boln.] Swollen. [Obs.]

||Bul"len-bul"len (&?;), n. [Native Australian name, from its cry.] (Zoöl.) The lyre bird.

Bul"len-nail` (&?;), n. [Bull large, having a large head + nail.] A nail with a round head and short shank, tinned and lacquered.

Bul"let (&?;), n. [F. boulet, dim. of boule ball. See Bull an edict, and cf. Boulet.] 1. A small ball.

2. A missile, usually of lead, and round or elongated in form, to be discharged from a rifle, musket, pistol, or other small firearm.

3. A cannon ball. [Obs.]

> A ship before Greenwich . . . shot off her ordnance, one piece being charged with a bullet of stone.
> Stow.

4. The fetlock of a horse. [See Illust. under Horse.]

Bul"let-proof` (&?;), a. Capable of resisting the force of a bullet.

Bullet tree. See Bully tree. -- Bullet wood, the wood of the bullet tree.

Bul"le*tin (&?;), n. [F. bulletin, fr. It. bullettino, dim. of bulletta, dim. of bulla, bolla, an edict of the pope, from L. bulla bubble. See Bull an edict.] 1. A brief statement of facts respecting some passing event, as military operations or the health of some distinguished personage, issued by authority for the information of the public.

2. Any public notice or announcement, especially of news recently received.

3. A periodical publication, especially one containing the proceeding of a society.

Bulletin board, a board on which announcements are put, particularly at newsrooms, newspaper offices, etc.

Bull"faced` (&?;), a. Having a large face.

Bull"feast` (&?;), n. See Bullfight. [Obs.]

{ Bull"fight` (&?;), Bull"fight`ing }, n. A barbarous sport, of great antiquity, in which men torment, and fight with, a bull or bulls in an arena, for public amusement, -- still popular in Spain. -- Bull"fight`er (&?;), n.

Bull"finch` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Pyrrhula and other related genera, especially the P. vulgaris or rubicilla, a bird of Europe allied to the grosbeak, having the breast, cheeks, and neck, red.

As a cage bird it is highly valued for its remarkable power of learning to whistle correctly various musical airs.

Crimson-fronted bullfinch. (Zoöl.) See Burion. -- Pine bullfinch, the pine finch.

{ Bull"fist (&?;), Bull"fice } (&?;), n. [Cf. G. bofist, AS. wulfes fist puffball, E. fizz, foist.] (Bot.) A kind of fungus. See Puffball.

{ Bull" fly` or Bull"fly` } (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) Any large fly troublesome to cattle, as the gadflies and breeze flies.

Bull"frog` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A very large species of frog (Rana Catesbiana), found in North America; -- so named from its loud bellowing in spring.

Bull"head` (&?;), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A fresh-water fish of many species, of the genus Uranidea, esp. U. gobio of Europe, and U. Richardsoni of the United States; -- called also miller's thumb. (b) In America, several species of Amiurus; -- called also catfish, horned pout, and bullpout. (c) A marine fish of the genus Cottus; the sculpin.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied plover (Squatarola helvetica); -- called also beetlehead. (b) The golden plover.

3. A stupid fellow; a lubber. [Colloq.] Jonson.

4. (Zoöl.) A small black water insect. E. Phillips.

Bullhead whiting (Zoöl.), the kingfish of Florida (Menticirrus alburnus).

<! p. 191 !>

Bull"head`ed (bl"hd`d), a. Having a head like that of a bull. Fig.: Headstrong; obstinate; dogged.

Bul"lion (bl"yn), n. [Cf. OE. bullyon a hook used for fastening the dress, a button, stud, an embossed ornament of various kinds, e. g., on the cover of a book, on bridles or poitrels, for purses, for breeches and doublets, LL. bullio the swelling of boiling water, a mass of gold or silver, fr. L. bulla boss, stud, bubble (see Bull an edict), or perh. corrupted fr. F. billon base coin, LL. billio bullion. Cf. Billon, Billet a stick.] 1. Uncoined gold or silver in the mass.

Properly, the precious metals are called bullion, when smelted and not perfectly refined, or when refined, but in bars, ingots or in any form uncoined, as in plate. The word is often often used to denote gold and silver, both coined and uncoined, when reckoned by weight and in mass, including especially foreign, or uncurrent, coin.

2. Base or uncurrent coin. [Obs.]

> And those which eld's strict doom did disallow,
> And damm for bullion, go for current now.
> Sylvester.

3. Showy metallic ornament, as of gold, silver, or copper, on bridles, saddles, etc. [Obs.]

> The clasps and bullions were worth a thousand pound.
> Skelton.

4. Heavy twisted fringe, made of fine gold or silver wire and used for epaulets; also, any heavy twisted fringe whose cords are prominent.

Bul"lion*ist, n. An advocate for a metallic currency, or a paper currency always convertible into gold.

Bul"li*rag (&?;), v. t. [Cf. bully,n.& v., and rag to scold, rail. Cf. Ballarag.] To intimidate by bullying; to rally contemptuously; to badger. [Low]

Bull"ish (&?;), a. Partaking of the nature of a bull, or a blunder.

> Let me inform you, a toothless satire is as improper as a toothed sleek stone, and as bullish.
> Milton.

Bull"ist, n. [F. bulliste. See Bull an edict.] A writer or drawer up of papal bulls. [R.] Harmar.

Bul*li"tion (&?;), n. [L. bullire, bullitum, to boil. See Boil, v. i.] The action of boiling; boiling. [Obs.] See Ebullition. Bacon.

Bull"-necked` (&?;), a. Having a short and thick neck like that of a bull. Sir W. Scott.

Bul"lock (&?;), n. [AS. bulluc a young bull. See Bull.] 1. A young bull, or any male of the ox kind.

> Take thy father's young bullock, even the second bullock of seven years old.
> Judges vi. 25.

2. An ox, steer, or stag.

Bul"lock, v. t. To bully. [Obs.]

> She shan't think to bullock and domineer over me.
> Foote.

Bul"lock's-eye` (&?;), n. See Bull's- eye, 3.

||Bul"lon (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A West Indian fish (Scarus Croicensis).

Bull"pout` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Bullhead, 1 (b).

Bull's"-eye` (&?;), n. 1. (Naut.) A small circular or oval wooden block without sheaves, having a groove around it and a hole through it, used for connecting rigging.

2. A small round cloud, with a ruddy center, supposed by sailors to portend a storm.

3. A small thick disk of glass inserted in a deck, roof, floor, ship's side, etc., to let in light.

4. A circular or oval opening for air or light.

5. A lantern, with a thick glass lens on one side for concentrating the light on any object; also, the lens itself. Dickens.

6. (Astron.) Aldebaran, a bright star in the eye of Taurus or the Bull.

7. (Archery & Gun.) The center of a target.

8. A thick knob or protuberance left on glass by the end of the pipe through which it was blown.

9. A small and thick old-fashioned watch. [Colloq.]

Bull's"-nose` (&?;), n. (Arch.) An external angle when obtuse or rounded.

Bull" ter"ri*er (&?;). (Zoöl.) A breed of dogs obtained by crossing the bulldog and the terrier.

Bull" trout` (&?;). (Zoöl.) (a) In England, a large salmon trout of several species, as Salmo trutta and S. Cambricus, which ascend rivers; -- called also sea trout. (b) Salvelinus malma of California and Oregon; -- called also Dolly Varden trout and red- spotted trout. (c) The huso or salmon of the Danube.

Bull"weed` (&?;), n. [Bole a stem + weed.] (Bot.) Knapweed. Prior.

Bull"wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) See Bishop's-weed.

Bul"ly (&?;), n.; pl. Bullies (&?;). [Cf. LG. bullerjaan, bullerbäk, bullerbrook, a blusterer, D. bulderaar a bluster, bulderen to bluster; prob. of imitative origin; or cf. MHG. buole lover, G. buhle.] 1. A noisy, blustering fellow, more insolent than courageous; one who is threatening and quarrelsome; an insolent, tyrannical fellow.

> Bullies seldom execute the threats they deal in.
> Palmerston.

2. A brisk, dashing fellow. [Slang Obs.] Shak.

Bul"ly (&?;), a. 1. Jovial and blustering; dashing. [Slang] "Bless thee, bully doctor." Shak.

2. Fine; excellent; as, a bully horse. [Slang, U.S.]

Bul"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bullied (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bullying.] To intimidate with threats and by an overbearing, swaggering demeanor; to act the part of a bully toward.

> For the last fortnight there have been prodigious shoals of volunteers gone over to bully the French, upon hearing the peace was just signing.
> Tatler.

Syn. -- To bluster; swagger; hector; domineer.

Bul"ly, v. i. To act as a bully.

Bul"ly*rag (&?;), v. t. Same as Bullirag.

Bul"ly*rock` (&?;), n. A bully. [Slang Obs.] Shak.

Bul"ly tree` (&?;). (Bot.) The name of several West Indian trees of the order Sapotaceæ, as Dipholis nigra and species of Sapota and Mimusops. Most of them yield a substance closely resembling gutta-percha.

Bul"rush` (&?;), n. [OE. bulrysche, bolroysche; of uncertain origin, perh. fr. bole stem + rush.] (Bot.) A kind of large rush, growing in wet land or in water.

The name bulrush is applied in England especially to the cat-tail (Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia) and to the lake club-rush (Scirpus lacustris); in America, to the Juncus effusus, and also to species of Scirpus or club-rush.

||Bulse (&?;), n. A purse or bag in which to carry or measure diamonds, etc. [India] Macaulay.

Bul"tel (&?;), n. [LL. bultellus. See Bolt to sift.] A bolter or bolting cloth; also, bran. [Obs.]

Bul"ti (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Bolty.

Bul"tow` (&?;), n. A trawl; a boulter; the mode of fishing with a boulter or spiller.

Bul"wark (&?;), n. [Akin to D. bolwerk, G. bollwerk, Sw. bolwerk, Dan. bolvärk, bulvärk, rampart; akin to G. bohle plank, and werk work, defense. See Bole stem, and Work, n., and cf. Boulevard.] 1. (Fort.) A rampart; a fortification; a bastion or outwork.

2. That which secures against an enemy, or defends from attack; any means of defense or protection.

> The royal navy of England hath ever been its greatest defense, . . . the floating bulwark of our island.
> Blackstone.

3. pl. (Naut.) The sides of a ship above the upper deck.

Syn. -- See Rampart.

Bul"wark, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bulwarked (&?;); p. pr. & vb.n. Bulwarking.] To fortify with, or as with, a rampart or wall; to secure by fortification; to protect.

> Of some proud city, bulwarked round and armed
> With rising towers.
> Glover.

Bum (&?;), n. [Contr. fr. bottom in this sense.] The buttock. [Low] Shak.

Bum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bummed (&?;); p. pr. & vb.n. Bumming (&?;).] [See Boom, v. i., to roar.] To make murmuring or humming sound. Jamieson.

Bum, n. A humming noise. Halliwell.

Bum"bail"iff (&?;), n. [A corruption of bound bailiff.] [Low, Eng.] See Bound bailiff, under Bound, a.

Bum"bard (&?;). See Bombard. [Obs.]

Bum"barge` (&?;), n. See Bumboat. Carlyle.

Bum"bast (&?;). See Bombast. [Obs.]

Bum"be*lo (&?;), n.; pl. Bumbeloes (&?;). [It. bombola.] A glass used in subliming camphor. [Spelled also bombolo and bumbolo.]

Bum"ble (&?;), n. [See Bump to boom.] (Zoöl.) The bittern. [Local, Eng.]

Bum"ble, v. i. To make a hollow or humming noise, like that of a bumblebee; to cry as a bittern.

> As a bittern bumbleth in the mire.
> Chaucer.

Bum"ble*bee` (&?;), n. [OE. bumblen to make a humming noise (dim. of bum, v. i.) + bee. Cf. Humblebee.] (Zoöl.) A large bee of the genus Bombus, sometimes called humblebee; -- so named from its sound.

There are many species. All gather honey, and store it in the empty cocoons after the young have come out.

Bum"boat` (&?;), n. [From bum the buttocks, on account of its clumsy form; or fr. D. bun a box for holding fish in a boat.] (Naut.) A clumsy boat, used for conveying provisions, fruit, etc., for sale, to vessels lying in port or off shore.

Bum"kin (&?;), n. [Boom a beam + - kin. See Bumpkin.] (Naut.) A projecting beam or boom; as: (a) One projecting from each bow of a vessel, to haul the fore tack to, called a tack bumpkin. (b) One from each quarter, for the main-brace blocks, and called brace bumpkin. (c) A small outrigger over the stern of a boat, to extend the mizzen. [Written also boomkin.]

||Bum"ma*lo (&?;), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A small marine Asiatic fish (Saurus ophidon) used in India as a relish; -- called also Bombay duck.

Bum"mer (&?;), n. An idle, worthless fellow, who is without any visible means of support; a dissipated sponger. [Slang, U.S.]

Bum"me*ry (&?;), n. See Bottomery. [Obs.]

> There was a scivener of Wapping brought to hearing for relief against a bummery bond.
> R. North.

Bump (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bumped (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bumping.] [Cf. W. pwmp round mass, pwmpiaw to thump, bang, and E. bum, v. i., boom to roar.] To strike, as with or against anything large or solid; to thump; as, to bump the head against a wall.

Bump, v. i. To come in violent contact with something; to thump. "Bumping and jumping." Southey.

Bump (&?;), n. [From Bump to strike, to thump.] 1. A thump; a heavy blow.

2. A swelling or prominence, resulting from a bump or blow; a protuberance.

> It had upon its brow
> A bump as big as a young cockerel's stone.
> Shak.

3. (Phren.) One of the protuberances on the cranium which are associated with distinct faculties or affections of the mind; as, the bump of "veneration;" the bump of "acquisitiveness." [Colloq.]

4. The act of striking the stern of the boat in advance with the prow of the boat following. [Eng.]

Bump, v. i. [See Boom to roar.] To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern; to boom.

> As a bittern bumps within a reed.
> Dryden.

Bump, n. The noise made by the bittern.

Bum"per (&?;), n. [A corruption of bumbard, bombard, a large drinking vessel.] 1. A cup or glass filled to the brim, or till the liquor runs over, particularly in drinking a health or toast.

> He frothed his bumpers to the brim.
> Tennyson.

2. A covered house at a theater, etc., in honor of some favorite performer. [Cant]

Bump"er (&?;), n. 1. That which bumps or causes a bump.

2. Anything which resists or deadens a bump or shock; a buffer.

Bump"kin (&?;), n. [The same word as bumkin, which Cotgrave defines thus: "Bumkin, Fr. chicambault, the luffe-block, a long and thick piece of wood, whereunto the fore-sayle and sprit-sayle are fastened, when a ship goes by the winde." Hence, a clumsy man may easily have been compared to such a block of wood; cf. OD. boomken a little tree. See Boom a pole.] An awkward, heavy country fellow; a clown; a country lout. "Bashful country bumpkins." W. Irving.

Bump"tious (&?;), a. Self-conceited; forward; pushing. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Bump"tious*ness, n. Conceitedness. [Colloq.]

{ Bun, Bunn } (&?;), n. [Scot. bun, bunn, OE. bunne, bonne; fr. Celtic; cf. Ir. bunna, Gael. bonnach, or OF. bugne tumor, Prov. F. bugne a kind of pancake; akin to OHG. bungo bulb, MHG. bunge, Prov. E. bung heap, cluster, bunny a small swelling.] A slightly sweetened raised cake or bisquit with a glazing of sugar and milk on the top crust.

Bunch (&?;), n. [Akin to OSw. & Dan. bunke heap, Icel. bunki heap, pile, bunga tumor, protuberance; cf. W. pwng cluster. Cf. Bunk.] 1. A protuberance; a hunch; a knob or lump; a hump.

> They will carry . . . their treasures upon the bunches of camels.
> Isa. xxx. 6.

2. A collection, cluster, or tuft, properly of things of the same kind, growing or fastened together; as, a bunch of grapes; a bunch of keys.

3. (Mining) A small isolated mass of ore, as distinguished from a continuous vein. Page.

Bunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bunched (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bunching.] To swell out into a bunch or protuberance; to be protuberant or round.

> Bunching out into a large round knob at one end.
> Woodward.

Bunch, v. t. To form into a bunch or bunches.

Bunch"-backed` (&?;), a. Having a bunch on the back; crooked. "Bunch-backed toad." Shak.

Bunch"ber`ry (&?;), n. (Bot.) The dwarf cornel (Cornus Canadensis), which bears a dense cluster of bright red, edible berries.

Bunch" grass` (&?;). (Bot.) A grass growing in bunches and affording pasture. In California, Atropis tenuifolia, Festuca scabrella, and several kinds of Stipa are favorite bunch grasses. In Utah, Eriocoma cuspidata is a good bunch grass.

Bunch"i*ness (&?;), n. The quality or condition of being bunchy; knobbiness.

Bunch"y (&?;), a. 1. Swelling out in bunches.

> An unshapen, bunchy spear, with bark unpiled.
> Phaer.

2. Growing in bunches, or resembling a bunch; having tufts; as, the bird's bunchy tail.

3. (Mining) Yielding irregularly; sometimes rich, sometimes poor; as, a bunchy mine. Page.

{ Bun"combe, Bun"kum } (&?;), n. [Buncombe a county of North Carolina.] Speech-making for the gratification of constituents, or to gain public applause; flattering talk for a selfish purpose; anything said for mere show. [Cant or Slang, U.S.]

> All that flourish about right of search was bunkum -- all that brag about hanging your Canada sheriff was bunkum . . . slavery speeches are all bunkum.
> Haliburton.

To speak for Buncombe, to speak for mere show, or popularly.

"The phrase originated near the close of the debate on the famous ‘Missouri Question,' in the 16th Congress. It was then used by Felix Walker -- a naïve old mountaineer, who resided at Waynesville, in Haywood, the most western country of North Carolina, near the border of the adjacent county of Buncombe, which formed part of his district. The old man rose to speak, while the house was impatiently calling for the ‘Question,' and several members gathered round him, begging him to desist. He preserved, however, for a while, declaring that the people of his district expected it, and that he was bound to ‘make a speech for Buncombe.'" W. Darlington.

||Bund (&?;), n. [G.] League; confederacy; esp. the confederation of German states.

||Bund (&?;), n. [Hindi band.] An embankment against inundation. [India] S. Wells Williams.

||Bun"der (&?;), n. [Pers. bandar a landing place, pier.] A boat or raft used in the East Indies in the landing of passengers and goods.

<! p. 192 !>

||Bun"des*rath` (bn"ds*rät`), n. [G., from bund (akin to E. bond) confederacy + rath council, prob. akin to E. read.] The federal council of the German Empire. In the Bundesrath and the Reichstag are vested the legislative functions. The federal council of Switzerland is also so called.

The Bundesrath of the German empire is presided over by a chancellor, and is composed of sixty-two members, who represent the different states of the empire, being appointed for each session by their respective governments.

> By this united congress, the highest tribunal of Switzerland, -- the Bundesrath -- is chosen, and the head of this is a president.
> J. P. Peters (Trans. Müller's Pol. Hist.).

Bun"dle (bn"d'l), n. [OE. bundel, AS. byndel; akin to D. bondel, bundel, G. bündel, dim. of bund bundle, fr. the root of E. bind. See Bind.] A number of things bound together, as by a cord or envelope, into a mass or package convenient for handling or conveyance; a loose package; a roll; as, a bundle of straw or of paper; a bundle of old clothes.

> The fable of the rods, which, when united in a bundle, no strength could bend.
> Goldsmith.

Bundle pillar (Arch.), a column or pier, with others of small dimensions attached to it. Weale.

Bun"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bundled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bundling (&?;).] 1. To tie or bind in a bundle or roll.

2. To send off abruptly or without ceremony.

> They unmercifully bundled me and my gallant second into our own hackney coach.
> T. Hook.

To bundle off, to send off in a hurry, or without ceremony. -- To bundle one's self up, to wrap one's self up warmly or cumbrously.

Bun"dle, v. i. 1. To prepare for departure; to set off in a hurry or without ceremony.

2. To sleep on the same bed without undressing; -- applied to the custom of a man and woman, especially lovers, thus sleeping. Bartlett.

> Van Corlear stopped occasionally in the villages to eat pumpkin pies, dance at country frolics, and bundle with the Yankee lasses.
> W. Irving.

Bung (&?;), n. [Cf. W. bwng orfice, bunghole, Ir. buinne tap, spout, OGael. buine.] 1. The large stopper of the orifice in the bilge of a cask.

2. The orifice in the bilge of a cask through which it is filled; bunghole.

3. A sharper or pickpocket. [Obs. & Low]

> You filthy bung, away.
> Shak.

Bung, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bunged (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bunging (&?;).] To stop, as the orifice in the bilge of a cask, with a bung; to close; -- with up.

To bung up, to use up, as by bruising or over exertion; to exhaust or incapacitate for action. [Low]

> He had bunged up his mouth that he should not have spoken these three years.
> Shelton (Trans. Don Quixote).

Bun"ga*low (&?;), n. [Bengalee bngl] A thatched or tiled house or cottage, of a single story, usually surrounded by a veranda. [India]

||Bun"ga*rum (&?;), n. [Bungar, the native name.] (Zoöl.) A venomous snake of India, of the genus Bungarus, allied to the cobras, but without a hood.

Bung"hole` (&?;), n. See Bung, n., 2. Shak.

Bun"gle (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bungled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bungling (&?;).] [Prob. a diminutive from, akin to bang; cf. Prov. G. bungen to beat, bang, OSw. bunga. See Bang.] To act or work in a clumsy, awkward manner.

Bun"gle, v. t. To make or mend clumsily; to manage awkwardly; to botch; -- sometimes with up.

> I always had an idea that it would be bungled.
> Byron.

Bun"gle (&?;), n. A clumsy or awkward performance; a botch; a gross blunder.

> Those errors and bungles which are committed.
> Cudworth.

Bun"gler (&?;), n. A clumsy, awkward workman; one who bungles.

> If to be a dunce or a bungler in any profession be shameful, how much more ignominious and infamous to a scholar to be such!
> Barrow.

Bun"gling (&?;), a. Unskillful; awkward; clumsy; as, a bungling workman. Swift.

> They make but bungling work.
> Dryden.

Bun"gling*ly, adv. Clumsily; awkwardly.

Bun"go (&?;), n. (Naut.) A kind of canoe used in Central and South America; also, a kind of boat used in the Southern United States. Bartlett.

Bun"ion (&?;), n. (Med.) Same as Bunyon.

Bunk (&?;), n. [Cf. OSw. bunke heap, also boaring, flooring. Cf. Bunch.] 1. A wooden case or box, which serves for a seat in the daytime and for a bed at night. [U.S.]

2. One of a series of berths or bed places in tiers.

3. A piece of wood placed on a lumberman's sled to sustain the end of heavy timbers. [Local, U.S.]

Bunk, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bunked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bunking.] To go to bed in a bunk; -- sometimes with in. [Colloq. U.S.] Bartlett.

Bun"ker (&?;), n. [Scot. bunker, bunkart, a bench, or low chest, serving for a seat. Cf. Bunk, Bank, Bench.]

1. A sort of chest or box, as in a window, the lid of which serves for a seat. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. A large bin or similar receptacle; as, a coal bunker.

Bun"ko (&?;), n. [Sf. Sp. banco bank, banca a sort of game at cards. Cf. Bank (in the commercial sense).] A kind of swindling game or scheme, by means of cards or by a sham lottery. [Written also bunco.]

Bunko steerer, a person employed as a decoy in bunko. [Slang, U.S.]

Bun"kum (&?;), n. See Buncombe.

Bunn (&?;), n. See Bun.

Bun"nian (&?;), n. See Bunyon.

Bun"ny (&?;), n. (Mining) A great collection of ore without any vein coming into it or going out from it.

Bun"ny, n. A pet name for a rabbit or a squirrel.

{ ||Bu`no*don"ta (&?;), Bu"no*donts (&?;), } n. pl. [NL. bunodonta, fr. Gr. &?; hill, heap + &?;, &?;, a tooth.] (Zoöl.) A division of the herbivorous mammals including the hogs and hippopotami; -- so called because the teeth are tuberculated.

{ Bun"sen's bat"ter*y (&?;), Bun"sen's burn`er } (&?;). See under Battery, and Burner.

Bunt (&?;), n. (Bot.) A fungus (Ustilago fœtida) which affects the ear of cereals, filling the grains with a fetid dust; -- also called pepperbrand.

Bunt, n. [Cf. Sw. bunt bundle, Dan. bundt, G. bund, E. bundle.] (Naut.) The middle part, cavity, or belly of a sail; the part of a furled sail which is at the center of the yard. Totten.

Bunt, v. i. (Naut.) To swell out; as, the sail bunts.

Bunt, v. t. & i. To strike or push with the horns or head; to butt; as, the ram bunted the boy.

Bun"ter (&?;), n. A woman who picks up rags in the streets; hence, a low, vulgar woman. [Cant]

> Her . . . daughters, like bunters in stuff gowns.
> Goldsmith.

Bun"ting (&?;), n. [Scot. buntlin, corn-buntlin, OE. bunting, buntyle; of unknown origin.] (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Emberiza, or of an allied genus, related to the finches and sparrows (family Fringillidæ).

Among European species are the common or corn bunting (Emberiza miliaria); the ortolan (E. hortulana); the cirl (E. cirlus); and the black-headed (Granitivora melanocephala). American species are the bay-winged or grass (Poöcætes or Poœcetes gramineus); the black- throated (Spiza Americana); the towhee bunting or chewink (Pipilo); the snow bunting (Plectrophanax nivalis); the rice bunting or bobolink, and others. See Ortolan, Chewick, Snow bunting, Lark bunting.

{ Bun"ting, Bun"tine } (&?;), n. [Prov. E. bunting sifting flour, OE. bonten to sift, hence prob. the material used for that purpose.] A thin woolen stuff, used chiefly for flags, colors, and ships' signals.

Bunt"line (&?;), n. [2d bunt + line.] (Naut.) One of the ropes toggled to the footrope of a sail, used to haul up to the yard the body of the sail when taking it in. Totten.

{ Bun"yon, Bun"ion } (&?;), n. [Cf. Prov. E. bunny a small swelling, fr. OF. bugne, It. bugna, bugnone. See Bun.] (Med.) An enlargement and inflammation of a small membranous sac (one of the bursæ muscosæ), usually occurring on the first joint of the great toe.

Buoy (&?;), n. [D. boei buoy, fetter, fr. OF. boie, buie, chain, fetter, F. bouée a buoy, from L. boia. "Boiae genus vinculorum tam ferreae quam ligneae." Festus. So called because chained to its place.] (Naut.) A float; esp. a floating object moored to the bottom, to mark a channel or to point out the position of something beneath the water, as an anchor, shoal, rock, etc.

Anchor buoy, a buoy attached to, or marking the position of, an anchor. -- Bell buoy, a large buoy on which a bell is mounted, to be rung by the motion of the waves. -- Breeches buoy. See under Breeches. -- Cable buoy, an empty cask employed to buoy up the cable in rocky anchorage. -- Can buoy, a hollow buoy made of sheet or boiler iron, usually conical or pear-shaped. -- Life buoy, a float intended to support persons who have fallen into the water, until a boat can be dispatched to save them. -- Nut or Nun buoy, a buoy large in the middle, and tapering nearly to a point at each end. -- To stream the buoy, to let the anchor buoy fall by the ship's side into the water, before letting go the anchor. -- Whistling buoy, a buoy fitted with a whistle that is blown by the action of the waves.

Buoy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buoyed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Buoying.] 1. To keep from sinking in a fluid, as in water or air; to keep afloat; -- with up.

2. To support or sustain; to preserve from sinking into ruin or despondency.

> Those old prejudices, which buoy up the ponderous mass of his nobility, wealth, and title.
> Burke.

3. To fix buoys to; to mark by a buoy or by buoys; as, to buoy an anchor; to buoy or buoy off a channel.

> Not one rock near the surface was discovered which was not buoyed by this floating weed.
> Darwin.

Buoy, v. i. To float; to rise like a buoy. "Rising merit will buoy up at last." Pope.

Buoy"age (&?;), n. Buoys, taken collectively; a series of buoys, as for the guidance of vessels into or out of port; the providing of buoys.

Buoy"ance (&?;), n. Buoyancy. [R.]

Buoy"an*cy (&?;), n.; pl. Buoyancies (&?;). 1. The property of floating on the surface of a liquid, or in a fluid, as in the atmosphere; specific lightness, which is inversely as the weight compared with that of an equal volume of water.

2. (Physics) The upward pressure exerted upon a floating body by a fluid, which is equal to the weight of the body; hence, also, the weight of a floating body, as measured by the volume of fluid displaced.

> Such are buoyancies or displacements of the different classes of her majesty's ships.
> Eng. Cyc.

3. Cheerfulness; vivacity; liveliness; sprightliness; -- the opposite of heaviness; as, buoyancy of spirits.

Buoy"ant (&?;), a. [From Buoy, v. t. & i.] 1. Having the quality of rising or floating in a fluid; tending to rise or float; as, iron is buoyant in mercury. "Buoyant on the flood." Pope.

2. Bearing up, as a fluid; sustaining another body by being specifically heavier.

> The water under me was buoyant.
> Dryden.

3. Light-hearted; vivacious; cheerful; as, a buoyant disposition; buoyant spirits. -- Buoy"ant*ly, adv.

Bu*pres"ti*dan (&?;), n. [L. buprestis, Gr. &?;, a poisonous beetle, which, being eaten by cattle in the grass, caused them to swell up and and die; &?; ox, cow + &?; to blow up, swell out.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles, of the genus Buprestis and allied genera, usually with brilliant metallic colors. The larvæ are usually borers in timber, or beneath bark, and are often very destructive to trees.

{ Bur, Burr } (&?;), n. [OE. burre burdock; cf. Dan. borre, OSw. borra, burdock, thistle; perh. akin to E. bristle (burr- for burz-), or perh. to F. bourre hair, wool, stuff; also, according to Cotgrave, "the downe, or hairie coat, wherewith divers herbes, fruits, and flowers, are covered," fr. L. burrae trifles, LL. reburrus rough.] 1. (Bot.) Any rough or prickly envelope of the seeds of plants, whether a pericarp, a persistent calyx, or an involucre, as of the chestnut and burdock. Also, any weed which bears burs.

> Amongst rude burs and thistles.
> Milton.

> Bur and brake and brier.
> Tennyson.

2. The thin ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal. See Burr, n., 2.

3. A ring of iron on a lance or spear. See Burr, n., 4.

4. The lobe of the ear. See Burr, n., 5.

5. The sweetbread.

6. A clinker; a partially vitrified brick.

7. (Mech.) (a) A small circular saw. (b) A triangular chisel. (c) A drill with a serrated head larger than the shank; -- used by dentists.

8. [Cf. Gael. borr, borra, a knob, bunch.] (Zoöl.) The round knob of an antler next to a deer's head. [Commonly written burr.]

Bur oak (Bot.), a useful and ornamental species of oak (Quercus macrocarpa) with ovoid acorns inclosed in deep cups imbricated with pointed scales. It grows in the Middle and Western United States, and its wood is tough, close-grained, and durable. -- Bur reed (Bot.), a plant of the genus Sparganium, having long ribbonlike leaves.

Bur"bolt` (&?;), n. A birdbolt. [Obs.] Ford.

Bur"bot (&?;), n. [F. barbote, fr. barbe beard. See 1st Barb.] (Zoöl.) A fresh- water fish of the genus Lota, having on the nose two very small barbels, and a larger one on the chin. [Written also burbolt.]

The fish is also called an eelpout or ling, and is allied to the codfish. The Lota vulgaris is a common European species. An American species (L. maculosa) is found in New England, the Great Lakes, and farther north.

Bur`de*lais" (&?;), n. [F. bourdelais, prob. fr. bordelais. See Bordelais.] A sort of grape. Jonson.

Bur"den (bû"d'n), n. [Written also burthen.] [OE. burden, burthen, birthen, birden, AS. byrðen; akin to Icel. byrði, Dan. byrde, Sw. börda, G. bürde, OHG. burdi, Goth. baúrþei, fr. the root of E. bear, AS. beran, Goth. bairan. √92. See 1st Bear.] 1. That which is borne or carried; a load.

> Plants with goodly burden bowing.
> Shak.

2. That which is borne with labor or difficulty; that which is grievous, wearisome, or oppressive.

> Deaf, giddy, helpless, left alone,
> To all my friends a burden grown.
> Swift.

3. The capacity of a vessel, or the weight of cargo that she will carry; as, a ship of a hundred tons burden.

4. (Mining) The tops or heads of stream-work which lie over the stream of tin.

5. (Metal.) The proportion of ore and flux to fuel, in the charge of a blast furnace. Raymond.

6. A fixed quantity of certain commodities; as, a burden of gad steel, 120 pounds.

7. A birth. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

Beast of burden, an animal employed in carrying burdens. -- Burden of proof [L. onus probandi] (Law), the duty of proving a particular position in a court of law, a failure in the performance of which duty calls for judgment against the party on whom the duty is imposed.

Syn. -- Burden, Load. A burden is, in the literal sense, a weight to be borne; a load is something laid upon us to be carried. Hence, when used figuratively, there is usually a difference between the two words. Our burdens may be of such a nature that we feel bound to bear them cheerfully or without complaint. They may arise from the nature of our situation; they may be allotments of Providence; they may be the consequences of our errors. What is upon us, as a load, we commonly carry with greater reluctance or sense of oppression. Men often find the charge of their own families to be a burden; but if to this be added a load of care for others, the pressure is usually serve and irksome.

Bur"den, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burdened (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burdening (&?;).] 1. To encumber with weight (literal or figurative); to lay a heavy load upon; to load.

> I mean not that other men be eased, and ye burdened.
> 2 Cor. viii. 13.

2. To oppress with anything grievous or trying; to overload; as, to burden a nation with taxes.

> My burdened heart would break.
> Shak.

3. To impose, as a load or burden; to lay or place as a burden (something heavy or objectionable). [R.]

> It is absurd to burden this act on Cromwell.
> Coleridge.

Syn. -- To load; encumber; overload; oppress.

<! p. 193 !>

Bur"den (bûr"d'n), n. [OE. burdoun the bass in music, F. bourdon; cf. LL. burdo drone, a long organ pipe, a staff, a mule. Prob. of imitative origin. Cf. Bourdon.] 1. The verse repeated in a song, or the return of the theme at the end of each stanza; the chorus; refrain. Hence: That which is often repeated or which is dwelt upon; the main topic; as, the burden of a prayer.

> I would sing my song without a burden.
> Shak.

2. The drone of a bagpipe. Ruddiman.

Bur"den, n. [See Burdon.] A club. [Obs.] Spenser.

Bur"den*er (&?;), n. One who loads; an oppressor.

Bur"den*ous (&?;), a. Burdensome. [Obs.] "Burdenous taxations." Shak.

Bur"den*some (&?;), a. Grievous to be borne; causing uneasiness or fatigue; oppressive.

> The debt immense of endless gratitude
> So burdensome.
> Milton.

Syn. -- Heavy; weighty; cumbersome; onerous; grievous; oppressive; troublesome.

-- Bur"den*some*ly, adv. -- Bur"den*some*ness, n.

Bur"dock (&?;), n. [Bur + dock the plant.] (Bot.) A genus of coarse biennial herbs (Lappa), bearing small burs which adhere tenaciously to clothes, or to the fur or wool of animals.

The common burdock is the Lappa officinalis.

Bur"don (&?;), n. [See Bourdon.] A pilgrim's staff. [Written also burden.] Rom. of R.

Bu"reau (&?;), n.; pl. E. Bureaus (&?;), F. Bureaux (&?;). [F. bureau a writing table, desk, office, OF., drugget, with which a writing table was often covered, equiv. to F. bure, and fr. OF. buire dark brown, the stuff being named from its color, fr. L. burrus red, fr. Gr. &?; flame-colored, prob. fr. &?; fire. See Fire, n., and cf. Borel, n.] 1. Originally, a desk or writing table with drawers for papers. Swift.

2. The place where such a bureau is used; an office where business requiring writing is transacted.

3. Hence: A department of public business requiring a force of clerks; the body of officials in a department who labor under the direction of a chief.

On the continent of Europe, the highest departments, in most countries, have the name of bureaux; as, the Bureau of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. In England and America, the term is confined to inferior and subordinate departments; as, the "Pension Bureau," a subdepartment of the Department of the Interior. [Obs.] In Spanish, bureo denotes a court of justice for the trial of persons belonging to the king's household.

4. A chest of drawers for clothes, especially when made as an ornamental piece of furniture. [U.S.]

Bureau system. See Bureaucracy. -- Bureau Veritas, an institution, in the interest of maritime underwriters, for the survey and rating of vessels all over the world. It was founded in Belgium in 1828, removed to Paris in 1830, and reëstablished in Brussels in 1870.

Bu*reau"cra*cy (&?;), n. [Bureau + Gr. &?; to be strong, to govern, &?; strength: cf. F. bureaucratie.] 1. A system of carrying on the business of government by means of departments or bureaus, each under the control of a chief, in contradiction to a system in which the officers of government have an associated authority and responsibility; also, government conducted on this system.

2. Government officials, collectively.

Bu*reau"crat (&?;), n. An official of a bureau; esp. an official confirmed in a narrow and arbitrary routine. C. Kingsley.

{ Bu`reau*crat"ic (&?;), Bu`reau*crat"ic*al (&?;), } a. [Cf. F. bureaucratique.] Of, relating to, or resembling, a bureaucracy.

Bu*reau"cra*tist (&?;), n. An advocate for , or supporter of, bureaucracy.

Bur"el (&?;), n. & a. Same as Borrel.

||Bu*rette" (&?;), n. [F., can, cruet, dim. of buire flagon.] (Chem.) An apparatus for delivering measured quantities of liquid or for measuring the quantity of liquid or gas received or discharged. It consists essentially of a graduated glass tube, usually furnished with a small aperture and stopcock.

Bur" fish` (&?;). (Zoöl.) A spinose, plectognath fish of the Allantic coast of the United States (esp. Chilo mycterus geometricus) having the power of distending its body with water or air, so as to resemble a chestnut bur; -- called also ball fish, balloon fish, and swellfish.

Burg (&?;), n. [AS. burh, burg, cf. LL. burgus. See 1st Borough.] 1. A fortified town. [Obs.]

2. A borough. [Eng.] See 1st Borough.

Burg"age (&?;), n. [From Burg: cf. F. bourgage, LL. burgagium.] (Eng. Law) A tenure by which houses or lands are held of the king or other lord of a borough or city; at a certain yearly rent, or by services relating to trade or handicraft. Burrill.

Bur"gall (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A small marine fish; -- also called cunner.

Bur"ga*mot (&?;), n. See Bergamot.

Bur"ga*net (&?;), n. See Burgonet.

Bur"gee (&?;), n. 1. A kind of small coat.

2. (Naut.) A swallow-tailed flag; a distinguishing pennant, used by cutters, yachts, and merchant vessels.

Bur*geois" (bûr*jois"), n. (Print.) See 1st Bourgeois.

||Bur*geois" (br*zhwä"), n. A burgess; a citizen. See 2d Bourgeois. [R.] Addison.

Bur"geon (&?;), v. i. To bud. See Bourgeon.

Bur"gess (&?;), n. [OE. burgeis, OF. burgeis, fr. burcfortified town, town, F. bourg village, fr. LL. burgus fort, city; from the German; cf. MHG. burc, G. burg. See 1st Borough, and cf. 2d Bourgeois.] 1. An inhabitant of a borough or walled town, or one who possesses a tenement therein; a citizen or freeman of a borough. Blackstone.

"A burgess of a borough corresponds with a citizen of a city." Burrill.

2. One who represents a borough in Parliament.

3. A magistrate of a borough.

4. An inhabitant of a Scotch burgh qualified to vote for municipal officers.

Before the Revolution, the representatives in the popular branch of the legislature of Virginia were called burgesses; they are now called delegates.

Burgess oath. See Burgher, 2.

Bur"gess-ship (&?;), n. The state of privilege of a burgess. South.

Burg"grave (&?;), n. [G. burggraf; burg fortress + graf count: cf. D. burggraaf, F. burgrave. See Margrave.] (Germany) Originally, one appointed to the command of a burg (fortress or castle); but the title afterward became hereditary, with a domain attached.

Burgh (&?;), n. [OE. See Burg.] A borough or incorporated town, especially, one in Scotland. See Borough.

Burgh"al (&?;), a. Belonging to a burgh.

Burgh"bote` (&?;), n. [Burgh + bote.] (Old Law) A contribution toward the building or repairing of castles or walls for the defense of a city or town.

Burgh"brech` (&?;), n. [Burgh + F. brèche, equiv. to E. breach.] (AS. Law) The offense of violating the pledge given by every inhabitant of a tithing to keep the peace; breach of the peace. Burrill.

Burgh"er (&?;), n. [From burgh; akin to D. burger, G. bürger, Dan. borger, Sw. borgare. See Burgh.] 1. A freeman of a burgh or borough, entitled to enjoy the privileges of the place; any inhabitant of a borough.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) A member of that party, among the Scotch seceders, which asserted the lawfulness of the burgess oath (in which burgesses profess "the true religion professed within the realm"), the opposite party being called antiburghers.

These parties arose among the Presbyterians of Scotland, in 1747, and in 1820 reunited under the name of the "United Associate Synod of the Secession Church."

Burgh"er*mas`ter (&?;), n. See Burgomaster.

Burgh"er*ship (&?;), n. The state or privileges of a burgher.

Burgh"mas`ter (&?;), n. 1. A burgomaster.

2. (Mining) An officer who directs and lays out the meres or boundaries for the workmen; -- called also bailiff, and barmaster. [Eng.]

Burgh"mote` (&?;), n. (AS. Law) [Burgh + mote meeting.] A court or meeting of a burgh or borough; a borough court held three times yearly.

Bur"glar (&?;), n. [OE. burg town, F. bourg, fr. LL. burgus (of German origin) + OF. lere thief, fr. L. latro. See Borough, and Larceny.] (Law) One guilty of the crime of burglary.

Burglar alarm, a device for giving alarm if a door or window is opened from without.

Bur"glar*er (&?;), n. A burglar. [Obs.]

Bur*gla"ri*ous (&?;), a. Pertaining to burglary; constituting the crime of burglary.

> To come down a chimney is held a burglarious entry.
> Blackstone.

Bur*gla"ri*ous*ly, adv. With an intent to commit burglary; in the manner of a burglar. Blackstone.

Bur"gla*ry (&?;), n.; pl. Burglaries (&?;). [Fr. Burglar; cf. LL. burglaria.] (Law) Breaking and entering the dwelling house of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony therein, whether the felonious purpose be accomplished or not. Wharton. Burrill.

By statute law in some of the United States, burglary includes the breaking with felonious intent into a house by day as well as by night, and into other buildings than dwelling houses. Various degrees of the crime are established.

Bur"go*mas`ter (&?;), n. [D. burgemeester; burg borough + meester master; akin to G. burgemeister, bürgermeister. See 1st Borough, and Master.] 1. A chief magistrate of a municipal town in Holland, Flanders, and Germany, corresponding to mayor in England and the United States; a burghmaster.

2. (Zoöl.) An aquatic bird, the glaucous gull (Larus glaucus), common in arctic regions.

Bur"go*net (&?;), n. [F. bouruignotte, because the Burgundians, F. Bouruignons, first used it.] A kind of helmet. [Written also burganet.] Shak.

Bur"goo (&?;), n. [Prov. E. burgood yeast, perh. fr. W. burym yeast + cawl cabbage, gruel.] A kind of oatmeal pudding, or thick gruel, used by seamen. [Written also burgout.]

Bur"grass` (&?;), n. (Bot.) Grass of the genus Cenchrus, growing in sand, and having burs for fruit.

Bur"grave (&?;), n. [F.] See Burggrave.

Bur"gun*dy (&?;), n. 1. An old province of France (in the eastern central part).

2. A richly flavored wine, mostly red, made in Burgundy, France.

Burgundy pitch, a resinous substance prepared from the exudation of the Norway spruce (Abies excelsa) by melting in hot water and straining through cloth. The genuine Burgundy pitch, supposed to have been first prepared in Burgundy, is rare, but there are many imitations. It has a yellowish brown color, is translucent and hard, but viscous. It is used in medicinal plasters.

Burh (&?;), n. See Burg. [Obs.]

{ Bur"hel, Burr"hel } (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The wild Himalayan, or blue, sheep (Ovis burrhel).

Bur"i*al (&?;), n. [OE. buriel, buriels, grave, tomb, AS. byrgels, fr. byrgan to bury, and akin to OS. burgisli sepulcher.] 1. A grave; a tomb; a place of sepulture. [Obs.]

> The erthe schook, and stoones weren cloven, and biriels weren opened.
> Wycliff [Matt. xxvii. 51, 52].

2. The act of burying; depositing a dead body in the earth, in a tomb or vault, or in the water, usually with attendant ceremonies; sepulture; interment. "To give a public burial." Shak.

> Now to glorious burial slowly borne.
> Tennyson.

Burial case, a form of coffin, usually of iron, made to close air-tight, for the preservation of a dead body. -- Burial ground, a piece of ground selected and set apart for a place of burials, and consecrated to such use by religious ceremonies. -- Burial place, any place where burials are made. -- Burial service. (a) The religious service performed at the interment of the dead; a funeral service. (b) That portion of a liturgy which is read at an interment; as, the English burial service.

Syn. -- Sepulture; interment; inhumation.

Bur"i*er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, buries.

> Till the buriers have buried it.
> Ezek. xxxix. 15.

> And darkness be the burier of the dead.
> Shak.

Bu"rin (&?;), n. [F. burin, cf. It. burino, bulino; prob. from OHG. bora borer, born to bore, G. bohren. See 1st Bore.] 1. The cutting tool of an engraver on metal, used in line engraving. It is made of tempered steel, one end being ground off obliquely so as to produce a sharp point, and the other end inserted in a handle; a graver; also, the similarly shaped tool used by workers in marble.

2. The manner or style of execution of an engraver; as, a soft burin; a brilliant burin.

Bu"rin*ist, n. One who works with the burin. For. Quart. Rev.

Bu"ri*on (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The red-breasted house sparrow of California (Carpodacus frontalis); -- called also crimson-fronted bullfinch. [Written also burrion.]

Burke (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burked (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burking.] [From one Burke of Edinburgh, who committed the crime in 1829.] 1. To murder by suffocation, or so as to produce few marks of violence, for the purpose of obtaining a body to be sold for dissection.

2. To dispose of quietly or indirectly; to suppress; to smother; to shelve; as, to burke a parliamentary question.

> The court could not burke an inquiry, supported by such a mass of a affidavits.
> C. Reade.

Burk"ism (&?;), n. The practice of killing persons for the purpose of selling their bodies for dissection.

Burl (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burling.] [OE. burle stuffing, or a knot in cloth; cf. F. bourlet, bourrelet, OF. bourel, a wreath or a roll of cloth, linen, or leather, stuffed with flocks, etc., dim. of bourre. √92. See Bur.] To dress or finish up (cloth); to pick knots, burs, loose threads, etc., from, as in finishing cloth.

Burling iron, a peculiar kind of nippers or tweezers used in burling woolen cloth.

Burl, n. 1. A knot or lump in thread or cloth.

2. An overgrown knot, or an excrescence, on a tree; also, veneer made from such excrescences.

Bur"lap (&?;), n. A coarse fabric, made of jute or hemp, used for bagging; also, a finer variety of similar material, used for curtains, etc. [Written also burlaps.]

Burl"er (&?;), n. One who burls or dresses cloth.

Bur*lesque" (&?;), a. [F. burlesque, fr. It. burlesco, fr. burla jest, mockery, perh. for burrula, dim. of L. burrae trifles. See Bur.] Tending to excite laughter or contempt by extravagant images, or by a contrast between the subject and the manner of treating it, as when a trifling subject is treated with mock gravity; jocular; ironical.

> It is a dispute among the critics, whether burlesque poetry runs best in heroic verse, like that of the Dispensary, or in doggerel, like that of Hudibras.
> Addison.

Bur*lesque" (&?;), n. 1. Ludicrous representation; exaggerated parody; grotesque satire.

> Burlesque is therefore of two kinds; the first represents mean persons in the accouterments of heroes, the other describes great persons acting and speaking like the basest among the people.
> Addison.

2. An ironical or satirical composition intended to excite laughter, or to ridicule anything.

> The dull burlesque appeared with impudence,
> And pleased by novelty in spite of sense.
> Dryden.

3. A ludicrous imitation; a caricature; a travesty; a gross perversion.

> Who is it that admires, and from the heart is attached to, national representative assemblies, but must turn with horror and disgust from such a profane burlesque and abominable perversion of that sacred institute?
> Burke.

Syn. -- Mockery; farce; travesty; mimicry.

Bur*lesque" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burlesqued (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burlesquing (&?;).] To ridicule, or to make ludicrous by grotesque representation in action or in language.

> They burlesqued the prophet Jeremiah's words, and turned the expression he used into ridicule.
> Stillingfleet.

Bur*lesque", v. i. To employ burlesque.

Bur*les"quer (&?;), n. One who burlesques.

<! p. 194 !>

||Bur*let"ta (bûr*lt"t), n. [It., dim. of burla mockery. See Burlesque, a.] (Mus.) A comic operetta; a music farce. Byron.

Bur"li*ness (bûr"l*ns), n. Quality of being burly.

Bur"ly (bûr"l), a. [OE. burlich strong, excellent; perh. orig. fit for a lady's bower, hence handsome, manly, stout. Cf. Bower.] 1. Having a large, strong, or gross body; stout; lusty; -- now used chiefly of human beings, but formerly of animals, in the sense of stately or beautiful, and of inanimate things that were huge and bulky. "Burly sacks." Drayton.

> In his latter days, with overliberal diet, [he was] somewhat corpulent and burly.
> Sir T. More.

> Burly and big, and studious of his ease.
> Cowper.

2. Coarse and rough; boisterous.

> It was the orator's own burly way of nonsense.
> Cowley.

Bur"man (&?;), n.; pl. Burmans (&?;). ["The softened modern M'yan-ma, M'yan-ma [native name] is the source of the European corruption Burma." Balfour.], (Ethnol.) A member of the Burman family, one of the four great families Burmah; also, sometimes, any inhabitant of Burmah; a Burmese. -- a. Of or pertaining to the Burmans or to Burmah.

Bur" mar"i*gold (&?;). See Beggar's ticks.

Bur`mese" (&?;), a. Of or pertaining to Burmah, or its inhabitants. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or the natives of Burmah. Also (sing.), the language of the Burmans.

Burn (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burned (&?;) or Burnt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burning.] [OE. bernen, brennen, v. t., early confused with beornen, birnen, v. i., AS. bærnan, bernan, v. t., birnan, v. i.; akin to OS. brinnan, OFries. barna, berna, OHG. brinnan, brennan, G. brennen, OD. bernen, D. branden, Dan. brænde, Sw. bränna, brinna, Icel. brenna, Goth. brinnan, brannjan (in comp.), and possibly to E. fervent.] 1. To consume with fire; to reduce to ashes by the action of heat or fire; -- frequently intensified by up: as, to burn up wood. "We'll burn his body in the holy place." Shak.

2. To injure by fire or heat; to change destructively some property or properties of, by undue exposure to fire or heat; to scorch; to scald; to blister; to singe; to char; to sear; as, to burn steel in forging; to burn one's face in the sun; the sun burns the grass.

3. To perfect or improve by fire or heat; to submit to the action of fire or heat for some economic purpose; to destroy or change some property or properties of, by exposure to fire or heat in due degree for obtaining a desired residuum, product, or effect; to bake; as, to burn clay in making bricks or pottery; to burn wood so as to produce charcoal; to burn limestone for the lime.

4. To make or produce, as an effect or result, by the application of fire or heat; as, to burn a hole; to burn charcoal; to burn letters into a block.

5. To consume, injure, or change the condition of, as if by action of fire or heat; to affect as fire or heat does; as, to burn the mouth with pepper.

> This tyrant fever burns me up.
> Shak.

> This dry sorrow burns up all my tears.

Dryden.

> When the cold north wind bloweth, . . . it devoureth the mountains, and burneth the wilderness, and consumeth the grass as fire.
> Ecclus. xliii. 20, 21.

6. (Surg.) To apply a cautery to; to cauterize.

7. (Chem.) To cause to combine with oxygen or other active agent, with evolution of heat; to consume; to oxidize; as, a man burns a certain amount of carbon at each respiration; to burn iron in oxygen.

To burn, To burn together, as two surfaces of metal (Engin.), to fuse and unite them by pouring over them a quantity of the same metal in a liquid state. -- To burn a bowl (Game of Bowls), to displace it accidentally, the bowl so displaced being said to be burned. -- To burn daylight, to light candles before it is dark; to waste time; to perform superfluous actions. Shak. -- To burn one's fingers, to get one's self into unexpected trouble, as by interfering the concerns of others, speculation, etc. -- To burn out, to destroy or obliterate by burning. "Must you with hot irons burn out mine eyes?" Shak. -- To be burned out, to suffer loss by fire, as the burning of one's house, store, or shop, with the contents. -- To burn up, To burn down, to burn entirely.

Burn, v. i. 1. To be of fire; to flame. "The mount burned with fire." Deut. ix. 15.

2. To suffer from, or be scorched by, an excess of heat.

> Your meat doth burn, quoth I.
> Shak.

3. To have a condition, quality, appearance, sensation, or emotion, as if on fire or excessively heated; to act or rage with destructive violence; to be in a state of lively emotion or strong desire; as, the face burns; to burn with fever.

> Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way?
> Luke xxiv. 32.

> The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne,
> Burned on the water.
> Shak.

> Burning with high hope.
> Byron.

> The groan still deepens, and the combat burns.
> Pope.

> The parching air
> Burns frore, and cold performs the effect of fire.
> Milton.

4. (Chem.) To combine energetically, with evolution of heat; as, copper burns in chlorine.

5. In certain games, to approach near to a concealed object which is sought. [Colloq.]

To burn out, to burn till the fuel is exhausted. -- To burn up, To burn down, to be entirely consumed.

Burn, n. 1. A hurt, injury, or effect caused by fire or excessive or intense heat.

2. The operation or result of burning or baking, as in brickmaking; as, they have a good burn.

3. A disease in vegetables. See Brand, n., 6.

Burn, n. [See 1st Bourn.] A small stream. [Scot.]

Burn"a*ble (&?;), a. Combustible. Cotgrave.

Burned (&?;), p. p. & a. See Burnt.

Burned (&?;), p. p. Burnished. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Burn"er (&?;), n. 1. One who, or that which, burns or sets fire to anything.

2. The part of a lamp, gas fixture, etc., where the flame is produced.

Bunsen's burner (Chem.), a kind of burner, invented by Professor Bunsen of Heidelberg, consisting of a straight tube, four or five inches in length, having small holes for the entrance of air at the bottom. Illuminating gas being also admitted at the bottom, a mixture of gas and air is formed which burns at the top with a feebly luminous but intensely hot flame. -- Argand burner, Rose burner, etc. See under Argand, Rose, etc.

Bur"net (&?;), n. [OE. burnet burnet; also, brownish (the plant perh. being named from its color), fr. F. brunet, dim. of brun brown; cf. OF. brunete a sort of flower. See Brunette.] (Bot.) A genus of perennial herbs (Poterium); especially, P.Sanguisorba, the common, or garden, burnet.

Burnet moth (Zoöl.), in England, a handsome moth (Zygæna filipendula), with crimson spots on the wings. -- Burnet saxifrage. (Bot.) See Saxifrage. -- Canadian burnet, a marsh plant (Poterium Canadensis). -- Great burnet, Wild burnet, Poterium (or Sanguisorba) oficinalis.

Bur"nett*ize (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnettized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burnettizing.] (Manuf.) To subject (wood, fabrics, etc.) to a process of saturation in a solution of chloride of zinc, to prevent decay; -- a process invented by Sir William Burnett.

Burn"ie (&?;), n. [See 4th Burn.] A small brook. [Scot.] Burns.

Bur"nie*bee` (&?;), n. The ladybird. [Prov. Eng.]

Burn"ing, a. 1. That burns; being on fire; excessively hot; fiery.

2. Consuming; intense; inflaming; exciting; vehement; powerful; as, burning zeal.

> Like a young hound upon a burning scent.
> Dryden.

Burning bush (Bot.), an ornamental shrub (Euonymus atropurpureus), bearing a crimson berry.

Burn"ing, n. The act of consuming by fire or heat, or of subjecting to the effect of fire or heat; the state of being on fire or excessively heated.

Burning fluid, any volatile illuminating oil, as the lighter petroleums (naphtha, benzine), or oil of turpentine (camphine), but esp. a mixture of the latter with alcohol. -- Burning glass, a convex lens of considerable size, used for producing an intense heat by converging the sun's rays to a focus. -- Burning house (Metal.), the furnace in which tin ores are calcined, to sublime the sulphur and arsenic from the pyrites. Weale. -- Burning mirror, a concave mirror, or a combination of plane mirrors, used for the same purpose as a burning glass.

Syn. -- Combustion; fire; conflagration; flame; blaze.

Bur"nish (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Burnished (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burnishing.] [OE. burnischen, burnissen, burnen, OF. burnir, brunir, to make brown, polish, F. brunir, fr. F. brun brown, fr. OHG. br&?;n; cf. MHG. briunen to make brown, polish. See Brown, a.] To cause to shine; to make smooth and bright; to polish; specifically, to polish by rubbing with something hard and smooth; as, to burnish brass or paper.

> The frame of burnished steel, that east a glare
> From far, and seemed to thaw the freezing air.
> Dryden.

> Now the village windows blaze,
> Burnished by the setting sun.
> Cunningham.

Burnishing machine, a machine for smoothing and polishing by compression, as in making paper collars.

Bur"nish, v. i. To shine forth; to brighten; to become smooth and glossy, as from swelling or filling out; hence, to grow large.

> A slender poet must have time to grow,
> And spread and burnish as his brothers do.
> Dryden.

> My thoughts began to burnish, sprout, and swell.
> Herbert.

Bur"nish, n. The effect of burnishing; gloss; brightness; luster. Crashaw.

Bur"nish*er (&?;), n. 1. One who burnishes.

2. A tool with a hard, smooth, rounded end or surface, as of steel, ivory, or agate, used in smoothing or polishing by rubbing. It has a variety of forms adapted to special uses.

{ Bur"noose, Bur"nous } (&?;), n. [Ar. burnus a kind of high-crowned cap: cf. F. bournous, burnous, Sp. al-bornoz, a sort of upper garment, with a hood attached.] 1. A cloaklike garment and hood woven in one piece, worn by Arabs.

2. A combination cloak and hood worn by women. [Variously written bournous, bernouse, bornous, etc.]

Burn"stic`kle (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).

Burnt (&?;), p. p. & a. Consumed with, or as with, fire; scorched or dried, as with fire or heat; baked or hardened in the fire or the sun.

Burnt ear, a black, powdery fungus which destroys grain. See Smut. -- Burnt offering, something offered and burnt on an altar, as an atonement for sin; a sacrifice. The offerings of the Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, a calf, a goat, or a sheep; or some vegetable substance, as bread, or ears of wheat or barley. Called also burnt sacrifice. [2 Sam. xxiv. 22.]

Burr (&?;), n. [See Bur.] (Bot.) 1. A prickly seed vessel. See Bur, 1.

2. The thin edge or ridge left by a tool in cutting or shaping metal, as in turning, engraving, pressing, etc.; also, the rough neck left on a bullet in casting.

> The graver, in plowing furrows in the surface of the copper, raises corresponding ridges or burrs.
> Tomlinson.

3. A thin flat piece of metal, formed from a sheet by punching; a small washer put on the end of a rivet before it is swaged down.

4. A broad iron ring on a tilting lance just below the gripe, to prevent the hand from slipping.

5. The lobe or lap of the ear.

6. [Probably of imitative origin.] A guttural pronounciation of the letter r, produced by trilling the extremity of the soft palate against the back part of the tongue; rotacism; -- often called the Newcastle, Northumberland, or Tweedside, burr.

7. The knot at the bottom of an antler. See Bur, n., 8.

Burr (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burring.] To speak with burr; to make a hoarse or guttural murmur. Mrs. Browning.

Bur"rel (&?;), n. [Cf. OF. burel reddish (cf. Borel, n.), or F. beurré butter pear, fr. beurre butter. Cf. Butter.] A sort of pear, called also the red butter pear, from its smooth, delicious, soft pulp.

Bur"rel, n. Same as Borrel.

Bur"rel fly` (&?;). [From its reddish color. See 1st Burrel.] (Zoöl.) The botfly or gadfly of cattle (Hypoderma bovis). See Gadfly.

Bur"rel shot` (&?;). [Either from annoying the enemy like a burrel fly, or, less probably, fr. F. bourreler to sting, torture.] (Gun.) A mixture of shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, etc., fired from a cannon at short range, in an emergency. [R.]

Burr"ing ma*chine" (&?;). A machine for cleansing wool of burs, seeds, and other substances.

Burr" mill"stone` (&?;). See Buhrstone.

Bur"ro (&?;), n. [Sp., an ass.] (Zoöl.) A donkey. [Southern U.S.]

Bur"rock (&?;), n. [Perh. from AS. burg, burh, hill + -ock.] A small weir or dam in a river to direct the stream to gaps where fish traps are placed. Knight.

Bur"row (&?;), n. [See 1st Borough.] 1. An incorporated town. See 1st Borough.

2. A shelter; esp. a hole in the ground made by certain animals, as rabbits, for shelter and habitation.

3. (Mining) A heap or heaps of rubbish or refuse.

4. A mound. See 3d Barrow, and Camp, n., 5.

Bur"row, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burrowed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burrowing.] 1. To excavate a hole to lodge in, as in the earth; to lodge in a hole excavated in the earth, as conies or rabbits.

2. To lodge, or take refuge, in any deep or concealed place; to hide.

> Sir, this vermin of court reporters, when they are forced into day upon one point, are sure to burrow in another.
> Burke.

Burrowing owl (Zoöl.), a small owl of the western part of North America (Speotyto cunicularia), which lives in holes, often in company with the prairie dog.

Bur"row*er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, burrows; an animal that makes a hole under ground and lives in it.

Burr"stone`, n. See Buhrstone.

Burr"y (&?;), a. Abounding in burs, or containing burs; resembling burs; as, burry wool.

||Bur"sa (&?;), n.; pl. Bursæ (&?;). [L. See Burse.] (Anat.) Any sac or saclike cavity; especially, one of the synovial sacs, or small spaces, often lined with synovial membrane, interposed between tendons and bony prominences.

Bur"sal (&?;), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a bursa or to bursæ.

Bur"sar (&?;), n. [LL. bursarius, fr. bursa purse. See Burse, and cf. Purser.] 1. A treasurer, or cash keeper; a purser; as, the bursar of a college, or of a monastery.

2. A student to whom a stipend or bursary is paid for his complete or partial support.

Bur"sar*ship, n. The office of a bursar.

Bur"sa*ry (&?;), n.; pl. - ries (&?;). [LL. bursaria. See Bursar.] 1. The treasury of a college or monastery.

2. A scholarship or charitable foundation in a university, as in Scotland; a sum given to enable a student to pursue his studies. "No woman of rank or fortune but would have a bursary in her gift." Southey.

||Bursch (&?;), n.; pl. Burschen (&?;). [G., ultimately fr. LL. bursa. See Burse.] A youth; especially, a student in a german university.

Burse (&?;), n. [LL. bursa, or F. bourse. See Bourse, and cf. Bursch, Purse.] 1. A purse; also, a vesicle; a pod; a hull. [Obs.] Holland.

2. A fund or foundation for the maintenance of needy scholars in their studies; also, the sum given to the beneficiaries. [Scot.]

3. (Eccl.) An ornamental case of hold the corporal when not in use. Shipley.

4. An exchange, for merchants and bankers, in the cities of continental Europe. Same as Bourse.

5. A kind of bazaar. [Obs.]

> She says she went to the burse for patterns.
> Old Play.

Bur*sic"u*late (&?;), a. [See Burse.] (Bot.) Bursiform.

Bur"si*form (&?;), a. [LL. bursa purse + -form.] Shaped like a purse.

||Bur*si"tis (&?;), n. [NL., fr. E. bursa + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of a bursa.

Burst (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Burst; p. pr. & vb. n. Bursting. The past participle bursten is obsolete.] [OE. bersten, bresten, AS. berstan (pers. sing. berste, imp. sing. bærst, imp. pl. burston, p. p. borsten); akin to D. bersten, G. bersten, OHG. brestan, OS. brestan, Icel. bresta, Sw. brista, Dan. briste. Cf. Brast, Break.] 1. To fly apart or in pieces; of break open; to yield to force or pressure, especially to a sudden and violent exertion of force, or to pressure from within; to explode; as, the boiler had burst; the buds will burst in spring.

> From the egg that soon
> Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed
> Their callow young.
> Milton.

Often used figuratively, as of the heart, in reference to a surcharge of passion, grief, desire, etc.

> No, no, my heart will burst, an if I speak:
> And I will speak, that so my heart may burst.
> Shak.

2. To exert force or pressure by which something is made suddenly to give way; to break through obstacles or limitations; hence, to appear suddenly and unexpectedly or unaccountably, or to depart in such manner; -- usually with some qualifying adverb or preposition, as forth, out, away, into, upon, through, etc.

> Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth.
> Milton.

> And now you burst (ah cruel!) from my arms.
> Pope.

> A resolved villain
> Whose bowels suddenly burst out.
> Shak.

> We were the first that ever burst
> Into that silent sea.
> Coleridge.

> To burst upon him like an earthquake.
> Goldsmith.

<! p. 195 !>

Burst (bûrst), v. t. 1. To break or rend by violence, as by an overcharge or by strain or pressure, esp. from within; to force open suddenly; as, to burst a cannon; to burst a blood vessel; to burst open the doors.

> My breast I'll burst with straining of my courage.
> Shak.

2. To break. [Obs.]

> You will not pay for the glasses you have burst?
> Shak.

> He burst his lance against the sand below.
> Fairfax (Tasso).

3. To produce as an effect of bursting; as, to burst a hole through the wall.

Bursting charge. See under Charge.

Burst, n. 1. A sudden breaking forth; a violent rending; an explosion; as, a burst of thunder; a burst of applause; a burst of passion; a burst of inspiration.

> Bursts of fox-hunting melody.
> W. Irving.

2. Any brief, violent exertion or effort; a spurt; as, a burst of speed.

3. A sudden opening, as of landscape; a stretch; an expanse. [R.] "A fine burst of country." Jane Austen.

4. A rupture or hernia; a breach.

Burst"en (&?;), p. p. of Burst, v. i. [Obs.]

Burst"er (bûrst"r), n. One that bursts.

Burst"wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant (Herniaria glabra) supposed to be valuable for the cure of hernia or rupture.

Burt (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) See Birt. [Prov. Eng.]

Bur"then (&?;), n. & v. t. See Burden. [Archaic]

Bur"ton (&?;), n. [Cf. OE. & Prov. E. bort to press or indent anything.] (Naut.) A peculiar tackle, formed of two or more blocks, or pulleys, the weight being suspended to a hook block in the bight of the running part.

Bur"y (br"r), n. [See 1st Borough.] 1. A borough; a manor; as, the Bury of St. Edmond's; -- used as a termination of names of places; as, Canterbury, Shrewsbury.

2. A manor house; a castle. [Prov. Eng.]

> To this very day, the chief house of a manor, or the lord's seat, is called bury, in some parts of England.
> Miege.

Bur"y (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buried (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Burying (&?;).] [OE. burien, birien, berien, AS. byrgan; akin to beorgan to protect, OHG. bergan, G. bergen, Icel. bjarga, Sw. berga, Dan. bierge, Goth. baírgan. √95. Cf. Burrow.] 1. To cover out of sight, either by heaping something over, or by placing within something, as earth, etc.; to conceal by covering; to hide; as, to bury coals in ashes; to bury the face in the hands.

> And all their confidence
> Under the weight of mountains buried deep.
> Milton.

2. Specifically: To cover out of sight, as the body of a deceased person, in a grave, a tomb, or the ocean; to deposit (a corpse) in its resting place, with funeral ceremonies; to inter; to inhume.

> Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father.
> Matt. viii. 21.

> I'll bury thee in a triumphant grave.
> Shak.

3. To hide in oblivion; to put away finally; to abandon; as, to bury strife.

> Give me a bowl of wine
> In this I bury all unkindness, Cassius.
> Shak.

Burying beetle (Zoöl.), the general name of many species of beetles, of the tribe Necrophaga; the sexton beetle; -- so called from their habit of burying small dead animals by digging away the earth beneath them. The larvæ feed upon decaying flesh, and are useful scavengers. -- To bury the hatchet, to lay aside the instruments of war, and make peace; -- a phrase used in allusion to the custom observed by the North American Indians, of burying a tomahawk when they conclude a peace.

Syn. -- To intomb; inter; inhume; inurn; hide; cover; conceal; overwhelm; repress.

{ Bur"y*ing ground`, Bur"y*ing place }. The ground or place for burying the dead; burial place.

Bus (&?;), n. [Abbreviated from omnibus.] An omnibus. [Colloq.]

Bus"by (bz"b), n.; pl. Busbies (bz). (Mil.) A military headdress or cap, used in the British army. It is of fur, with a bag, of the same color as the facings of the regiment, hanging from the top over the right shoulder.

||Bus"con (&?;), n. [Sp., a searcher, fr. buscar to search.] One who searches for ores; a prospector. [U.S.]

Bush (&?;), n. [OE. bosch, busch, buysch, bosk, busk; akin to D. bosch, OHG. busc, G. busch, Icel. bskr, bski, Dan. busk, Sw. buske, and also to LL. boscus, buscus, Pr. bosc, It. bosco, Sp. & Pg. bosque, F. bois, OF. bos. Whether the LL. or G. form is the original is uncertain; if the LL., it is perh. from the same source as E. box a case. Cf. Ambush, Boscage, Bouquet, Box a case.] 1. A thicket, or place abounding in trees or shrubs; a wild forest.

This was the original sense of the word, as in the Dutch bosch, a wood, and was so used by Chaucer. In this sense it is extensively used in the British colonies, especially at the Cape of Good Hope, and also in Australia and Canada; as, to live or settle in the bush.

2. A shrub; esp., a shrub with branches rising from or near the root; a thick shrub or a cluster of shrubs.

> To bind a bush of thorns among sweet-smelling flowers.
> Gascoigne.

3. A shrub cut off, or a shrublike branch of a tree; as, bushes to support pea vines.

4. A shrub or branch, properly, a branch of ivy (as sacred to Bacchus), hung out at vintners' doors, or as a tavern sign; hence, a tavern sign, and symbolically, the tavern itself.

> If it be true that good wine needs no bush, 't is true that a good play needs no epilogue.
> Shak.

5. (Hunting) The tail, or brush, of a fox.

To beat about the bush, to approach anything in a round-about manner, instead of coming directly to it; -- a metaphor taken from hunting. -- Bush bean (Bot.), a variety of bean which is low and requires no support (Phaseolus vulgaris, variety nanus). See Bean, 1. -- Bush buck, or Bush goat (Zoöl.), a beautiful South African antelope (Tragelaphus sylvaticus); -- so called because found mainly in wooden localities. The name is also applied to other species. -- Bush cat (Zoöl.), the serval. See Serval. -- Bush chat (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Pratincola, of the Thrush family. -- Bush dog. (Zoöl.) See Potto. -- Bush hammer. See Bushhammer in the Vocabulary. -- Bush harrow (Agric.) See under Harrow. -- Bush hog (Zoöl.), a South African wild hog (Potamochœrus Africanus); -- called also bush pig, and water hog. -- Bush master (Zoöl.), a venomous snake (Lachesis mutus) of Guinea; -- called also surucucu. -- Bush pea (Bot.), a variety of pea that needs to be bushed. -- Bush shrike (Zoöl.), a bird of the genus Thamnophilus, and allied genera; -- called also batarg. Many species inhabit tropical America. -- Bush tit (Zoöl.), a small bird of the genus Psaltriparus, allied to the titmouse. P. minimus inhabits California.

Bush (&?;), v. i. To branch thickly in the manner of a bush. "The bushing alders." Pope.

Bush, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bushed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Bushing.] 1. To set bushes for; to support with bushes; as, to bush peas.

2. To use a bush harrow on (land), for covering seeds sown; to harrow with a bush; as, to bush a piece of land; to bush seeds into the ground.

Bush, n. [D. bus a box, akin to E. box; or F. boucher to plug.] 1. (Mech.) A lining for a hole to make it smaller; a thimble or ring of metal or wood inserted in a plate or other part of machinery to receive the wear of a pivot or arbor. Knight.

In the larger machines, such a piece is called a box, particularly in the United States.

2. (Gun.) A piece of copper, screwed into a gun, through which the venthole is bored. Farrow.

Bush, v. t. To furnish with a bush, or lining; as, to bush a pivot hole.

Bush"boy (&?;), n. See Bushman.

Bush"el (&?;), n. [OE. buschel, boischel, OF. boissel, bussel, boistel, F. boisseau, LL. bustellus; dim. of bustia, buxida (OF. boiste), fr. pyxida, acc. of L. pyxis box, Gr. &?;. Cf. Box.] 1. A dry measure, containing four pecks, eight gallons, or thirty-two quarts.

The Winchester bushel, formerly used in England, contained 2150.42 cubic inches, being the volume of a cylinder 18½ inches in internal diameter and eight inches in depth. The standard bushel measures, prepared by the United States Government and distributed to the States, hold each 77.6274 pounds of distilled water, at 39.8° Fahr. and 30 inches atmospheric pressure, being the equivalent of the Winchester bushel. The imperial bushel now in use in England is larger than the Winchester bushel, containing 2218.2 cubic inches, or 80 pounds of water at 62° Fahr.

2. A vessel of the capacity of a bushel, used in measuring; a bushel measure.

> Is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed, and not to be set on a candlestick?
> Mark iv. 21.

3. A quantity that fills a bushel measure; as, a heap containing ten bushels of apples.

In the United States a large number of articles, bought and sold by the bushel, are measured by weighing, the number of pounds that make a bushel being determined by State law or by local custom. For some articles, as apples, potatoes, etc., heaped measure is required in measuring a bushel.

4. A large indefinite quantity. [Colloq.]

> The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pictures with bushels of gold, without counting the weight or the number of the pieces.
> Dryden.

5. The iron lining in the nave of a wheel. [Eng.] In the United States it is called a box. See 4th Bush.

Bush"el*age (&?;), n. A duty payable on commodities by the bushel. [Eng.]

Bush"el*man (&?;), n. A tailor's assistant for repairing garments; -- called also busheler. [Local, U.S.]

Bush"et (&?;), n. [See Bosket.] A small bush.

Bush"fight`er (&?;), n. One accustomed to bushfighting. Parkman.

Bush"fight`ing (&?;), n. Fighting in the bush, or from behind bushes, trees, or thickets.

Bush"ham`mer (&?;), n. A hammer with a head formed of a bundle of square bars, with pyramidal points, arranged in rows, or a solid head with a face cut into a number of rows of such points; -- used for dressing stone.

Bush"ham`mer, v. t. To dress with bushhammer; as, to bushhammer a block of granite.

Bush"i*ness (&?;), n. The condition or quality of being bushy.

Bush"ing, n. [See 4th Bush.] 1. The operation of fitting bushes, or linings, into holes or places where wear is to be received, or friction diminished, as pivot holes, etc.

2. (Mech.) A bush or lining; -- sometimes called a thimble. See 4th Bush.

Bush"less (&?;), a. Free from bushes; bare.

> O'er the long backs of the bushless downs.
> Tennyson.

Bush"man (&?;), n.; pl. Bushmen (&?;). [Cf. D. boschman, boschjesman. See 1st Bush.] 1. A woodsman; a settler in the bush.

2. (Ethnol.) One of a race of South African nomads, living principally in the deserts, and not classified as allied in race or language to any other people.

Bush"ment (&?;), n. [OE. busshement ambush, fr. bush.] 1. A thicket; a cluster of bushes. [Obs.] Raleigh.

2. An ambuscade. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Bush"ran`ger (&?;), n. One who roams, or hides, among the bushes; especially, in Australia, an escaped criminal living in the bush.

Bush"whack`er (&?;), n. 1. One accustomed to beat about, or travel through, bushes. [U.S.]

> They were gallant bushwhackers, and hunters of raccoons by moonlight.
> W. Irving.

2. A guerrilla; a marauding assassin; one who pretends to be a peaceful citizen, but secretly harasses a hostile force or its sympathizers. [U.S.] Farrow.

Bush"whack`ing, n. 1. Traveling, or working a way, through bushes; pulling by the bushes, as in hauling a boat along the bushy margin of a stream. [U.S.] T. Flint.

2. The crimes or warfare of bushwhackers. [U.S.]

Bush"y (&?;), a. [From 1st Bush.] 1. Thick and spreading, like a bush. "Bushy eyebrows." Irving.

2. Full of bushes; overgrowing with shrubs.

> Dingle, or bushy dell, of this wild wood.
> Milton.

Bus"i*ly (&?;), adv. In a busy manner.

Busi"ness (&?;), n.; pl. Businesses (&?;). [From Busy.] 1. That which busies one, or that which engages the time, attention, or labor of any one, as his principal concern or interest, whether for a longer or shorter time; constant employment; regular occupation; as, the business of life; business before pleasure.

> Wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business?
> Luke ii. 49.

2. Any particular occupation or employment engaged in for livelihood or gain, as agriculture, trade, art, or a profession. "The business of instruction." Prescott.

3. Financial dealings; buying and selling; traffic in general; mercantile transactions.

> It seldom happens that men of a studious turn acquire any degree of reputation for their knowledge of business.
> Bp. Popteus.

4. That which one has to do or should do; special service, duty, or mission.

> The daughter of the King of France,
> On serious business, craving quick despatch,
> Importunes personal conference.
> Shak.

> What business has the tortoise among the clouds?
> L'Estrange.

5. Affair; concern; matter; -- used in an indefinite sense, and modified by the connected words.

> It was a gentle business, and becoming
> The action of good women.
> Shak.

> Bestow
> Your needful counsel to our business.
> Shak.

6. (Drama) The position, distribution, and order of persons and properties on the stage of a theater, as determined by the stage manager in rehearsal.

7. Care; anxiety; diligence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

To do one's business, to ruin one. [Colloq.] Wycherley. -- To make (a thing) one's business, to occupy one's self with a thing as a special charge or duty. [Colloq.] -- To mean business, to be earnest. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- Affairs; concern; transaction; matter; engagement; employment; calling; occupation; trade; profession; vocation; office; duty.

Busi"ness*like` (&?;), a. In the manner of one transacting business wisely and by right methods.

Busk (bsk), n. [F. busc, perh. fr. the hypothetical older form of E. bois wood, because the first busks were made of wood. See Bush, and cf. OF. busche, F. bûche, a piece or log of wood, fr. the same root.] A thin, elastic strip of metal, whalebone, wood, or other material, worn in the front of a corset.

> Her long slit sleeves, stiff busk, puff verdingall,
> Is all that makes her thus angelical.
> Marston.

Busk, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Busked (bskt).] [OE. busken, fr. Icel. bask to make one's self ready, rexlexive of ba to prepare, dwell. Cf. 8th Bound.] 1. To prepare; to make ready; to array; to dress. [Scot. & Old Eng.]

> Busk you, busk you, my bonny, bonny bride.
> Hamilton.

2. To go; to direct one's course. [Obs.]

> Ye might have busked you to Huntly banks.
> Skelton.

Busked (&?;), a. Wearing a busk. Pollok.

Bus"ket (&?;), n. [See Bosket, Bouquet.] 1. A small bush; also, a sprig or bouquet. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A part of a garden devoted to shrubs. [R.]

Bus"kin (&?;), n. [Prob. from OF. brossequin, or D. broosken. See Brodekin.] 1. A strong, protecting covering for the foot, coming some distance up the leg.

> The hunted red deer's undressed hide
> Their hairy buskins well supplied.
> Sir W. Scott.

2. A similar covering for the foot and leg, made with very thick soles, to give an appearance of elevation to the stature; - - worn by tragic actors in ancient Greece and Rome. Used as a symbol of tragedy, or the tragic drama, as distinguished from comedy.

> Great Fletcher never treads in buskins here,
> No greater Jonson dares in socks appear.
> Dryden.

Bus"kined (&?;), a. 1. Wearing buskins.

> Her buskined virgins traced the dewy lawn.
> Pope.

2. Trodden by buskins; pertaining to tragedy. "The buskined stage." Milton.

Bus"ky (&?;), a. See Bosky, and 1st Bush, n. Shak.

Buss (&?;), n. [OE. basse, fr. L. basium; cf. G. bus (Luther), Prov. G. busserl, dim. of bus kiss, bussen to kiss, Sw. puss kiss, pussa to kiss, W. & Gael. bus lip, mouth.] A kiss; a rude or playful kiss; a smack. Shak.

<! p. 196 !>

Buss (bs), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bussed (bst); p. pr. & vb. n. Bussing.] To kiss; esp. to kiss with a smack, or rudely. "Nor bussed the milking maid." Tennyson.

> Kissing and bussing differ both in this,
> We buss our wantons, but our wives we kiss.
> Herrick.

Buss, n. [Cf. OF. busse, Pr. bus, LL. bussa, busa, G. büse, D. buis.] (Naut.) A small strong vessel with two masts and two cabins; -- used in the herring fishery.

> The Dutch whalers and herring busses.
> Macaulay.

Bust (bst), n. [F. buste, fr. It. busto; cf. LL. busta, bustula, box, of the same origin as E. box a case; cf., for the change of meaning, E. chest. See Bushel.] 1. A piece of sculpture representing the upper part of the human figure, including the head, shoulders, and breast.

> Ambition sighed: she found it vain to trust
> The faithless column, and the crumbling bust.
> Pope.

2. The portion of the human figure included between the head and waist, whether in statuary or in the person; the chest or thorax; the upper part of the trunk of the body.

Bus"tard (bs"trd), n. [OF. & Prov. F. bistarde, F. outarde, from L. avis tarda, lit., slow bird. Plin. 10, 22; "proximæ iis sunt, quas Hispania aves tardas appellat, Græcia 'wti`das."] (Zoöl.) A bird of the genus Otis.

The great or bearded bustard (Otis tarda) is the largest game bird in Europe. It inhabits the temperate regions of Europe and Asia, and was formerly common in Great Britain. The little bustard (O. tetrax) inhabits eastern Europe and Morocco. Many other species are known in Asia and Africa.

Bus"ter (bs"tr), n. Something huge; a roistering blade; also, a spree. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Bus"tle (bs"s'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Bustled (-s'ld); p. pr. & vb.n. Bustling (-slng).] [Cf. OE. buskle, perh. fr. AS. bysig busy, bysg-ian to busy + the verbal termination -le; or Icel. bustla to splash, bustle.] To move noisily; to be rudely active; to move in a way to cause agitation or disturbance; as, to bustle through a crowd.

> And leave the world for me to bustle in.
> Shak.

Bus"tle, n. Great stir; agitation; tumult from stirring or excitement.

> A strange bustle and disturbance in the world.
> South.

Bus"tle, n. A kind of pad or cushion worn on the back below the waist, by women, to give fullness to the skirts; -- called also bishop, and tournure.

Bus"tler (bs"slr), n. An active, stirring person.

Bus"tling (bs"slng), a. Agitated; noisy; tumultuous; characterized by confused activity; as, a bustling crowd. "A bustling wharf." Hawthorne.

||Bus"to (&?;), n.; pl. Bustoes (&?;). [It.] A bust; a statue.

> With some antick bustoes in the niches.
> Ashmole.

Bus"y (bz"z), a. [OE. busi, bisi, AS. bysig; akin to D. bezig, LG. besig; cf. Skr. bhsh to be active, busy.] 1. Engaged in some business; hard at work (either habitually or only for the time being); occupied with serious affairs; not idle nor at leisure; as, a busy merchant.

> Sir, my mistress sends you word
> That she is busy, and she can not come.
> Shak.

2. Constantly at work; diligent; active.

> Busy hammers closing rivets up.
> Shak.

> Religious motives . . . are so busy in the heart.
> Addison.

3. Crowded with business or activities; -- said of places and times; as, a busy street.

> To-morrow is a busy day.
> Shak.

4. Officious; meddling; foolish active.

> On meddling monkey, or on busy ape.
> Shak.

5. Careful; anxious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- Diligent; industrious; assiduous; active; occupied; engaged.

Bus"y (bz"z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Busied (bz"zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Busying.] [AS. bysgian.] To make or keep busy; to employ; to engage or keep engaged; to occupy; as, to busy one's self with books.

> Be it thy course to busy giddy minds
> With foreign quarrels.
> Shak.

Bus"y*bod`y (-bd`), n.; pl. Busybodies (-bd`z). One who officiously concerns himself with the affairs of others; a meddling person.

> And not only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking things which they ought not.
> 1 Tim. v. 13.

But (bt), prep., adv. & conj. [OE. bute, buten, AS. btan, without, on the outside, except, besides; pref. be- + tan outward, without, fr. t out. Primarily, btan, as well as t, is an adverb. √198. See By, Out; cf. About.] 1. Except with; unless with; without. [Obs.]

> So insolent that he could not go but either spurning equals or trampling on his inferiors.
> Fuller.

> Touch not the cat but a glove.
> Motto of the Mackintoshes.

2. Except; besides; save.

> Who can it be, ye gods! but perjured Lycon?
> E. Smith.

In this sense, but is often used with other particles; as, but for, without, had it not been for. "Uncreated but for love divine." Young.

3. Excepting or excluding the fact that; save that; were it not that; unless; -- elliptical, for but that.

> And but my noble Moor is true of mind . . . it were enough to put him to ill thinking.
> Shak.

4. Otherwise than that; that not; -- commonly, after a negative, with that.

> It cannot be but nature hath some director, of infinite power, to guide her in all her ways.
> Hooker.

> There is no question but the king of Spain will reform most of the abuses.
> Addison.

5. Only; solely; merely.

> Observe but how their own principles combat one another.
> Milton.

> If they kill us, we shall but die.
> 2 Kings vii. 4.

> A formidable man but to his friends.
> Dryden.

6. On the contrary; on the other hand; only; yet; still; however; nevertheless; more; further; -- as connective of sentences or clauses of a sentence, in a sense more or less exceptive or adversative; as, the House of Representatives passed the bill, but the Senate dissented; our wants are many, but quite of another kind.

> Now abideth faith hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity.
> 1 Cor. xiii. 13.

> When pride cometh, then cometh shame; but with the lowly is wisdom.
> Prov. xi. 2.

All but. See under All. -- But and if, but if; an attempt on the part of King James's translators of the Bible to express the conjunctive and adversative force of the Greek &?;.

> But and if that servant say in his heart, My lord delayeth his coming; . . . the lord of that servant will come in a day when he looketh not for him.
> Luke xii. 45, 46.

But if, unless. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> But this I read, that but if remedy
> Thou her afford, full shortly I her dead shall see.
> Spenser.

Syn. -- But, However, Still. These conjunctions mark opposition in passing from one thought or topic to another. But marks the opposition with a medium degree of strength; as, this is not winter, but it is almost as cold; he requested my assistance, but I shall not aid him at present. However is weaker, and throws the opposition (as it were) into the background; as, this is not winter; it is, however, almost as cold; he required my assistance; at present, however, I shall not afford him aid. The plan, however, is still under consideration, and may yet be adopted. Still is stronger than but, and marks the opposition more emphatically; as, your arguments are weighty; still they do not convince me. See Except, However.

"The chief error with but is to use it where and is enough; an error springing from the tendency to use strong words without sufficient occasion." Bain.

But (&?;), n. [Cf. But, prep., adv. & conj.] The outer apartment or kitchen of a two-roomed house; -- opposed to ben, the inner room. [Scot.]

But, n. [See 1st But.] 1. A limit; a boundary.

2. The end; esp. the larger or thicker end, or the blunt, in distinction from the sharp, end. See 1st Butt.

But end, the larger or thicker end; as, the but end of a log; the but end of a musket. See Butt, n.

But, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n. Butting.] See Butt, v., and Abut, v.

Bu"tane (&?;), n. [L. butyrum butter. See Butter.] (Chem.) An inflammable gaseous hydrocarbon, C4H10, of the marsh gas, or paraffin, series.

Butch"er (&?;), n. [OE. bochere, bochier, OF. bochier, F. boucher, orig., slaughterer of buck goats, fr. OF. boc, F. bouc, a buck goat; of German or Celtic origin. See Buck the animal.] 1. One who slaughters animals, or dresses their flesh for market; one whose occupation it is to kill animals for food.

2. A slaughterer; one who kills in large numbers, or with unusual cruelty; one who causes needless loss of life, as in battle. "Butcher of an innocent child." Shak.

Butcher bird (Zoöl.), a species of shrike of the genus Lanius.

The Lanius excubitor is the common butcher bird of Europe. In England, the bearded tit is sometimes called the lesser butcher bird. The American species are L.borealis, or northern butcher bird, and L. Ludovicianus or loggerhead shrike. The name butcher bird is derived from its habit of suspending its prey impaled upon thorns, after killing it.

Butcher's meat, such flesh of animals slaughtered for food as is sold for that purpose by butchers, as beef, mutton, lamb, and pork.

Butch"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Butchered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Butchering.] 1. To kill or slaughter (animals) for food, or for market; as, to butcher hogs.

2. To murder, or kill, especially in an unusually bloody or barbarous manner. Macaulay.

> [Ithocles] was murdered, rather butchered.
> Ford.

Butch"er*ing, n. 1. The business of a butcher.

2. The act of slaughtering; the act of killing cruelly and needlessly.

> That dreadful butchering of one another.
> Addison.

Butch"er*li*ness (&?;), n. Butchery quality.

Butch"er*ly, a. Like a butcher; without compunction; savage; bloody; inhuman; fell. "The victim of a butcherly murder." D. Webster.

> What stratagems, how fell, how butcherly,
> This deadly quarrel daily doth beget!
> Shak.

Butch"er's broom` (&?;). (Bot.) A genus of plants (Ruscus); esp. R. aculeatus, which has large red berries and leaflike branches. See Cladophyll.

Butch"er*y (&?;), n. [OE. bocherie shambles, fr. F. boucherie. See Butcher, n.] 1. The business of a butcher. [Obs.]

2. Murder or manslaughter, esp. when committed with unusual barbarity; great or cruel slaughter. Shak.

> The perpetration of human butchery.
> Prescott.

3. A slaughterhouse; the shambles; a place where blood is shed. [Obs.]

> Like as an ox is hanged in the butchery.
> Fabyan.

Syn. -- Murder; slaughter; carnage. See Massacre.

But"ler (&?;), n. [OE. boteler, F. bouteillier a bottle-bearer, a cupbearer, fr. LL. buticularius, fr. buticula bottle. See Bottle a hollow vessel.] An officer in a king's or a nobleman's household, whose principal business it is to take charge of the liquors, plate, etc.; the head servant in a large house.

> The butler and the baker of the king of Egypt.
> Gen. xl. 5.

> Your wine locked up, your butler strolled abroad.
> Pope.

But"ler*age (&?;), n. (O. Eng. Law) A duty of two shillings on every tun of wine imported into England by merchant strangers; -- so called because paid to the king's butler for the king. Blackstone.

But"ler*ship, n. The office of a butler.

But"ment (&?;), n. [Abbreviation of Abutment.] 1. (Arch.) A buttress of an arch; the supporter, or that part which joins it to the upright pier.

2. (Masonry) The mass of stone or solid work at the end of a bridge, by which the extreme arches are sustained, or by which the end of a bridge without arches is supported.

Butment cheek (Carp.), the part of a mortised timber surrounding the mortise, and against which the shoulders of the tenon bear. Knight.

{ Butt, But } (&?;), n. [F. but butt, aim (cf. butte knoll), or bout, OF. bot, end, extremity, fr. boter, buter, to push, butt, strike, F. bouter; of German origin; cf. OHG. bzan, akin to E. beat. See Beat, v. t.] 1. A limit; a bound; a goal; the extreme bound; the end.

> Here is my journey's end, here my butt
> And very sea mark of my utmost sail.
> Shak.

As applied to land, the word is nearly synonymous with mete, and signifies properly the end line or boundary; the abuttal.

2. The thicker end of anything. See But.

3. A mark to be shot at; a target. Sir W. Scott.

> The groom his fellow groom at butts defies,
> And bends his bow, and levels with his eyes.
> Dryden.

4. A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed; as, the butt of the company.

> I played a sentence or two at my butt, which I thought very smart.
> Addison.

5. A push, thrust, or sudden blow, given by the head of an animal; as, the butt of a ram.

6. A thrust in fencing.

> To prove who gave the fairer butt,
> John shows the chalk on Robert's coat.
> Prior.

7. A piece of land left unplowed at the end of a field.

> The hay was growing upon headlands and butts in cornfields.
> Burrill.

8. (Mech.) (a) A joint where the ends of two objects come squarely together without scarfing or chamfering; -- also called butt joint. (b) The end of a connecting rod or other like piece, to which the boxing is attached by the strap, cotter, and gib. (c) The portion of a half-coupling fastened to the end of a hose.

9. (Shipbuilding) The joint where two planks in a strake meet.

10. (Carp.) A kind of hinge used in hanging doors, etc.; -- so named because fastened on the edge of the door, which butts against the casing, instead of on its face, like the strap hinge; also called butt hinge.

11. (Leather Trade) The thickest and stoutest part of tanned oxhides, used for soles of boots, harness, trunks.

12. The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice.

Butt chain (Saddlery), a short chain attached to the end of a tug. -- Butt end. The thicker end of anything. See But end, under 2d But.

> Amen; and make me die a good old man!
> That's the butt end of a mother's blessing.
> Shak.

A butt's length, the ordinary distance from the place of shooting to the butt, or mark. -- Butts and bounds (Conveyancing), abuttals and boundaries. In lands of the ordinary rectangular shape, butts are the lines at the ends (F. bouts), and bounds are those on the sides, or sidings, as they were formerly termed. Burrill. -- Bead and butt. See under Bead. -- Butt and butt, joining end to end without overlapping, as planks. -- Butt weld (Mech.), a butt joint, made by welding together the flat ends, or edges, of a piece of iron or steel, or of separate pieces, without having them overlap. See Weld. -- Full butt, headfirst with full force. [Colloq.] "The corporal . . . ran full butt at the lieutenant." Marryat.

Butt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Butted; p. pr. & vb. n. Butting.] [OE. butten, OF. boter to push, F. bouter. See Butt an end, and cf. Boutade.] 1. To join at the butt, end, or outward extremity; to terminate; to be bounded; to abut. [Written also but.]

> And Barnsdale there doth butt on Don's well-watered ground.
> Drayton.

2. To thrust the head forward; to strike by thrusting the head forward, as an ox or a ram. [See Butt, n.]

> A snow-white steer before thine altar led,
> Butts with his threatening brows.
> Dryden.

Butt, v. t. To strike by thrusting the head against; to strike with the head.

> Two harmless lambs are butting one the other.
> Sir H. Wotton.

Butt, n. [F. botte, boute, LL. butta. Cf. Bottle a hollow vessel.] A large cask or vessel for wine or beer. It contains two hogsheads.

A wine butt contains 126 wine gallons (= 105 imperial gallons, nearly); a beer butt 108 ale gallons (= about 110 imperial gallons).

Butt, n. (Zoöl.) The common English flounder.

||Butte (&?;), n. [F. See Butt a bound.] A detached low mountain, or high rising abruptly from the general level of the surrounding plain; -- applied to peculiar elevations in the Rocky Mountain region.

> The creek . . . passes by two remarkable buttes of red conglomerate.
> Ruxton.

<! p. 197 !>

But"ter (bt"tr), n. [OE. botere, butter, AS. butere, fr. L. butyrum, Gr. boy`tyron; either fr. boy`s ox, cow + tyro`s cheese; or, perhaps, of Scythian origin. Cf. Cow.] 1. An oily, unctuous substance obtained from cream or milk by churning.

2. Any substance resembling butter in degree of consistence, or other qualities, especially, in old chemistry, the chlorides, as butter of antimony, sesquichloride of antimony; also, certain concrete fat oils remaining nearly solid at ordinary temperatures, as butter of cacao, vegetable butter, shea butter.

Butter and eggs (Bot.), a name given to several plants having flowers of two shades of yellow, as Narcissus incomparabilis, and in the United States to the toadflax (Linaria vulgaris). -- Butter boat, a small vessel for holding melted butter at table. -- Butter flower, the buttercup, a yellow flower. -- Butter print, a piece of carved wood used to mark pats of butter; -- called also butter stamp. Locke. -- Butter tooth, either of the two middle incisors of the upper jaw. -- Butter tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Bassia, the seeds of which yield a substance closely resembling butter. The butter tree of India is the B. butyracea; that of Africa is the Shea tree (B. Parkii). See Shea tree. -- Butter trier, a tool used in sampling butter. -- Butter wife, a woman who makes or sells butter; -- called also butter woman. [Obs. or Archaic]

But"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttered (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Buttering.] 1. To cover or spread with butter.

> I know what's what. I know on which side
> My bread is buttered.
> Ford.

2. To increase, as stakes, at every throw or every game. [Cant] Johnson.

Butt"er (&?;), n. One who, or that which, butts.

But"ter*ball` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck.

But"ter*bird` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The rice bunting or bobolink; -- so called in the island of Jamaica.

But"ter*bump` (&?;), n. [OE. buttur the bittern + 5th bump.] (Zoöl.) The European bittern. Johnson.

But"ter*bur` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A broad-leaved plant (Petasites vulgaris) of the Composite family, said to have been used in England for wrapping up pats of butter.

But"ter*cup` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ranunculus, or crowfoot, particularly R. bulbosus, with bright yellow flowers; -- called also butterflower, golden cup, and kingcup. It is the cuckoobud of Shakespeare.

But"ter-fin`gered (&?;), a. Apt to let things fall, or to let them slip away; slippery; careless.

But"ter*fish` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) A name given to several different fishes, in allusion to their slippery coating of mucus, as the Stromateus triacanthus of the Atlantic coast, the Epinephelus punctatus of the southern coast, the rock eel, and the kelpfish of New Zealand.

But"ter*fly` (&?;), n.; pl. Butterflies (&?;). [Perh. from the color of a yellow species. AS. buter-flge, buttor-fleóge; cf. G. butterfliege, D. botervlieg. See Butter, and Fly.] (Zoöl.) A general name for the numerous species of diurnal Lepidoptera. [See Illust. under Aphrodite.]

Asclepias butterfly. See under Asclepias. -- Butterfly fish (Zoöl.), the ocellated blenny (Blennius ocellaris) of Europe. See Blenny. The term is also applied to the flying gurnard. -- Butterfly shell (Zoöl.), a shell of the genus Voluta. -- Butterfly valve (Mech.), a kind of double clack valve, consisting of two semicircular clappers or wings hinged to a cross rib in the pump bucket. When open it somewhat resembles a butterfly in shape.

But"ter*ine (&?;), n. A substance prepared from animal fat with some other ingredients intermixed, as an imitation of butter.

> The manufacturers ship large quantities of oleomargarine to England, Holland, and other countries, to be manufactured into butter, which is sold as butterine or suine.
> Johnson's Cyc.

But"ter*is (&?;), n. [The same word as buttress, noun, in a different application, F. bouter to push.] (Far.) A steel cutting instrument, with a long bent shank set in a handle which rests against the shoulder of the operator. It is operated by a thrust movement, and used in paring the hoofs of horses.

But"ter*man` (&?;), n.; pl. Buttermen (&?;). A man who makes or sells butter.

But"ter*milk` (&?;), n. The milk that remains after the butter is separated from the cream.

But"ter*nut` (&?;), n. 1. (Bot.) An American tree (Juglans cinerea) of the Walnut family, and its edible fruit; -- so called from the oil contained in the latter. Sometimes called oil nut and white walnut.

2. (Bot.) The nut of the Caryocar butyrosum and C. nuciferum, of S. America; -- called also Souari nut.

But"ter-scotch` (&?;), n. A kind of candy, mainly composed of sugar and butter. [Colloq.] Dickens.

But"ter*weed` (&?;), n. (Bot.) An annual composite plant of the Mississippi valley (Senecio lobatus).

But"ter*weight` (&?;), n. Over weight. Swift.

Formerly it was a custom to give 18 ounces of butter for a pound.

But"ter*wort` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A genus of low herbs (Pinguicula) having simple leaves which secrete from their glandular upper surface a viscid fluid, to which insects adhere, after which the margin infolds and the insects are digested by the plant. The species are found mostly in the North Temperate zone.

But"ter*y (&?;), a. Having the qualities, consistence, or appearance, of butter.

But"ter*y, n.; pl. Butteries (&?;). [OE. botery, botry; cf. LL. botaria wine vessel; also OE. botelerie, fr. F. bouteillerie, fr. boutellie bottle. Not derived from butter. See Bottle a hollow vessel, Butt a cask.] 1. An apartment in a house where butter, milk and other provisions are kept.

> All that need a cool and fresh temper, as cellars, pantries, and butteries, to the north.
> Sir H. Wotton.

2. A room in some English colleges where liquors, fruit, and refreshments are kept for sale to the students.

> And the major Oxford kept the buttery bar.
> E. Hall.

3. A cellar in which butts of wine are kept. Weale.

Buttery hatch, a half door between the buttery or kitchen and the hall, in old mansions, over which provisions were passed. Wright.

Butt" hinge` (&?;). See 1st Butt, 10.

But"-thorn` (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The common European starfish (Asterias rubens).

But"ting (&?;), n. An abuttal; a boundary.

> Without buttings or boundings on any side.
> Bp. Beveridge.

But"ting joint`. A joint between two pieces of timber or wood, at the end of one or both, and either at right angles or oblique to the grain, as the joints which the struts and braces form with the truss posts; -- sometimes called abutting joint.

Butt" joint` (&?;). A joint in which the edges or ends of the pieces united come squarely together instead of overlapping. See 1st Butt, 8.

But"tock (&?;), n. [From Butt an end.] 1. The part at the back of the hip, which, in man, forms one of the rounded protuberances on which he sits; the rump.

2. (Naut.) The convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. Mar. Dict.

But"ton (&?;), n. [OE. boton, botoun, F. bouton button, bud, prop. something pushing out, fr. bouter to push. See Butt an end.] 1. A knob; a small ball; a small, roundish mass.

2. A catch, of various forms and materials, used to fasten together the different parts of dress, by being attached to one part, and passing through a slit, called a buttonhole, in the other; -- used also for ornament.

3. A bud; a germ of a plant. Shak.

4. A piece of wood or metal, usually flat and elongated, turning on a nail or screw, to fasten something, as a door.

5. A globule of metal remaining on an assay cupel or in a crucible, after fusion.

Button hook, a hook for catching a button and drawing it through a buttonhole, as in buttoning boots and gloves. -- Button shell (Zoöl.), a small, univalve marine shell of the genus Rotella. -- Button snakeroot. (Bot.) (a) The American composite genus Liatris, having rounded buttonlike heads of flowers. (b) An American umbelliferous plant with rigid, narrow leaves, and flowers in dense heads. -- Button tree (Bot.), a genus of trees (Conocarpus), furnishing durable timber, mostly natives of the West Indies. -- To hold by the button, to detain in conversation to weariness; to bore; to buttonhole.

But"ton, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttoned (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Buttoning (&?;).] [OE. botonen, OF. botoner, F. boutonner. See Button, n.] 1. To fasten with a button or buttons; to inclose or make secure with buttons; -- often followed by up.

> He was a tall, fat, long-bodied man, buttoned up to the throat in a tight green coat.
> Dickens.

2. To dress or clothe. [Obs.] Shak.

But"ton, v. i. To be fastened by a button or buttons; as, the coat will not button.

But"ton*ball` (&?;), n. (Bot.) See Buttonwood.

But"ton*bush` (&?;), n. (Bot.) A shrub (Cephalanthus occidentalis) growing by the waterside; -- so called from its globular head of flowers. See Capitulum.

But"ton*hole` (&?;), n. The hole or loop in which a button is caught.

But"ton*hole`, v. t. To hold at the button or buttonhole; to detain in conversation to weariness; to bore; as, he buttonholed me a quarter of an hour.

But"ton*mold` (&?;), n. A disk of bone, wood, or other material, which is made into a button by covering it with cloth. [Written also buttonmould.]

Fossil buttonmolds, joints of encrinites. See Encrinite.

But"tons (&?;), n. A boy servant, or page, -- in allusion to the buttons on his livery. [Colloq.] Dickens.

But"ton*weed` (&?;), n. (Bot.) The name of several plants of the genera Spermacoce and Diodia, of the Madder family.

But"ton*wood` (&?;), n. (Bot.) The Platanus occidentalis, or American plane tree, a large tree, producing rough balls, from which it is named; -- called also buttonball tree, and, in some parts of the United States, sycamore. The California buttonwood is P. racemosa.

But"ton*y (&?;), a. Ornamented with a large number of buttons. "The buttony boy." Thackeray. "My coat so blue and buttony." W. S. Gilbert.

But"tress (&?;), n. [OE. butrasse, boterace, fr. F. bouter to push; cf. OF. bouteret (nom. sing. and acc. pl. bouterez) buttress. See Butt an end, and cf. Butteris.] 1. (Arch.) A projecting mass of masonry, used for resisting the thrust of an arch, or for ornament and symmetry.

When an external projection is used merely to stiffen a wall, it is a pier.

2. Anything which supports or strengthens. "The ground pillar and buttress of the good old cause of nonconformity." South.

Flying buttress. See Flying buttress.

But"tress (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Buttressed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Buttressing.] To support with a buttress; to prop; to brace firmly.

> To set it upright again, and to prop and buttress it up for duration.
> Burke.

Butt" shaft` (&?;) An arrow without a barb, for shooting at butts; an arrow. [Also but shaft.] Shak.

Butt" weld` (&?;). See Butt weld, under Butt.

Butt"weld`, v. t. To unite by a butt weld.

But"ty (&?;), n. (Mining) One who mines by contract, at so much per ton of coal or ore.

Bu"tyl (&?;), n. [L. butyrum butter + -yl. See Butter.] (Chem.) A compound radical, regarded as butane, less one atom of hydrogen.

Bu"ty*lene (&?;), n. [From Butyl.] (Chem.) Any one of three metameric hydrocarbons, C4H8, of the ethylene series. They are gaseous or easily liquefiable.

Bu`ty*ra"ceous (&?;), a. [L. butyrum butter. See Butter.] Having the qualities of butter; resembling butter.

Bu"ty*rate (&?;), n. (Chem.) A salt of butyric acid.

Bu*tyr"ic (&?;), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, butter.

Butyric acid, C3H7.CO2H, an acid found in butter; an oily, limpid fluid, having the smell of rancid butter, and an acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste, like that of ether. There are two metameric butyric acids, called in distinction the normal- and iso- butyric acid. The normal butyric acid is the one common in rancid butter.

Bu"ty*rin (&?;), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A butyrate of glycerin; a fat contained in small quantity in milk, which helps to give to butter its peculiar flavor.

Bu`ty*rom"e*ter (&?;), n. [L. butyrum butter + -meter.] An instrument for determining the amount of fatty matter or butter contained in a sample of milk.

Bu"ty*rone (&?;), n. [Butyric + - one.] (Chem.) A liquid ketone obtained by heating calcium butyrate.

Bu"ty*rous (&?;), a. Butyraceous.

Bux"e*ous (&?;), a. [L. buxeus, fr. buxus the box tree.] Belonging to the box tree.

Bux"ine (&?;), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the Buxus sempervirens, or common box tree. It is identical with bebeerine; -- called also buxina.

Bux"om (&?;), a. [OE. buxum, boxom, buhsum, pliable, obedient, AS. bcsum, bhsum (akin to D. buigzaam blexible, G. biegsam); bgan to bow, bend + -sum, E. - some. See Bow to bend, and -some.] 1. Yielding; pliable or compliant; ready to obey; obedient; tractable; docile; meek; humble. [Obs.]

> So wild a beast, so tame ytaught to be,
> And buxom to his bands, is joy to see.
> Spenser.

> I submit myself unto this holy church of Christ, to be ever buxom and obedient to the ordinance of it.
> Foxe.

2. Having the characteristics of health, vigor, and comeliness, combined with a gay, lively manner; stout and rosy; jolly; frolicsome.

> A daughter fair,
> So buxom, blithe, and debonair.
> Milton.

> A parcel of buxom bonny dames, that were laughing, singing, dancing, and as merry as the day was long.
> Tatler.

-- Bux"om*ly, adv. -- Bux"om*ness, n.

Buy (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Bought (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Buying (&?;).] [OE. buggen, buggen, bien, AS. bycgan, akin to OS. buggean, Goth. bugjan.] 1. To acquire the ownership of (property) by giving an accepted price or consideration therefor, or by agreeing to do so; to acquire by the payment of a price or value; to purchase; -- opposed to sell.

> Buy what thou hast no need of, and ere long thou wilt sell thy necessaries.
> B. Franklin.

2. To acquire or procure by something given or done in exchange, literally or figuratively; to get, at a cost or sacrifice; to buy pleasure with pain.

> Buy the truth and sell it not; also wisdom, and instruction, and understanding.
> Prov. xxiii. 23.

To buy again. See Againbuy. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To buy off. (a) To influence to compliance; to cause to bend or yield by some consideration; as, to buy off conscience. (b) To detach by a consideration given; as, to buy off one from a party. -- To buy out (a) To buy off, or detach from. Shak. (b) To purchase the share or shares of in a stock, fund, or partnership, by which the seller is separated from the company, and the purchaser takes his place; as, A buys out B. (c) To purchase the entire stock in trade and the good will of a business. -- To buy in, to purchase stock in any fund or partnership. -- To buy on credit, to purchase, on a promise, in fact or in law, to make payment at a future day. -- To buy the refusal (of anything), to give a consideration for the right of purchasing, at a fixed price, at a future time.

Buy, v. i. To negotiate or treat about a purchase.

> I will buy with you, sell with you.
> Shak.

Buy"er (&?;), n. One who buys; a purchaser.

Buz (&?;), v. & n. See Buzz. [Obs.]

Buzz (&?;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Buzzed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Buzzing.] [An onomatopœia.] To make a low, continuous, humming or sibilant sound, like that made by bees with their wings. Hence: To utter a murmuring sound; to speak with a low, humming voice.

> Like a wasp is buzzed, and stung him.
> Longfellow.

> However these disturbers of our peace
> Buzz in the people's ears.
> Shak.

Buzz, v. t. 1. To sound forth by buzzing. Shak.

2. To whisper; to communicate, as tales, in an under tone; to spread, as report, by whispers, or secretly.

> I will buzz abroad such prophecies
> That Edward shall be fearful of his life.
> Shak.

3. To talk to incessantly or confidentially in a low humming voice. [Colloq.]

4. (Phonetics) To sound with a "buzz". H. Sweet.

Buzz, n. 1. A continuous, humming noise, as of bees; a confused murmur, as of general conversation in low tones, or of a general expression of surprise or approbation. "The constant buzz of a fly." Macaulay.

<! p. 198 !>

> I found the whole room in a buzz of politics.
> Addison.

> There is a buzz all around regarding the sermon.
> Thackeray.

2. A whisper; a report spread secretly or cautiously.

> There's a certain buzz
> Of a stolen marriage.
> Massinger.

3. (Phonetics) The audible friction of voice consonants. H. Sweet.

Buz"zard (bz"zrd), n. [O.E. busard, bosard, F. busard, fr. buse, L. buteo, a kind of falcon or hawk.]

1. (Zoöl.) A bird of prey of the Hawk family, belonging to the genus Buteo and related genera.

The Buteo vulgaris is the common buzzard of Europe. The American species (of which the most common are B. borealis, B. Pennsylvanicus, and B. lineatus) are usually called hen hawks. -- The rough-legged buzzard, or bee hawk, of Europe (Pernis apivorus) feeds on bees and their larvæ, with other insects, and reptiles. -- The moor buzzard of Europe is Circus æruginosus. See Turkey buzzard, and Carrion buzzard.

Bald buzzard, the fishhawk or osprey. See Fishhawk.

2. A blockhead; a dunce.

> It is common, to a proverb, to call one who can not be taught, or who continues obstinately ignorant, a buzzard.
> Goldsmith.

Buz"zard, a. Senseless; stupid. [R. & Obs.] Milton.

Buz"zard*et` (-t`), n. (Zoöl.) A hawk resembling the buzzard, but with legs relatively longer.

Buzz"er (bz"r), n. One who, or that which, buzzes; a whisperer; a talebearer.

> And wants not buzzers to infect his ear
> With pestilent speeches of his father's death.
> Shak.

Buzz"ing*ly (&?;), adv. In a buzzing manner; with a buzzing sound.

Buzz"saw` (&?;) A circular saw; -- so called from the buzzing it makes when running at full speed.

By (b), prep. [OE. bi, AS. b, big, near to, by, of, from, after, according to; akin to OS. & OFries. bi, be, D. bij, OHG. b, G. bei, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr. 'amfi`. E. prefix be- is orig. the same word. √203. See pref. Be-.] 1. In the neighborhood of; near or next to; not far from; close to; along with; as, come and sit by me.
[1913 Webster]

> By foundation or by shady rivulet
> He sought them both.
> Milton.

2. On; along; in traversing. Compare 5.

> Long labors both by sea and land he bore.
> Dryden.

> By land, by water, they renew the charge.
> Pope.

3. Near to, while passing; hence, from one to the other side of; past; as, to go by a church.

4. Used in specifying adjacent dimensions; as, a cabin twenty feet by forty.

5. Against. [Obs.] Tyndale [1. Cor. iv. 4].

6. With, as means, way, process, etc.; through means of; with aid of; through; through the act or agency of; as, a city is destroyed by fire; profit is made by commerce; to take by force.

To the meaning of by, as denoting means or agency, belong, more or less closely, most of the following uses of the word: (a) It points out the author and producer; as, "Waverley", a novel by Sir W.Scott; a statue by Canova; a sonata by Beethoven. (b) In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing appealed to as sanction; as, I affirm to you by all that is sacred; he swears by his faith as a Christian; no, by Heaven. (c) According to; by direction, authority, or example of; after; -- in such phrases as, it appears by his account; ten o'clock by my watch; to live by rule; a model to build by. (d) At the rate of; according to the ratio or proportion of; in the measure or quantity of; as, to sell cloth by the yard, milk by the quart, eggs by the dozen, meat by the pound; to board by the year. (e) In comparison, it denotes the measure of excess or deficiency; when anything is increased or diminished, it indicates the measure of increase or diminution; as, larger by a half; older by five years; to lessen by a third. (f) It expresses continuance or duration; during the course of; within the period of; as, by day, by night. (g) As soon as; not later than; near or at; -- used in expressions of time; as, by this time the sun had risen; he will be here by two o'clock.

In boxing the compass, by indicates a pint nearer to, or towards, the next cardinal point; as, north by east, i.e., a point towards the east from the north; northeast by east, i.e., on point nearer the east than northeast is.

With is used instead of by before the instrument with which anything is done; as, to beat one with a stick; the board was fastened by the carpenter with nails. But there are many words which may be regarded as means or processes, or, figuratively, as instruments; and whether with or by shall be used with them is a matter of arbitrary, and often, of unsettled usage; as, to a reduce a town by famine; to consume stubble with fire; he gained his purpose by flattery; he entertained them with a story; he distressed us with or by a recital of his sufferings. see With.

By all means, most assuredly; without fail; certainly. -- By and by. (a) Close together (of place). [Obs.] "Two yonge knightes liggyng [lying] by and by." Chaucer. (b) Immediately; at once. [Obs.] "When . . . persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended." Matt. xiii. 21. (c) Presently; pretty soon; before long. In this phrase, by seems to be used in the sense of nearness in time, and to be repeated for the sake of emphasis, and thus to be equivalent to "soon, and soon," that is instantly; hence, -- less emphatically, -- pretty soon, presently. -- By one's self, with only one's self near; alone; solitary.- By the bye. See under Bye. -- By the head (Naut.), having the bows lower than the stern; -- said of a vessel when her head is lower in the water than her stern. If her stern is lower, she is by the stern. -- By the lee, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she has fallen off so much as to bring the wind round her stern, and to take her sails aback on the other side. -- By the run, to let go by the run, to let go altogether, instead of slacking off. -- By the way, by the bye; -- used to introduce an incidental or secondary remark or subject. -Day by day, One by one, Piece by piece, etc., each day, each one, each piece, etc., by itself singly or separately; each severally. -- To come by, to get possession of; to obtain. -- To do by, to treat, to behave toward. -- To set by, to value, to esteem. -- To stand by, to aid, to support.

The common phrase good-by is equivalent to farewell, and would be better written good-bye, as it is a corruption of God be with you (b'w'ye).

By (&?;), adv. 1. Near; in the neighborhood; present; as, there was no person by at the time.

2. Passing near; going past; past; beyond; as, the procession has gone by; a bird flew by.

3. Aside; as, to lay by; to put by.

By (&?;), a. Out of the common path; aside; -- used in composition, giving the meaning of something aside, secondary, or incidental, or collateral matter, a thing private or avoiding notice; as, by-line, by-place, by-play, by- street. It was formerly more freely used in composition than it is now; as, by-business, by-concernment, by-design, by- interest, etc.

By"ard (&?;), n. A piece of leather crossing the breast, used by the men who drag sledges in coal mines.

By"-bid`der (&?;), n. One who bids at an auction in behalf of the auctioneer or owner, for the purpose of running up the price of articles. [U.S.]

By"-blow` (&?;), n. 1. A side or incidental blow; an accidental blow.

> With their by-blows they did split the very stones in pieces.
> Bunyan.

2. An illegitimate child; a bastard.

> The Aga speedily . . . brought her [his disgraced slave] to court, together with her pretty by-blow, the present Padre Ottomano.
> Evelyn.

By"-cor`ner (&?;), n. A private corner.

> Britain being a by-corner, out of the road of the world.
> Fuller.

By"-de*pend`ence (&?;), n. An appendage; that which depends on something else, or is distinct from the main dependence; an accessory. Shak.

By"-drink`ing, n. A drinking between meals. [Obs.]

Bye (b), n. 1. A thing not directly aimed at; something which is a secondary object of regard; an object by the way, etc.; as in on or upon the bye, i. e., in passing; indirectly; by implication. [Obs. except in the phrase by the bye.]

> The Synod of Dort condemneth upon the bye even the discipline of the Church of England.
> Fuller.

2. (Cricket) A run made upon a missed ball; as, to steal a bye. T. Hughes.

By the bye, in passing; by way of digression; apropos to the matter in hand. [Written also by the by.]

Bye (b) n. [AS. b; cf. Icel. bygð dwelling, byggja, ba, to dwell √97.] 1. A dwelling. Gibson.

2. In certain games, a station or place of an individual player. Emerson.

By"-e*lec"tion (&?;), n. An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election.

By"-end` (&?;), n. Private end or interest; secret purpose; selfish advantage. [Written also bye- end.]

> "Profit or some other by-end."
> L'Estrange.

By"gone` (b"gn`; 115), a. Past; gone by. "Bygone fooleries." Shak.

By"gone` (&?;), n. Something gone by or past; a past event. "Let old bygones be" Tennyson.

Let bygones be bygones, let the past be forgotten.

By"-in`ter*est (&?;), n. Self-interest; private advantage. Atterbury.

By"land (&?;), n. A peninsula. [Obs.]

By"land*er (&?;), n. See Bilander. [Obs.]

By"-lane` (b"-ln`), n. A private lane, or one opening out of the usual road.

By"-law` (b"-l`), n. [Cf. Sw. bylag, D. bylov, Icel. barlög, fr. Sw. & Dan. by town, Icel. bær, byr (fr. bûa to dwell) + the word for law; hence, a law for one town, a special law. Cf. Birlaw and see Law.] 1. A local or subordinate law; a private law or regulation made by a corporation for its own government.

> There was likewise a law to restrain the by-laws, or ordinances of corporations.
> Bacon.

> The law or institution; to which are added two by- laws, as a comment upon the general law.
> Addison.

2. A law that is less important than a general law or constitutional provision, and subsidiary to it; a rule relating to a matter of detail; as, civic societies often adopt a constitution and by- laws for the government of their members. In this sense the word has probably been influenced by by, meaning secondary or aside.

By"-name` (&?;), n. A nickname. Camden.

By"name`, v. t. To give a nickname to. Camden.

By"-pass (&?;), n. (Mech.) A by- passage, for a pipe, or other channel, to divert circulation from the usual course.

By"-pas`sage (&?;), n. A passage different from the usual one; a byway.

By"-past (&?;), a. Past; gone by. "By-past perils." Shak.

By"path` (&?;), n.; pl. Bypaths (&?;). A private path; an obscure way; indirect means.

> God known, my son,
> By what bypaths, and indirect crooked ways,
> I met this crown.
> Shak.

By"-place` (&?;), n. A retired or private place.

By"play (&?;), n. Action carried on aside, and commonly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds.

By"-prod`uct (&?;), n. A secondary or additional product; something produced, as in the course of a manufacture, in addition to the principal product.

Byre (&?;), n. [Cf, Icel. bür pantry, Sw. bur cage, Dan. buur, E. bower.] A cow house. [N. of Eng. & Scot.]

By"-re*spect` (b"r*spkt`), n. Private end or view; by-interest. [Obs.] Dryden.

By"road` (&?;), n. A private or obscure road. "Through slippery byroads" Swift.

By"ron`ic (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or in the style of, Lord Byron.

> With despair and Byronic misanthropy.
> Thackeray

By"-room` (&?;), n. A private room or apartment. "Stand in some by-room" Shak.

By*smot"ter*ed (b*smt"tr*d), p.a. [See Besmut.] Bespotted with mud or dirt. [Obs.] Chaucer.

By"-speech`(&?;), n. An incidental or casual speech, not directly relating to the point. "To quote by- speeches." Hooker.

By"-spell`(&?;), n. [AS. bigspell.] A proverb. [Obs.]

Byss (&?;), n. See Byssus, n., 1.

Bys*sa"ceous (&?;), a. [From Byssus.] (Bot.) Byssuslike; consisting of fine fibers or threads, as some very delicate filamentous algæ.

Bys*sif"er*ous (&?;), a. [Byssus + -ferous.] Bearing a byssus or tuft.

Bys"sin (&?;), n. See Byssus, n., 1.

Bys"sine (&?;), a. [L. byssinus made of byssus, Gr. by`ssinos See Byssus.] Made of silk; having a silky or flaxlike appearance. Coles.

Bys"soid (&?;), a. [Byssus + - oid.] Byssaceous.

Bys"so*lite (&?;), n. [Gr.&?; See flax + - lite.] (Min.) An olive-green fibrous variety of hornblende.

||Bys"sus (&?;), n.; pl. E. Byssuses (&?;); L. Byssi. (&?;) [L. byssus fine flax, fine linen or cotton, Gr. by`ssos .]

1. A cloth of exceedingly fine texture, used by the ancients. It is disputed whether it was of cotton, linen, or silk. [Written also byss and byssin.]

2. (Zoöl.) A tuft of long, tough filaments which are formed in a groove of the foot, and issue from between the valves of certain bivalve mollusks, as the Pinna and Mytilus, by which they attach themselves to rocks, etc.

3. (Bot.) An obsolete name for certain fungi composed of slender threads.

4. Asbestus.

By"stand`er (&?;), n. [By + stander, equiv. to stander-by; cf. AS. big-standan to stand by or near.] One who stands near; a spectator; one who has no concern with the business transacting.

> He addressed the bystanders and scattered pamphlets among them.
> Palfrey.

Syn. -- Looker on; spectator; beholder; observer.

By"-street` (&?;), n. A separate, private, or obscure street; an out of the way or cross street.

> He seeks by-streets, and saves the expensive coach.
> Gay.

By"-stroke` (&?;), n. An accidental or a slyly given stroke.

By"-turn`ing (&?;), n. An obscure road; a way turning from the main road. Sir P. Sidney.

By"-view`(&?;), n. A private or selfish view; self-interested aim or purpose.

> No by-views of his own shall mislead him.
> Atterbury.

By"-walk`(&?;), n. A secluded or private walk.

> He moves afterward in by-walks.
> Dryden.

By"-wash` (&?;), n. The outlet from a dam or reservoir; also, a cut to divert the flow of water.

By"way` (&?;), n. A secluded, private, or obscure way; a path or road aside from the main one. " Take no byways." Herbert.

By"-wipe` (&?;), n. A secret or side stroke, as of raillery or sarcasm. Milton.

By"word` (&?;), n. [AS. bïword; bï, E. by + word.] 1. A common saying; a proverb; a saying that has a general currency.

> I knew a wise man that had it for a byword.
> Bacon.

2. The object of a contemptuous saying.

> Thou makest us a byword among the heathen.
> Ps. xliv. 14

By"work (&?;), n. Work aside from regular work; subordinate or secondary business.

{ Byz"ant (&?;), Byz"an*tine (-n"tn) n. } [OE. besant, besaunt, F. besant, fr. LL. Byzantius, Byzantinus, fr. Byzantium.] (Numis.) A gold coin, so called from being coined at Byzantium. See Bezant.

By*zan"tian (b*zn"shan), a. & n. See Byzantine.

By*zan"tine (b*zn"tn), a. Of or pertaining to Byzantium. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Byzantium, now Constantinople; sometimes, applied to an inhabitant of the modern city of Constantinople. [ Written also Bizantine.]

Byzantine church, the Eastern or Greek church, as distinguished from the Western or Roman or Latin church. See under Greek. -- Byzantine empire, the Eastern Roman or Greek empire from a. d. 364 or a. d. 395 to the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, a. d. 1453. -- Byzantine historians, historians and writers (Zonaras, Procopius, etc.) who lived in the Byzantine empire. P. Cyc. -- Byzantine style (Arch.), a style of architecture developed in the Byzantine empire. Its leading forms are the round arch, the dome, the pillar, the circle, and the cross. The capitals of the pillars are of endless variety, and full of invention. The mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople, and the church of St. Mark, Venice, are prominent examples of Byzantine architecture.

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