# Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary

### Version published 1913

#### by the C. & G. Merriam Co.
Springfield, Mass.
Under the direction of
Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D.

T.

T (t), the twentieth letter of the English alphabet, is a nonvocal consonant. With the letter h it forms the digraph th, which has two distinct sounds, as in thin, then. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§262-264, and also §§153, 156, 169, 172, 176, 178-180.

The letter derives its name and form from the Latin, the form of the Latin letter being further derived through the Greek from the Phœnician. The ultimate origin is probably Egyptian. It is etymologically most nearly related to d, s, th; as in tug, duke; two, dual, L. duo; resin, L. resina, Gr. "rhti`nh, tent, tense, a., tenuous, thin; nostril, thrill. See D, S.

T bandage (Surg.), a bandage shaped like the letter T, and used principally for application to the groin, or perineum. — T cart, a kind of fashionable two seated wagon for pleasure driving. — T iron. (a) A rod with a short crosspiece at the end, — used as a hook. (b) Iron in bars, having a cross section formed like the letter T, — used in structures. — T rail, a kind of rail for railroad tracks, having no flange at the bottom so that a section resembles the letter T. — T square, a ruler having a crosspiece or head at one end, for the purpose of making parallel lines; — so called from its shape. It is laid on a drawing board and guided by the crosspiece, which is pressed against the straight edge of the board. Sometimes the head is arranged to be set at different angles. — To a T, exactly, perfectly; as, to suit to a T. [Colloq.]

Ta (?), v. t. To take. [Obs. or Scot.] Cursor Mundi.

Used by Chaucer to represent a peculiarity of the Northern dialect.

Taas (?), n. A heap. See Tas. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tab (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. The flap or latchet of a shoe fastened with a string or a buckle.

2. A tag. See Tag, 2.

3. A loop for pulling or lifting something.

4. A border of lace or other material, worn on the inner front edge of ladies' bonnets.

5. A loose pendent part of a lady's garment; esp., one of a series of pendent squares forming an edge or border.

Ta*bac"co (?), n. Tobacco. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

||Ta*ba"nus (?), n. [L., horsefly.] (Zoöl.) A genus of blood sucking flies, including the horseflies.

Tab"ard (?), n. [OE. tabard, tabart; cf. Sp. & Pg. tabardo, It. tabarro, W. tabar, LGr. &?;, LL. tabardum.] A sort of tunic or mantle formerly worn for protection from the weather. When worn over the armor it was commonly emblazoned with the arms of the wearer, and from this the name was given to the garment adopted for heralds. [Spelt also taberd.]

> In a tabard he [the Plowman] rode upon a mare.

Chaucer.

Tab"ard*er (?), n. 1. One who wears a tabard.

2. A scholar on the foundation of Queen's College, Oxford, England, whose original dress was a tabard. Nares.

Tab"a*ret (?), n. [Cf. Tabby.] A stout silk having satin stripes, — used for furniture.

Tab`a*sheer" (?), n. [Per. tabshr: cf. Skr. tvakkshr, tvakshr.] A concretion in the joints of the bamboo, which consists largely or chiefly of pure silica. It is highly valued in the East Indies as a medicine for the cure of bilious vomitings, bloody flux, piles, and various other diseases.

Tab"bi*net (?), n. [Cf. Tabby.] A fabric like poplin, with a watered surface. [Written also tabinet.]

Tab"by (?), n.; pl. Tabbies (#). [F. tabis (cf. It. tabì, Sp. & Pg. tabí, LL. attabi), fr. Ar. 'attb, properly the name of a quarter of Bagdad where it was made, the quarter being named from the prince Attab, great grandson of Omeyya. Cf. Tobine.] 1. A kind of waved silk, usually called watered silk, manufactured like taffeta, but thicker and stronger. The watering is given to it by calendering.

2. A mixture of lime with shells, gravel, or stones, in equal proportions, with an equal proportion of water. When dry, this becomes as hard as rock. Weale.

3. A brindled cat; hence, popularly, any cat.

4. An old maid or gossip. [Colloq.] Byron.

Tab"by (?), a. 1. Having a wavy or watered appearance; as, a tabby waistcoat. Pepys.

2. Brindled; diversified in color; as, a tabby cat.

Tabby moth (Zoöl.), the grease moth. See under Grease.

Tab"by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tabbied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tabbying (?).] To water; to cause to look wavy, by the process of calendering; to calender; as, to tabby silk, mohair, ribbon, etc.

Tab`e*fac"tion (?), n. [See Tabefy.] A wasting away; a gradual losing of flesh by disease.

Tab"e*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tabefied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tabefying (?).] [L. tabere to waste away + -fy: cf. L. tabefacere to melt.] To cause to waste gradually, to emaciate. [R.] Harvey.

Ta*bel"lion (?), n. [L. tabellio, fr. tabella a tablet, a writing, document, dim. of tabula a board: cf. F. tabellion. See Table.] A secretary or notary under the Roman empire; also, a similar officer in France during the old monarchy.

Ta"ber (?), v. i. Same as Tabor. Nahum ii. 7.

Tab"erd (?), n. See Tabard.

Tab"er*na*cle (?), n. [F., fr. L. tabernaculum, dim. of taberna nut. See Tabern.] 1. A slightly built or temporary habitation; especially, a tent.

> Dwelling in tabernacles with Isaac and Jacob.

Heb. xi. 9.

> Orange trees planted in the ground, and secured in winter with a wooden tabernacle and stoves.

Evelyn.

2. (Jewish Antiq.) A portable structure of wooden framework covered with curtains, which was carried through the wilderness in the Israelitish exodus, as a place of sacrifice and worship. Ex. xxvi.

3. Hence, the Jewish temple; sometimes, any other place for worship. Acts xv. 16.

4. Figuratively: The human body, as the temporary abode of the soul.

> Shortly I must put off this my tabernacle.

2 Pet. i. 14.

5. Any small cell, or like place, in which some holy or precious things was deposited or kept. Specifically: —

(a) The ornamental receptacle for the pyx, or for the consecrated elements, whether a part of a building or movable.

(b) A niche for the image of a saint, or for any sacred painting or sculpture.

(c) Hence, a work of art of sacred subject, having a partially architectural character, as a solid frame resting on a bracket, or the like.

(d) A tryptich for sacred imagery.

(e) A seat or stall in a choir, with its canopy.

6. (Naut.) A boxlike step for a mast with the after side open, so that the mast can be lowered to pass under bridges, etc.

Feast of Tabernacles (Jewish Antiq.), one of the three principal festivals of the Jews, lasting seven days, during which the people dwelt in booths formed of the boughs of trees, in commemoration of the habitation of their ancestors in similar dwellings during their pilgrimage in the wilderness. — Tabernacle work, rich canopy work like that over the head of niches, used over seats or stalls, or over sepulchral monuments. Oxf. Gloss.

Tab"er*na*cle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tabernacled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tabernacling (?).] To dwell or reside for a time; to be temporary housed.

> He assumed our nature, and tabernacled among us in the flesh.

Dr. J. Scott.

Tab`er*nac"u*lar (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a tabernacle, especially the Jewish tabernacle.

2. Formed in latticework; latticed. T. Warton.

3. Of or pertaining to huts or booths; hence, common; low. "Horribly tabernacular." De Quincey.

||Ta"bes (t"bz), n. [L., a wasting disease.] (Med.) Progressive emaciation of the body, accompanied with hectic fever, with no well-marked local symptoms.

||Tabes dorsalis (dôr*s"ls) [NL., tabes of the back], locomotor ataxia; — sometimes called simply tabes. — ||Tabes mesenterica (&?;) [NL., mesenteric tabes], a wasting disease of childhood characterized by chronic inflammation of the lymphatic glands of the mesentery, attended with caseous degeneration.

Ta*bes"cent (?), a. [L. tabescens wasting, p. pr. of tabescere.] Withering, or wasting away.

Ta*bet"ic (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to tabes; of the nature of tabes; affected with tabes; tabid. — n. One affected with tabes.

Tab"id (?), a. [L. tabidus: cf. F. tabide. See Tabes.] (Med.) Affected by tabes; tabetic.

> In tabid persons, milk is the bset restorative.

Arbuthnot.

— Tab"id*ly, adv. — Tab"id*ness, n.

{ Ta*bif"ic (?), Ta*bif"ic*al (?), } a. [Tabes + L. facere to make.] (Med.) Producing tabes; wasting; tabefying.

Tab"inet (?), n. See Tabbinet. Thackeray.

Tab"la*ture (?), n. [Cf. F. tablature ancient mode of musical notation. See Table.] 1. (Paint.) A painting on a wall or ceiling; a single piece comprehended in one view, and formed according to one design; hence, a picture in general. Shaftesbury.

2. (Mus.) An ancient mode of indicating musical sounds by letters and other signs instead of by notes.

> The chimes of bells are so rarely managed that I went up to that of Sir Nicholas, where I found who played all sorts of compositions from the tablature before him as if he had fingered an organ.

Evelyn.

3. (Anat.) Division into plates or tables with intervening spaces; as, the tablature of the cranial bones.

Ta"ble (?), n. [F., fr. L. tabula a board, tablet, a painting. Cf. Tabular, Taffrail, Tavern.] 1. A smooth, flat surface, like the side of a board; a thin, flat, smooth piece of anything; a slab.

> A bagnio paved with fair tables of marble.

Sandys.

2. A thin, flat piece of wood, stone, metal, or other material, on which anything is cut, traced, written, or painted; a tablet; pl. a memorandum book. "The names . . . written on his tables." Chaucer.

> And the Lord said unto Moses, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first, and I will write upon these tables the words that were in the first tables, which thou brakest.

Ex. xxxiv. 1.

> And stand there with your tables to glean
> The golden sentences.

Beau. & Fl.

3. Any smooth, flat surface upon which an inscription, a drawing, or the like, may be produced. "Painted in a table plain." Spenser.

> The opposite walls are painted by Rubens, which, with that other of the Infanta taking leave of Don Philip, is a most incomparable table.

Evelyn.

> St. Antony has a table that hangs up to him from a poor peasant.

Addison.

4. Hence, in a great variety of applications: A condensed statement which may be comprehended by the eye in a single view; a methodical or systematic synopsis; the presentation of many items or particulars in one group; a scheme; a schedule. Specifically: —

(a) (Bibliog.) A view of the contents of a work; a statement of the principal topics discussed; an index; a syllabus; a synopsis; as, a table of contents.

(b) (Chem.) A list of substances and their properties; especially, a list of the elementary substances with their atomic weights, densities, symbols, etc.

(c) (Mach.) Any collection and arrangement in a condensed form of many particulars or values, for ready reference, as of weights, measures, currency, specific gravities, etc.; also, a series of numbers following some law, and expressing particular values corresponding to certain other numbers on which they depend, and by means of which they are taken out for use in computations; as, tables of logarithms, sines, tangents, squares, cubes, etc.; annuity tables; interest tables; astronomical tables, etc.

(d) (Palmistry) The arrangement or disposition of the lines which appear on the inside of the hand.

> Mistress of a fairer table
> Hath not history for fable.

B. Jonson.

5. An article of furniture, consisting of a flat slab, board, or the like, having a smooth surface, fixed horizontally on legs, and used for a great variety of purposes, as in eating, writing, or working.

> We may again
> Give to our tables meat.

Shak.

> The nymph the table spread.

Pope.

6. Hence, food placed on a table to be partaken of; fare; entertainment; as, to set a good table.

7. The company assembled round a table.

> I drink the general joy of the whole table.

Shak.

8. (Anat.) One of the two, external and internal, layers of compact bone, separated by diploë, in the walls of the cranium.

9. (Arch.) A stringcourse which includes an offset; esp., a band of stone, or the like, set where an offset is required, so as to make it decorative. See Water table.

10. (Games) (a) The board on the opposite sides of which backgammon and draughts are played. (b) One of the divisions of a backgammon board; as, to play into the right-hand table. (c) pl. The games of backgammon and of draughts. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> This is the ape of form, monsieur the nice,
> That, when he plays at tables, chides the dice.

Shak.

11. (Glass Manuf.) A circular plate of crown glass.

> A circular plate or table of about five feet diameter weighs on an average nine pounds.

Ure.

12. (Jewelry) The upper flat surface of a diamond or other precious stone, the sides of which are cut in angles.

13. (Persp.) A plane surface, supposed to be transparent and perpendicular to the horizon; — called also perspective plane.

14. (Mach.) The part of a machine tool on which the work rests and is fastened.

Bench table, Card table, Communion table, Lord's table, etc. See under Bench, Card, etc. — Raised table (Arch. & Sculp.), a raised or projecting member of a flat surface, large in proportion to the projection, and usually rectangular, — especially intended to receive an inscription or the like. — Roller table (Horology), a flat disk on the arbor of the balance of a watch, holding the jewel which rolls in and out of the fork at the end of the lever of the escapement. — Round table. See Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. — Table anvil, a small anvil to be fastened to a table for use in making slight repairs. — Table base. (Arch.) Same as Water table. — Table bed, a bed in the form of a table. — Table beer, beer for table, or for common use; small beer. — Table bell, a small bell to be used at table for calling servants. — Table cover, a cloth for covering a table, especially at other than mealtimes. — Table diamond, a thin diamond cut with a flat upper surface. — Table linen, linen tablecloth, napkins, and the like. — Table money (Mil. or Naut.), an allowance sometimes made to officers over and above their pay, for table expenses. — Table rent (O. Eng. Law), rent paid to a bishop or religious, reserved or appropriated to his table or housekeeping. Burrill. — Table shore (Naut.), a low, level shore. — Table talk, conversation at table, or at meals. — Table talker, one who talks at table. — Table tipping, Table turning, certain movements of tables, etc., attributed by some to the agency of departed spirits, and by others to the development of latent vital or spriritual forces, but more commonly ascribed to the muscular force of persons in connection with the objects moved, or to physical force applied otherwise. — Tables of a girder or chord (Engin.), the upper and lower horizontal members. — To lay on the table, in parliamentary usage, to lay, as a report, motion, etc., on the table of the presiding officer, — that is, to postpone the consideration of, by a vote. — To serve tables (Script.), to provide for the poor, or to distribute provisions for their wants. Acts vi. 2. — To turn the tables, to change the condition or fortune of contending parties; — a metaphorical expression taken from the vicissitudes of fortune in gaming. — Twelve tables (Rom. Antiq.), a celebrated body of Roman laws, framed by decemvirs appointed 450 years before Christ, on the return of deputies or commissioners who had been sent to Greece to examine into foreign laws and institutions. They consisted partly of laws transcribed from the institutions of other nations, partly of such as were altered and accommodated to the manners of the Romans, partly of new provisions, and mainly, perhaps, of laws and usages under their ancient kings. Burrill.

<! p. 1467 !>

Ta"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tableed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tableing (?).] 1. To form into a table or catalogue; to tabulate; as, to table fines.

2. To delineate, as on a table; to represent, as in a picture. [Obs.]

> Tabled and pictured in the chambers of meditation.

Bacon.

3. To supply with food; to feed. [Obs.] Milton.

4. (Carp.) To insert, as one piece of timber into another, by alternate scores or projections from the middle, to prevent slipping; to scarf.

5. To lay or place on a table, as money. Carlyle.

6. In parliamentary usage, to lay on the table; to postpone, by a formal vote, the consideration of (a bill, motion, or the like) till called for, or indefinitely.

7. To enter upon the docket; as, to table charges against some one.

8. (Naut.) To make board hems in the skirts and bottoms of (sails) in order to strengthen them in the part attached to the boltrope.

Ta"ble, v. i. To live at the table of another; to board; to eat. [Obs.] "He . . . was driven from the society of men to table with the beasts." South.

||Ta`bleau" (?), n.; pl. Tableaux (#). [F., dim. fr. L. tabula a painting. See Table.] 1. A striking and vivid representation; a picture.

2. A representation of some scene by means of persons grouped in the proper manner, placed in appropriate postures, and remaining silent and motionless.

||Ta`bleau" vi`vant" (?); pl. Tableaux vivants (#). [F.] Same as Tableau, n., 2.

Ta"ble*book` (?), n. A tablet; a notebook.

> Put into your tablebook whatever you judge worthy.

Dryden.

Ta"ble*cloth` (?), n. A cloth for covering a table, especially one with which a table is covered before the dishes, etc., are set on for meals.

||Ta"ble d'hôte" (t"bl' dt`); pl. Tables d'hôte (#). [F., literally, table of the landlord.] A common table for guests at a hotel; an ordinary.

Ta"ble-land` (?), n. A broad, level, elevated area of land; a plateau.

> The toppling crags of Duty scaled,
> Are close upon the shining table-lands
> To which our God himself is moon and sun.

Tennyson.

Ta"ble*man (?), n.; pl. Tablemen (&?;). A man at draughts; a piece used in playing games at tables. See Table, n., 10. [R.] Bacon.

Ta"ble*ment (?), n. (Arch.) A table. [Obs.]

> Tablements and chapters of pillars.

Holland.

Ta"bler (?), n. 1. One who boards. [Obs.]

2. One who boards others for hire. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ta"ble*spoon` (?), n. A spoon of the largest size commonly used at the table; — distinguished from teaspoon, dessert spoon, etc.

Ta"ble*spoon`ful (?), n.; pl. Tablespoonfuls (&?;). As much as a tablespoon will hold; enough to fill a tablespoon. It is usually reckoned as one half of a fluid ounce, or four fluid drams.

Ta"blet (?), n. [F. tablette, dim. of table. See Table.] 1. A small table or flat surface.

2. A flat piece of any material on which to write, paint, draw, or engrave; also, such a piece containing an inscription or a picture.

3. Hence, a small picture; a miniature. [Obs.]

4. pl. A kind of pocket memorandum book.

5. A flattish cake or piece; as, tablets of arsenic were formerly worn as a preservative against the plague.

6. (Pharm.) A solid kind of electuary or confection, commonly made of dry ingredients with sugar, and usually formed into little flat squares; — called also lozenge, and troche, especially when of a round or rounded form.

Ta"ble*ware` (?), n. Ware, or articles collectively, for table use.

Ta"bling (?), n. 1. A forming into tables; a setting down in order.

2. (Carp.) The letting of one timber into another by alternate scores or projections, as in shipbuilding.

3. (Naut.) A broad hem on the edge of a sail. Totten.

4. Board; support. [Obs.] Trence in English (1614).

5. Act of playing at tables. See Table, n., 10. [Obs.]

Tabling house, a gambling house. [Obs.] Northbrooke.

Ta*boo" (?), n. A total prohibition of intercourse with, use of, or approach to, a given person or thing under pain of death, — an interdict of religious origin and authority, formerly common in the islands of Polynesia; interdiction. [Written also tabu.]

Ta*boo", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tabooed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tabooing.] To put under taboo; to forbid, or to forbid the use of; to interdict approach to, or use of; as, to taboo the ground set apart as a sanctuary for criminals. [Written also tabu.]

Ta"bor (?), n. [OF. tabor, tabour, F. tambour; cf. Pr. tabor, tanbor, Sp. & Pg. tambor, atambor, It. tamburo; all fr. Ar. & Per. tamb&?;r a kind of lute, or giutar, or Per. tabr a drum. Cf. Tabouret, Tambour.] (Mus.) A small drum used as an accompaniment to a pipe or fife, both being played by the same person. [Written also tabour, and taber.]

Ta"bor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tabored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Taboring.] [Cf. OF. taborer.] [Written also tabour.] 1. To play on a tabor, or little drum.

2. To strike lightly and frequently.

Ta"bor, v. t. To make (a sound) with a tabor.

Ta"bor*er (?), n. One who plays on the tabor. Shak.

Tab"o*ret (?), n. [Dim. of tabor. Cf. Tabret.] (Mus.) A small tabor. [Written also tabouret.]

Tab"o*rine (?), n. [OF. tabourin, F. tambourin. See Tabor, and cf. Tambourine.] (Mus.) A small, shallow drum; a tabor.

Ta"bor*ite (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of certain Bohemian reformers who suffered persecution in the fifteenth century; — so called from Tabor, a hill or fortress where they encamped during a part of their struggles.

Ta"bour (?), n. & v. See Tabor.

Tab"ou*ret (?), n. [F., dim. of OF. tabor, tabour, drum. See Tabor.] 1. Same as Taboret.

2. A seat without arms or back, cushioned and stuffed: a high stool; — so called from its resemblance to a drum.

3. An embroidery frame. Knight.

Right of the tabouret, the privilege of sitting on a tabouret in the presence of the severeign, formerly granted to certain ladies of high rank at the French court.

Tab"rere (?), n. A taborer. [Obs.] Spenser.

Tab"ret (?), n. A taboret. Young.

Ta*bu" (?), n. & v. See Taboo.

||Tab"u*la (?), n.; pl. Tabulæ (#). [L.] 1. A table; a tablet.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the transverse plants found in the calicles of certain corals and hydroids.

Tabula rasa (&?;) [L.], a smoothed tablet; hence, figuratively, the mind in its earliest state, before receiving impressions from without; — a term used by Hobbes, Locke, and others, in maintaining a theory opposed to the doctrine of innate ideas.

Tab"u*lar (?), a. [L. tabularis, fr. tabula a board, table. See Table.] Having the form of, or pertaining to, a table (in any of the uses of the word). Specifically: —

(a) Having a flat surface; as, a tabular rock.

(b) Formed into a succession of flakes; laminated.

> Nodules . . . that are tabular and plated.

Woodward.

(c) Set in squares. [R.]

(d) Arranged in a schedule; as, tabular statistics.

(e) Derived from, or computed by, the use of tables; as, tabular right ascension.

Tabular difference (Math.), the difference between two consecutive numbers in a table, sometimes printed in its proper place in the table. — Tabular spar (Min.), wollastonite.

Tab`u*lar*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of tabularizing, or the state of being tabularized; formation into tables; tabulation.

Tab"u*lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tabularized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tabularizing (?).] To tabulate.

||Tab`u*la"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. tabulatus floored.] (Zoöl.) An artificial group of stony corals including those which have transverse septa in the calicles. The genera Pocillopora and Favosites are examples.

Tab"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tabulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tabulating.] [L. tabula a table. See Tabular.] 1. To form into a table or tables; to reduce to tables or synopses.

> A philosophy is not worth the having, unless its results may be tabulated, and put in figures.

I. Taylor.

2. To shape with a flat surface.

Tab`u*la"tion (?), n. The act of forming into a table or tables; as, the tabulation of statistics.

Tac (?), n. [Cf. Tack, n., 4.] (O. Eng. Law) A kind of customary payment by a tenant; — a word used in old records. Cowell. Burrill.

{ Tac"a*ma*hac` (?), Tac`a*ma*ha"ca (?), } n. 1. A bitter balsamic resin obtained from tropical American trees of the genus Elaphrium (E. tomentosum and E. Tacamahaca), and also from East Indian trees of the genus Calophyllum; also, the resinous exhudation of the balsam poplar.

2. (Bot.) Any tree yielding tacamahac resin, especially, in North America, the balsam poplar, or balm of Gilead (Populus balsamifera).

Ta*caud" (?), n. [Cf. F. tacaud. See Tomcod.] (Zoöl.) The bib, or whiting pout. [Prov. Eng.]

Tace (?), n. The cross, or church, of St. Antony. See Illust. (6), under Cross, n. Mollett.

Tace, n. See Tasse. Fairholt.

||Ta"cet (?), v. impers. [L., it is silent, 3d pers.pr. of tacere to be silent.] (Mus.) It is silent; — a direction for a vocal or instrumental part to be silent during a whole movement.

Tache (?), n. [See Tack a kind of nail.] Something used for taking hold or holding; a catch; a loop; a button. [Obs.] Ex. xxvi. 6.

Tache, n. [F. tache spot. See Techy.] A spot, stain, or blemish. [Obs.] Warner.

Tach*hy"drite (?), n. [Gr. tachy`s quick + "y`dwr water. So named from its ready deliquescence.] (Min.) A hydrous chloride of calcium and magnesium occurring in yellowish masses which rapidly deliquesce upon exposure. It is found in the salt mines at Stassfurt.

||Tach"i*na (?), n.; pl. Tachinæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, for &?; swift.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Diptera belonging to Tachina and allied genera. Their larvæ are external parasites of other insects.

Ta*chom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; swiftness, speed (fr. tachy`s quick) + -meter: cf. F. tachomètre.] An instrument for measuring the velocity, or indicating changes in the velocity, of a moving body or substance. Specifically: —

(a) An instrument for measuring the velocity of running water in a river or canal, consisting of a wheel with inclined vanes, which is turned by the current. The rotations of the wheel are recorded by clockwork.

(b) An instrument for showing at any moment the speed of a revolving shaft, consisting of a delicate revolving conical pendulum which is driven by the shaft, and the action of which by change of speed moves a pointer which indicates the speed on a graduated dial.

(c) (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring the velocity of the blood; a hæmatachometer.

Tach"y*di*dax`y (?), n. [Gr. tachy`s quick + &?; teaching.] A short or rapid method of instructing. [R.]

||Tach`y*glos"sa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. tachy`s quick + &?; tongue.] (Zoöl.) A division of monotremes which comprises the spiny ant-eaters of Australia and New Guinea. See Illust. under Echidna.

{ Tach`y*graph"ic (?), Tach`y*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. tachygraphique.] Of or pertaining to tachygraphy; written in shorthand.

Ta*chyg"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. tachy`s quick + -graphy: cf. F. tachygraphie.] The art or practice of rapid writing; shorthand writing; stenography. I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

Tach"y*lyte (?), n. [Gr. tachy`s quick + &?; to dissolve.] (Min.) A vitreous form of basalt; — so called because decomposable by acids and readily fusible.

Tac"it (?), a. [L. tacitus, p. p. of tacere to be silent, to pass over in silence; akin to Goth. þahan to be silent, Icel. þegja, OHG. dagn: cf. F. tacite. Cf. Reticent.] Done or made in silence; implied, but not expressed; silent; as, tacit consent is consent by silence, or by not interposing an objection. — Tac"it*ly, adv.

> The tacit and secret theft of abusing our brother in civil contracts.

Jer. Taylor.

Tac"i*turn (?), a. [L. taciturnus: cf. F. taciturne. See Tacit.] Habitually silent; not given to converse; not apt to talk or speak. — Tac"i*turn*ly, adv.

Syn. — Silent; reserved. Taciturn, Silent. Silent has reference to the act; taciturn, to the habit. A man may be silent from circumstances; he is taciturn from disposition. The loquacious man is at times silent; one who is taciturn may now and then make an effort at conversation.

Tac`i*tur"ni*ty (?), n. [L. taciturnitas: cf. F. taciturnité.] Habilual silence, or reserve in speaking.

> The cause of Addison's taciturnity was a natural diffidence in the company of strangers.

V. Knox.

> The taciturnity and the short answers which gave so much offense.

Macaulay.

Tack (?), n. [From an old or dialectal form of F. tache. See Techy.] 1. A stain; a tache. [Obs.]

2. [Cf. L. tactus.] A peculiar flavor or taint; as, a musty tack. [Obs. or Colloq.] Drayton.

Tack, n. [OE. tak, takke, a fastening; akin to D. tak a branch, twig, G. zacke a twig, prong, spike, Dan. takke a tack, spike; cf. also Sw. tagg prickle, point, Icel. tg a willow twig, Ir. taca a peg, nail, fastening, Gael. tacaid, Armor. & Corn. tach; perhaps akin to E. take. Cf. Attach, Attack, Detach, Tag an end, Zigzag.] 1. A small, short, sharp-pointed nail, usually having a broad, flat head.

2. That which is attached; a supplement; an appendix. See Tack, v. t., 3. Macaulay.

> Some tacks had been made to money bills in King Charles's time.

Bp. Burnet.

<! p. 1468 !>

3. (Naut.) (a) A rope used to hold in place the foremost lower corners of the courses when the vessel is closehauled (see Illust. of Ship); also, a rope employed to pull the lower corner of a studding sail to the boom. (b) The part of a sail to which the tack is usually fastened; the foremost lower corner of fore-and-aft sails, as of schooners (see Illust. of Sail). (c) The direction of a vessel in regard to the trim of her sails; as, the starboard tack, or port tack; — the former when she is closehauled with the wind on her starboard side; hence, the run of a vessel on one tack; also, a change of direction.

4. (Scots Law) A contract by which the use of a thing is set, or let, for hire; a lease. Burrill.

5. Confidence; reliance. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Tack of a flag (Naut.), a line spliced into the eye at the foot of the hoist for securing the flag to the halyards. — Tack pins (Naut.), belaying pins; — also called jack pins. — To haul the tacks aboard (Naut.), to set the courses. — To hold tack, to last or hold out. Milton.

Tack (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tacked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tacking.] [Cf. OD. tacken to touch, take, seize, fix, akin to E. take. See Tack a small nail.] 1. To fasten or attach. "In hopes of getting some commendam tacked to their sees." Swift.

> And tacks the center to the sphere.

Herbert.

2. Especially, to attach or secure in a slight or hasty manner, as by stitching or nailing; as, to tack together the sheets of a book; to tack one piece of cloth to another; to tack on a board or shingle; to tack one piece of metal to another by drops of solder.

3. In parliamentary usage, to add (a supplement) to a bill; to append; — often with on or to. Macaulay.

4. (Naut.) To change the direction of (a vessel) when sailing closehauled, by putting the helm alee and shifting the tacks and sails so that she will proceed to windward nearly at right angles to her former course.

In tacking, a vessel is brought to point at first directly to windward, and then so that the wind will blow against the other side.

Tack, v. i. (Naut.) To change the direction of a vessel by shifting the position of the helm and sails; also (as said of a vessel), to have her direction changed through the shifting of the helm and sails. See Tack, v. t., 4.

> Monk, . . . when he wanted his ship to tack to larboard, moved the mirth of his crew by calling out, "Wheel to the left."

Macaulay.

Tack"er (?), n. One who tacks.

Tack"et (?), n. [Dim. of tack a small nail.] A small, broad-headed nail. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Tack"ey (?), a. & n. See Tacky.

Tack"ing, n. (Law) A union of securities given at different times, all of which must be redeemed before an intermediate purchaser can interpose his claim. Bouvier.

The doctrine of tacking is not recognized in American law. Kent.

Tac"kle (?; sometimes improperly pronounced ?, especially by seamen), n. [OE. takel, akin to LG. & D. takel, Dan. takkel, Sw. tackel; perhaps akin to E. taw, v.t., or to take.] 1. Apparatus for raising or lowering heavy weights, consisting of a rope and pulley blocks; sometimes, the rope and attachments, as distinct from the block.

2. Any instruments of action; an apparatus by which an object is moved or operated; gear; as, fishing tackle, hunting tackle; formerly, specifically, weapons. "She to her tackle fell." Hudibras.

In Chaucer, it denotes usually an arrow or arrows.

3. (Naut.) The rigging and apparatus of a ship; also, any purchase where more than one block is used.

Fall and tackle. See the Note under Pulley. — Fishing tackle. See under Fishing, a. — Ground tackle (Naut.), anchors, cables, etc. — Gun tackle, the apparatus or appliances for hauling cannon in or out. — Tackle fall, the rope, or rather the end of the rope, of a tackle, to which the power is applied. — Tack tackle (Naut.), a small tackle to pull down the tacks of the principal sails. — Tackle board, Tackle post (Ropemaking), a board, frame, or post, at the end of a ropewalk, for supporting the spindels, or whirls, for twisting the yarns.

Tac"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tackled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tackling.] [Cf. LG. takeln to equip. See Tackle, n.] 1. To supply with tackle. Beau. & Fl.

2. To fasten or attach, as with a tackle; to harness; as, to tackle a horse into a coach or wagon. [Colloq.]

3. To seize; to lay hold of; to grapple; as, a wrestler tackles his antagonist; a dog tackles the game.

> The greatest poetess of our day has wasted her time and strength in tackling windmills under conditions the most fitted to insure her defeat.

Dublin Univ. Mag.

Tac"kled (?), a. Made of ropes tacked together.

> My man shall be with thee,
> And bring thee cords made like a tackled stair.

Shak.

Tac"kling, n. (Naut.) 1. Furniture of the masts and yards of a vessel, as cordage, sails, etc.

2. Instruments of action; as, fishing tackling. Walton.

3. The straps and fixures adjusted to an animal, by which he draws a carriage, or the like; harness.

Tacks"man (?), n.; pl. Tacksmen (&?;). (Scots Law) One who holds a tack or lease from another; a tenant, or lessee. Sir W. Scott.

> The tacksmen, who formed what may be called the "peerage" of the little community, must be the captains.

Macaulay.

Tack"y (?), a. [Cf. Techy, Tack a spot.] Sticky; adhesive; raw; — said of paint, varnish, etc., when not well dried. [U. S.]

Ta*con"ic (?), a. (Geol.) Designating, or pertaining to, the series of rocks forming the Taconic mountains in Western New England. They were once supposed to be older than the Cambrian, but later proved to belong to the Lower Silurian and Cambrian.

Tact (?), n. [L. tactus a touching, touch, fr. tangere, tactum, to touch: cf. F. tact. See Tangent.] 1. The sense of touch; feeling.

> Did you suppose that I could not make myself sensible to tact as well as sight?

Southey.

> Now, sight is a very refined tact.

J. Le Conte.

2. (Mus.) The stroke in beating time.

3. Sensitive mental touch; peculiar skill or faculty; nice perception or discernment; ready power of appreciating and doing what is required by circumstances.

> He had formed plans not inferior in grandeur and boldness to those of Richelieu, and had carried them into effect with a tact and wariness worthy of Mazarin.

Macaulay.

> A tact which surpassed the tact of her sex as much as the tact of her sex surpassed the tact of ours.

Macaulay.

Tac"ta*ble (?), a. Capable of being touched; tangible. [R.] "They [women] being created to be both tractable and tactable." Massinger.

{ Tac"tic (?), Tac"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;. See tactics.] Of or pertaining to the art of military and naval tactics. — Tac"tic*al*ly, adv.

Tac"tic (?), n. See Tactics.

Tac*ti"cian (?), n. [Cf. F. tacticien.] One versed in tactics; hence, a skillful maneuverer; an adroit manager.

Tac"tics (?), n. [Gr. &?;, pl., and &?; (sc. &?;, sing., fr. &?; fit for ordering or arranging, fr. &?;, &?;, to put in order, to arrange: cf. F. tactique.] 1. The science and art of disposing military and naval forces in order for battle, and performing military and naval evolutions. It is divided into grand tactics, or the tactics of battles, and elementary tactics, or the tactics of instruction.

2. Hence, any system or method of procedure.

Tac"tile (?), a. [L. tactilis, fr. tangere, tactum, to touch: cf. F. tactile.] Of or pertaining to the organs, or the sense, of touch; perceiving, or perceptible, by the touch; capable of being touched; as, tactile corpuscles; tactile sensations. "Tactile sweets." Beaumont. "Tactile qualities." Sir M. Hale.

Tactile sense (Physiol.), the sense of touch, or pressure sense. See Touch.

> The delicacy of the tactile sense varies on different parts of the skin; it is geatest on the forehead, temples and back of the forearm.

H. N. Martin.

Tac*til"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. tactilité.] The quality or state of being tactile; perceptibility by touch; tangibleness.

Tac"tion (?), n. [L. tactio, from tangere, tactum, to touch.] The act of touching; touch; contact; tangency. "External taction." Chesterfield.

Tact"less (?), a. Destitute of tact.

Tac"tu*al (?), a. [See Tact.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the sense, or the organs, of touch; derived from touch.

> In the lowest organisms we have a kind of tactual sense diffused over the entire body.

Tyndall.

Tad"pole` (?), n. [OE. tadde toad (AS. tdie, tdige) + poll; properly, a toad that is or seems all head. See Toad, and Poll.] 1. (Zoöl.) The young aquatic larva of any amphibian. In this stage it breathes by means of external or internal gills, is at first destitute of legs, and has a finlike tail. Called also polliwig, polliwog, porwiggle, or purwiggy.

2. (Zoöl.) The hooded merganser. [Local, U. S.]

Tadpole fish. (Zoöl.) See Forkbeard (a).

||Tæ"di*um (?), n. [L.] See Tedium.

Tael (?), n. [Malay ta&?;l, a certain weight, probably fr. Hind. tola, Skr. tul a balance, weight, tul to weigh.] A denomination of money, in China, worth nearly six shillings sterling, or about a dollar and forty cents; also, a weight of one ounce and a third. [Written also tale.]

{ Taen (?), or Ta'en }, p. p. of Ta, to take, or a contraction of Taken. [Poetic & Scot.] Burns.

||Tæ"ni*a (?), n.; pl. Tæniæ (#). [L., a ribbon, a tapeworm.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of intestinal worms which includes the common tapeworms of man. See Tapeworm.

2. (Anat.) A band; a structural line; — applied to several bands and lines of nervous matter in the brain.

3. (Arch.) The fillet, or band, at the bottom of a Doric frieze, separating it from the architrave.

||Tæ*ni"a*da (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Tænioidea.

||Tæ`ni*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. taenia a ribbon.] (Zoöl.) A division of Ctenophora including those which have a long, ribbonlike body. The Venus's girdle is the most familiar example.

||Tæ*nid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Tænidia (#). [NL., dim. fr. L. taenia a ribbon.] (Zoöl.) The chitinous fiber forming the spiral thread of the tracheæ of insects. See Illust. of Trachea.

||Tæ`ni*o*glos"sa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a ribbon + &?; a tongue.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of gastropod mollusks in which the odontophore is long and narrow, and usually bears seven rows of teeth. It includes a large number of families both marine and fresh-water.

Tæ`ni*o*glos"sate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Tænioglossa.

Tæ"ni*oid (?), a. [Tænia + -oid.] 1. Ribbonlike; shaped like a ribbon.

2. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to Tænia.

||Tæ`ni*oi"de*a (?), n. pl. (Zoöl.) The division of cestode worms which comprises the tapeworms. See Tapeworm.

||Tæ*ni"o*la (?), n.; pl. Tæniolæ (#). [L., dim. of taenia a ribbon.] (Zoöl.) One of the radial partitions which separate the internal cavities of certain medusæ.

||Tæ`ni*o*so"mi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; ribbon + &?; body.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes remarkable for their long and compressed form. The ribbon fishes are examples. See Ribbon fish, under Ribbon.

Taf"fer*er (?), n. (Naut.) See Taffrail.

{ Taf"fe*ta (?), Taf"fe*ty (?), } n. [F. taffetas, It. taffetà, from Per. tftah, originally, twisted, woven, from tftan to twist, to spin.] A fine, smooth stuff of silk, having usually the wavy luster called watering. The term has also been applied to different kinds of silk goods, from the 16th century to modern times.

> Lined with taffeta and with sendal.

Chaucer.

Taff"rail (?), n. [D. tafereel a panel, picture, fr. tafel table, fr. L. tabula. See Table.] (Naut.) The upper part of a ship's stern, which is flat like a table on the top, and sometimes ornamented with carved work; the rail around a ship's stern. [Written also tafferel.]

Taf"fy (?), n. [Prov. E. taffy toffy.] 1. A kind of candy made of molasses or brown sugar boiled down and poured out in shallow pans. [Written also, in England, toffy.]

2. Flattery; soft phrases. [Slang]

Taf"i*a (?), n. [Cf. F. & Sp. tafia, It. taffia; fr. Malay tfa a spirit distilled from molasses. Cf. Ratafia.] A variety of rum. [West Indies]

Tag (?), n. [Probably akin to tack a small nail; cf. Sw. tagg a prickle, point, tooth.] 1. Any slight appendage, as to an article of dress; something slight hanging loosely; specifically, a direction card, or label.

2. A metallic binding, tube, or point, at the end of a string, or lace, to stiffen it.

3. The end, or catchword, of an actor's speech; cue.

4. Something mean and paltry; the rabble. [Obs.]

Tag and rag, the lowest sort; the rabble. Holinshed.

5. A sheep of the first year. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Tag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tagging (?).] 1. To fit with, or as with, a tag or tags.

> He learned to make long-tagged thread laces.

Macaulay.

> His courteous host . . .
> Tags every sentence with some fawning word.

Dryden.

2. To join; to fasten; to attach. Bolingbroke.

3. To follow closely after; esp., to follow and touch in the game of tag. See Tag, a play.

Tag, v. i. To follow closely, as it were an appendage; — often with after; as, to tag after a person.

Tag, n. [From Tag, v.; cf. Tag, an end.] A child's play in which one runs after and touches another, and then runs away to avoid being touched.

Tag"belt` (?), n. (Far.) Same as Tagsore. [Obs.]

Tag"ger (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, appends or joins one thing to another.

2. That which is pointed like a tag.

> Hedgehogs' or procupines' small taggers.

Cotton.

3. pl. Sheets of tin or other plate which run below the gauge. Knight.

4. A device for removing taglocks from sheep. Knight.

Tag"let (?), n. A little tag.

||Tagl"ia (?), n. [It., a cutting, a pulley, from tagliare to cut. See Tailor.] (Mech.) A peculiar combination of pulleys. Brande & C.

Tagl`ia*co"tain (?), a. (Surg.) Of or pertaining to Tagliacozzi, a Venetian surgeon; as, the Tagliacotian operation, a method of rhinoplasty described by him. [Also Taliacotian, and Tagliacozzian.]

Tagl*io"ni (?), n. A kind of outer coat, or overcoat; — said to be so named after a celebrated Italian family of professional dancers.

> He ought certainly to exchange his taglioni, or comfortable greatcoat, for a cuirass of steel.

Sir W. Scott.

Tag"lock` (?), n. An entangled lock, as of hair or wool. Nares.

Tag"ni*cate (?), n. (Zoöl.) The white-lipped peccary.

Tag"-rag` (?), n. & a. [See Tag an end, and Rag.] The lowest class of people; the rabble. Cf. Rag, tag, and bobtail, under Bobtail.

> If the tag-rag people did not clap him and hiss him, I am no true man.

Shak.

Tag"sore` (?), n. (Far.) Adhesion of the tail of a sheep to the wool from excoriation produced by contact with the feces; — called also tagbelt. [Obs.]

Tag"tail` (?), n. 1. A worm which has its tail conspicuously colored.

2. A person who attaches himself to another against the will of the latter; a hanger-on.

Tag"u*an (?), n. [From the native name in the East Indies.] (Zoöl.) A large flying squirrel (Pteromys petuarista). Its body becomes two feet long, with a large bushy tail nearly as long.

<! p. 1469 !>

Ta`gui*ca"ti (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The white-lipped peccary.

Ta"ha (?), n. The African rufous-necked weaver bird (Hyphantornis texor).

Ta*ha"leb (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) A fox (Vulpes Niloticus) of Northern Africa.

Ta*hi"ti*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Tahiti, an island in the Pacific Ocean. — n. A native inhabitant of Tahiti.

Tahr (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Thar.

Tail (?), n. [F. taille a cutting. See Entail, Tally.] (Law) Limitation; abridgment. Burrill.

Estate in tail, a limited, abridged, or reduced fee; an estate limited to certain heirs, and from which the other heirs are precluded; — called also estate tail. Blackstone.

Tail, a. (Law) Limited; abridged; reduced; curtailed; as, estate tail.

Tail, n. [AS. tægel, tægl; akin to G. zagel, Icel. tagl, Sw. tagel, Goth. tagl hair. √59.] 1. (Zoöl.) The terminal, and usually flexible, posterior appendage of an animal.

The tail of mammals and reptiles contains a series of movable vertebræ, and is covered with flesh and hairs or scales like those of other parts of the body. The tail of existing birds consists of several more or less consolidated vertebræ which supports a fanlike group of quills to which the term tail is more particularly applied. The tail of fishes consists of the tapering hind portion of the body ending in a caudal fin. The term tail is sometimes applied to the entire abdomen of a crustacean or insect, and sometimes to the terminal piece or pygidium alone.

2. Any long, flexible terminal appendage; whatever resembles, in shape or position, the tail of an animal, as a catkin.

> Doretus writes a great praise of the distilled waters of those tails that hang on willow trees.

Harvey.

3. Hence, the back, last, lower, or inferior part of anything, — as opposed to the head, or the superior part.

> The Lord will make thee the head, and not the tail.

Deut. xxviii. 13.

4. A train or company of attendants; a retinue.

> "Ah," said he, "if you saw but the chief with his tail on."

Sir W. Scott.

5. The side of a coin opposite to that which bears the head, effigy, or date; the reverse; — rarely used except in the expression "heads or tails," employed when a coin is thrown up for the purpose of deciding some point by its fall.

6. (Anat.) The distal tendon of a muscle.

7. (Bot.) A downy or feathery appendage to certain achenes. It is formed of the permanent elongated style.

8. (Surg.) (a) A portion of an incision, at its beginning or end, which does not go through the whole thickness of the skin, and is more painful than a complete incision; — called also tailing. (b) One of the strips at the end of a bandage formed by splitting the bandage one or more times.

9. (Naut.) A rope spliced to the strap of a block, by which it may be lashed to anything.

10. (Mus.) The part of a note which runs perpendicularly upward or downward from the head; the stem. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

11. pl. Same as Tailing, 4.

12. (Arch.) The bottom or lower portion of a member or part, as a slate or tile.

13. pl. (Mining) See Tailing, n., 5.

Tail beam. (Arch.) Same as Tailpiece. — Tail coverts (Zoöl.), the feathers which cover the bases of the tail quills. They are sometimes much longer than the quills, and form elegant plumes. Those above the quills are called the upper tail coverts, and those below, the under tail coverts. — Tail end, the latter end; the termination; as, the tail end of a contest. [Colloq.] — Tail joist. (Arch.) Same as Tailpiece. — Tail of a comet (Astron.), a luminous train extending from the nucleus or body, often to a great distance, and usually in a direction opposite to the sun. — Tail of a gale (Naut.), the latter part of it, when the wind has greatly abated. Totten. — Tail of a lock (on a canal), the lower end, or entrance into the lower pond. — Tail of the trenches (Fort.), the post where the besiegers begin to break ground, and cover themselves from the fire of the place, in advancing the lines of approach. — Tail spindle, the spindle of the tailstock of a turning lathe; — called also dead spindle. — To turn tail, to run away; to flee.

> Would she turn tail to the heron, and fly quite out another way; but all was to return in a higher pitch.

Sir P. Sidney.

Tail, v. t. 1. To follow or hang to, like a tail; to be attached closely to, as that which can not be evaded. [Obs.]

> Nevertheless his bond of two thousand pounds, wherewith he was tailed, continued uncanceled, and was called on the next Parliament.

Fuller.

2. To pull or draw by the tail. [R.] Hudibras.

To tail in or on (Arch.), to fasten by one of the ends into a wall or some other support; as, to tail in a timber.

Tail, v. i. 1. (Arch.) To hold by the end; — said of a timber when it rests upon a wall or other support; — with in or into.

2. (Naut.) To swing with the stern in a certain direction; — said of a vessel at anchor; as, this vessel tails down stream.

Tail on. (Naut.) See Tally on, under Tally.

Tail"age (?), n. (O. Eng. Law) See Tallage.

Tail"-bay` (?), n. 1. (Arch.) One of the joists which rest one end on the wall and the other on a girder; also, the space between a wall and the nearest girder of a floor. Cf. Case-bay.

2. The part of a canal lock below the lower gates.

Tail"block` (?), n. (Naut.) A block with a tail. See Tail, 9.

Tail"board` (?), n. The board at the rear end of a cart or wagon, which can be removed or let down, for convenience in loading or unloading.

Tailed (?), a. Having a tail; having (such) a tail or (so many) tails; — chiefly used in composition; as, bobtailed, longtailed, etc.

> Snouted and tailed like a boar.

Grew.

Tail"ing (?), n. 1. (Arch.) The part of a projecting stone or brick inserted in a wall. Gwilt.

2. (Surg.) Same as Tail, n., 8 (a).

3. Sexual intercourse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

4. pl. The lighter parts of grain separated from the seed threshing and winnowing; chaff.

5. pl. (Mining) The refuse part of stamped ore, thrown behind the tail of the buddle or washing apparatus. It is dressed over again to secure whatever metal may exist in it. Called also tails. Pryce.

Taille (?), n. [F. See Tally, Tailor.] 1. A tally; an account scored on a piece of wood. [Obs.]

> Whether that he paid or took by taille.

Chaucer.

2. (O. F. Law) Any imposition levied by the king, or any other lord, upon his subjects.

> The taille, as it still subsists in France, may serve as an example of those ancient tallages. It was a tax upon the profits of the farmer, which they estimate by the stock that he has upon the farm.

A. Smith.

3. (Mus.) The French name for the tenor voice or part; also, for the tenor viol or viola.

Tail"less (?), a. Having no tail. H. Spencer.

Tail"lie (?), n. (Scots Law) Same as Tailzie.

Tai"lor (?), n. [OF. tailleor, F. tailleur, fr. OF. taillier, F. tailler to cut, fr. L. talea a rod, stick, a cutting, layer for planting. Cf. Detail, Entail, Retail, Tally, n.] 1. One whose occupation is to cut out and make men's garments; also, one who cuts out and makes ladies' outer garments.

> Well said, good woman's tailor . . . I would thou wert a man's tailor.

Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The mattowacca; — called also tailor herring. (b) The silversides.

3. (Zoöl.) The goldfish. [Prov. Eng.]

Salt-water tailor (Zoöl.), the bluefish. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett. — Tailor bird (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small Asiatic and East Indian singing birds belonging to Orthotomus, Prinia, and allied genera. They are noted for the skill with which they sew leaves together to form nests. The common Indian species are O. longicauda, which has the back, scapulars, and upper tail coverts yellowish green, and the under parts white; and the golden-headed tailor bird (O. coronatus), which has the top of the head golden yellow and the back and wings pale olive-green.

Tai"lor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tailored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tailoring.] To practice making men's clothes; to follow the business of a tailor.

> These tailoring artists for our lays
> Invent cramped rules.

M. Green.

Tai"lor*ess, n. A female tailor.

Tai"lor*ing, adv. The business or the work of a tailor or a tailoress.

Tail"piece` (?), n. 1. A piece at the end; an appendage.

2. (Arch.) One of the timbers which tail into a header, in floor framing. See Illust. of Header.

3. (Print.) An ornament placed at the bottom of a short page to fill up the space, or at the end of a book. Savage.

4. A piece of ebony or other material attached to the lower end of a violin or similar instrument, to which the strings are fastened.

Tail"pin" (?), n. (Mach.) The center in the spindle of a turning lathe.

Tail"race` (?), n. 1. See Race, n., 6.

2. (Mining) The channel in which tailings, suspended in water, are conducted away.

Tail"stock` (?), n. The sliding block or support, in a lathe, which carries the dead spindle, or adjustable center. The headstock supports the live spindle.

Tail"-wa`ter (?), n. Water in a tailrace.

Tail"zie (-z or -y), n. [F. tailler to cut. See Tail a limitation.] (Scots Law) An entailment or deed whereby the legal course of succession is cut off, and an arbitrary one substituted. [Written also tailzee.]

Tain (?), n. [OE. tein, teyne; cf. Icel. teinn a twig, akin to AS. tn, Goth. tains.] Thin tin plate; also, tin foil for mirrors. Knight.

Taint (?), n. [Cf. F. atteinte a blow, bit, stroke. See Attaint.] 1. A thrust with a lance, which fails of its intended effect. [Obs.]

> This taint he followed with his sword drawn from a silver sheath.

Chapman.

2. An injury done to a lance in an encounter, without its being broken; also, a breaking of a lance in an encounter in a dishonorable or unscientific manner. [Obs.]

Taint, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tainted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tainting.] To thrust ineffectually with a lance. [Obs.]

Taint, v. t. 1. To injure, as a lance, without breaking it; also, to break, as a lance, but usually in an unknightly or unscientific manner. [Obs.]

> Do not fear; I have
> A staff to taint, and bravely.

Massinger.

2. To hit or touch lightly, in tilting. [Obs.]

> They tainted each other on the helms and passed by.

Ld. Berners.

Taint, v. t. [F. teint, p. p. of teindre to dye, tinge, fr. L. tingere, tinctum. See Tinge, and cf. Tint.] 1. To imbue or impregnate with something extraneous, especially with something odious, noxious, or poisonous; hence, to corrupt; to infect; to poison; as, putrid substance taint the air.

2. Fig.: To stain; to sully; to tarnish.

> His unkindness may defeat my life,
> But never taint my love.

Shak.

Syn. — To contaminate; defile; pollute; corrupt; infect; disease; vitiate; poison.

Taint (?), v. i. 1. To be infected or corrupted; to be touched with something corrupting.

> I can not taint with fear.

Shak.

2. To be affected with incipient putrefaction; as, meat soon taints in warm weather.

Taint, n. 1. Tincture; hue; color; tinge. [Obs.]

2. Infection; corruption; deprivation.

> He had inherited from his parents a scrofulous taint, which it was beyond the power of medicine to remove.

Macaulay.

3. A blemish on reputation; stain; spot; disgrace.

Taint"less, a. Free from taint or infection; pure.

Taint"less*ly, adv. In a taintless manner.

Tain"ture (?), n. [F. teinture. See Taint to stain, and cf. Tincture.] Taint; tinge; difilement; stain; spot. [R.] Shak.

Taint"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A destructive parasitic worm or insect larva.

Tai"ra (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Tayra.

Tairn (?), n. See Tarn. Coleridge.

Tait (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small nocturnal and arboreal Australian marsupial (Tarsipes rostratus) about the size of a mouse. It has a long muzzle, a long tongue, and very few teeth, and feeds upon honey and insects. Called also noolbenger.

{ Ta*jaç"u, Ta*jas"su } (?), n. [Pg. tajaçú, from Braz. tayaçú a hog or swine.] (Zoöl.) The common, or collared, peccary.

Take (?), obs. p. p. of Take. Taken. Chaucer.

<! p. 1470 !>

Take, v. t. [imp. Took (?); p. p. Takend (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Taking.] [Icel. taka; akin to Sw. taga, Dan. tage, Goth. tkan to touch; of uncertain origin.] 1. In an active sense; To lay hold of; to seize with the hands, or otherwise; to grasp; to get into one's hold or possession; to procure; to seize and carry away; to convey. Hence, specifically: —

(a) To obtain possession of by force or artifice; to get the custody or control of; to reduce into subjection to one's power or will; to capture; to seize; to make prisoner; as, to take am army, a city, or a ship; also, to come upon or befall; to fasten on; to attack; to seize; — said of a disease, misfortune, or the like.

> This man was taken of the Jews.

Acts xxiii. 27.

> Men in their loose, unguarded hours they take;
> Not that themselves are wise, but others weak.

Pope.

> They that come abroad after these showers are commonly taken with sickness.

Bacon.

> There he blasts the tree and takes the cattle
> And makes milch kine yield blood.

Shak.

(b) To gain or secure the interest or affection of; to captivate; to engage; to interest; to charm.

> Neither let her take thee with her eyelids.

Prov. vi. 25.

> Cleombroutus was so taken with this prospect, that he had no patience.

Wake.

> I know not why, but there was a something in those half-seen features, — a charm in the very shadow that hung over their imagined beauty, — which took me more than all the outshining loveliness of her companions.

Moore.

(c) To make selection of; to choose; also, to turn to; to have recourse to; as, to take the road to the right.

> Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken.

1 Sam. xiv. 42.

> The violence of storming is the course which God is forced to take for the destroying . . . of sinners.

Hammond.

(d) To employ; to use; to occupy; hence, to demand; to require; as, it takes so much cloth to make a coat.

> This man always takes time . . . before he passes his judgments.

I. Watts.

(e) To form a likeness of; to copy; to delineate; to picture; as, to take picture of a person.

> Beauty alone could beauty take so right.

Dryden.

(f) To draw; to deduce; to derive. [R.]

> The firm belief of a future judgment is the most forcible motive to a good life, because taken from this consideration of the most lasting happiness and misery.

Tillotson.

(g) To assume; to adopt; to acquire, as shape; to permit to one's self; to indulge or engage in; to yield to; to have or feel; to enjoy or experience, as rest, revenge, delight, shame; to form and adopt, as a resolution; — used in general senses, limited by a following complement, in many idiomatic phrases; as, to take a resolution; I take the liberty to say.

(h) To lead; to conduct; as, to take a child to church.

(i) To carry; to convey; to deliver to another; to hand over; as, he took the book to the bindery.

> He took me certain gold, I wot it well.

Chaucer.

(k) To remove; to withdraw; to deduct; — with from; as, to take the breath from one; to take two from four.

2. In a somewhat passive sense, to receive; to bear; to endure; to acknowledge; to accept. Specifically: —

(a) To accept, as something offered; to receive; not to refuse or reject; to admit.

> Ye shall take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer.

Num. xxxv. 31.

> Let not a widow be taken into the number under threescore.

1 Tim. v. 10.

(b) To receive as something to be eaten or dronk; to partake of; to swallow; as, to take food or wine.

(c) Not to refuse or balk at; to undertake readily; to clear; as, to take a hedge or fence.

(d) To bear without ill humor or resentment; to submit to; to tolerate; to endure; as, to take a joke; he will take an affront from no man.

(e) To admit, as, something presented to the mind; not to dispute; to allow; to accept; to receive in thought; to entertain in opinion; to understand; to interpret; to regard or look upon; to consider; to suppose; as, to take a thing for granted; this I take to be man's motive; to take men for spies.

> You take me right.

Bacon.

> Charity, taken in its largest extent, is nothing else but the science love of God and our neighbor.

Wake.

> [He] took that for virtue and affection which was nothing but vice in a disguise.

South.

> You'd doubt his sex, and take him for a girl.

Tate.

(f) To accept the word or offer of; to receive and accept; to bear; to submit to; to enter into agreement with; — used in general senses; as, to take a form or shape.

> I take thee at thy word.

Rowe.

> Yet thy moist clay is pliant to command; . . .
> Not take the mold.

Dryden.

To be taken aback, To take advantage of, To take air, etc. See under Aback, Advantage, etc. — To take aim, to direct the eye or weapon; to aim. — To take along, to carry, lead, or convey. — To take arms, to commence war or hostilities. — To take away, to carry off; to remove; to cause deprivation of; to do away with; as, a bill for taking away the votes of bishops. "By your own law, I take your life away." Dryden. — To take breath, to stop, as from labor, in order to breathe or rest; to recruit or refresh one's self. — To take care, to exercise care or vigilance; to be solicitous. "Doth God take care for oxen?" 1 Cor. ix. 9. — To take care of, to have the charge or care of; to care for; to superintend or oversee. — To take down. (a) To reduce; to bring down, as from a high, or higher, place; as, to take down a book; hence, to bring lower; to depress; to abase or humble; as, to take down pride, or the proud. "I never attempted to be impudent yet, that I was not taken down." Goldsmith. (b) To swallow; as, to take down a potion. (c) To pull down; to pull to pieces; as, to take down a house or a scaffold. (d) To record; to write down; as, to take down a man's words at the time he utters them. — To take effect, To take fire. See under Effect, and Fire. — To take ground to the right or to the left (Mil.), to extend the line to the right or left; to move, as troops, to the right or left. — To take heart, to gain confidence or courage; to be encouraged. — To take heed, to be careful or cautious. "Take heed what doom against yourself you give." Dryden. — To take heed to, to attend with care, as, take heed to thy ways. — To take hold of, to seize; to fix on. — To take horse, to mount and ride a horse. — To take in. (a) To inclose; to fence. (b) To encompass or embrace; to comprise; to comprehend. (c) To draw into a smaller compass; to contract; to brail or furl; as, to take in sail. (d) To cheat; to circumvent; to gull; to deceive. [Colloq.] (e) To admit; to receive; as, a leaky vessel will take in water. (f) To win by conquest. [Obs.]

> For now Troy's broad-wayed town
> He shall take in.

Chapman.

(g) To receive into the mind or understanding. "Some bright genius can take in a long train of propositions." I. Watts. (h) To receive regularly, as a periodical work or newspaper; to take. [Eng.] — To take in hand. See under Hand. — To take in vain, to employ or utter as in an oath. "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain." Ex. xx. 7. — To take issue. See under Issue. — To take leave. See Leave, n., 2. — To take a newspaper, magazine, or the like, to receive it regularly, as on paying the price of subscription. — To take notice, to observe, or to observe with particular attention. — To take notice of. See under Notice. — To take oath, to swear with solemnity, or in a judicial manner. — To take off. (a) To remove, as from the surface or outside; to remove from the top of anything; as, to take off a load; to take off one's hat. (b) To cut off; as, to take off the head, or a limb. (c) To destroy; as, to take off life. (d) To remove; to invalidate; as, to take off the force of an argument. (e) To withdraw; to call or draw away. Locke. (f) To swallow; as, to take off a glass of wine. (g) To purchase; to take in trade. "The Spaniards having no commodities that we will take off." Locke. (h) To copy; to reproduce. "Take off all their models in wood." Addison. (i) To imitate; to mimic; to personate. (k) To find place for; to dispose of; as, more scholars than preferments can take off. [R.] Bacon. — To take on, to assume; to take upon one's self; as, to take on a character or responsibility. — To take one's own course, to act one's pleasure; to pursue the measures of one's own choice. — To take order for. See under Order. — To take order with, to check; to hinder; to repress. [Obs.] Bacon. — To take orders. (a) To receive directions or commands. (b) (Eccl.) To enter some grade of the ministry. See Order, n., 10. — To take out. (a) To remove from within a place; to separate; to deduct. (b) To draw out; to remove; to clear or cleanse from; as, to take out a stain or spot from cloth. (c) To produce for one's self; as, to take out a patent. (d) To put an end to; as, to take the conceit out of a man. (e) To escort; as, to take out to dinner. — To take over, to undertake; to take the management of. [Eng.] Cross (Life of G. Eliot). — To take part, to share; as, they take part in our rejoicing. — To take part with, to unite with; to join with. — To take place, root, sides, stock, etc. See under Place, Root, Side, etc. — To take the air. (a) (Falconry) To seek to escape by trying to rise higher than the falcon; — said of a bird. (b) See under Air. — To take the field. (Mil.) See under Field. — To take thought, to be concerned or anxious; to be solicitous. Matt. vi. 25, 27. — To take to heart. See under Heart. — To take to task, to reprove; to censure. — To take up. (a) To lift; to raise. Hood. (b) To buy or borrow; as, to take up goods to a large amount; to take up money at the bank. (c) To begin; as, to take up a lamentation. Ezek. xix. 1. (d) To gather together; to bind up; to fasten or to replace; as, to take up raveled stitches; specifically (Surg.), to fasten with a ligature. (e) To engross; to employ; to occupy or fill; as, to take up the time; to take up a great deal of room. (f) To take permanently. "Arnobius asserts that men of the finest parts . . . took up their rest in the Christian religion." Addison. (g) To seize; to catch; to arrest; as, to take up a thief; to take up vagabonds. (h) To admit; to believe; to receive. [Obs.]

> The ancients took up experiments upon credit.

Bacon.

(i) To answer by reproof; to reprimand; to berate.

> One of his relations took him up roundly.

L'Estrange.

(k) To begin where another left off; to keep up in continuous succession.

> Soon as the evening shades prevail,
> The moon takes up the wondrous tale.

Addison.

(l) To assume; to adopt as one's own; to carry on or manage; as, to take up the quarrels of our neighbors; to take up current opinions. "They take up our old trade of conquering." Dryden. (m) To comprise; to include. "The noble poem of Palemon and Arcite . . . takes up seven years." Dryden. (n) To receive, accept, or adopt for the purpose of assisting; to espouse the cause of; to favor. Ps. xxvii. 10. (o) To collect; to exact, as a tax; to levy; as, to take up a contribution. "Take up commodities upon our bills." Shak. (p) To pay and receive; as, to take up a note at the bank. (q) (Mach.) To remove, as by an adjustment of parts; as, to take up lost motion, as in a bearing; also, to make tight, as by winding, or drawing; as, to take up slack thread in sewing. (r) To make up; to compose; to settle; as, to take up a quarrel. [Obs.] Shak. — To take up arms. Same as To take arms, above. — To take upon one's self. (a) To assume; to undertake; as, he takes upon himself to assert that the fact is capable of proof. (b) To appropriate to one's self; to allow to be imputed to, or inflicted upon, one's self; as, to take upon one's self a punishment. — To take up the gauntlet. See under Gauntlet.

Take (?), v. i. 1. To take hold; to fix upon anything; to have the natural or intended effect; to accomplish a purpose; as, he was inoculated, but the virus did not take. Shak.

> When flame taketh and openeth, it giveth a noise.

Bacon.

> In impressions from mind to mind, the impression taketh, but is overcome . . . before it work any manifest effect.

Bacon.

2. To please; to gain reception; to succeed.

> Each wit may praise it for his own dear sake,
> And hint he writ it, if the thing should take.

Addison.

3. To move or direct the course; to resort; to betake one's self; to proceed; to go; — usually with to; as, the fox, being hard pressed, took to the hedge.

4. To admit of being pictured, as in a photograph; as, his face does not take well.

To take after. (a) To learn to follow; to copy; to imitate; as, he takes after a good pattern. (b) To resemble; as, the son takes after his father. — To take in with, to resort to. [Obs.] Bacon. — To take on, to be violently affected; to express grief or pain in a violent manner. — To take to. (a) To apply one's self to; to be fond of; to become attached to; as, to take to evil practices. "If he does but take to you, . . . you will contract a great friendship with him." Walpole. (b) To resort to; to betake one's self to. "Men of learning, who take to business, discharge it generally with greater honesty than men of the world." Addison. — To take up. (a) To stop. [Obs.] "Sinners at last take up and settle in a contempt of religion." Tillotson. (b) To reform. [Obs.] Locke. — To take up with. (a) To be contended to receive; to receive without opposition; to put up with; as, to take up with plain fare. "In affairs which may have an extensive influence on our future happiness, we should not take up with probabilities." I. Watts. (b) To lodge with; to dwell with. [Obs.] L'Estrange. — To take with, to please. Bacon.

Take, n. 1. That which is taken; especially, the quantity of fish captured at one haul or catch.

2. (Print.) The quantity or copy given to a compositor at one time.

Take"-in` (?), n. Imposition; fraud. [Colloq.]

Tak"en (?), p. p. of Take.

Take"-off` (?), n. An imitation, especially in the way of caricature.

Tak"er (tk"r), n. One who takes or receives; one who catches or apprehends.

Take"-up` (?), n. (Mach.) That which takes up or tightens; specifically, a device in a sewing machine for drawing up the slack thread as the needle rises, in completing a stitch.

Tak"ing (?), a. 1. Apt to take; alluring; attracting.

> Subtile in making his temptations most taking.

Fuller.

2. Infectious; contageous. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

— Tak"ing*ly, adv. — Tak"ing*ness, n.

Tak"ing, n. 1. The act of gaining possession; a seizing; seizure; apprehension.

2. Agitation; excitement; distress of mind. [Colloq.]

> What a taking was he in, when your husband asked who was in the basket!

Shak.

3. Malign influence; infection. [Obs.] Shak.

Tak"ing-off` (?), n. Removal; murder. See To take off (c), under Take, v. t.

> The deep damnation of his taking-off.

Shak.

Tal"a*poin (tl"*poin), n. (Zoöl.) A small African monkey (Cercopithecus, or Miopithecus, talapoin) — called also melarhine.

||Ta*la"ri*a (?), n. pl. [L., from talaris pertaining to the ankles, fr. talus ankle.] (Class. Myth.) Small wings or winged shoes represented as fastened to the ankles, — chiefly used as an attribute of Mercury.

Tal"bot (?), n. A sort of dog, noted for quick scent and eager pursuit of game. [Obs.] Wase (1654).

The figure of a dog is borne in the arms of the Talbot family, whence, perhaps, the name.

Tal"bo*type (?), n. (Photog.) Same as Calotype.

Talc (?), n. [F. talc; cf. Sp. & It. talco, LL. talcus; all fr. Ar. talq.] (Min.) A soft mineral of a soapy feel and a greenish, whitish, or grayish color, usually occurring in foliated masses. It is hydrous silicate of magnesia. Steatite, or soapstone, is a compact granular variety.

Indurated talc, an impure, slaty talc, with a nearly compact texture, and greater hardness than common talc; — called also talc slate.

{ Tal*cose" (?), Talc"ous (?), } a. [Cf. F. talqueux.] (Min.) Of or pertaining to talc; composed of, or resembling, talc.

Tale (?), n. See Tael.

Tale, n. [AS. talu number, speech, narrative; akin to D. taal speech, language, G. zahl number, OHG. zala, Icel. tal, tala, number, speech, Sw. tal, Dan. tal number, tale speech, Goth. talzjan to instruct. Cf. Tell, v. t., Toll a tax, also Talk, v. i.] 1. That which is told; an oral relation or recital; any rehearsal of what has occured; narrative; discourse; statement; history; story. "The tale of Troy divine." Milton. "In such manner rime is Dante's tale." Chaucer.

> We spend our years as a tale that is told.

Ps. xc. 9.

2. A number told or counted off; a reckoning by count; an enumeration; a count, in distinction from measure or weight; a number reckoned or stated.

> The ignorant, . . . who measure by tale, and not by weight.

Hooker.

> And every shepherd tells his tale,
> Under the hawthornn in the dale.

Milton.

> In packing, they keep a just tale of the number.

Carew.

3. (Law) A count or declaration. [Obs.]

To tell tale of, to make account of. [Obs.]

> Therefore little tale hath he told
> Of any dream, so holy was his heart.

Chaucer.

Syn. — Anecdote; story; fable; incident; memoir; relation; account; legend; narrative.

Tale (?), v. i. To tell stories. [Obs.] Chaucer. Gower.

Tale"bear`er (?), n. One who officiously tells tales; one who impertinently or maliciously communicates intelligence, scandal, etc., and makes mischief.

> Spies and talebearers, encouraged by her father, did their best to inflame her resentment.

Macaulay.

Tale"bear`ing, a. Telling tales officiously.

Tale"bear`ing, n. The act of informing officiously; communication of sectrts, scandal, etc., maliciously.

Ta"led (?), n. (Jewish Antiq.) A kind of quadrangular piece of cloth put on by the Jews when repeating prayers in the synagogues. Crabb.

Tale"ful (?), a. Full of stories. [R.] Thomson.

||Tal`e*gal"la (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Australian birds which includes the brush turkey. See Brush turkey.

Tal"ent (?), n. [F., fr. L. talentum a talent (in sense 1), Gr. &?; a balance, anything weighed, a definite weight, a talent; akin to &?; to bear, endure, &?;, L. tolerare, tollere, to lift up, sustain, endure. See Thole, v. t., Tolerate.] 1. Among the ancient Greeks, a weight and a denomination of money equal to 60 minæ or 6,000 drachmæ. The Attic talent, as a weight, was about 57 lbs. avoirdupois; as a denomination of silver money, its value was £243 15s. sterling, or about $1,180.

> Rowing vessel whose burden does not exceed five hundred talents.

Jowett (Thucid.).

2. Among the Hebrews, a weight and denomination of money. For silver it was equivalent to 3,000 shekels, and in weight was equal to about 93&?; lbs. avoirdupois; as a denomination of silver, it has been variously estimated at from £340 to £396 sterling, or about $1,645 to $1,916. For gold it was equal to 10,000 gold shekels.

3. Inclination; will; disposition; desire. [Obs.]

> They rather counseled you to your talent than to your profit.

Chaucer.

4. Intellectual ability, natural or acquired; mental endowment or capacity; skill in accomplishing; a special gift, particularly in business, art, or the like; faculty; a use of the word probably originating in the Scripture parable of the talents (Matt. xxv. 14-30).

> He is chiefly to be considered in his three different talents, as a critic, a satirist, and a writer of odes.

Dryden.

> His talents, his accomplishments, his graceful manners, made him generally popular.

Macaulay.

Syn. — Ability; faculty; gift; endowment. See Genius.

Tal"ent*ed, a. Furnished with talents; possessing skill or talent; mentally gifted. Abp. Abbot (1663).

This word has been strongly objected to by Coleridge and some other critics, but, as it would seem, upon not very good grounds, as the use of talent or talents to signify mental ability, although at first merely metaphorical, is now fully established, and talented, as a formative, is just as analogical and legitimate as gifted, bigoted, moneyed, landed, lilied, honeyed, and numerous other adjectives having a participal form, but derived directly from nouns and not from verbs.

||Ta"les (?), n. [L., pl. of talis such (persons).] (Law) (a) pl. Persons added to a jury, commonly from those in or about the courthouse, to make up any deficiency in the number of jurors regularly summoned, being like, or such as, the latter. Blount. Blackstone. (b) syntactically sing. The writ by which such persons are summoned.

Tales book, a book containing the names of such as are admitted of the tales. Blount. Craig. — ||Tales de circumstantibus [L.], such, or the like, from those standing about.

Tales"man (?), n.; pl. Talesmen (&?;). (Law) A person called to make up a deficiency in the number of jurors when a tales is awarded. Wharton.

Tale"tell`er (?), n. One who tells tales or stories, especially in a mischievous or officious manner; a talebearer; a telltale; a tattler.

Tale"wise` (?), adv. In a way of a tale or story.

Tal"ia*co`tian (?), a. See Tagliacotian.

Tal`i*a"tion (?), n. Retaliation. [Obs.]

> Just heav'n this taliation did decree.

Beaumont.

Ta"li*on (?), n. [F., fr. L. talio, perh. fr. talis such. Cf. Retaliation.] Retaliation. [R.] Holinshed.

||Tal"i*pes (?), n. [NL., fr. L. talus an ankle + pes, pedis, a foot; cf. L. talipedare to be weak in the feet, properly, to walk on the ankles.] (Surg.) The deformity called clubfoot. See Clubfoot.

Several varieties are distinguished; as, Talipes varus, in which the foot is drawn up and bent inward; T. valgus, in which the foot is bent outward; T. equinus, in which the sole faces backward and the patient walks upon the balls of the toes; and T. calcaneus (called also talus), in which the sole faces forward and the patient walks upon the heel.

Tal"i*pot (?), n. [Hind. tlpt the leaf of the tree.] (Bot.) A beautiful tropical palm tree (Corypha umbraculifera), a native of Ceylon and the Malabar coast. It has a trunk sixty or seventy feet high, bearing a crown of gigantic fan-shaped leaves which are used as umbrellas and as fans in ceremonial processions, and, when cut into strips, as a substitute for writing paper.

<! p. 1471 !>

Tal"is*man (?), n.; pl. Talismans (#). [Sp., from Ar. tilism, tilsam, a magical image, pl. tilsamn, fr. Gr. &?; tribute, tax, LGr., an initiation, incantation, from &?; to complete, perform, to play taxes, to make perfect, to initiate, especially in the mysteries, fr. &?; completion, end.] 1. A magical figure cut or engraved under certain superstitious observances of the configuration of the heavens, to which wonderful effects are ascribed; the seal, figure, character, or image, of a heavenly sign, constellation, or planet, engraved on a sympathetic stone, or on a metal corresponding to the star, in order to receive its influence.

2. Hence, something that produces extraordinary effects, esp. in averting or repelling evil; an amulet; a charm; as, a talisman to avert diseases. Swift.

{ Tal`is*man"ic (?), Tal`is*man"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. talismanique.] Of or pertaining to a talisman; having the properties of a talisman, or preservative against evils by occult influence; magical.

Talk (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Talked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Talking.] [Cf. LG. talk talk, gabble, Prov. G. talken to speak indistinctly; or OD. tolken to interpret, MHG. tolkan to interpret, to tell, to speak indistinctly, Dan. tolke to interpret, Sw. tolka, Icel. t&?;lka to interpret, t&?;lkr an interpreter, Lith. tulkas an interpreter, tulkanti, tulkti, to interpret, Russ. tolkovate to interpret, to talk about; or perhaps fr. OE. talien to speak (see Tale, v. i. & n.).] 1. To utter words; esp., to converse familiarly; to speak, as in familiar discourse, when two or more persons interchange thoughts.

> I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following, but I will not eat with you.

Shak.

2. To confer; to reason; to consult.

> Let me talk with thee of thy judgments.

Jer. xii. 1.

3. To prate; to speak impertinently. [Colloq.]

To talk of, to relate; to tell; to give an account of; as, authors talk of the wonderful remains of Palmyra. "The natural histories of Switzerland talk much of the fall of these rocks, and the great damage done." Addison. — To talk to, to advise or exhort, or to reprove gently; as, I will talk to my son respecting his conduct. [Colloq.]

Talk, v. t. 1. To speak freely; to use for conversing or communicating; as, to talk French.

2. To deliver in talking; to speak; to utter; to make a subject of conversation; as, to talk nonsense; to talk politics.

3. To consume or spend in talking; — often followed by away; as, to talk away an evening.

4. To cause to be or become by talking. "They would talk themselves mad." Shak.

To talk over. (a) To talk about; to have conference respecting; to deliberate upon; to discuss; as, to talk over a matter or plan. (b) To change the mind or opinion of by talking; to convince; as, to talk over an opponent.

Talk, n. 1. The act of talking; especially, familiar converse; mutual discourse; that which is uttered, especially in familiar conversation, or the mutual converse of two or more.

> In various talk the instructive hours they passed.

Pope.

> Their talk, when it was not made up of nautical phrases, was too commonly made up of oaths and curses.

Macaulay.

2. Report; rumor; as, to hear talk of war.

> I hear a talk up and down of raising our money.

Locke.

3. Subject of discourse; as, his achievment is the talk of the town.

Syn. — Conversation; colloquy; discourse; chat; dialogue; conference; communication. See Conversation.

Talk"a*tive (?), a. Given to much talking.

Syn. — Garrulous; loquacious. See Garrulous.

— Talk"a*tive*ly, adv. — Talk"a*tive*ness, n.

Talk"er (?), n. 1. One who talks; especially, one who is noted for his power of conversing readily or agreeably; a conversationist.

> There probably were never four talkers more admirable in four different ways than Johnson, Burke, Beauclerk, and Garrick.

Macaulay.

2. A loquacious person, male or female; a prattler; a babbler; also, a boaster; a braggart; — used in contempt or reproach. Jer. Taylor.

Talk"ing, a. 1. That talks; able to utter words; as, a talking parrot.

2. Given to talk; loquacious.

> The hawthorn bush, with seats beneath the shade,
> For talking age and whispering lovers made.

Goldsmith.

Tall (?), a. [Compar. Taller (?); superl. Tallest.] [OE. tal seemly, elegant, docile (?); of uncertain origin; cf. AS. un- tala, un-tale, bad, Goth. untals indocile, disobedient, uninstructed, or W. & Corn. tal high, Ir. talla meet, fit, proper, just.] 1. High in stature; having a considerable, or an unusual, extension upward; long and comparatively slender; having the diameter or lateral extent small in proportion to the height; as, a tall person, tree, or mast.

> Two of far nobler shape, erect and tall.

Milton.

2. Brave; bold; courageous. [Obs.]

> As tall a trencherman
> As e'er demolished a pye fortification.

Massinger.

> His companions, being almost in despair of victory, were suddenly recomforted by Sir William Stanley, which came to succors with three thousand tall men.

Grafton.

3. Fine; splendid; excellent; also, extravagant; excessive. [Obs. or Slang] B. Jonson.

Syn. — High; lofty. — Tall, High, Lofty. High is the generic term, and is applied to anything which is elevated or raised above another thing. Tall specifically describes that which has a small diameter in proportion to its height; hence, we speak of a tall man, a tall steeple, a tall mast, etc., but not of a tall hill. Lofty has a special reference to the expanse above us, and denotes an imposing height; as, a lofty mountain; a lofty room. Tall is now properly applied only to physical objects; high and lofty have a moral acceptation; as, high thought, purpose, etc.; lofty aspirations; a lofty genius. Lofty is the stronger word, and is usually coupled with the grand or admirable.

{ Tal"lage (?), Tal"li*age (?), } n. [F. taillage. See Taille, and cf. Tailage.] (O. Eng. Law) A certain rate or tax paid by barons, knights, and inferior tenants, toward the public expenses. [Written also tailage, taillage.]

When paid out of knight's fees, it was called scutage; when by cities and burghs, tallage; when upon lands not held by military tenure, hidage. Blackstone.

Tal"lage, v. t. To lay an impost upon; to cause to pay tallage.

Tal"li*er (?), n. One who keeps tally.

Tall"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being tall; height of stature.

Tal"low (?), n. [OE. taluh, talugh; akin to OD. talgh, D. talk, G., Dan. and Sw. talg, Icel. tlgr, tlg, tlk; and perhaps to Goth. tulgus firm.] 1. The suet or fat of animals of the sheep and ox kinds, separated from membranous and fibrous matter by melting.

The solid consistency of tallow is due to the large amount of stearin it contains. See Fat.

2. The fat of some other animals, or the fat obtained from certain plants, or from other sources, resembling the fat of animals of the sheep and ox kinds.

Tallow candle, a candle made of tallow. — Tallow catch, a keech. See Keech. [Obs.] — Tallow chandler, one whose occupation is to make, or to sell, tallow candles. — Tallow chandlery, the trade of a tallow chandler; also, the place where his business is carried on. — Tallow tree (Bot.), a tree (Stillingia sebifera) growing in China, the seeds of which are covered with a substance which resembles tallow and is applied to the same purposes.

Tal"low, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tallowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tallowing.] 1. To grease or smear with tallow.

2. To cause to have a large quantity of tallow; to fatten; as, tallow sheep.

Tal"low*er (?), n. An animal which produces tallow.

Tal"low-face` (?), n. One who has a sickly, pale complexion. Shak.

Tal"low-faced` (?), a. Having a sickly complexion; pale. Burton.

Tal"low*ing, n. The act, or art, of causing animals to produce tallow; also, the property in animals of producing tallow.

Tal"low*ish, a. Having the qualities of tallow.

Tal"low*y (?), a. Of the nature of tallow; resembling tallow; greasy.

Tall"wood` (?), n. [Cf. Tally.] Firewood cut into billets of a certain length. [Obs.] [Eng.]

Tal"ly (?), n.; pl. Tallies (#). [OE. taile, taille, F. taille a cutting, cut tally, fr. tailler to cut, but influenced probably by taillé, p. p. of tailler. See Tailor, and cf. Tail a limitation, Taille, Tallage.] 1. Originally, a piece of wood on which notches or scores were cut, as the marks of number; later, one of two books, sheets of paper, etc., on which corresponding accounts were kept.

In purshasing and selling, it was once customary for traders to have two sticks, or one stick cleft into two parts, and to mark with a score or notch, on each, the number or quantity of goods delivered, — the seller keeping one stick, and the purchaser the other. Before the use of writing, this, or something like it, was the only method of keeping accounts; and tallies were received as evidence in courts of justice. In the English exchequer were tallies of loans, one part being kept in the exchequer, the other being given to the creditor in lieu of an obligation for money lent to government.

2. Hence, any account or score kept by notches or marks, whether on wood or paper, or in a book; especially, one kept in duplicate.

3. One thing made to suit another; a match; a mate.

> They were framed the tallies for each other.

Dryden.

4. A notch, mark, or score made on or in a tally; as, to make or earn a tally in a game.

5. A tally shop. See Tally shop, below.

Tally shop, a shop at which goods or articles are sold to customers on account, the account being kept in corresponding books, one called the tally, kept by the buyer, the other the counter tally, kept by the seller, and the payments being made weekly or otherwise by agreement. The trade thus regulated is called tally trade. Eng. Encyc. — To strike tallies, to act in correspondence, or alike. [Obs.] Fuller.

Tal"ly, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tallied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tallying.] [Cf. F. tialler to cut. See Tally, n.] 1. To score with correspondent notches; hence, to make to correspond; to cause to fit or suit.

> They are not so well tallied to the present juncture.

Pope.

2. (Naut.) To check off, as parcels of freight going inboard or outboard. W. C. Russell.

Tally on (Naut.), to dovetail together.

Tal"ly (?), v. i. 1. To be fitted; to suit; to correspond; to match.

> I found pieces of tiles that exactly tallied with the channel.

Addison.

> Your idea . . . tallies exactly with mine.

Walpole.

2. To make a tally; to score; as, to tally in a game.

Tally on (Naut.), to man a rope for hauling, the men standing in a line or tail.

Tal"ly (?), adv. [See Tall, a.] Stoutly; with spirit. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Tal"ly*ho` (?), interj. & n. 1. The huntsman's cry to incite or urge on his hounds.

2. A tallyho coach.

Tallyho coach, a pleasure coach. See under Coach.

Tal"ly*man (?), n.; pl. Tallymen (&?;). 1. One who keeps the tally, or marks the sticks.

2. One who keeps a tally shop, or conducts his business as tally trade.

Tal"ma (?), n.; pl. Talmas (#). [Prob. so called from Talma, a French actor.] (a) A kind of large cape, or short, full cloak, forming part of the dress of ladies. (b) A similar garment worn formerly by gentlemen.

Tal"mud (?), n. [Chald. talmd instruction, doctrine, fr. lamad to learn, limmad to teach.] The body of the Jewish civil and canonical law not comprised in the Pentateuch.

The Talmud consists of two parts, the Mishna, or text, and the Gemara, or commentary. Sometimes, however, the name Talmud is restricted, especially by Jewish writers, to the Gemara. There are two Talmuds, the Palestinian, commonly, but incorrectly, called the Talmud of Jerusalem, and the Babylonian Talmud. They contain the same Mishna, but different Gemaras. The Babylonian Talmud is about three times as large as the other, and is more highly esteemed by the Jews.

{ Tal*mud"ic (?), Tal*mud"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. talmudique.] Of or pertaining to the Talmud; contained in the Talmud; as, Talmudic Greek; Talmudical phrases. Lightfoot.

Tal"mud*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. talmudiste.] One versed in the Talmud; one who adheres to the teachings of the Talmud.

Tal`mud*is"tic (?), a. Resembling the Talmud; Talmudic.

Tal"on (?), n. [F., heel, spur, LL. talo, fr. L. talus the ankle, heel.] 1. The claw of a predaceous bird or animal, especially the claw of a bird of prey. Bacon.

2. (Zoöl.) One of certain small prominences on the hind part of the face of an elephant's tooth.

3. (Arch.) A kind of molding, concave at the bottom and convex at the top; — usually called an ogee.

When the concave part is at the top, it is called an inverted talon.

4. The shoulder of the bolt of a lock on which the key acts to shoot the bolt. Knight.

{ Ta*look", Ta*luk" } (?), n. [Ar. ta'lluq.] A large estate; esp., one constituting a revenue district or dependency the native proprietor of which is responsible for the collection and payment of the public revenue due from it. [India]

{ Ta*look"dar, Ta*luk"dar } (?), n. [Hind., fr. Per. ta'lluqdr.] A proprietor of a talook. [India]

||Tal"pa (?), n. [L., mole.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small insectivores including the common European mole.

||Ta"lus (?), n.; pl. Tali (#). [L., the ankle, the ankle bone.] 1. (Anat.) The astragalus.

2. (Surg.) A variety of clubfoot (Talipes calcaneus). See the Note under Talipes.

Ta"lus, n. [F.] 1. (Fort.) A slope; the inclination of the face of a work.

2. (Geol.) A sloping heap of fragments of rock lying at the foot of a precipice.

Tam`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being tamable; tamableness.

Tam"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being tamed, subdued, or reclaimed from wildness or savage ferociousness. - - Tam"a*ble*ness, n.

Ta*man"du (?), n. [Sp., from the native name: cf. F. tamandua.] (Zoöl.) A small ant-eater (Tamandua tetradactyla) native of the tropical parts of South America.

It has five toes on the fore feet, an elongated snout, small ears, and short woolly hair. Its tail is stout and hairy at the base, tapering, and covered with minute scales, and is somewhat prehensile at the end. Called also tamandua, little ant-bear, fourmilier, and cagouare. The collared, or striped, tamandu (Tamandua bivittata) is considered a distinct species by some writers, but by others is regarded as only a variety.

Ta`ma*noir" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The ant-bear.

Tam"a*rack (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The American larch; also, the larch of Oregon and British Columbia (Larix occidentalis). See Hackmatack, and Larch. (b) The black pine (Pinus Murrayana) of Alaska, California, etc. It is a small tree with fine- grained wood.

Tam"a*ric (?), n. [L. tamarice. See Tamarisk.] A shrub or tree supposed to be the tamarisk, or perhaps some kind of heath. [Obs.]

> He shall be like tamaric in the desert, and he shall not see when good shall come.

Jer. xvii. 6 (Douay version).

Tam"a*rin (?), n. [From the native name in Cayenne.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small squirrel-like South American monkeys of the genus Midas, especially M. ursulus.

<! p. 1472 !>

Tam"a*rind (?), n. [It. tamarindo, or Sp. tamarindo, or Pg. tamarindo, tamarinho, from Ar. tamarhind, literally, Indian date; tamar a dried date + Hind India: cf. F. tamarin. Cf. Hindu.] (Bot.) 1. A leguminous tree (Tamarindus Indica) cultivated both the Indies, and the other tropical countries, for the sake of its shade, and for its fruit. The trunk of the tree is lofty and large, with wide-spreading branches; the flowers are in racemes at the ends of the branches. The leaves are small and finely pinnated.

2. One of the preserved seed pods of the tamarind, which contain an acid pulp, and are used medicinally and for preparing a pleasant drink.

Tamarind fish, a preparation of a variety of East Indian fish with the acid pulp of the tamarind fruit. — Velvet tamarind. (a) A West African leguminous tree (Codarium acutifolium). (b) One of the small black velvety pods, which are used for food in Sierra Leone. — Wild tamarind (Bot.), a name given to certain trees somewhat resembling the tamarind, as the Lysiloma latisiliqua of Southern Florida, and the Pithecolobium filicifolium of the West Indies.

Tam"a*risk (?), n. [L. tamariscus, also tamarix, tamarice, Skr. tamla, tamlaka, a tree with a very dark bark; cf. tamas darkness: cf. F. tamarisc, tamarix, tamaris.] (Bot.) Any shrub or tree of the genus Tamarix, the species of which are European and Asiatic. They have minute scalelike leaves, and small flowers in spikes. An Arabian species (T. mannifera) is the source of one kind of manna.

Tamarisk salt tree, an East Indian tree (Tamarix orientalis) which produces an incrustation of salt.

Tam"bac (?), n. (Metal.) See Tombac. [Obs.]

Tam"bour (?), n. 1. (Mus.) A kind of small flat drum; a tambourine.

2. A small frame, commonly circular, and somewhat resembling a tambourine, used for stretching, and firmly holding, a portion of cloth that is to be embroidered; also, the embroidery done upon such a frame; — called also, in the latter sense, tambour work.

3. (Arch.) Same as Drum, n., 2(d).

4. (Fort.) A work usually in the form of a redan, to inclose a space before a door or staircase, or at the gorge of a larger work. It is arranged like a stockade.

5. (Physiol.) A shallow metallic cup or drum, with a thin elastic membrane supporting a writing lever. Two or more of these are connected by an India rubber tube, and used to transmit and register the movements of the pulse or of any pulsating artery.

Tam"bour, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tamboured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tambouring.] To embroider on a tambour.

Tam`bou`rin" (?), n. [F. See Tambourine.] 1. A tambourine. [Obs.]

2. (Mus.) An old Provençal dance of a lively character, common on the stage.

Tam`bour*ine" (?), n. [F. tambourin; cf. It. tamburino. See Tambour, and cf. Tamborine.] A small drum, especially a shallow drum with only one skin, played on with the hand, and having bells at the sides; a timbrel.

Tam"breet (?), n. (Zoöl.) The duck mole.

Tam`bu*rin" (?), n. See Tambourine. Spenser.

Tame (?), v. t. [Cf. F. entamer to cut into, to broach.] To broach or enter upon; to taste, as a liquor; to divide; to distribute; to deal out. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> In the time of famine he is the Joseph of the country, and keeps the poor from starving. Then he tameth his stacks of corn, which not his covetousness, but providence, hath reserved for time of need.

Fuller.

Tame, a. [Compar. Tamer (?); superl. Tamest.] [AS. tam; akin to D. tam, G. zahm, OHG. zam, Dan. & Sw. tam, Icel. tamr, L. domare to tame, Gr. &?;, Skr. dam to be tame, to tame, and perhaps to E. beteem. √61. Cf. Adamant, Diamond, Dame, Daunt, Indomitable.] 1. Reduced from a state of native wildness and shyness; accustomed to man; domesticated; domestic; as, a tame deer, a tame bird.

2. Crushed; subdued; depressed; spiritless.

> Tame slaves of the laborious plow.

Roscommon.

3. Deficient in spirit or animation; spiritless; dull; flat; insipid; as, a tame poem; tame scenery.

Syn. — Gentle; mild; meek. See Gentle.

Tame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Taming.] [AS. tamian, temian, akin to D. tammen, temmen, G. zähmen, OHG. zemmen, Icel. temja, Goth. gatamjan. See Tame, a.] 1. To reduce from a wild to a domestic state; to make gentle and familiar; to reclaim; to domesticate; as, to tame a wild beast.

> They had not been tamed into submission, but baited into savegeness and stubbornness.

Macaulay.

2. To subdue; to conquer; to repress; as, to tame the pride or passions of youth.

Tame"a*ble (?), a. Tamable. Bp. Wilkins.

Tame"less, a. Incapable of being tamed; wild; untamed; untamable. Bp. Hall. — Tame"less*ness, n.

Tame"ly, adv. In a tame manner.

Tame"ness, n. The quality or state of being tame.

Tam"er (?), n. One who tames or subdues.

||Ta"mi*as (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a distributer.] (Zoöl.) A genus of ground squirrels, including the chipmunk.

Ta"mil (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Tamils, or to their language. [Written also Tamul.]

Ta"mil, n. [Written also Tamul.] 1. (Ethnol.) One of a Dravidian race of men native of Northern Ceylon and Southern India.

2. The Tamil language, the most important of the Dravidian languages. See Dravidian, a.

Ta*mil"i*an (?), a. & n. Tamil.

{ Tam"ine (?), Tam"i*ny (?), } n. [Cf. F. tamis a sort of sieve. Cf. Stamin, Temse.] A kind of woolen cloth; tammy.

Tam"is (?), n. [F., a kind of sieve.] 1. A sieve, or strainer, made of a kind of woolen cloth.

2. The cloth itself; tammy.

Tamis bird (Zoöl.), a Guinea fowl.

Tam"kin (?), n. A tampion. Johnson (Dict.).

Tam"my (?), n.; pl. Tammies (&?;). 1. A kind of woolen, or woolen and cotton, cloth, often highly glazed, — used for curtains, sieves, strainers, etc.

2. A sieve, or strainer, made of this material; a tamis.

Tamp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tamped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tamping.] [Cf. F. tamponner to plug or stop. See Tampion.] 1. In blasting, to plug up with clay, earth, dry sand, sod, or other material, as a hole bored in a rock, in order to prevent the force of the explosion from being misdirected.

2. To drive in or down by frequent gentle strokes; as, to tamp earth so as to make a smooth place.

Tam"pan (?), n. (Zoöl.) A venomous South African tick. Livingstone.

Tam"pe*on (?), n. See Tampion. Farrow.

Tamp"er (?), n. 1. One who tamps; specifically, one who prepares for blasting, by filling the hole in which the charge is placed.

2. An instrument used in tamping; a tamping iron.

Tam"per (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tampered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tampering.] [A corruption of temper.] 1. To meddle; to be busy; to try little experiments; as, to tamper with a disease.

> 'T is dangerous tampering with a muse.

Roscommon.

2. To meddle so as to alter, injure, or vitiate a thing.

3. To deal unfairly; to practice secretly; to use bribery.

> Others tampered
> For Fleetwood, Desborough, and Lambert.

Hudibras.

Tam"per*er (?), n. One who tampers; one who deals unfairly.

{ Tam*pi"co fi"ber or fi"bre (?) }. A tough vegetable fiber used as a substitute for bristles in making brushes. The piassava and the ixtle are both used under this name.

Tamp"ing (?), n. 1. The act of one who tamps; specifically, the act of filling up a hole in a rock, or the branch of a mine, for the purpose of blasting the rock or exploding the mine.

2. The material used in tamping. See Tamp, v. t., 1.

Tamping iron, an iron rod for beating down the earthy substance in tamping for blasting.

Tam"pi*on (?), n. [F. tampon, tapon, tape, of Dutch or German origin. See Tap a pipe or plug, and cf. Tamp, Tampop, Tompion.] [Written also tampeon, and tompion.] 1. A wooden stopper, or plug, as for a cannon or other piece of ordnance, when not in use.

2. (Mus.) A plug for upper end of an organ pipe.

Tam"poe (?), n. (Bot.) The edible fruit of an East Indian tree (Baccaurea Malayana) of the Spurge family. It somewhat resembles an apple.

Tam"pon (?), n. [F. See Tampion.] (Surg.) A plug introduced into a natural or artificial cavity of the body in order to arrest hemorrhage, or for the application of medicine.

Tam"pon, v. t. (Surg.) To plug with a tampon.

Tam"poon (?), n. [See Tampion.] The stopper of a barrel; a bung.

Tam"-tam` (?), n. [Hind.; of imitative origin.] (Mus.) (a) A kind of drum used in the East Indies and other Oriental countries; — called also tom- tom. (b) A gong. See Gong, n., 1.

Ta"mul (?), a. & n. Tamil.

Tan (?), n. [Chin.] See Picul.

Tan, n. [F. tan, perhaps fr. Armor. tann an oak, oak bar; or of Teutonic origin; cf. G. tanne a fir, OHG. tanna a fir, oak, MHG. tan a forest. Cf. Tawny.] 1. The bark of the oak, and some other trees, bruised and broken by a mill, for tanning hides; — so called both before and after it has been used. Called also tan bark.

2. A yellowish-brown color, like that of tan.

3. A brown color imparted to the skin by exposure to the sun; as, hands covered with tan.

Tan bed (Hort.), a bed made of tan; a bark bed. — Tan pickle, the liquor used in tanning leather. — Tan spud, a spud used in stripping bark for tan from trees. — Tan stove. See Bark stove, under Bark. — Tan vat, a vat in which hides are steeped in liquor with tan.

Tan, a. Of the color of tan; yellowish- brown.

Black and tan. See under Black, a.

Tan, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tanned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tanning.] [F. tanner, LL. tannare. See Tan, n.] 1. To convert (the skin of an animal) into leather, as by usual process of steeping it in an infusion of oak or some other bark, whereby it is impregnated with tannin, or tannic acid (which exists in several species of bark), and is thus rendered firm, durable, and in some degree impervious to water.

The essential result in tanning is due to the fact that the tannins form, with gelatins and albuminoids, a series of insoluble compounds which constitute leather. Similar results may be produced by the use of other reagents in place of tannin, as alum, and some acids or chlorides, which are employed in certain processes of tanning.

2. To make brown; to imbrown, as by exposure to the rays of the sun; as, to tan the skin.

Tan (?), v. i. To get or become tanned.

Ta"na (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Banxring.

Tan"a*ger (?), n. [NL. tanagra, probably fr. Brazilian tangara.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of bright-colored singing birds belonging to Tanagra, Piranga, and allied genera. The scarlet tanager (Piranga erythromelas) and the summer redbird (Piranga rubra) are common species of the United States.

Tan"a*grine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the tanagers.

Tan"a*groid (?), a. [Tanager + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Tanagrine.

||Ta*na"te (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Asiatic wild dog (Canis procyonoides), native of Japan and adjacent countries. It has a short, bushy tail. Called also raccoon dog.

Tan"dem (?), adv. & a. [L. tandem at length (of time only), punningly taken as meaning, lengthwise.] One after another; — said especially of horses harnessed and driven one before another, instead of abreast.

Tan"dem, n. A team of horses harnessed one before the other. "He drove tandems." Thackeray.

Tandem engine, a compound steam engine having two or more steam cylinders in the same axis, close to one another. — Tandem bicycle or tricycle, one for two persons in which one rider sits before the other.

Tang (tng), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. tang seaweed, Sw. tång, Icel. þang. Cf. Tangle.] (Bot.) A coarse blackish seaweed (Fuscus nodosus). Dr. Prior.

Tang sparrow (Zoöl.), the rock pipit. [Prov. Eng.]

Tang, n. [Probably fr. OD. tanger sharp, tart, literally, pinching; akin to E. tongs. √59. See Tong.] 1. A strong or offensive taste; especially, a taste of something extraneous to the thing itself; as, wine or cider has a tang of the cask.

2. Fig.: A sharp, specific flavor or tinge. Cf. Tang a twang.

> Such proceedings had a strong tang of tyranny.

Fuller.

> A cant of philosophism, and a tang of party politics.

Jeffrey.

3. [Probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. tangi a projecting point; akin to E. tongs. See Tongs.] A projecting part of an object by means of which it is secured to a handle, or to some other part; anything resembling a tongue in form or position. Specifically: —

(a) The part of a knife, fork, file, or other small instrument, which is inserted into the handle.

(b) The projecting part of the breech of a musket barrel, by which the barrel is secured to the stock.

(c) The part of a sword blade to which the handle is fastened.

(d) The tongue of a buckle. [Prov. Eng.]

Tang, n. [Of imitative origin. Cf. Twang. This word has become confused with tang tatse, flavor.] A sharp, twanging sound; an unpleasant tone; a twang.

Tang, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tanged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tanging.] To cause to ring or sound loudly; to ring.

> Let thy tongue tang arguments of state.

Shak.

To tang bees, to cause a swarm of bees to settle, by beating metal to make a din.

Tang, v. i. To make a ringing sound; to ring.

> Let thy tongue tang arguments of state.

Shak.

Tan"ga*lung (?), n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian civet (Viverra tangalunga).

Tan"gence (?), n. Tangency. [R.]

Tan"gen*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being tangent; a contact or touching.

Tan"gent (?), n. [L. tangens, - entis, p. pr. of tangere to touch; akin to Gr. &?; having seized: cf. F. tangente. Cf. Attain, Contaminate, Contingent, Entire, Tact, Taste, Tax, v. t.] (Geom.) A tangent line curve, or surface; specifically, that portion of the straight line tangent to a curve that is between the point of tangency and a given line, the given line being, for example, the axis of abscissas, or a radius of a circle produced. See Trigonometrical function, under Function.

Artificial, or Logarithmic, tangent, the logarithm of the natural tangent of an arc. — Natural tangent, a decimal expressing the length of the tangent of an arc, the radius being reckoned unity. — Tangent galvanometer (Elec.), a form of galvanometer having a circular coil and a short needle, in which the tangent of the angle of deflection of the needle is proportional to the strength of the current. — Tangent of an angle, the natural tangent of the arc subtending or measuring the angle. — Tangent of an arc, a right line, as ta, touching the arc of a circle at one extremity a, and terminated by a line ct, passing from the center through the other extremity o.

Tan"gent, a. [L. tangens, - entis, p. pr.] Touching; touching at a single point; specifically (Geom.) meeting a curve or surface at a point and having at that point the same direction as the curve or surface; — said of a straight line, curve, or surface; as, a line tangent to a curve; a curve tangent to a surface; tangent surfaces.

Tangent plane (Geom.), a plane which touches a surface in a point or line. — Tangent scale (Gun.), a kind of breech sight for a cannon. — Tangent screw (Mach.), an endless screw; a worm.

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Tan*gen"tal (?), a. (Geom.) Tangential.

Tan*gen"tial (?), a. (Geom.) Of or pertaining to a tangent; in the direction of a tangent.

Tangential force (Mech.), a force which acts on a moving body in the direction of a tangent to the path of the body, its effect being to increase or diminish the velocity; — distinguished from a normal force, which acts at right angles to the tangent and changes the direction of the motion without changing the velocity. — Tangential stress. (Engin.) See Shear, n., 3.

Tan*gen"tial*ly, adv. In the direction of a tangent.

Tan"ger*ine` (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) A kind of orange, much like the mandarin, but of deeper color and higher flavor. It is said to have been produced in America from the mandarin. [Written also tangierine.]

Tang"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The common harbor seal. [Prov. Eng.]

||Tan*ghin"i*a (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) The ordeal tree. See under Ordeal.

Tan`gi*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. tanggibilité.] The quality or state of being tangible.

Tan"gi*ble (?), a. [L. tangibilis, fr. tangere to touch: cf. F. tangible. See Tangent.] 1. Perceptible to the touch; tactile; palpable. Bacon.

2. Capable of being possessed or realized; readily apprehensible by the mind; real; substantial; evident. "A tangible blunder." Byron.

> Direct and tangible benefit to ourselves and others.

Southey.

— Tan"gi*ble*ness, n. — Tan"gi*bly, adv.

Tan"gle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tangled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tangling (?).] [A frequentative fr. tang seaweed; hence, to twist like seaweed. See Tang seaweed, and cf. Tangle, n.] 1. To unite or knit together confusedly; to interweave or interlock, as threads, so as to make it difficult to unravel the knot; to entangle; to ravel.

2. To involve; to insnare; to entrap; as, to be tangled in lies. "Tangled in amorous nets." Milton.

> When my simple weakness strays,
> Tangled in forbidden ways.

Crashaw.

Tan"gle, v. i. To be entangled or united confusedly; to get in a tangle.

Tan"gle, n. 1. [Cf. Icel. þöngull. See Tang seaweed.] (Bot.) Any large blackish seaweed, especially the Laminaria saccharina. See Kelp.

> Coral and sea fan and tangle, the blooms and the palms of the ocean.

C. Kingsley.

2. [From Tangle, v.] A knot of threads, or other thing, united confusedly, or so interwoven as not to be easily disengaged; a snarl; as, hair or yarn in tangles; a tangle of vines and briers. Used also figuratively.

3. pl. An instrument consisting essentially of an iron bar to which are attached swabs, or bundles of frayed rope, or other similar substances, — used to capture starfishes, sea urchins, and other similar creatures living at the bottom of the sea.

Blue tangle. (Bot.)See Dangleberry. — Tangle picker (Zoöl.), the turnstone. [Prov. Eng.]

Tan"gle*fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sea adder, or great pipefish of Europe.

Tan"gling*ly (?), adv. In a tangling manner.

Tan"gly (?), a. 1. Entangled; intricate.

2. Covered with tangle, or seaweed.

> Prone, helpless, on the tangly beach he lay.

Falconer.

Tan"gram (?), n. [Cf. Trangram.] A Chinese toy made by cutting a square of thin wood, or other suitable material, into seven pieces, as shown in the cut, these pieces being capable of combination in various ways, so as to form a great number of different figures. It is now often used in primary schools as a means of instruction.

Tangue (?), n. (Zoöl.) The tenrec.

Tan"gun (?), n. (Zoöl.) A piebald variety of the horse, native of Thibet.

Tang"whaup (?), n. (Zoöl.) The whimbrel. [Prov. Eng.]

Tan"i*er (?), n. (Bot.) An aroid plant (Caladium sagittæfolium), the leaves of which are boiled and eaten in the West Indies. [Written also tannier.]

Tan"ist (?), n. [Ir. tanaiste, tanaise, second, the second person in rank, the presumptive or apparent heir to a prince.] In Ireland, a lord or proprietor of a tract of land or of a castle, elected by a family, under the system of tanistry.

> This family [the O'Hanlons] were tanists of a large territory within the present county of Armagh.

M. A. Lower.

Tan"ist*ry (?), n. [See Tanist.] In Ireland, a tenure of family lands by which the proprietor had only a life estate, to which he was admitted by election.

The primitive intention seems to have been that the inheritance should descend to the oldest or most worthy of the blood and name of the deceased. This was, in reality, giving it to the strongest; and the practice often occasioned bloody feuds in families, for which reason it was abolished under James I.

Ta"nite (?), n. A firm composition of emery and a certain kind of cement, used for making grinding wheels, slabs, etc.

Tank (?), n. A small Indian dry measure, averaging 240 grains in weight; also, a Bombay weight of 72 grains, for pearls. Simmonds.

Tank, n. [Pg. tanque, L. stangum a pool; or perhaps of East Indian origin. Cf. Stank, n.] A large basin or cistern; an artificial receptacle for liquids.

Tank engine, a locomotive which carries the water and fuel it requires, thus dispensing with a tender. — Tank iron, plate iron thinner than boiler plate, and thicker than sheet iron or stovepipe iron. — Tank worm (Zoöl.), a small nematoid worm found in the water tanks of India, supposed by some to be the young of the Guinea worm.

Tan"ka (?), n. (Naut.) A kind of boat used in Canton. It is about 25 feet long and is often rowed by women. Called also tankia. S. W. Williams.

Tank"ard (?), n. [OF. tanquart; cf. OD. tanckaert; of uncertain origin.] A large drinking vessel, especially one with a cover.

> Marius was the first who drank out of a silver tankard, after the manner of Bacchus.

Arbuthnot.

Tan"ki*a (?), n. (Naut.) See Tanka.

Tank"ling (?), n. A tinkling. [Obs.]

Tan"ling (?), n. One tanned by the sun. [R.]

> Hot summer's tanlings and
> The shrinking slaves of winter.

Shak.

Tan"na*ble (?), a. That may be tanned.

Tan"nage (?), n. A tanning; the act, operation, or result of tanning. [R.]

> They should have got his cheek fresh tannage.

R. Browning.

Tan"nate (?), n. [Cf. F. tannate.] (Chem.) A salt of tannic acid.

Tan"ner (?), n. One whose occupation is to tan hides, or convert them into leather by the use of tan.

Tan"ner*y (?), n.; pl. Tanneries (#). [Cf. F. tannerie.] 1. A place where the work of tanning is carried on.

2. The art or process of tanning. [R.] Carlyle.

Tan"nic (?), a. Of or pertaining to tan; derived from, or resembling, tan; as, tannic acid.

Tannic acid. (Chem.) (a) An acid obtained from nutgalls as a yellow amorphous substance, C14H10O9, having an astringent taste, and forming with ferric salts a bluish-black compound, which is the basis of common ink. Called also tannin, and gallotannic acid. (b) By extension, any one of a series of astringent substances resembling tannin proper, widely diffused through the vegetable kingdom, as in oak bark, willow, catechu, tea, coffee, etc.

Tan"ni*er (?), n. (Bot.) See Tanier.

Tan"nin (?), n. [Cf. F. tannin.] (Chem.) Same as Tannic acid, under Tannic.

Tan"ning, n. The art or process of converting skins into leather. See Tan, v. t., 1.

Tan"rec (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Tenrec.

Tan"sy (?), n. [OE. tansaye, F. tanaise; cf. It. & Sp. tanaceto, NL. tanacetum, Pg. atanasia, athanasia, Gr. 'aqanasi`a immortality, fr. 'aqa`natos immortal; 'a priv. + qa`natos death.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the composite genus Tanacetum. The common tansy (T. vulgare) has finely divided leaves, a strong aromatic odor, and a very bitter taste. It is used for medicinal and culinary purposes.

2. A dish common in the seventeenth century, made of eggs, sugar, rose water, cream, and the juice of herbs, baked with butter in a shallow dish. [Obs.] Pepys.

Double tansy (Bot.), a variety of the common tansy with the leaves more dissected than usual. — Tansy mustard (Bot.), a plant (Sisymbrium canescens) of the Mustard family, with tansylike leaves.

Tant (?), n. [Cf. Taint tincture.] (Zoöl.) A small scarlet arachnid.

Tan"ta*late (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of tantalic acid.

Tan*tal"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to tantalum; derived from, or containing, tantalum; specifically, designating any one of a series of acids analogous to nitric acid and the polyacid compounds of phosphorus.

Tan"ta*lism (?), n. [See Tantalize.] A punishment like that of Tantalus; a teasing or tormenting by the hope or near approach of good which is not attainable; tantalization. Addison.

> Is not such a provision like tantalism to this people?

Josiah Quincy.

Tan"ta*lite (?), n. [Cf. F. tantalite.] (Min.) A heavy mineral of an iron-black color and submetallic luster. It is essentially a tantalate of iron.

Tan`ta*li*za"tion (?), n. The act of tantalizing, or state of being tantalized. Gayton.

Tan"ta*lize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tantalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tantalizing (?).] [From Tantalus: cf. F. tantaliser.] To tease or torment by presenting some good to the view and exciting desire, but continually frustrating the expectations by keeping that good out of reach; to tease; to torment.

> Thy vain desires, at strife
> Within themselves, have tantalized thy life.

Dryden.

Syn. — To tease; vex; irritate; provoke. — Tantalize, Disappoint. To disappoint is literally to do away with what was (or was taken to be) appointed; hence the peculiar pain from hopes thus dashed to the ground. To tantalize, a much stronger term, describes a most distressing form of disappointment, as in the case of Tantalus, the Phrygian king. To tantalize is to visit with the bitterest disappointment — to torment by exciting hopes or expectations which can never be realized.

Tan"ta*li`zer (?), n. One who tantalizes.

Tan"ta*li`zing*ly (?), adv. In a tantalizing or teasing manner.

Tan"ta*lum (?), n. [NL. So named on account of the perplexity and difficulty encounterd by its discoverer (Ekeberg) in isolating it. See Tantalus.] (Chem.) A rare nonmetallic element found in certain minerals, as tantalite, samarskite, and fergusonite, and isolated as a dark powder which becomes steel-gray by burnishing. Symbol Ta. Atomic weight 182.0. Formerly called also tantalium.

Tan"ta*lus (?), n. [L., from Gr. Ta`ntalos.] (Gr. Myth.) 1. A Phrygian king who was punished in the lower world by being placed in the midst of a lake whose waters reached to his chin but receded whenever he attempted to allay his thirst, while over his head hung branches laden with choice fruit which likewise receded whenever he stretched out his hand to grasp them.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of wading birds comprising the wood ibises.

Tantalus's cup (Physics), a philosophical toy, consisting of a cup, within which is the figure of a man, and within the figure a siphon, the longer arm of which passes down through the bottom of the cup, and allows the escape of any liquid that may be poured in, when it reaches as high as the bend of the siphon, which is just below the level of the mouth of the figure in the cup.

Tan"ta*mount` (?), a. [F. tant so much (L. tantus) + E. amount.] Equivalent in value, signification, or effect.

> A usage nearly tantamount to constitutional right.

Hallam.

> The certainty that delay, under these circumstances, was tantamount to ruin.

De Quincey.

Tan"ta*mount`, v. i. To be tantamount or equivalent; to amount. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Tan*tiv"y (?), adv. [Said to be from the note of a hunting horn.] Swiftly; speedily; rapidly; — a fox-hunting term; as, to ride tantivy.

Tan*tiv"y, n. A rapid, violent gallop; an impetuous rush. Cleverland.

Tan*tiv"y, v. i. To go away in haste. [Colloq.]

Tan"trum (?), n. A whim, or burst of ill-humor; an affected air. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Tan"yard` (?), n. An inclosure where the tanning of leather is carried on; a tannery.

||Tan`y*stom"a*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to stretch + &?;, &?;, mouth.] (Zoöl.) A division of dipterous insects in which the proboscis is large and contains lancelike mandibles and maxillæ. The horseflies and robber flies are examples.

Ta"o*ism (?), n. One of the popular religions of China, sanctioned by the state. — Ta"o*ist, a. & n.

Tap (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tapping.] [F. taper to strike; of Teutonic origin; cf. dial. G. tapp, tapps, a blow, tappe a paw, fist, G. tappen to grope.] 1. To strike with a slight or gentle blow; to touch gently; to rap lightly; to pat; as, to tap one with the hand or a cane.

2. To put a new sole or heel on; as, to tap shoes.

Tap, n. [Cf. F. tape. See Tap to strike.] 1. A gentle or slight blow; a light rap; a pat. Addison.

2. A piece of leather fastened upon the bottom of a boot or shoe in repairing or renewing the sole or heel.

3. pl. (Mil.) A signal, by drum or trumpet, for extinguishing all lights in soldiers' quarters and retiring to bed, — usually given about a quarter of an hour after tattoo. Wilhelm.

Tap, v. i. To strike a gentle blow.

Tap, n. [AS. tæppa, akin to D. tap, G. zapfen, OHG. zapfo, Dan. tap, Sw. tapp, Icel. tappi. Cf. Tampion, Tip.] 1. A hole or pipe through which liquor is drawn.

2. A plug or spile for stopping a hole pierced in a cask, or the like; a faucet.

3. Liquor drawn through a tap; hence, a certain kind or quality of liquor; as, a liquor of the same tap. [Colloq.]

4. A place where liquor is drawn for drinking; a taproom; a bar. [Colloq.]

5. (Mech.) A tool for forming an internal screw, as in a nut, consisting of a hardened steel male screw grooved longitudinally so as to have cutting edges.

On tap. (a) Ready to be drawn; as, ale on tap. (b) Broached, or furnished with a tap; as, a barrel on tap. — Plug tap (Mech.), a screw-cutting tap with a slightly tapering end. — Tap bolt, a bolt with a head on one end and a thread on the other end, to be screwed into some fixed part, instead of passing through the part and receiving a nut. See Illust. under Bolt. — Tap cinder (Metal.), the slag of a puddling furnace.

Tap, v. t. 1. To pierce so as to let out, or draw off, a fluid; as, to tap a cask, a tree, a tumor, etc.

2. Hence, to draw from (anything) in any analogous way; as, to tap telegraph wires for the purpose of intercepting information; to tap the treasury.

3. To draw, or cause to flow, by piercing. Shak.

> He has been tapping his liquors.

Addison.

4. (Mech.) To form an internal screw in (anything) by means of a tool called a tap; as, to tap a nut.

||Ta"pa (?), n. A kind of cloth prepared by the Polynesians from the inner bark of the paper mulberry; — sometimes called also kapa.

||Ta`pa*yax"in (?), n. (Zoöl.) A Mexican spinous lizard (Phrynosoma orbiculare) having a head somewhat like that of a toad; — called also horned toad.

Tape (?), n. [AS. tæppe a fillet. Cf. Tapestry, Tippet.] 1. A narrow fillet or band of cotton or linen; a narrow woven fabric used for strings and the like; as, curtains tied with tape.

2. A tapeline; also, a metallic ribbon so marked as to serve as a tapeline; as, a steel tape.

Red tape. See under Red. — Tape grass (Bot.), a plant (Vallisneria spiralis) with long ribbonlike leaves, growing in fresh or brackish water; — called also fresh-water eelgrass, and, in Maryland, wild celery. — Tape needle. See Bodkin, n., 4.

Tape"line` (?), n. A painted tape, marked with linear dimensions, as inches, feet, etc., and often inclosed in a case, — used for measuring.

Ta"per (?), n. [AS. tapur, tapor, taper; cf. Ir. tapar, W. tampr.] 1. A small wax candle; a small lighted wax candle; hence, a small light.

> Get me a taper in my study, Lucius.

Shak.

2. A tapering form; gradual diminution of thickness in an elongated object; as, the taper of a spire.

<! p. 1474 !>

Ta"per (?), a. [Supposed to be from taper, n., in allusion to its form.] Regularly narrowed toward the point; becoming small toward one end; conical; pyramidical; as, taper fingers.

Ta"per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tapered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tapering.] To become gradually smaller toward one end; as, a sugar loaf tapers toward one end.

Ta"per, v. t. To make or cause to taper.

Ta"pered (?), a. Lighted with a taper or tapers; as, a tapered choir. [R.] T. Warton.

Ta"per*ing (?), a. Becoming gradually smaller toward one end. — Ta"per*ing*ly, adv.

Ta"per*ness, n. The quality or state of being taper; tapering form; taper. Shenstone.

Tap"es*try (?), n.; pl. Tapestries (#). [F. tapissere, fr. tapisser to carpet, to hang, or cover with tapestry, fr. tapis a carpet, carpeting, LL. tapecius, fr. L. tapete carpet, tapestry, Gr. &?;, &?;. Cf. Tapis, Tippet.] A fabric, usually of worsted, worked upon a warp of linen or other thread by hand, the designs being usually more or less pictorial and the stuff employed for wall hangings and the like. The term is also applied to different kinds of embroidery.

Tapestry carpet, a kind of carpet, somewhat resembling Brussels, in which the warp is printed before weaving, so as to produce the figure in the cloth. — Tapestry moth. (Zoöl.) Same as Carpet moth, under Carpet.

Tap"es*try, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tapestried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tapestrying.] To adorn with tapestry, or as with tapestry.

> The Trosachs wound, as now, between gigantic walls of rock tapestried with broom and wild roses.

Macaulay.

Tap"et (?), n. [L. tapete. See Tapestry.] Worked or figured stuff; tapestry. [R.] Spenser.

Tap"e*ti (?), n.; pl. Tapetis (#). [Braz.] (Zoöl.) A small South American hare (Lepus Braziliensis).

||Ta*pe"tum (?), n. [NL., from L. tapete a carpet, a tapestry.] (Anat.) An area in the pigmented layer of the choroid coat of the eye in many animals, which has an iridescent or metallic luster and helps to make the eye visible in the dark. Sometimes applied to the whole layer of pigmented epithelium of the choroid.

Tape"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of cestode worms belonging to Tænia and many allied genera. The body is long, flat, and composed of numerous segments or proglottids varying in shape, those toward the end of the body being much larger and longer than the anterior ones, and containing the fully developed sexual organs. The head is small, destitute of a mouth, but furnished with two or more suckers (which vary greatly in shape in different genera), and sometimes, also, with hooks for adhesion to the walls of the intestines of the animals in which they are parasitic. The larvæ (see Cysticercus) live in the flesh of various creatures, and when swallowed by another animal of the right species develop into the mature tapeworm in its intestine. See Illustration in Appendix.

Three species are common parasites of man: the pork tapeworm (Tænia solium), the larva of which is found in pork; the beef tapeworm (T. mediocanellata), the larva of which lives in the flesh of young cattle; and the broad tapeworm (Bothriocephalus latus) which is found chiefly in the inhabitants of the mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. See also Echinococcus, Cysticercus, Proglottis, and 2d Measles, 4.

Tap"house` (?), n. A house where liquors are retailed.

||Taph*ren"chy*ma (?), n. [Gr. &?; a trench + enchyma, as in parenchyma.] (Bot.) Same as Bothrenchyma.

Tap"i*nage (?), n. [See Tapish.] A lurking or skulking. [Obs.] Gower.

Tap`i*o"ca (?), n. [Braz. tapioka: cf. Pg., Sp. & F. tapioca.] A coarsely granular substance obtained by heating, and thus partly changing, the moistened starch obtained from the roots of the cassava. It is much used in puddings and as a thickening for soups. See Cassava.

Ta"pir (?), n. [Braz. tapy'ra: cf. F. tapir.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large odd-toed ungulates belonging to Tapirus, Elasmognathus, and allied genera. They have a long prehensile upper lip, short ears, short and stout legs, a short, thick tail, and short, close hair. They have three toes on the hind feet, and four toes on the fore feet, but the outermost toe is of little use.

The best-known species are the Indian tapir (Tapirus Indicus), native of the East Indies and Malacca, which is black with a broad band of white around the middle, and the common American tapir (T. Americanus), which, when adult, is dull brown. Several others species inhabit the Andes and Central America.

Tapir tiger (Zoöl.), the wallah.

Ta"pir*oid (?), a. [Tapir + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Allied to the tapir, or the Tapir family.

Ta"pis (?), n. [F. See Tapestry.] Tapestry; formerly, the cover of a council table.

On, or Upon, the tapis, on the table, or under consideration; as, to lay a motion in Parliament on the tapis.

Tap"is (?), v. t. To cover or work with figures like tapestry. [R.] Holland.

Tap"is*er (?), n. [F. tapissier.] A maker of tapestry; an upholsterer. [R.] Chaucer.

Tap"ish (?), v. i. [F. se tapir to squat.] To lie close to the ground, so as to be concealed; to squat; to crouch; hence, to hide one's self. [Written also tappis, tappish, tappice.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> As a hound that, having roused a hart,
> Although he tappish ne'er so soft.

Chapman.

Tap"lash` (?), n. Bad small beer; also, the refuse or dregs of liquor. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> The taplash of strong ale and wine.

Taylor (1630).

Tap"lings (?), n. pl. The strong double leathers by which the two parts of a flail are united. Halliwell.

||Ta*po"a ta"fa (?). (Zoöl.) A small carnivorous marsupial (Phascogale penicillata) having long, soft fur, and a very long tail with a tuft of long hairs at the end; — called also brush-tailed phascogale.

Tap"pen (?), n. An obstruction, or indigestible mass, found in the intestine of bears and other animals during hibernation.

Tap"per (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopus minor); — called also tapperer, tabberer, little wood pie, barred woodpecker, wood tapper, hickwall, and pump borer. [Prov. Eng.]

Tap"pes*ter (?), n. [See Tapster.] A female tapster. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tap"pet (?), n. (Mach.) A lever or projection moved by some other piece, as a cam, or intended to tap or touch something else, with a view to produce change or regulate motion. G. Francis.

Tappet motion, a valve motion worked by tappets from a reciprocating part, without an eccentric or cam, — used in steam pumps, etc.

{ Tap"pice (?), Tap"pis (?) }, v. i. See Tapish.

Tap"pit hen` (?). 1. A hen having a tuft of feathers on her head. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. A measuring pot holding one quart (according to some, three quarts); — so called from a knob on the lid, thought to resemble a crested hen. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Tap"room` (?), n. A room where liquors are kept on tap; a barroom.

> The ambassador was put one night into a miserable taproom, full of soldiers smoking.

Macaulay.

Tap"root` (?), n. (Bot.) The root of a plant which penetrates the earth directly downward to a considerable depth without dividing.

Tap"ster (?), n. [AS. tæppestre a female tapster. See Tap a plug, pipe, and -ster.] One whose business is to tap or draw ale or other liquor.

Ta"qua-nut` (?), n. (Bot.) A Central American name for the ivory nut.

Tar (?), n. [Abbrev. from tarpaulin.] A sailor; a seaman. [Colloq.] Swift.

Tar, n. [OE. terre, tarre, AS. teru, teoru; akin to D. teer, G. teer, theer, Icel. tjara, Sw. tjära, Dan. tiære, and to E. tree. √63. See Tree.] A thick, black, viscous liquid obtained by the distillation of wood, coal, etc., and having a varied composition according to the temperature and material employed in obtaining it.

Coal tar. See in the Vocabulary. — Mineral tar (Min.), a kind of soft native bitumen. — Tar board, a strong quality of millboard made from junk and old tarred rope. Knight. — Tar water. (a) A cold infusion of tar in water, used as a medicine. (b) The ammoniacal water of gas works. — Wood tar, tar obtained from wood. It is usually obtained by the distillation of the wood of the pine, spruce, or fir, and is used in varnishes, cements, and to render ropes, oakum, etc., impervious to water.

Tar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tarred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tarring.] To smear with tar, or as with tar; as, to tar ropes; to tar cloth.

To tar and feather a person. See under Feather, v. t.

Tar"a*nis (?), n. [L. taranis, from the Celtic; cf. W. & Corn. taran thunder.] (Myth.) A Celtic divinity, regarded as the evil principle, but confounded by the Romans with Jupiter.

Tar`an*tass" (?), n. [Russ. tarantas'.] A low four-wheeled carriage used in Russia. The carriage box rests on two long, springy poles which run from the fore to the hind axletree. When snow falls, the wheels are taken off, and the body is mounted on a sledge.

Tar`an*tel"la (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A rapid and delirious sort of Neapolitan dance in 6-8 time, which moves in whirling triplets; — so called from a popular notion of its being a remedy against the poisonous bite of the tarantula. Some derive its name from Taranto in Apulia. (b) Music suited to such a dance.

Tar"ant*ism (?), n. [It. tarantismo: cf. F. tarentisme. See Tarantula.] (Med.) A nervous affection producing melancholy, stupor, and an uncontrollable desire to dance. It was supposed to be produced by the bite of the tarantula, and considered to be incapable of cure except by protracted dancing to appropriate music. [Written also tarentism.]

Ta*ran"tu*la (?), n.; pl. E. Tarantulas (#), L. Tarantulæ (#). [NL., fr. It. tarantola, fr. L. Tarentum, now Taranto, in the south of Italy.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large spiders, popularly supposed to be very venomous, especially the European species (Tarantula apuliæ). The tarantulas of Texas and adjacent countries are large species of Mygale. [Written also tarentula.]

Tarantula killer, a very large wasp (Pompilus formosus), which captures the Texan tarantula (Mygale Hentzii) and places it in its nest as food for its young, after paralyzing it by a sting.

Ta*ran"tu*la`ted (?), a. Bitten by a tarantula; affected with tarantism.

Tar*bog"an (?), n. & v. See Toboggan.

Tar*boosh" (?), n. [Ar. tarb&?;sh; perhaps from Per. sar-posh headdress: cf. F. tarbouch.] A red cap worn by Turks and other Eastern nations, sometimes alone and sometimes swathed with linen or other stuff to make a turban. See Fez.

Tar*da"tion (?), n. [L. tardatio, fr. tardare, tardatum, to retard, delay, fr. tardus slow.] The act of retarding, or delaying; retardation. [Obs.]

||Tar`di*gra"da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tardigrade, a.] 1. (Zoöl.) A tribe of edentates comprising the sloths. They are noted for the slowness of their movements when on the ground. See Sloth, 3.

2. (Zoöl.) An order of minute aquatic arachnids; — called also bear animalcules, sloth animalcules, and water bears.

Tar"di*grade (?), a. [L. tardigradus; tardus slow + gradi to step: cf. F. tardigrade.] 1. Moving or stepping slowly; slow-paced. [R.] G. Eliot.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Tardigrada.

Tar"di*grade, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Tardigrada.

Tar"di*gra`dous (?), a. Moving slowly; slow-paced. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Tar"di*ly (?), adv. In a tardy manner; slowly.

Tar"di*ness, n. The quality or state of being tardy.

Tar`di*ta"tion (?), n. Tardiness. [Obs.]

> To instruct them to avoid all snares of tarditation, in the Lord's affairs.

Herrick.

Tar"di*ty (?), n. [L. tarditas.] Slowness; tardiness. [R.] Sir K. Digby.

||Tar"do (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Slow; — a direction to perform a passage slowly.

||Tar"do, n. [Sp., slow, L. tardus.] (Zoöl.) A sloth.

Tar"dy (?), a. [Compar. Tardier (?); superl. Tardiest.] [F. tardif, fr. (assumed) LL. tardivus, fr. L. tardus slow.] 1. Moving with a slow pace or motion; slow; not swift.

> And check the tardy flight of time.

Sandys.

> Tardy to vengeance, and with mercy brave.

Prior.

2. Not being inseason; late; dilatory; — opposed to prompt; as, to be tardy in one's payments. Arbuthnot.

> The tardy plants in our cold orchards placed.

Waller.

3. Unwary; unready. [Obs.] Hudibras.

4. Criminal; guilty. [Obs.] Collier.

Syn. — Slow; dilatory; tedious; reluctant. See Slow.

Tar"dy, v. t. To make tardy. [Obs.] Shak.

Tare (?), obs. imp. of Tear. Tore.

Tare, n. [Cf. Prov. E. tare brisk, eager, OE. tarefitch the wild vetch.] 1. A weed that grows among wheat and other grain; — alleged by modern naturalists to be the Lolium temulentum, or darnel.

> Didst not thou sow good seed in thy field? From whence then hath it tares?

Matt. xiii. 27.

> The "darnel" is said to be the tares of Scripture, and is the only deleterious species belonging to the whole order.

Baird.

2. (Bot.) A name of several climbing or diffuse leguminous herbs of the genus Vicia; especially, the V. sativa, sometimes grown for fodder.

Tare, n. [F. tare; cf. Pr., Sp., Pg., & It. tara; all fr. Ar. tarah thrown away, removed, fr. taraha to reject, remove.] (Com.) Deficientcy in the weight or quantity of goods by reason of the weight of the cask, bag, or whatever contains the commodity, and is weighed with it; hence, the allowance or abatement of a certain weight or quantity which the seller makes to the buyer on account of the weight of such cask, bag, etc.

Tare, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Taring.] To ascertain or mark the tare of (goods).

Tared (?), a. (Chem.) Weighed; determined; reduced to equal or standard weight; as, tared filter papers, used in weighing precipitates.

Ta*ren"te (?), n. [Cf. F. tarente.] (Zoöl.) A harmless lizard of the Gecko family (Platydactylus Mauritianicus) found in Southern Europe and adjacent countries, especially among old walls and ruins.

Tar"ent*ism (?), n. See Tarantism.

Ta*ren"tu*la (?), n. See Tarantula.

Targe (?), n. [F. Cf. Target.] A shield or target. [Obs. or Poetic] "A buckler on a targe." Chaucer.

Tar"get (?), n. [OF. targette, dim. of OF. & F. targe, of Teutonic origin; cf. AS. targe, OD. targie, G. zarge a frame, case, border, OHG. zarga, Icel. targa shield.] 1. A kind of small shield or buckler, used as a defensive weapon in war.

2. (a) A butt or mark to shoot at, as for practice, or to test the accuracy of a firearm, or the force of a projectile. (b) The pattern or arrangement of a series of hits made by a marksman on a butt or mark; as, he made a good target.

3. (Surveying) The sliding crosspiece, or vane, on a leveling staff.

4. (Railroad) A conspicuous disk attached to a switch lever to show its position, or for use as a signal.

<! p. 1475 !>

Tar"get*ed (?), a. Furnished, armed, or protected, with a target.

Tar`get*eer" (?), n. One who is armed with a target or shield. [Written also targetier.]

Tar"gum (?), n.; pl. Targums (#). Heb. Targumim (#). [Chald. targm interpretation, fr. targm to interpret. Cf. Truchman, and Dragoman.] A translation or paraphrase of some portion of the Old Testament Scriptures in the Chaldee or Aramaic language or dialect.

Tar"gum*ist, n. The writer of a Targum; one versed in the Targums.

Tar"iff (?), n. [F. tarif; cf. Sp. & Pg. tarifa, It. tariffa; all fr. Ar. ta'rf information, explanation, definition, from 'arafa, to know, to inform, explain.] 1. A schedule, system, or scheme of duties imposed by the government of a country upon goods imported or exported; as, a revenue tariff; a protective tariff; Clay's compromise tariff. (U. S. 1833).

The United States and Great Britain impose no duties on exports; hence, in these countries the tariff refers only to imports.

2. The duty, or rate of duty, so imposed; as, the tariff on wool; a tariff of two cents a pound.

3. Any schedule or system of rates, changes, etc.; as, a tariff of fees, or of railroad fares. Bolingbroke.

Tar"iff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tariffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tariffing.] To make a list of duties on, as goods.

Tar"in (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The siskin. [Prov.]

Tar"ing (?), n. (Zoöl.) The common tern; — called also tarret, and tarrock. [Prov. Eng.]

Tar"la*tan (?), n. A kind of thin, transparent muslin, used for dresses.

Tarn (?), n. [OE. terne, Icel. tjörn.] A mountain lake or pool.

> A lofty precipice in front,
> A silent tarn below.

Wordsworth.

Tar"nish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tarnished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tarnishing.] [F. ternir, fr. OHG. tarnen to darken, to conceal, hide; akin to OS. dernian to hide, AS. dernan, dyrnan, OHG. tarni hidden, OS. derni, AS. derne, dyrne. Cf. Dern, a., and see -ish.] To soil, or change the appearance of, especially by an alternation induced by the air, or by dust, or the like; to diminish, dull, or destroy the luster of; to sully; as, to tarnish a metal; to tarnish gilding; to tarnish the purity of color. "Tarnished lace." Fuller. Used also figuratively; as, to tarnish one's honor.

Syn. — To sully; stain; dim.

Tar"nish, v. i. To lose luster; to become dull; as, gilding will tarnish in a foul air.

> Till thy fresh glories, which now shine so bright,
> Grow stale and tarnish with our daily sight.

Dryden.

Tar"nish, n. 1. The quality or state of being tarnished; stain; soil; blemish.

2. (Min.) A thin film on the surface of a metal, usually due to a slight alteration of the original color; as, the steel tarnish in columbite.

Tar"nish*er (?), n. One who, or that which, tarnishes.

Ta"ro (?), n. [From the Polynesian name.] (Bot.) A name for several aroid plants (Colocasia antiquorum, var. esculenta, Colocasia macrorhiza, etc.), and their rootstocks. They have large ovate-sagittate leaves and large fleshy rootstocks, which are cooked and used for food in tropical countries.

Tar"ot (?), n. [F.; cf. It. tarocco.] A game of cards; — called also taroc. Hoyle.

Tar"pan (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) A wild horse found in the region of the Caspian Sea.

Tar*pau"lin (?), n. [Tar + palling a covering, pall to cover. See Pall a covering.] 1. A piece of canvas covered with tar or a waterproof composition, used for covering the hatches of a ship, hammocks, boats, etc.

2. A hat made of, or covered with, painted or tarred cloth, worn by sailors and others.

3. Hence, a sailor; a seaman; a tar.

> To a landsman, these tarpaulins, as they were called, seemed a strange and half-savage race.

Macaulay.

Tar"pon (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Tarpum.

Tar"pum (?), n. (Zoöl.) A very large marine fish (Megapolis Atlanticus) of the Southern United States and the West Indies. It often becomes six or more feet in length, and has large silvery scales. The scales are a staple article of trade, and are used in fancywork. Called also tarpon, sabalo, savanilla, silverfish, and jewfish.

Tar"quin*ish (?), a. Like a Tarquin, a king of ancient Rome; proud; haughty; overbearing.

Tar"race (?), n. See Trass. [Obs.]

Tar"ra*gon (?), n. [Sp. taragona, Ar. tarkh&?;n; perhaps fr. Gr. &?; a dragon, or L. draco; cf. L. dracunculus tarragon. Cf. Dragon.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Artemisa (A. dracunculus), much used in France for flavoring vinegar.

Tar"ras (?), n. See Trass. [Obs.]

Tarre (?), v. t. [OE. tarien, terien, to irritate, provoke, AS. tergan to pull, pluck, torment; probably akin to E. tear, v.t. √63. Cf. Tarry, v.] To set on, as a dog; to incite. [Obs.] Shak.

Tar"ri*ance (?), n. The act or time of tarrying; delay; lateness. [Archaic] Shak.

> And after two days' tarriance there, returned.

Tennyson.

Tar"ri*er (?), n. One who, or that which, tarries.

Tar"ri*er, n. (Zoöl.) A kind of dig; a terrier. [Obs.]

Tar"rock (?), n. [Greenland tattarock.] (Zoöl.) (a) The young of the kittiwake gull before the first molt. (b) The common guillemot. [Prov. Eng.] (c) The common tern.

Tar"ry (?), a. [From Tar, n.] Consisting of, or covered with, tar; like tar.

Tar"ry (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tarried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tarrying.] [OE. tarien to irritate (see Tarre); but with a change of sense probably due to confusion with OE. targen to delay, OF. targier, fr. (assumed) LL. tardicare, fr. L. tardare to make slow, to tarry, fr. tardus slow. Cf. Tardy.] 1. To stay or remain behind; to wait.

> Tarry ye for us, until we come again.

Ex. xxiv. 14.

2. To delay; to put off going or coming; to loiter.

> Come down unto me, tarry not.

Gen. xic. 9.

> One tarried here, there hurried one.

Emerson.

3. To stay; to abide; to continue; to lodge.

> Tarry all night, and wash your feet.

Gen. xix. 2.

Syn. — To abide; continue; lodge; await; loiter.

Tar"ry, v. t. 1. To delay; to defer; to put off. [Obs.]

> Tarry us here no longer than to-morrow.

Chaucer.

2. To wait for; to stay or stop for. [Archaic]

> He that will have a cake out of the wheat must needs tarry the grinding.

Shak.

> He plodded on, . . . tarrying no further question.

Sir W. Scott.

Tar"ry, n. Stay; stop; delay. [Obs.] E. Lodge.

Tar"sal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the tarsus (either of the foot or eye). — n. A tarsal bone or cartilage; a tarsale.

Tarsal tetter (Med.), an eruptive disease of the edges of the eyelids; a kind of bleareye.

Tar"sal (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Tercel. [Obs.]

||Tar*sa"le (?), n.; pl. Tarsalia (#). [NL.] (Anat.) One of the bones or cartilages of the tarsus; esp., one of the series articulating with the metatarsals.

Tarse (?), n. [Cf. Tassel, Tiercel.] (Falconry) The male falcon.

Tarse (?), n. [Cf. F. tarse.] (Anat.) tarsus.

Tar*sec"to*my (?), n. [Tarsus + Gr. &?; to cut out.] (Surg.) The operation of excising one or more of the bones of the tarsus.

Tar"sel (?), n. A male hawk. See Tercel. [Obs.]

||Tar"si (?), n., pl. of Tarsus.

{ ||Tar"si*a (?), ||Tar`si*a*tu"ra (?), } n. [It.] A kind of mosaic in woodwork, much employed in Italy in the fifteenth century and later, in which scrolls and arabesques, and sometimes architectural scenes, landscapes, fruits, flowers, and the like, were produced by inlaying pieces of wood of different colors and shades into panels usually of walnut wood.

Tar"si*er (?), n. [Cf. F. tarsier.] See Tarsius.

||Tar"si*us (?), n. [NL. See Tarsus.] (Zoöl.) A genus of nocturnal lemurine mammals having very large eyes and ears, a long tail, and very long proximal tarsal bones; — called also malmag, spectral lemur, podji, and tarsier.

Tar"so- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the tarsus; as, tarsometatarsus.

Tar`so*met`a*tar"sal (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to both the tarsus and metatarsus; as, the tarsometatarsal articulations. (b) Of or pertaining to the tarsometatarsus.

||Tar`so*met`a*tar"sus (?), n.; pl. Tarsometatarsi (#). [NL.] (Anat.) The large bone next the foot in the leg of a bird. It is formed by the union of the distal part of the tarsus with the metatarsus.

Tar*sor"rha*phy (?), n. [Tarsus + Gr. "rafh` seam, fr. &?; to sew.] (Surg.) An operation to diminish the size of the opening between eyelids when enlarged by surrounding cicatrices.

Tar*sot"o*my (?), n. [Tarsus + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting or removing the tarsal cartilages.

Tar"sus (?), n.; pl. Tarsi (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the flat of the foot, the edge of the eyelid. Cf. 2d Tarse.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The ankle; the bones or cartilages of the part of the foot between the metatarsus and the leg, consisting in man of seven short bones. (b) A plate of dense connective tissue or cartilage in the eyelid of man and many animals; — called also tarsal cartilage, and tarsal plate.

2. (Zoöl.) The foot of an insect or a crustacean. It usually consists of form two to five joints.

Tart (?), a. [AS. teart. √63. Cf. Tear, v. t.] 1. Sharp to the taste; acid; sour; as, a tart apple.

2. Fig.: Sharp; keen; severe; as, a tart reply; tart language; a tart rebuke.

> Why art thou tart, my brother?

Bunyan.

Tart, n. [OE. tarte, F. tarte; perhaps originally the same word as tourte, LL. torta, fr. L. tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist, bend, wind, because tarts were originally made of a twisted shape. Cf. Torture, n.] A species of small open pie, or piece of pastry, containing jelly or conserve; a sort of fruit pie.

Tar"tan (?), n. [F. tiretane linsey- woolsey, akin to Sp. tiritaña a sort of thin silk; cf. Sp. tiritar to shiver or shake with cold.] Woolen cloth, checkered or crossbarred with narrow bands of various colors, much worn in the Highlands of Scotland; hence, any pattern of tartan; also, other material of a similar pattern.

> MacCullummore's heart will be as cold as death can make it, when it does not warm to the tartan.

Sir W. Scott.

> The sight of the tartan inflamed the populace of London with hatred.

Macaulay.

Tar"tan, n. [F. tartane, or Sp., Pg., or It. tartana; all perhaps of Arabic origin.] (Naut.) A small coasting vessel, used in the Mediterranean, having one mast carrying large leteen sail, and a bowsprit with staysail or jib.

Tar"tar (?), n. [F. tartre (cf. Pr. tartari, Sp., Pg., & It. tartaro, LL. tartarum, LGr. &?;); perhaps of Arabic origin.] 1. (Chem.) A reddish crust or sediment in wine casks, consisting essentially of crude cream of tartar, and used in marking pure cream of tartar, tartaric acid, potassium carbonate, black flux, etc., and, in dyeing, as a mordant for woolen goods; — called also argol, wine stone, etc.

2. A correction which often incrusts the teeth, consisting of salivary mucus, animal matter, and phosphate of lime.

Cream of tartar. (Chem.) See under Cream. — Tartar emetic (Med. Chem.), a double tartrate of potassium and basic antimony. It is a poisonous white crystalline substance having a sweetish metallic taste, and used in medicine as a sudorific and emetic.

Tar"tar (?), n. 1. [Per. Ttr, of Tartar origin.] A native or inhabitant of Tartary in Asia; a member of any one of numerous tribes, chiefly Moslem, of Turkish origin, inhabiting the Russian Europe; — written also, more correctly but less usually, Tatar.

2. A person of a keen, irritable temper.

To catch a tartar, to lay hold of, or encounter, a person who proves too strong for the assailant. [Colloq.]

Tar"tar, a. Of or pertaining to Tartary in Asia, or the Tartars.

Tar"tar, n. [Cf. F. tartare.] See Tartarus. Shak.

Tar"tar*a`ted (?), a. (Chem.) Tartrated.

{ Tar*ta"re*an (?), Tar*ta"re*ous (?), } a. [L. tartareus: cf. F. tartaréen.] Of or pertaining to Tartarus; hellish.

Tar*ta"re*ous, a. [Cf. 1st Tartarous.] 1. Consisting of tartar; of the nature of tartar.

2. (Bot.) Having the surface rough and crumbling; as, many lichens are tartareous.

{ Tar*ta"ri*an (?), Tar*tar"ic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Tartary in Asia, or the Tartars.

Tartarian lamb (Bot.), Scythian lamb. See Barometz.

Tar*ta"ri*an (?), n. (Bot.) The name of some kinds of cherries, as the Black Tartarian, or the White Tartarian.

Tar*tar"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to tartar; derived from, or resembling, tartar.

Tartaric acid. (a) An acid widely diffused throughout the vegetable kingdom, as in grapes, mountain-ash berries, etc., and obtained from tartar as a white crystalline substance, C2H2(OH)2.(CO2H)2, having a strong pure acid taste. It is used in medicine, in dyeing, calico printing, photography, etc., and also as a substitute for lemon juice. Called also dextro-tartaric acid. (b) By extension, any one of the series of isomeric acids (racemic acid, levotartaric acid, inactive tartaric acid) of which tartaric acid proper is the type.

Tar"tar*ine (?), n. (Old Chem.) Potassium carbonate, obtained by the incineration of tartar. [Obs.]

Tar"tar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tartarized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tartarizing (?).] [Cf. F. tartariser.] (Chem.) To impregnate with, or subject to the action of, tartar. [R.]

Tartarized antimony (Med. Chem.), tartar emetic.

Tar"tar*ize (?), v. t. To cause to resemble the Tartars and their civilization, as by conquest.

Tar"tar*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. tartareux.] Containing tartar; consisting of tartar, or partaking of its qualities; tartareous.

Tar"tar*ous (?), a. Resembling, or characteristic of, a Tartar; ill-natured; irritable.

> The Tartarous moods of common men.

B. Jonson.

Tar"ta*rum (?), n. (Chem.) See 1st Tartar.

Tar"ta*rus (tär"t*rs), n. [L., from Gr. Ta`rtaros.] (Class. Myth.) The infernal regions, described in the Iliad as situated as far below Hades as heaven is above the earth, and by later writers as the place of punishment for the spirits of the wicked. By the later poets, also, the name is often used synonymously with Hades, or the Lower World in general.

Tar"ta*ry (?), n. Tartarus. [Obs.] Spenser.

<! p. 1476 !>

Tar*ti"ni's tones` (?). [From Tartini, an Italian violinist, who discovered them in 1754.] See the Note under Tone.

Tart"ish (?), a. Somewhat tart.

Tart"let (?), n. A small tart. V. Knox.

Tart"ly, adv. In a tart manner; with acidity.

Tart"ness, n. The quality or state of being tart.

Syn. — Acrimony; sourness; keenness; poignancy; severity; asperity; acerbity; harshness. See Acrimony.

Tar*tral"ic (?), a. [From Tartar the chemical compound.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained as a white amorphous deliquescent substance, C8H10O11; — called also ditartaric, tartrilic, or tartrylic acid.

Tar*tram"ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of tartramic acid.

Tar*tram"ic (?), a. [Tarto- + amic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid which is the primary acid amide derivative of tartaric acid.

Tar*tram"ide (?), n. [Tarto- + amide.] (Chem.) An acid amide derivative of tartaric acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance.

Tar"trate (?), n. [Cf. F. tartrate.] (Chem.) A salt of tartaric acid.

Tar"tra`ted (?), a. (Med. Chem.) Containing, or derived from, tartar; combined with tartaric acid.

Tar"tra*zine (?), n. [Tartaric + hydrazine.] (Chem.) An artificial dyestuff obtained as an orange-yellow powder, and regarded as a phenyl hydrazine derivative of tartaric and sulphonic acids.

Tar*trel"ic (?), a. [From Tartar the chemical compound.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an anhydride, C4H4O5, of tartaric acid, obtained as a white crystalline deliquescent substance.

Tar"tro-. A combining form (also used adjectively) used in chemistry to denote the presence of tartar or of some of its compounds or derivatives.

Tar"tro*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of tartronic acid.

Tar*tron"ic (?), a. [Tartro- + malonic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid (called also hydroxy malonic acid) obtained, by reducing mesoxalic acid, as a white crystalline substance.

Tar"tro*nyl (?), n. [Tartronic + - yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical constituting the characteristic residue of tartronic acid and certain of its derivatives.

Tar`tro*vin"ic (?), a. [Tartro- + vinic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a certain acid composed of tartaric acid in combination with ethyl, and now called ethyltartaric acid.

{ Tar*tuffe", Tar*tufe" } (?), n. [F. tartufe.] A hypocritical devotee. See the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.

{ Tar*tuff"ish, Tar*tuf"ish, } a. Like a tartuffe; precise; hypocritical. Sterne.

Tar"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to several resinous-glandular composite plants of California, esp. to the species of Grindelia, Hemizonia, and Madia.

Tas (?), n. [F.] A heap. [Obs.] "The tas of bodies slain." Chaucer.

Tas, v. t. To tassel. [Obs.] "A purse of leather tassed with silk." Chaucer.

Tas"co (?), n. [Cf. Sp. tasconio.] A kind of clay for making melting pots. Percy Smith.

Ta*sim"er (t*sm"*tr), n. [Gr. ta`sis stretching, extension (from tei`nein to stretch) + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for detecting or measuring minute extensions or movements of solid bodies. It consists essentially of a small rod, disk, or button of carbon, forming part of an electrical circuit, the resistance of which, being varied by the changes of pressure produced by the movements of the object to be measured, causes variations in the strength of the current, which variations are indicated by a sensitive galvanometer. It is also used for measuring minute changes of temperature. T. A. Edison.

Task (tsk), n. [OE. taske, OF. tasque, F. tâche, for tasche, LL. tasca, taxa, fr. L. taxare to rate, appraise, estimate. See Tax, n. & v.] 1. Labor or study imposed by another, often in a definite quantity or amount.

> Ma task of servile toil.

Milton.

> Each morning sees some task begin,
> Each evening sees it close.

Longfellow.

2. Business; employment; undertaking; labor.

> His mental powers were equal to greater tasks.

Atterbury.

To take to task. See under Take.

Syn. — Work; labor; employment; business; toil; drudgery; study; lesson; stint.

Task, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tasked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tasking.] 1. To impose a task upon; to assign a definite amount of business, labor, or duty to.

> There task thy maids, and exercise the loom.

Dryden.

2. To oppress with severe or excessive burdens; to tax.

3. To charge; to tax, as with a fault.

> Too impudent to task me with those errors.

Beau. & Fl.

Task"er (?), n. 1. One who imposes a task.

2. One who performs a task, as a day-laborer. [R.]

3. A laborer who receives his wages in kind. [Scot.]

Task"mas`ter (?), n. One who imposes a task, or burdens another with labor; one whose duty is to assign tasks; an overseer. Ex. i. 11.

> All is, if I have grace to use it so,
> As ever in my great Taskmaster's eye.

Milton.

Task"work` (?), n. Work done as a task; also, work done by the job; piecework.

Tas"let (?), n. [See Tasse a piece of armor.] A piece of armor formerly worn to guard the thighs; a tasse.

Tas*ma"ni*an (tz*m"n*an), a. Of or pertaining to Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land. — n. A native or inhabitant of Tasmania; specifically (Ethnol.), in the plural, the race of men that formerly inhabited Tasmania, but is now extinct.

Tasmanian cider tree. (Bot.) See the Note under Eucalyptus. — Tasmanian devil. (Zoöl.) See under Devil. — Tasmanian wolf (Zoöl.), a savage carnivorous marsupial; — called also zebra wolf. See Zebra wolf, under Wolf.

Tasse (?), n. [OF. tassette.] A piece of armor for the thighs, forming an appendage to the ancient corselet.

Usually the tasse was a plate of iron swinging from the cuirass, but the skirts of sliding splints were also called by this name.

Tas"sel (?), n. (Falconry) A male hawk. See Tercel.

Tas"sel, n. [See Teasel.] A kind of bur used in dressing cloth; a teasel.

Tas"sel, n. [OE., a fastening of a mantle, OF. tassel a fastening, clasp, F. tasseau a bracket, Fr. L. taxillus a little die, dim. of talus a die of a longish shape, rounded on two sides and marked only on the other four, a knuckle bone.] 1. A pendent ornament, attached to the corners of cushions, to curtains, and the like, ending in a tuft of loose threads or cords.

2. The flower or head of some plants, esp. when pendent.

> And the maize field grew and ripened, Till it stood in all the splendor
> Of its garments green and yellow,
> Of its tassels and its plumage.

Longfellow.

3. A narrow silk ribbon, or the like, sewed to a book to be put between the leaves.

4. (Arch.) A piece of board that is laid upon a wall as a sort of plate, to give a level surface to the ends of floor timbers; — rarely used in the United States.

Tassel flower (Bot.), a name of several composite plants of the genus Cineraria, especially the C. sconchifolia, and of the blossoms which they bear.

Tas"sel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tasseled (?) or Tasselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tasseling or Tasselling.] To put forth a tassel or flower; as, maize tassels.

Tas"sel, v. t. To adorn with tassels. Chaucer.

Tas"set (?), n. [See Tasse.] A defense for the front of the thigh, consisting of one or more iron plates hanging from the belt on the lower edge of the corselet.

Tast"a*ble (tst"*b'l), a. Capable of worthy of being tasted; savory; relishing.

Taste (tst), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tasting.] [OE. tasten to feel, to taste, OF. taster, F. tater to feel, to try by the touch, to try, to taste, (assumed) LL. taxitare, fr. L. taxare to touch sharply, to estimate. See Tax, v. t.] 1. To try by the touch; to handle; as, to taste a bow. [Obs.] Chapman.

> Taste it well and stone thou shalt it find.

Chaucer.

2. To try by the touch of the tongue; to perceive the relish or flavor of (anything) by taking a small quantity into a mouth. Also used figuratively.

> When the ruler of the feast had tasted the water that was made wine.

John ii. 9.

> When Commodus had once tasted human blood, he became incapable of pity or remorse.

Gibbon.

3. To try by eating a little; to eat a small quantity of.

> I tasted a little of this honey.

1 Sam. xiv. 29.

4. To become acquainted with by actual trial; to essay; to experience; to undergo.

> He . . . should taste death for every man.

Heb. ii. 9.

5. To partake of; to participate in; — usually with an implied sense of relish or pleasure.

> Thou . . . wilt taste
> No pleasure, though in pleasure, solitary.

Milton.

Taste, v. i. 1. To try food with the mouth; to eat or drink a little only; to try the flavor of anything; as, to taste of each kind of wine.

2. To have a smack; to excite a particular sensation, by which the specific quality or flavor is distinguished; to have a particular quality or character; as, this water tastes brackish; the milk tastes of garlic.

> Yea, every idle, nice, and wanton reason
> Shall to the king taste of this action.

Shak.

3. To take sparingly.

> For age but tastes of pleasures, youth devours.

Dryden.

4. To have perception, experience, or enjoyment; to partake; as, to taste of nature's bounty. Waller.

> The valiant never taste of death but once.

Shak.

Taste, n. 1. The act of tasting; gustation.

2. A particular sensation excited by the application of a substance to the tongue; the quality or savor of any substance as perceived by means of the tongue; flavor; as, the taste of an orange or an apple; a bitter taste; an acid taste; a sweet taste.

3. (Physiol.) The one of the five senses by which certain properties of bodies (called their taste, savor, flavor) are ascertained by contact with the organs of taste.

Taste depends mainly on the contact of soluble matter with the terminal organs (connected with branches of the glossopharyngeal and other nerves) in the papillæ on the surface of the tongue. The base of the tongue is considered most sensitive to bitter substances, the point to sweet and acid substances.

4. Intellectual relish; liking; fondness; — formerly with of, now with for; as, he had no taste for study.

> I have no taste
> Of popular applause.

Dryden.

5. The power of perceiving and relishing excellence in human performances; the faculty of discerning beauty, order, congruity, proportion, symmetry, or whatever constitutes excellence, particularly in the fine arts and belles-letters; critical judgment; discernment.

6. Manner, with respect to what is pleasing, refined, or in accordance with good usage; style; as, music composed in good taste; an epitaph in bad taste.

7. Essay; trial; experience; experiment. Shak.

8. A small portion given as a specimen; a little piece tasted or eaten; a bit. Bacon.

9. A kind of narrow and thin silk ribbon.

Syn. — Savor; relish; flavor; sensibility; gout. — Taste, Sensibility, Judgment. Some consider taste as a mere sensibility, and others as a simple exercise of judgment; but a union of both is requisite to the existence of anything which deserves the name. An original sense of the beautiful is just as necessary to æsthetic judgments, as a sense of right and wrong to the formation of any just conclusions on moral subjects. But this "sense of the beautiful" is not an arbitrary principle. It is under the guidance of reason; it grows in delicacy and correctness with the progress of the individual and of society at large; it has its laws, which are seated in the nature of man; and it is in the development of these laws that we find the true "standard of taste."

> What, then, is taste, but those internal powers,
> Active and strong, and feelingly alive
> To each fine impulse? a discerning sense
> Of decent and sublime, with quick disgust
> From things deformed, or disarranged, or gross
> In species? This, nor gems, nor stores of gold,
> Nor purple state, nor culture, can bestow,
> But God alone, when first his active hand
> Imprints the secret bias of the soul.

Akenside.

Taste of buds, or Taste of goblets (Anat.), the flask-shaped end organs of taste in the epithelium of the tongue. They are made up of modified epithelial cells arranged somewhat like leaves in a bud.

Taste"ful (?), a. 1. Having a high relish; savory. "Tasteful herbs." Pope.

2. Having or exhibiting good taste; in accordance with good taste; tasty; as, a tasteful drapery.

— Taste"ful*ly, adv. — Taste"ful*ness, n.

Taste"less, a. 1. Having no taste; insipid; flat; as, tasteless fruit.

2. Destitute of the sense of taste; or of good taste; as, a tasteless age. Orrery.

3. Not in accordance with good taste; as, a tasteless arrangement of drapery.

— Taste"less*ly, adv. — Taste"less*ness, n.

Tast"er (?), n. 1. One who tastes; especially, one who first tastes food or drink to ascertain its quality.

> Thy tutor be thy taster, ere thou eat.

Dryden.

2. That in which, or by which, anything is tasted, as, a dram cup, a cheese taster, or the like.

3. (Zoöl.) One of a peculiar kind of zooids situated on the polyp-stem of certain Siphonophora. They somewhat resemble the feeding zooids, but are destitute of mouths. See Siphonophora.

Tast"i*ly (?), adv. In a tasty manner.

Tast"ing, n. The act of perceiving or tasting by the organs of taste; the faculty or sense by which we perceive or distinguish savors.

||Tas"to (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) A key or thing touched to produce a tone.

||Tasto solo, single touch; — in old music, a direction denoting that the notes in the bass over or under which it is written should be performed alone, or with no other chords than unisons and octaves.

Tast"y (?), a. [Compar. Tastier (?); superl. Tastiest.] 1. Having a good taste; — applied to persons; as, a tasty woman. See Taste, n., 5.

2. Being in conformity to the principles of good taste; elegant; as, tasty furniture; a tasty dress.

Tat (?), n. [Hind. tt.] Gunny cloth made from the fiber of the Corchorus olitorius, or jute. [India]

Tat, n. [Hind. tatt&?;.] (Zoöl.) A pony. [India]

Ta*tau"pa (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American tinamou (Crypturus tataupa).

Tatch (?), n. [F. tache spot. See Techy.] A spot or stain; also, a trick. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Tath (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Ta, to take.

Tath, n. [Prov. E.; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. ta&?; dung, ta&?;a the grass of a manured pasture, te&?;ja to manure. √58. Cf. Ted.] 1. Dung, or droppings of cattle. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

2. The luxuriant grass growing about the droppings of cattle in a pasture. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Tath, v. t. To manure (land) by pasturing cattle on it, or causing them to lie upon it. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Ta*tou" (?), n. [Cf. Tatouay.] (Zoöl.) The giant armadillo (Priodontes gigas) of tropical South America. It becomes nearly five feet long including the tail. It is noted for its burrowing powers, feeds largely upon dead animals, and sometimes invades human graves.

Tat"ou*ay (?), n. [Of Brazilian origin; cf. Pg. tatu, F. tatou.] (Zoöl.) An armadillo (Xenurus unicinctus), native of the tropical parts of South America. It has about thirteen movable bands composed of small, nearly square, scales. The head is long; the tail is round and tapered, and nearly destitute of scales; the claws of the fore feet are very large. Called also tatouary, and broad-banded armadillo.

Tat"ou*hou (?), n. [Cf. Tatouay.] (Zoöl.) The peba.

Tatt (?), v. t. & i. To make (anything) by tatting; to work at tatting; as, tatted edging.

<! p. 1477 !>

||Tat"ta (?), n. [Hind. &?;a&?;&?;, tt.] A bamboo frame or trellis hung at a door or window of a house, over which water is suffered to trickle, in order to moisten and cool the air as it enters. [India]

Tat"ter (?), n. One who makes tatting. Caulfield & S. (Doct. of Needlework).

Tat"ter (?), n. [Icel. tötur, töttur, pl. tötrar, &?;öttrar; cf. Norw. totra, pl. totror, LG. taltern tatters. √240.] A rag, or a part torn and hanging; — chiefly used in the plural.

> Tear a passion to tatters, to very rags.

Shak.

Tat"ter, v. t. [p. p. Tattered (?).] To rend or tear into rags; — used chiefly in the past participle as an adjective.

> Where waved the tattered ensigns of Ragfair.

Pope.

Tat`ter*de*mal"ion (?), n. [Tatter + OF. desmaillier to break the meshes of, to tear: cf. OF. maillon long clothes, swadding clothes, F. maillot. See Tatter, and Mail armor.] A ragged fellow; a ragamuffin. L'Estrange.

Tat"ting (?), n. A kind of lace made from common sewing thread, with a peculiar stitch.

Tatting shuttle, the shuttle on which the thread used in tatting is wound.

Tat"tle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tattled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tattling (?).] [Akin to OE. tateren, LG. tateln, D. tateren to stammer, and perhaps to E. titter.] 1. To prate; to talk idly; to use many words with little meaning; to chat.

> The tattling quality of age, which is always narrative.

Dryden.

2. To tell tales; to communicate secrets; to be a talebearer; as, a tattling girl.

Tat"tle, n. Idle talk or chat; trifling talk; prate.

> [They] told the tattle of the day.

Swift.

Tat"tler (?), n. 1. One who tattles; an idle talker; one who tells tales. Jer. Taylor.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large, long-legged sandpipers belonging to the genus Totanus.

The common American species are the greater tattler, or telltale (T. melanoleucus), the smaller tattler, or lesser yellowlegs (T. flavipes), the solitary tattler (T. solitarius), and the semipalmated tattler, or willet. The first two are called also telltale, telltale spine, telltale tattler, yellowlegs, yellowshanks, and yelper.

Tat"tler*y (?), n. Idle talk or chat; tittle-tattle.

Tat"tling (?), a. Given to idle talk; apt to tell tales. — Tat"tling*ly, adv.

Tat*too" (?), n. [Earlier taptoo, D. taptoe; tap a tap, faucet + toe to, shut (i. e., the taps, or drinking houses, shut from the soldiers).] (Mil.) A beat of drum, or sound of a trumpet or bugle, at night, giving notice to soldiers to retreat, or to repair to their quarters in garrison, or to their tents in camp.

The Devil's tattoo. See under Devil.

Tat*too", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tattooed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tattooing.] [Of Polynesian origin; cf. New Zealand ta to tattoo, tatu puncturation (in Otaheite).] To color, as the flesh, by pricking in coloring matter, so as to form marks or figures which can not be washed out.

Tat*too", n.; pl. Tattoos (&?;). An indelible mark or figure made by puncturing the skin and introducing some pigment into the punctures; — a mode of ornamentation practiced by various barbarous races, both in ancient and modern times, and also by some among civilized nations, especially by sailors.

Ta*tu" (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Tatou.

Ta*tu"si*id (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any armadillo of the family Tatusiidæ, of which the peba and mule armadillo are examples. Also used adjectively.

Tau (?), n. [Gr. tay^ the letter τ (English T).] (Zoöl.) The common American toadfish; — so called from a marking resembling the Greek letter tau (τ).

Tau cross. See Illust. 6, of Cross.

Taught (?), a. See Taut. Totten.

Taught, imp. & p. p. of Teach. [AS. imp. thte, p. p. getht.] See Teach.

Taunt (?), a. [Cf. OF. tant so great, F. tant so much, L. tantus of such size, so great, so much.] (Naut.) Very high or tall; as, a ship with taunt masts. Totten.

Taunt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Taunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Taunting.] [Earlier, to tease; probably fr. OF. tanter to tempt, to try, for tenter. See Tempt.] To reproach with severe or insulting words; to revile; to upbraid; to jeer at; to flout.

> When I had at my pleasure taunted her.

Shak.

Syn. — To deride; ridicule; mock; jeer; flout; revile. See Deride.

Taunt, n. Upbraiding language; bitter or sarcastic reproach; insulting invective.

> With scoffs, and scorns, and contemelious taunts.

Shak.

> With sacrilegious taunt and impious jest.

Prior.

Taunt"er (?), n. One who taunts.

Taunt"ing, a. & n. from Taunt, v.

> Every kind of insolent and taunting reflection.

Burke.

Taunt"ing*ly, adv. In a taunting manner.

Taunt"ress (?), n. A woman who taunts.

Taur (?), n. [L. Taurus.] The constellation Taurus. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tau`ri*cor"nous (?), a. [L. tauricornis; taurus a bull + cornu a horn.] (Zoöl.) Having horns like those of a bull. Sir T. Browne.

Tau`ri*dor" (?), n. [See Toreador.] A bullfighter; a toreador. Sir W. Scott.

Tau"ri*form (?), a. [L. tauriformis; taurus a bull + -form: cf. F. tauriforme.] Having the form of a bull.

Tau"rine (?), a. [L. taurinus, fr. taurus a bull. See Taurus.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Taurus, or cattle.

Tau"rine (?), n. [So named because it was discovered in the bile of the ox. See Taurus.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body occurring in small quantity in the juices of muscle, in the lungs, and elsewhere, but especially in the bile, where it is found as a component part of taurocholic acid, from which it can be prepared by decomposition of the acid. It crystallizes in colorless, regular six-sided prisms, and is especially characterized by containing both nitrogen and sulphur, being chemically amido-isethionic acid, C2H7NSO3.

Tau`ro*cho"late (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A salt of taurocholic acid; as, sodium taurocholate, which occurs in human bile.

Tau`ro*chol"ic (?), a. [Taurine + cholic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a conjugate acid (called taurocholic acid) composed of taurine and cholic acid, present abundantly in human bile and in that of carnivora. It is exceedingly deliquescent, and hence appears generally as a thick, gummy mass, easily soluble in water and alcohol. It has a bitter taste.

{ Tau"ro*col (?), Tau`ro*col"la (?), } n. [NL. taurocolla, fr. Gr. tayro`kolla; tay^ros a bull + ko`lla glue: cf. F. taurocolle.] Glue made from a bull's hide.

Tau`ro*ma"chi*an (?), a. [See Tauromachy.] Of or pertaining to bullfights. — n. A bullfighter.

Tau*rom"a*chy (?), n. [Gr. tayromachi`a; tay^ros bull + ma`chh fight.] Bullfighting.

||Tau"rus (t"rs), n. [L., akin to Gr. tay^ros, and E. steer. See Steer a young ox.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The Bull; the second in order of the twelve signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 20th of April; — marked thus [] in almanacs. (b) A zodiacal constellation, containing the well- known clusters called the Pleiades and the Hyades, in the latter of which is situated the remarkably bright Aldebaran.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of ruminants comprising the common domestic cattle.

Tau*ryl"ic (?), a. [L. taurus a bull + E. phenylic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found of a urine of neat cattle, and probably identical with cresol.

Taut (?), a. [Dan. tæt; akin to E. tight. See Tight.] 1. (Naut.) Tight; stretched; not slack; — said esp. of a rope that is tightly strained.

2. Snug; close; firm; secure.

Taut hand (Naut.), a sailor's term for an officer who is severe in discipline.

Tau`te*gor"ic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?;, for &?; &?; the same + &?; to speak. Cf. Allegory.] Expressing the same thing with different words; — opposed to allegorical. [R.] Coleridge.

Tau"to*chrone (?), n. [Gr. &?;, for &?; &?; the same + &?; time: cf. F. tautochrone.] (Math.) A curved line, such that a heavy body, descending along it by the action of gravity, will always arrive at the lowest point in the same time, wherever in the curve it may begin to fall; as, an inverted cycloid with its base horizontal is a tautochrone.

Tau*toch"ro*nous (?), a. (Math.) Occupying the same time; pertaining to, or having the properties of, a tautochrone.

Tau*tog" (?), n. [The pl. of taut, the American Indian name, translated by Roger Williams sheep's heads, and written by him tautaúog.] (Zoöl.) An edible labroid fish (Haitula onitis, or Tautoga onitis) of the Atlantic coast of the United States. When adult it is nearly black, more or less irregularly barred, with greenish gray. Called also blackfish, oyster fish, salt-water chub, and moll. [Written also tautaug.]

Tau`to*log"ic (?), a. Tautological.

Tau`to*log"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. tautologique.] Involving tautology; having the same signification; as, tautological expression. — Tau`to*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Tautological echo, an echo that repeats the same sound or syllable many times.

Tau*tol"o*gist (?), n. One who uses tautological words or phrases.

Tau*tol"o*gize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tautologized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tautologizing (?).] To repeat the same thing in different words.

Tau*tol"o*gous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?;, for &?; &?; the same + &?; to speak.] Repeating the same thing in different words; tautological. [R.] Tooke.

Tau*tol"o*gy (?), n. [L. tautologia, Gr. &?;: cf. F. tautologie.] (Rhet.) A repetition of the same meaning in different words; needless repetition of an idea in different words or phrases; a representation of anything as the cause, condition, or consequence of itself, as in the following lines: —

> The dawn is overcast, the morning lowers,
> And heavily in clouds brings on the day.

Addison.

Syn. — Repetition. — Tautology, Repetition. There may be frequent repetitions (as in legal instruments) which are warranted either by necessity or convenience; but tautology is always a fault, being a sameness of expression which adds nothing to the sense or the sound.

Tau`to*mer"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Relating to, or characterized by, tautomerism.

Tau*tom"er*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?;, for &?; &?; the same + &?; part.] (Chem.) The condition, quality, or relation of metameric substances, or their respective derivatives, which are more or less interchangeable, according as one form or the other is the more stable. It is a special case of metamerism; thus, the lactam and the lactim compounds exhibit tautomerism.

{ Tau`to*ou"si*an (?), Tau`to*ou"si*ous (?), } a. [Gr. &?;; &?;, for &?; &?; the same + &?; being, essence.] Having the same essence; being identically of the same nature. [R.] Cudworth.

Tau`to*phon"ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, tautophony; repeating the same sound.

Tau*toph"o*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?;, for &?; &?; the same + &?; voice.] Repetition of the same sound.

Tau`to*zon"al (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?;, for &?; &?; the same + E. zonal.] (Crystallog.) Belonging to the same zone; as, tautozonal planes.

Tav"ern (?), n. [OE. taverne, F. taverne, from L. taberna a hut, booth, tavern. Cf. Table, Tabernacle.] A public house where travelers and other transient guests are accomodated with rooms and meals; an inn; a hotel; especially, in modern times, a public house licensed to sell liquor in small quantities.

Tav"ern*er (?), n. [F. tavernier, L. tabernarius.] One who keeps a tavern. Chaucer. Camden.

Tav"ern*ing, n. A feasting at taverns. [Obs.] "The misrule of our tavernings." Bp. Hall.

Tav"ern*man (?), n.; pl. Tavernmen (&?;). The keeper of a tavern; also, a tippler. [Obs.]

Taw (?), n. Tow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Taw, v. t. [Cf. Tew to tow, Tow, v. t.] To push; to tug; to tow. [Obs.] Drayton.

Taw (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tawed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tawing.] [OE. tawen, tewen, AS. twian to prepare; cf. D. touwen, Goth. twa order, taujan to do, and E. tool. √64. Cf. 1st Tew, Tow the coarse part of flax.] 1. To prepare or dress, as hemp, by beating; to tew; hence, to beat; to scourge. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. To dress and prepare, as the skins of sheep, lambs, goats, and kids, for gloves, and the like, by imbuing them with alum, salt, and other agents, for softening and bleaching them.

Taw, n. [Cf. AS. tw instrument.] 1. A large marble to be played with; also, a game at marbles.

2. A line or mark from which the players begin a game of marbles. [Colloq. U. S.]

Taw"dri*ly (?), adv. In a tawdry manner.

Taw"dri*ness, n. Quality or state of being tawdry.

> A clumsy person makes his ungracefulness more ungraceful by tawdriness of dress.

Richardson.

Taw"dry (?), a. [Compar. Tawdrier (?); superl. Tawdriest.] [Said to be corrupted from Saint Audrey, or Auldrey, meaning Saint Ethelreda, implying therefore, originally, bought at the fair of St. Audrey, where laces and gay toys of all sorts were sold. This fair was held in Isle Ely, and probably at other places, on the day of the saint, which was the 17th of October.] 1. Bought at the festival of St. Audrey. [Obs.]

> And gird in your waist,
> For more fineness, with a tawdry lace.

Spenser.

2. Very fine and showy in colors, without taste or elegance; having an excess of showy ornaments without grace; cheap and gaudy; as, a tawdry dress; tawdry feathers; tawdry colors.

> He rails from morning to night at essenced fops and tawdry courtiers.

Spectator.

Taw"dry, n.; pl. Tawdries (&?;). A necklace of a rural fashion, bought at St. Audrey's fair; hence, a necklace in general. [Obs.]

> Of which the Naiads and the blue Nereids make
> Them tawdries for their necks.

Drayton.

Taw"er (?), n. One who taws; a dresser of white leather.

Taw"er*y (?), n. A place where skins are tawed.

Taw"ni*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being tawny.

Taw"ny (?), a. [Compar. Tawnier (?); superl. Tawniest.] [F. tanné, p. p. of tanner to tan. See Tan, v. t. & n. Cf. Tenné.] Of a dull yellowish brown color, like things tanned, or persons who are sunburnt; as, tawny Moor or Spaniard; the tawny lion. "A leopard's tawny and spotted hide." Longfellow.

Taws (?), n. [See Taw to beat.] A leather lash, or other instrument of punishment, used by a schoolmaster. [Written also tawes, tawis, and tawse.] [Scot.]

> Never use the taws when a gloom can do the turn.

Ramsay.

Tax (?), n. [F. taxe, fr. taxer to tax, L. taxare to touch, sharply, to feel, handle, to censure, value, estimate, fr. tangere, tactum, to touch. See Tangent, and cf. Task, Taste.] 1. A charge, especially a pecuniary burden which is imposed by authority. Specifically: —

(a) A charge or burden laid upon persons or property for the support of a government.

> A farmer of taxes is, of all creditors, proverbially the most rapacious.

Macaulay.

(b) Especially, the sum laid upon specific things, as upon polls, lands, houses, income, etc.; as, a land tax; a window tax; a tax on carriages, and the like. Taxes are annual or perpetual, direct or indirect, etc.

(c) A sum imposed or levied upon the members of a society to defray its expenses.

2. A task exacted from one who is under control; a contribution or service, the rendering of which is imposed upon a subject.

3. A disagreeable or burdensome duty or charge; as, a heavy tax on time or health.

4. Charge; censure. [Obs.] Clarendon.

5. A lesson to be learned; a task. [Obs.] Johnson.

Tax cart, a spring cart subject to a low tax. [Eng.]

Syn. — Impost; tribute; contribution; duty; toll; rate; assessment; exaction; custom; demand.

<! p. 1478 !>

Tax (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Taxed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Taxing.] [Cf. F. taxer. See Tax, n.] 1. To subject to the payment of a tax or taxes; to impose a tax upon; to lay a burden upon; especially, to exact money from for the support of government.

> We are more heavily taxed by our idleness, pride, and folly than we are taxed by government.

Franklin.

2. (Law) To assess, fix, or determine judicially, the amount of; as, to tax the cost of an action in court.

3. To charge; to accuse; also, to censure; — often followed by with, rarely by of before an indirect object; as, to tax a man with pride.

> I tax you, you elements, with unkindness.

Shak.

> Men's virtues I have commended as freely as I have taxed their crimes.

Dryden.

> Fear not now that men should tax thine honor.

M. Arnold.

Tax`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being taxable; taxableness.

Tax"a*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being taxed; liable by law to the assessment of taxes; as, taxable estate; taxable commodities.

2. (Law) That may be legally charged by a court against the plaintiff of defendant in a suit; as, taxable costs.

— Tax"a*ble*ness, n. — Tax"a*bly, adv.

Tax`as*pid"e*an (?), a. [Gr. ta`xis an arrangement + &?;, &?;, shield.] (Zoöl.) Having the posterior tarsal scales, or scutella, rectangular and arranged in regular rows; — said of certain birds.

Tax*a"tion (?), n. [F. taxation, L. taxatio a valuing, estimation, from L. taxare. See Tax.] 1. The act of laying a tax, or of imposing taxes, as on the subjects of a state, by government, or on the members of a corporation or company, by the proper authority; the raising of revenue; also, a system of raising revenue.

2. (Law) The act of taxing, or assessing a bill of cost.

3. Tax; sum imposed. [R.] Daniel.

4. Charge; accusation. [Obs.] Shak.

Tax"el (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American badger.

||Tax`e*op"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (?) + -poda.] (Paleon.) An order of extinct Mammalia found in the Tertiary formations.

Tax"er (?), n. 1. One who taxes.

2. One of two officers chosen yearly to regulate the assize of bread, and to see the true gauge of weights and measures is observed. [Camb. Univ., Eng.] [Written also taxor.]

Tax"gath`er*er (?), n. One who collects taxes or revenues. — Tax"gath`er*ing, n.

Tax"i*arch (?), n. [Gr. &?; and &?;; &?; a division of an army, a brigade (from &?; to arrange, array) + to rule.] (Gr. Antiq.) An Athenian military officer commanding a certain division of an army. Milford.

Tax"i*corn (?), n. [L. taxus a yew + cornu a horn: cf. F. taxicorne.] (Zoöl.) One of a family of beetles (Taxicornes) whose antennæ are largest at the tip. Also used adjectively.

Tax`i*der"mic (?), a. [Cf. F. taxidermique.] Of or pertaining to the art of preparing and preserving the skins of animals.

Tax"i*der`mist (?), n. A person skilled in taxidermy.

Tax"i*der`my (?), n. [Gr. ta`xis an arranging, arrangement (fr. ta`ssein to arrange) + &?; a skin, from &?; to skin: cf. F. taxidermie. See Tactics, Tear, v. t.] The art of preparing, preserving, and mounting the skins of animals so as to represent their natural appearance, as for cabinets.

Tax"ine (?), n. [L. taxus a yew.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid of bitter taste extracted from the leaves and seeds of the European yew (Taxus baccata). Called also taxia.

||Tax"is (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ta`xis a division or arrangement, fr. ta`ssein to arrange.] (Surg.) Manipulation applied to a hernial tumor, or to an intestinal obstruction, for the purpose of reducing it. Dunglison.

Tax"less, a. Free from taxation.

Tax*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. ta`xis arrangement + -logy.] (Biol.) Same as Taxonomy.

Tax`o*nom"ic (tks`*nm"k), a. Pertaining to, or involving, taxonomy, or the laws and principles of classification; classificatory.

Tax*on"o*mist (tks*n"*mst), n. One skilled in taxonomy.

Tax*on"o*my (-m), n. [Gr. ta`xis an arrangement, order + no`mos a law.] That division of the natural sciences which treats of the classification of animals and plants; the laws or principles of classification.

Tax"or (?), n. [NL.] Same as Taxer, n., 2.

Tax"pay`er (?), n. One who is assessed and pays a tax.

Tay"ra (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American carnivore (Galera barbara) allied to the grison. The tail is long and thick. The length, including the tail, is about three feet. [Written also taira.]

Ta"zel (?), n. (Bot.) The teasel. [Obs.]

||Taz"za (?), n. [It.] An ornamental cup or vase with a large, flat, shallow bowl, resting on a pedestal and often having handles.

T" cart` (?). See under T.

||Tcha*wy"tcha (?), n. (Zoöl.) The quinnat salmon. [Local, U. S.]

Tea (t), n. [Chin. tsh, Prov. Chin. te: cf. F. thé.] 1. The prepared leaves of a shrub, or small tree (Thea, or Camellia, Chinensis). The shrub is a native of China, but has been introduced to some extent into some other countries.

Teas are classed as green or black, according to their color or appearance, the kinds being distinguished also by various other characteristic differences, as of taste, odor, and the like. The color, flavor, and quality are dependent upon the treatment which the leaves receive after being gathered. The leaves for green tea are heated, or roasted slightly, in shallow pans over a wood fire, almost immediately after being gathered, after which they are rolled with the hands upon a table, to free them from a portion of their moisture, and to twist them, and are then quickly dried. Those intended for black tea are spread out in the air for some time after being gathered, and then tossed about with the hands until they become soft and flaccid, when they are roasted for a few minutes, and rolled, and having then been exposed to the air for a few hours in a soft and moist state, are finally dried slowly over a charcoal fire. The operation of roasting and rolling is sometimes repeated several times, until the leaves have become of the proper color. The principal sorts of green tea are Twankay, the poorest kind; Hyson skin, the refuse of Hyson; Hyson, Imperial, and Gunpowder, fine varieties; and Young Hyson, a choice kind made from young leaves gathered early in the spring. Those of black tea are Bohea, the poorest kind; Congou; Oolong; Souchong, one of the finest varieties; and Pekoe, a fine-flavored kind, made chiefly from young spring buds. See Bohea, Congou, Gunpowder tea, under Gunpowder, Hyson, Oolong, and Souchong. K. Johnson. Tomlinson.

"No knowledge of . . . [tea] appears to have reached Europe till after the establishment of intercourse between Portugal and China in 1517. The Portuguese, however, did little towards the introduction of the herb into Europe, and it was not till the Dutch established themselves at Bantam early in 17th century, that these adventurers learned from the Chinese the habit of tea drinking, and brought it to Europe." Encyc. Brit.

2. A decoction or infusion of tea leaves in boiling water; as, tea is a common beverage.

3. Any infusion or decoction, especially when made of the dried leaves of plants; as, sage tea; chamomile tea; catnip tea.

4. The evening meal, at which tea is usually served; supper.

Arabian tea, the leaves of Catha edulis; also (Bot.), the plant itself. See Kat. — Assam tea, tea grown in Assam, in India, originally brought there from China about the year 1850. — Australian, or Botany Bay, tea (Bot.), a woody clambing plant (Smilax glycyphylla). — Brazilian tea. (a) The dried leaves of Lantana pseodothea, used in Brazil as a substitute for tea. (b) The dried leaves of Stachytarpheta mutabilis, used for adulterating tea, and also, in Austria, for preparing a beverage. — Labrador tea. (Bot.) See under Labrador. — New Jersey tea (Bot.), an American shrub, the leaves of which were formerly used as a substitute for tea; redroot. See Redroot. — New Zealand tea. (Bot.) See under New Zealand. — Oswego tea. (Bot.) See Oswego tea. — Paraguay tea, mate. See 1st Mate. — Tea board, a board or tray for holding a tea set. — Tea bug (Zoöl.), an hemipterous insect which injures the tea plant by sucking the juice of the tender leaves. — Tea caddy, a small box for holding tea. — Tea chest, a small, square wooden case, usually lined with sheet lead or tin, in which tea is imported from China. — Tea clam (Zoöl.), a small quahaug. [Local, U. S.] — Tea garden, a public garden where tea and other refreshments are served. — Tea plant (Bot.), any plant, the leaves of which are used in making a beverage by infusion; specifically, Thea Chinensis, from which the tea of commerce is obtained. — Tea rose (Bot.), a delicate and graceful variety of the rose (Rosa Indica, var. odorata), introduced from China, and so named from its scent. Many varieties are now cultivated. — Tea service, the appurtenances or utensils required for a tea table, — when of silver, usually comprising only the teapot, milk pitcher, and sugar dish. — Tea set, a tea service. — Tea table, a table on which tea furniture is set, or at which tea is drunk. — Tea taster, one who tests or ascertains the quality of tea by tasting. — Tea tree (Bot.), the tea plant of China. See Tea plant, above. — Tea urn, a vessel generally in the form of an urn or vase, for supplying hot water for steeping, or infusing, tea.

Tea, v. i. To take or drink tea. [Colloq.]

Tea"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) The checkerberry.

Teach (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Taught (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Teaching.] [OE. techen, imp. taughte, tahte, AS. t&?;cean, imp. t&?;hte, to show, teach, akin to tcn token. See Token.] 1. To impart the knowledge of; to give intelligence concerning; to impart, as knowledge before unknown, or rules for practice; to inculcate as true or important; to exhibit impressively; as, to teach arithmetic, dancing, music, or the like; to teach morals.

> If some men teach wicked things, it must be that others should practice them.

South.

2. To direct, as an instructor; to manage, as a preceptor; to guide the studies of; to instruct; to inform; to conduct through a course of studies; as, to teach a child or a class. "He taught his disciples." Mark ix. 31.

> The village master taught his little school.

Goldsmith.

3. To accustom; to guide; to show; to admonish.

> I shall myself to herbs teach you.

Chaucer.

> They have taught their tongue to speak lies.

Jer. ix. 5.

This verb is often used with two objects, one of the person, the other of the thing; as, he taught me Latin grammar. In the passive construction, either of these objects may be retained in the objective case, while the other becomes the subject; as, I was taught Latin grammar by him; Latin grammar was taught me by him.

Syn. — To instruct; inform; inculcate; tell; guide; counsel; admonish. See the Note under Learn.

Teach (?), v. i. To give instruction; to follow the business, or to perform the duties, of a preceptor.

> And gladly would he learn, and gladly teach.

Chaucer.

> The priests thereof teach for hire.

Micah iii. 11.

Teach"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being taught; apt to learn; also, willing to receive instruction; docile.

> We ought to bring our minds free, unbiased, and teachable, to learn our religion from the Word of God.

I. Watts.

Teach"a*ble*ness, n. Willingness to be taught.

Teache (?), n. [Cf. Ir. teaghaim, Gael. teasaich, to heat.] (Sugar Works) One of the series of boilers in which the cane juice is treated in making sugar; especially, the last boiler of the series. Ure.

Teach"er (?), n. 1. One who teaches or instructs; one whose business or occupation is to instruct others; an instructor; a tutor.

2. One who instructs others in religion; a preacher; a minister of the gospel; sometimes, one who preaches without regular ordination.

> The teachers in all the churches assembled.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Teach"ing, n. The act or business of instructing; also, that which is taught; instruction.

Syn. — Education; instruction; breeding. See Education.

Teach"less, a. Not teachable. [R.] Shelley.

Tea"cup` (?), n. A small cup from which to drink tea.

Tea"cup`ful (?), n.; pl. Teacupfuls (&?;). As much as a teacup can hold; enough to fill a teacup.

{ Tead, Teade } (?), n. [L. taeda, teda.] A torch. [Obs.] "A burning teade." Spenser.

Tea"gle (?), n. [Cf. Tackle.] A hoisting apparatus; an elevator; a crane; a lift. [Prov. Eng.]

Teague (?), n. [Cf. W. taeog, taeawg, adj., rustic, rude, n., a vassal, villain, pleasant, clown, Ir. th&?;atach rural, boorish.] An Irishman; — a term used in contempt. Johnson.

Teak (?), n. [Malayalm tekku.] (Bot.) A tree of East Indies (Tectona grandis) which furnishes an extremely strong and durable timber highly valued for shipbuilding and other purposes; also, the timber of the tree. [Written also teek.]

African teak, a tree (Oldfieldia Africana) of Sierra Leone; also, its very heavy and durable wood; — called also African oak. — New Zeland teak, a large tree (Vitex littoralis) of New Zeland; also, its hard, durable timber.

Tea"ket`tle (?), n. A kettle in which water is boiled for making tea, coffee, etc.

Teal (?), n. [OE. tele; akin to D. teling a generation, production, teal, telen to breed, produce, and E. till to cultivate. The English word probably once meant, a brood or flock. See Till to cultivate.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small fresh-water ducks of the genus Anas and the subgenera Querquedula and Nettion. The male is handsomely colored, and has a bright green or blue speculum on the wings.

The common European teal (Anas crecca) and the European blue-winged teal, or garganey (A. querquedula or A. circia), are well-known species. In America the blue-winged teal (A. discors), the green-winged teal (A. Carolinensis), and the cinnamon teal (A. cynaoptera) are common species, valued as game birds. See Garganey.

Goose teal, a goslet. See Goslet. — Teal duck, the common European teal.

Team (?), n. [OE. tem, team, AS. teám, offspring, progeny, race of descendants, family; akin to D. toom a bridle, LG. toom progeny, team, bridle, G. zaum a bridle, zeugen to beget, Icel. taumr to rein, bridle, Dan. tömme, Sw. töm, and also to E. tow to drag, tug to draw. √64. See Tug, and cf. Teem to bear.] 1. A group of young animals, especially of young ducks; a brood; a litter.

> A team of ducklings about her.

Holland.

2. Hence, a number of animals moving together.

> A long team of snowy swans on high.

Dryden.

3. Two or more horses, oxen, or other beasts harnessed to the same vehicle for drawing, as to a coach, wagon, sled, or the like. "A team of dolphins." Spenser.

> To take his team and till the earth.

Piers Plowman.

> It happened almost every day that coaches stuck fast, until a team of cattle could be procured from some neighboring farm to tug them out of the slough.

Macaulay.

4. A number of persons associated together in any work; a gang; especially, a number of persons selected to contend on one side in a match, or a series of matches, in a cricket, football, rowing, etc.

5. (Zoöl.) A flock of wild ducks.

6. (O. Eng. Law) A royalty or privilege granted by royal charter to a lord of a manor, of having, keeping, and judging in his court, his bondmen, neifes, and villains, and their offspring, or suit, that is, goods and chattels, and appurtenances thereto. Burrill.

<! p. 1479 !>

Team (?), v. i. To engage in the occupation of driving a team of horses, cattle, or the like, as in conveying or hauling lumber, goods, etc.; to be a teamster.

Team, v. t. To convey or haul with a team; as, to team lumber. [R.] Thoreau.

Teamed (?), a. Yoked in, or as in, a team. [Obs.]

> Let their teamed fishes softly swim.

Spenser.

Team"ing (?), n. 1. The act or occupation of driving a team, or of hauling or carrying, as logs, goods, or the like, with a team.

2. (Manuf.) Contract work. [R.] Knight.

Team"ster (?), n. One who drives a team.

Team"work` (?), n. Work done by a team, as distinguished from that done by personal labor.

Tea"pot` (?), n. A vessel with a spout, in which tea is made, and from which it is poured into teacups.

Tea"poy (?), n. [Hind. tipi; Hind. tin there + Per. pe foot.] An ornamental stand, usually with three legs, having caddies for holding tea.

Tear (tr), n. [AS. teár; akin to G. zärhe, OHG. zahar, OFries. & Icel. tr, Sw. tår, Dan. taare, Goth. tagr, OIr. dr, W. dagr, OW. dacr, L. lacrima, lacruma, for older dacruma, Gr. da`kry, da`kryon, da`kryma. √59. Cf. Lachrymose.] 1. (Physiol.) A drop of the limpid, saline fluid secreted, normally in small amount, by the lachrymal gland, and diffused between the eye and the eyelids to moisten the parts and facilitate their motion. Ordinarily the secretion passes through the lachrymal duct into the nose, but when it is increased by emotion or other causes, it overflows the lids.

> And yet for thee ne wept she never a tear.

Chaucer.

2. Something in the form of a transparent drop of fluid matter; also, a solid, transparent, tear-shaped drop, as of some balsams or resins.

> Let Araby extol her happy coast,
> Her fragrant flowers, her trees with precious tears.

Dryden.

3. That which causes or accompanies tears; a lament; a dirge. [R.] "Some melodous tear." Milton.

Tear is sometimes used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, tear-distilling, tear-drop, tear- filled, tear-stained, and the like.

Tear (târ), v. t. [imp. Tore (tr), ((Obs. Tare) (târ); p. p. Torn (trn); p. pr. & vb. n. Tearing.] [OE. teren, AS. teran; akin to OS. farterian to destroy, D. teren to consume, G. zerren to pull, to tear, zehren to consume, Icel. tæra, Goth. gataíran to destroy, Lith. dirti to flay, Russ. drate to pull, to tear, Gr. de`rein to flay, Skr. dar to burst. √63. Cf. Darn, Epidermis, Tarre, Tirade.] 1. To separate by violence; to pull apart by force; to rend; to lacerate; as, to tear cloth; to tear a garment; to tear the skin or flesh.

> Tear him to pieces; he's a conspirator.

Shak.

2. Hence, to divide by violent measures; to disrupt; to rend; as, a party or government torn by factions.

3. To rend away; to force away; to remove by force; to sunder; as, a child torn from its home.

> The hand of fate
> Hath torn thee from me.

Addison.

4. To pull with violence; as, to tear the hair.

5. To move violently; to agitate. "Once I loved torn ocean's roar." Byron.

To tear a cat, to rant violently; to rave; — especially applied to theatrical ranting. [Obs.] Shak. — To tear down, to demolish violently; to pull or pluck down. — To tear off, to pull off by violence; to strip. — To tear out, to pull or draw out by violence; as, to tear out the eyes. — To tear up, to rip up; to remove from a fixed state by violence; as, to tear up a floor; to tear up the foundation of government or order.

Tear (?), v. i. 1. To divide or separate on being pulled; to be rent; as, this cloth tears easily.

2. To move and act with turbulent violence; to rush with violence; hence, to rage; to rave.

Tear (?), n. The act of tearing, or the state of being torn; a rent; a fissure. Macaulay.

Wear and tear. See under Wear, n.

Tear"er (?), n. One who tears or rends anything; also, one who rages or raves with violence.

Tear"-fall`ing (?), a. Shedding tears; tender. [Poetic] "Tear-falling pity." Shak.

Tear"ful (?), a. Abounding with tears; weeping; shedding tears; as, tearful eyes. — Tear"ful*ly, adv. — Tear"ful*ness, n.

Tear"less, a. Shedding no tears; free from tears; unfeeling. — Tear"less*ly, adv. — Tear"less*ness, n.

Tear"pit` (?), n. (Anat.) A cavity or pouch beneath the lower eyelid of most deer and antelope; the lachrymal sinus; larmier. It is capable of being opened at pleasure and secretes a waxy substance.

Tear"-thumb` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to several species of plants of the genus Polygonum, having angular stems beset with minute reflexed prickles.

Tear"y (?), a. 1. Wet with tears; tearful.

2. Consisting of tears, or drops like tears.

Tea"-sau`cer (?), n. A small saucer in which a teacup is set.

Tease (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Teased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Teasing.] [AS. t&?;san to pluck, tease; akin to OD. teesen, MHG. zeisen, Dan. tæse, tæsse. √58. Cf. Touse.] 1. To comb or card, as wool or flax. "Teasing matted wool." Wordsworth.

2. To stratch, as cloth, for the purpose of raising a nap; teasel.

3. (Anat.) To tear or separate into minute shreds, as with needles or similar instruments.

4. To vex with importunity or impertinence; to harass, annoy, disturb, or irritate by petty requests, or by jests and raillery; to plague. Cowper.

> He . . . suffered them to tease him into acts directly opposed to his strongest inclinations.

Macaulay.

Syn. — To vex; harass: annoy; disturb; irritate; plague; torment; mortify; tantalize; chagrin. — Tease, Vex. To tease is literally to pull or scratch, and implies a prolonged annoyance in respect to little things, which is often more irritating, and harder to bear, than severe pain. Vex meant originally to seize and bear away hither and thither, and hence, to disturb; as, to vex the ocean with storms. This sense of the term now rarely occurs; but vex is still a stronger word than tease, denoting the disturbance or anger created by minor provocations, losses, disappointments, etc. We are teased by the buzzing of a fly in our eyes; we are vexed by the carelessness or stupidity of our servants.

> Not by the force of carnal reason,
> But indefatigable teasing.

Hudibras.

> In disappointments, where the affections have been strongly placed, and the expectations sanguine, particularly where the agency of others is concerned, sorrow may degenerate into vexation and chagrin.

Cogan.

Tease tenon (Joinery), a long tenon at the top of a post to receive two beams crossing each other one above the other.

Tease (?), n. One who teases or plagues. [Colloq.]

Tea"sel (?), n. [OE. tesel, AS. t&?;sel, t&?;sl, the fuller's herb. See Tease.] [Written also tassel, tazel, teasle, teazel, and teazle.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Dipsacus, of which one species (D. fullonum) bears a large flower head covered with stiff, prickly, hooked bracts. This flower head, when dried, is used for raising a nap on woolen cloth.

Small teasel is Dipsacus pilosus, wild teasel is D. sylvestris.

2. A bur of this plant.

3. Any contrivance intended as a substitute for teasels in dressing cloth.

Teasel frame, a frame or set of iron bars in which teasel heads are fixed for raising the nap on woolen cloth.

Tea"sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Teaseled (?) or Teaselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Teaseling or Teaselling.] To subject, as woolen cloth, to the action of teasels, or any substitute for them which has an effect to raise a nap.

Tea"sel*er (?), n. One who uses teasels for raising a nap on cloth. [Written also teaseller, teasler.]

Tea"sel*ing, n. The cutting and gathering of teasels; the use of teasels. [Written also teaselling, teazling.]

Teas"er (?), n. 1. One who teases or vexes.

2. (Zoöl.) A jager gull. [Prov. Eng.]

Tea"sle (?), n. & v. t. See Teasel.

Tea"spoon` (t"spn`), n. A small spoon used in stirring and sipping tea, coffee, etc., and for other purposes.

Tea"spoon`ful (?), n.; pl. Teaspoonfuls (&?;). As much as teaspoon will hold; enough to fill a teaspoon; — usually reckoned at a fluid dram or one quarter of a tablespoonful.

Teat (?), n. [OE. tete, titte, AS. tit, titt; akin to LG. & OD. titte, D. tet, G. zitze: cf. F. tette, probably of Teutonic origin.] 1. The protuberance through which milk is drawn from the udder or breast of a mammal; a nipple; a pap; a mammilla; a dug; a tit.

2. (Mach.) A small protuberance or nozzle resembling the teat of an animal.

Teat"ed, a. Having protuberances resembling the teat of an animal.

Teathe (?), n. & v. See Tath. [Prov. Eng.]

Teat"ish (?), a. Peevish; tettish; fretful; — said of a child. See Tettish. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Teaze"-hole` (?), n. [Corrupted fr. F. tisard fire door.] (Glass Works) The opening in the furnaces through which fuel is introduced.

Tea"zel (?), n. & v. t. See Teasel.

Tea"zer (?), n. [Corrupted fr. F. tiser to feed a fire.] The stoker or fireman of a furnace, as in glass works. Tomlinson.

Tea"zle (?), n. & v. t. See Teasel.

Te"beth (?), n. [Heb.] The tenth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of December with a part of January. Esther ii. 16.

Tech"i*ly (?), adv. In a techy manner.

Tech"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being techy.

Tech"nic (?), a. Technical.

Tech"nic, n. [See Technical, a.] 1. The method of performance in any art; technical skill; artistic execution; technique.

> They illustrate the method of nature, not the technic of a manlike Artificer.

Tyndall.

2. pl. Technical terms or objects; things pertaining to the practice of an art or science.

Tech"nic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; an art, probably from the same root as &?;, &?;, to bring forth, produce, and perhaps akin to E. text: cf. F. technique.] Of or pertaining to the useful or mechanic arts, or to any science, business, or the like; specially appropriate to any art, science, or business; as, the words of an indictment must be technical. Blackstone.

Tech`ni*cal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Technicalities (&?;). 1. The quality or state of being technical; technicalness.

2. That which is technical, or peculiar to any trade, profession, sect, or the like.

> The technicalities of the sect.

Palfrey.

Tech"nic*al*ly (?), adv. In a technical manner; according to the signification of terms as used in any art, business, or profession.

Tech"nic*al*ness, n. The quality or state of being technical; technicality.

Tech"nic*als (?), n. pl. Those things which pertain to the practical part of an art, science, or profession; technical terms; technics.

Tech"ni*cist (?), n. One skilled in technics or in one or more of the practical arts.

Tech`ni*co*log"ic*al (?), a. Technological; technical. [R.] Dr. J. Scott.

Tech`ni*col"o*gy (?), n. Technology. [R.]

Tech"nics (?), n. The doctrine of arts in general; such branches of learning as respect the arts.

Tech`nique" (?), n. [F.] Same as Technic, n.

Tech"nism (?), n. Technicality.

Tech`no*log"ic (?), a. Technological.

Tech`no*log"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. technologique.] Of or pertaining to technology.

Tech*nol"o*gist (?), n. One skilled in technology; one who treats of arts, or of the terms of arts.

Tech*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; an art + - logy; cf. Gr. &?; systematic treatment: cf. F. technologie.] Industrial science; the science of systematic knowledge of the industrial arts, especially of the more important manufactures, as spinning, weaving, metallurgy, etc.

Technology is not an independent science, having a set of doctrines of its own, but consists of applications of the principles established in the various physical sciences (chemistry, mechanics, mineralogy, etc.) to manufacturing processes. Internat. Cyc.

Tech"y (?), a. [From OE. tecche, tache, a habit, bad habit, vice, OF. tache, teche, a spot, stain, blemish, habit, vice, F. tache a spot, blemish; probably akin to E. tack a small nail. See Tack a small nail, and cf. Touchy.] Peevish; fretful; irritable.

Tec`ti*branch (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Tectibranchiata. Also used adjectively.

||Tec`ti*bran"chi*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] Same as Tectibranchiata.

||Tec`ti*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. tectus (p. p. of tegere to cover) + Gr. &?; a gill.] (Zoöl.) An order, or suborder, of gastropod Mollusca in which the gills are usually situated on one side of the back, and protected by a fold of the mantle. When there is a shell, it is usually thin and delicate and often rudimentary. The aplysias and the bubble shells are examples.

Tec`ti*bran"chi*ate (?), a. [L. tectus (p. p. of tegere to cover) + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Having the gills covered by the mantle; of or pertaining to the Tectibranchiata. — n. A tectibranchiate mollusk.

Tect"ly (?), adv. [L. tectus covered, fr. tegere to cover.] Covertly; privately; secretly. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Tec*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a carpenter + -logy.] (Biol.) A division of morphology created by Haeckel; the science of organic individuality constituting the purely structural portion of morphology, in which the organism is regarded as composed of organic individuals of different orders, each organ being considered an individual. See Promorphology, and Morphon.

Tec*ton"ic (?), a. [L. tectonicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, a carpenter, builder.] Of or pertaining to building or construction; architectural.

Tec*ton"ics (?), n. The science, or the art, by which implements, vessels, dwellings, or other edifices, are constructed, both agreeably to the end for which they are designed, and in conformity with artistic sentiments and ideas.

Tec*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. tectorius.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to covering; — applied to a membrane immediately over the organ of Corti in the internal ear.

||Tec"tri*ces (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. tegere, tectum, to cover.] (Zoöl.) The wing coverts of a bird. See Covert, and Illust. of Bird.

Te"cum (?), n. (Bot.) See Tucum.

Ted (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tedded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tedding.] [Prob. fr. Icel. te&?;ja to spread manure, fr. ta&?; manure; akin to MHG. zetten to scatter, spread. √58. Cf. Teathe.] To spread, or turn from the swath, and scatter for drying, as new-mowed grass; — chiefly used in the past participle.

> The smell of grain or tedded grass.

Milton.

> The tedded hay and corn sheaved in one field.

Coleridge.

Ted"der (?), n. A machine for stirring and spreading hay, to expedite its drying.

Ted"der, n. [OE. √64. See Tether.] Same as Tether.

Ted"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Teddered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Teddering.] Same as Tether.

||Te` De"um (?). [L., from te (accus. of tu thou) + Deum, accus. of Deus God. See Thou, and Deity.] 1. An ancient and celebrated Christian hymn, of uncertain authorship, but often ascribed to St. Ambrose; — so called from the first words "Te Deum laudamus." It forms part of the daily matins of the Roman Catholic breviary, and is sung on all occasions of thanksgiving. In its English form, commencing with words, "We praise thee, O God," it forms a part of the regular morning service of the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church in America.

2. A religious service in which the singing of the hymn forms a principal part.

Tedge (?), n. (Founding) The gate of a mold, through which the melted metal is poured; runner, geat.

Te`di*os"i*ty (?), n. Tediousness. [Obs.]

Te"di*ous (?), a. [L. taediosus, fr. taedium. See Tedium.] Involving tedium; tiresome from continuance, prolixity, slowness, or the like; wearisome. — Te"di*ous*ly, adv. — Te"di*ous*ness, n.

> I see a man's life is a tedious one.

Shak.

> I would not be tedious to the court.

Bunyan.

Syn. — Wearisome; fatiguing. See Irksome.

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Te"di*um (?), n. [L. taedium, fr. taedet it disgusts, it wearies one.] Irksomeness; wearisomeness; tediousness. [Written also tædium.] Cowper.

> To relieve the tedium, he kept plying them with all manner of bams.

Prof. Wilson.

> The tedium of his office reminded him more strongly of the willing scholar, and his thoughts were rambling.

Dickens.

Tee (?), n. [Cf. Icel. tj to show, mark.] (a) The mark aimed at in curling and in quoits. (b) The nodule of earth from which the ball is struck in golf.

Tee, n. A short piece of pipe having a lateral outlet, used to connect a line of pipe with a pipe at a right angle with the line; — so called because it resembles the letter T in shape.

Tee" i`ron (?). See T iron, under T.

Teek (?), n. (Bot.) See Teak. [Obs.]

Teel (?), n. Sesame. [Sometimes written til.]

Teel oil, sesame oil.

Teel"seed` (?), n. The seed of sesame.

Teem (?), v. t. [Icel. tæma to empty, from tmr empty; akin to Dan. tömme to empty, Sw. tömma. See Toom to empty.] 1. To pour; — commonly followed by out; as, to teem out ale. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Swift.

2. (Steel Manuf.) To pour, as steel, from a melting pot; to fill, as a mold, with molten metal.

Teem, v. t. [See Tame, a., and cf. Beteem.] To think fit. [Obs. or R.] G. Gifford.

Teem, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Teemed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Teeming.] [OE. temen, AS. tman, t&?;man, from teám. See Team.] 1. To bring forth young, as an animal; to produce fruit, as a plant; to bear; to be pregnant; to conceive; to multiply.

> If she must teem,
> Create her child of spleen.

Shak.

2. To be full, or ready to bring forth; to be stocked to overflowing; to be prolific; to abound.

> His mind teeming with schemes of future deceit to cover former villainy.

Sir W. Scott.

> The young, brimful of the hopes and feeling which teem in our time.

F. Harrison.

Teem, v. t. To produce; to bring forth. [R.]

> That [grief] of an hour's age doth hiss the speaker;
> Each minute teems a new one.

Shak.

Teem"er (?), n. One who teems, or brings forth.

Teem"ful (?), a. 1. Pregnant; prolific. [Obs.]

2. Brimful. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Teem"ing, a. Prolific; productive.

> Teeming buds and cheerful appear.

Dryden.

Teem"less, a. Not fruitful or prolific; barren; as, a teemless earth. [Poetic] Dryden.

Teen (?), n. [OE. tene, AS. teóna reproach, wrong, fr. teón to accuse; akin to G. zeihen, Goth. gateihan to tell, announce, L. dicere to say. See Token.] Grief; sorrow; affiction; pain. [Archaic] Chaucer. Spenser.

> With public toil and private teen
> Thou sank'st alone.

M. Arnold.

Teen, v. t. [AS. teónian, t&?;nan, to slander, vex. √64. See Teen, n.] To excite; to provoke; to vex; to affict; to injure. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Teen, v. t. [See Tine to shut.] To hedge or fence in; to inclose. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Teen"age (?), n. The longer wood for making or mending fences. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Teend (?), v. t. & i. [See Tinder.] To kindle; to burn. [Obs.] Herrick.

Teen"ful (?), a. Full of teen; harmful; grievous; grieving; afflicted. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Teens (?), n. pl. [See Ten.] The years of one's age having the termination -teen, beginning with thirteen and ending with nineteen; as, a girl in her teens.

Tee"ny (?), a. Very small; tiny. [Colloq.]

Teen"y (?), a. [See Teen grief.] Fretful; peevish; pettish; cross. [Prov. Eng.]

Tee*ong" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The mino bird.

Teest (?), n. A tinsmith's stake, or small anvil.

Tee"tan (?), n. (Zoöl.) A pipit. [Prov. Eng.]

Tee"tee (?), n. [Sp. tití.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small, soft-furred South American monkeys belonging to Callithrix, Chrysothrix, and allied genera; as, the collared teetee (Callithrix torquatus), and the squirrel teetee (Chrysothrix sciurea). Called also pinche, titi, and saimiri. See Squirrel monkey, under Squirrel.

2. (Zoöl.) A diving petrel of Australia (Halodroma wrinatrix).

Tee"ter (?), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Teetered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Teetering.] [Prov. E. titter to tremble, to seesaw; cf. Icel. titra to tremble, OHG. zittarn, G. zittern.] To move up and down on the ends of a balanced plank, or the like, as children do for sport; to seesaw; to titter; to titter-totter. [U. S.]

> [The bobolink] alit upon the flower, and teetered up and down.

H. W. Beecher.

Tee"ter-tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The spotted sandpiper. See the Note under Sandpiper.

Teeth (?), n., pl. of Tooth.

Teeth (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Teethed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Teething.] To breed, or grow, teeth.

Teeth"ing (?), n. The process of the first growth of teeth, or the phenomena attending their issue through the gums; dentition.

Tee*to"tal (?), a. Entire; total. [Colloq.]

Tee*to"tal*er (?), n. One pledged to entire abstinence from all intoxicating drinks.

Tee*to"tal*ism (?), n. The principle or practice of entire abstinence, esp. from intoxicating drinks.

Tee*to"tal*ly (?), adv. Entirely; totally. [Colloq.]

Tee*to"tum (?), n. [For T-totum. It was used for playing games of chance, and was four-sided, one side having the letter T on it, standing for Latin totum all, meaning, take all that is staked, whence the name. The other three sides each had a letter indicating an English or Latin word; as P meaning put down, N nothing or L. nil, H half. See Total.] A child's toy, somewhat resembling a top, and twirled by the fingers.

> The staggerings of the gentleman . . . were like those of a teetotum nearly spent.

Dickens.

Tee"tuck (?), n. The rock pipit. [Prov. Eng.]

Tee"uck (?), n. The lapwing. [Prov. Eng.]

Tee"wit (?), n. (Zoöl.) The pewit. [Prov. Eng.]

Teg (?), n. A sheep in its second year; also, a doe in its second year. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

||Teg"men (?), n.; pl. Tegmina (#). [L., fr. tegere, tectum, to cover.] 1. A tegument or covering.

2. (Bot.) The inner layer of the coating of a seed, usually thin and delicate; the endopleura.

3. (Zoöl.) One of the elytra of an insect, especially of certain Orthoptera.

4. pl. (Zoöl.) Same as Tectrices.

Teg*men"tal (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to a tegument or tegmentum; as, the tegmental layer of the epiblast; the tegmental cells of the taste buds.

||Teg*men"tum (?), n.; pl. Tegmenta (#). [L., a covering.] (Anat.) A covering; — applied especially to the bundles of longitudinal fibers in the upper part of the crura of the cerebrum.

Te*guex"in (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large South American lizard (Tejus teguexin). It becomes three or four feet long, and is blackish above, marked with yellowish spots of various sizes. It feeds upon fruits, insects, reptiles, young birds, and birds' eggs. The closely allied species Tejus rufescens is called red teguexin.

||Teg"u*la (?), n.; pl. Tegulæ (#). [L., a tile, dim. fr. tegere to cover.] (Zoöl.) A small appendage situated above the base of the wings of Hymenoptera and attached to the mesonotum.

Teg"u*lar (?), a. [LL. tegularis, from L. tegula a tile. See Tile.] Of or pertaining to a tile; resembling a tile, or arranged like tiles; consisting of tiles; as, a tegular pavement. — Teg"u*lar*ly, adv.

Teg`u*la"ted (?), a. Composed of small plates, as of horn or metal, overlapping like tiles; — said of a kind of ancient armor. Fairholt.

Teg"u*ment (?), n. [L. tegumentum, from tegere to cover. See Thatch, n., and cf. Detect, Protect.] 1. A cover or covering; an integument.

2. Especially, the covering of a living body, or of some part or organ of such a body; skin; hide.

Teg`u*men"ta*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. tégumentaire.] Of or pertaining to a tegument or teguments; consisting of teguments; serving as a tegument or covering.

Te-hee" (?), n. & interj. A tittering laugh; a titter. "'Te-hee,' quoth she." Chaucer.

Te-hee", v. i. To titter; to laugh derisively.

> She cried, "Come, come; you must not look grave upon me." Upon this, I te-heed.

Madame D'Arblay.

Teil (?), n. [OF. teil, til, L. tilia.] (Bot.) The lime tree, or linden; — called also teil tree.

Teind (?), n. [Cf. Icel. tund. See Tithe.] A tithe. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Teine (?), n. See Teyne. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tein"land (?), n. (O. Eng. Law) Land granted by the crown to a thane or lord. Burrill.

Tei"no*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; to extend + -scope.] (Physics) An instrument formed by combining prisms so as to correct the chromatic aberration of the light while linear dimensions of objects seen through the prisms are increased or diminished; — called also prism telescope. Sir D. Brewster.

Teint (?), n. [F. teint, teinte. See Tint.] Tint; color; tinge, See Tint. [Obs.]

> Time shall . . . embrown the teint.

Dryden.

Tein"ture (?), n. [F. See Tincture.] Color; tinge; tincture. [Obs.] Holland.

Tek (?), n. (Zoöl.) A Siberian ibex.

||Tel`a*mo"nes (?), n. pl. [L., pl. of telamo or telamon, Gr. &?; a bearer, fr. &?; to bear.] (Arch.) Same as Atlantes.

||Tel*an`gi*ec"ta*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; end + &?; vessel + &?; extension.] (Med.) Dilatation of the capillary vessels.

Tel*an`gi*ec"ta*sy (?), n. (Med.) Telangiectasis.

Te"lar*ly (?), adv. In a weblike manner. [Obs.] "Telarly interwoven." Sir T. Browne.

Te"la*ry (?), a. [LL. telaris, fr. L. tela a web. See Toil a snare.] Of or pertaining to a web; hence, spinning webs; retiary. "Pictures of telary spiders." Sir T. Browne.

Tel"e*du (?), n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian carnivore (Mydaus meliceps) allied to the badger, and noted for the very offensive odor that it emits, somewhat resembling that of a skunk. It is a native of the high mountains of Java and Sumatra, and has long, silky fur. Called also stinking badger, and stinkard.

Tel"e*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?; far + - gram.] A message sent by telegraph; a telegraphic dispatch.

"A friend desires us to give notice that he will ask leave, at some convenient time, to introduce a new word into the vocabulary. It is telegram, instead of telegraphic dispatch, or telegraphic communication." Albany [N. Y.] Evening Journal (April 6, 1852).

Tel`e*gram*mic (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a telegram; laconic; concise; brief. [R.]

Tel"e*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; far, far off (cf. Lith. toli) + -graph: cf. F. télégraphe. See Graphic.] An apparatus, or a process, for communicating intelligence rapidly between distant points, especially by means of preconcerted visible or audible signals representing words or ideas, or by means of words and signs, transmitted by electrical action.

The instruments used are classed as indicator, type- printing, symbol-printing, or chemical-printing telegraphs, according as the intelligence is given by the movements of a pointer or indicator, as in Cooke & Wheatstone's (the form commonly used in England), or by impressing, on a fillet of paper, letters from types, as in House's and Hughe's, or dots and marks from a sharp point moved by a magnet, as in Morse's, or symbols produced by electro-chemical action, as in Bain's. In the offices in the United States the recording instrument is now little used, the receiving operator reading by ear the combinations of long and short intervals of sound produced by the armature of an electro- magnet as it is put in motion by the opening and breaking of the circuit, which motion, in registering instruments, traces upon a ribbon of paper the lines and dots used to represent the letters of the alphabet. See Illustration in Appendix.

Acoustic telegraph. See under Acoustic. — Dial telegraph, a telegraph in which letters of the alphabet and numbers or other symbols are placed upon the border of a circular dial plate at each station, the apparatus being so arranged that the needle or index of the dial at the receiving station accurately copies the movements of that at the sending station. — Electric telegraph, or Electro- magnetic telegraph, a telegraph in which an operator at one station causes words or signs to be made at another by means of a current of electricity, generated by a battery and transmitted over an intervening wire. — Facsimile telegraph. See under Facsimile. — Indicator telegraph. See under Indicator. — Pan-telegraph, an electric telegraph by means of which a drawing or writing, as an autographic message, may be exactly reproduced at a distant station. - - Printing telegraph, an electric telegraph which automatically prints the message as it is received at a distant station, in letters, not signs. — Signal telegraph, a telegraph in which preconcerted signals, made by a machine, or otherwise, at one station, are seen or heard and interpreted at another; a semaphore. — Submarine telegraph cable, a telegraph cable laid under water to connect stations separated by a body of water. — Telegraph cable, a telegraphic cable consisting of several conducting wires, inclosed by an insulating and protecting material, so as to bring the wires into compact compass for use on poles, or to form a strong cable impervious to water, to be laid under ground, as in a town or city, or under water, as in the ocean. — Telegraph plant (Bot.), a leguminous plant (Desmodium gyrans) native of the East Indies. The leaflets move up and down like the signals of a semaphore.

Tel"e*graph (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Telegraphed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Telegraphing (?).] [F. télégraphier.] To convey or announce by telegraph.

Te*leg"ra*pher (?), n. One who sends telegraphic messages; a telegraphic operator; a telegraphist.

Tel`e*graph"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. télégraphique.] Of or pertaining to the telegraph; made or communicated by a telegraph; as, telegraphic signals; telegraphic art; telegraphic intelligence.

Tel`e*graph"ic*al (?), a. Telegraphic. — Tel`e*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Te*leg"ra*phist (?), n. One skilled in telegraphy; a telegrapher.

Te*leg"ra*phy (?), n. [Cf. F. télégraphie.] The science or art of constructing, or of communicating by means of, telegraphs; as, submarine telegraphy.

Te*lem"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; far + - meter.] An instrument used for measuring the distance of an object from an observer; as, a telescope with a micrometer for measuring the apparent diameter of an object whose real dimensions are known.

||Te`le*o*ceph"i*al (t`l**sf"*l or t`l-), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. te`leos complete + kefalh` head.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of bony fishes including most of the common market species, as bass, salmon, cod, perch, etc.

Te`le*o*log"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. téléologique.] (Biol.) Of or pertaining to teleology, or the doctrine of design. — Te`le*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Te`le*ol"o*gist (?), n. (Biol.) One versed in teleology.

Te`le*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, teleos, the end or issue + -logy: cf. F. téléologie.] The doctrine of the final causes of things; specif. (Biol.), the doctrine of design, which assumes that the phenomena of organic life, particularly those of evolution, are explicable only by purposive causes, and that they in no way admit of a mechanical explanation or one based entirely on biological science; the doctrine of adaptation to purpose.

Te"le*o*phore` (?), n. [Gr. teleos complete + &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) Same as Gonotheca.

Te`le*or*gan"ic (?), a. [Gr. teleos complete + E. organic.] (Physiol.) Vital; as, teleorganic functions.

Te`le*o*saur" (?), n. (Paleon.) Any one of several species of fossil suarians belonging to Teleosaurus and allied genera. These reptiles are related to the crocodiles, but have biconcave vertebræ.

||Te`le*o*sau"rus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; complete, perfect + &?; a lizard.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct crocodilian reptiles of the Jurassic period, having a long and slender snout.

Te"le*ost (?), n. [Gr. &?; complete + &?; bone.] (Zoöl.) One of the Teleosti. Also used adjectively.

Te`le*os"te*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the teleosts. — n. A teleostean fish.

||Te`le*os"te*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; complete + &?; bone.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of fishes including all the ordinary bony fishes as distinguished from the ganoids.

<! p. 1481 !>

||Te"le*os`to*mi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; complete + &?; mouth.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of fishes including the ordinary fishes (Teleostei) and the ganoids.

Te`le*o*zo"ic (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having tissued composed of cells.

Te*le*o*zo"ön (?), n. (Zoöl.) A metazoan.

Te*lep"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?; far off + &?;, &?;, to suffer.] The sympathetic affection of one mind by the thoughts, feelings, or emotions of another at a distance, without communication through the ordinary channels of sensation. — Tel`e*path"ic, a. — Te*lep"a*thist, n.

Tel"e*pheme (?), n. [Gr. &?; afar + &?; a saying.] A message by a telephone. [Recent]

Tel"e*phone (?), n. [Gr. &?; far off + &?; sound.] (Physics) An instrument for reproducing sounds, especially articulate speech, at a distance.

The ordinary telephone consists essentially of a device by which currents of electricity, produced by sounds through the agency of certain mechanical devices and exactly corresponding in duration and intensity to the vibrations of the air which attend them, are transmitted to a distant station, and there, acting on suitable mechanism, reproduce similar sounds by repeating the vibrations. The necessary variations in the electrical currents are usually produced by means of a microphone attached to a thin diaphragm upon which the voice acts, and are intensified by means of an induction coil. In the magnetic telephone, or magneto- telephone, the diaphragm is of soft iron placed close to the pole of a magnet upon which is wound a coil of fine wire, and its vibrations produce corresponding vibrable currents in the wire by induction. The mechanical, or string, telephone is a device in which the voice or sound causes vibrations in a thin diaphragm, which are directly transmitted along a wire or string connecting it to a similar diaphragm at the remote station, thus reproducing the sound. It does not employ electricity.

Tel"e*phone, v. t. To convey or announce by telephone.

Tel`e*phon"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. téléphonique. See Telephone.] 1. Conveying sound to a great distance.

2. Of or pertaining to the telephone; by the telephone.

Tel`e*phon"ic*al*ly (?), adv. By telephonic means or processes; by the use of the telephone.

Te*leph"o*ny (?), n. The art or process of reproducing sounds at a distance, as with the telephone.

Tel`e*po*lar"i*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; far off + E. polariscope.] (Opt.) A polariscope arranged to be attached to a telescope. Lockyer.

Tel`e*ryth"in (?), n. [Gr. &?; end + E. erythrin.] (Chem.) A red crystalline compound related to, or produced from, erythrin. So called because regarded as the end of the series of erythrin compounds.

Tel"e*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; viewing afar, farseeing; &?; far, far off + &?; a watcher, akin to &?; to view: cf. F. télescope. See Telegraph, and -scope.] An optical instrument used in viewing distant objects, as the heavenly bodies.

A telescope assists the eye chiefly in two ways; first, by enlarging the visual angle under which a distant object is seen, and thus magnifying that object; and, secondly, by collecting, and conveying to the eye, a larger beam of light than would enter the naked organ, thus rendering objects distinct and visible which would otherwise be indistinct and or invisible. Its essential parts are the object glass, or concave mirror, which collects the beam of light, and forms an image of the object, and the eyeglass, which is a microscope, by which the image is magnified.

Achromatic telescope. See under Achromatic. — Aplanatic telescope, a telescope having an aplanatic eyepiece. — Astronomical telescope, a telescope which has a simple eyepiece so constructed or used as not to reverse the image formed by the object glass, and consequently exhibits objects inverted, which is not a hindrance in astronomical observations. — Cassegrainian telescope, a reflecting telescope invented by Cassegrain, which differs from the Gregorian only in having the secondary speculum convex instead of concave, and placed nearer the large speculum. The Cassegrainian represents objects inverted; the Gregorian, in their natural position. The Melbourne telescope (see Illust. under Reflecting telescope, below) is a Cassegrainian telescope. — Dialytic telescope. See under Dialytic. - - Equatorial telescope. See the Note under Equatorial. — Galilean telescope, a refracting telescope in which the eyeglass is a concave instead of a convex lens, as in the common opera glass. This was the construction originally adopted by Galileo, the inventor of the instrument. It exhibits the objects erect, that is, in their natural positions. — Gregorian telescope, a form of reflecting telescope. See under Gregorian. — Herschelian telescope, a reflecting telescope of the form invented by Sir William Herschel, in which only one speculum is employed, by means of which an image of the object is formed near one side of the open end of the tube, and to this the eyeglass is applied directly. — Newtonian telescope, a form of reflecting telescope. See under Newtonian. — Photographic telescope, a telescope specially constructed to make photographs of the heavenly bodies. — Prism telescope. See Teinoscope. — Reflecting telescope, a telescope in which the image is formed by a speculum or mirror (or usually by two speculums, a large one at the lower end of the telescope, and the smaller one near the open end) instead of an object glass. See Gregorian, Cassegrainian, Herschelian, ∧ Newtonian, telescopes, above. — Refracting telescope, a telescope in which the image is formed by refraction through an object glass. — Telescope carp (Zoöl.), the telescope fish. — Telescope fish (Zoöl.), a monstrous variety of the goldfish having very protuberant eyes. — Telescope fly (Zoöl.), any two-winged fly of the genus Diopsis, native of Africa and Asia. The telescope flies are remarkable for having the eyes raised on very long stalks. — Telescope shell (Zoöl.), an elongated gastropod (Cerithium telescopium) having numerous flattened whorls. — Telescope sight (Firearms), a slender telescope attached to the barrel, having cross wires in the eyepiece and used as a sight. — Terrestrial telescope, a telescope whose eyepiece has one or two lenses more than the astronomical, for the purpose of inverting the image, and exhibiting objects erect.

Tel"e*scope (?), a. [imp. & p. p. Telescoped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Telescoping (?).] To slide or pass one within another, after the manner of the sections of a small telescope or spyglass; to come into collision, as railway cars, in such a manner that one runs into another. [Recent]

Tel"e*scope, v. t. To cause to come into collision, so as to telescope. [Recent]

{ Tel`e*scop"ic (?), Tel`e*scop"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. télescopique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a telescope; performed by a telescope.

2. Seen or discoverable only by a telescope; as, telescopic stars.

3. Able to discern objects at a distance; farseeing; far-reaching; as, a telescopic eye; telescopic vision.

4. Having the power of extension by joints sliding one within another, like the tube of a small telescope or a spyglass; especially (Mach.), constructed of concentric tubes, either stationary, as in the telescopic boiler, or movable, as in the telescopic chimney of a war vessel, which may be put out of sight by being lowered endwise.

Tel`e*scop"ic*al*ly, adv. In a telescopical manner; by or with the telescope.

Te*les"co*pist (?), n. One who uses a telescope. R. A. Proctor.

Te*les"co*py (?), n. The art or practice of using or making telescopes.

Tel"esm (?), n. [Ar. tilism. See Talisman.] A kind of amulet or magical charm. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

{ Tel`es*mat"ic (?), Tel`es*mat"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to telesms; magical. J. Gregory.

Tel`e*spec"tro*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; far off + E. spectroscope.] (Astron.) A spectroscope arranged to be attached to a telescope for observation of distant objects, as the sun or stars. Lockyer.

Tel`e*ste"re*o*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; far off + E. stereoscope.] (Opt.) A stereoscope adapted to view distant natural objects or landscapes; a telescopic stereoscope.

Te*les"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; fit for finishing, from &?; to finish.] Tending or relating to a purpose or an end. [R.] Cudworth.

Te*les"tich (?), n. [Gr. &?; the end + &?; a line, verse.] A poem in which the final letters of the lines, taken consequently, make a name. Cf. Acrostic.

Tel`e*ther*mom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; far off + E. thermometer.] (Physics) An apparatus for determining the temperature of a distant point, as by a thermoelectric circuit or otherwise.

Te*leu"to*spore (?), n. [Gr. &?; completion + E. spore.] (Bot.) The thick-celled winter or resting spore of the rusts (order Uredinales), produced in late summer. See Illust. of Uredospore.

Tel"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, from &?; the end.] (Gram.) Denoting the final end or purpose, as distinguished from ecbatic. See Ecbatic. Gibbs.

Tell (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Told (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Telling.] [AS. tellan, from talu tale, number, speech; akin to D. tellen to count, G. zählen, OHG. zellen to count, tell, say, Icel. telja, Dan. tale to speak, tælle to count. See Tale that which is told.] 1. To mention one by one, or piece by piece; to recount; to enumerate; to reckon; to number; to count; as, to tell money. "An heap of coin he told." Spenser.

> He telleth the number of the stars.

Ps. cxlvii. 4.

> Tell the joints of the body.

Jer. Taylor.

2. To utter or recite in detail; to give an account of; to narrate.

> Of which I shall tell all the array.

Chaucer.

> And not a man appears to tell their fate.

Pope.

3. To make known; to publish; to disclose; to divulge.

> Why didst thou not tell me that she was thy wife?

Gen. xii. 18.

4. To give instruction to; to make report to; to acquaint; to teach; to inform.

> A secret pilgrimage,
> That you to-day promised to tell me of?

Shak.

5. To order; to request; to command.

> He told her not to be frightened.

Dickens.

6. To discern so as to report; to ascertain by observing; to find out; to discover; as, I can not tell where one color ends and the other begins.

7. To make account of; to regard; to reckon; to value; to estimate. [Obs.]

> I ne told no dainity of her love.

Chaucer.

Tell, though equivalent in some respect to speak and say, has not always the same application. We say, to tell truth or falsehood, to tell a number, to tell the reasons, to tell something or nothing; but we never say, to tell a speech, discourse, or oration, or to tell an argument or a lesson. It is much used in commands; as, tell me the whole story; tell me all you know.

To tell off, to count; to divide. Sir W. Scott.

Syn. — To communicate; impart; reveal; disclose; inform; acquaint; report; repeat; rehearse; recite.

Tell, v. i. 1. To give an account; to make report.

> That I may publish with the voice of thankgiving, and tell of all thy wondrous works.

Ps. xxvi. 7.

2. To take effect; to produce a marked effect; as, every shot tells; every expression tells.

To tell of. (a) To speak of; to mention; to narrate or describe. (b) To inform against; to disclose some fault of. — To tell on, to inform against. [Archaic & Colloq.]

> Lest they should tell on us, saying, So did David.

1 Sam. xxvii. 11.

Tell, n. That which is told; tale; account. [R.]

> I am at the end of my tell.

Walpole.

Tell, n. [Ar.] A hill or mound. W. M. Thomson.

Tell"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being told.

Tel"len (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Tellina.

Tell"er (?), n. 1. One who tells, relates, or communicates; an informer, narrator, or describer.

2. One of four officers of the English Exchequer, formerly appointed to receive moneys due to the king and to pay moneys payable by the king. Cowell.

3. An officer of a bank who receives and counts over money paid in, and pays money out on checks.

4. One who is appointed to count the votes given in a legislative body, public meeting, assembly, etc.

Tell"er*ship, n. The office or employment of a teller.

||Tel*li"na (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a kind of shellfish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine bivalve mollusks having thin, delicate, and often handsomely colored shells.

Tell"ing (?), a. Operating with great effect; effective; as, a telling speech. — Tell"ing*ly, adv.

Tell"tale` (?), a. Telling tales; babbling. "The telltale heart." Poe.

Tell"tale`, n. 1. One who officiously communicates information of the private concerns of others; one who tells that which prudence should suppress.

2. (Mus.) A movable piece of ivory, lead, or other material, connected with the bellows of an organ, that gives notice, by its position, when the wind is exhausted.

3. (Naut.) (a) A mechanical attachment to the steering wheel, which, in the absence of a tiller, shows the position of the helm. (b) A compass in the cabin of a vessel, usually placed where the captain can see it at all hours, and thus inform himself of the vessel's course.

4. (Mach.) A machine or contrivance for indicating or recording something, particularly for keeping a check upon employees, as factory hands, watchmen, drivers, check takers, and the like, by revealing to their employers what they have done or omitted.

5. (Zoöl.) The tattler. See Tattler.

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Tel*lu"ral (?), a. [L. tellus, - uris, the earth.] Of or pertaining to the earth. [R.]

Tel"lu*rate (?), n. [Cf. F. tellurate. See Tellurium.] (Chem.) A salt of telluric acid.

Tel"lu*ret (?), n. (Chem.) A telluride. [Obsoles.]

Tel"lu*ret`ed (?), n. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with tellurium; tellurized. [Written also telluretted.] [Obsoles.]

Tellureted hydrogen (Chem.), hydrogen telluride, H2Te, a gaseous substance analogous to hydrogen sulphide; — called also tellurhydric acid.

Tel`lur*hy"dric (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen telluride, which is regarded as an acid, especially when in solution.

Tel*lu"ri*an (?), a. [L. tellus, - uris, the earth.] Of or pertaining to the earth. De Quincey.

Tel*lu"ri*an, n. 1. A dweller on the earth. De Quincey.

2. An instrument for showing the operation of the causes which produce the succession of day and night, and the changes of the seasons. [Written also tellurion.]

Tel*lu"ric (?), a. [L. tellus, - uris, the earth: cf. F. tellurique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the earth; proceeding from the earth.

> Amid these hot, telluric flames.

Carlyle.

2. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to tellurium; derived from, or resembling, tellurium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with tellurous compounds; as, telluric acid, which is analogous to sulphuric acid.

Telluric bismuth (Min.), tetradymite. — Telluric silver (Min.), hessite.

Tel"lu*ride (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of tellurium with a more positive element or radical; — formerly called telluret.

Tel"lu*rism (?), n. An hypothesis of animal magnetism propounded by Dr. Keiser, in Germany, in which the phenomena are ascribed to the agency of a telluric spirit or influence. [R.] S. Thompson.

Tel"lu*rite (?), n. 1. (Chem.) A salt of tellurous acid.

2. (Min.) Oxide of tellurium. It occurs sparingly in tufts of white or yellowish crystals.

Tel*lu"ri*um (?), n. [NL., from L. tellus, -uris, the earth.] (Chem.) A rare nonmetallic element, analogous to sulphur and selenium, occasionally found native as a substance of a silver-white metallic luster, but usually combined with metals, as with gold and silver in the mineral sylvanite, with mercury in Coloradoite, etc. Symbol Te. Atomic weight 125.2.

Graphic tellurium. (Min.) See Sylvanite. — Tellurium glance (Min.), nagyagite; — called also black tellurium.

Tel"lu*rize (?), v. t. (Chem.) To impregnate with, or to subject to the action of, tellurium; — chiefly used adjectively in the past participle; as, tellurized ores.

Tel"lu*rous (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to tellurium; derived from, or containing, tellurium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with telluric compounds; as, tellurous acid, which is analogous to sulphurous acid.

Tel`o*dy*nam"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; far + E. dynamic.] Relating to a system for transmitting power to a distance by means of swiftly moving ropes or cables driving grooved pulleys of large diameter.

Tel`oo*goo" (?), n. See Telugu. D. O. Allen.

||Te*lot"ro*cha (?), n.; pl. Telotrochæ (#). [NL. See Telotrochal.] (Zoöl.) An annelid larva having telotrochal bands of cilia.

{ Te*lot"ro*chal (?), Te*lot"ro*chous (?), } a. [Gr. &?; complete + &?; wheel, hoop.] (Zoöl.) Having both a preoral and a posterior band of cilla; — applied to the larvæ of certain annelids.

Tel"o*type (?), n. [Gr. &?; far off + - type.] An electric telegraph which prints the messages in letters and not in signs.

Tel"pher (?), n. [Gr. &?; far, far off + &?; to bear.] (Elec.) A contrivance for the conveyance of vehicles or loads by means of electricity. Fleeming Jenkin.

Telpher line, or Telpher road, an electric line or road over which vehicles for carrying loads are moved by electric engines actuated by a current conveyed by the line.

Tel"pher*age (?), n. The conveyance of vehicles or loads by means of electricity. Fleeming Jenkin.

Tel"son (?), n.; pl. Telsons (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a boundary, limit.] (Zoöl.) The terminal joint or movable piece at the end of the abdomen of Crustacea and other articulates. See Thoracostraca.

Tel`u*gu" (?), n. 1. A Darvidian language spoken in the northern parts of the Madras presidency. In extent of use it is the next language after Hindustani (in its various forms) and Bengali. [Spelt also Teloogoo.]

2. One of the people speaking the Telugu language.

Tel`u*gu", a. Of or pertaining to the Telugu language, or the Telugus.

Tem`er*a"ri*ous (?), a. [L. temerarius. See Temerity.] Unreasonably adventurous; despising danger; rash; headstrong; audacious; reckless; heedless. — Tem`er*a"ri*ous*ly, adv.

> I spake against temerarious judgment.

Latimer.

Tem`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. temerare to defile.] Temerity. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Te*mer"i*ty (?), n. [L. temeritas, from temere by chance, rashly; perhaps akin to Skr. tamas darkness: cf. F. témérité.] Unreasonable contempt of danger; extreme venturesomeness; rashness; as, the temerity of a commander in war.

Syn. — Rashness; precipitancy; heedlessness; venturesomeness. - - Temerity, Rashness. These words are closely allied in sense, but have a slight difference in their use and application. Temerity is Latin, and rashness is Anglo-Saxon. As in many such cases, the Latin term is more select and dignified; the Anglo-Saxon more familiar and energetic. We show temerity in hasty decisions, and the conduct to which they lead. We show rashness in particular actions, as dictated by sudden impulse. It is an exhibition of temerity to approach the verge of a precipice; it is an act of rashness to jump into a river without being able to swim. Temerity, then, is an unreasonable contempt of danger; rashness is a rushing into danger from thoughtlessness or excited feeling.

> It is notorious temerity to pass sentence upon grounds uncapable of evidence.

Barrow.

> Her rush hand in evil hour
> Forth reaching to the fruit, she plucked, she eat.

Milton.

Tem"er*ous (?), a. Temerarious. [Obs.]

Tem*pe"an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Temple, a valley in Thessaly, celebrated by Greek poets on account of its beautiful scenery; resembling Temple; hence, beautiful; delightful; charming.

Tem"per (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tempered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tempering.] [AS. temprian or OF. temper, F. tempérer, and (in sense 3) temper, L. temperare, akin to tempus time. Cf. Temporal, Distemper, Tamper.] 1. To mingle in due proportion; to prepare by combining; to modify, as by adding some new element; to qualify, as by an ingredient; hence, to soften; to mollify; to assuage; to soothe; to calm.

> Puritan austerity was so tempered by Dutch indifference, that mercy itself could not have dictated a milder system.

Bancroft.

> Woman! lovely woman! nature made thee
> To temper man: we had been brutes without you.

Otway.

> But thy fire
> Shall be more tempered, and thy hope far higher.

Byron.

> She [the Goddess of Justice] threw darkness and clouds about her, that tempered the light into a thousand beautiful shades and colors.

Addison.

2. To fit together; to adjust; to accomodate.

> Thy sustenance . . . serving to the appetite of the eater, tempered itself to every man's liking.

Wisdom xvi. 21.

3. (Metal.) To bring to a proper degree of hardness; as, to temper iron or steel.

> The tempered metals clash, and yield a silver sound.

Dryden.

4. To govern; to manage. [A Latinism & Obs.]

> With which the damned ghosts he governeth,
> And furies rules, and Tartare tempereth.

Spenser.

5. To moisten to a proper consistency and stir thoroughly, as clay for making brick, loam for molding, etc.

6. (Mus.) To adjust, as the mathematical scale to the actual scale, or to that in actual use.

Syn. — To soften; mollify; assuage; soothe; calm.

Tem"per, n. 1. The state of any compound substance which results from the mixture of various ingredients; due mixture of different qualities; just combination; as, the temper of mortar.

2. Constitution of body; temperament; in old writers, the mixture or relative proportion of the four humors, blood, choler, phlegm, and melancholy.

> The exquisiteness of his [Christ's] bodily temper increased the exquisiteness of his torment.

Fuller.

3. Disposition of mind; the constitution of the mind, particularly with regard to the passions and affections; as, a calm temper; a hasty temper; a fretful temper.

> Remember with what mild
> And gracious temper he both heared and judged.

Milton.

> The consequents of a certain ethical temper.

J. H. Newman.

4. Calmness of mind; moderation; equanimity; composure; as, to keep one's temper.

> To fall with dignity, with temper rise.

Pope.

> Restore yourselves to your tempers, fathers.

B. Jonson.

5. Heat of mind or passion; irritation; proneness to anger; — in a reproachful sense. [Colloq.]

6. The state of a metal or other substance, especially as to its hardness, produced by some process of heating or cooling; as, the temper of iron or steel.

7. Middle state or course; mean; medium. [R.]

> The perfect lawgiver is a just temper between the mere man of theory, who can see nothing but general principles, and the mere man of business, who can see nothing but particular circumstances.

Macaulay.

8. (Sugar Works) Milk of lime, or other substance, employed in the process formerly used to clarify sugar.

Temper screw, in deep well boring, an adjusting screw connecting the working beam with the rope carrying the tools, for lowering the tools as the drilling progresses.

Syn. — Disposition; temperament; frame; humor; mood. See Disposition.

Tem"per, v. i. 1. To accord; to agree; to act and think in conformity. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To have or get a proper or desired state or quality; to grow soft and pliable.

> I have him already tempering between my finger and my thumb, and shortly will I seal with him.

Shak.

||Tem"pe*ra (?), n. [It.] (Paint.) A mode or process of painting; distemper.

The term is applied especially to early Italian painting, common vehicles of which were yolk of egg, yolk and white of egg mixed together, the white juice of the fig tree, and the like.

Tem"per*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being tempered.

> The fusible, hard, and temperable texture of metals.

Emerson.

Tem"per*a*ment (?), n. [L. temperamentum a mixing in due proportion, proper measure, temperament: cf. F. tempérament. See Temper, v. t.] 1. Internal constitution; state with respect to the relative proportion of different qualities, or constituent parts.

> The common law . . . has reduced the kingdom to its just state and temperament.

Sir M. Hale.

2. Due mixture of qualities; a condition brought about by mutual compromises or concessions. [Obs.]

> However, I forejudge not any probable expedient, any temperament that can be found in things of this nature, so disputable on their side.

Milton.

3. The act of tempering or modifying; adjustment, as of clashing rules, interests, passions, or the like; also, the means by which such adjustment is effected.

> Wholesome temperaments of the rashness of popular assemblies.

Sir J. Mackintosh.

4. Condition with regard to heat or cold; temperature. [Obs.]

> Bodies are denominated "hot" and "cold" in proportion to the present temperament of that part of our body to which they are applied.

Locke.

5. (Mus.) A system of compromises in the tuning of organs, pianofortes, and the like, whereby the tones generated with the vibrations of a ground tone are mutually modified and in part canceled, until their number reduced to the actual practicable scale of twelve tones to the octave. This scale, although in so far artificial, is yet closely suggestive of its origin in nature, and this system of tuning, although not mathematically true, yet satisfies the ear, while it has the convenience that the same twelve fixed tones answer for every key or scale, C becoming identical with D, and so on.

6. (Physiol.) The peculiar physical and mental character of an individual, in olden times erroneously supposed to be due to individual variation in the relations and proportions of the constituent parts of the body, especially of the fluids, as the bile, blood, lymph, etc. Hence the phrases, bilious or choleric temperament, sanguine temperament, etc., implying a predominance of one of these fluids and a corresponding influence on the temperament.

Equal temperament (Mus.), that in which the variations from mathematically true pitch are distributed among all the keys alike. — Unequal temperament (Mus.), that in which the variations are thrown into the keys least used.

Tem`per*a*men"tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to temperament; constitutional. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Tem"per*ance (?), n. [L. temperantia: cf. F. tempérance. See Temper, v. t.] 1. Habitual moderation in regard to the indulgence of the natural appetites and passions; restrained or moderate indulgence; moderation; as, temperance in eating and drinking; temperance in the indulgence of joy or mirth; specifically, moderation, and sometimes abstinence, in respect to using intoxicating liquors.

2. Moderation of passion; patience; calmness; sedateness. [R.] "A gentleman of all temperance." Shak.

> He calmed his wrath with goodly temperance.

Spenser.

3. State with regard to heat or cold; temperature. [Obs.] "Tender and delicate temperance." Shak.

Temperance society, an association formed for the purpose of diminishing or stopping the use of alcoholic liquors as a beverage.

Tem"per*an*cy (?), n. Temperance.

Tem"per*ate (?), a. [L. temperatus, p. p. of temperare. See Temper, v. t.] 1. Moderate; not excessive; as, temperate heat; a temperate climate.

2. Not marked with passion; not violent; cool; calm; as, temperate language.

> She is not hot, but temperate as the morn.

Shak.

> That sober freedom out of which there springs
> Our loyal passion for our temperate kings.

Tennyson.

3. Moderate in the indulgence of the natural appetites or passions; as, temperate in eating and drinking.

> Be sober and temperate, and you will be healthy.

Franklin.

4. Proceeding from temperance. [R.]

> The temperate sleeps, and spirits light as air.

Pope.

Temperate zone (Geog.), that part of the earth which lies between either tropic and the corresponding polar circle; — so called because the heat is less than in the torrid zone, and the cold less than in the frigid zones.

Syn. — Abstemious; sober; calm; cool; sedate.

Tem"per*ate (?), v. t. To render temperate; to moderate; to soften; to temper. [Obs.]

> It inflames temperance, and temperates wrath.

Marston.

Tem"per*ate*ly (?), adv. In a temperate manner.

Tem"per*ate*ness, n. The quality or state of being temperate; moderateness; temperance.

Tem"per*a*tive (?), a. [Cf. L. temperativus soothing.] Having power to temper. [R.] T. Granger.

Tem"per*a*ture (?), n. [F. température, L. temperatura due measure, proportion, temper, temperament.] 1. Constitution; state; degree of any quality.

> The best composition and temperature is, to have openness in fame and opinion, secrecy in habit, dissimulation in seasonable use, and a power to feign, if there be no remedy.

Bacon.

> Memory depends upon the consistence and the temperature of the brain.

I. Watts.

2. Freedom from passion; moderation. [Obs.]

> In that proud port, which her so goodly graceth,
> Most goodly temperature you may descry.

Spenser.

3. (Physics) Condition with respect to heat or cold, especially as indicated by the sensation produced, or by the thermometer or pyrometer; degree of heat or cold; as, the temperature of the air; high temperature; low temperature; temperature of freezing or of boiling.

4. Mixture; compound. [Obs.]

> Made a temperature of brass and iron together.

Holland.

Absolute temperature. (Physics) See under Absolute. — Animal temperature (Physiol.), the nearly constant temperature maintained in the bodies of warm-blooded (homoiothermal) animals during life. The ultimate source of the heat is to be found in the potential energy of the food and the oxygen which is absorbed from the air during respiration. See Homoiothermal. — Temperature sense (Physiol.), the faculty of perceiving cold and warmth, and so of perceiving differences of temperature in external objects. H. N. Martin.

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Tem"pered (?), a. Brought to a proper temper; as, tempered steel; having (such) a temper; — chiefly used in composition; as, a good-tempered or bad-tempered man; a well-tempered sword.

Tem"per*er (?), n. One who, or that which, tempers; specifically, a machine in which lime, cement, stone, etc., are mixed with water.

Tem"per*ing, n. (Metal.) The process of giving the requisite degree of hardness or softness to a substance, as iron and steel; especially, the process of giving to steel the degree of hardness required for various purposes, consisting usually in first plunging the article, when heated to redness, in cold water or other liquid, to give an excess of hardness, and then reheating it gradually until the hardness is reduced or drawn down to the degree required, as indicated by the color produced on a polished portion, or by the burning of oil.

Tempering color, the shade of color that indicates the degree of temper in tempering steel, as pale straw yellow for lancets, razors, and tools for metal; dark straw yellow for penknives, screw taps, etc.; brown yellow for axes, chisels, and plane irons; yellow tinged with purple for table knives and shears; purple for swords and watch springs; blue for springs and saws; and very pale blue tinged with green, too soft for steel instruments.

Tem"pest (?), n. [OF. tempeste, F. tempête, (assumed) LL. tempesta, fr. L. tempestas a portion of time, a season, weather, storm, akin to tempus time. See Temporal of time.] 1. An extensive current of wind, rushing with great velocity and violence, and commonly attended with rain, hail, or snow; a furious storm.

> [We] caught in a fiery tempest, shall be hurled,
> Each on his rock transfixed.

Milton.

2. Fig.: Any violent tumult or commotion; as, a political tempest; a tempest of war, or of the passions.

3. A fashionable assembly; a drum. See the Note under Drum, n., 4. [Archaic] Smollett.

Tempest is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, tempest-beaten, tempest-loving, tempest-tossed, tempest-winged, and the like.

Syn. — Storm; agitation; perturbation. See Storm.

Tem"pest, v. t. [Cf. OF. tempester, F. tempêter to rage.] To disturb as by a tempest. [Obs.]

> Part huge of bulk
> Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait,
> Tempest the ocean.

Milton.

Tem"pest, v. i. To storm. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Tem*pes"tive (?), a. [L. tempestivus.] Seasonable; timely; as, tempestive showers. [Obs.] Heywood. — Tem*pes"tive*ly, adv. [Obs.]

Tem`pes*tiv"i*ly (?), n. [L. tempestivitas.] The quality, or state, of being tempestive; seasonableness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Tem*pes"tu*ous (?), a. [L. tempestuous: cf. OF. tempestueux, F. tempêtueux.] Of or pertaining to a tempest; involving or resembling a tempest; turbulent; violent; stormy; as, tempestuous weather; a tempestuous night; a tempestuous debate. — Tem*pes"tu*ous*ly, adv. — Tem*pes"tu*ous*ness, n.

> They saw the Hebrew leader,
> Waiting, and clutching his tempestuous beard.

Longfellow.

Tem"plar (?), n. [OE. templere, F. templier, LL. templarius. See Temple a church.] 1. One of a religious and military order first established at Jerusalem, in the early part of the 12th century, for the protection of pilgrims and of the Holy Sepulcher. These Knights Templars, or Knights of the Temple, were so named because they occupied an apartment of the palace of Bladwin II. in Jerusalem, near the Temple.

The order was first limited in numbers, and its members were bound by vows of chastity and poverty. After the conquest of Palestine by the Saracens, the Templars spread over Europe, and, by reason of their reputation for valor and piety, they were enriched by numerous donations of money and lands. The extravagances and vices of the later Templars, however, finally led to the suppression of the order by the Council of Vienne in 1312.

2. A student of law, so called from having apartments in the Temple at London, the original buildings having belonged to the Knights Templars. See Inner Temple, and Middle Temple, under Temple. [Eng.]

3. One belonged to a certain order or degree among the Freemasons, called Knights Templars. Also, one of an order among temperance men, styled Good Templars.

Tem"plar, a. Of or pertaining to a temple. [R.]

> Solitary, family, and templar devotion.

Coleridge.

Tem"plate (?), n. Same as Templet.

Tem"ple (?), n. [Cf. Templet.] (Weaving) A contrivence used in a loom for keeping the web stretched transversely.

Tem"ple, n. [OF. temple, F. tempe, from L. tempora, tempus; perhaps originally, the right place, the fatal spot, supposed to be the same word as tempus, temporis, the fitting or appointed time. See Temporal of time, and cf. Tempo, Tense, n.] 1. (Anat.) The space, on either side of the head, back of the eye and forehead, above the zygomatic arch and in front of the ear.

2. One of the side bars of a pair of spectacles, jointed to the bows, and passing one on either side of the head to hold the spectacles in place.

Tem"ple, n. [AS. tempel, from L. templum a space marked out, sanctuary, temple; cf. Gr. &?; a piece of land marked off, land dedicated to a god: cf. F. témple, from the Latin. Cf. Contemplate.] 1. A place or edifice dedicated to the worship of some deity; as, the temple of Jupiter at Athens, or of Juggernaut in India. "The temple of mighty Mars." Chaucer.

2. (Jewish Antiq.) The edifice erected at Jerusalem for the worship of Jehovah.

> Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon's porch.

John x. 23.

3. Hence, among Christians, an edifice erected as a place of public worship; a church.

> Can he whose life is a perpetual insult to the authority of God enter with any pleasure a temple consecrated to devotion and sanctified by prayer?

Buckminster.

4. Fig.: Any place in which the divine presence specially resides. "The temple of his body." John ii. 21.

> Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that the spirit of God dwelleth in you?

1 Cor. iii. 16.

> The groves were God's first temples.

Bryant.

Inner Temple, ∧ Middle Temple, two buildings, or ranges of buildings, occupied by two inns of court in London, on the site of a monastic establishment of the Knights Templars, called the Temple.

Tem"ple (?), v. t. To build a temple for; to appropriate a temple to; as, to temple a god. [R.] Feltham.

Tem"pled (?), a. Supplied with a temple or temples, or with churches; inclosed in a temple.

> I love thy rocks and rills,
> Thy woods and templed hills.

S. F. Smith.

Tem"plet (?), n. [LL. templatus vaulted, from L. templum a small timber.] [Spelt also template.] 1. A gauge, pattern, or mold, commonly a thin plate or board, used as a guide to the form of the work to be executed; as, a mason's or a wheelwright's templet.

2. (Arch.) A short piece of timber, iron, or stone, placed in a wall under a girder or other beam, to distribute the weight or pressure.

||Tem"po (?), n. [It., fr. L. tempus. See Tense, n.] (Mus.) The rate or degree of movement in time.

||A tempo giusto (js"t) [It.], in exact time; — sometimes, directing a return to strict time after a tempo rubato. — Tempo rubato. See under Rubato.

Tem"po*ral (?), a. [L. temporalis, fr. tempora the temples: cf. F. temporal. See Temple a part of the head.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the temple or temples; as, the temporal bone; a temporal artery.

Temporal bone, a very complex bone situated in the side of the skull of most mammals and containing the organ of hearing. It consists of an expanded squamosal portion above the ear, corresponding to the squamosal and zygoma of the lower vertebrates, and a thickened basal petrosal and mastoid portion, corresponding to the periotic and tympanic bones of the lower vertebrates.

Tem"po*ral (?), a. [L. temporalis, fr. tempus, temporis, time, portion of time, the fitting or appointed time: cf. F. temporel. Cf. Contemporaneous, Extempore, Temper, v. t., Tempest, Temple a part of the head, Tense, n., Thing.] 1. Of or pertaining to time, that is, to the present life, or this world; secular, as distinguished from sacred or eternal.

> The things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal.

2 Cor. iv. 18.

> Is this an hour for temporal affairs?

Shak.

2. Civil or political, as distinguished from ecclesiastical; as, temporal power; temporal courts.

Lords temporal. See under Lord, n. — Temporal augment. See the Note under Augment, n.

Syn. — Transient; fleeting; transitory.

Tem"po*ral, n. Anything temporal or secular; a temporality; — used chiefly in the plural. Dryden.

> He assigns supremacy to the pope in spirituals, and to the emperor or temporals.

Lowell.

Tem`po*ral"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Temporalities (#). [L. temporalitas, in LL., possessions of the church: cf. F. temporalité.] 1. The state or quality of being temporary; — opposed to perpetuity.

2. The laity; temporality. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

3. That which pertains to temporal welfare; material interests; especially, the revenue of an ecclesiastic proceeding from lands, tenements, or lay fees, tithes, and the like; — chiefly used in the plural.

> Supreme head, . . . under God, of the spirituality and temporality of the same church.

Fuller.

Tem"po*ral*ly (?), adv. In a temporal manner; secularly. [R.] South.

Tem"po*ral*ness, n. Worldliness. [R.] Cotgrave.

Tem"po*ral*ty (?), n. [See Temporality.] 1. The laity; secular people. [Obs.] Abp. Abbot.

2. A secular possession; a temporality.

Tem`po*ra"ne*ous (?), a. [L. temporaneus happening at the right time, fr. tempus, temporis, time.] Temporarity. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Tem"po*ra*ri*ly (?), adv. In a temporary manner; for a time.

Tem"po*ra*ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being temporary; — opposed to perpetuity.

Tem"po*ra*ry (?), a. [L. temporarius, fr. tempus, temporis, time: cf. F. temporaire.] Lasting for a time only; existing or continuing for a limited time; not permanent; as, the patient has obtained temporary relief.

> Temporary government of the city.

Motley.

Temporary star. (Astron.) See under Star.

Tem"po*rist (?), n. A temporizer. [Obs.]

> Why, turn a temporist, row with the tide.

Marston.

Tem`po*ri*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. temporisation.] The act of temporizing. Johnson.

Tem"po*rize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Temporized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Temporizing (?).] [F. temporiser. See Temporal of time.] 1. To comply with the time or occasion; to humor, or yield to, the current of opinion or circumstances; also, to trim, as between two parties.

> They might their grievance inwardly complain,
> But outwardly they needs must temporize.

Daniel.

2. To delay; to procrastinate. [R.] Bacon.

3. To comply; to agree. [Obs.] Shak.

Tem"po*ri`zer (?), n. One who temporizes; one who yields to the time, or complies with the prevailing opinions, fashions, or occasions; a trimmer.

> A sort of temporizers, ready to embrace and maintain all that is, or shall be, proposed, in hope of preferment.

Burton.

Tem"po*ri`zing*ly (?), adv. In a temporizing or yielding manner.

Tem"po*ro- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the temple, or temporal bone; as, temporofacial.

Tem`po*ro-au*ric"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the temple and the ear; as, the temporo- auricular nerve.

Tem`po*ro*fa"cial (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the temple and the face.

Tem`po*ro*ma"lar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the temple and the region of the malar bone; as, the temporomalar nerve.

Tem`po*ro*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the temple or the temporal bone and the maxilla.

Temps (?), n. [OF. & F., fr. L. tempus. See Temporal of time.] Time. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tempse (?), n. See Temse. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Tempt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tempted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tempting.] [OE. tempten, tenten, from OF. tempter, tenter, F. tenter, fr. L. tentare, temptare, to handle, feel, attack, to try, put to the test, urge, freq. from tendere, tentum, and tensum, to stretch. See Thin, and cf. Attempt, Tend, Taunt, Tent a pavilion, Tent to probe.] 1. To put to trial; to prove; to test; to try.

> God did tempt Abraham.

Gen. xxii. 1.

> Ye shall not tempt the Lord your God.

Deut. vi. 16.

2. To lead, or endeavor to lead, into evil; to entice to what is wrong; to seduce.

> Every man is tempted when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed.

James i. 14.

3. To endeavor to persuade; to induce; to invite; to incite; to provoke; to instigate.

> Tempt not the brave and needy to despair.

Dryden.

> Nor tempt the wrath of heaven's avenging Sire.

Pope.

4. To endeavor to accomplish or reach; to attempt.

> Ere leave be given to tempt the nether skies.

Dryden.

Syn. — To entice; allure; attract; decoy; seduce.

Tempt`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being temptable; lability to temptation.

Tempt"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being tempted; liable to be tempted. Cudworth.

Temp*ta"tion (?), n. [OF. temptation, tentation, F. tentation, L. tentatio.] 1. The act of tempting, or enticing to evil; seduction.

> When the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed from him for a season.

Luke iv. 13.

2. The state of being tempted, or enticed to evil.

> Lead us not into temptation.

Luke xi. 4.

3. That which tempts; an inducement; an allurement, especially to something evil.

> Dare to be great, without a guilty crown;
> View it, and lay the bright temptation down.

Dryden.

Temp*ta"tion*less, a. Having no temptation or motive; as, a temptationless sin. [R.] Hammond.

Temp*ta"tious (?), a. Tempting. [Prov. Eng.]

Tempt"er (?), n. One who tempts or entices; especially, Satan, or the Devil, regarded as the great enticer to evil. "Those who are bent to do wickedly will never want tempters to urge them on." Tillotson.

> So glozed the Tempter, and his proem tuned.

Milton.

Tempt"ing, a. Adapted to entice or allure; attractive; alluring; seductive; enticing; as, tempting pleasures. — Tempt"ing*ly, adv. — Tempt"ing*ness, n.

Tempt"ress (?), n. A woman who entices.

> She was my temptress, the foul provoker.

Sir W. Scott.

Temse (?), n. [F. tamis, or D. tems, teems. Cf. Tamine.] A sieve. [Written also tems, and tempse.] [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Temse bread, Temsed bread, Temse loaf, bread made of flour better sifted than common fluor. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Tem"u*lence (?), Tem"u*len*cy (?), } n. [L. temulentia.] Intoxication; inebriation; drunkenness. [R.] "Their temulency." Jer. Taylor.

Tem"u*lent (?), a. [L. temulentus.] Intoxicated; drunken. [R.]

Tem"u*lent*ive (?), a. Somewhat temulent; addicted to drink. [R.] R. Junius.

Ten (?), a. [AS. tn, tién, t&?;n, tne; akin to OFries. tian, OS. tehan, D. tien, G. zehn, OHG. zehan, Icel. tu, Sw. tio, Dan. ti, Goth. taíhun, Lith. deszimt, Russ. desiate, W. deg, Ir. & Gael. deich, L. decem, Gr. &?;, Skr. daçan. √308. Cf. Dean, Decade, Decimal, December, Eighteen, Eighty, Teens, Tithe.] One more than nine; twice five.

> With twice ten sail I crossed the Phrygian Sea.

Dryden.

Ten is often used, indefinitely, for several, many, and other like words.

> There 's proud modesty in merit,
> Averse from begging, and resolved to pay
> Ten times the gift it asks.

Dryden.

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Ten (?), n. 1. The number greater by one than nine; the sum of five and five; ten units of objects.

> I will not destroy it for ten's sake.

Gen. xviii. 32.

2. A symbol representing ten units, as 10, x, or X.

Ten`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being tenable; tenableness.

Ten"a*ble (?), a. [F. tenable, fr. tenir to hold, L. tenere. See Thin, and cf. Continue, Continent, Entertain, Maintain, Tenant, Tent.] Capable of being held, naintained, or defended, as against an assailant or objector, or againts attempts to take or process; as, a tenable fortress, a tenable argument.

> If you have hitherto concealed his sight,
> Let it be tenable in your silence still.

Shak.

> I would be the last man in the world to give up his cause when it was tenable.

Sir W. Scott.

Ten`a*ble*ness, n. Same as Tenability.

Ten"ace (?), n. [F. tenace tenacious, demeurer tenace to hold the best and third best cards and take both tricks, and adversary having to lead. See Tenacious.] (Whist) The holding by the fourth hand of the best and third best cards of a suit led; also, sometimes, the combination of best with third best card of a suit in any hand.

Te*na"cious (?), a. [L. tenax, - acis, from tenere to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Tenace.] 1. Holding fast, or inclined to hold fast; inclined to retain what is in possession; as, men tenacious of their just rights.

2. Apt to retain; retentive; as, a tenacious memory.

3. Having parts apt to adhere to each other; cohesive; tough; as, steel is a tenacious metal; tar is more tenacious than oil. Sir I. Newton.

4. Apt to adhere to another substance; glutinous; viscous; sticking; adhesive. "Female feet, too weak to struggle with tenacious clay." Cowper.

5. Niggardly; closefisted; miserly. Ainsworth.

6. Holding stoutly to one's opinion or purpose; obstinate; stubborn.

— Te*na"cious*ly, adv. — Te*na"cious*ness, n.

Te*nac"i*ty (?), n. [L. tenacitas: cf. F. ténacité. See Tenacious.] 1. The quality or state of being tenacious; as, tenacity, or retentiveness, of memory; tenacity, or persistency, of purpose.

2. That quality of bodies which keeps them from parting without considerable force; cohesiveness; the effect of attraction; — as distinguished from brittleness, fragility, mobility, etc.

3. That quality of bodies which makes them adhere to other bodies; adhesiveness; viscosity. Holland.

4. (Physics) The greatest longitudinal stress a substance can bear without tearing asunder, — usually expressed with reference to a unit area of the cross section of the substance, as the number of pounds per square inch, or kilograms per square centimeter, necessary to produce rupture.

||Te*nac"u*lum (?), n.; pl. L. Tenacula (#); E. Tenaculums (#). [L., a holder, fr. tenere to hold. Cf. Tenaille.] (Surg.) An instrument consisting of a fine, sharp hook attached to a handle, and used mainly for taking up arteries, and the like.

Ten"a*cy (?), n. [L. tenacia obstinacy. See Tenacious.] Tenaciousness; obstinacy. [Obs.] Barrow.

Te*naille" (?), n. [F., a pair of pincers or tongs, a tenaille, fr. L. tenaculum. See Tenaculum.] (Fort.) An outwork in the main ditch, in front of the curtain, between two bastions. See Illust. of Ravelin.

Te*nail"lon (?), n. [F. See Tenaille.] (Fort.) A work constructed on each side of the ravelins, to increase their strength, procure additional ground beyond the ditch, or cover the shoulders of the bastions.

Ten"an*cy (?), n.; pl. Tenacies (#). [Cf. OF. tenace, LL. tenentia. See Tenant.] (Law) (a) A holding, or a mode of holding, an estate; tenure; the temporary possession of what belongs to another. (b) (O. Eng. Law) A house for habitation, or place to live in, held of another. Blount. Blackstone. Wharton.

Ten"ant (?), n. [F. tenant, p. pr. of tenir to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Lieutenant.] 1. (Law) One who holds or possesses lands, or other real estate, by any kind of right, whether in fee simple, in common, in severalty, for life, for years, or at will; also, one who has the occupation or temporary possession of lands or tenements the title of which is in another; — correlative to landlord. See Citation from Blackstone, under Tenement, 2. Blount. Wharton.

2. One who has possession of any place; a dweller; an occupant. "Sweet tenants of this grove." Cowper.

> The hhappy tenant of your shade.

Cowley.

> The sister tenants of the middle deep.

Byron.

Tenant in capite [L. in in + capite, abl. of caput head, chief.], or Tenant in chief, by the laws of England, one who holds immediately of the king. According to the feudal system, all lands in England are considered as held immediately or mediately of the king, who is styled lord paramount. Such tenants, however, are considered as having the fee of the lands and permanent possession. Blackstone. — Tenant in common. See under Common.

Ten"ant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tenanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tenanting.] To hold, occupy, or possess as a tenant.

> Sir Roger's estate is tenanted by persons who have served him or his ancestors.

Addison.

Ten"ant*a*ble (?), a. Fit to be rented; in a condition suitable for a tenant. — Ten"ant*a*ble*ness, n.

Ten"ant*less, a. Having no tenants; unoccupied; as, a tenantless mansion. Shak.

Ten"ant*ry (?), n. 1. The body of tenants; as, the tenantry of a manor or a kingdom.

2. Tenancy. [Obs.] Ridley.

Ten"ant saw` (?). See Tenon saw, under Tenon.

Tench (?), n. [OF. tenche, F. tanche, L. tinca.] (Zoöl.) A European fresh- water fish (Tinca tinca, or T. vulgaris) allied to the carp. It is noted for its tenacity of life.

Tend (?), v. t. [See Tender to offer.] (O. Eng. Law) To make a tender of; to offer or tender. [Obs.]

Tend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tended; p. pr. & vb. n. Tending.] [Aphetic form of attend. See Attend, Tend to move, and cf. Tender one that tends or attends.] 1. To accompany as an assistant or protector; to care for the wants of; to look after; to watch; to guard; as, shepherds tend their flocks. Shak.

> And flaming ministers to watch and tend
> Their earthly charge.

Milton.

> There 's not a sparrow or a wren,
> There 's not a blade of autumn grain,
> Which the four seasons do not tend
> And tides of life and increase lend.

Emerson.

2. To be attentive to; to note carefully; to attend to.

> Being to descend
> A ladder much in height, I did not tend
> My way well down.

Chapman.

To tend a vessel (Naut.), to manage an anchored vessel when the tide turns, so that in swinging she shall not entangle the cable.

Tend, v. i. 1. To wait, as attendants or servants; to serve; to attend; — with on or upon.

> Was he not companion with the riotous knights
> That tend upon my father?

Shak.

2. [F. attendre.] To await; to expect. [Obs.] Shak.

Tend, v. i. [F. tendre, L. tendere, tensum and tentum, to stretch, extend, direct one's course, tend; akin to Gr. &?; to stretch, Skr. tan. See Thin, and cf. Tend to attend, Contend, Intense, Ostensible, Portent, Tempt, Tender to offer, Tense, a.] 1. To move in a certain direction; — usually with to or towards.

> Two gentlemen tending towards that sight.

Sir H. Wotton.

> Thus will this latter, as the former world,
> Still tend from bad to worse.

Milton.

> The clouds above me to the white Alps tend.

Byron.

2. To be directed, as to any end, object, or purpose; to aim; to have or give a leaning; to exert activity or influence; to serve as a means; to contribute; as, our petitions, if granted, might tend to our destruction.

> The thoughts of the diligent tend only to plenteousness; but of every one that is hasty only to want.

Prov. xxi. 5.

> The laws of our religion tend to the universal happiness of mankind.

Tillotson.

Tend"ance (?), n. [See Tend to attend, and cf. Attendance.] 1. The act of attending or waiting; attendance. [Archaic] Spenser.

> The breath
> Of her sweet tendance hovering over him.

Tennyson.

2. Persons in attendance; attendants. [Obs.] Shak.

Tend"ence (?), n. Tendency. [Obs.]

Tend"en*cy (?), n.; pl. Tendencies (#). [L. tendents, -entis, p. pr. of tendere: cf. F. tendance. See Tend to move.] Direction or course toward any place, object, effect, or result; drift; causal or efficient influence to bring about an effect or result.

> Writings of this kind, if conducted with candor, have a more particular tendency to the good of their country.

Addison.

> In every experimental science, there is a tendency toward perfection.

Macaulay.

Syn. — Disposition; inclination; proneness; drift; scope; aim.

Tend"er (?), n. [From Tend to attend. Cf. Attender.] 1. One who tends; one who takes care of any person or thing; a nurse.

2. (Naut.) A vessel employed to attend other vessels, to supply them with provisions and other stores, to convey intelligence, or the like.

3. A car attached to a locomotive, for carrying a supply of fuel and water.

Ten"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tendered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tendering.] [F. tendre to stretch, stretch out, reach, L. tendere. See Tend to move.] 1. (Law) To offer in payment or satisfaction of a demand, in order to save a penalty or forfeiture; as, to tender the amount of rent or debt.

2. To offer in words; to present for acceptance.

> You see how all conditions, how all minds, . . . tender down
> Their services to Lord Timon.

Shak.

Ten"der, n. 1. (Law) An offer, either of money to pay a debt, or of service to be performed, in order to save a penalty or forfeiture, which would be incurred by nonpayment or nonperformance; as, the tender of rent due, or of the amount of a note, with interest.

To constitute a legal tender, such money must be offered as the law prescribes. So also the tender must be at the time and place where the rent or debt ought to be paid, and it must be to the full amount due.

2. Any offer or proposal made for acceptance; as, a tender of a loan, of service, or of friendship; a tender of a bid for a contract.

> A free, unlimited tender of the gospel.

South.

3. The thing offered; especially, money offered in payment of an obligation. Shak.

Legal tender. See under Legal. — Tender of issue (Law), a form of words in a pleading, by which a party offers to refer the question raised upon it to the appropriate mode of decision. Burrill.

Ten"der, a. [Compar. Tenderer (?); superl. Tenderest.] [F. tendre, L. tener; probably akin to tenuis thin. See Thin.] 1. Easily impressed, broken, bruised, or injured; not firm or hard; delicate; as, tender plants; tender flesh; tender fruit.

2. Sensible to impression and pain; easily pained.

> Our bodies are not naturally more tender than our faces.

L'Estrange.

3. Physically weak; not hardly or able to endure hardship; immature; effeminate.

> The tender and delicate woman among you.

Deut. xxviii. 56.

4. Susceptible of the softer passions, as love, compassion, kindness; compassionate; pitiful; anxious for another's good; easily excited to pity, forgiveness, or favor; sympathetic.

> The Lord is very pitiful, and of tender mercy.

James v. 11.

> I am choleric by my nature, and tender by my temper.

Fuller.

5. Exciting kind concern; dear; precious.

> I love Valentine,
> Whose life's as tender to me as my soul!

Shak.

6. Careful to save inviolate, or not to injure; — with of. "Tender of property." Burke.

> The civil authority should be tender of the honor of God and religion.

Tillotson.

7. Unwilling to cause pain; gentle; mild.

> You, that are thus so tender o'er his follies,
> Will never do him good.

Shak.

8. Adapted to excite feeling or sympathy; expressive of the softer passions; pathetic; as, tender expressions; tender expostulations; a tender strain.

9. Apt to give pain; causing grief or pain; delicate; as, a tender subject. "Things that are tender and unpleasing." Bacon.

10. (Naut.) Heeling over too easily when under sail; — said of a vessel.

Tender is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, tender-footed, tender-looking, tender-minded, tender-mouthed, and the like.

Syn. — Delicate; effeminate; soft; sensitive; compassionate; kind; humane; merciful; pitiful.

Ten"der (?), n. [Cf. F. tendre.] Regard; care; kind concern. [Obs.] Shak.

Ten"der, v. t. To have a care of; to be tender toward; hence, to regard; to esteem; to value. [Obs.]

> For first, next after life, he tendered her good.

Spenser.

> Tender yourself more dearly.

Shak.

> To see a prince in want would move a miser's charity. Our western princes tendered his case, which they counted might be their own.

Fuller.

Ten"der*foot` (?), n. A delicate person; one not inured to the hardship and rudeness of pioneer life. [Slang, Western U. S.]

Ten"der-heart`ed (?), a. Having great sensibility; susceptible of impressions or influence; affectionate; pitying; sensitive. — Ten"der-heart`ed*ly, adv. — Ten"der-heart`ed*ness, n.

> Rehoboam was young and tender-hearted, and could not withstand them.

2 Chron. xiii. 7.

> Be ye kind one to another, tender- hearted.

Eph. iv. 32.

Ten"der-heft`ed (?), a. Having great tenderness; easily moved. [Obs.] Shak.

Ten"der*ling (?), n. 1. One made tender by too much kindness; a fondling. [R.] W. Harrison (1586).

2. (Zoöl.) One of the first antlers of a deer.

Ten"der*loin` (?), n. A strip of tender flesh on either side of the vertebral column under the short ribs, in the hind quarter of beef and pork. It consists of the psoas muscles.

Ten"der*ly, adv. In a tender manner; with tenderness; mildly; gently; softly; in a manner not to injure or give pain; with pity or affection; kindly. Chaucer.

Ten"der*ness, n. The quality or state of being tender (in any sense of the adjective).

Syn. — Benignity; humanity; sensibility; benevolence; kindness; pity; clemency; mildness; mercy.

Ten"di*nous (?), a. [Cf. F. tendineux.] 1. Pertaining to a tendon; of the nature of tendon.

2. Full of tendons; sinewy; as, nervous and tendinous parts of the body.

Tend"ment (?), n. Attendance; care. [Obs.]

Ten"don (?), n. [F., fr. L. tendere to stretch, extend. See Tend to move.] (Anat.) A tough insensible cord, bundle, or band of fibrous connective tissue uniting a muscle with some other part; a sinew.

Tendon reflex (Physiol.), a kind of reflex act in which a muscle is made to contract by a blow upon its tendon. Its absence is generally a sign of disease. See Knee jerk, under Knee.

Ten"don*ous (?), a. Tendinous.

||Ten`do*syn`o*vi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Tendon, and Synovitis.] See Tenosynovitis.

Ten"drac (?), n. [See Tenrec.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small insectivores of the family Centetidæ, belonging to Ericulus, Echinope, and related genera, native of Madagascar. They are more or less spinose and resemble the hedgehog in habits. The rice tendrac (Oryzorictes hora) is very injurious to rice crops. Some of the species are called also tenrec.

Ten"dril (?), n. [Shortened fr. OF. tendrillon, fr. F. tendre tender; hence, properly, the tender branch or spring of a plant: cf. F. tendrille. See Tender, a., and cf. Tendron.] (Bot.) A slender, leafless portion of a plant by which it becomes attached to a supporting body, after which the tendril usually contracts by coiling spirally.

Tendrils may represent the end of a stem, as in the grapevine; an axillary branch, as in the passion flower; stipules, as in the genus Smilax; or the end of a leaf, as in the pea.

<! p. 1485 !>

Ten"dril (?), a. Clasping; climbing as a tendril. [R.] Dyer.

{ Ten"driled, Ten"drilled } (?), a. (Bot.) Furnished with tendrils, or with such or so many, tendrils. "The thousand tendriled vine." Southey.

Ten"dron (?), n. [F. Cf. Tendril.] A tendril. [Obs.] Holland.

Ten"dry (?), n. A tender; an offer. [Obs.] Heylin.

Tene (?), n. & v. See 1st and 2d Teen. [Obs.]

||Ten"e*bræ (?), n. [L., pl., darkness.] (R. C. Ch.) The matins and lauds for the last three days of Holy Week, commemorating the sufferings and death of Christ, — usually sung on the afternoon or evening of Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, instead of on the following days.

Te*neb"ri*cose` (?), a. [L. tenebricosus.] Tenebrous; dark; gloomy. [Obs.]

Ten`e*brif"ic (?), a. [L. tenebrae darkness + facere to make.] Rendering dark or gloomy; tenebrous; gloomy.

> It lightens, it brightens,
> The tenebrific scene.

Burns.

> Where light
> Lay fitful in a tenebrific time.

R. Browning.

Ten`e*brif"ic*ous (?), a. Tenebrific.

> Authors who are tenebrificous stars.

Addison.

Te*ne"bri*ous (?), a. Tenebrous. Young.

Ten"e*brose` (?), a. Characterized by darkness or gloom; tenebrous.

Ten`e*bros"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being tenebrous; tenebrousness. Burton.

Ten"e*brous (?), a. [L. tenebrosus, fr. tenebrae darkness: cf. F. ténébreux.] Dark; gloomy; dusky; tenebrious. — Ten"e*brous*ness, n.

> The most dark, tenebrous night.

J. Hall (1565).

> The towering and tenebrous boughts of the cypress.

Longfellow.

Ten"e*ment (?), n. [OF. tenement a holding, a fief, F. tènement, LL. tenementum, fr. L. tenere to hold. See Tenant.] 1. (Feud. Law) That which is held of another by service; property which one holds of a lord or proprietor in consideration of some military or pecuniary service; fief; fee.

2. (Common Law) Any species of permanent property that may be held, so as to create a tenancy, as lands, houses, rents, commons, an office, an advowson, a franchise, a right of common, a peerage, and the like; — called also free or frank tenements.

> The thing held is a tenement, the possessor of it a "tenant," and the manner of possession is called "tenure."

Blackstone.

3. A dwelling house; a building for a habitation; also, an apartment, or suite of rooms, in a building, used by one family; often, a house erected to be rented.

4. Fig.: Dwelling; abode; habitation.

> Who has informed us that a rational soul can inhabit no tenement, unless it has just such a sort of frontispiece?

Locke.

Tenement house, commonly, a dwelling house erected for the purpose of being rented, and divided into separate apartments or tenements for families. The term is often applied to apartment houses occupied by poor families.

Syn. — House; dwelling; habitation. — Tenement, House. There may be many houses under one roof, but they are completely separated from each other by party walls. A tenement may be detached by itself, or it may be part of a house divided off for the use of a family.

Ten`e*men"tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a tenement; capable of being held by tenants. Blackstone.

Ten`e*men"ta*ry (?), a. Capable of being leased; held by tenants. Spelman.

Ten"ent (?), n. [L. tenent they hold, 3d pers. pl. pres. of tenere.] A tenet. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Ten"er*al (?), a. [L. tener, - eris, tender, delicate.] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a condition assumed by the imago of certain Neuroptera, after exclusion from the pupa. In this state the insect is soft, and has not fully attained its mature coloring.

Ten`er*iffe" (?), n. A white wine resembling Madeira in taste, but more tart, produced in Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands; — called also Vidonia.

Te*ner"i*ty (?), n. [L. teneritas. See Tender, a.] Tenderness. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Te*nes"mic (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to tenesmus; characterized by tenesmus.

||Te*nes"mus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to stretch: cf. L. tenesmos.] (Med.) An urgent and distressing sensation, as if a discharge from the intestines must take place, although none can be effected; — always referred to the lower extremity of the rectum.

Vesical tenesmus, a similar sensation as to the evacuation of urine, referred to the region of the bladder.

Ten"et (?), n. [L. tenet he holds, fr. tenere to hold. See Tenable.] Any opinion, principle, dogma, belief, or doctrine, which a person holds or maintains as true; as, the tenets of Plato or of Cicero.

> That al animals of the land are in their kind in the sea, . . . is a tenet very questionable.

Sir T. Browne.

> The religious tenets of his family he had early renounced with contempt.

Macaulay.

Syn. — Dogma; doctrine; opinion; principle; position. See Dogma.

Ten"fold` (?), a. & adv. In tens; consisting of ten in one; ten times repeated.

> The grisly Terror . . . grew tenfold
> More dreadful and deform.

Milton.

||Te"ni*a (?), n. [NL.] See Tænia.

Te"ni*oid (?), a. See Tænoid.

Ten"nant*ite (?), n. [Named after Smithson Tennant, an English chemist.] (Min.) A blackish lead- gray mineral, closely related to tetrahedrite. It is essentially a sulphide of arsenic and copper.

||Ten`né" (?), n. [Cf. Tawny.] (Her.) A tincture, rarely employed, which is considered as an orange color or bright brown. It is represented by diagonal lines from sinister to dexter, crossed by vertical lines.

Ten"nis (?), n. [OE. tennes, tenies, tenyse; of uncertain origin, perhaps fr. F. tenez hold or take it, fr. tenir to hold (see Tenable).] A play in which a ball is driven to and fro, or kept in motion by striking it with a racket or with the open hand. Shak.

> His easy bow, his good stories, his style of dancing and playing tennis, . . . were familiar to all London.

Macaulay.

Court tennis, the old game of tennis as played within walled courts of peculiar construction; — distinguished from lawn tennis. — Lawn tennis. See under Lawn, n. — Tennis court, a place or court for playing the game of tennis. Shak.

Ten"nis, v. t. To drive backward and forward, as a ball in playing tennis. [R.] Spenser.

Ten"nu (?), n. (Zoöl.) The tapir.

Ten"-o'*clock` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant, the star-of-Bethlehem. See under Star.

Ten"on (?), n. [F., fr. tenir to hold. See Tenable.] (Carp. & Join.) A projecting member left by cutting away the wood around it, and made to insert into a mortise, and in this way secure together the parts of a frame; especially, such a member when it passes entirely through the thickness of the piece in which the mortise is cut, and shows on the other side. Cf. Tooth, Tusk.

Tenon saw, a saw with a thin blade, usually stiffened by a brass or steel back, for cutting tenons. [Corruptly written tenant saw.] Gwilt.

Ten"on, v. t. To cut or fit for insertion into a mortise, as the end of a piece of timber.

Te*no"ni*an (?), a. (Anat.) Discovered or described by M. Tenon, a French anatomist.

Tenonian capsule (Anat.), a lymphatic space inclosed by a delicate membrane or fascia (the fascia of Tenon) between the eyeball and the fat of the orbit; — called also capsule of Tenon.

Ten"or (?), n. [L., from tenere to hold; hence, properly, a holding on in a continued course: cf. F. teneur. See Tenable, and cf. Tenor a kind of voice.] 1. A state of holding on in a continuous course; manner of continuity; constant mode; general tendency; course; career.

> Along the cool sequestered vale of life
> They kept the noiseless tenor of their away.

Gray.

2. That course of thought which holds on through a discourse; the general drift or course of thought; purport; intent; meaning; understanding.

> When it [the bond] is paid according to the tenor.

Shak.

> Does not the whole tenor of the divine law positively require humility and meekness to all men?

Spart.

3. Stamp; character; nature.

> This success would look like chance, if it were perpetual, and always of the same tenor.

Dryden.

4. (Law) An exact copy of a writing, set forth in the words and figures of it. It differs from purport, which is only the substance or general import of the instrument. Bouvier.

5. [F. ténor, L. tenor, properly, a holding; — so called because the tenor was the voice which took and held the principal part, the plain song, air, or tune, to which the other voices supplied a harmony above and below: cf. It. tenore.] (Mus.) (a) The higher of the two kinds of voices usually belonging to adult males; hence, the part in the harmony adapted to this voice; the second of the four parts in the scale of sounds, reckoning from the base, and originally the air, to which the other parts were auxillary. (b) A person who sings the tenor, or the instrument that play it.

Old Tenor, New Tenor, Middle Tenor, different descriptions of paper money, issued at different periods, by the American colonial governments in the last century.

||Ten`o*syn`o*vi"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. te`nwn a tendon + E. synovitis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the synovial sheath enveloping a tendon.

Ten"o*tome (?), n. (Surg.) A slender knife for use in the operation of tenotomy.

Te*not"o*my (?), n. [Gr. te`nwn a tendon + te`mnein to cut.] (Surg.) The division of a tendon, or the act of dividing a tendon.

Ten"pen*ny (?), a. Valued or sold at ten pence; as, a tenpenny cake. See 2d Penny, n.

Ten"pen*ny, a. Denoting a size of nails. See 1st Penny.

Ten"pins (?), n. A game resembling ninepins, but played with ten pins. See Ninepins. [U. S.]

Ten"-pound`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large oceanic fish (Elops saurus) found in the tropical parts of all the oceans. It is used chiefly for bait.

Ten"rec (?), n. [From the native name: cf. F. tanrac, tanrec, tandrec.] (Zoöl.) A small insectivore (Centetes ecaudatus), native of Madagascar, but introduced also into the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius; — called also tanrec. The name is applied to other allied genera. See Tendrac.

Tense (?), n. [OF. tens, properly, time, F. temps time, tense. See Temporal of time, and cf. Thing.] (Gram.) One of the forms which a verb takes by inflection or by adding auxiliary words, so as to indicate the time of the action or event signified; the modification which verbs undergo for the indication of time.

The primary simple tenses are three: those which express time past, present, and future; but these admit of modifications, which differ in different languages.

Tense, a. [L. tensus, p. p. of tendere to stretch. See Tend to move, and cf. Toise.] Stretched tightly; strained to stiffness; rigid; not lax; as, a tense fiber.

> The temples were sunk, her forehead was tense, and a fatal paleness was upon her.

Goldsmith.

— Tense"ly, adv. — Tense"ness, n.

Ten`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being tensible; tensility.

Ten"si*ble (?), a. [See Tense, a.] Capable of being extended or drawn out; ductile; tensible.

> Gold . . . is likewise the most flexible and tensible.

Bacon.

Ten"sile (?), a. [See Tense, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to extension; as, tensile strength.

2. Capable of extension; ductile; tensible. Bacon.

Ten"siled (?), a. Made tensile. [R.]

Ten*sil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being tensile, or capable of extension; tensibility; as, the tensility of the muscles. Dr. H. Mere.

Ten"sion (?), n. [L. tensio, from tendere, tensum, to stretch: cf. F. tension. See Tense, a.] 1. The act of stretching or straining; the state of being stretched or strained to stiffness; the state of being bent strained; as, the tension of the muscles, tension of the larynx.

2. Fig.: Extreme strain of mind or excitement of feeling; intense effort.

3. The degree of stretching to which a wire, cord, piece of timber, or the like, is strained by drawing it in the direction of its length; strain. Gwilt.

4. (Mech.) The force by which a part is pulled when forming part of any system in equilibrium or in motion; as, the tension of a srting supporting a weight equals that weight.

5. A device for checking the delivery of the thread in a sewing machine, so as to give the stitch the required degree of tightness.

6. (Physics) Expansive force; the force with which the particles of a body, as a gas, tend to recede from each other and occupy a larger space; elastic force; elasticity; as, the tension of vapor; the tension of air.

7. (Elec.) The quality in consequence of which an electric charge tends to discharge itself, as into the air by a spark, or to pass from a body of greater to one of less electrical potential. It varies as the quantity of electricity upon a given area.

Tension brace, or Tension member (Engin.), a brace or member designed to resist tension, or subjected to tension, in a structure. — Tension rod (Engin.), an iron rod used as a tension member to strengthen timber or metal framework, roofs, or the like.

Ten"sioned (?), a. Extended or drawn out; subjected to tension. "A highly tensioned string." Tyndall.

Ten"si*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being tense, or strained to stiffness; tension; tenseness.

Ten"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. tensif. See Tense, a.] Giving the sensation of tension, stiffness, or contraction.

> A tensive pain from distension of the parts.

Floyer.

Ten"sor (?), n. [NL. See Tension.] 1. (Anat.) A muscle that stretches a part, or renders it tense.

2. (Geom.) The ratio of one vector to another in length, no regard being had to the direction of the two vectors; — so called because considered as a stretching factor in changing one vector into another. See Versor.

Ten"-strike` (?), n. 1. (Tenpins) A knocking down of all ten pins at one delivery of the ball. [U. S.]

2. Any quick, decisive stroke or act. [Colloq. U. S.]

Ten"sure (?), n. [L. tensura. See Tension.] Tension. [Obs.] Bacon.

Tent (?), n. [Sp. tinto, properly, deep-colored, fr. L. tinctus, p. p. of tingere to dye. See Tinge, and cf. Tint, Tinto.] A kind of wine of a deep red color, chiefly from Galicia or Malaga in Spain; — called also tent wine, and tinta.

Tent, n. [Cf. Attent, n.] 1. Attention; regard, care. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Lydgate.

2. Intention; design. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Tent, v. t. To attend to; to heed; hence, to guard; to hinder. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Tent, v. t. [OF. tenter. See Tempt.] To probe or to search with a tent; to keep open with a tent; as, to tent a wound. Used also figuratively.

> I'll tent him to the quick.

Shak.

Tent, n. [F. tente. See Tent to probe.] (Surg.) (a) A roll of lint or linen, or a conical or cylindrical piece of sponge or other absorbent, used chiefly to dilate a natural canal, to keep open the orifice of a wound, or to absorb discharges. (b) A probe for searching a wound.

> The tent that searches
> To the bottom of the worst.

Shak.

<! p. 1486 !>

Tent (?), n. [OE. tente, F. tente, LL. tenta, fr. L. tendere, tentum, to stretch. See Tend to move, and cf. Tent a roll of lint.] 1. A pavilion or portable lodge consisting of skins, canvas, or some strong cloth, stretched and sustained by poles, — used for sheltering persons from the weather, especially soldiers in camp.

> Within his tent, large as is a barn.

Chaucer.

2. (Her.) The representation of a tent used as a bearing.

Tent bed, a high-post bedstead curtained with a tentlike canopy. — Tent caterpillar (Zoöl.), any one of several species of gregarious caterpillars which construct on trees large silken webs into which they retreat when at rest. Some of the species are very destructive to fruit trees. The most common American species is the larva of a bombycid moth (Clisiocampa Americana). Called also lackery caterpillar, and webworm.

Tent, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tented; p. pr. & vb. n. Tenting.] To lodge as a tent; to tabernacle. Shak.

> We 're tenting to-night on the old camp ground.

W. Kittredge.

Ten"ta*cle (?), n. [NL. tentaculum, from L. tentare to handle, feel: cf. F. tentacule. See Tempt.] (Zoöl.) A more or less elongated process or organ, simple or branched, proceeding from the head or cephalic region of invertebrate animals, being either an organ of sense, prehension, or motion.

Tentacle sheath (Zoöl.), a sheathlike structure around the base of the tentacles of many mollusks.

Ten"ta*cled (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having tentacles.

Ten*tac"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. tentaculaire.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a tentacle or tentacles.

||Ten*tac`u*la"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Ctenophora including those which have two long tentacles.

{ Ten*tac"u*late (?), Ten*tac"u*la`ted (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Having tentacles, or organs like tentacles; tentacled.

||Ten`ta*cu*lif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Suctoria, 1.

Ten`ta*cu*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Tentaculum + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Producing or bearing tentacles.

Ten`ta*cu"li*form (?), a. (Zoöl.) Shaped like a tentacle.

Ten*tac"u*lite (?), n. (Paleon.) Any one of numerous species of small, conical fossil shells found in Paleozoic rocks. They are supposed to be pteropods.

Ten*tac"u*lo*cyst (?), n. [Tentaculum + cyst.] (Zoöl.) One of the auditory organs of certain medusæ; — called also auditory tentacle.

||Ten*tac"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Tentacula (#). [NL. See Tentacle.] 1. (Zoöl.) A tentacle.

2. (Anat.) One of the stiff hairs situated about the mouth, or on the face, of many animals, and supposed to be tactile organs; a tactile hair.

Tent"age (?), n. [From Tent a pavilion.] A collection of tents; an encampment. [Obs.] Drayton.

Ten*ta"tion (?), n. [L. tentatio: cf. F. tentation. See Temptation.] 1. Trial; temptation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. (Mech.) A mode of adjusting or operating by repeated trials or experiments. Knight.

Ten*ta"tive (?), a. [L. tentare to try: cf. F. tentatif. See Tempt.] Of or pertaining to a trial or trials; essaying; experimental. "A slow, tentative manner." Carlyle. — Ten*ta"tive*ly, adv.

Ten*ta"tive, n. [Cf. F. tentative.] An essay; a trial; an experiment. Berkley.

Tent"ed (?), a. Covered with tents.

Ten"ter (?), n. 1. One who takes care of, or tends, machines in a factory; a kind of assistant foreman.

2. (Mach.) A kind of governor.

Ten"ter, n. [OE. tenture, tentoure, OF. tenture a stretching, spreading, F. tenture hangings, tapestry, from L. tendere, tentum, to stretch. See Tend to move.] A machine or frame for stretching cloth by means of hooks, called tenter-hooks, so that it may dry even and square.

Tenter ground, a place where tenters are erected. — Tenter-hook, a sharp, hooked nail used for fastening cloth on a tenter. — To be on the tenters, or on the tenter-hooks, to be on the stretch; to be in distress, uneasiness, or suspense. Hudibras.

Ten"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tentered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tentering.] To admit extension.

> Woolen cloth will tenter, linen scarcely.

Bacon.

Ten"ter, v. t. To hang or stretch on, or as on, tenters.

Tent"ful (?), n.; pl. Tentfuls (&?;). As much, or as many, as a tent will hold.

Tenth (?), a. [From Ten: cf. OE. tethe, AS. teó&?;a. See Ten, and cf. Tithe.] 1. Next in order after the ninth; coming after nine others.

2. Constituting or being one of ten equal parts into which anything is divided.

Tenth (?), n. 1. The next in order after the ninth; one coming after nine others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by ten; one of ten equal parts into which anything is divided.

3. The tenth part of annual produce, income, increase, or the like; a tithe. Shak.

4. (Mus.) The interval between any tone and the tone represented on the tenth degree of the staff above it, as between one of the scale and three of the octave above; the octave of the third.

5. pl. (Eng. Law) (a) A temporary aid issuing out of personal property, and granted to the king by Parliament; formerly, the real tenth part of all the movables belonging to the subject. (b) (Eccl. Law) The tenth part of the annual profit of every living in the kingdom, formerly paid to the pope, but afterward transferred to the crown. It now forms a part of the fund called Queen Anne's Bounty. Burrill.

Tenth"ly, adv. In a tenth manner.

{ Tenth"me`ter, Tenth"me`tre } (?), n. (Physics) A unit for the measurement of many small lengths, such that 1010 of these units make one meter; the ten millionth part of a millimeter.

||Ten`thre*din"i*des (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a kind of wasp.] (Zoöl.) A group of Hymneoptera comprising the sawflies.

Ten"tif (?), a. Attentive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ten"tif*ly, adv. Attentively. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ten*tig"i*nous (?), a. [L. tentigo, -inis, a tension, lecherousness, fr. tendere, tentum, to stretch.] 1. Stiff; stretched; strained. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. Lustful, or pertaining to lust. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Tent"mak`er (?), n. One whose occupation it is to make tents. Acts xviii. 3.

||Ten*to"ri*um (?), n. [L., a tent.] (Anat.) A fold of the dura mater which separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum and often incloses a process or plate of the skull called the bony tentorium.

Tent"o*ry (?), n. [L. tentorium a tent.] The awning or covering of a tent. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Tent"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of small fern, the wall rue. See under Wall.

Ten"u*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tenuated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tenuating.] [L. tenuatus, p. p. of tenuare to make thin, fr. tenuis thin. See Tenuous.] To make thin; to attenuate. [R.]

Ten`u*i*fo"li*ous (?), a. [L. tenuis thin + folium a leaf.] (Bot.) Having thin or narrow leaves.

Te*nu"i*ous (?), a. [See Tenuous.] Rare or subtile; tenuous; — opposed to dense. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Ten`u*i*ros"ter (?), n.; pl. Tenuirosters (#). [NL., fr. L. tenuis thin + rostrum a beak.] (Zoöl.) One of the Tenuirostres.

Ten`u*i*ros"tral (?), a. (Zoöl.) Thin-billed; — applied to birds with a slender bill, as the humming birds.

||Ten`u*i*ros"tres (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An artificial group of passerine birds having slender bills, as the humming birds.

||Ten"u*is (?), n.; pl. Tenues (#). [NL., fr. L. tenuis fine, thin. See Tenuous.] (Gr. Gram.) One of the three surd mutes κ, π, τ; — so called in relation to their respective middle letters, or medials, γ, β, δ, and their aspirates, χ, φ, θ. The term is also applied to the corresponding letters and articulate elements in other languages.

Te*nu"i*ty (?), n. [L. tenuitas, from tenuis thin: cf. F. ténuité. See Tenuous.] 1. The quality or state of being tenuous; thinness, applied to a broad substance; slenderness, applied to anything that is long; as, the tenuity of a leaf; the tenuity of a hair.

2. Rarily; rareness; thinness, as of a fluid; as, the tenuity of the air; the tenuity of the blood. Bacon.

3. Poverty; indigence. [Obs.] Eikon Basilike.

4. Refinement; delicacy.

Ten"u*ous (?), a. [L. tenuis thin. See Thin, and cf. Tenuis.] 1. Thin; slender; small; minute.

2. Rare; subtile; not dense; — said of fluids.

Ten"ure (?), n. [F. tenure, OF. teneure, fr. F. tenir to hold. See Tenable.] 1. The act or right of holding, as property, especially real estate.

> That the tenure of estates might rest on equity, the Indian title to lands was in all cases to be quieted.

Bancroft.

2. (Eng. Law) The manner of holding lands and tenements of a superior.

Tenure is inseparable from the idea of property in land, according to the theory of the English law; and this idea of tenure pervades, to a considerable extent, the law of real property in the United States, where the title to land is essentially allodial, and almost all lands are held in fee simple, not of a superior, but the whole right and title to the property being vested in the owner. Tenure, in general, then, is the particular manner of holding real estate, as by exclusive title or ownership, by fee simple, by fee tail, by courtesy, in dower, by copyhold, by lease, at will, etc.

3. The consideration, condition, or service which the occupier of land gives to his lord or superior for the use of his land.

4. Manner of holding, in general; as, in absolute governments, men hold their rights by a precarious tenure.

> All that seems thine own,
> Held by the tenure of his will alone.

Cowper.

Tenure by fee alms. (Law) See Frankalmoigne.

Te`o*cal"li (?), n.; pl. Teocallis (#). [Mexican.] Literally, God's house; a temple, usually of pyramidal form, such as were built by the aborigines of Mexico, Yucatan, etc.

> And Aztec priests upon their teocallis
> Beat the wild war-drums made of serpent's skin.

Longfellow.

Te`o*sin"te (?), n. (Bot.) A large grass (Euchlæna luxurians) closely related to maize. It is native of Mexico and Central America, but is now cultivated for fodder in the Southern United States and in many warm countries. Called also Guatemala grass.

Tep"al (?), n. [F. tépale, fr. pétale, by transposition.] (Bot.) A division of a perianth. [R.]

Tep*ee" (?), n. An Indian wigwam or tent.

Tep`e*fac"tion (?), n. Act of tepefying.

Tep"e*fy (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Tepefied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tepefying (?).] [L. tepere to be tepid + -fy; cf. L. tepefacere. See Tepid.] To make or become tepid, or moderately warm. Goldsmith.

Teph"ra*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; ashes + - mancy.] Divination by the ashes of the altar on which a victim had been consumed in sacrifice.

Teph"rite (?), n. [Gr. &?; ashes.] (Geol.) An igneous rock consisting essentially of plagioclase and either leucite or nephelite, or both.

Teph"ro*ite (?), n. [See Tephrosia.] (Min.) A silicate of manganese of an ash-gray color.

||Te*phro"si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; ash- colored, from &?; ashes.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous shrubby plants and herbs, mostly found in tropical countries, a few herbaceous species being North American. The foliage is often ashy-pubescent, whence the name.

The Tephrosia toxicaria is used in the West Indies and in Polynesia for stupefying fish. T. purpurea is used medicinally in the East Indies. T. Virginia is the goat's rue of the United States.

Tep"id (?), a. [L. tepidus, fr. tepere to be warm; akin to Skr. tap to be warm, tapas heat.] Moderately warm; lukewarm; as, a tepid bath; tepid rays; tepid vapors. — Tep"id*ness, n.

Te*pid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. tépidité.] The quality or state of being tepid; moderate warmth; lukewarmness; tepidness. Jer. Taylor.

Te"por (?), n. [L., fr. tepere to be tepid.] Gentle heat; moderate warmth; tepidness. Arbuthnot.

Te*qui"la (?), n. An intoxicating liquor made from the maguey in the district of Tequila, Mexico.

Ter- (?). A combining form from L. ter signifying three times, thrice. See Tri-, 2.

Ter`a*con"ic (?), a. [Terebic + citraconic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the distillation of terebic acid, and homologous with citraconic acid.

Ter`a*cryl"ic (?), a. [Terpene + acrylic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the acrylic series, obtained by the distillation of terpenylic acid, as an only substance having a peculiar cheesy odor.

Ter"aph (?), n.; pl. Teraphs (&?;). See Teraphim.

Ter"a*phim (?), n. pl. [Heb. terphm.] Images connected with the magical rites used by those Israelites who added corrupt practices to the patriarchal religion. Teraphim were consulted by the Israelites for oracular answers. Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.).

Ter"a*pin (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Terrapin.

Te*rat"ic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?; a wonder.] Wonderful; ominous; prodigious. [Obs.] Wollaston.

Ter`a*tog"e*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a wonder, monster + the root of &?; to be born.] (Med.) The formation of monsters.

Ter"a*toid (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, monster + -oid.] Resembling a monster; abnormal; of a pathological growth, exceedingly complex or highly organized. S. D. Gross.

Ter`a*to*log"ic*al (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to teratology; as, teratological changes.

Ter`a*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a wonder, monster + -logy: cf. Gr. &?; a telling of wonders, and F. tératologie.] 1. That branch of biological science which treats of monstrosities, malformations, or deviations from the normal type of structure, either in plants or animals.

2. Affectation of sublimity; bombast. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ter`a*to"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, monster + -oma.] (Med.) A tumor, sometimes found in newborn children, which is made up of a heterigenous mixture of tissues, as of bone, cartilage and muscle.

Ter"bic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, terbium; also, designating certain of its compounds.

Ter"bi*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Ytterby, in Sweden. See Erbium.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, of uncertain identification, supposed to exist in certain minerals, as gadolinite and samarskite, with other rare ytterbium earth. Symbol Tr or Tb. Atomic weight 150.

Terce (?), n. See Tierce.

Ter"cel (?), n. See Tiercel. Called also tarsel, tassel. Chaucer.

Terce"let (?), n. (Zoöl.) A male hawk or eagle; a tiercelet. Chaucer.

Ter"cel*lene (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small male hawk. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ter*cen"te*na*ry (?), a. [L. ter thirce + E. centenary.] Including, or relating to, an interval of three hundred years. — n. The three hundredth anniversary of any event; also, a celebration of such an anniversary.

Ter"cet (?), n. [F., fr. It. terzetto, dim. of terzo, third, L. tertius. See Tierce, and cf. Terzetto.] 1. (Mus.) A triplet. Hiles.

2. (Poetry) A triplet; a group of three lines.

Ter"cine (?), n. [F., from L. tertius the third.] (Bot.) A cellular layer derived from the nucleus of an ovule and surrounding the embryo sac. Cf. Quintine.

Ter"e*bate (?), n. A salt of terebic acid.

Ter"e*bene (?), n. (Chem.) A polymeric modification of terpene, obtained as a white crystalline camphorlike substance; — called also camphene. By extension, any one of a group of related substances.

<! p. 1487 !>

Ter`e*ben"thene (?), n. (Chem.) Oil of turpentine. See Turpentine.

Te*reb"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, terbenthene (oil of turpentine); specifically, designating an acid, C7H10O4, obtained by the oxidation of terbenthene with nitric acid, as a white crystalline substance.

Ter`e*bi*len"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a complex acid, C7H8O4, obtained as a white crystalline substance by a modified oxidation of terebic acid.

Ter"e*binth (?), n. [L. terbinthus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. térébinthe. Cf. Turpentine.] (Bot.) The turpentine tree.

Ter`e*bin"thic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to turpentine; resembling turpentine; terbinthine; as, terbinthic qualities.

Ter`e*bin"thi*nate (?), a. Impregnating with the qualities of turpentine; terbinthine.

Ter`e*bin"thine (?), a. [L. terbinthinus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to turpentine; consisting of turpentine, or partaking of its qualities.

||Ter"e*bra (?), n.; pl. E. Terebras (#), L. Terebræ (#). [L., a borer.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of marine gastropods having a long, tapering spire. They belong to the Toxoglossa. Called also auger shell.

2. (Zoöl.) The boring ovipositor of a hymenopterous insect.

Ter"e*brant (?), a. [L. terebrans, -antis, p. pr.] (Zoöl.) Boring, or adapted for boring; — said of certain Hymenoptera, as the sawflies.

||Ter`e*bran"ti*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hymenoptera including those which have an ovipositor adapted for perforating plants. It includes the sawflies.

Ter"e*brate (?), v. t. [L. terebratus, p. p. of terebrare, from terebra a borer, terere to rub.] To perforate; to bore; to pierce. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ter"e*bra`ting (?), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Boring; perforating; — applied to molluskas which form holes in rocks, wood, etc.

2. (Med.) Boring; piercing; — applied to certain kinds of pain, especially to those of locomotor ataxia.

Ter`e*bra"tion (?), n. [L. terebratio.] The act of terebrating, or boring. [R.] Bacon.

||Ter`e*brat"u*la (?), n.; pl. Terebratulæ (#). [Nl., dim. fr. terebratus, p. p., perforated.] (Zoöl.) A genus of brachiopods which includes many living and some fossil species. The larger valve has a perforated beak, through which projects a short peduncle for attachment. Called also lamp shell.

Ter`e*brat"u*lid (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Terebratula or allied genera. Used also adjectively.

Ter`e*bra*tu"li*form (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the general form of a terebratula shell.

Ter"e*dine (?), n. [F. térédine.] (Zoöl.) A borer; the teredo.

Te*re"do (?), n.; pl. E. Teredos (#), L. Teredines (#). [L., a worm that gnaws wood, clothes, etc.; akin to Gr. &?;, L. terere to rub.] (Zoöl.) A genus of long, slender, wormlike bivalve mollusks which bore into submerged wood, such as the piles of wharves, bottoms of ships, etc.; — called also shipworm. See Shipworm. See Illust. in App.

Ter*eph"tha*late (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of terephthalic acid.

Ter`eph*thal"ic (?), a. [Terebene + phthalic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid of the aromatic series, metameric with phthalic acid, and obtained, as a tasteless white crystalline powder, by the oxidation of oil of turpentine; — called also paraphthalic acid. Cf. Phthalic.

Ter"et (?), a. Round; terete. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Te*rete" (?), a. [L. teres, - etis, rounded off, properly, rubbed off, fr. terere to rub.] Cylindrical and slightly tapering; columnar, as some stems of plants.

Te*re"tial (?), a. [See Terete.] (Anat.) Rounded; as, the teretial tracts in the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain of some fishes. Owen.

Ter"e*tous (?), a. Terete. [Obs.]

Ter"gal (?), a. [L. tergum the back.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to back, or tergum. See Dorsal.

Ter"gant (?), a. (Her.) Showing the back; as, the eagle tergant. [Written also tergiant.]

{ Ter*gem"i*nal (?), Ter*gem"i*nate (?), } a. [See Tergeminous.] (Bot.) Thrice twin; having three pairs of leaflets.

Ter*gem"i*nous (?), a. [L. tergeminus; ter thrice + geminus doubled at birth, twin-born. Cf. Trigeminous.] Threefold; thrice-paired. Blount.

Ter*gif"er*ous (?), a. [L. tergum the back + -ferous.] Carrying or bearing upon the back.

Tergiferous plants (Bot.), plants which bear their seeds on the back of their leaves, as ferns.

Ter"gite (?), n. (Zoöl.) The dorsal portion of an arthromere or somite of an articulate animal. See Illust. under Coleoptera.

Ter"gi*ver*sate (?), v. i. [L. tergiversatus, p. p. of tergiversari to turn one's back, to shift; tergum back + versare, freq. of vertere to turn. See Verse.] To shift; to practice evasion; to use subterfuges; to shuffle. [R.] Bailey.

Ter`gi*ver*sa"tion (?), n. [L. tergiversario: cf. F. tergiversation.] 1. The act of tergiversating; a shifting; shift; subterfuge; evasion.

> Writing is to be preferred before verbal conferences, as being freer from passions and tergiversations.

Abp. Bramhall.

2. Fickleness of conduct; inconstancy; change.

> The colonel, after all his tergiversations, lost his life in the king's service.

Clarendon.

Ter"gi*ver*sa`tor (?), n. [L.] One who tergiversates; one who suffles, or practices evasion.

||Ter"gum (?), n.; pl. Terga (#). [L., the back.] (Zoöl.) (a) The back of an animal. (b) The dorsal piece of a somite of an articulate animal. (c) One of the dorsal plates of the operculum of a cirriped.

Te"rin (?), n. [F. tarin, Prov. F. tairin, térin, probably from the Picard tère tender.] (Zoöl.) A small yellow singing bird, with an ash-colored head; the European siskin. Called also tarin.

Term (?), n. [F. terme, L. termen, -inis, terminus, a boundary limit, end; akin to Gr. &?;, &?;. See Thrum a tuft, and cf. Terminus, Determine, Exterminate.] 1. That which limits the extent of anything; limit; extremity; bound; boundary.

> Corruption is a reciprocal to generation, and they two are as nature's two terms, or boundaries.

Bacon.

2. The time for which anything lasts; any limited time; as, a term of five years; the term of life.

3. In universities, schools, etc., a definite continuous period during which instruction is regularly given to students; as, the school year is divided into three terms.

4. (Geom.) A point, line, or superficies, that limits; as, a line is the term of a superficies, and a superficies is the term of a solid.

5. (Law) A fixed period of time; a prescribed duration; as: (a) The limitation of an estate; or rather, the whole time for which an estate is granted, as for the term of a life or lives, or for a term of years. (b) A space of time granted to a debtor for discharging his obligation. (c) The time in which a court is held or is open for the trial of causes. Bouvier.

In England, there were formerly four terms in the year, during which the superior courts were open: Hilary term, beginning on the 11th and ending on the 31st of January; Easter term, beginning on the 15th of April, and ending on the 8th of May; Trinity term, beginning on the 22d day of May, and ending on the 12th of June; Michaelmas term, beginning on the 2d and ending on the 25th day of November. The rest of the year was called vacation. But this division has been practically abolished by the Judicature Acts of 1873, 1875, which provide for the more convenient arrangement of the terms and vacations. In the United States, the terms to be observed by the tribunals of justice are prescribed by the statutes of Congress and of the several States.

6. (Logic) The subject or the predicate of a proposition; one of the three component parts of a syllogism, each one of which is used twice.

> The subject and predicate of a proposition are, after Aristotle, together called its terms or extremes.

Sir W. Hamilton.

The predicate of the conclusion is called the major term, because it is the most general, and the subject of the conclusion is called the minor term, because it is less general. These are called the extermes; and the third term, introduced as a common measure between them, is called the mean or middle term. Thus in the following syllogism, —

Every vegetable is combustible; Every tree is a vegetable; Therefore every tree is combustible, -

combustible, the predicate of the conclusion, is the major term; tree is the minor term; vegetable is the middle term.

7. A word or expression; specifically, one that has a precisely limited meaning in certain relations and uses, or is peculiar to a science, art, profession, or the like; as, a technical term. "Terms quaint of law." Chaucer.

> In painting, the greatest beauties can not always be expressed for want of terms.

Dryden.

8. (Arch.) A quadrangular pillar, adorned on the top with the figure of a head, as of a man, woman, or satyr; — called also terminal figure. See Terminus, n., 2 and 3.

The pillar part frequently tapers downward, or is narrowest at the base. Terms rudely carved were formerly used for landmarks or boundaries. Gwilt.

9. (Alg.) A member of a compound quantity; as, a or b in a + b; ab or cd in ab - cd.

10. pl. (Med.) The menses.

11. pl. (Law) Propositions or promises, as in contracts, which, when assented to or accepted by another, settle the contract and bind the parties; conditions.

12. (Law) In Scotland, the time fixed for the payment of rents.

Terms legal and conventional in Scotland correspond to quarter days in England and Ireland. There are two legal terms — Whitsunday, May 15, and Martinmas, Nov. 11; and two conventional terms — Candlemas, Feb. 2, and Lammas day, Aug. 1. Mozley & W.

13. (Naut.) A piece of carved work placed under each end of the taffrail. J. Knowels.

In term, in set terms; in formal phrase. [Obs.]

> I can not speak in term.

Chaucer.

— Term fee (Law) (a), a fee by the term, chargeable to a suitor, or by law fixed and taxable in the costs of a cause for each or any term it is in court. — Terms of a proportion (Math.), the four members of which it is composed. — To bring to terms, to compel (one) to agree, assent, or submit; to force (one) to come to terms. — To make terms, to come to terms; to make an agreement: to agree.

Syn. — Limit; bound; boundary; condition; stipulation; word; expression. — Term, Word. These are more frequently interchanged than almost any other vocables that occur of the language. There is, however, a difference between them which is worthy of being kept in mind. Word is generic; it denotes an utterance which represents or expresses our thoughts and feelings. Term originally denoted one of the two essential members of a proposition in logic, and hence signifies a word of specific meaning, and applicable to a definite class of objects. Thus, we may speak of a scientific or a technical term, and of stating things in distinct terms. Thus we say, "the term minister literally denotes servant;" "an exact definition of terms is essential to clearness of thought;" "no term of reproach can sufficiently express my indignation;" "every art has its peculiar and distinctive terms," etc. So also we say, "purity of style depends on the choice of words, and precision of style on a clear understanding of the terms used." Term is chiefly applied to verbs, nouns, and adjectives, these being capable of standing as terms in a logical proposition; while prepositions and conjunctions, which can never be so employed, are rarely spoken of as terms, but simply as words.

Term (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Termed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Terming.] [See Term, n., and cf. Terminate.] To apply a term to; to name; to call; to denominate.

> Men term what is beyond the limits of the universe "imaginary space."

Locke.

||Ter"ma (?), n. [NL. See Term, n.] (Anat.) The terminal lamina, or thin ventral part, of the anterior wall of the third ventricle of the brain. B. G. Wilder.

Ter"ma*gan*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being termagant; turbulence; tumultuousness; as, a violent termagancy of temper.

Ter"ma*gant (?), n. [OE. Trivigant, Termagant, Termagant (in sense 1), OF. Tervagan; cf. It. Trivigante.] 1. An imaginary being supposed by the Christians to be a Mohammedan deity or false god. He is represented in the ancient moralities, farces, and puppet shows as extremely vociferous and tumultous. [Obs.] Chaucer. "And oftentimes by Termagant and Mahound [Mahomet] swore." Spenser.

> The lesser part on Christ believed well,
> On Termagant the more, and on Mahound.

Fairfax.

2. A boisterous, brawling, turbulent person; — formerly applied to both sexes, now only to women.

> This terrible termagant, this Nero, this Pharaoh.

Bale (1543).

> The slave of an imperious and reckless termagant.

Macaulay.

Ter"ma*gant, a. Tumultuous; turbulent; boisterous; furious; quarrelsome; scolding. — Ter"ma*gant*ly, adv.

> A termagant, imperious, prodigal, profligate wench.

Arbuthnot.

||Ter`ma*ta"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Termes.] (Zoöl.) Any nest or dwelling of termes, or white ants.

Ter"ma*ta*ry (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Termatarium.

Term"er (?), n. 1. One who resorted to London during the law term only, in order to practice tricks, to carry on intrigues, or the like. [Obs.] [Written also termor.] B. Jonson.

2. (Law) One who has an estate for a term of years or for life.

||Ter"mes (tr"mz), n.; pl. Termites (-m*tz). [L. termes, tarmes, -itis, a woodworm. Cf. Termite.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Pseudoneuroptera including the white ants, or termites. See Termite.

Ter"mi*na*ble (-mn**b'l), a. [See Terminate.] Capable of being terminated or bounded; limitable. — Ter"mi*na*ble*ness, n.

Terminable annuity, an annuity for a stated, definite number of years; — distinguished from life annuity, and perpetual annuity.

Ter"mi*nal (-nal), a. [L. terminals: cf. F. terminal. See Term, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the end or extremity; forming the extremity; as, a terminal edge.

2. (Bot.) Growing at the end of a branch or stem; terminating; as, a terminal bud, flower, or spike.

Terminal moraine. See the Note under Moraine. — Terminal statue. See Terminus, n., 2 and 3. — Terminal velocity. (a) The velocity acquired at the end of a body's motion. (b) The limit toward which the velocity of a body approaches, as of a body falling through the air.

Ter"mi*nal, n. 1. That which terminates or ends; termination; extremity.

2. (Eccl.) Either of the ends of the conducting circuit of an electrical apparatus, as an inductorium, dynamo, or electric motor, usually provided with binding screws for the attachment of wires by which a current may be conveyed into or from the machine; a pole.

||Ter`mi*na"li*a (?), n. pl. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A festival celebrated annually by the Romans on February 23 in honor of Terminus, the god of boundaries.

Ter"mi*nant (?), n. [L. terminans, p. pr. of terminare.] Termination; ending. [R.] Puttenham.

Ter"mi*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Terminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Terminating.] [L. terminatus, p. p. of terminare. See Term.] 1. To set a term or limit to; to form the extreme point or side of; to bound; to limit; as, to terminate a surface by a line.

2. To put an end to; to make to cease; as, to terminate an effort, or a controversy.

3. Hence, to put the finishing touch to; to bring to completion; to perfect.

> During this interval of calm and prosperity, he [Michael Angelo] terminated two figures of slaves, destined for the tomb, in an incomparable style of art.

J. S. Harford.

<! p. 1488 !>

Ter"mi*nate (?), v. i. 1. To be limited in space by a point, line, or surface; to stop short; to end; to cease; as, the torrid zone terminates at the tropics.

2. To come to a limit in time; to end; to close.

> The wisdom of this world, its designs and efficacy, terminate on zhis side heaven.

South.

Ter`mi*na"tion (?), n. [L. terminatio a bounding, fixing, determining: cf. F. terminasion, OF. also termination. See Term.] 1. The act of terminating, or of limiting or setting bounds; the act of ending or concluding; as, a voluntary termination of hostilities.

2. That which ends or bounds; limit in space or extent; bound; end; as, the termination of a line.

3. End in time or existence; as, the termination of the year, or of life; the termination of happiness.

4. End; conclusion; result. Hallam.

5. Last purpose of design. [R.]

6. A word; a term. [R. & Obs.] Shak.

7. (Gram.) The ending of a word; a final syllable or letter; the part added to a stem in inflection.

Ter`mi*na"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to termination; forming a termination.

Ter"mi*na*tive (?), a. Tending or serving to terminate; terminating; determining; definitive. Bp. Rust. — Ter"mi*na*tive*ly, adv. Jer. Taylor.

Ter"mi*na`tor (?), n. [L., he who limits or sets bounds.] 1. One who, or that which, terminates.

2. (Astron.) The dividing line between the illuminated and the unilluminated part of the moon.

Ter"mi*na*to*ry (?), a. Terminative.

Ter"mine (?), v. t. [Cf. F. terminer.] To terminate. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Ter"mi*ner (?), n. [F. terminer to bound, limit, end. See Terminate.] (Law) A determining; as, in oyer and terminer. See Oyer.

Ter"mi*nism (?), n. The doctrine held by the Terminists.

Ter"mi*nist (?), n. [Cf. F. terministe.] (Theol.) One of a class of theologians who maintain that God has fixed a certain term for the probation of individual persons, during which period, and no longer, they have the offer to grace. Murdock.

Ter`mi*no*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to terminology. — Ter`mi*no*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Ter`mi*nol"o*gy (?), n. [L. terminus term + -logy: cf. F. terminologie.] 1. The doctrine of terms; a theory of terms or appellations; a treatise on terms.

2. The terms actually used in any business, art, science, or the like; nomenclature; technical terms; as, the terminology of chemistry.

> The barbarous effect produced by a German structure of sentence, and a terminology altogether new.

De Quincey.

Ter"mi*nus (?), n.; pl. Termini (#). [L. See Term.] 1. Literally, a boundary; a border; a limit.

2. (Myth.) The Roman divinity who presided over boundaries, whose statue was properly a short pillar terminating in the bust of a man, woman, satyr, or the like, but often merely a post or stone stuck in the ground on a boundary line.

3. Hence, any post or stone marking a boundary; a term. See Term, 8.

4. Either end of a railroad line; also, the station house, or the town or city, at that place.

Ter"mite (?), n.; pl. Termites (#). [F. See Termes.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of pseudoneoropterous insects belonging to Termes and allied genera; — called also white ant. See Illust. of White ant.

They are very abundant in tropical countries, and are noted for their destructive habits, their large nests, their remarkable social instincts, and their division of labor among the polymorphic individuals of several kinds. Besides the males and females, each nest has ordinary workers, and large-headed individuals called soldiers.

Term"less (?), a. 1. Having no term or end; unlimited; boundless; unending; as, termless time. [R.] "Termless joys." Sir W. Raleigh.

2. Inexpressible; indescribable. [R.] Shak.

Term"ly (?), a. Occurring every term; as, a termly fee. [R.] Bacon.

Term"ly, adv. Term by term; every term. [R.] "Fees . . . that are termly given." Bacon.

Ter`mo*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, boundary, end + -logy.] Terminology. [R.]

Term"or (?), n. (Law) Same as Termer, 2.

Tern (trn), n. [Dan. terne, tærne; akin to Sw. tärna, Icel. þerna; cf. NL. sterna.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of long-winged aquatic birds, allied to the gulls, and belonging to Sterna and various allied genera.

Terns differ from gulls chiefly in their graceful form, in their weaker and more slender bills and feet, and their longer and more pointed wings. The tail is usually forked. Most of the species are white with the back and wings pale gray, and often with a dark head. The common European tern (Sterna hirundo) is found also in Asia and America. Among other American species are the arctic tern (S. paradisæa), the roseate tern (S. Dougalli), the least tern (S. Antillarum), the royal tern (S. maxima), and the sooty tern (S. fuliginosa).

Hooded tern. See Fairy bird, under Fairy. — Marsh tern, any tern of the genus Hydrochelidon. They frequent marshes and rivers and feed largely upon insects. — River tern, any tern belonging to Seëna or allied genera which frequent rivers. — Sea tern, any tern of the genus Thalasseus. Terns of this genus have very long, pointed wings, and chiefly frequent seas and the mouths of large rivers.

Tern (?), a. [L. pl. terni three each, three; akin to tres three. See Three, and cf. Trine.] Threefold; triple; consisting of three; ternate.

Tern flowers (Bot.), flowers growing three and three together. — Tern leaves (Bot.), leaves arranged in threes, or three by three, or having three in each whorl or set. — Tern peduncles (Bot.), three peduncles growing together from the same axis. — Tern schooner (Naut.), a three-masted schooner.

Tern, n. [F. terne. See Tern, a.] That which consists of, or pertains to, three things or numbers together; especially, a prize in a lottery resulting from the favorable combination of three numbers in the drawing; also, the three numbers themselves.

> She'd win a tern in Thursday's lottery.

Mrs. Browning.

Ter"na*ry (?), a. [L. ternarius, fr. terni. See Tern, a.] 1. Proceeding by threes; consisting of three; as, the ternary number was anciently esteemed a symbol of perfection, and held in great veneration.

2. (Chem.) Containing, or consisting of, three different parts, as elements, atoms, groups, or radicals, which are regarded as having different functions or relations in the molecule; thus, sodic hydroxide, NaOH, is a ternary compound.

Ter"na*ry, n.; pl. Ternaries (&?;). A ternion; the number three; three things taken together; a triad.

> Some in ternaries, some in pairs, and some single.

Holder.

Ter"nate (?), a. [NL. ternatus, fr. L. terni three each. See Tern, a.] Having the parts arranged by threes; as, ternate branches, leaves, or flowers. — Ter"nate*ly, adv.

Terne"plate` (?), n. [See Tern, a., and Plate.] Thin iron sheets coated with an alloy of lead and tin; — so called because made up of three metals.

Ter"ni*on (?), n. [L. ternio, fr. terni three each. See Tern, a.] The number three; three things together; a ternary. Bp. Hall.

Ter"pene (?), n. [See Turpentine.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of isomeric hydrocarbons of pleasant aromatic odor, occurring especially in coniferous plants and represented by oil of turpentine, but including also certain hydrocarbons found in some essential oils.

Ter*pen"tic (?), a. (Chem.) Terpenylic.

Ter`pe*nyl"ic (?), a. [Terpene + - yl + -ic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C8H12O4 (called also terpentic acid), homologous with terebic acid, and obtained as a white crystalline substance by the oxidation of oil of turpentine with chromic acid.

Ter"pi*lene (?), n. (Chem.) A polymeric form of terpene, resembling terbene.

Ter"pin (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance regarded as a hydrate of oil of turpentine.

Ter"pin*ol (?), n. [Terpin + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Any oil substance having a hyacinthine odor, obtained by the action of acids on terpin, and regarded as a related hydrate.

Terp*sich"o*re (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; enjoyment (fr. &?; to gladden) + &?; dance, dancing.] (Gr. Myth.) The Muse who presided over the choral song and the dance, especially the latter.

Terp`sich*o*re"an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Terpsichore; of or pertaining to dancing.

||Ter"ra (?), n. [It. & L. See Terrace.] The earth; earth.

Terra alba [L., white earth] (Com.), a white amorphous earthy substance consisting of burnt gypsum, aluminium silicate (kaolin), or some similar ingredient, as magnesia. It is sometimes used to adulterate certain foods, spices, candies, paints, etc. — Terra cotta. [It., fr. terra earth + cotta, fem. of cotto cooked, L. coctus, p. p. of coquere to cook. See Cook, n.] Baked clay; a kind of hard pottery used for statues, architectural decorations, figures, vases, and the like. — Terræ filius [L., son of the earth], formerly, one appointed to write a satirical Latin poem at the public acts in the University of Oxford; — not unlike the prevaricator at Cambridge, England. — Terra firma [L.], firm or solid earth, as opposed to water. — Terra Japonica. [NL.] Same as Gambier. It was formerly supposed to be a kind of earth from Japan. — Terra Lemnia [L., Lemnian earth], Lemnian earth. See under Lemnian. — Terra ponderosa [L., ponderous earth] (Min.), barite, or heavy spar. — Terra di Sienna. See Sienna.

Ter"race (?), n. [F. terrasse (cf. Sp. terraza, It. terrazza), fr. L. terra the earth, probably for tersa, originally meaning, dry land, and akin to torrere to parch, E. torrid, and thirst. See Thirst, and cf. Fumitory, Inter, v., Patterre, Terrier, Trass, Tureen, Turmeric.] 1. A raised level space, shelf, or platform of earth, supported on one or more sides by a wall, a bank of tuft, or the like, whether designed for use or pleasure.

2. A balcony, especially a large and uncovered one.

3. A flat roof to a house; as, the buildings of the Oriental nations are covered with terraces.

4. A street, or a row of houses, on a bank or the side of a hill; hence, any street, or row of houses.

5. (Geol.) A level plain, usually with a steep front, bordering a river, a lake, or sometimes the sea.

Many rivers are bordered by a series of terraces at different levels, indicating the flood plains at successive periods in their history.

Terrace epoch. (Geol.) See Drift epoch, under Drift, a.

Ter"race, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Terraced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Terracing (?).] To form into a terrace or terraces; to furnish with a terrace or terraces, as, to terrace a garden, or a building. Sir H. Wotton.

> Clermont's terraced height, and Esher's groves.

Thomson.

Ter"ra*cul`ture (?), n. [L. terra the earth + cultura.] Cultivation on the earth; agriculture. [R.] — Ter`ra*cul"tur*al (#), a. [R.]

Ter"rane (?), n. [F. terrain, from L. terra earth.] (Geol.) A group of rocks having a common age or origin; — nearly equivalent to formation, but used somewhat less comprehensively.

Ter"ra*pin (?), n. [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of tortoises living in fresh and brackish waters. Many of them are valued for food. [Written also terapin, terrapen, terrapene, and turapen.]

The yellow-bellied terrapin (Pseudemys acebra) of the Southern United States, the red-bellied terrapin (Pseudemys rugosa), native of the tributaries Chesapeake Bay (called also potter, slider, and redfender), and the diamond-back or salt-marsh terrapin (Malaclemmys palustris), are the most important American species. The diamond-back terrapin is native of nearly the whole of the Atlantic coast of the United States.

Alligator terrapin, the snapping turtle. — Mud terrapin, any one of numerous species of American tortoises of the genus Cinosternon. — Painted terrapin, the painted turtle. See under Painted. — Speckled terrapin, a small fresh-water American terrapin (Chelopus guttatus) having the carapace black with round yellow spots; — called also spotted turtle.

Ter*ra"que*ous (?), a. [L. terra the earth + E. aqueous.] Consisting of land and water; as, the earth is a terraqueous globe. Cudworth.

> The grand terraqueous spectacle
> From center to circumference unveiled.

Wordsworth.

Ter"rar (?), n. [LL. terrarius liber. See Terrier a collection of acknowledgments.] (O. Eng. Law) See 2d Terrier, 2.

Ter"ras (?), n. (Min.) See &?;rass.

Ter*reen" (?), n. See Turren.

Ter*re"i*ty (?), n. Quality of being earthy; earthiness. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ter"rel (?), n. [NL. terrella, from L. terra the earth.] A spherical magnet so placed that its poles, equator, etc., correspond to those of the earth. [Obs.] Chambers.

Terre"mote` (?), n. [OF. terremote, terremoete, fr. L. terra the earth + movere, motum, to move.] An earthquake. [Obs.] Gower.

Ter*rene" (?), n. A tureen. [Obs.] Walpole.

Ter*rene", a. [L. terrenus, fr. terra the earth. See Terrace.] 1. Of or pertaining to the earth; earthy; as, terrene substance. Holland.

2. Earthy; terrestrial.

> God set before him a mortal and immortal life, a nature celestial and terrene.

Sir W. Raleigh.

> Be true and faithful to the king and his heirs, and truth and faith to bear of life and limb, and terrene honor.

O. Eng. Oath of Allegiance, quoted by Blackstone.

> Common conceptions of the matters which lie at the basis of our terrene experience.

Hickok.

Ter*rene", n. [L. terrenum land, ground: cf. F. terrain.] 1. The earth's surface; the earth. [Poetic]

> Tenfold the length of this terrene.

Milton.

2. (Surv.) The surface of the ground.

Ter*ren"i*ty (?), n. Earthiness; worldliness. [Obs.] "A dull and low terrenity." Feltham.

Ter"re*ous (?), a. [L. terreus, fr. terra the earth. See Terrace.] Consisting of earth; earthy; as, terreous substances; terreous particles. [Obs.]

Terre"plein` (?), n. [F., fr. L. terra earth + planus even, level, plain.] (Fort.) The top, platform, or horizontal surface, of a rampart, on which the cannon are placed. See Illust. of Casemate.

Ter*res"tre (?), a. [OE., from OF. & F. terrestre.] Terrestrial; earthly. [Obs.] "His paradise terrestre." Chaucer.

Ter*res"tri*al (?), a. [L. terrestris, from terra the earth. See Terrace.] 1. Of or pertaining to the earth; existing on the earth; earthly; as, terrestrial animals. "Bodies terrestrial." 1 Cor. xv. 40.

2. Representing, or consisting of, the earth; as, a terrestrial globe. "The dark terrestrial ball." Addison.

3. Of or pertaining to the world, or to the present state; sublunary; mundane.

> Vain labors of terrestrial wit.

Spenser.

> A genius bright and base,
> Of towering talents, and terrestrial aims.

Young.

4. Consisting of land, in distinction from water; belonging to, or inhabiting, the land or ground, in distinction from trees, water, or the like; as, terrestrial serpents.

> The terrestrial parts of the globe.

Woodward.

5. Adapted for the observation of objects on land and on the earth; as, a terrestrial telescope, in distinction from an astronomical telescope.

— Ter*res"tri*al*ly, adv. — Ter*res"tri*al*ness, n.

Ter*res"tri*al, n. An inhabitant of the earth.

Ter*res"tri*fy (?), v. t. [L. terrestris terrestrial + -fy.] To convert or reduce into a condition like that of the earth; to make earthy. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ter*res"tri*ous (?), a. [See Terrestrial.] Terrestrial. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ter"ret (?), n. One of the rings on the top of the saddle of a harness, through which the reins pass.

Terre"-ten`ant (?), n. [F. terre earth, land + tenant, p. pr. of tenir to hold.] (Law) One who has the actual possession of land; the occupant. [Written also ter-tenant.]

<! p. 1489 !>

Terre"-verte` (?), n. [F., fr. terre earth + vert, verte, green.] An olive-green earth used as a pigment. See Glauconite.

Ter"ri*ble (?), a. [F., fr. L. terribilis, fr. terrere to frighten. See Terror.] 1. Adapted or likely to excite terror, awe, or dread; dreadful; formidable.

> Prudent in peace, and terrible in war.

Prior.

> Thou shalt not be affrighted at them; for the Lord thy God is among you, a mighty God and terrible.

Deut. vii. 21.

2. Excessive; extreme; severe. [Colloq.]

> The terrible coldness of the season.

Clarendon.

Syn. — Terrific; fearful; frightful; formidable; dreadful; horrible; shocking; awful.

— Ter"ri*ble*ness, n. — Ter"ri*bly, adv.

||Ter*ric"o*læ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. terra + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) A division of annelids including the common earthworms and allied species.

Ter`ri*en"ni*ak (?), n. (Zoöl.) The arctic fox.

Ter"ri*er (?), n. [CF. L. terere to rub, to rub away, terebra a borer.] An auger or borer. [Obs.]

Ter"ri*er, n. 1. [F. terrier, chien terrier, from terre the earth, L. terra; cf. F. terrier a burrow, LL. terrarium a hillock (hence the sense, a mound thrown up in making a burrow, a burrow). See Terrace, and cf. Terrier, 2.] (Zoöl.) One of a breed of small dogs, which includes several distinct subbreeds, some of which, such as the Skye terrier and Yorkshire terrier, have long hair and drooping ears, while others, at the English and the black-and-tan terriers, have short, close, smooth hair and upright ears.

Most kinds of terriers are noted for their courage, the acuteness of their sense of smell, their propensity to hunt burrowing animals, and their activity in destroying rats, etc. See Fox terrier, under Fox.

2. [F. terrier, papier terrier, LL. terrarius liber, i.e., a book belonging or pertaining to land or landed estates. See Terrier, 1, and cf. Terrar.] (Law) (a) Formerly, a collection of acknowledgments of the vassals or tenants of a lordship, containing the rents and services they owed to the lord, and the like. (b) In modern usage, a book or roll in which the lands of private persons or corporations are described by their site, boundaries, number of acres, or the like. [Written also terrar.]

Ter*rif"ic (?), a. [L. terrificus; fr. terrere to frighten + facere to make. See Terror, and Fact.] Causing terror; adapted to excite great fear or dread; terrible; as, a terrific form; a terrific sight.

Ter*rif"ic*al (?), a. Terrific. [R.]

Ter*rif"ic*al*ly, adv. In a terrific manner.

Ter"ri*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Terrified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Terrifying (?).] [L. terrere to frighten + -fy: cf. F. terrifier, L. terrificare. See Terrific, and - fy.] 1. To make terrible. [Obs.]

> If the law, instead of aggravating and terrifying sin, shall give out license, it foils itself.

Milton.

2. To alarm or shock with fear; to frighten.

> When ye shall hear of wars . . . be not terrified.

Luke xxi. 9.

Ter*rig"e*nous (?), a. [L. terrigena, terrigenus; terra the earth + genere, gignere, to bring forth.] Earthborn; produced by the earth.

Ter`ri*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. territorialis: cf. F. territorial.] 1. Of or pertaining to territory or land; as, territorial limits; territorial jurisdiction.

2. Limited to a certain district; as, right may be personal or territorial.

3. Of or pertaining to all or any of the Territories of the United States, or to any district similarly organized elsewhere; as, Territorial governments.

Ter`ri*to"ri*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Territorialized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Territorializing (?).] 1. To enlarge by extension of territory.

2. To reduce to the condition of a territory.

Ter`ri*to"ri*al*ly, adv. In regard to territory; by means of territory.

Ter"ri*to*ried (?), a. Possessed of territory. [R.]

Ter"ri*to*ry (?), n.; pl. Territories (#). [L. territorium, from terra the earth: cf. F. territoire. See Terrace.] 1. A large extent or tract of land; a region; a country; a district.

> He looked, and saw wide territory spread
> Before him — towns, and rural works between.

Milton.

2. The extent of land belonging to, or under the dominion of, a prince, state, or other form of government; often, a tract of land lying at a distance from the parent country or from the seat of government; as, the territory of a State; the territories of the East India Company.

3. In the United States, a portion of the country not included within the limits of any State, and not yet admitted as a State into the Union, but organized with a separate legislature, under a Territorial governor and other officers appointed by the President and Senate of the United States. In Canada, a similarly organized portion of the country not yet formed into a Province.

Ter"ror (?), n. [L. terror, akin to terrere to frighten, for tersere; akin to Gr. &?; to flee away, dread, Skr. tras to tremble, to be afraid, Russ. triasti to shake: cf. F. terreur. Cf. Deter.] 1. Extreme fear; fear that agitates body and mind; violent dread; fright.

> Terror seized the rebel host.

Milton.

2. That which excites dread; a cause of extreme fear.

> Those enormous terrors of the Nile.

Prior.

> Rulers are not a terror to good works.

Rom. xiii. 3.

> There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats.

Shak.

Terror is used in the formation of compounds which are generally self-explaining: as, terror-fraught, terror-giving, terror-smitten, terror-stricken, terror-struck, and the like.

King of terrors, death. Job xviii. 14. — Reign of Terror. (F. Hist.) See in Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.

Syn. — Alarm; fright; consternation; dread; dismay. See Alarm.

Ter"ror*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. terrorisme.] The act of terrorizing, or state of being terrorized; a mode of government by terror or intimidation. Jefferson.

Ter"ror*ist, n. [F. terroriste.] One who governs by terrorism or intimidation; specifically, an agent or partisan of the revolutionary tribunal during the Reign of Terror in France. Burke.

Ter"ror*ize (?), v. t. [Cf. F. terroriser.] To impress with terror; to coerce by intimidation.

> Humiliated by the tyranny of foreign despotism, and terrorized by ecclesiastical authority.

J. A. Symonds.

Ter"ror*less, a. Free from terror. Poe.

Ter"ry (?), n. A kind of heavy colored fabric, either all silk, or silk and worsted, or silk and cotton, often called terry velvet, used for upholstery and trimmings.

||Ter*sanc"tus (?), n. [L. ter thrice + sanctus holy.] (Eccl.) An ancient ascription of praise (containing the word "Holy" — in its Latin form, "Sanctus" — thrice repeated), used in the Mass of the Roman Catholic Church and before the prayer of consecration in the communion service of the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church. Cf. Trisagion.

Terse (?), a. [Compar. Terser (?); superl. Tersest.] [L. tersus, p. p. of tergere to rub or wipe off.] 1. Appearing as if rubbed or wiped off; rubbed; smooth; polished. [Obs.]

> Many stones, . . . although terse and smooth, have not this power attractive.

Sir T. Browne.

2. Refined; accomplished; — said of persons. [R. & Obs.] "Your polite and terse gallants." Massinger.

3. Elegantly concise; free of superfluous words; polished to smoothness; as, terse language; a terse style.

> Terse, luminous, and dignified eloquence.

Macaulay.

> A poet, too, was there, whose verse
> Was tender, musical, and terse.

Longfellow.

Syn. — Neat; concise; compact. Terse, Concise. Terse was defined by Johnson "cleanly written", i. e., free from blemishes, neat or smooth. Its present sense is "free from excrescences," and hence, compact, with smoothness, grace, or elegance, as in the following lones of Whitehead: -

> "In eight terse lines has Phædrus told
> (So frugal were the bards of old)
> A tale of goats; and closed with grace,
> Plan, moral, all, in that short space."

It differs from concise in not implying, perhaps, quite as much condensation, but chiefly in the additional idea of "grace or elegance."

— Terse"ly, adv. — Terse"ness, n.

Ter*sul"phide (?), n. [Pref. ter- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A trisulphide.

Ter*sul"phu*ret (?), n. [Pref. ter- + sulphuret.] (Chem.) A trisulphide. [R.]

Ter"-ten`ant (?), n. See Terre- tenant.

Ter"tial (?), a. & n. [From L. tertius third, the tertial feathers being feathers of the third row. See Tierce.] (Zoöl.) Same as Tertiary.

Ter"tian (?), a. [L. tertianus, from tertius the third. See Tierce.] (Med.) Occurring every third day; as, a tertian fever.

Ter"tian, n. [L. tertiana (sc. febris): cf. OF. tertiane.] 1. (Med.) A disease, especially an intermittent fever, which returns every third day, reckoning inclusively, or in which the intermission lasts one day.

2. A liquid measure formerly used for wine, equal to seventy imperial, or eighty-four wine, gallons, being one third of a tun.

Ter"ti*a*ry (?), a. [L. tertiarius containing a third part, fr. tertius third: cf. F. tertiaire. See Tierce.] 1. Being of the third formation, order, or rank; third; as, a tertiary use of a word. Trench.

2. (Chem.) Possessing some quality in the third degree; having been subjected to the substitution of three atoms or radicals; as, a tertiary alcohol, amine, or salt. Cf. Primary, and Secondary.

3. (Geol.) Later than, or subsequent to, the Secondary.

4. (Zoöl.) Growing on the innermost joint of a bird's wing; tertial; — said of quills.

Tertiary age. (Geol.) See under Age, 8. — Tertiary color, a color produced by the mixture of two secondaries. "The so-called tertiary colors are citrine, russet, and olive." Fairholt. — Tertiary period. (Geol.) (a) The first period of the age of mammals, or of the Cenozoic era. (b) The rock formation of that period; — called also Tertiary formation. See the Chart of Geology. — Tertiary syphilis (Med.), the third and last stage of syphilis, in which it invades the bones and internal organs.

Ter"ti*a*ry, n.; pl. Tertiaries (&?;). 1. (R. C. Ch.) A member of the Third Order in any monastic system; as, the Franciscan tertiaries; the Dominican tertiaries; the Carmelite tertiaries. See Third Order, under Third. Addis & Arnold.

2. (Geol.) The Tertiary era, period, or formation.

3. (Zoöl.) One of the quill feathers which are borne upon the basal joint of the wing of a bird. See Illust. of Bird.

Ter"ti*ate (?), v. t. [L. tertiatus, p. p. of tertiare to do for the third time, fr. tertius the third.] 1. To do or perform for the third time. [Obs. & R.] Johnson.

2. (Gun.) To examine, as the thickness of the metal at the muzzle of a gun; or, in general, to examine the thickness of, as ordnance, in order to ascertain its strength.

||Ter`u*ter"o (?), n. [Probably so named from its city.] (Zoöl.) The South American lapwing (Vanellus Cayennensis). Its wings are furnished with short spurs. Called also Cayenne lapwing.

||Ter"za ri"ma (?). [It., a third or triple rhyme.] A peculiar and complicated system of versification, borrowed by the early Italian poets from the Troubadours.

||Ter*zet"to (?), n. [It., dim. of terzo the third, L. tertius. See Tierce.] (Mus.) A composition in three voice parts; a vocal (rarely an instrumental) trio.

Tes"sel*ar (?), a. [L. tessella a small square piece, a little cube, dim. of tessera a square piece of stone, wood, etc., a die.] Formed of tesseræ, as a mosaic.

||Tes`sel*la"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tessellate.] (Zoöl.) A division of Crinoidea including numerous fossil species in which the body is covered with tessellated plates.

Tes"sel*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tessellated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tessellating.] [L. tessellatus tessellated. See Tessellar.] To form into squares or checkers; to lay with checkered work.

> The floors are sometimes of wood, tessellated after the fashion of France.

Macaulay.

Tes"sel*late (?), a. [L. tesselatus.] Tessellated.

Tes"sel*la`ted (?), a. 1. Formed of little squares, as mosaic work; checkered; as, a tessellated pavement.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Marked like a checkerboard; as, a tessellated leaf.

Tes`sel*la"tion (?), n. The act of tessellating; also, the mosaic work so formed. J. Forsyth.

||Tes"se*ra (?), n.; pl. Tesseræ (#). [L., a square piece, a die. See Tessellar.] A small piece of marble, glass, earthenware, or the like, having a square, or nearly square, face, used by the ancients for mosaic, as for making pavements, for ornamenting walls, and like purposes; also, a similar piece of ivory, bone, wood, etc., used as a ticket of admission to theaters, or as a certificate for successful gladiators, and as a token for various other purposes. Fairholt.

Tes`se*ra"ic (?), a. Diversified by squares; done in mosaic; tessellated. [Obs.] Sir R. Atkyns (1712).

Tes"se*ral (?), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or containing, tesseræ.

2. (Crystallog.) Isometric.

Tes"su*lar (?), a. (Crystallog.) Tesseral.

Test (?), n. [OE. test test, or cupel, potsherd, F. têt, from L. testum an earthen vessel; akin to testa a piece of burned clay, an earthen pot, a potsherd, perhaps for tersta, and akin to torrere to patch, terra earth (cf. Thirst, and Terrace), but cf. Zend tasta cup. Cf. Test a shell, Testaceous, Tester a covering, a coin, Testy, Tête-à- tête.] 1. (Metal.) A cupel or cupelling hearth in which precious metals are melted for trial and refinement.

> Our ingots, tests, and many mo.

Chaucer.

2. Examination or trial by the cupel; hence, any critical examination or decisive trial; as, to put a man's assertions to a test. "Bring me to the test." Shak.

3. Means of trial; as, absence is a test of love.

> Each test every light her muse will bear.

Dryden.

4. That with which anything is compared for proof of its genuineness; a touchstone; a standard.

> Life, force, and beauty must to all impart,
> At once the source, and end, and test of art.

Pope.

5. Discriminative characteristic; standard of judgment; ground of admission or exclusion.

> Our test excludes your tribe from benefit.

Dryden.

6. Judgment; distinction; discrimination.

> Who would excel, when few can make a test
> Betwixt indifferent writing and the best?

Dryden.

7. (Chem.) A reaction employed to recognize or distinguish any particular substance or constituent of a compound, as the production of some characteristic precipitate; also, the reagent employed to produce such reaction; thus, the ordinary test for sulphuric acid is the production of a white insoluble precipitate of barium sulphate by means of some soluble barium salt.

Test act (Eng. Law), an act of the English Parliament prescribing a form of oath and declaration against transubstantiation, which all officers, civil and military, were formerly obliged to take within six months after their admission to office. They were obliged also to receive the sacrament according to the usage of the Church of England. Blackstone. — Test object (Optics), an object which tests the power or quality of a microscope or telescope, by requiring a certain degree of excellence in the instrument to determine its existence or its peculiar texture or markings. — Test paper. (a) (Chem.) Paper prepared for use in testing for certain substances by being saturated with a reagent which changes color in some specific way when acted upon by those substances; thus, litmus paper is turned red by acids, and blue by alkalies, turmeric paper is turned brown by alkalies, etc. (b) (Law) An instrument admitted as a standard or comparison of handwriting in those jurisdictions in which comparison of hands is permitted as a mode of proving handwriting. — Test tube. (Chem.) (a) A simple tube of thin glass, closed at one end, for heating solutions and for performing ordinary reactions. (b) A graduated tube.

Syn. — Criterion; standard; experience; proof; experiment; trial. — Test, Trial. Trial is the wider term; test is a searching and decisive trial. It is derived from the Latin testa (earthen pot), which term was early applied to the fining pot, or crucible, in which metals are melted for trial and refinement. Hence the peculiar force of the word, as indicating a trial or criterion of the most decisive kind.

> I leave him to your gracious acceptance, whose trial shall better publish his commediation.

Shak.

> Thy virtue, prince, has stood the test of fortune,
> Like purest gold, that tortured in the furnace,
> Comes out more bright, and brings forth all its weight.

Addison.

Test, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tested; p. pr. & vb. n. Testing.] 1. (Metal.) To refine, as gold or silver, in a test, or cupel; to subject to cupellation.

2. To put to the proof; to prove the truth, genuineness, or quality of by experiment, or by some principle or standard; to try; as, to test the soundness of a principle; to test the validity of an argument.

> Experience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution.

Washington.

3. (Chem.) To examine or try, as by the use of some reagent; as, to test a solution by litmus paper.

<! p. 1490 !>

Test (?), n. [L. testis. Cf. Testament, Testify.] A witness. [Obs.]

> Prelates and great lords of England, who were for the more surety tests of that deed.

Ld. Berners.

Test, v. i. [L. testari. See Testament.] To make a testament, or will. [Obs.]

{ Test (?), ||Tes"ta (?), } n.; pl. E. Tests (#), L. Testæ (#). [L. testa a piece of burned clay, a broken piece of earthenware, a shell. See Test a cupel.] 1. (Zoöl.) The external hard or firm covering of many invertebrate animals.

The test of crustaceans and insects is composed largely of chitin; in mollusks it is composed chiefly of calcium carbonate, and is called the shell.

2. (Bot.) The outer integument of a seed; the episperm, or spermoderm.

Test"a*ble (?), a. [See Testament.] 1. Capable of being tested or proved.

2. Capable of being devised, or given by will.

||Tes*ta"ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. testaceum a shelled anumal. See Testaceous.] (Zoöl.) Invertebrate animals covered with shells, especially mollusks; shellfish.

Tes*ta"cean (?), n. (Zoöl.) Onr of the Testacea.

Tes*ta`ce*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Testacea + -graphy: cf. F. testacéographie.] The science which treats of testaceans, or shellfish; the description of shellfish. [R.]

Tes*ta`ce*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Testacea + -logy: cf. F. testacéologie.] The science of testaceous mollusks; conchology. [R.]

Tes*ta"ceous (?), a. [L. testaceus, fr. testa a shell. See Testa.] 1. Of or pertaining to shells; consisted of a hard shell, or having a hard shell.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having a dull red brick color or a brownish yellow color.

Testaceous animals (Zoöl.), animals having a firm, calcareous shell, as oysters and clams, thus distinguished from crustaceous animals, whose shells are more thin and soft, and consist of several joints, or articulations, as lobsters and crabs.

Tes"ta*cy (?), n. [See Testate.] (Law) The state or circumstance of being testate, or of leaving a valid will, or testament, at death.

Tes"ta*ment (?), n. [F., fr. L. testamentum, fr. testari to be a witness, to make one's last will, akin to testis a witness. Cf. Intestate, Testify.] 1. (Law) A solemn, authentic instrument in writing, by which a person declares his will as to disposal of his estate and effects after his death.

This is otherwise called a will, and sometimes a last will and testament. A testament, to be valid, must be made by a person of sound mind; and it must be executed and published in due form of law. A man, in certain cases, may make a valid will by word of mouth only. See Nuncupative will, under Nuncupative.

2. One of the two distinct revelations of God's purposes toward man; a covenant; also, one of the two general divisions of the canonical books of the sacred Scriptures, in which the covenants are respectively revealed; as, the Old Testament; the New Testament; — often limited, in colloquial language, to the latter.

> He is the mediator of the new testament . . . for the redemption of the transgressions that were under the first testament.

Heb. ix. 15.

Holographic testament, a testament written wholly by the testator himself. Bouvier.

Tes`ta*men"tal (?), a. [L. testamentalis.] Of or pertaining to a testament; testamentary.

> Thy testamental cup I take,
> And thus remember thee.

J. Montgomery.

Tes`ta*men"ta*ry (?), a. [L. testamentarius: cf. F. testamentaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to a will, or testament; as, letters testamentary.

2. Bequeathed by will; given by testament.

> How many testamentary charities have been defeated by the negligence or fraud of executors!

Atterbury.

3. Done, appointed by, or founded on, a testament, or will; as, a testamentary guardian of a minor, who may be appointed by the will of a father to act in that capacity until the child becomes of age.

Tes`ta*men*ta"tion (?), n. The act or power of giving by testament, or will. [R.] Burke.

Tes"ta*men*tize (?), v. i. To make a will. [Obs.] Fuller.

||Tes*ta"mur (?), n. [L., we testify, fr. testari to testify.] (Eng. Universities) A certificate of merit or proficiency; — so called from the Latin words, Ita testamur, with which it commences.

Tes"tate (?), a. [L. testatus, p. p. of testari. See Testament.] (Law) Having made and left a will; as, a person is said to die testate. Ayliffe.

Tes"tate, n. (Law) One who leaves a valid will at death; a testate person. [R.]

Tes*ta"tion (?), n. [L. testatio.] A witnessing or witness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Tes*ta"tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. testateur.] (Law) A man who makes and leaves a will, or testament, at death.

Tes*ta"trix (?), n. [L.] (Law) A woman who makes and leaves a will at death; a female testator.

Tes"te (?), n. [So called fr. L. teste, abl. of testis a witness, because this was formerly the initial word in the clause.] (Law) (a) A witness. (b) The witnessing or concluding clause, duty attached; — said of a writ, deed, or the like. Burrill.

Tes"ter (?), n. [OE. testere a headpiece, helmet, OF. testiere, F. têtière a head covering, fr. OF. teste the head, F. tête, fr. L. testa an earthen pot, the skull. See Test a cupel, and cf. Testière.] 1. A headpiece; a helmet. [Obs.]

> The shields bright, testers, and trappures.

Chaucer.

2. A flat canopy, as over a pulpit or tomb. Oxf. Gross.

3. A canopy over a bed, supported by the bedposts.

> No testers to the bed, and the saddles and portmanteaus heaped on me to keep off the cold.

Walpole.

Tes"ter, n. [For testern, teston, fr. F. teston, fr. OF. teste the head, the head of the king being impressed upon the coin. See Tester a covering, and cf. Testone, Testoon.] An old French silver coin, originally of the value of about eighteen pence, subsequently reduced to ninepence, and later to sixpence, sterling. Hence, in modern English slang, a sixpence; — often contracted to tizzy. Called also teston. Shak.

Tes"tern (?), n. A sixpence; a tester. [Obs.]

Tes"tern, v. t. To present with a tester. [Obs.] Shak.

||Tes"tes (?), n., pl. of Teste, or of Testis.

||Tes`ti*car"di*nes (?), n. pl. [NL. See Test a shell, and Cardo.] (Zoöl.) A division of brachiopods including those which have a calcareous shell furnished with a hinge and hinge teeth. Terebratula and Spirifer are examples.

Tes"ti*cle (?), n. [L. testiculus, dim. of testis a testicle, probably the same word as testis a witness, as being a witness to manhood. Cf. Test a witness.] (Anat.) One of the essential male genital glands which secrete the semen.

Tes"ti*cond (?), a. [L. testis testis + condere to hide.] (Zoöl.) Having the testicles naturally concealed, as in the case of the cetaceans.

Tes*tic"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the testicle.

Tes*tic"u*late (?), a. [NL. testiculatus.] (Bot.) (a) Shaped like a testicle, ovate and solid. (b) Having two tubers resembling testicles in form, as some species of orchis.

||Tes`ti*ère" (?), n. [OF. testiere. See Tester a headpiece.] A piece of plate armor for the head of a war horse; a tester.

Tes"tif (?), a. [See Testy.] Testy; headstrong; obstinate. [Obs.]

> Testif they were and lusty for to play.

Chaucer.

Tes`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. testificatio: cf. OF. testification. See Testify.] The act of testifying, or giving testimony or evidence; as, a direct testification of our homage to God. South.

Tes"ti*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [NL.] A testifier.

Tes"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who testifies; one who gives testimony, or bears witness to prove anything; a witness.

Tes"ti*fy (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Testified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Testifying (?).] [OF. testifier, L. testificari; testis a witness + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy, and cf. Attest, Contest, Detest, Protest, Testament.] 1. To make a solemn declaration, verbal or written, to establish some fact; to give testimony for the purpose of communicating to others a knowledge of something not known to them.

> Jesus . . . needed not that any should testify of man, for he knew what was in man.

John ii. 25.

2. (Law) To make a solemn declaration under oath or affirmation, for the purpose of establishing, or making proof of, some fact to a court; to give testimony in a cause depending before a tribunal.

> One witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to die.

Num. xxxv. 30.

3. To declare a charge; to protest; to give information; to bear witness; — with against.

> O Israel, . . . I will testify against thee.

Ps. l. 7.

> I testified against them in the day wherein they sold victuals.

Neh. xiii. 15.

Tes"ti*fy, v. t. 1. To bear witness to; to support the truth of by testimony; to affirm or declare solemny.

> We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness.

John iii. 11.

2. (Law) To affirm or declare under oath or affirmation before a tribunal, in order to prove some fact.

Tes"ti*fy, adv. In a testy manner; fretfully; peevishly; with petulance.

Tes`ti*mo"ni*al (?), n. [Cf. OF. testimoniale, LL. testimonialis, L. testimoniales (sc. litteræ). See Testimonial, a.] 1. A writing or certificate which bears testimony in favor of one's character, good conduct, ability, etc., or of the value of a thing.

2. Something, as money or plate, presented to a preson as a token of respect, or of obligation for services rendered.

Tes`ti*mo"ni*al, a. [L. testimonialis: cf. F. testimonial.] Relating to, or containing, testimony.

Tes"ti*mo*ny (?), n.; pl. Testimonies (#). [L. testimonium, from testis a witness: cf. OF. testimoine, testemoine, testimonie. See Testify.] 1. A solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact.

Such declaration, in judicial proceedings, may be verbal or written, but must be under oath or affirmation.

2. Affirmation; declaration; as, these doctrines are supported by the uniform testimony of the fathers; the belief of past facts must depend on the evidence of human testimony, or the testimony of historians.

3. Open attestation; profession.

> [Thou] for the testimony of truth, hast borne
> Universal reproach.

Milton.

4. Witness; evidence; proof of some fact.

> When ye depart thence, shake off the dust under your feet for a testimony against them.

Mark vi. 11.

5. (Jewish Antiq.) The two tables of the law.

> Thou shalt put into the ark the testimony which I shall give thee.

Ex. xxv. 16.

6. Hence, the whole divine revelation; the sacre&?; Scriptures.

> The testimony of the Lord is sure, making wise the simple.

Ps. xix. 7.

Syn. — Proof; evidence; attestation; witness; affirmation; confirmation; averment. — Testimony, Proof, Evidence. Proof is the most familiar, and is used more frequently (though not exclusively) of facts and things which occur in the ordinary concerns of life. Evidence is a word of more dignity, and is more generally applied to that which is moral or intellectual; as, the evidences of Christianity, etc. Testimony is what is deposed to by a witness on oath or affirmation. When used figuratively or in a wider sense, the word testimony has still a reference to some living agent as its author, as when we speak of the testimony of conscience, or of doing a thing in testimony of our affection, etc. Testimony refers rather to the thing declared, evidence to its value or effect. "To conform our language more to common use, we ought to divide arguments into demonstrations, proofs, and probabilities; ba proofs, meaning such arguments from experience as leave no room for doubt or opposition." Hume. "The evidence of sense is the first and highest kind of evidence of which human nature is capable." Bp. Wilkins. "The proof of everything must be by the testimony of such as the parties produce." Spenser.

Tes"ti*mo*ny (?), v. t. To witness; to attest; to prove by testimony. [Obs.] Shak.

Tes"ti*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being testy; fretfulness; petulance.

> Testiness is a disposition or aptness to be angry.

Locke.

Test"ing (?), n. 1. The act of testing or proving; trial; proof.

2. (Metal.) The operation of refining gold or silver in a test, or cupel; cupellation.

Testing machine (Engin.), a machine used in the determination of the strength of materials, as iron, stone, etc., and their behavior under strains of various kinds, as elongation, bending, crushing, etc.

||Tes"tis (?), n.; pl. Testes (#). [L.] (Anat.) A testicle.

Tes"ton (?), n. A tester; a sixpence. [Obs.]

Tes*tone" (?), n. [Cf. Pg. testão, tostão. See Testoon.] A silver coin of Portugal, worth about sixpence sterling, or about eleven cents. Homans.

Tes*toon" (?), n. [It. testone. See Tester a coin.] An Italian silver coin. The testoon of Rome is worth 1s. 3d. sterling, or about thirty cents. Homans.

Tes*tu"di*nal (?), a. [See Testudo.] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a tortoise.

Tes*tu`di*na"ri*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the shell of a tortoise; resembling a tortoise shell; having the color or markings of a tortoise shell.

||Tes*tu`di*na"ta (?), n. pl. [Nl. See Testudo.] (Zoöl.) An order of reptiles which includes the turtles and tortoises. The body is covered by a shell consisting of an upper or dorsal shell, called the carapace, and a lower or ventral shell, called the plastron, each of which consists of several plates.

{ Tes*tu"di*nate (?), Tes*tu"di*na`ted (?), } a. [L. testudinatus, fr. testudo, - inis, a tortoise, an arch or vault.] Resembling a tortoise shell in appearance or structure; roofed; arched; vaulted.

Tes`tu*din"e*ous (?), a. [L. testudineus.] Resembling the shell of a tortoise.

||Tes*tu"do (?), n.; pl. Testudines (#). [L., from testa the shell of shellfish, or of testaceous animals.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of tortoises which formerly included a large number of diverse forms, but is now restricted to certain terrestrial species, such as the European land tortoise (Testudo Græca) and the gopher of the Southern United States.

2. (Rom. Antiq.) A cover or screen which a body of troops formed with their shields or targets, by holding them over their heads when standing close to each other. This cover resembled the back of a tortoise, and served to shelter the men from darts, stones, and other missiles. A similar defense was sometimes formed of boards, and moved on wheels.

3. (Mus.) A kind of musical instrument. a species of lyre; — so called in allusion to the lyre of Mercury, fabled to have been made of the shell of a tortoise.

Tes"ty (?), a. [Compar. Testier (?); superl. Testiest.] [OF. testu obstinate, headstrong, F. têtu, fr. OF. teste the head, F. tête. See Test a cupel.] Fretful; peevish; petulant; easily irritated.

> Must I observe you? must I stand and crouch
> Under your testy humor?

Shak.

> I was displeased with myself; I was testy.

Latimer.

Te*tan"ic (?), a. [Cf. L. tetanicus suffering from tetanus, Gr. &?;, F. tétanique.] 1. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to tetanus; having the character of tetanus; as, a tetanic state; tetanic contraction.

> This condition of muscle, this fusion of a number of simple spasms into an apparently smooth, continuous effort, is known as tetanus, or tetanic contraction.

Foster.

2. (Physiol. & Med.) Producing, or tending to produce, tetanus, or tonic contraction of the muscles; as, a tetanic remedy. See Tetanic, n.

<! p. 1491 !>

Te*tan"ic (?), n. (Physiol. & Med.) A substance (notably nux vomica, strychnine, and brucine) which, either as a remedy or a poison, acts primarily on the spinal cord, and which, when taken in comparatively large quantity, produces tetanic spasms or convulsions.

Tet"a*nin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A poisonous base (ptomaine) formed in meat broth through the agency of a peculiar microbe from the wound of a person who has died of tetanus; — so called because it produces tetanus as one of its prominent effects.

Tet`a*ni*za"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) The production or condition of tetanus.

Tet"a*nize (?), v. t. (Physiol.) To throw, as a muscle, into a state of permanent contraction; to cause tetanus in. See Tetanus, n., 2.

Tet"a*noid (?), a. [Tetanus + - oid.] (Med. & Physiol.) Resembling tetanus.

Tet`a*no*mo"tor (?), n. (Physiol.) An instrument from tetanizing a muscle by irritating its nerve by successive mechanical shocks.

||Tet"a*nus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; stretched, &?; to stretch.] 1. (Med.) A painful and usually fatal disease, resulting generally from a wound, and having as its principal symptom persistent spasm of the voluntary muscles. When the muscles of the lower jaw are affected, it is called locked-jaw, or lickjaw, and it takes various names from the various incurvations of the body resulting from the spasm.

2. (Physiol.) That condition of a muscle in which it is in a state of continued vibratory contraction, as when stimulated by a series of induction shocks.

Tet"a*ny (?), n. (Med.) A morbid condition resembling tetanus, but distinguished from it by being less severe and having intermittent spasms.

Te*tard" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A gobioid fish (Eleotris gyrinus) of the Southern United States; — called also sleeper.

Te*tar`to*he"dral (?), a. [Gr. &?; fourth + &?; base.] (Crystallog.) Having one fourth the number of planes which are requisite to complete symmetry. — Te*tar`to*he"dral*ly, adv.

Te*tar`to*he"drism (?), n. (Crystallog.) The property of being tetartohedral.

Te*taug" (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Tautog. [R.]

Tetch"i*ness, n. See Techiness.

Tetch"y (?), a. See Techy. Shak.

||Tête (?), n. [F., the head. See Tester a covering.] A kind of wig; false hair.

||Tête`-à-tête" (tt`*tt"), n. [F., head to head. See Tester a covering, Test a cupel.] 1. Private conversation; familiar interview or conference of two persons.

2. A short sofa intended to accomodate two persons.

||Tête`-à-tête", a. Private; confidential; familiar.

> She avoided tête-à-tête walks with him.

C. Kingsley.

||Tête`-à-tête", adv. Face to face; privately or confidentially; familiarly. Prior.

||Tête`-de-pont" (tt`de*pôN"), n.; pl. Têtes-de-pont (#). [F., head of a bridge.] (Mil.) A work thrown up at the end of a bridge nearest the enemy, for covering the communications across a river; a bridgehead.

Te*tel" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large African antelope (Alcelaphus tora). It has widely divergent, strongly ringed horns.

Teth"er (?), n. [Formerly tedder, OE. tedir; akin to LG. tider, tier, Icel. tj&?;r, Dan. töir. √64.] A long rope or chain by which an animal is fastened, as to a stake, so that it can range or feed only within certain limits.

Teth"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tethered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tethering.] To confine, as an animal, with a long rope or chain, as for feeding within certain limits.

> And by a slender cord was tethered to a stone.

Wordsworth.

Te*thy"dan (?), n. [See Tethys.] (Zoöl.) A tunicate.

||Te`thy*o"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Tethys + Gr. &?; form.] (Zoöl.) A division of Tunicata including the common attached ascidians, both simple and compound. Called also Tethioidea.

Te"thys (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; an oyster, or &?; a kind of ascidian.] (Zoöl.) A genus of a large naked mollusks having a very large, broad, fringed cephalic disk, and branched dorsal gills. Some of the species become a foot long and are brilliantly colored.

Tet"ra- (?). [Gr. te`tra-, from te`sares, te`ttares, four. See Four.] 1. A combining form or prefix signifying four, as in tetrabasic, tetrapetalous.

2. (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting four proportional or combining parts of the substance or ingredient denoted by the term to which it is prefixed, as in tetra-chloride, tetroxide.

Tet`ra*bas"ic (?), a. [Tetra- + basic.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing four molecules of a monacid base; having four hydrogen atoms capable of replacement by bases; quadribasic; — said of certain acids; thus, normal silicic acid, Si(OH)4, is a tetrabasic acid.

Tet`ra*bor"ic (?), a. [Tetra- + boric.] (Chem.) Same as Pyroboric.

||Tet`ra*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tetra-, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) An order of Cephalopoda having four gills. Among living species it includes only the pearly nautilus. Numerous genera and species are found in the fossil state, such as Ammonites, Baculites, Orthoceras, etc.

Tet`ra*bran`chi*ate (?), a. [Tetra + branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Tetrabranchiata. — n. One of the Tetrabranchiata.

Tet`ra*car"pel (?), a. [Tetra- + carpellary.] (Bot.) Composed of four carpels.

Tet"ra*chord (?), n. [L. tetrachordon, Gr. &?;, from &?; four-stringed; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; a chord: cf. F. tétrachorde.] (Anc. Mus.) A scale series of four sounds, of which the extremes, or first and last, constituted a fourth. These extremes were immutable; the two middle sounds were changeable.

Tet`ra*chot"o*mous (?), a. [Gr. te`tracha in four parts + te`mnein to cut.] (Bot.) Having a division by fours; separated into four parts or series, or into series of fours.

Tet*rac"id (?), a. [Tetra + acid.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing four molecules of a monobasic acid; having four hydrogen atoms capable of replacement ba acids or acid atoms; — said of certain bases; thus, erythrine, C4H6(OH)4, is a tetracid alcohol.

Tet`ra*coc"cous (?), a. [See Tetra-, and Coccus.] (Bot.) Having four cocci, or carpels.

Tet`ra*co"lon (?), n. [Gr. &?; with four members; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; limb, member.] (Pros.) A stanza or division in lyric poetry, consisting of four verses or lines. Crabb.

||Te`tra*co*ral"la (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tetra-, and Corallum.] (Paleon.) Same as Rugosa.

Te*trac`ti*nel"lid (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of sponge of the division Tetractinellida. Also used adjectively.

||Te*trac`ti*nel"li*da (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. te`tra- tetra- + &?;, &?;, ray, spoke.] (Zoöl.) A division of Spongiæ in which the spicules are siliceous and have four branches diverging at right angles. Called also Tetractinellinæ.

Tet"rad (?), n. [L. tetras, - adis, Gr. &?;, &?;: cf. F. tétrade.] 1. The number four; a collection of four things; a quaternion.

2. (Chem.) A tetravalent or quadrivalent atom or radical; as, carbon is a tetrad.

{ Tet`ra*dac"tyl, Tet`ra*dac"tyle } (?), a. [Cf. F. tétradactyle.] (Zoöl.) Tetradactylous.

Tet`ra*dac"tyl*ous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; finger, toe.] (Zoöl.) Having, or characterized by, four digits to the foot or hand.

Tet`ra*dec"ane (?), n. [Tetra- + Gr. &?; ten.] (Chem.) A light oily hydrocarbon, C14H30, of the marsh-gas series; — so called from the fourteen carbon atoms in the molecule.

||Tet`ra*de*cap"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tetra-, and Decapoda.] (Zoöl.) Same as Arthrostraca.

Tet*rad"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to a tetrad; possessing or having the characteristics of a tetrad; as, a carbon is a tetradic element.

Tet"ra*dite (?), n. [See Tetrad.] A person in some way remarkable with regard to the number four, as one born on the fourth day of the month, or one who reverenced four persons in the Godhead. Smart.

Tet"ra*don (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Tetrodon.

Tet"ra*dont (?), a. & n. (Zoöl.) See Tetrodont.

{ Tet"ra*drachm (?), ||Tet`ra*drach"ma (?), } n. [NL. tetradrachma, fr. Gr. tetra`drachmon; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + drachmh` drachm, drachma.] A silver coin among the ancient Greeks, of the value of four drachms. The Attic tetradrachm was equal to 3s. 3d. sterling, or about 76 cents.

Tet*rad"y*mite (?), n. [Gr. tetra`dymos fourfold. So named from its occurrence in compound twin crystals, or fourlings.] (Min.) A telluride of bismuth. It is of a pale steel-gray color and metallic luster, and usually occurs in foliated masses. Called also telluric bismuth.

||Tet`ra*dy*na"mi*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; power.] (Bot.) A Linnæan class of plants having six stamens, four of which are longer than the others.

Tet`ra*dy*na"mi*an (?), n. (Bot.) A plant of the order Tetradynamia.

{ Tet`ra*dy*na"mi*an (?), Tet`ra*dyn"a*mous (?), } a. (Bot.) Belonging to the order Tetradynamia; having six stamens, four of which are uniformly longer than the others.

Tet"ra*gon (?), n. [L. tetragonum, Gr. tetra`gwnon; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + gwni`a corner, angle: cf. F. tétragone.] 1. (Geom.) A plane figure having four sides and angles; a quadrangle, as a square, a rhombus, etc.

2. (Astrol.) An aspect of two planets with regard to the earth when they are distant from each other ninety degrees, or the fourth of a circle. Hutton.

Te*trag"o*nal (?), a. 1. (Geom.) Of or pertaining to a tetragon; having four angles or sides; thus, the square, the parallelogram, the rhombus, and the trapezium are tetragonal fingers.

2. (Bot.) Having four prominent longitudinal angles.

3. (Crystallog.) Designating, or belonging to, a certain system of crystallization; dimetric. See Tetragonal system, under Crystallization.

||Tet`ra*gram"ma*ton (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; a letter.] The mystic number four, which was often symbolized to represent the Deity, whose name was expressed by four letters among some ancient nations; as, the Hebrew JeHoVaH, Greek qeo`s, Latin deus, etc.

||Tet`ra*gyn"i*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. te`tra- (see Tetra-) + gynh` a woman, female.] (Bot.) A Linnæan order of plants having four styles.

{ Tet`ra*gyn"i*an (?), Te*trag"y*nous (?), } a. (Bot.) Belonging to the order Tetragynia; having four styles.

Tet`ra*he"dral (?), a. [See Tetrahedron.] 1. Having, or composed of, four sides.

2. (Crystallog.) (a) Having the form of the regular tetrahedron. (b) Pertaining or related to a tetrahedron, or to the system of hemihedral forms to which the tetrahedron belongs.

Tetrahedral angle (Geom.), a solid angle bounded or inclosed by four plane angles.

Tet`ra*he"dral*ly, adv. In a tetrahedral manner.

Tet`ra*he"drite (?), n. [So called because the crystals of the species are commonly tetrahedrons.] (Min.) A sulphide of antimony and copper, with small quantities of other metals. It is a very common ore of copper, and some varieties yield a considerable presentage of silver. Called also gray copper ore, fahlore, and panabase.

Tet`ra*he"dron (?), n. [Tetra- + Gr. &?; seat, base, fr. &?; to sit.] (Geom.) A solid figure inclosed or bounded by four triangles.

In crystallography, the regular tetrahedron is regarded as the hemihedral form of the regular octahedron.

Regular tetrahedron (Geom.), a solid bounded by four equal equilateral triangles; one of the five regular solids.

Tet`ra*hex`a*he"dral (?), a. (Crystallog.) Pertaining to a tetrahexahedron.

Tet`ra*hex`a*he"dron (?), n. [Tetra- + hexahedron.] (Crystallog.) A solid in the isometric system, bounded by twenty-four equal triangular faces, four corresponding to each face of the cube.

Tet`ra*kis*hex`a*he"dron (?), n. [Gr. &?; four times + E. hexahedron.] (Crystallog.) A tetrahexahedron.

Tet"ra*ko*sane` (?), n. [Tetra- + Gr. &?; twenty.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C24H50, resembling paraffin, and like it belonging to the marsh-gas series; — so called from having twenty-four atoms of carbon in the molecule.

Te*tral"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; a speech, discourse: cf. F. tétralogie.] (Gr. Drama) A group or series of four dramatic pieces, three tragedies and one satyric, or comic, piece (or sometimes four tragedies), represented consequently on the Attic stage at the Dionysiac festival.

A group or series of three tragedies, exhibited together without a fourth piese, was called a trilogy.

||Te*tram"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tetramerous.] (Zoöl.) A division of Coleoptera having, apparently, only four tarsal joints, one joint being rudimentary.

Te*tram"er*ous (?), a. [Tetra- + Gr. &?; part.] 1. (Bot.) Having the parts arranged in sets of four; as, a tetramerous flower.

2. (Zoöl.) Having four joints in each of the tarsi; — said of certain insects.

Te*tram"e*ter (?), n. [L. tetrametrus, Gr. &?;; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; a measure: cf. F. tétramètre.] (GR. & Latin Pros.) A verse or line consisting of four measures, that is, in iambic, trochaic, and anapestic verse, of eight feet; in other kinds of verse, of four feet.

Tet`ra*meth"yl*ene (?), n. [Tetra- + methylene.] (Chem.) (a) A hypothetical hydrocarbon, C4H8, analogous to trimethylene, and regarded as the base of well-known series or derivatives. (b) Sometimes, an isomeric radical used to designate certain compounds which are really related to butylene.

Tet"ra*morph (?), n. [Tetra- + Gr. &?; form, figure: cf. Gr. &?; fourfold.] (Christian Art) The union of the four attributes of the Evangelists in one figure, which is represented as winged, and standing on winged fiery wheels, the wings being covered with eyes. The representations of it are evidently suggested by the vision of Ezekiel (ch. i.)

||Te*tran"dri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?;, &?;, a man, male.] (Bot.) A Linnæan class of plants having four stamens.

{ Te*tran"dri*an (?), Te*tran"drous (?), } a. (Bot.) Belonging to the class Tetrandria.

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Te*tra"o*nid (?), n. [L. tetrao a heath cock, grouse, Gr. &?;: cf. F. tétraonide.] (Zoöl.) A bird belonging to the tribe of which the genus Tetrao is the type, as the grouse, partridge, quail, and the like. Used also adjectively.

Tet`ra*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Tetra- + petal.] (Bot.) Containing four distinct petals, or flower leaves; as, a tetrapetalous corolla.

{ Tet`ra*phar"ma*com (?), Tet`ra*phar"ma*cum (?) }, n. [NL. tetrapharmacon, L. tetrapharmacum, Gr. &?;; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; a drug.] (Med.) A combination of wax, resin, lard, and pitch, composing an ointment. Brande & C.

Tet`ra*phe"nol (?), n. [Tetra- + phenol.] (Chem.) Furfuran. [Obs.]

Te*traph"yl*lous (?), a. [Tetra- + Gr. &?; a leaf.] (Bot.) Having four leaves; consisting of four distinct leaves or leaflets.

||Tet"ra*pla (?), n.; etymologically pl., but syntactically sing. [NL., fr. Gr. tetraplo`os, tetraploy^s, fourfold.] A Bible consisting of four different Greek versions arranged in four columns by Origen; hence, any version in four languages or four columns.

||Tet`rap*neu"mo*na (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tetra-, and Pneumo-.] (Zoöl.) A division of Arachnida including those spiders which have four lungs, or pulmonary sacs. It includes the bird spiders (Mygale) and the trapdoor spiders. See Mygale.

Tet`rap*nue*mo"ni*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Tetrapneumona.

Tet"ra*pod (?), n. [Gr. &?; fourfooted; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Zoöl.) An insect characterized by having but four perfect legs, as certain of the butterflies.

Te*trap"o*dy (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] A set of four feet; a measure or distance of four feet.

Te*trap"ter*an (?), n. [See Tetrapterous.] (Zoöl.) An insect having four wings.

Te*trap"ter*ous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; wing.] (Zoöl.) Having four wings.

Tet"rap*tote (?), n. [L. tetraptotum, Gr. &?;.] (Gram.) A noun that has four cases only. Andrews.

Te"trarch (?), n. [L. tetrarches, Gr. &?;, &?;; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; a ruler, &?; to lead; rule: cf. F. tétrarque. See Arch, a.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman governor of the fourth part of a province; hence, any subordinate or dependent prince; also, a petty king or sovereign.

Te"trarch, a. Four. [Obs.] Fuller.

Te*trarch"ate (?), n. [Cf. F. tétrarchat.] (Rom. Antiq.) A tetrarchy.

Te*trarch"ic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to a tetrarch or tetrarchy. Bolingbroke.

Tet"rarch*y (?), n.; pl. Tetrarchies (#). [L. tetrarchia, Gr. &?;: cf. F. tétrarchie.] (Rom. Antiq.) The district under a Roman tetrarch; the office or jurisdiction of a tetrarch; a tetrarchate.

Tet`ra*schis"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; divided into four parts; te`tra- tetra- + &?; to split.] (Biol.) Characterized by division into four parts.

Tet`ra*sep"al*ous (?), a. [Tetra- + sepal.] (Bot.) Having four sepals.

Tet`ra*spas"ton (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; to draw, pull.] (Mach.) A machine in which four pulleys act together. Brande & C.

Tet`ra*sper"mous (?), a. [Tetra- + Gr. &?; a seed.] (Bot.) Having four seeds.

Tetraspermous plant, a plant which produces four seeds in each flower.

Tet"ra*spore (?), n. [Tetra- + spore.] (Bot.) A nonsexual spore, one of a group of four regularly occurring in red seaweeds. — Tet`ra*spor"ic (#), a.

Te*tras"tich (?), n. [L. tetrastichon, Gr. &?;; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; a row, verse.] A stanza, epigram, or poem, consisting of four verses or lines. Pope.

Tet"ra*style (?), a. [L. tetrastylon, Gr. &?; with four pillars in front; te`tra- (see Tetra-) + &?; a column.] (Arch.) Having four columns in front; — said of a temple, portico, or colonnade. — n. A tetrastyle building.

{ Tet`ra*syl*lab"ic (?), Tet`ra*syl*lab"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. tétrasyllabique.] Consisting of, or having, four syllables; quadrisyllabic.

Tet"ra*syl`la*ble (?), n. [Tetra- + syllable: cf. Gr. &?; of four syllables.] A word consisting of four syllables; a quadrisyllable.

Tet`ra*the"cal (?), a. [Tetra- + thecal.] (Bot.) Having four loculaments, or thecæ.

Tet`ra*thi"on*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of tetrathionic acid.

Tet`ra*thi*on"ic (?), a. [Tetra- + thionic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a thionic derivative, H2S4O6, of sulphuric acid, obtained as a colorless, odorless liquid.

Tet`ra*tom"ic (?), a. [Tetra- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Consisting of four atoms; having four atoms in the molecule, as phosphorus and arsenic. (b) Having a valence of four; quadrivalent; tetravalent; sometimes, in a specific sense, having four hydroxyl groups, whether acid or basic.

Te*trav"a*lence (?), n. (Chem.) The quality or state of being tetravalent; quadrivalence.

Te*trav"a*lent (?), a. [Tetra- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr.] (Chem.) Having a valence of four; tetratomic; quadrivalent.

Te*trax"ile (?), a. [Tetra- + axile.] (Zoöl.) Having four branches diverging at right angles; — said of certain spicules of sponges.

Tet*raz"o- (?), a. [Tetra- + azo- .] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively), designating any one of a series of double derivatives of the azo and diazo compounds containing four atoms of nitrogen.

Tet"ra*zone (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of a certain series of basic compounds containing a chain of four nitrogen atoms; for example, ethyl tetrazone, (C2H5)2N. N2.N(C2H5)2, a colorless liquid having an odor of leeks.

{ Tet"ric (?), Tet"ri*cal (?), } a. [L. tetricus, taetricus, from teter, taeter, offensive, foul.] Forward; perverse; harsh; sour; rugged. [Obs.] — Tet"ric*al*ness, n.

Te*tric"i*ty (?), n. [L. tetricitas, taetricitas.] Crabbedness; perverseness. [Obs.]

Tet"ric*ous (?), a. Tetric. [Obs.]

Te*trin"ic (?), a. [See Tetra-.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a complex ketonic acid, C5H6O3, obtained as a white crystalline substance; — so called because once supposed to contain a peculiar radical of four carbon atoms. Called also acetyl-acrylic acid.

Tet"ro*don (?), n. [Tetra- + Gr. &?;, &?;, tooth.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of plectognath fishes belonging to Tetrodon and allied genera. Each jaw is furnished with two large, thick, beaklike, bony teeth. [Written also tetradon.]

The skin is usually spinous, and the belly is capable of being greatly distended by air or water. It includes the swellfish, puffer (a), and similar species.

Tet"ro*dont (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the tetrodons. — n. A tetrodon. [Written also tetradont, and tetraodont.]

Tet"rol (?), n. [Tetra- + benzol.] (Chem.) A hypothetical hydrocarbon, C4H4, analogous to benzene; — so called from the four carbon atoms in the molecule.

Tetrol phenol, furfuran. [Obs.]

Tet*rol"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C3H3.CO2H, of the acetylene series, homologous with propiolic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance.

Tet*rox"ide (?), n. [Tetra- + oxide.] (Chem.) An oxide having four atoms of oxygen in the molecule; a quadroxide; as, osmium tetroxide, OsO&?;.

Tet"ryl (?), n. [Tetra- + -yl.] (Chem.) Butyl; — so called from the four carbon atoms in the molecule.

Tet"ryl*ene (?), n. [Tetra- + ethylene.] (Chem.) Butylene; — so called from the four carbon atoms in the molecule.

Tet"ter (?), n. [OE. teter, AS. teter, tetr; akin to G. zitter, zittermal, OHG. zittaroch, Skr. dadru, dadruka, a sort of skin disease. √63, 240.] (Med.) A vesicular disease of the skin; herpes. See Herpes.

Honeycomb tetter (Med.), favus. — Moist tetter (Med.), eczema. — Scaly tetter (Med.), psoriasis. — Tetter berry (Bot.), the white bryony.

Tet"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tettered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tettering.] To affect with tetter. Shak.

Tet"ter*ous (?), a. Having the character of, or pertaining to, tetter.

Tet"ter-tot`ter (?), n. [See Teeter.] A certain game of children; seesaw; — called also titter- totter, and titter-cum-totter.

Tet"ter*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant used as a remedy for tetter, — in England the calendine, in America the bloodroot.

Tet`ti*go"ni*an (?), n. [Gr. &?;, dim. of &?; a kind of grasshopper.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Hemiptera belonging to Tettigonia and allied genera; a leaf hopper.

Tet"tish (?), a. [Cf. Testy.] Captious; testy. [Written also teatish.] [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

||Tet"tix (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a kind of grasshopper.] 1. (Zoöl.) The cicada. [Obs. or R.]

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of small grasshoppers.

Tet"ty (?), a. Testy; irritable. [Obs.] Burton.

Teu"fit (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lapwing; — called also teuchit. [Prov. Eng.]

Teuk (?), n. (Zoöl.) The redshank. [Prov. Eng.]

Teu"ton (?), n.; pl. E. Teutons (#), L. Teutones (#). [L. Teutones, Teutoni, the name of a Germanic people, probably akin to E. Dutch. Cf. Dutch.] 1. One of an ancient German tribe; later, a name applied to any member of the Germanic race in Europe; now used to designate a German, Dutchman, Scandinavian, etc., in distinction from a Celt or one of a Latin race.

2. A member of the Teutonic branch of the Indo- European, or Aryan, family.

Teu*ton"ic (?), a. [L. Teutonicus, from Teutoni, or Teutones. See Teuton.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Teutons, esp. the ancient Teutons; Germanic.

2. Of or pertaining to any of the Teutonic languages, or the peoples who speak these languages.

Teutonic languages, a group of languages forming a division of the Indo-European, or Aryan, family, and embracing the High German, Low German, Gothic, and Scandinavian dialects and languages. - - Teutonic order, a military religious order of knights, established toward the close of the twelfth century, in imitation of the Templars and Hospitalers, and composed chiefly of Teutons, or Germans. The order rapidly increased in numbers and strength till it became master of all Prussia, Livonia, and Pomerania. In its decay it was abolished by Napoleon; but it has been revived as an honorary order.

Teu*ton"ic (?), n. The language of the ancient Germans; the Teutonic languages, collectively.

Teu*ton"i*cism (?), n. A mode of speech peculiar to the Teutons; a Teutonic idiom, phrase, or expression; a Teutonic mode or custom; a Germanism.

Tew (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tewing.] [OE. tewen, tawen. √64. See Taw, v.] 1. To prepare by beating or working, as leather or hemp; to taw.

2. Hence, to beat; to scourge; also, to pull about; to maul; to tease; to vex. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Tew, v. i. To work hard; to strive; to fuse. [Local]

Tew, v. t. [Cf. Taw to tow, Tow, v. t.] To tow along, as a vessel. [Obs.] Drayton.

Tew, n. A rope or chain for towing a boat; also, a cord; a string. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Te"wan (?), n. (Ethnol.) A tribe of American Indians including many of the Pueblos of New Mexico and adjacent regions.

Tewed (?), a. Fatigued; worn with labor or hardship. [Obs. or Local] Mir. for Mag.

Tew"el (?), n. [OE. tuel, OF. tuiel, tuel, F. tuyau; of Teutonic origin; cf. Dan. tud, D. tuit, Prov. G. zaute. Cf. Tuyère.] 1. A pipe, funnel, or chimney, as for smoke. Chaucer.

2. The tuyère of a furnace.

Te"whit (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lapwing; — called also teewheep. [Prov. Eng.]

Tew"taw (?), v. t. [See Tew, v. t.] To beat; to break, as flax or hemp. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Tex"as (?), n. A structure on the hurricane deck of a steamer, containing the pilot house, officers' cabins, etc. [Western U. S.] Knight.

Text (tkst), n. [F. texte, L. textus, texture, structure, context, fr. texere, textum, to weave, construct, compose; cf. Gr. te`ktwn carpenter, Skr. taksh to cut, carve, make. Cf. Context, Mantle, n., Pretext, Tissue, Toil a snare.] 1. A discourse or composition on which a note or commentary is written; the original words of an author, in distinction from a paraphrase, annotation, or commentary. Chaucer.

2. (O. Eng. Law) The four Gospels, by way of distinction or eminence. [R.]

3. A verse or passage of Scripture, especially one chosen as the subject of a sermon, or in proof of a doctrine.

> How oft, when Paul has served us with a text,
> Has Epictetus, Plato, Tully, preached!

Cowper.

4. Hence, anything chosen as the subject of an argument, literary composition, or the like; topic; theme.

5. A style of writing in large characters; text- hand also, a kind of type used in printing; as, German text.

Text blindness. (Physiol.) See Word blindness, under Word. — Text letter, a large or capital letter. [Obs.] — Text pen, a kind of metallic pen used in engrossing, or in writing text- hand.

Text, v. t. To write in large characters, as in text hand. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Text"-book` (?), n. 1. A book with wide spaces between the lines, to give room for notes.

2. A volume, as of some classical author, on which a teacher lectures or comments; hence, any manual of instruction; a schoolbook.

Text"-hand` (?), n. A large hand in writing; — so called because it was the practice to write the text of a book in a large hand and the notes in a smaller hand.

Tex"tile (?), a. [L. textilis, fr. texere to weave: cf. F. textile. See Text.] Pertaining to weaving or to woven fabrics; as, textile arts; woven, capable of being woven; formed by weaving; as, textile fabrics.

Textile cone (Zoöl.), a beautiful cone shell (Conus textilis) in which the colors are arranged so that they resemble certain kinds of cloth.

Tex"tile, n. That which is, or may be, woven; a fabric made by weaving. Bacon.

Text"man (?), n.; pl. Textmen (&?;). One ready in quoting texts. [R.] Bp. Sanderston.

Tex*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. textorius, fr. textor a weaver, fr. texere, textum, to weave.] Of or pertaining to weaving. T. Warton.

Tex"trine (?), a. [L. textrinus, for textorinus, fr. textor a weaver.] Of or pertaining to weaving, textorial; as, the textrine art. Denham.

Tex"tu*al (?), a. [OE. textuel, F. textuel.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or contained in, the text; as, textual criticism; a textual reading. Milton.

2. Serving for, or depending on, texts. Bp. Hall.

3. Familiar with texts or authorities so as to cite them accurately. "I am not textuel." Chaucer.

Tex"tu*al*ist, n. A textman; a textuary. Lightfoot.

Tex"tu*al*ly, adv. In a textual manner; in the text or body of a work; in accordance with the text.

Tex"tu*a*rist (?), n. A textuary. [R.]

Tex"tu*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. textuaire.] 1. Contained in the text; textual. Sir T. Browne.

2. Serving as a text; authoritative. Glanvill.

Tex"tu*a*ry, n. [Cf. F. textuaire.] 1. One who is well versed in the Scriptures; a textman. Bp. Bull.

2. One who adheres strictly or rigidly to the text.

Tex"tu*el (?), a. Textual. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tex"tu*ist, n. A textualist; a textman. [Obs.]

> The crabbed textualists of his time.

Milton.

Tex"tur*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to texture.

Tex"ture (?), n. [L. textura, fr. texere, textum, to weave: cf. F. texture. See Text.] 1. The act or art of weaving. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

2. That which woven; a woven fabric; a web. Milton.

> Others, apart far in the grassy dale,
> Or roughening waste, their humble texture weave.

Thomson.

3. The disposition or connection of threads, filaments, or other slender bodies, interwoven; as, the texture of cloth or of a spider's web.

4. The disposition of the several parts of any body in connection with each other, or the manner in which the constituent parts are united; structure; as, the texture of earthy substances or minerals; the texture of a plant or a bone; the texture of paper; a loose or compact texture.

5. (Biol.) A tissue. See Tissue.

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Tex"ture (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Textured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Texturing.] To form a texture of or with; to interweave. [R.]

Tex"tur*y (?), n. The art or process of weaving; texture. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Teyne (?), n. [See Tain.] A thin plate of metal. [Obs.] "A teyne of silver." Chaucer.

Th. In Old English, the article the, when the following word began with a vowel, was often written with elision as if a part of the word. Thus in Chaucer, the forms thabsence, tharray, thegle, thend, thingot, etc., are found for the absence, the array, the eagle, the end, etc.

{ Thack (?), Thack"er (?) }. See Thatch, Thatcher. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Thak (?), v. t. To thwack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Thal`a*men*ceph"a*lon (?), n. [NL. See Thalamus, and Encephalon.] (Anat.) The segment of the brain next in front of the midbrain, including the thalami, pineal gland, and pituitary body; the diencephalon; the interbrain.

Tha*lam"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a thalamus or to thalami.

{ Thal`a*mi*flo"ral (?), Thal`a*mi*flo"rous (?), } a. [See Thalamus, and Floral.] (Bot.) Bearing the stamens directly on the receptacle; — said of a subclass of polypetalous dicotyledonous plants in the system of De Candolle.

Thal"a*mo*cœle` (?), n. [Thalamic + Gr. koi^los hollow.] (Anat.) The cavity or ventricle of the thalamencephalon; the third ventricle.

||Thal`a*moph"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. qa`lamos chamber + &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) Same as Foraminifera.

||Thal"a*mus (?), n.; pl. Thalami (#). [L. thalamus chamber, Gr. qa`lamos.] 1. (Anat.) A mass of nervous matter on either side of the third ventricle of the brain; — called also optic thalamus.

2. (Bot.) (a) Same as Thallus. (b) The receptacle of a flower; a torus.

Tha*las"si*an (?), n. [From Gr. &?; the sea.] (Zoöl.) Any sea tortoise.

Tha*las"sic (?), a. [Gr. &?; the sea.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the sea; — sometimes applied to rocks formed from sediments deposited upon the sea bottom.

Thal`as*sin"i*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Thalaassinidæ, a family of burrowing macrurous Crustacea, having a long and soft abdomen.

Thal`as*sog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; sea + -graphy.] The study or science of the life of marine organisms. Agassiz.

||Tha"ler (?), n. [G. See Dollar.] A German silver coin worth about three shillings sterling, or about 73 cents.

Tha*li"a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. Qa`leia, originally, blooming, luxuriant, akin to qa`llein to be luxuriant.] (Class. Myth.) (a) That one of the nine Muses who presided over comedy. (b) One of the three Graces. (c) One of the Nereids.

||Tha`li*a"ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Thalia.] (Zoöl.) A division of Tunicata comprising the free-swimming species, such as Salpa and Doliolum.

Tha*li"an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Thalia; hence, of or pertaining to comedy; comic.

Thal"late (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of a hypothetical thallic acid.

Thal"lene (?), n. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar residues, and remarkable for its intense yellowish green fluorescence.

Thal"lic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to thallium; derived from, or containing, thallium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with the thallous compounds; as, thallic oxide.

Thal"line (?), a. (Bot.) Consisting of a thallus.

Thal"line (?), n. [Gr. &?; a young shoot or branch.] (Chem.) An artificial alkaloid of the quinoline series, obtained as a white crystalline substance, C10H13NO, whose salts are valuable as antipyretics; - - so called from the green color produced in its solution by certain oxidizing agents.

Thal"li*ous (?), a. (Chem.) See Thallous.

Thal"li*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; young or green shoot or branch, twig. So called from a characteristic bright green line in its spectrum.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of the aluminium group found in some minerals, as certain pyrites, and also in the lead-chamber deposit in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. It is isolated as a heavy, soft, bluish white metal, easily oxidized in moist air, but preserved by keeping under water. Symbol Tl. Atomic weight 203.7.

Thal"lo*gen (?), n. [Gr. &?; young shoot or branch, frond + -gen.] (Bot.) One of a large class or division of the vegetable kingdom, which includes those flowerless plants, such as fungi, algæ, and lichens, that consist of a thallus only, composed of cellular tissue, or of a congeries of cells, or even of separate cells, and never show a distinction into root, stem, and leaf.

Thal"loid (?), a. [Thallus + - oid.] (Bot.) Resembling, or consisting of, thallus.

Thal"lo*phyte (?), n. [Gr. &?; young shoot + &?; plant.] (Bot.) Same as Thallogen.

Thal"lous (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to thallium; derived from, or containing, thallium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with the thallic compounds. [Written also thallious.]

||Thal"lus (?), n.; pl. Thalli (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; young shoot or branch, frond.] (Bot.) A solid mass of cellular tissue, consisting of one or more layers, usually in the form of a flat stratum or expansion, but sometimes erect or pendulous, and elongated and branching, and forming the substance of the thallogens.

{ Tham"muz (?), Tam"muz (?), } n. [Heb. thammz.] 1. A deity among the ancient Syrians, in honor of whom the Hebrew idolatresses held an annual lamentation. This deity has been conjectured to be the same with the Phœnician Adon, or Adonis. Milton.

2. The fourth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, — supposed to correspond nearly with our month of July.

Tham"no*phile (?), n. [Gr. qa`mnos a bush + fi`los loving.] (Zoöl.) A bush shrike.

||Tha"myn (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Asiatic deer (Rucervus Eldi) resembling the swamp deer; — called also Eld's deer.

Than (n), conj. [OE. than, thon, then, thanne, thonne, thenne, than, then, AS. ðanne, ðonne, ðænne; akin to D. dan, OHG. danne, G. dann then, denn than, for, Goth. þan then, and to E. the, there, that. See That, and cf. Then.] A particle expressing comparison, used after certain adjectives and adverbs which express comparison or diversity, as more, better, other, otherwise, and the like. It is usually followed by the object compared in the nominative case. Sometimes, however, the object compared is placed in the objective case, and than is then considered by some grammarians as a preposition. Sometimes the object is expressed in a sentence, usually introduced by that; as, I would rather suffer than that you should want.

> Behold, a greater than Solomon is here.

Matt. xii. 42.

> Which when Beelzebub perceived, than whom,
> Satan except, none higher sat.

Milton.

> It's wiser being good than bad;
> It's safer being meek than fierce;
> It's fitter being sane than mad.

R. Browning.

Than, adv. Then. See Then. [Obs.] Gower.

> Thanne longen folk to gon on pilgrimages.

Chaucer.

Than"age (?), n. The district in which a thane anciently had jurisdiction; thanedom.

Than"a*toid (?), a. [Gr. qa`natos death + -oid.] Deathlike; resembling death. Dunglison.

Than`a*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. qa`natos + -logy.] A description, or the doctrine, of death. Dunglison.

Than`a*top"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. qa`natos death + 'o`psis view.] A view of death; a meditation on the subject of death. Bryant.

Thane (thn), n. [OE. thein, þein, AS. þegen, þegn; akin to OHG. degan a follower, warrior, boy, MHG. degen a hero, G. degen hero, soldier, Icel. þegn a thane, a freeman; probably akin to Gr. te`knon a child, ti`ktein to bear, beget, or perhaps to Goth. þius servant, AS. þeów, G. dienen to serve.] A dignitary under the Anglo-Saxons and Danes in England. Of these there were two orders, the king's thanes, who attended the kings in their courts and held lands immediately of them, and the ordinary thanes, who were lords of manors and who had particular jurisdiction within their limits. After the Conquest, this title was disused, and baron took its place.

Among the ancient Scots, thane was a title of honor, which seems gradually to have declined in its significance. Jamieson.

Thane"dom (?), n. The property or jurisdiction of a thane; thanage. Sir W. Scott.

Thane"hood (?), n. The character or dignity of a thane; also, thanes, collectively. J. R. Green.

Thane"ship, n. The state or dignity of a thane; thanehood; also, the seignioralty of a thane.

Thank (thk), n.; pl. Thanks (#). [AS. þanc, þonc, thanks, favor, thought; akin to OS. thank favor, pleasure, thanks, D. & G. dank thanks, Icel. þökk, Dan. tak, Sw. tack, Goth. þagks thanks; — originally, a thought, a thinking. See Think.] A expression of gratitude; an acknowledgment expressive of a sense of favor or kindness received; obligation, claim, or desert, or gratitude; — now generally used in the plural. "This ceremonial thanks." Massinger.

> If ye do good to them which do good to you, what thank have ye? for sinners also do even the same.

Luke vi. 33.

> What great thank, then, if any man, reputed wise and constant, will neither do, nor permit others under his charge to do, that which he approves not, especially in matter of sin?

Milton.

> Thanks, thanks to thee, most worthy friend,
> For the lesson thou hast taught.

Longfellow.

His thanks, Her thanks, etc., of his or her own accord; with his or her good will; voluntary. [Obs.]

> Full sooth is said that love ne lordship,
> Will not, his thanks, have no fellowship.

Chaucer.

— In thank, with thanks or thankfulness. [Obs.] — Thank offering, an offering made as an expression of thanks.

Thank (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thanked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thanking.] [AS. þancian. See Thank, n.] To express gratitude to (anyone) for a favor; to make acknowledgments to (anyone) for kindness bestowed; — used also ironically for blame.

> "Graunt mercy, lord, that thank I you," quod she.

Chaucer.

> I thank thee for thine honest care.

Shak.

> Weigh the danger with the doubtful bliss,
> And thank yourself if aught should fall amiss.

Dryden.

Thank"ful (?), a. [AS. þancfull.] 1. Obtaining or deserving thanks; thankworthy. [R.]

> Ladies, look here; this is the thankful glass
> That mends the looker's eyes; this is the well
> That washes what it shows.

Herbert.

2. Impressed with a sense of kindness received, and ready to acknowledge it; grateful.

> Be thankful unto him, and bless his name.

Ps. c. 4.

— Thank"ful*ly, adv. — Thank"ful*ness, n.

Thank"less, a. 1. Not acknowledging favors; not expressing thankfulness; unthankful; ungrateful.

> That she may feel
> How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is
> To have a thankless child!

Shak.

2. Not obtaining or deserving thanks; unacceptable; as, a thankless task.

> To shepherd thankless, but by thieves that love the night allowed.

Chapman.

— Thank"less*ly (#), adv. — Thank"less*ness, n.

Thank"ly, adv. Thankfully. [Obs.] Sylvester (Du Bartas).

Thanks"give (?), v. t. To give or dedicate in token of thanks. [Obs. or R.] Mede.

Thanks"giv`er (?), n. One who gives thanks, or acknowledges a kindness. Barrow.

Thanks"giv`ing (?), n. 1. The act of rending thanks, or expressing gratitude for favors or mercies.

> Every creature of God is good, and nothing to be refused, if it be received with thanksgiving.

1 Tim. iv. 4.

> In the thanksgiving before meat.

Shak.

> And taught by thee the Church prolongs
> Her hymns of high thanksgiving still.

Keble.

2. A public acknowledgment or celebration of divine goodness; also, a day set apart for religious services, specially to acknowledge the goodness of God, either in any remarkable deliverance from calamities or danger, or in the ordinary dispensation of his bounties.

In the United States it is now customary for the President by proclamation to appoint annually a day (usually the last Thursday in November) of thanksgiving and praise to God for the mercies of the past year. This is an extension of the custom long prevailing in several States in which an annual Thanksgiving day has been appointed by proclamation of the governor.

Thank"wor`thi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being thankworthy.

Thank"wor`thy (?), a. Deserving thanks; worthy of gratitude; mreitorious.

> For this thankworthy, if a man, for conscience toward God, endure grief, suffering wrongfully.

1 Pet. ii. 19.

Thar (?), n. (Zoöl.) A goatlike animal (Capra Jemlaica) native of the Himalayas. It has small, flattened horns, curved directly backward. The hair of the neck, shoulders, and chest of the male is very long, reaching to the knees. Called also serow, and imo. [Written also thaar, and tahr.]

Thar, v. impersonal, pres. [OE. thar, þarf, AS. þearf, infin. þurfan to need; akin to OHG. durfan, G. dürfen to be allowed, Icel. þurfa to need, Goth. þaúrban.] It needs; need. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

> What thar thee reck or care?

Chaucer.

Tharms (?), n. pl. [AS. þearm a gut; akin to D. & G. darm, Icel. þarmr, Sw. & Dan. tarm. √53.] Twisted guts. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ascham.

Tha"ros (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small American butterfly (Phycoides tharos) having the upper surface of the wings variegated with orange and black, the outer margins black with small white crescents; — called also pearl crescent.

That (?), pron., a., conj., & adv. [AS. ðæt, neuter nom. & acc. sing. of the article (originally a demonstrative pronoun). The nom. masc. s, and the nom. fem. seó are from a different root. AS. ðæt is akin to D. dat, G. das, OHG. daz, Sw. & Dan. det, Icel. þat (masc. s, fem. s), Goth. þata (masc. sa, fem. s), Gr. &?; (masc. &?;, fem. &?;), Skr. tat (for tad, masc. sas, fem. s); cf. L. istud that. √184. Cf. The, Their, They, Them, This, Than, Since.] 1. As a demonstrative pronoun (pl. Those), that usually points out, or refers to, a person or thing previously mentioned, or supposed to be understood. That, as a demonstrative, may precede the noun to which it refers; as, that which he has said is true; those in the basket are good apples.

> The early fame of Gratian was equal to that of the most celebrated princes.

Gibbon.

That may refer to an entire sentence or paragraph, and not merely to a word. It usually follows, but sometimes precedes, the sentence referred to.

> That be far from thee, to do after this manner, to slay the righteous with the wicked.

Gen. xviii. 25.

> And when Moses heard that, he was content.

Lev. x. 20.

> I will know your business, Harry, that I will.

Shak.

That is often used in opposition to this, or by way of distinction, and in such cases this, like the Latin hic and French ceci, generally refers to that which is nearer, and that, like Latin ille and French cela, to that which is more remote. When they refer to foreign words or phrases, this generally refers to the latter, and that to the former.

> Two principles in human nature reign;
> Self-love, to urge, and Reason, to restrain;
> Nor this a good, nor that a bad we call.

Pope.

> If the Lord will, we shall live, and do this or that.

James iv. 16.

2. As an adjective, that has the same demonstrative force as the pronoun, but is followed by a noun.

> It shall be more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of judgment, than for that city.

Matt. x. 15.

> The woman was made whole from that hour.

Matt. ix. 22.

That was formerly sometimes used with the force of the article the, especially in the phrases that one, that other, which were subsequently corrupted into th'tone, th'tother (now written t'other).

> Upon a day out riden knightes two . . .
> That one of them came home, that other not.

Chaucer.

3. As a relative pronoun, that is equivalent to who or which, serving to point out, and make definite, a person or thing spoken of, or alluded to, before, and may be either singular or plural.

> He that reproveth a scorner getteth to himself shame.

Prov. ix. 7.

> A judgment that is equal and impartial must incline to the greater probabilities.

Bp. Wilkins.

<! p. 1494 !>

If the relative clause simply conveys an additional idea, and is not properly explanatory or restrictive, who or which (rarely that) is employed; as, the king that (or who) rules well is generally popular; Victoria, who (not that) rules well, enjoys the confidence of her subjects. Ambiguity may in some cases be avoided in the use of that (which is restrictive) instead of who or which, likely to be understood in a coördinating sense. Bain.

That was formerly used for that which, as what is now; but such use is now archaic.

> We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen.

John iii. 11.

> That I have done it is thyself to wite [blame].

Chaucer.

That, as a relative pronoun, cannot be governed by a preposition preceding it, but may be governed by one at the end of the sentence which it commences.

> The ship that somebody was sailing in.

Sir W. Scott.

In Old English, that was often used with the demonstratives he, his, him, etc., and the two together had the force of a relative pronoun; thus, that he = who; that his = whose; that him = whom.

> I saw to-day a corpse yborn to church
> That now on Monday last I saw him wirche [work].

Chaucer.

Formerly, that was used, where we now commonly use which, as a relative pronoun with the demonstrative pronoun that as its antecedent.

> That that dieth, let it die; and that that is to cut off, let it be cut off.

Zech. xi. 9.

4. As a conjunction, that retains much of its force as a demonstrative pronoun. It is used, specifically: —

(a) To introduce a clause employed as the object of the preceding verb, or as the subject or predicate nominative of a verb.

> She tells them 't is a causeless fantasy,
> And childish error, that they are afraid.

Shak.

> I have shewed before, that a mere possibility to the contrary, can by no means hinder a thing from being highly credible.

Bp. Wilkins.

(b) To introduce, a reason or cause; — equivalent to for that, in that, for the reason that, because.

> He does hear me;
> And that he does, I weep.

Shak.

(c) To introduce a purpose; — usually followed by may, or might, and frequently preceded by so, in order, to the end, etc.

> These things I say, that ye might be saved.

John v. 34.

> To the end that he may prolong his days.

Deut. xvii. 20.

(d) To introduce a consequence, result, or effect; — usually preceded by so or such, sometimes by that.

> The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds
> Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings.

Milton.

> He gazed so long
> That both his eyes were dazzled.

Tennyson.

(e) To introduce a clause denoting time; — equivalent to in which time, at which time, when.

> So wept Duessa until eventide,
> That shining lamps in Jove's high course were lit.

Spenser.

> Is not this the day
> That Hermia should give answer of her choice?

Shak.

(f) In an elliptical sentence to introduce a dependent sentence expressing a wish, or a cause of surprise, indignation, or the like.

> Ha, cousin Silence, that thou hadst seen that that this knight and I have seen!

Shak.

> O God, that right should thus overcome might!

Shak.

That was formerly added to other conjunctions or to adverbs to make them emphatic.

> To try if that our own be ours or no.

Shak.

That is sometimes used to connect a clause with a preceding conjunction on which it depends.

> When he had carried Rome and that we looked
> For no less spoil than glory.

Shak.

5. As adverb: To such a degree; so; as, he was that frightened he could say nothing. [Archaic or in illiteral use.]

All that, everything of that kind; all that sort.

> With singing, laughing, ogling, and all that.

Pope.

> The rank is but the guinea's stamp,
> The man's the gowd [gold] for a'that.

Burns.

— For that. See under For, prep. — In that. See under In, prep.

Thatch (?), n. [OE. thak, AS. þæc a roof; akin to þeccean to cover, D. dak a roof, dekken to cover, G. dach a roof, decken 8cover, Icel. þak a roof, Sw. tak, Dan. tag, Lith. stgas, Ir. teagh a house, Gael. teach, tigh, W. ty, L. tegere to cover, toga a toga, Gr. &?;, &?;, a roof, &?; to cover, Skr. sthag. Cf. Deck, Integument, Tile, Toga.] 1. Straw, rushes, or the like, used for making or covering the roofs of buildings, or of stacks of hay or grain.

2. (Bot.) A name in the West Indies for several kinds of palm, the leaves of which are used for thatching.

Thatch sparrow, the house sparrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Thatch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thatched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thatching.] [From Thatch, n.: cf. OE. thecchen, AS. &?;eccean to cover.] To cover with, or with a roof of, straw, reeds, or some similar substance; as, to thatch a roof, a stable, or a stack of grain.

Thatch"er (?), n. One who thatches.

Thatch"ing, n. 1. The act or art of covering buildings with thatch; so as to keep out rain, snow, etc.

2. The materials used for this purpose; thatch.

Thaught (?), n. (Naut.) See Thwart.

Thau`ma*tol"a*try (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a wonder + &?; worship.] Worship or undue admiration of wonderful or miraculous things. [R.]

> The thaumatolatry by which our theology has been debased for more than a century.

Hare.

Thau"ma*trope (?), n. [Gr. &?; a wonder + &?; to turn.] (Opt.) An optical instrument or toy for showing the presistence of an impression upon the eyes after the luminous object is withdrawn.

It consists of a card having on its opposite faces figures of two different objects, or halves of the same object, as a bird and a cage, which, when the card is whirled rapidlz round a diameter by the strings that hold it, appear to the eye combined in a single picture, as of a bird in its cage.

Thau"ma*turge (?), n. [See Thaumaturgus.] A magician; a wonder worker. Lowell.

{ Thau`ma*tur"gic (?), Thau`ma*tur"gic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to thaumaturgy; magical; wonderful. Burton.

Thau`ma*tur"gics (?), n. Feats of legerdemain, or magical performances.

Thau`ma*tur"gist (?), n. One who deals in wonders, or believes in them; a wonder worker. Carlyle.

||Thau`ma*tur"gus (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; wonder-working; &?; a wonder + &?; work.] A miracle worker; — a title given by the Roman Catholics to some saints.

Thau"ma*tur`gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] The act or art of performing something wonderful; magic; legerdemain. T. Warton.

Thave (?), n. Same as Theave. [Prov. Eng.]

Thaw (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Thawed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thawing.] [AS. þwian, þwan; akin to D. dovijen, G. tauen, thauen (cf. also verdauen 8digest, OHG. douwen, firdouwen), Icel. þeyja, Sw. töa, Dan. töe, and perhaps to Gr. &?; to melt. √56.] 1. To melt, dissolve, or become fluid; to soften; — said of that which is frozen; as, the ice thaws.

2. To become so warm as to melt ice and snow; — said in reference to the weather, and used impersonally.

3. Fig.: To grow gentle or genial.

Thaw, v. t. To cause (frozen things, as earth, snow, ice) to melt, soften, or dissolve.

Thaw, n. The melting of ice, snow, or other congealed matter; the resolution of ice, or the like, into the state of a fluid; liquefaction by heat of anything congealed by frost; also, a warmth of weather sufficient to melt that which is congealed. Dryden.

Thaw"y (?), a. Liquefying by heat after having been frozen; thawing; melting.

The (?), v. i. See Thee. [Obs.] Chaucer. Milton.

The (, when emphatic or alone; , obscure before a vowel; e, obscure before a consonant; 37), definite article. [AS. ðe, a later form for earlier nom. sing. masc. s, formed under the influence of the oblique cases. See That, pron.] A word placed before nouns to limit or individualize their meaning.

The was originally a demonstrative pronoun, being a weakened form of that. When placed before adjectives and participles, it converts them into abstract nouns; as, the sublime and the beautiful. Burke. The is used regularly before many proper names, as of rivers, oceans, ships, etc.; as, the Nile, the Atlantic, the Great Eastern, the West Indies, The Hague. The with an epithet or ordinal number often follows a proper name; as, Alexander the Great; Napoleon the Third. The may be employed to individualize a particular kind or species; as, the grasshopper shall be a burden. Eccl. xii. 5.

The, adv. [AS. ð, ð, instrumental case of s, seó, ðæt, the definite article. See 2d The.] By that; by how much; by so much; on that account; — used before comparatives; as, the longer we continue in sin, the more difficult it is to reform. "Yet not the more cease I." Milton.

> So much the rather thou, Celestial Light,
> Shine inward, and the mind through all her powers
> Irradiate.

Milton.

||The"a (?), n. [NL. See Tea.] (Bot.) A genus of plants found in China and Japan; the tea plant.

It is now commonly referred to the genus Camellia.

The*an"dric (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; god + &?;, &?;, a man.] Relating to, or existing by, the union of divine and human operation in Christ, or the joint agency of the divine and human nature. Murdock.

{ The`an*throp"ic (?), The`an*throp"ic*al (?), } a. Partaking of, or combining, both divinity and humanity. [R.]

> The gorgeous and imposing figures of his [Homer's] theanthropic sytem.

Gladstone.

The*an"thro*pism (?), n. [Gr. &?; god + &?; man.] 1. A state of being God and man. [R.] Coleridge.

2. The ascription of human atributes to the Deity, or to a polytheistic deity; anthropomorphism. Gladstone.

The*an"thro*pist (?), n. One who advocates, or believes in, theanthropism.

The*an"thro*py (?), n. Theanthropism.

The*ar"chic (?), a. [Gr. &?;. See Thearchy.] Divinely sovereign or supreme. [R.]

> He [Jesus] is the thearchic Intelligence.

Milman.

The"ar*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?; god + - archy: cf. Gr. &?; the supreme deity.] Government by God; divine sovereignty; theocracy.

{ The"a*ter, The"a*tre } (?), n. [F. théâtre, L. theatrum, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to see, view; cf. Skr. dhy to meditate, think. Cf. Theory.] 1. An edifice in which dramatic performances or spectacles are exhibited for the amusement of spectators; anciently uncovered, except the stage, but in modern times roofed.

2. Any room adapted to the exhibition of any performances before an assembly, as public lectures, scholastic exercises, anatomical demonstrations, surgical operations, etc.

3. That which resembles a theater in form, use, or the like; a place rising by steps or gradations, like the seats of a theater. Burns.

> Shade above shade, a woody theater
> Of stateliest view.

Milton.

4. A sphere or scheme of operation. [Obs.]

> For if a man can be partaker of God's theater, he shall likewise be partaker of God's rest.

Bacon.

5. A place or region where great events are enacted; as, the theater of war.

{ The"a*tin, The"a*tine } (?), n. [F. théatin, It. theatino.] (R. C. Ch.) 1. One of an order of Italian monks, established in 1524, expressly to oppose Reformation, and to raise the tone of piety among Roman Catholics. They hold no property, nor do they beg, but depend on what Providence sends. Their chief employment is preaching and giving religious instruction.

Their name is derived from Theate, or Chieti, a city of Naples, the archbishop of which was a principal founder of the order; but they bore various names; as, Regular Clerks of the Community, Pauline Monks, Apostolic Clerks, and Regular Clerks of the Divine Providence. The order never flourished much out of Italy.

2. (R. C. Ch.) One of an order of nuns founded by Ursula Benincasa, who died in 1618.

The"a*tral (?), a. [L. theatralis: cf. F. théatral.] Of or pertaining to a theater; theatrical. [Obs.]

The*at"ric (?), a. Theatrical.

> Woods over woods in gay, theatric pride.

Goldsmith.

The*at"ric*al (?), a. [L. theatricus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to a theater, or to the scenic representations; resembling the manner of dramatic performers; histrionic; hence, artificial; as, theatrical performances; theatrical gestures. — The*at`ri*cal"i*ty (#), n. — The*at"ric*al*ly (#), adv.

> No meretricious aid whatever has been called in — no trick, no illusion of the eye, nothing theatrical.

R. Jefferies.

The*at"ric*als (?), n. pl. Dramatic performances; especially, those produced by amateurs.

> Such fashionable cant terms as ‘theatricals,' and ‘musicals,' invented by the flippant Topham, still survive among his confraternity of frivolity.

I. Disraeli.

Theave (?), n. [Cf. W. dafad a sheep, ewe.] A ewe lamb of the first year; also, a sheep three years old. [Written also thave.] [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

The*ba"ic (?), a. [L. thebaicus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to Thebes in Egypt; specifically, designating a version of the Bible preserved by the Copts, and esteemed of great value by biblical scholars. This version is also called the Sahidic version.

The"ba*id (?), n. [L. Thebais, - idis.] A Latin epic poem by Statius about Thebes in Bœotia.

The*ba"ine (?), n. [So called from a kind of Egyptian opium produced at Thebes.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid, C19H21NO3, found in opium in small quantities, having a sharp, astringent taste, and a tetanic action resembling that of strychnine.

The"ban (?), a. [L. Thebanus.] Of or pertaining to Thebes.

Theban year (Anc. Chron.), the Egyptian year of 365 days and 6 hours. J. Bryant.

The"ban, n. A native or inhabitant of Thebes; also, a wise man.

> I'll talk a word with this same learned Theban.

Shak.

||The"ca (?), n.; pl. Thecæ (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?; a case to put anything in. See Tick a cover.] 1. A sheath; a case; as, the theca, or cell, of an anther; the theca, or spore case, of a fungus; the theca of the spinal cord.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The chitinous cup which protects the hydranths of certain hydroids. (b) The more or less cuplike calicle of a coral. (c) The wall forming a calicle of a coral.

The"cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a theca; as, a thecal abscess.

The"ca*phore (?), n. [Theca + Gr. &?; to bear: cf. F. thécaphore.] (Bot.) (a) A surface or organ bearing a theca, or covered with thecæ. (b) See Basigynium.

The*cas"po*rous (?), a. (Bot.) Having the spores in thecæ, or cases.

||The*ca"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a case.] (Zoöl.) Same as Thecophora.

Thec"la (?), n. Any one of many species of small delicately colored butterflies belonging to Thecla and allied genera; — called also hairstreak, and elfin.

The`co*dac"tyl (?), n. [&?; case + &?; finger.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a group of lizards of the Gecko tribe, having the toes broad, and furnished with a groove in which the claws can be concealed.

The"co*dont (?), a. [Gr. &?; a case + &?;, &?;, a tooth.] 1. (Anat.) Having the teeth inserted in sockets in the alveoli of the jaws.

2. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the thecodonts.

The"co*dont, n. (Paleon.) One of the Thecodontia.

||The`co*don"ti*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Paleon.) A group of fossil saurians having biconcave vertebræ and the teeth implanted in sockets.

||The*coph"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a case + &?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of hydroids comprising those which have the hydranths in thecæ and the gonophores in capsules. The campanularians and sertularians are examples. Called also Thecata. See Illust. under Hydroidea.

||The`co*so"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Theca, and Soma.] (Zoöl.) An order of Pteropoda comprising those species which have a shell. See Pteropoda. — The`co*so"ma*tous (#), a.

The"dom (?), n. [Thee to prosper + -dom.] Success; fortune; luck; chance. [Obs.]

> Evil thedom on his monk's snout.

Chaucer.

Thee (?), v. i. [AS. &?;eón; akin to OS. thhan, D. gedijen, G. gedeihen, OHG. gidihan, Goth. &?;eihan, Lith. tekti to fall to the lot of. Cf. Tight, a.] To thrive; to prosper. [Obs.] "He shall never thee." Chaucer.

> Well mote thee, as well can wish your thought.

Spenser.

Thee (?), pron. [AS. ð, acc. & dat. of ð thou. See Thou.] The objective case of thou. See Thou.

Thee is poetically used for thyself, as him for himself, etc.

> This sword hath ended him; so shall it thee,
> Unless thou yield thee as my prisoner.

Shak.

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Theft (?), n. [OE. thefte, AS. þiéfðe, þfðe, þeófðe. See Thief.] 1. (Law) The act of stealing; specifically, the felonious taking and removing of personal property, with an intent to deprive the rightful owner of the same; larceny.

To constitute theft there must be a taking without the owner's consent, and it must be unlawful or felonious; every part of the property stolen must be removed, however slightly, from its former position; and it must be, at least momentarily, in the complete possession of the thief. See Larceny, and the Note under Robbery.

2. The thing stolen. [R.]

> If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, . . . he shall restore double.

Ex. xxii. 4.

Theft"bote` (?), n. [Theft + bote compensation.] (Law) The receiving of a man's goods again from a thief, or a compensation for them, by way of composition, with the intent that the thief shall escape punishment.

Thegn (?), n. Thane. See Thane. E. A. Freeman.

Thegn"hood (?), n. Thanehood. E. A. Freeman.

The"i*form (?), a. [NL. thea tea, the tea plant + -form: cf. F. théiforme.] Having the form of tea.

The"ine (?), n. [F. théine, fr. NL. thea. See Theiform.] (Chem.) See Caffeine. Called also theina.

Their (?), pron. & a. [OE. thair, fr. Icel. þeirra, þeira, of them, but properly gen. pl. of the definite article; akin to AS. ðra, ðra, gen. pl. of the definite article, or fr. AS. ðra, influenced by the Scandinavian use. See That.] The possessive case of the personal pronoun they; as, their houses; their country.

The possessive takes the form theirs (&?;) when the noun to which it refers is not expressed, but implied or understood; as, our land is richest, but theirs is best cultivated.

> Nothing but the name of zeal appears
> 'Twixt our best actions and the worst of theirs.

Denham.

The"ism (?), n. [From Gr. &?; God; probably akin to &?; to pray for, &?; spoken by God, decreed: cf. F. théisme. Cf. Enthusiasm, Pantheon, Theology.] The belief or acknowledgment of the existence of a God, as opposed to atheism, pantheism, or polytheism.

The"ist (?), n. [Cf. F. théiste. See Theism.] One who believes in the existence of a God; especially, one who believes in a personal God; — opposed to atheist.

{ The*is"tic (?), The*is"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to theism, or a theist; according to the doctrine of theists.

Thel*phu"si*an (?), n. [Gr. &?; nipple + &?; to blow, to puff.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of fresh-water crabs which live in or on the banks of rivers in tropical countries.

The*lyt"o*kous (th*lt"*ks), a. [Gr. qh^lys female + to`kos a bringing forth.] (Zoöl.) Producing females only; — said of certain female insects.

Them (m), pron. [AS. ðm, dat. pl. of the article, but influenced by the Scand. use of the corresponding form þeim as a personal pronoun. See They.] The objective case of they. See They.

> Go ye rather to them that sell, and buy for yourselves.

Matt. xxv. 9.

> Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father.

Matt. xxv. 34.

Them is poetically used for themselves, as him for himself, etc.

> Little stars may hide them when they list.

Shak.

The*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. thématique.] 1. (Gram.) Of or pertaining to the theme of a word. See Theme, n., 4.

2. (Mus.) Of or pertaining to a theme, or subject.

Thematic catalogue (Mus.), a catalogue of musical works which, besides the title and other particulars, gives in notes the theme, or first few measures, of the whole work or of its several movements.

Theme (?), n. [OE. teme, OF. teme, F. thème, L. thema, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to set, place. See Do, and cf. Thesis.] 1. A subject or topic on which a person writes or speaks; a proposition for discussion or argument; a text.

> My theme is alway one and ever was.

Chaucer.

> And when a soldier was the theme, my name
> Was not far off.

Shak.

2. Discourse on a certain subject.

> Then ran repentance and rehearsed his theme.

Piers Plowman.

> It was the subject of my theme.

Shak.

3. A composition or essay required of a pupil. Locke.

4. (Gram.) A noun or verb, not modified by inflections; also, that part of a noun or verb which remains unchanged (except by euphonic variations) in declension or conjugation; stem.

5. That by means of which a thing is done; means; instrument. [Obs.] Swift.

6. (Mus.) The leading subject of a composition or a movement.

The"mis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; that which is laid down or established by usage, law, prob. fr. &?; to set, place.] (Gr. Myth.) The goddess of law and order; the patroness of existing rights.

Them*selves" (?), pron. The plural of himself, herself, and itself. See Himself, Herself, Itself.

Then (n), adv. [Originally the same word as than. See Than.] 1. At that time (referring to a time specified, either past or future).

> And the Canaanite was then in the land.

Gen. xii. 6.

> Now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known.

1 Cor. xiii. 12.

2. Soon afterward, or immediately; next; afterward.

> First be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift.

Matt. v. 24.

3. At another time; later; again.

> One while the master is not aware of what is done, and then in other cases it may fall out to be own act.

L'Estrange.

By then. (a) By that time. (b) By the time that. [Obs.]

> But that opinion, I trust, by then this following argument hath been well read, will be left for one of the mysteries of an indulgent Antichrist.

Milton.

Now and then. See under Now, adv. — Till then, until that time; until the time mentioned. Milton.

Then is often used elliptically, like an adjective, for then existing; as, the then administration.

Then (?), conj. 1. Than. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. In that case; in consequence; as a consequence; therefore; for this reason.

> If all this be so, then man has a natural freedom.

Locke.

> Now, then, be all thy weighty cares away.

Dryden.

Syn. — Therefore. Then, Therefore. Both these words are used in reasoning; but therefore takes the lead, while then is rather subordinate or incidental. Therefore states reasons and draws inferences in form; then, to a great extent, takes the point as proved, and passes on to the general conclusion. "Therefore being justified by faith, we have peace with God." Rom. v. 1. "So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God." Rom. x. 17.

Then"a*days (?), adv. At that time; then; in those days; — correlative to nowadays. [R.]

{ The"nal (?), The"nar (?), } a. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the thenar; corresponding to thenar; palmar.

The"nar (?), n. (Anat.) (a) The palm of the hand. (b) The prominence of the palm above the base of the thumb; the thenar eminence; the ball of the thumb. Sometimes applied to the corresponding part of the foot.

The*nard"ite (?), n. [Named after the French chemist, L. J. Thénard.] (Min.) Anhydrous sodium sulphate, a mineral of a white or brown color and vitreous luster.

Thence (?), adv. [OE. thenne, thanne, and (with the adverbal -s; see -wards) thennes, thannes (hence thens, now written thence), AS. ðanon, ðanan, ðonan; akin to OHG. dannana, dannn, dann, and G. von dannen, E. that, there. See That.] 1. From that place. "Bid him thence go." Chaucer.

> When ye depart thence, shake off the dust under your feet for a testimony against them.

Mark vi. 11.

It is not unusual, though pleonastic, to use from before thence. Cf. Hence, Whence.

> Then I will send, and fetch thee from thence.

Gen. xxvii. 45.

2. From that time; thenceforth; thereafter.

> There shall be no more thence an infant of days.

Isa. lxv. 20.

3. For that reason; therefore.

> Not to sit idle with so great a gift
> Useless, and thence ridiculous, about him.

Milton.

4. Not there; elsewhere; absent. [Poetic] Shak.

Thence`forth" (?), adv. From that time; thereafter.

> If the salt have lost his savor, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing.

Matt. v. 13.

This word is sometimes preceded by from, — a redundancy sanctioned by custom. Chaucer. John. xix. 12.

Thence`for"ward (?), adv. From that time onward; thenceforth.

Thence`from" (?), adv. From that place. [Obs.]

The`o*bro"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a god + &?; food, fr. &?; to eat: cf. F. théobrome.] (Bot.) A genus of small trees. See Cacao.

The`o*bro"mic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid extracted from cacao butter (from the Theobroma Cacao), peanut oil (from Arachis hypogæa), etc., as a white waxy crystalline substance.

The`o*bro"mine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloidal ureide, C7H8N4O2, homologous with and resembling caffeine, produced artificially, and also extracted from cacao and chocolate (from Theobroma Cacao) as a bitter white crystalline substance; — called also dimethyl xanthine.

The`o*chris"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; God + &?; anointed, fr. &?; to anoint.] Anointed by God.

The*oc"ra*cy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; God + &?; to be strong, to rule, fr. &?; strength: cf. F. théocratie. See Theism, and cf. Democracy.] 1. Government of a state by the immediate direction or administration of God; hence, the exercise of political authority by priests as representing the Deity.

2. The state thus governed, as the Hebrew commonwealth before it became a kingdom.

The*oc"ra*sy (?), n. [Gr. &?; union of the soul with God; &?; God + &?; a mixing, akin to &?; to mix.] 1. A mixture of the worship of different gods, as of Jehovah and idols.

> This syncretistic theocracy by no means excludes in him [Solomon] the proper service of idols.

J. Murphy.

2. (Philos.) An intimate union of the soul with God in contemplation, — an ideal of the Neoplatonists and of some Oriental mystics.

The"o*crat (?), n. One who lives under a theocratic form of government; one who in civil affairs conforms to divine law.

{ The`o*crat"ic (?), The`o*crat"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. théocratique.] Of or pertaining to a theocracy; administred by the immediate direction of God; as, the theocratical state of the Israelites.

The*od"i*cy (?), n. [NL. theodicæa, fr. Gr. &?; God + &?; right, justice: cf. F. théodicée.] 1. A vindication of the justice of God in ordaining or permitting natural and moral evil.

2. That department of philosophy which treats of the being, perfections, and government of God, and the immortality of the soul. Krauth-Fleming.

The*od"o*lite (?), n. [Probably a corruption of the alidade. See Alidade.] An instrument used, especially in trigonometrical surveying, for the accurate measurement of horizontal angles, and also usually of vertical angles. It is variously constructed.

The theodolite consists principally of a telescope, with cross wires in the focus of its object glass, clamped in Y's attached to a frame that is mounted so as to turn both on vertical and horizontal axes, the former carrying a vernier plate on a horizontal graduated plate or circle for azimuthal angles, and the latter a vertical graduated arc or semicircle for altitudes. The whole is furnished with levels and adjusting screws and mounted on a tripod.

The*od`o*lit"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a theodolite; made by means of a theodolite; as, theodolitic observations.

The`o*gon"ic (?), a. Of or relating to theogony.

The*og"o*nism (?), n. Theogony. [R.]

The*og"o*nist (?), n. A writer on theogony.

The*og"o*ny (?), n. [L. theogonia, Gr. &?;; &?; a god + the root of &?; to be born. See Theism, and Genus.] The generation or genealogy of the gods; that branch of heathen theology which deals with the origin and descent of the deities; also, a poem treating of such genealogies; as, the Theogony of Hesiod.

The*ol"o*gas`ter (?), n. [Formed like poetaster: cf. F. théologastre.] A pretender or quack in theology. [R.] Burton.

The*ol"o*ger (?), n. A theologian. Cudworth.

The`o*lo"gi*an (?), n. [Cf. F. théologien, L. theologus, Gr. &?;. See Theology.] A person well versed in theology; a professor of theology or divinity; a divine.

The`o*log"ic (?), a. Theological.

The`o*log"ic*al (?), a. [L. theologicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. théologique.] Of or pertaining to theology, or the science of God and of divine things; as, a theological treatise. — The`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

The`o*log"ics (?), n. Theology. Young.

The*ol"o*gist (?), n. A theologian.

The*ol"o*gize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Theologized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Theologizing (?).] [Cf. F. théologiser.] To render theological; to apply to divinity; to reduce to a system of theology.

> School divinity was but Aristotle's philosophy theologized.

Glanvill.

The*ol"o*gize, v. i. To frame a system of theology; to theorize or speculate upon theological subjects.

The*ol"o*gi`zer (?), n. One who theologizes; a theologian. [R.] Boyle.

The"o*logue (?), n. [Cf. L. theologus, Gr. &?;, and E. philologue.] 1. A theologian. Dryden.

> Ye gentle theologues of calmer kind.

Young.

> He [Jerome] was the theologue — and the word is designation enough.

I. Taylor.

2. A student in a theological seminary. [Written also theolog.] [Colloq. U. S.]

The*ol"o*gy (?), n.; pl. Theologies (#). [L. theologia, Gr. &?;; &?; God + &?; discourse: cf. F. théologie. See Theism, and Logic.] The science of God or of religion; the science which treats of the existence, character, and attributes of God, his laws and government, the doctrines we are to believe, and the duties we are to practice; divinity; (as more commonly understood) "the knowledge derivable from the Scriptures, the systematic exhibition of revealed truth, the science of Christian faith and life."

> Many speak of theology as a science of religion [instead of "science of God"] because they disbelieve that there is any knowledge of God to be attained.

Prof. R. Flint (Enc. Brit.).

> Theology is ordered knowledge; representing in the region of the intellect what religion represents in the heart and life of man.

Gladstone.

Ascetic theology, Natural theology. See Ascetic, Natural. — Moral theology, that phase of theology which is concerned with moral character and conduct. — Revealed theology, theology which is to be learned only from revelation. — Scholastic theology, theology as taught by the scholastics, or as prosecuted after their principles and methods. — Speculative theology, theology as founded upon, or influenced by, speculation or metaphysical philosophy. — Systematic theology, that branch of theology of which the aim is to reduce all revealed truth to a series of statements that together shall constitute an organized whole. E. G. Robinson (Johnson's Cyc.).

The*om"a*chist (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?;.] One who fights against the gods; one who resists God of the divine will.

The*om"a*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; a god + &?; a battle.] 1. A fighting against the gods, as the battle of the gaints with the gods.

2. A battle or strife among the gods. Gladstone.

3. Opposition to God or the divine will. Bacon.

The"o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a god + - mancy: cf. F. théomancie, Gr. &?; a spirit of prophecy,.] A kind of divination drawn from the responses of oracles among heathen nations.

{ The`o*pa*thet"ic (?), The`o*path"ic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to a theopathy.

The*op"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?; God + &?;, &?;, to suffer, feel.] Capacity for religious affections or worship.

The`o*phan"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a theopany; appearing to man, as a god.

The*oph"a*ny (?), n.; pl. - nies (#). [Gr. &?;; &?; God + &?; to appear.] A manifestation of God to man by actual appearance, usually as an incarnation.

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The`o*phil`an*throp"ic (?), a. Pertaining to theophilanthropy or the theophilanthropists.

The`o*phi*lan"thro*pism (?), n. The doctrine of the theophilanthropists; theophilanthropy.

The`o*phi*lan"thro*pist (?), n. [Cf. F. théophilanthrope.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of a deistical society established at Paris during the French revolution.

The`o*phi*lan"thro*py (?), n. [Gr. &?; God + E. philanthropy.] Theophilanthropism. Macaulay.

The`o*phil`o*soph"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; God + E. philosophic.] Combining theism and philosophy, or pertaining to the combination of theism and philosophy.

The`op*neus"ted (?), a. Divinely inspired; theopneustic. [R.]

The`op*neus"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; inspired of God; &?; God + &?; to blow, to breathe.] Given by the inspiration of the Spirit of God.

The"op*neus`ty (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] Divine inspiration; the supernatural influence of the Divine Spirit in qualifying men to receive and communicate revealed truth.

The*or"bist (?), n. (Mus.) One who plays on a theorbo.

The*or"bo (?), n. [F. théorbe, téorbe, formerly tuorbe, tiorbe, It. tiorba.] (Mus.) An instrument made like large lute, but having two necks, with two sets of pegs, the lower set holding the strings governed by frets, while to the upper set were attached the long bass strings used as open notes.

A larger form of theorbo was also called the archlute, and was used chiefly, if not only, as an accompaniment to the voice. Both have long fallen into disuse.

The"o*rem (?), n. [L. theorema, Gr. &?; a sight, speculation, theory, theorem, fr. &?; to look at, &?; a spectator: cf. F. théorème. See Theory.] 1. That which is considered and established as a principle; hence, sometimes, a rule.

> Not theories, but theorems (&?;), the intelligible products of contemplation, intellectual objects in the mind, and of and for the mind exclusively.

Coleridge.

> By the theorems,
> Which your polite and terser gallants practice,
> I re-refine the court, and civilize
> Their barbarous natures.

Massinger.

2. (Math.) A statement of a principle to be demonstrated.

A theorem is something to be proved, and is thus distinguished from a problem, which is something to be solved. In analysis, the term is sometimes applied to a rule, especially a rule or statement of relations expressed in a formula or by symbols; as, the binomial theorem; Taylor's theorem. See the Note under Proposition, n., 5.

Binomial theorem. (Math.) See under Binomial. — Negative theorem, a theorem which expresses the impossibility of any assertion. — Particular theorem (Math.), a theorem which extends only to a particular quantity. — Theorem of Pappus. (Math.) See Centrobaric method, under Centrobaric. — Universal theorem (Math.), a theorem which extends to any quantity without restriction.

The"o*rem, v. t. To formulate into a theorem.

{ The`o*re*mat"ic (?), The`o*re*mat"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to a theorem or theorems; comprised in a theorem; consisting of theorems.

The`o*rem"a*tist (?), n. One who constructs theorems.

The`o*rem"ic (?), a. Theorematic. Grew.

{ The`o*ret"ic (?), The`o*ret"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. L. theoreticus, F. théorétique.] Pertaining to theory; depending on, or confined to, theory or speculation; speculative; terminating in theory or speculation: not practical; as, theoretical learning; theoretic sciences. — The`o*ret"ic*al*ly, adv.

The`o*ret"ics (?), n. The speculative part of a science; speculation.

> At the very first, with our Lord himself, and his apostles, as represented to us in the New Testament, morals come before contemplation, ethics before theoretics.

H. B. Wilson.

The*or"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. théorique. See Theory.] 1. Of or pertaining to the theorica.

2. (pron. &?;) Relating to, or skilled in, theory; theoretically skilled. [Obs.]

> A man but young,
> Yet old in judgment, theoric and practic
> In all humanity.

Massinger.

The"o*ric (?), n. [OF. theorique; cf. L. theorice.] Speculation; theory. [Obs.] Shak.

||The*or"i*ca (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr. &?; belonging to &?; a public spectacle. See Theory.] (Gr. Antiq.) Public moneys expended at Athens on festivals, sacrifices, and public entertainments (especially theatrical performances), and in gifts to the people; — also called theoric fund.

The*or"ic*al (?), a. Theoretic. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

The*or"ic*al*ly, adv. In a theoretic manner. [Obs.]

The"o*rist (?), n. [Cf. F. théoriste.] One who forms theories; one given to theory and speculation; a speculatist. Cowper.

> The greatest theoretists have given the preference to such a government as that which obtains in this kingdom.

Addison.

The`o*ri*za"tion (?), n. The act or product of theorizing; the formation of a theory or theories; speculation.

The"o*rize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Theorized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Theorizing (?).] [Cf. F. théoriser.] To form a theory or theories; to form opinions solely by theory; to speculate.

The"o*ri`zer (?), n. One who theorizes or speculates; a theorist.

The"o*ry (?), n.; pl. Theories (#). [F. théorie, L. theoria, Gr. &?; a beholding, spectacle, contemplation, speculation, fr. &?; a spectator, &?; to see, view. See Theater.] 1. A doctrine, or scheme of things, which terminates in speculation or contemplation, without a view to practice; hypothesis; speculation.

"This word is employed by English writers in a very loose and improper sense. It is with them usually convertible into hypothesis, and hypothesis is commonly used as another term for conjecture. The terms theory and theoretical are properly used in opposition to the terms practice and practical. In this sense, they were exclusively employed by the ancients; and in this sense, they are almost exclusively employed by the Continental philosophers." Sir W. Hamilton.

2. An exposition of the general or abstract principles of any science; as, the theory of music.

3. The science, as distinguished from the art; as, the theory and practice of medicine.

4. The philosophical explanation of phenomena, either physical or moral; as, Lavoisier's theory of combustion; Adam Smith's theory of moral sentiments.

Atomic theory, Binary theory, etc. See under Atomic, Binary, etc.

Syn. — Hypothesis, speculation. — Theory, Hypothesis. A theory is a scheme of the relations subsisting between the parts of a systematic whole; an hypothesis is a tentative conjecture respecting a cause of phenomena.

{ The"o*soph (?), The*os"o*pher (?), } n. A theosophist.

{ The`o*soph"ic (?), The`o*soph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. théosophique.] Of or pertaining to theosophy. — The`o*soph"ic*al*ly, adv.

The*os"o*phism (?), n. [Cf. F. théosophisme.] Belief in theosophy. Murdock.

The*os"o*phist (?), n. One addicted to theosophy.

> The theosophist is one who gives you a theory of God, or of the works of God, which has not reason, but an inspiration of his own, for its basis.

R. A. Vaughan.

The*os`o*phis"tic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to theosophy; theosophical.

The*os"o*phize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Theosophized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Theosophizing.] To practice theosophy. [R.]

The*os"o*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; knowledge of things divine, fr. &?; wise in the things of God; &?; God + &?; wise: cf. F. théosophie.] Any system of philosophy or mysticism which proposes to attain intercourse with God and superior spirits, and consequent superhuman knowledge, by physical processes, as by the theurgic operations of some ancient Platonists, or by the chemical processes of the German fire philosophers; also, a direct, as distinguished from a revealed, knowledge of God, supposed to be attained by extraordinary illumination; especially, a direct insight into the processes of the divine mind, and the interior relations of the divine nature.

||Ther`a*peu"tæ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (pl. &?;) an attendant, servant, physician. See Therapeutic.] (Eccl. Hist.) A name given to certain ascetics said to have anciently dwelt in the neighborhood of Alexandria. They are described in a work attributed to Philo, the genuineness and credibility of which are now much discredited.

{ Ther`a*peu"tic (?), Ther`a*peu"tic*al (?), } a. [F. thérapeutique, Gr. &?;, from &?; attendant, servant, &?; to serve, take care of, treat medically, &?; attendant, servant.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to the healing art; concerned in discovering and applying remedies for diseases; curative. "Therapeutic or curative physic." Sir T. Browne.

> Medicine is justly distributed into "prophylactic," or the art of preserving health, and therapeutic, or the art of restoring it.

I. Watts.

Ther`a*peu"tic, n. One of the Therapeutæ.

Ther`a*peu"tics (?), n. [Cf. F. thérapeutique.] That part of medical science which treats of the discovery and application of remedies for diseases.

Ther`a*peu"tist (?), n. One versed in therapeutics, or the discovery and application of remedies.

Ther"a*py (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] Therapeutics.

There (?), adv. [OE. ther, AS. ðr; akin to D. daar, G. da, OHG. dr, Sw. & Dan. der, Icel. & Goth. þar, Skr. tarhi then, and E. that. √184. See That, pron.] 1. In or at that place. "[They] there left me and my man, both bound together." Shak.

> The Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed.

Ge. ii. 8.

In distinction from here, there usually signifies a place farther off. "Darkness there might well seem twilight here." Milton.

2. In that matter, relation, etc.; at that point, stage, etc., regarded as a distinct place; as, he did not stop there, but continued his speech.

> The law that theaten'd death becomes thy friend
> And turns it to exile; there art thou happy.

Shak.

3. To or into that place; thither.

> The rarest that e'er came there.

Shak.

There is sometimes used by way of exclamation, calling the attention to something, especially to something distant; as, there, there! see there! look there! There is often used as an expletive, and in this use, when it introduces a sentence or clause, the verb precedes its subject.

> A knight there was, and that a worthy man.

Chaucer.

> There is a path which no fowl knoweth.

Job xxviii. 7.

> Wherever there is a sense or perception, there some idea is actually produced.

Locke.

> There have been that have delivered themselves from their ills by their good fortune or virtue.

Suckling.

There is much used in composition, and often has the sense of a pronoun. See Thereabout, Thereafter, Therefrom, etc.

There was formerly used in the sense of where.

> Spend their good there it is reasonable.

Chaucer.

Here and there, in one place and another.

Syn. — See Thither.

{ There"a*bout` (?), There"a*bouts` (?), } adv. [The latter spelling is less proper, but more commonly used.] 1. Near that place.

2. Near that number, degree, or quantity; nearly; as, ten men, or thereabouts.

> Five or six thousand horse . . . or thereabouts.

Shak.

> Some three months since, or thereabout.

Suckling.

3. Concerning that; about that. [R.]

> What will ye dine? I will go thereabout.

Chaucer.

> They were much perplexed thereabout.

Luke xxiv. 4.

There*af"ter (?), adv. [AS. ðræfter after that. See There, and After.] 1. After that; afterward.

2. According to that; accordingly.

> I deny not but that it is of greatest concernment in the church and commonwealth to have a vigilant eye how books demean themselves as well as men; and thereafter to confine, imprison, and do sharpest justice on them as malefactors.

Milton.

3. Of that sort. [Obs.] "My audience is not thereafter." Latimer.

There"a*gain` (?), adv. In opposition; against one's course. [Obs.]

> If that him list to stand thereagain.

Chaucer.

There"-a*nent` (?), adv. Concerning that. [Scot.]

There*at" (?), adv. 1. At that place; there.

> Wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat.

Matt. vii. 13.

2. At that occurrence or event; on that account.

> Every error is a stain to the beauty of nature; for which cause it blusheth thereat.

Hooker.

{ There`be*fore" (?), There`bi*forn" (?), } adv. Before that time; beforehand. [Obs.]

> Many a winter therebiforn.

Chaucer.

There*by" (?), adv. 1. By that; by that means; in consequence of that.

> Acquaint now thyself with him, and be at peace; thereby good shall come unto thee.

Job xxii. 21.

2. Annexed to that. "Thereby hangs a tale." Shak.

3. Thereabout; — said of place, number, etc. Chaucer.

There*for" (?), adv. [There + for. Cf. Therefore.] For that, or this; for it.

> With certain officers ordained therefore.

Chaucer.

There"fore (?), conj. & adv. [OE. therfore. See There, and Fore, adv., For, and cf. Therefor.] 1. For that or this reason, referring to something previously stated; for that.

> I have married a wife, and therefore I can not come.

Luke xiv. 20.

> Behold, we have forsaken all, and followed thee; what shall we have therefore?

Matt. xix. 27.

2. Consequently; by consequence.

> He blushes; therefore he is guilty.

Spectator.

Syn. — See Then.

There*from" (?), adv. From this or that.

> Turn not aside therefrom to the right hand or to the left.

John. xxiii. 6.

There*in" (?), adv. In that or this place, time, or thing; in that particular or respect. Wyclif.

> He pricketh through a fair forest,
> Therein is many a wild beast.

Chaucer.

> Bring forth abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein.

Gen. ix. 7.

> Therein our letters do not well agree.

Shak.

There`in*to" (?), adv. Into that or this, or into that place. Bacon.

> Let not them . . . enter thereinto.

Luke xxi. 21.

There*of" (?), adv. Of that or this.

> In the day that thou eatest thereof, thou shalt surely die.

Gen. ii. 17.

The`re*ol"o*gy (?), n. Therapeutios.

There*on" (?), adv. [AS. &?;&?;ron. See There, and On.] On that or this. Chaucer.

> Then the king said, Hang him thereon.

Esther vii. 9.

There*out" (?), adv. 1. Out of that or this.

> He shall take thereout his handful of the flour.

Lev. ii. 2.

2. On the outside; out of doors. [Obs.] Chaucer.

There*to" (?), adv. 1. To that or this. Chaucer.

2. Besides; moreover. [Obs.] Spenser.

> Her mouth full small, and thereto soft and red.

Chaucer.

There`to*fore" (?), adv. Up to that time; before then; — correlative with heretofore.

There*un"der (?), adv. Under that or this.

There`un*to" (?), adv. Unto that or this; thereto; besides. Shak.

There`up*on" (?), adv. 1. Upon that or this; thereon. "They shall feed thereupon." Zeph. ii. 7.

2. On account, or in consequence, of that; therefore.

> [He] hopes to find you forward, . . .
> And thereupon he sends you this good news.

Shak.

3. Immediately; at once; without delay.

There*while" (?), adv. At that time; at the same time. [Obs.] Laud.

There*with" (?), adv. 1. With that or this. "I have learned in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content." Phil. iv. 11.

2. In addition; besides; moreover.

> To speak of strength and therewith hardiness.

Chaucer.

3. At the same time; forthwith. [Obs.] Johnson.

There`with*al" (?), adv. 1. Over and above; besides; moreover. [Obs.] Daniel.

> And therewithal it was full poor and bad.

Chaucer.

2. With that or this; therewith; at the same time.

> Thy slanders I forgive; and therewithal
> Remit thy other forfeits.

Shak.

> And therewithal one came and seized on her,
> And Enid started waking.

Tennyson.

Therf (?), a. [AS. &?;eorf; akin to OHG. derb, Icel. &?;jarfr.] Not fermented; unleavened; - - said of bread, loaves, etc. [Obs.]

> Pask and the feast of therf loaves.

Wyclif.

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{ The"ri*ac (?), ||The*ri"a*ca (?), } n. [L. theriaca an antidote against the bite of serpents, Gr. &?;: cf. F. thériaque. See Treacle.] 1. (Old Med.) An ancient composition esteemed efficacious against the effects of poison; especially, a certain compound of sixty-four drugs, prepared, pulverized, and reduced by means of honey to an electuary; — called also theriaca Andromachi, and Venice treacle.

2. Treacle; molasses. British Pharm.

{ The"ri*ac (?), The*ri"a*cal (?), } a. [Cf. F. thériacal.] Of or pertaining to theriac; medicinal. "Theriacal herbs." Bacon.

The"ri*al (?), a. Theriac. [R.] Holland.

The"ri*o*dont (?), n. (Paleon.) One of the Theriodontia. Used also adjectively.

||The`ri*o*don"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Paleon.) Same as Theriodontia.

||The`ri*o*don"ti*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (dim. of &?; a beast) + &?;, &?;, a tooth.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of reptiles found in the Permian and Triassic formations in South Africa. In some respects they resembled carnivorous mammals. Called also Theromorpha.

They had biconcave vertebræ, ambulatory limbs, and a well- developed pelvis and shoulder girdle. Some of the species had large maxillary teeth. The head somewhat resembled that of a turtle. The Dicynodont is one of the best-known examples. See Dicynodont.

The`ri*ot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; wild beast + &?; to cut.] Zoötomy.

||Ther"mæ (?), n. pl. [L. See Thermal.] Springs or baths of warm or hot water.

Ther"mal (?), a. [L. thermae hot springs, fr. Gr. &?;, pl. of &?; heat, fr. &?; hot, warm, &?; to warm, make hot; perhaps akin to L. formus warm, and E. forceps.] Of or pertaining to heat; warm; hot; as, the thermal unit; thermal waters.

> The thermal condition of the earth.

J. D. Forbes.

Thermal conductivity, Thermal spectrum. See under Conductivity, and Spectrum. — Thermal unit (Physics), a unit chosen for the comparison or calculation of quantities of heat. The unit most commonly employed is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram or one pound of water from zero to one degree Centigrade. See Calorie, and under Unit.

Ther"mal*ly, adv. In a thermal manner.

Ther*met"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; heat + &?; measure + -graph.] A self-registering thermometer, especially one that registers the maximum and minimum during long periods. Nichol.

Ther"mic (?), a. [Gr. &?; heat.] Of or pertaining to heat; due to heat; thermal; as, thermic lines.

Thermic balance. See Bolometer. — Thermic fever (Med.), the condition of fever produced by sunstroke. See Sunstroke. — Thermic weight. (Mech.) Same as Heat weight, under Heat.

||Ther`mi`dor" (?), n. [F., fr. Gr. &?; warm, hot.] The eleventh month of the French republican calendar, — commencing July 19, and ending August 17. See the Note under Vendémiaire.

Ther*mif"u*gine (?), n. [Gr. &?; heat + L. fugere to flee.] (Chem.) An artificial alkaloid of complex composition, resembling thalline and used as an antipyretic, — whence its name.

Ther"mo- (?). A combining form from Gr. qe`rmh heat, qermo`s hot, warm; as in thermochemistry, thermodynamic.

Ther`mo*ba*rom"e*ter (?), n. [Thermo- + barometer.] (Physics) An instrument for determining altitudes by the boiling point of water.

Ther`mo*bat"ter*y (?), n. [Thermo- + battery.] A thermoelectric battery; a thermopile.

Ther`mo*cau"ter*y (?), n. [Thermo- + cautery.] (Surg.) Cautery by the application of heat.

Paquelin's thermocautery, thermocautery by means of a hollow platinum point, which is kept constantly hot by the passage through it of benzine vapor.

{ Ther`mo*chem"ic (?), Ther`mo*chem"ic*al (?), } a. (Chem. Physics) Of or pertaining to thermochemistry; obtained by, or employed in, thermochemistry.

Ther`mo*chem"is*try (?), n. [Thermo- + chemistry.] That branch of chemical science which includes the investigation of the various relations existing between chemical action and that manifestation of force termed heat, or the determination of the heat evolved by, or employed in, chemical actions.

Ther*moch"ro*sy (?), n. [Thermo- + Gr. &?; coloring.] (Physics) The property possessed by heat of being composed, like light, of rays of different degrees of refrangibility, which are unequal in rate or degree of transmission through diathermic substances.

Ther"mo*cur`rent (?), n. [Thermo- + current.] (Physics) A current, as of electricity, developed, or set in motion, by the action of heat.

Ther`mo*dy*nam"ic (?), a. [Thermo- + dynamic.] (Physics) Relating to thermodynamics; caused or operated by force due to the application of heat.

Thermodynamic function. See Heat weight, under Heat.

Ther`mo*dy*nam"ics (?), n. The science which treats of the mechanical action or relations of heat.

Ther`mo*e*lec"tric (?), a. (Physics) Pertaining to thermoelectricity; as, thermoelectric currents.

Ther`mo*e`lec*tric"i*ty (?), n. [Thermo- + electricity: cf. F. thermoélectricité.] (Physics) Electricity developed in the action of heat. See the Note under Electricity.

Ther`mo*e`lec*trom"e*ter (?), n. [Thermo- + electrometer.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the strength of an electric current in the heat which it produces, or for determining the heat developed by such a current.

Ther"mo*gen (?), n. [Thermo- + - gen.] (Old Chem.) Caloric; heat; regarded as a material but imponderable substance.

Ther`mo*gen"ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Relating to heat, or to the production of heat; producing heat; thermogenous; as, the thermogenic tissues.

Ther*mog"e*nous (?), a. [Thermo- + -genous.] (Physiol.) Producing heat; thermogenic.

Ther"mo*graph (?), n. [Thermo- + - graph.] (Physics) An instrument for automatically recording indications of the variation of temperature.

Ther*mol"o*gy (thr"ml"*j), n. [Thermo- + -logy.] A discourse on, or an account of, heat. Whewell.

Ther*mol"y*sis (-*ss), n. [Thermo- + Gr. ly`ein to loose.] (Chem.) The resolution of a compound into parts by heat; dissociation by heat.

Ther"mo*lyze (thr"m*lz), v. t. (Chem.) To subject to thermolysis; to dissociate by heat.

Ther`mo*mag"net*ism (-mg"nt*z'm), n. [Thermo- + magnetism.] Magnetism as affected or caused by the action of heat; the relation of heat to magnetism.

Ther*mom"e*ter (thr*mm"*tr), n. [Thermo- + -meter: cf. F. thermomètre. See Thermal.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring temperature, founded on the principle that changes of temperature in bodies are accompanied by proportional changes in their volumes or dimensions.

The thermometer usually consists of a glass tube of capillary bore, terminating in a bulb, and containing mercury or alcohol, which expanding or contracting according to the temperature to which it is exposed, indicates the degree of heat or cold by the amount of space occupied, as shown by the position of the top of the liquid column on a graduated scale. See Centigrade, Fahrenheit, and Réaumur.

To reduce degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Centigrade, substract 32° and multiply by ; to reduce degrees Centigrade to degrees Fahrenheit, multiply by and add 32°.

Air thermometer, Balance thermometer, etc. See under Air, Balance, etc. — Metallic thermometer, a form of thermometer indicating changes of temperature by the expansion or contraction of rods or strips of metal. — Register thermometer, or Self-registering thermometer, a thermometer that registers the maximum and minimum of temperature occurring in the interval of time between two consecutive settings of the instrument. A common form contains a bit of steel wire to be pushed before the column and left at the point of maximum temperature, or a slide of enamel, which is drawn back by the liquid, and left within it at the point of minimum temperature.

{ Ther`mo*met"ric (?), Ther`mo*met"ric*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. thermométrique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a thermometer; as, the thermometrical scale or tube.

2. Made, or ascertained, by means of a thermometer; as, thermometrical observations.

Ther`mo*met"ric*al*ly (?), adv. In a thermometrical manner; by means of a thermometer.

Ther`mo*met"ro*graph (?), n. [Thermo- + Gr. &?; measure + -graph.] (Physics) An instrument for recording graphically the variations of temperature, or the indications of a thermometer.

Ther*mom"e*try (?), n. The estimation of temperature by the use of a thermometric apparatus.

Ther`mo*mul"ti*pli`er (?), n. [Thermo- + multiplier.] Same as Thermopile.

Ther"mo*pile (?), n. [Thermo- + pile a heap.] (Physics) An instrument of extreme sensibility, used to determine slight differences and degrees of heat. It is composed of alternate bars of antimony and bismuth, or any two metals having different capacities for the conduction of heat, connected with an astatic galvanometer, which is very sensibly affected by the electric current induced in the system of bars when exposed even to the feeblest degrees of heat.

Ther"mo*scope (?), n. [Thermo- + - scope.] (Physics) An instrument for indicating changes of temperature without indicating the degree of heat by which it is affected; especially, an instrument contrived by Count Rumford which, as modified by Professor Leslie, was afterward called the differential thermometer.

Ther`mo*scop"ic (?), a. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the thermoscope; made by means of the thermoscope; as, thermoscopic observations.

Ther"mo*stat (?), n. [Thermo- + Gr. &?; to make to stand.] (Physics) A self-acting apparatus for regulating temperature by the unequal expansion of different metals, liquids, or gases by heat, as in opening or closing the damper of a stove, or the like, as the heat becomes greater or less than is desired.

Ther`mo*stat"ic (?), a. (Physics) Of or pertaining to the thermostat; made or effected by means of the thermostat.

Ther`mo*sys*tal"tic (?), a. [Thermo- + systaltic.] (Physiol.) Influenced in its contraction by heat or cold; — said of a muscle.

Ther`mo*tax"ic (?), a. [Thermo- + Gr. &?; arrangement.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or connected with, the regulation of temperature in the animal body; as, the thermotaxic nervous system.

Ther`mo*ten"sion (?), n. [Thermo- + tension.] A process of increasing the strength of wrought iron by heating it to a determinate temperature, and giving to it, while in that state, a mechanical strain or tension in the direction in which the strength is afterward to be exerted.

{ Ther*mot"ic (?), Ther*mot"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; heat, fr. &?; hot.] Of or pertaining to heat; produced by heat; as, thermotical phenomena. Whewell.

Ther*mot"ics (?), n. The science of heat. Whewell.

Ther`mo*trop"ic (?), a. (Bot.) Manifesting thermotropism.

Ther*mot"ro*pism (?), n. [Thermo- + Gr. &?; to turn.] (Bot.) The phenomenon of turning towards a source of warmth, seen in the growing parts of some plants.

Ther"mo*type (?), n. [Thermo- + - type.] A picture (as of a slice of wood) obtained by first wetting the object slightly with hydrochloric or dilute sulphuric acid, then taking an impression with a press, and next strongly heating this impression.

Ther*mot"y*py (?), n. The art or process of obtaining thermotypes.

Ther`mo*vol*ta"ic (?), a. [Thermo- + voltaic.] (Physics) Of or relating to heat and electricity; especially, relating to thermal effects produced by voltaic action. Faraday.

||The`ro*mor"pha (?), n. pl. [NL.: Gr. &?; beast + &?; form.] (Paleon.) See Theriodonta.

||The*rop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a beast + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Paleon.) An order of carnivorous dinosaurs in which the feet are less birdlike, and hence more like those of an ordinary quadruped, than in the Ornithopoda. It includes the rapacious genera Megalosaurus, Creosaurus, and their allies.

||The*sau"rus (?), n.; pl. Thesauri (#). [L. See Treasure.] A treasury or storehouse; hence, a repository, especially of knowledge; — often applied to a comprehensive work, like a dictionary or cyclopedia.

These (z), pron. [OE. þes, þæs, a variant of þas, pl. of þes, thes, this. See This, and cf. Those.] The plural of this. See This.

Thes"i*cle (?), n. [Dim. of thesis.] A little or subordinate thesis; a proposition.

The"sis (?), n.; pl. Theses (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to place, set. See Do, and cf. Anathema, Apothecary, Epithet, Hypothesis, Parenthesis, Theme, Tick a cover.] 1. A position or proposition which a person advances and offers to maintain, or which is actually maintained by argument.

2. Hence, an essay or dissertation written upon specific or definite theme; especially, an essay presented by a candidate for a diploma or degree.

> I told them of the grave, becoming, and sublime deportment they should assume upon this mystical occasion, and read them two homilies and a thesis of my own composing, to prepare them.

Goldsmith.

3. (Logic) An affirmation, or distinction from a supposition or hypothesis.

4. (Mus.) The accented part of the measure, expressed by the downward beat; — the opposite of arsis.

5. (Pros.) (a) The depression of the voice in pronouncing the syllables of a word. (b) The part of the foot upon which such a depression falls.

Thes"mo*thete (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; that which is established, a law (fr. &?; to set) + &?; a giver (also fr. &?;).] (Gr. Antiq.) A lawgiver; a legislator; one of the six junior archons at Athens.

Thes"pi*an (?), a. [From L. Thespis, Gr. &?;, the founder of the Greek drama.] Of or pertaining to Thespis; hence, relating to the drama; dramatic; as, the Thespian art. — n. An actor.

Thes*sa"li*an (?), a. [Cf. L. Thessalius.] Of or pertaining to Thessaly in Greece. Shak. — n. A native or inhabitant of Thessaly.

Thes`sa*lo"ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Thessalonica, a city of Macedonia. — n. A native or inhabitant of Thessalonica.

The"ta (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. qh^ta, the Greek letter θ, .] A letter of the Greek alphabet corresponding to th in English; — sometimes called the unlucky letter, from being used by the judges on their ballots in passing condemnation on a prisoner, it being the first letter of the Greek qa`natos, death.

Theta function (Math.), one of a group of functions used in developing the properties of elliptic functions.

Thet"ic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?; fit for placing, fr. &?; to set, lay down. See Thesis.] Laid down; absolute or positive, as a law. Dr. H. More.

The"tine (?), n. [Thio + ether + sulphine.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of complex basic sulphur compounds analogous to the sulphines.

{ The*ur"gic (?), The*ur"gic*al (?), } a. [L. theurgicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. théurgique.] Of or pertaining to theurgy; magical.

Theurgic hymns, songs of incantation.

The"ur*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. théurgiste.] One who pretends to, or is addicted to, theurgy. Hallywell.

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The"ur*gy (th"r*j), n. [L. theurgia, Gr. qeoyrgi`a, fr. qeoyrgo`s doing the works of God; qeo`s God + 'e`rgon work: cf. F. théurgie. See Theism, and Work.] 1. A divine work; a miracle; hence, magic; sorcery.

2. A kind of magical science or art developed in Alexandria among the Neoplatonists, and supposed to enable man to influence the will of the gods by means of purification and other sacramental rites. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

3. In later or modern magic, that species of magic in which effects are claimed to be produced by supernatural agency, in distinction from natural magic.

Thew (th), n. [Chiefly used in the plural Thews (thz).] [OE. thew, þeau, manner, habit, strength, AS. þeáw manner, habit (cf. þwan to drive); akin to OS. thau custom, habit, OHG. dou. √56.] 1. Manner; custom; habit; form of behavior; qualities of mind; disposition; specifically, good qualities; virtues. [Obs.]

> For her great light
> Of sapience, and for her thews clear.

Chaucer.

> Evil speeches destroy good thews.

Wyclif (1 Cor. xv. 33).

> To be upbrought in gentle thews and martial might.

Spenser.

2. Muscle or strength; nerve; brawn; sinew. Shak.

> And I myself, who sat apart
> And watched them, waxed in every limb;
> I felt the thews of Anakim,
> The pules of a Titan's heart.

Tennyson.

Thewed (thd), a. 1. Furnished with thews or muscles; as, a well-thewed limb.

2. Accustomed; mannered. [Obs.] John Skelton.

> Yet would not seem so rude and thewed ill.

Spenser.

Thew"y (?), a. Having strong or large thews or muscles; muscular; sinewy; strong.

They (), pron. pl.; poss. Theirs; obj. Them. [Icel. þeir they, properly nom. pl. masc. of s, s, þat, a demonstrative pronoun, akin to the English definite article, AS. s, seó, ðæt, nom. pl. ð. See That.] The plural of he, she, or it. They is never used adjectively, but always as a pronoun proper, and sometimes refers to persons without an antecedent expressed.

> Jolif and glad they went unto here [their] rest
> And casten hem [them] full early for to sail.

Chaucer.

> They of Italy salute you.

Heb. xiii. 24.

> Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness.

Matt. v. 6.

They is used indefinitely, as our ancestors used man, and as the French use on; as, they say (French on dit), that is, it is said by persons not specified.

Thi*al"dine (?), n. [Thio- + aldehyde + -ine.] (Chem.) A weak nitrogenous sulphur base, C6H13NS2.

Thi"al*ol (?), n. [Thio- + alcohol + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A colorless oily liquid, (C2H5)2S2, having a strong garlic odor; — called also ethyl disulphide. By extension, any one of the series of related compounds.

Thib"e*tan (?), a. Of or pertaining to Thibet. — n. A native or inhabitant of Thibet.

Thib"et cloth` (?). (a) A fabric made of coarse goat's hair; a kind of camlet. (b) A kind of fine woolen cloth, used for dresses, cloaks, etc.

Thi*be"tian (?), a. & n. Same as Thibetan.

Thi"ble (?), n. A slice; a skimmer; a spatula; a pudding stick. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ainsworth.

Thick (thk), a. [Compar. Thicker (-r); superl. Thickest.] [OE. thicke, AS. þicce; akin to D. dik, OS. thikki, OHG. dicchi thick, dense, G. dick thick, Icel. þykkr, þjökkr, and probably to Gael. & Ir. tiugh. Cf. Tight.] 1. Measuring in the third dimension other than length and breadth, or in general dimension other than length; - - said of a solid body; as, a timber seven inches thick.

> Were it as thick as is a branched oak.

Chaucer.

> My little finger shall be thicker than my father's loins.

1 Kings xii. 10.

2. Having more depth or extent from one surface to its opposite than usual; not thin or slender; as, a thick plank; thick cloth; thick paper; thick neck.

3. Dense; not thin; inspissated; as, thick vapors. Also used figuratively; as, thick darkness.

> Make the gruel thick and slab.

Shak.

4. Not transparent or clear; hence, turbid, muddy, or misty; as, the water of a river is apt to be thick after a rain. "In a thick, misty day." Sir W. Scott.

5. Abundant, close, or crowded in space; closely set; following in quick succession; frequently recurring.

> The people were gathered thick together.

Luke xi. 29.

> Black was the forest; thick with beech it stood.

Dryden.

6. Not having due distinction of syllables, or good articulation; indistinct; as, a thick utterance.

7. Deep; profound; as, thick sleep. [R.] Shak.

8. Dull; not quick; as, thick of fearing. Shak.

> His dimensions to any thick sight were invincible.

Shak.

9. Intimate; very friendly; familiar. [Colloq.]

> We have been thick ever since.

T. Hughes.

Thick is often used in the formation of compounds, most of which are self-explaining; as, thick-barred, thick-bodied, thick-coming, thick-cut, thick-flying, thick- growing, thick-leaved, thick-lipped, thick-necked, thick-planted, thick-ribbed, thick-shelled, thick-woven, and the like.

Thick register. (Phon.) See the Note under Register, n., 7. — Thick stuff (Naut.), all plank that is more than four inches thick and less than twelve. J. Knowles.

Syn. — Dense; close; compact; solid; gross; coarse.

Thick, n. 1. The thickest part, or the time when anything is thickest.

> In the thick of the dust and smoke.

Knolles.

2. A thicket; as, gloomy thicks. [Obs.] Drayton.

> Through the thick they heard one rudely rush.

Spenser.

> He through a little window cast his sight
> Through thick of bars, that gave a scanty light.

Dryden.

Thick-and-thin block (Naut.), a fiddle block. See under Fiddle. — Through thick and thin, through all obstacles and difficulties, both great and small.

> Through thick and thin she followed him.

Hudibras.

> He became the panegyrist, through thick and thin, of a military frenzy.

Coleridge.

Thick (thk), adv. [AS. þicce.] 1. Frequently; fast; quick.

2. Closely; as, a plat of ground thick sown.

3. To a great depth, or to a greater depth than usual; as, land covered thick with manure.

Thick and threefold, in quick succession, or in great numbers. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Thick, v. t. & i. [Cf. AS. þiccian.] To thicken. [R.]

> The nightmare Life-in-death was she,
> Who thicks man's blood with cold.

Coleridge.

Thick"bill` (?), n. The bullfinch. [Prov. Eng.]

Thick"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thickened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thickening.] To make thick (in any sense of the word). Specifically: —

(a) To render dense; to inspissate; as, to thicken paint.

(b) To make close; to fill up interstices in; as, to thicken cloth; to thicken ranks of trees or men.

(c) To strengthen; to confirm. [Obs.]

> And this may to thicken other proofs.

Shak.

(d) To make more frequent; as, to thicken blows.

Thick"en, v. i. To become thick. "Thy luster thickens when he shines by." Shak.

> The press of people thickens to the court.

Dryden.

> The combat thickens, like the storm that flies.

Dryden.

Thick"en*ing, n. Something put into a liquid or mass to make it thicker.

Thick"et (?), n. [AS. þiccet. See Thick, a.] A wood or a collection of trees, shrubs, etc., closely set; as, a ram caught in a thicket. Gen. xxii. 13.

Thick"head` (?), n. 1. A thick-headed or stupid person. [Colloq.]

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of Australian singing birds of the genus Pachycephala. The males of some of the species are bright-colored. Some of the species are popularly called thrushes.

Thick"-head`ed, a. Having a thick skull; stupid.

Thick"ish, a. Somewhat thick.

Thick"-knee` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A stone curlew. See under Stone.

Thick"ly, adv. In a thick manner; deeply; closely.

Thick"ness, n. [AS. &?;icnes.] The quality or state of being thick (in any of the senses of the adjective).

Thick"set` (?), a. 1. Close planted; as, a thickset wood; a thickset hedge. Dryden.

2. Having a short, thick body; stout.

Thick"set`, n. 1. A close or thick hedge.

2. A stout, twilled cotton cloth; a fustian corduroy, or velveteen. McElrath.

Thick"skin` (?), n. A coarse, gross person; a person void of sensibility or sinsitiveness; a dullard.

Thick"-skinned` (?), a. Having a thick skin; hence, not sensitive; dull; obtuse. Holland.

Thick"skull` (?), n. A dullard, or dull person; a blockhead; a numskull. Entick.

Thick"-skulled` (?), a. Having a thick skull; hence, dull; heavy; stupid; slow to learn.

Thick" wind` (?). (Far.) A defect of respiration in a horse, that is unassociated with noise in breathing or with the signs of emphysema.

Thick"-wind`ed, a. (Far.) Affected with thick wind.

Thid"er (?), adv. Thither. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Thid"er*ward (?), adv. Thitherward. [Obs.]

Thief (thf), n.; pl. Thieves (thvz). [OE. thef, theef, AS. þeóf; akin to OFries. thiaf, OS. theof, thiof, D. dief, G. dieb, OHG. diob, Icel. þjfr, Sw. tjuf, Dan. tyv, Goth. þiufs, þiubs, and perhaps to Lith. tupeti to squat or crouch down. Cf. Theft.] 1. One who steals; one who commits theft or larceny. See Theft.

> There came a privy thief, men clepeth death.

Chaucer.

> Where thieves break through and steal.

Matt. vi. 19.

2. A waster in the snuff of a candle. Bp. Hall.

Thief catcher. Same as Thief taker. — Thief leader, one who leads or takes away a thief. L'Estrange. — Thief taker, one whose business is to find and capture thieves and bring them to justice. — Thief tube, a tube for withdrawing a sample of a liquid from a cask. — Thieves' vinegar, a kind of aromatic vinegar for the sick room, taking its name from the story that thieves, by using it, were enabled to plunder, with impunity to health, in the great plague at London. [Eng.]

Syn. — Robber; pilferer. — Thief, Robber. A thief takes our property by stealth; a robber attacks us openly, and strips us by main force.

> Take heed, have open eye, for thieves do foot by night.

Shak.

> Some roving robber calling to his fellows.

Milton.

Thief"ly, a. & adv. Like a thief; thievish; thievishly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Thi"ë*none (?), n. [Thiënyl + ketone.] (Chem.) A ketone derivative of thiophene obtained as a white crystalline substance, (C4H3S)2.CO, by the action of aluminium chloride and carbonyl chloride on thiophene.

Thi"ë*nyl (?), n. [Thiophene + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical C4H3S, regarded as the essential residue of thiophene and certain of its derivatives.

Thieve (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Thieved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thieving.] [AS. geþeófian.] To practice theft; to steal.

Thiev"er*y (?), n. 1. The practice of stealing; theft; thievishness.

> Among the Spartans, thievery was a practice morally good and honest.

South.

2. That which is stolen. [Obs.] Shak.

Thiev"ish, a. 1. Given to stealing; addicted to theft; as, a thievish boy, a thievish magpie.

2. Like a thief; acting by stealth; sly; secret.

> Time's thievish progress to eternity.

Shak.

3. Partaking of the nature of theft; accomplished by stealing; dishonest; as, a thievish practice.

> Or with a base and biosterous sword enforce
> A thievish living on the common road.

Shak.

— Thiev"ish*ly, adv. — Thiev"ish*ness, n.

Thigh (th), n. [OE. thi, þih, þeh, AS. þeóh; akin to OFries. thiach, D. dij, dije, OHG. dioh, thioh, Icel. þj thigh, rump, and probably to Lith. taukas fat of animals, tukti to become fat, Russ. tuke fat of animals. √56.] 1. (Anat.) The proximal segment of the hind limb between the knee and the trunk. See Femur.

2. (Zoöl.) The coxa, or femur, of an insect.

Thigh bone (Anat.), the femur.

Thilk (?), pron. [Cf. Ilk same.] That same; this; that. [Obs.] "I love thilk lass." Spenser.

> Thou spake right now of thilke traitor death.

Chaucer.

Thill (?), n. [OE. thille, AS. &?;ille a board, plank, beam, thill; akin to &?;el a plank, D. deel a plank, floor, G. diele, OHG. dili, dilla, Icel. &?;ilja a plank, planking, a thwart, &?;ili a wainscot, plank; cf. Skr. tala a level surface. √236. Cf. Fill a thill, Deal a plank.] 1. One of the two long pieces of wood, extending before a vehicle, between which a horse is hitched; a shaft.

2. (Mining) The floor of a coal mine. Raymond.

Thill coupling, a device for connecting the thill of a vehicle to the axle.

Thill"er (?), n. The horse which goes between the thills, or shafts, and supports them; also, the last horse in a team; — called also thill horse.

Thim"ble (?), n. [OE. thimbil, AS. &?;&?;mel, fr. &?;&?;ma a thumb. √56. See Thumb.] 1. A kind of cap or cover, or sometimes a broad ring, for the end of the finger, used in sewing to protect the finger when pushing the needle through the material. It is usually made of metal, and has upon the outer surface numerous small pits to catch the head of the needle.

2. (Mech.) Any thimble-shaped appendage or fixure. Specifically: — (a) A tubular piece, generally a strut, through which a bolt or pin passes. (b) A fixed or movable ring, tube, or lining placed in a hole. (c) A tubular cone for expanding a flue; — called ferrule in England.

3. (Naut.) A ring of thin metal formed with a grooved circumference so as to fit within an eye-spice, or the like, and protect it from chafing.

Thim"ble*ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), common in America.

Thim"ble*eye` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The chub mackerel. See under Chub.

Thim"ble*ful (?), n.; pl. Thimblefuls (&?;). As much as a thimble will hold; a very small quantity.

> For a thimbleful of golf, a thimbleful of love.

Dryden.

Thim"ble*rig` (?), n. A sleight-of-hand trick played with three small cups, shaped like thimbles, and a small ball or little pea.

Thim"ble*rig`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thimblerigged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thimblerigging.] To swindle by means of small cups or thimbles, and a pea or small ball placed under one of them and quickly shifted to another, the victim laying a wager that he knows under which cup it is; hence, to cheat by any trick.

Thim"ble*rig`ger (?), n. One who cheats by thimblerigging, or tricks of legerdemain.

Thim"ble*weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the composite genus Rudbeckia, coarse herbs somewhat resembling the sunflower; — so called from their conical receptacles.

Thin (?), a. [Compar. Thiner (?); superl. Thinest.] [OE. thinne, thenne, thunne, AS. þynne; akin to D. dun, G. dünn, OHG. dunni, Icel. þunnr, Sw. tunn, Dan. tynd, Gael. & Ir. tana, W. teneu, L. tenuis, Gr. &?; (in comp.) stretched out, &?; stretched, stretched out, long, Skr. tanu thin, slender; also to AS. &?;enian to extend, G. dehnen, Icel. &?;enja, Goth. &?;anjan (in comp.), L. tendere to stretch, tenere to hold, Gr. &?; to stretch, Skr. tan. √51 & 237. Cf. Attenuate, Dance, Tempt, Tenable, Tend to move, Tenous, Thunder, Tone.] 1. Having little thickness or extent from one surface to its opposite; as, a thin plate of metal; thin paper; a thin board; a thin covering.

2. Rare; not dense or thick; — applied to fluids or soft mixtures; as, thin blood; thin broth; thin air. Shak.

> In the day, when the air is more thin.

Bacon.

> Satan, bowing low
> His gray dissimulation, disappeared,
> Into thin air diffused.

Milton.

3. Not close; not crowded; not filling the space; not having the individuals of which the thing is composed in a close or compact state; hence, not abundant; as, the trees of a forest are thin; the corn or grass is thin.

> Ferrara is very large, but extremely thin of people.

Addison.

4. Not full or well grown; wanting in plumpness.

> Seven thin ears . . . blasted with the east wind.

Gen. xli. 6.

5. Not stout; slim; slender; lean; gaunt; as, a person becomes thin by disease.

6. Wanting in body or volume; small; feeble; not full.

> Thin, hollow sounds, and lamentable screams.

Dryden.

7. Slight; small; slender; flimsy; wanting substance or depth or force; superficial; inadequate; not sufficient for a covering; as, a thin disguise.

> My tale is done, for my wit is but thin.

Chaucer.

Thin is used in the formation of compounds which are mostly self-explaining; as, thin-faced, thin-lipped, thin-peopled, thin-shelled, and the like.

Thin section. See under Section.

Thin, adv. Not thickly or closely; in a seattered state; as, seed sown thin.

> Spain is thin sown of people.

Bacon.

Thin, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thinning.] [Cf. AS. geþynnian.] To make thin (in any of the senses of the adjective).

Thin, v. i. To grow or become thin; — used with some adverbs, as out, away, etc.; as, geological strata thin out, i. e., gradually diminish in thickness until they disappear.

Thine (n), pron. & a. [OE. thin, AS. ðn, originally gen. of ðu, ð, thou; akin to G. dein thine, Icel. þinn, possessive pron., þn, gen. of þ thou, Goth. þeins, possessive pron., þeina, gen. of þu thou. See Thou, and cf. Thy.] A form of the possessive case of the pronoun thou, now superseded in common discourse by your, the possessive of you, but maintaining a place in solemn discourse, in poetry, and in the usual language of the Friends, or Quakers.

In the old style, thine was commonly shortened to thi (thy) when used attributively before words beginning with a consonant; now, thy is used also before vowels. Thine is often used absolutely, the thing possessed being understood.

<! p. 1499 !>

Thing (thng), n. [AS. þing a thing, cause, assembly, judicial assembly; akin to þingan to negotiate, þingian to reconcile, conciliate, D. ding a thing, OS. thing thing, assembly, judicial assembly, G. ding a thing, formerly also, an assembly, court, Icel. þing a thing, assembly, court, Sw. & Dan. ting; perhaps originally used of the transaction of or before a popular assembly, or the time appointed for such an assembly; cf. G. dingen to bargain, hire, MHG. dingen to hold court, speak before a court, negotiate, Goth. þeihs time, perhaps akin to L. tempus time. Cf. Hustings, and Temporal of time.] 1. Whatever exists, or is conceived to exist, as a separate entity, whether animate or inanimate; any separable or distinguishable object of thought.

> God made . . . every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind.

Gen. i. 25.

> He sent after this manner; ten asses laden with the good things of Egypt.

Gen. xiv. 23.

> A thing of beauty is a joy forever.

Keats.

2. An inanimate object, in distinction from a living being; any lifeless material.

> Ye meads and groves, unconscious things!

Cowper.

3. A transaction or occurrence; an event; a deed.

> [And Jacob said] All these things are against me.

Gen. xlii. 36.

> Which if ye tell me, I in like wise will tell you by what authority I do these things.

Matt. xxi. 24.

4. A portion or part; something.

> Wicked men who understand any thing of wisdom.

Tillotson.

5. A diminutive or slighted object; any object viewed as merely existing; — often used in pity or contempt.

> See, sons, what things you are!

Shak.

> The poor thing sighed, and . . . turned from me.

Addison.

> I'll be this abject thing no more.

Granville.

> I have a thing in prose.

Swift.

6. pl. Clothes; furniture; appurtenances; luggage; as, to pack or store one's things. [Colloq.]

Formerly, the singular was sometimes used in a plural or collective sense.

> And them she gave her moebles and her thing.

Chaucer.

Thing was used in a very general sense in Old English, and is still heard colloquially where some more definite term would be used in careful composition.

> In the garden [he] walketh to and fro,
> And hath his things [i. e., prayers, devotions] said full courteously.

Chaucer.

> Hearkening his minstrels their things play.

Chaucer.

7. (Law) Whatever may be possessed or owned; a property; — distinguished from person.

8. [In this sense pronounced tng.] In Scandinavian countries, a legislative or judicial assembly. Longfellow.

Things personal. (Law) Same as Personal property, under Personal. — Things real. Same as Real property, under Real.

Think (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thought (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thinking.] [OE. thinken, properly, to seem, from AS. þyncean (cf. Methinks), but confounded with OE. thenken to think, fr. AS. þencean (imp. þhte); akin to D. denken, dunken, OS. thenkian, thunkian, G. denken, dünken, Icel. þekkja to perceive, to know, þykkja to seem, Goth. þagkjan, þaggkjan, to think, þygkjan to think, to seem, OL. tongere to know. Cf. Thank, Thought.] 1. To seem or appear; - - used chiefly in the expressions methinketh or methinks, and methought.

These are genuine Anglo-Saxon expressions, equivalent to it seems to me, it seemed to me. In these expressions me is in the dative case.

2. To employ any of the intellectual powers except that of simple perception through the senses; to exercise the higher intellectual faculties.

> For that I am
> I know, because I think.

Dryden.

3. Specifically: — (a) To call anything to mind; to remember; as, I would have sent the books, but I did not think of it.

> Well thought upon; I have it here.

Shak.

(b) To reflect upon any subject; to muse; to meditate; to ponder; to consider; to deliberate.

> And when he thought thereon, he wept.

Mark xiv. 72.

> He thought within himself, saying, What shall I do, because I have no room where to bestow my fruits?

Luke xii. 17.

(c) To form an opinion by reasoning; to judge; to conclude; to believe; as, I think it will rain to-morrow.

> Let them marry to whom they think best.

Num. xxxvi. 6.

(d) To purpose; to intend; to design; to mean.

> I thought to promote thee unto great honor.

Num. xxiv. 11.

> Thou thought'st to help me.

Shak.

(e) To presume; to venture.

> Think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father.

Matt. iii. 9.

To think, in a philosophical use as yet somewhat limited, designates the higher intellectual acts, the acts preëminently rational; to judge; to compare; to reason. Thinking is employed by Hamilton as "comprehending all our collective energies." It is defined by Mansel as "the act of knowing or judging by means of concepts,"by Lotze as "the reaction of the mind on the material supplied by external influences." See Thought.

To think better of. See under Better. — To think much of, or To think well of, to hold in esteem; to esteem highly.

Syn. — To expect; guess; cogitate; reflect; ponder; contemplate; meditate; muse; imagine; suppose; believe. See Expect, Guess.

Think, v. t. 1. To conceive; to imagine.

> Charity . . . thinketh no evil.

1 Cor. xiii. 4,5.

2. To plan or design; to plot; to compass. [Obs.]

> So little womanhood
> And natural goodness, as to think the death
> Of her own son.

Beau. & Fl.

3. To believe; to consider; to esteem.

> Nor think superfluous other's aid.

Milton.

To think much, to esteem a great matter; to grudge. [Obs.] "[He] thought not much to clothe his enemies." Milton. — To think scorn. (a) To disdain. [Obs.] "He thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone." Esther iii. 6. (b) To feel indignation. [Obs.]

Think"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being thought or conceived; cogitable. Sir W. Hamilton.

Think"er (?), n. One who thinks; especially and chiefly, one who thinks in a particular manner; as, a close thinker; a deep thinker; a coherent thinker.

Think"ing, a. Having the faculty of thought; cogitative; capable of a regular train of ideas; as, man is a thinking being. — Think"ing*ly, adv.

Think"ing, n. The act of thinking; mode of thinking; imagination; cogitation; judgment.

> I heard a bird so sing,
> Whose music, to my thinking, pleased the king.

Shak.

Thin"ly (?), a. In a thin manner; in a loose, scattered manner; scantily; not thickly; as, ground thinly planted with trees; a country thinly inhabited.

Thin"ner (?), n. One who thins, or makes thinner.

Thin"ness, n. The quality or state of being thin (in any of the senses of the word).

Thin"nish (?), a. Somewhat thin.

Thin"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, shore + -lite.] (Min.) A calcareous tufa, in part crystalline, occurring on a large scale as a shore deposit about the Quaternary lake basins of Nevada.

Thin"-skinned` (?), a. Having a thin skin; hence, sensitive; irritable.

Thi"o- (?). [Gr. &?; brimstone, sulphur.] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of sulphur. See Sulpho-.

Thi`o*car"bon*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A sulphocarbonate.

Thi`o*car*bon"ic (?), a. [Thio- + carbonic.] (Chem.) Same as Sulphocarbonic.

Thi`o*cy"a*nate (?), n. (Chem.) Same as Sulphocyanate.

Thi`o*cy*an"ic (?), a. [Thio- + cyanic.] (Chem.) Same as Sulphocyanic.

Thi`o*naph"thene (?), n. [Thiophene + naphthalene.] (Chem.) A double benzene and thiophene nucleus, C8H6S, analogous to naphthalene, and like it the base of a large series of derivatives. [Written also thionaphtene.]

Thi*on"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; brimstone, sulphur.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to sulphur; containing or resembling sulphur; specifically, designating certain of the thio compounds; as, the thionic acids. Cf. Dithionic, Trithionic, Tetrathionic, etc.

Thi"on*ine (?), n. [Gr. &?; brimstone, sulphur.] (Chem.) An artificial red or violet dyestuff consisting of a complex sulphur derivative of certain aromatic diamines, and obtained as a dark crystalline powder; — called also phenylene violet.

Thi"on*ol (?), n. [Thionine + - ol.] (Chem.) A red or violet dyestuff having a greenish metallic luster. It is produced artificially, by the chemical dehydration of thionine, as a brown amorphous powder.

Thi*on"o*line (?), n. (Chem.) A beautiful fluorescent crystalline substance, intermediate in composition between thionol and thionine.

Thi"on*yl (?), n. [Thionic + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical SO, regarded as an essential constituent of certain sulphurous compounds; as, thionyl chloride.

Thi"o*phene (?), n. [Thio- + phenyl + -ene.] (Chem.) A sulphur hydrocarbon, C4H4S, analogous to furfuran and benzene, and acting as the base of a large number of substances which closely resemble the corresponding aromatic derivatives.

Thi`o*phen"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, thiophene; specifically, designating a certain acid analogous to benzoic acid.

Thi`o*phe"nol (?), n. [Thio- + phenol.] (Chem.) A colorless mobile liquid, C6H5.SH, of an offensive odor, and analogous to phenol; — called also phenyl sulphydrate.

Thi*oph"thene (?), n. [Abbreviated from thionaphthene.] (Chem.) A double thiophene nucleus, C6H4S2, analogous to thionaphthene, and the base of a large series of compounds. [Written also thiophtene.]

Thi`o*sul"phate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of thiosulphuric acid; — formerly called hyposulphite.

The sodium salt called in photography by the name sodium hyposulphite, being used as a solvent for the excess of unchanged silver chloride, bromide, and iodide on the sensitive plate.

Thi`o*sul*phur"ic (?), a. [Thio- + sulphuric.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an unstable acid, H2S2O3, analogous to sulphuric acid, and formerly called hyposulphurous acid.

Thi`o*to"lene (?), n. [Thio- + toluene.] (Chem.) A colorless oily liquid, C4H3S.CH3, analogous to, and resembling, toluene; — called also methyl thiophene.

Thi*ox"ene (?), n. [Thiophene + xylene.] (Chem.) Any one of three possible metameric substances, which are dimethyl derivatives of thiophene, like the xylenes from benzene.

Third (thrd), a. [OE. thirde, AS. þridda, fr. þr, þreó, three; akin to D. derde third, G. dritte, Icel. þriði, Goth. þridja, L. tertius, Gr. tri`tos, Skr. ttya. See Three, and cf. Riding a jurisdiction, Tierce.] 1. Next after the second; coming after two others; — the ordinal of three; as, the third hour in the day. "The third night." Chaucer.

2. Constituting or being one of three equal parts into which anything is divided; as, the third part of a day.

Third estate. (a) In England, the commons, or the commonalty, who are represented in Parliament by the House of Commons. (b) In France, the tiers état. See Tiers état. Third order (R. C. Ch.), an order attached to a monastic order, and comprising men and women devoted to a rule of pious living, called the third rule, by a simple vow if they remain seculars, and by more solemn vows if they become regulars. See Tertiary, n., 1. — Third person (Gram.), the person spoken of. See Person, n., 7. — Third sound. (Mus.) See Third, n., 3.

Third (?), n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by three; one of three equal parts into which anything is divided.

2. The sixtieth part of a second of time.

3. (Mus.) The third tone of the scale; the mediant.

4. pl. (Law) The third part of the estate of a deceased husband, which, by some local laws, the widow is entitled to enjoy during her life.

Major third (Mus.), an interval of two tones. — Minor third (Mus.), an interval of a tone and a half.

Third"-bor`ough (?), n. (O. Eng. Law) An under constable. Shak. Johnson.

Third"ings (?), n. pl. (Eng. Law) The third part of the corn or grain growing on the ground at the tenant's death, due to the lord for a heriot, as within the manor of Turfat in Herefordshire.

Third"ly, adv. In the third place. Bacon.

Third"-pen`ny (?), n. (A.S. Law) A third part of the profits of fines and penalties imposed at the country court, which was among the perquisites enjoyed by the earl.

Thirl (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thirled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thirling.] [See Thrill.] To bore; to drill or thrill. See Thrill. [Obs. or Prov.]

> That with a spear was thirled his breast bone.

Chaucer.

Thirl"age (?), n. [Cf. Thrall.] (Scots Law) The right which the owner of a mill possesses, by contract or law, to compel the tenants of a certain district, or of his sucken, to bring all their grain to his mill for grinding. Erskine.

Thirst (?), n. [OE. thirst, þurst, AS. þurst, þyrst; akin to D. dorst, OS. thurst, G. durst, Icel. þorsti, Sw. & Dan. törst, Goth. þaúrstei thirst, þaúrsus dry, withered, þaúrsieþ mik I thirst, gaþaírsan to wither, L. torrere to parch, Gr. te`rsesqai to become dry, tesai`nein to dry up, Skr. tsh to thirst. √54. Cf. Torrid.] 1. A sensation of dryness in the throat associated with a craving for liquids, produced by deprivation of drink, or by some other cause (as fear, excitement, etc.) which arrests the secretion of the pharyngeal mucous membrane; hence, the condition producing this sensation.

> Wherefore is this that thou hast brought us up out of Egypt, to kill us, and our children . . . with thirst?

Ex. xvii. 3.

> With thirst, with cold, with hunger so confounded.

Chaucer.

2. Fig.: A want and eager desire after anything; a craving or longing; — usually with for, of, or after; as, the thirst for gold. "Thirst of worldy good." Fairfax. "The thirst I had of knowledge." Milton.

Thirst, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thirsted; p. pr. & vb. n. Thirsting.] [AS. þyrstan. See Thirst, n.] 1. To feel thirst; to experience a painful or uneasy sensation of the throat or fauces, as for want of drink.

> The people thirsted there for water.

Ex. xvii. 3.

2. To have a vehement desire.

> My soul thirsteth for . . . the living God.

Ps. xlii. 2.

Thirst, v. t. To have a thirst for. [R.]

> He seeks his keeper's flesh, and thirsts his blood.

Prior.

Thirst"er (?), n. One who thirsts.

Thirst"i*ly (?), adv. In a thirsty manner.

Thirst"i*ness, n. The state of being thirsty; thirst.

Thirs"tle (?), n. The throstle. [Prov. Eng.]

Thirst"y (?), a. [Compar. Thirstier (?); superl. Thirstiest.] [AS. þurstig. See Thirst, n.] 1. Feeling thirst; having a painful or distressing sensation from want of drink; hence, having an eager desire.

> Give me, I pray thee, a little water to drink, for I am thirsty.

Judges iv. 19.

2. Deficient in moisture; dry; parched.

> A dry and thirsty land, where no water is.

Ps. lxiii. 1.

> When in the sultry glebe I faint,
> Or on the thirsty mountain pant.

Addison.

Thir"teen` (thr"tn`), a. [OE. threttene, AS. þreótne, þreótyne. See Three, and Ten, and cf. Thirty.] One more than twelve; ten and three; as, thirteen ounces or pounds.

Thir"teen`, n. 1. The number greater by one than twelve; the sum of ten and three; thirteen units or objects.

2. A symbol representing thirteen units, as 13 or xiii.

Thir"teenth` (?), a. [From Thirteen: cf. AS. þreóteóða.] 1. Next in order after the twelfth; the third after the tenth; — the ordinal of thirteen; as, the thirteenth day of the month.

2. Constituting or being one of thirteen equal parts into which anything is divided.

Thir"teenth`, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by thirteen; one of thirteen equal parts into which anything is divided.

2. The next in order after the twelfth.

3. (Mus.) The interval comprising an octave and a sixth.

Thir"ti*eth (?), a. [From Thirty: cf. AS. þrtigða.] 1. Next in order after the twenty-ninth; the tenth after the twentieth; — the ordinal of thirty; as, the thirtieth day of the month.

2. Constituting or being one of thirty equal parts into which anything is divided.

Thir"ti*eth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by thirty; one of thirty equal parts.

Thir"ty (?), a. [OE. thritty, AS. þrtig, þrittig; akin to D. dertig, G. dreissig, Icel. þrjtu, þrjtigi, þrir teger, Goth. þreis tigjus, i.e., three tens. See Three, and Ten, and cf. Thirteen.] Being three times ten; consisting of one more than twenty-nine; twenty and ten; as, the month of June consists of thirty days.

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Thir"ty (?), n.; pl. Thirties (&?;). 1. The sum of three tens, or twenty and ten; thirty units or objects.

2. A symbol expressing thirty, as 30, or XXX.

Thir"ty-sec`ond (?), a. Being one of thirty-two equal parts into which anything is divided.

Thirty-second note (Mus.), the thirty- second part of a whole note; a demi-semiquaver.

This (s), pron. & a.; pl. These (z). [OE. this, thes, AS. ðs, masc., ðeós, fem., ðis, neut.; akin to OS. these, D. deze, G. dieser, OHG. diser, deser, Icel. þessi; originally from the definite article + a particle -se, -si; cf. Goth. sai behold. See The, That, and cf. These, Those.] 1. As a demonstrative pronoun, this denotes something that is present or near in place or time, or something just mentioned, or that is just about to be mentioned.

> When they heard this, they were pricked in their heart.

Acts ii. 37.

> But know this, that if the good man of the house had known in what watch the thief would come, he would have watched.

Matt. xxiv. 43.

2. As an adjective, this has the same demonstrative force as the pronoun, but is followed by a noun; as, this book; this way to town.

This may be used as opposed or correlative to that, and sometimes as opposed to other or to a second this. See the Note under That, 1.

> This way and that wavering sails they bend.

Pope.

> A body of this or that denomination is produced.

Boyle.

> Their judgment in this we may not, and in that we need not, follow.

Hooker.

> Consider the arguments which the author had to write this, or to design the other, before you arraign him.

Dryden.

> Thy crimes . . . soon by this or this will end.

Addison.

This, like a, every, that, etc., may refer to a number, as of years, persons, etc., taken collectively or as a whole.

> This twenty years have I been with thee..

Gen. xxxi. 38.

> I have not wept this years; but now
> My mother comes afresh into my eyes.

Dryden.

This"tle (?), n. [OE. thistil, AS. þistel; akin to D. & G. distel, OHG. distila, distil, Icel. þistill, Sw. tistel, Dan. tidsel; of uncertain origin.] (Bot.) Any one of several prickly composite plants, especially those of the genera Cnicus, Craduus, and Onopordon. The name is often also applied to other prickly plants.

Blessed thistle, Carduus benedictus, so named because it was formerly considered an antidote to the bite of venomous creatures. — Bull thistle, Cnicus lanceolatus, the common large thistle of neglected pastures. — Canada thistle, Cnicus arvensis, a native of Europe, but introduced into the United States from Canada. — Cotton thistle, Onopordon Acanthium. — Fuller's thistle, the teasel. — Globe thistle, Melon thistle, etc. See under Globe, Melon, etc. — Pine thistle, Atractylis gummifera, a native of the Mediterranean region. A vicid gum resin flows from the involucre. — Scotch thistle, either the cotton thistle, or the musk thistle, or the spear thistle; — all used national emblems of Scotland. — Sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus. — Spear thistle. Same as Bull thistle. — Star thistle, a species of Centaurea. See Centaurea. — Torch thistle, a candelabra-shaped plant of the genus Cereus. See Cereus. — Yellow thistle, Cincus horridulus.

Thistle bird (Zoöl.), the American goldfinch, or yellow-bird (Spinus tristis); — so called on account of its feeding on the seeds of thistles. See Illust. under Goldfinch. — Thistle butterfly (Zoöl.), a handsomely colored American butterfly (Vanessa cardui) whose larva feeds upon thistles; — called also painted lady. — Thistle cock (Zoöl.), the corn bunting (Emberiza militaria). [Prov. Eng.] — Thistle crown, a gold coin of England of the reign of James I., worth four shillings. — Thistle finch (Zoöl.), the goldfinch; — so called from its fondness for thistle seeds. [Prov. Eng.] — Thistle funnel, a funnel having a bulging body and flaring mouth.

This"tly (?), a. 1. Overgrown with thistles; as, thistly ground.

2. Fig.: Resembling a thistle or thistles; sharp; pricking.

> In such a world, so thorny, and where none
> Finds happiness unblighted, or, if found,
> Without some thistly sorrow at its side.

Cowper.

Thith"er (?), adv. [OE. thider, AS. ðider; akin to E. that; cf. Icel. þaðra there, Goth. þaþr thence. See That, and The.] 1. To that place; — opposed to hither.

> This city is near; . . . O, let me escape thither.

Gen. xix. 20.

> Where I am, thither ye can not come.

John vii. 34.

2. To that point, end, or result; as, the argument tended thither.

Hither and thither, to this place and to that; one way and another.

Syn. — There. Thither, There. Thither properly denotes motion toward a place; there denotes rest in a place; as, I am going thither, and shall meet you there. But thither has now become obsolete, except in poetry, or a style purposely conformed to the past, and there is now used in both senses; as, I shall go there to-morrow; we shall go there together.

Thith"er (?), a. 1. Being on the farther side from the person speaking; farther; — a correlative of hither; as, on the thither side of the water. W. D. Howells.

2. Applied to time: On the thither side of, older than; of more years than. See Hither, a. Huxley.

Thith"er*to` (?), adv. To that point; so far. [Obs.]

Thith"er*ward (?), adv. To ward that place; in that direction.

> They shall ask the way to Zion, with their faces thitherward.

Jer. l. 5.

Thit"see (?), n. [Written also theesee, and thietsie.] 1. (Bot.) The varnish tree of Burmah (Melanorrhœa usitatissima).

2. A black varnish obtained from the tree.

||Thlip"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; pressure, fr. &?; to press.] (Med.) Compression, especially constriction of vessels by an external cause.

Tho (), def. art. The. [Obs.] Spenser.

Tho, pron. pl. Those. [Obs.]

> This knowen tho that be to wives bound.

Chaucer.

Tho, adv. [AS. þ.] Then. [Obs.] Spenser.

> To do obsequies as was tho the guise.

Chaucer.

Tho, conj. Though. [Reformed spelling.]

Thole (?), n. [Written also thowel, and thowl.] [OE. thol, AS. þol; akin to D. dol, Icel. þollr a fir tree, a young fir, a tree, a thole.] 1. A wooden or metal pin, set in the gunwale of a boat, to serve as a fulcrum for the oar in rowing. Longfellow.

2. The pin, or handle, of a scythe snath.

Thole pin. Same as Thole.

Thole, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tholed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tholing.] [OE. þolen, þolien, AS. þolian; akin to OS. tholn, OHG. doln, G. geduld patience, dulden to endure, Icel. þola, Sw. tåla, Dan. taale, Goth. þulan, L. tolerate, tulisse, to endure, bear, tollere to lift, bear, Gr. &?; to bear, Skr. tul to lift. √55. Cf. Tolerate.] To bear; to endure; to undergo. [Obs. or Scot.] Gower.

> So much woe as I have with you tholed.

Chaucer.

> To thole the winter's steely dribble.

Burns.

Thole, v. i. To wait. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

{ Tho*mæ"an, Tho*me"an} (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A member of the ancient church of Christians established on the Malabar coast of India, which some suppose to have been originally founded by the Apostle Thomas.

{ Tho"mism (?), Tho"ma*ism (?), } n. (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of Thomas Aquinas, esp. with respect to predestination and grace.

Tho"mist (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Thomas Aquinas. See Scotist.

Tho"mite (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A Thomæan.

Thom"sen*o*lite (?), n. [Named after Dr. J. Thomsen of Copenhagen. See -lite.] (Min.) A fluoride of aluminium, calcium, and sodium occurring with the cryolite of Greenland.

Thom"sen's dis*ease" (?). [From Thomsen, a physician of Sleswick.] (Med.) An affection apparently congenital, consisting in tonic contraction and stiffness of the voluntary muscles occurring after a period of muscular inaction.

Thom*so"ni*an (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to Thomsonianism. — n. A believer in Thomsonianism; one who practices Thomsonianism.

Thom*so"ni*an*ism (?), n. (Med.) An empirical system which assumes that the human body is composed of four elements, earth, air, fire, and water, and that vegetable medicines alone should be used; — from the founder, Dr. Samuel Thomson, of Massachusetts.

Thom"son*ite (?), n. [From R. D. Thomson, of Glasgow.] (Min.) A zeolitic mineral, occurring generally in masses of a radiated structure. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia, lime, and soda. Called also mesole, and comptonite.

Thong (?), n. [OE. thong, þwong, thwang, AS. þwang; akin to Icel. þvengr a thong, latchet. √57. Cf. Twinge.] A strap of leather; especially, one used for fastening anything.

> And nails for loosened spears, and thongs for shields, provide.

Dryden.

Thong seal (Zoöl.), the bearded seal. See the Note under Seal.

Tho"oid (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, the jacal + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a group of carnivores, including the wovels and the dogs.

Thor (?), n. [Icel. þrs. Cf. Thursday.] (Scand. Myth.) The god of thunder, and son of Odin.

||Tho`ra*cen*te"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; thorax + &?; pricking, from &?; to prick, stab.] (Surg.) The operation of puncturing the chest wall so as to let out liquids contained in the cavity of the chest.

Tho*rac"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. thoracique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the thorax, or chest.

Thoracic duct (Anat.), the great trunk of the lymphatic vessels, situated on the ventral side of the vertebral column in the thorax and abdomen. See Illust. of Lacteal.

Tho*rac"ic, n. [Cf. F. thoracique.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of fishes having the ventral fins placed beneath the thorax or beneath the pectorial fins.

||Tho*rac"i*ca (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of cirripeds including those which have six thoracic segments, usually bearing six pairs of cirri. The common barnacles are examples.

Tho`ra*com"e*ter (?), n. (Physiol.) Same as Stethometer.

Tho`ra*co*plas"ty (?), n. [Thorax + plasty.] (Med.) A remodeling or reshaping of the thorax; especially, the operation of removing the ribs, so as to obliterate the pleural cavity in cases of empyema.

||Tho`ra*cos"tra*ca (?), n. pl. [NL. See Thorax, and Ostracoid, a.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of Crustacea, having a dorsal shield or carapec&?; &?;&?;niting all, or nearly all, of the thoracic somites to the head. It includes the crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and similar species.

Tho`ra*cot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, thorax + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of opening the pleural cavity by incision.

Tho"ral (?), a. [L. torus a couch, bed.] Of or pertaining to a bed. [R.]

Tho"rax (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. (Anat.) The part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen, containing that part of the body cavity the walls of which are supported by the dorsal vertebræ, the ribs, and the sternum, and which the heart and lungs are situated; the chest.

In mammals the thoracic cavity is completely separated from the abdominal by the diaphragm, but in birds and many reptiles the separation is incomplete, while in other reptiles, and in amphibians and fishes, there is no marked separation and no true thorax.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The middle region of the body of an insect, or that region which bears the legs and wings. It is composed of three united somites, each of which is composed of several distinct parts. See Illust. in Appendix. and Illust. of Coleoptera. (b) The second, or middle, region of the body of a crustacean, arachnid, or other articulate animal. In the case of decapod Crustacea, some writers include under the term thorax only the three segments bearing the maxillipeds; others include also the five segments bearing the legs. See Illust. in Appendix.

3. (Antiq.) A breastplate, cuirass, or corselet; especially, the breastplate worn by the ancient Greeks.

Tho"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Thorite.] (Chem.) A rare white earthy substance, consisting of the oxide of thorium; — formerly called also thorina.

Thor"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to thorium; designating the compounds of thorium.

Tho"rite (?), n. [So called by Berzelius from the Scandinavian god Thor. See Thor.] (Min.) A mineral of a brown to black color, or, as in the variety orangite, orange-yellow. It is essentially a silicate of thorium.

Tho"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Thorite.] (Chem.) A metallic element found in certain rare minerals, as thorite, pyrochlore, monazite, etc., and isolated as an infusible gray metallic powder which burns in the air and forms thoria; — formerly called also thorinum. Symbol Th. Atomic weight 232.0.

Thorn (?), n. [AS. þorn; akin to OS. & OFries. thorn, D. doorn, G. dorn, Dan. torn, Sw. törne, Icel. þorn, Goth. þaúrnus; cf. Pol. tarn, Russ. tern' the blackthorn, ternie thorns, Skr. ta grass, blade of grass. √53.] 1. A hard and sharp-pointed projection from a woody stem; usually, a branch so transformed; a spine.

2. (Bot.) Any shrub or small tree which bears thorns; especially, any species of the genus Cratægus, as the hawthorn, whitethorn, cockspur thorn.

3. Fig.: That which pricks or annoys as a thorn; anything troublesome; trouble; care.

> There was given to me a thorn in the flesh, the messenger of Satan to buffet me.

2 Cor. xii. 7.

> The guilt of empire, all its thorns and cares,
> Be only mine.

Southern.

4. The name of the Anglo-Saxon letter &?;, capital form &?;. It was used to represent both of the sounds of English th, as in thin, then. So called because it was the initial letter of thorn, a spine.

Thorn apple (Bot.), Jamestown weed. — Thorn broom (Bot.), a shrub that produces thorns. — Thorn hedge, a hedge of thorn-bearing trees or bushes. — Thorn devil. (Zoöl.) See Moloch, 2. — Thorn hopper (Zoöl.), a tree hopper (Thelia cratægi) which lives on the thorn bush, apple tree, and allied trees.

Thorn, v. t. To prick, as with a thorn. [Poetic]

> I am the only rose of all the stock
> That never thorn'd him.

Tennyson.

Thorn"back` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A European skate (Raia clavata) having thornlike spines on its back.

2. (Zoöl.) The large European spider crab or king crab (Maia squinado).

Thorn"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small, brilliantly colored American birds of the genus Rhamphomicron. They have a long, slender, sharp bill, and feed upon honey, insects, and the juice of the sugar cane.

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Thorn"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small South American bird (Anumbius anumbii) allied to the ovenbirds of the genus Furnarius). It builds a very large and complex nest of twigs and thorns in a bush or tree.

Thorn"but (?), n. [Thorn + -but as in halibut; cf. G. dornbutt.] (Zoöl.) The turbot.

Thorn"-head`ed (?), a. Having a head armed with thorns or spines.

Thorn-headed worm (Zoöl.), any worm of the order Acanthocephala; — called also thornhead.

Thorn"less, a. Destitute of, or free from, thorns.

Thorn"set` (?), a. Set with thorns. Dyer.

Thorn"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A beautiful South American humming bird (Gouldia Popelairii), having the six outer tail feathers long, slender, and pointed. The head is ornamented with a long, pointed crest.

Thorn"y (?), a. [Compar. Thornier (?); superl. Thorniest.] [Cf. AS. þorniht.] 1. Full of thorns or spines; rough with thorns; spiny; as, a thorny wood; a thorny tree; a thorny crown.

2. Like a thorn or thorns; hence, figuratively, troublesome; vexatious; harassing; perplexing. "The thorny point of bare distress." Shak.

> The steep and thorny way to heaven.

Shak.

Thorny rest-harrow (Bot.), rest- harrow. — Thorny trefoil, a prickly plant of the genus Fagonia (F. Cretica, etc.).

Thor"o (?), a. Thorough. [Reformed spelling.]

Thor"ough (?), prep. [See Through.] Through. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak.

Thor"ough, a. 1. Passing through; as, thorough lights in a house. [Obs.]

2. Passing through or to the end; hence, complete; perfect; as, a thorough reformation; thorough work; a thorough translator; a thorough poet.

Thor"ough, adv. 1. Thoroughly. [Obs. or Colloq.] Chaucer.

2. Through. [Obs.] Shak.

Thor"ough, n. A furrow between two ridges, to drain off the surface water. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Thor"ough bass` (?). (Mus.) The representation of chords by figures placed under the base; figured bass; basso continuo; — sometimes used as synonymous with harmony.

Thor"ough-brace` (?), n. A leather strap supporting the body of a carriage, and attached to springs, or serving as a spring. See Illust. of Chaise.

Thor"ough*bred` (?), a. Bred from the best blood through a long line; pure-blooded; — said of stock, as horses. Hence, having the characteristics of such breeding; mettlesome; courageous; of elegant form, or the like. — n. A thoroughbred animal, especially a horse.

Thor"ough*fare` (?), n. [AS. þurhfaru.] 1. A passage through; a passage from one street or opening to another; an unobstructed way open to the public; a public road; hence, a frequented street.

> A large and splendid thoroughfare.

Motley.

2. A passing or going through; passage. [R.]

> [Made] Hell and this world — one realm, one continent
> Of easy thoroughfare.

Milton.

Thor"ough*go`ing (?), a. 1. Going through, or to the end or bottom; very thorough; complete.

2. Going all lengths; extreme; thoroughplaced; — less common in this sense.

Thor"ough-light`ed (?), a. (Arch.) Provided with thorough lights or windows at opposite sides, as a room or building. Gwilt.

Thor"ough*ly, adv. In a thorough manner; fully; entirely; completely.

Thor"ough*ness, n. The quality or state of being thorough; completeness.

Thor"ough*paced` (?), a. Perfect in what is undertaken; complete; going all lengths; as, a thoroughplaced Tory or Whig.

> If she be a thoroughplaced impostor.

Sir W. Scott.

Thor"ough*pin` (?), n. (Far.) A disease of the hock (sometimes of the knee) of a horse, caused by inflammation of the synovial membrane and a consequent excessive secretion of the synovial fluid; — probably so called because there is usually an oval swelling on each side of the leg, appearing somewhat as if a pin had been thrust through.

Thor"ough*sped` (?), a. Fully accomplished; thoroughplaced. [R.] Swift.

Thor"ough*stitch` (?), adv. So as to go the whole length of any business; fully; completely. [Obs.]

> Preservance alone can carry us thoroughstitch.

L'Estrange.

Thor"ough*wax` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) An umbelliferous plant (Bupleurum rotundifolium) with perfoliate leaves. (b) Thoroughwort.

Thor"ough*wort` (?), n. Same as Boneset.

Thor"ow (?), prep. Through. [Obs.] "Thorow bramble, pits, and floods." Beau. & Fl.

Thor"ow, a. Thorough. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

{ Thorp, Thorpe} (thôrp), n. [AS. þorp; akin to OS. & OFries. thorp, D. dorp, G. dorf, Icel. þorp, Dan. torp, Sw. torp a cottage, a little farm, Goth. þaúrp a field, and probably to Lith. troba a building, a house, W. tref a hamlet, Ir. treabh a farmed village, a tribe, clan, Gael. treabhair houses, and perhaps to L. turba a crowd, mult. Cf. Dorp.] A group of houses in the country; a small village; a hamlet; a dorp; — now chiefly occurring in names of places and persons; as, Althorp, Mablethorpe. "Within a little thorp I staid." Fairfax.

> Then thorpe and byre arose in fire.

Tennyson.

Those (?), pron. [OE. þos, þas, AS. ðs, nom. and acc. pl. of ðs this. See This, and cf. These.] The plural of that. See That.

||Thoth (?), n. 1. (Myth.) The god of eloquence and letters among the ancient Egyptians, and supposed to be the inventor of writing and philosophy. He corresponded to the Mercury of the Romans, and was usually represented as a human figure with the head of an ibis or a lamb.

2. (Zoöl.) The Egyptian sacred baboon.

Thou (?), pron. [Sing.: nom. Thou; poss. Thy (?) or Thine (&?;); obj. Thee (?). Pl.: nom. You (&?;); poss. Your (?) or Yours (&?;); obj. You.] [OE. thou, þu, AS. ð, ðu; akin to OS. & OFries. thu, G., Dan. & Sw. du, Icel. þ, Goth. þu, Russ. tui, Ir. & Gael. tu, W. ti, L. tu, Gr. sy`, Dor. ty`, Skr. tvam. √185. Cf. Thee, Thine, Te Deum.] The second personal pronoun, in the singular number, denoting the person addressed; thyself; the pronoun which is used in addressing persons in the solemn or poetical style.

> Art thou he that should come?

Matt. xi. 3.

"In Old English, generally, thou is the language of a lord to a servant, of an equal to an equal, and expresses also companionship, love, permission, defiance, scorn, threatening: whilst ye is the language of a servant to a lord, and of compliment, and further expresses honor, submission, or entreaty." Skeat.

Thou is now sometimes used by the Friends, or Quakers, in familiar discourse, though most of them corruptly say thee instead of thou.

Thou, v. t. To address as thou, esp. to do so in order to treat with insolent familiarity or contempt.

> If thou thouest him some thrice, it shall not be amiss.

Shak.

Thou, v. i. To use the words thou and thee in discourse after the manner of the Friends. [R.]

Though (), conj. [OE. thogh, þah, AS. ðeáh, ðh, ðh; akin to OS. thh, OFries. thach, D. & G. doch but, yet, OHG. doh but, yet though, Icel. þ yet, nevertheless, Sw. dock, Dan. dog, Goth. þáuh, þáu, than, or, yet; of uncertain origin. √184.] Granting, admitting, or supposing that; notwithstanding that; if.

> Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him.

Job xiii. 15.

> Not that I so affirm, though so it seem.

Milton.

It is compounded with all in although. See Although.

As though, as if.

> In the vine were three branches; and it was as though it budded.

Gen. xl. 10.

Though, adv. However; nevertheless; notwithstanding; — used in familiar language, and in the middle or at the end of a sentence.

> I would not be as sick though for his place.

Shak.

> A good cause would do well, though.

Dryden.

Thought (?), imp. & p. p. of Think.

Thought, n. [OE. þoght, þouht, AS. þht, geþht, fr. þencean to think; akin to D. gedachte thought, MHG. dht, gedht, Icel. þttr, þtti. See Think.] 1. The act of thinking; the exercise of the mind in any of its higher forms; reflection; cogitation.

> Thought can not be superadded to matter, so as in any sense to render it true that matter can become cogitative.

Dr. T. Dwight.

2. Meditation; serious consideration.

> Pride, of all others the most dangerous fault,
> Proceeds from want of sense or want of thought.

Roscommon.

3. That which is thought; an idea; a mental conception, whether an opinion, judgment, fancy, purpose, or intention.

> Thus Bethel spoke, who always speaks his thought.

Pope.

> Why do you keep alone, . . .
> Using those thoughts which should indeed have died
> With them they think on?

Shak.

> Thoughts come crowding in so fast upon me, that my only difficulty is to choose or to reject.

Dryden.

> All their thoughts are against me for evil.

Ps. lvi. 5.

4. Solicitude; anxious care; concern.

> Hawis was put in trouble, and died with thought and anguish before his business came to an end.

Bacon.

> Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink.

Matt. vi. 25.

5. A small degree or quantity; a trifle; as, a thought longer; a thought better. [Colloq.]

> If the hair were a thought browner.

Shak.

Thought, in philosophical usage now somewhat current, denotes the capacity for, or the exercise of, the very highest intellectual functions, especially those usually comprehended under judgment.

> This [faculty], to which I gave the name of the "elaborative faculty," — the faculty of relations or comparison, — constitutes what is properly denominated thought.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Syn. — Idea; conception; imagination; fancy; conceit; notion; supposition; reflection; consideration; meditation; contemplation; cogitation; deliberation.

Thought"ful (?), a. 1. Full of thought; employed in meditation; contemplative; as, a man of thoughtful mind.

> War, horrid war, your thoughtful walks invades.

Pope.

2. Attentive; careful; exercising the judgment; having the mind directed to an object; as, thoughtful of gain; thoughtful in seeking truth. Glanvill.

3. Anxious; solicitous; concerned.

> Around her crowd distrust, and doubt, and fear,
> And thoughtful foresight, and tormenting care.

Prior.

Syn. — Considerate; deliberate; contemplative; attentive; careful; wary; circumspect; reflective; discreet. — Thoughtful, Considerate. He who is habitually thoughtful rarely neglects his duty or his true interest; he who is considerate pauses to reflect and guard himself against error. One who is not thoughtful by nature, if he can be made considerate, will usually be guarded against serious mistakes. "He who is thoughtful does not forget his duty; he who is considerate pauses, and considers properly what is his duty. It is a recommendation to a subordinate person to be thoughtful in doing what is wished of him; it is the recommendation of a confidential person to be considerate, as he has often to judge according to his own discretion. Crabb.

— Thought"ful*ly, adv. — Thought"ful*ness, n.

Thought"less, adv. 1. Lacking thought; careless; inconsiderate; rash; as, a thoughtless person, or act.

2. Giddy; gay; dissipated. [R.] Johnson.

3. Deficient in reasoning power; stupid; dull.

> Thoughtless as monarch oaks that shade the plain.

Dryden.

— Thought"less*ly, adv. — Thought"less*ness, n.

Thou"sand (?), n. [OE. þousend, þusend, AS. þsend; akin to OS. thsundig, thsind, OFries. thusend, D. duizend, G. tausend, OHG. tsunt, dsunt, Icel. þsund, þshund, Sw. tusen, Dan. tusind, Goth. þsundi, Lith. tukstantis, Russ. tuisiacha; of uncertain origin.] 1. The number of ten hundred; a collection or sum consisting of ten times one hundred units or objects.

2. Hence, indefinitely, a great number.

> A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand.

Ps. xci. 7.

The word thousand often takes a plural form. See the Note under Hundred.

3. A symbol representing one thousand units; as, 1,000, M or CI.

Thou"sand, a. 1. Consisting of ten hundred; being ten times one hundred.

2. Hence, consisting of a great number indefinitely. "Perplexed with a thousand cares." Shak.

Thou"sand*fold` (?), a. Multiplied by a thousand.

Thou"sand legs` (?). (Zoöl.) A millepid, or galleyworm; — called also thousand-legged worm.

Thou"sandth (?), a. 1. Next in order after nine hundred and ninty-nine; coming last of a thousand successive individuals or units; — the ordinal of thousand; as, the thousandth part of a thing.

2. Constituting, or being one of, a thousand equal parts into which anything is divided; the tenth of a hundredth.

3. Occurring as being one of, or the last one of, a very great number; very small; minute; — used hyperbolically; as, to do a thing for the thousandth time.

Thou"sandth, n. The quotient of a unit divided by a thousand; one of a thousand equal parts into which a unit is divided.

{ Thow"el (?), Thowl (?), } n. [See Thole.] (Naut.) (a) A thole pin. (b) A rowlock.

> I would sit impatiently thinking with what an unusual amount of noise the oars worked in the thowels.

Dickens.

Thra"cian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Thrace, or its people. — n. A native or inhabitant of Thrace.

Thrack (?), v. t. To load or burden; as, to thrack a man with property. [Obs.] South.

Thrack"scat (?), n. Metal still in the mine. [Obs.]

Thral"dom (?), n. [Icel. &?;rældmr. See Thrall, and -dom.] The condition of a thrall; slavery; bondage; state of servitude. [Written also thralldom.]

> Women are born to thraldom and penance
> And to be under man's governance.

Chaucer.

> He shall rule, and she in thraldom live.

Dryden.

Thrall (?), n. [OE. thral, þral, Icel. þræll, perhaps through AS. þrl; akin to Sw. träl, Dan. træl, and probably to AS. þrægian to run, Goth. þragjan, Gr. tre`chein; cf. OHG. dregil, drigil, a servant.] 1. A slave; a bondman. Chaucer.

> Gurth, the born thrall of Cedric.

Sir W. Scott.

2. Slavery; bondage; servitude; thraldom. Tennyson.

> He still in thrall
> Of all-subdoing sleep.

Chapman.

3. A shelf; a stand for barrels, etc. [Prov. Eng.]

Thrall, a. Of or pertaining to a thrall; in the condition of a thrall; bond; enslaved. [Obs.] Spenser.

> The fiend that would make you thrall and bond.

Chaucer.

Thrall, v. t. To enslave. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser.

Thrall"dom (?), n. Thraldom.

Thrall"-less, a. (a) Having no thralls. (b) Not enslaved; not subject to bonds.

Thrall"-like` (?), a. Resembling a thrall, or his condition, feelings, or the like; slavish.

> Servile and thrall-like fear.

Milton.

Thra"nite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, from &?; a bench, form, especially the topmost of the three benches in a trireme.] (Gr. Antiq.) One of the rowers on the topmost of the three benches in a trireme.

Thrap"ple (?), n. [Also thropple, corrupted fr. throttle.] Windpipe; throttle. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

{ Thrash (?), Thresh (?) }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thrashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thrashing.] [OE. þreschen, þreshen, to beat, AS. þerscan, þrescan; akin to D. dorschen, OD. derschen, G. dreschen, OHG. dreskan, Icel. þreskja, Sw. tröska, Dan. tærske, Goth. þriskan, Lith. traszketi to rattle, Russ. treskate to burst, crackle, tresk' a crash, OSlav. troska a stroke of lighting. Cf. Thresh.] 1. To beat out grain from, as straw or husks; to beat the straw or husk of (grain) with a flail; to beat off, as the kernels of grain; as, to thrash wheat, rye, or oats; to thrash over the old straw.

> The wheat was reaped, thrashed, and winnowed by machines.

H. Spencer.

2. To beat soundly, as with a stick or whip; to drub.

{ Thrash, Thresh}, v. t. 1. To practice thrashing grain or the like; to perform the business of beating grain from straw; as, a man who thrashes well.

2. Hence, to labor; to toil; also, to move violently.

> I rather would be Mævius, thrash for rhymes,
> Like his, the scorn and scandal of the times.

Dryden.

Thrash"el (?), n. An instrument to thrash with; a flail. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

{ Thrash"er (?), Thresh"er (?) }, n. 1. One who, or that which, thrashes grain; a thrashing machine.

2. (Zoöl.) A large and voracious shark (Alopias vulpes), remarkable for the great length of the upper lobe of its tail, with which it beats, or thrashes, its prey. It is found both upon the American and the European coasts. Called also fox shark, sea ape, sea fox, slasher, swingle-tail, and thrasher shark.

3. (Zoöl.) A name given to the brown thrush and other allied species. See Brown thrush.

Sage thrasher. (Zoöl.) See under Sage. — Thrasher whale (Zoöl.), the common killer of the Atlantic.

<! p. 1502 !>

Thrash"ing (?), a. & n. from Thrash, v.

Thrashing floor, Threshing-floor, or Threshing floor, a floor or area on which grain is beaten out. — Thrashing machine, a machine for separating grain from the straw.

Thra*son"ic*al (?), a. [From Thrso, the name of a braggart soldier in Terence's "Eunuch:" cf. L. Thrasonianus.] Of or pertaining to Thraso; like, or becoming to, Thraso; bragging; boastful; vainglorious. — Thra*son"ic*al*ly, adv.

> Cæsar's thrasonical brag of 'I came, saw, and overcame.'

Shak.

Thraste (thräst), v. t. [imp. Thraste; p. p. Thrast.] To thrust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Thrave (thrv), n. [OE. þrave, þreve, Icel. þrefi; akin to Dan. trave; cf. Icel. þrfa to grasp.] 1. Twenty-four (in some places, twelve) sheaves of wheat; a shock, or stook. [Prov. Eng.]

2. The number of two dozen; also, an indefinite number; a bunch; a company; a throng. "The worst of a thrave." [Obs.] Landsdowne MS.

> He sends forth thraves of ballads to the sale.

Bp. Hall.

Thraw (thr), n. & v. See Throse. [Scot.] Burns.

Thread (thrd), n. [OE. threed, þred, AS. þrd; akin to D. draad, G. draht wire, thread, OHG. drt, Icel. þrðr a thread, Sw. tråd, Dan. traad, and AS. þrwan to twist. See Throw, and cf. Third.] 1. A very small twist of flax, wool, cotton, silk, or other fibrous substance, drawn out to considerable length; a compound cord consisting of two or more single yarns doubled, or joined together, and twisted.

2. A filament, as of a flower, or of any fibrous substance, as of bark; also, a line of gold or silver.

3. The prominent part of the spiral of a screw or nut; the rib. See Screw, n., 1.

4. Fig.: Something continued in a long course or tenor; a,s the thread of life, or of a discourse. Bp. Burnet.

5. Fig.: Composition; quality; fineness. [Obs.]

> A neat courtier,
> Of a most elegant thread.

B. Jonson.

Air thread, the fine white filaments which are seen floating in the air in summer, the production of spiders; gossamer. — Thread and thrum, the good and bad together. [Obs.] Shak. — Thread cell (Zoöl.), a lasso cell. See under Lasso. — Thread herring (Zoöl.), the gizzard shad. See under Gizzard. — Thread lace, lace made of linen thread. — Thread needle, a game in which children stand in a row, joining hands, and in which the outer one, still holding his neighbor, runs between the others; — called also thread the needle.

Thread, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Threaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Threading.] 1. To pass a thread through the eye of; as, to thread a needle.

2. To pass or pierce through as a narrow way; also, to effect or make, as one's way, through or between obstacles; to thrid.

> Heavy trading ships . . . threading the Bosphorus.

Mitford.

> They would not thread the gates.

Shak.

3. To form a thread, or spiral rib, on or in; as, to thread a screw or nut.

Thread"bare` (?), a. 1. Worn to the naked thread; having the nap worn off; threadbare clothes. "A threadbare cope." Chaucer.

2. Fig.: Worn out; as, a threadbare subject; stale topics and threadbare quotations. Swift.

Thread"bare`ness, n. The state of being threadbare.

Thread"en (?), a. Made of thread; as, threaden sails; a threaden fillet. [Obs.] Shak.

Thread"er (?), n. 1. A device for assisting in threading a needle.

2. A tool or machine for forming a thread on a screw or in a nut.

Thread"fin` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fishes belonging to Polynemus and allied genera. They have numerous long pectoral filaments.

Thread"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The cutlass fish. (b) A carangoid fish (Caranx gallus, or C. crinitus) having the anterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal fins prolonged in the form of long threads.

Thread"i*ness (?), n. Quality of being thready.

Thread"-shaped` (?), a. Having the form of a thread; filiform.

Thread"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any long, slender nematode worm, especially the pinworm and filaria.

Thread"y (?), a. 1. Like thread or filaments; slender; as, the thready roots of a shrub.

2. Containing, or consisting of, thread.

Threap (thrp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Threaped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Threaping.] [AS. þreápian to reprove.] [Written also threpe, and threip.] 1. To call; to name. [Obs.]

2. To maintain obstinately against denial or contradiction; also, to contend or argue against (another) with obstinacy; to chide; as, he threaped me down that it was so. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns.

3. To beat, or thrash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

4. To cozen, or cheat. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Threap, v. i. To contend obstinately; to be pertinacious. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

> It's not for a man with a woman to threap.

Percy's Reliques.

Threap (?), n. An obstinate decision or determination; a pertinacious affirmation. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

> He was taken a threap that he would have it finished before the year was done.

Carlyle.

Threat (thrt), n. [AS. þreát, akin to þreótan to vex, G. verdriessen, OHG. irdriozan, Icel. þrjta to fail, want, lack, Goth. usþriutan to vex, to trouble, Russ. trudite to impose a task, irritate, vex, L. trudere to push. Cf. Abstruse, Intrude, Obstrude, Protrude.] The expression of an intention to inflict evil or injury on another; the declaration of an evil, loss, or pain to come; menace; threatening; denunciation.

> There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats.

Shak.

Threat, v. t. & i. [OE. þreten, AS. þreátian. See Threat, n.] To threaten. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak.

> Of all his threating reck not a mite.

Chaucer.

> Our dreaded admiral from far they threat.

Dryden.

Threat"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Threatened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Threatening.] [OE. þretenen. See Threat, v. t.] 1. To utter threats against; to menace; to inspire with apprehension; to alarm, or attempt to alarm, as with the promise of something evil or disagreeable; to warn.

> Let us straitly threaten them, that they speak henceforth to no man in this name.

Acts iv. 17.

2. To exhibit the appearance of (something evil or unpleasant) as approaching; to indicate as impending; to announce the conditional infliction of; as, to threaten war; to threaten death. Milton.

> The skies look grimly
> And threaten present blusters.

Shak.

Syn. — To menace. — Threaten, Menace. Threaten is Anglo-Saxon, and menace is Latin. As often happens, the former is the more familiar term; the latter is more employed in formal style. We are threatened with a drought; the country is menaced with war.

> By turns put on the suppliant and the lord:
> Threatened this moment, and the next implored.

Prior.

> Of the sharp ax
> Regardless, that o'er his devoted head
> Hangs menacing.

Somerville.

Threat"en, v. i. To use threats, or menaces; also, to have a threatening appearance.

> Though the seas threaten, they are merciful.

Shak.

Threat"en*er (?), n. One who threatens. Shak.

Threat"en*ing, a. & n. from Threaten, v. — Threat"en*ing*ly, adv.

Threatening letters (Law), letters containing threats, especially those designed to extort money, or to obtain other property, by menaces; blackmailing letters.

Threat"ful (?), a. Full of threats; having a menacing appearance. Spenser. — Threat"ful*ly, adv.

Threave (?), n. Same as Thrave. [Obs.]

Three (?), a. [OE. þre, þreo, þri, AS. þr, masc., þreó, fem. and neut.; akin to OFries. thre, OS. thria, threa, D. drie, G. drei, OHG. dr, Icel. þrr, Dan. & Sw. tre, Goth. þreis, Lith. trys, Ir., Gael. & W. tri, Russ. tri, L. tres, Gr. trei^s, Skr. tri. √301. Cf. 3d Drilling, Tern, a., Third, Thirteen, Thirty, Tierce, Trey, Tri-, Triad, Trinity, Tripod.] One more than two; two and one. "I offer thee three things." 2 Sam. xxiv. 12.

> Three solemn aisles approach the shrine.

Keble.

Three is often joined with other words, forming compounds signifying divided into, composed of, or containing, three parts, portions, organs, or the like; as, three-branched, three-capsuled, three-celled, three-cleft, three-edged, three-foot, three- footed, three-forked, three-grained, three-headed, three-legged, three-mouthed, three-nooked, three-petaled, three-pronged, three-ribbed, three-seeded, three-stringed, three-toed, and the like.

Three, n. 1. The number greater by a unit than two; three units or objects.

2. A symbol representing three units, as 3 or iii.

Rule of three. (Arith.) See under Rule, n.

Three"-coat` (?), a. (Arch.) Having or consisting of three coats; — applied to plastering which consists of pricking-up, floating, and a finishing coat; or, as called in the United States, a scratch coat, browning, and finishing coat.

Three"-cor`nered (?), a. 1. Having three corners, or angles; as, a three-cornered hat.

2. (Bot.) Having three prominent longitudinal angles; as, a three-cornered stem.

Three"-deck`er (?), n. (Naut.) A vessel of war carrying guns on three decks.

Three"-flow`ered (?), a. (Bot.) Bearing three flowers together, or only three flowers.

Three"fold` (?), a. [OE. þreofald; cf. AS. þrfeald.] Consisting of three, or thrice repeated; triple; as, threefold justice.

> A threefold cord is not quickly broken.

Eccl. iv. 12.

Three"-hand`ed (?), a. Said of games or contests where three persons play against each other, or two against one; as, a three-handed game of cards.

{ Three"-leafed` (?), Three"-leaved` (?), } a. (Bot.) (a) Producing three leaves; as, three-leaved nightshade. (b) Consisting of three distinct leaflets; having the leaflets arranged in threes.

Three-leaved nightshade. See Trillium.

Three"-lobed` (?), a. Having three lobes.

Three-lobed leaf (Bot.), a leaf divided into three parts, the sinuses extending not more than half way to the middle, and either the parts of the sinuses being rounded.

Three"-nerved` (?), a. Having three nerves.

Three-nerved leaf (Bot.), a leaf having three distinct and prominent ribs, or nerves, extending from the base.

Three"-part`ed (?), a. Divided into, or consisting of, three parts; tripartite.

Three-parted leaf (Bot.), a leaf divided into three parts down to the base, but not entirely separate.

Three"pence (?), n. A small silver coin of three times the value of a penny. [Eng.]

Three"pen*ny (?), a. Costing or worth three pence; hence, worth but little; poor; mean.

Three"-pile` (?), n. An old name for the finest and most costly kind of velvet, having a fine, thick pile.

> I have served Prince Florizel and in my time wore three- pile.

Shak.

Three"-piled` (?), a. 1. Having the quality of three-pile; best; most costly. [R.]

> Thou art good velvet; thou 'rt three-piled piece.

Shak.

2. Fig.: Extravagant; exaggerated; high- flown. "Three-piled hyperboles." Shak.

3. Accustomed to wearing three-pile; hence, of high rank, or wealth. [Obs.] "Three-piled people." Beau. & Fl.

Three"-ply` (?), a. Consisting of three distinct webs inwrought together in weaving, as cloth or carpeting; having three strands; threefold.

Three"-point`ed (?), a. (Bot.) Having three acute or setigerous points; tricuspidate.

Three"-quar`ter (?), a. (Paint.) Measuring thirty inches by twenty-five; — said of portraitures.

Three-quarter length, a portrait showing the figure to the hips only.

Three"-score` (?), a. Thrice twenty; sixty.

Three"-sid`ed (?), a. Having three sides, especially three plane sides; as, a three-sided stem, leaf, petiole, peduncle, scape, or pericarp.

Three"-square` (?), a. Having a cross section in the form of an equilateral triangle; — said especially of a kind of file.

Three"-valved` (?), a. Consisting of, or having, three valves; opening with three valves; as, a three-valved pericarp.

Three"-way` (?), a. Connected with, or serving to connect, three channels or pipes; as, a three-way cock or valve.

Threne (?), n. [L. threnus, Gr. &?;. Cf. Drone.] Lamentation; threnody; a dirge. Shak.

> The threns . . . of the prophet Jeremiah.

Jer. Taylor.

{ Thre*net"ic (?), Thre*net"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;. See Threne.] Pertaining to a threne; sorrowful; mournful.

Thren"ode (?), n. A threne, or threnody; a dirge; a funeral song.

Thren"o*dist (?), n. One who composes, delivers, or utters, a threnode, or threnody.

Thren"o*dy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; a dirge + &?; a song. See Threne, and Ode.] A song of lamentation; a threnode. Sir T. Herbert.

Threpe (?), v. t. [See Threap.] To call; to term. [Obs.] "Luna silver we threpe." Chaucer.

Threp*sol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; nourishment + -logy.] (Med.) The doctrine of nutrition; a treatise on nutrition.

Thresh (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Threshed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Threshing.] Same as Thrash.

> He would thresh, and thereto dike and delve.

Chaucer.

Thresh"er (?), n. Same as Thrasher.

Thresh"-fold` (?), n. Threshold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Thresh"old (?), n. [OE. threswold, þreshwold, AS. þrescwald, þerscwald, þerscold, þrescold, fr. þrescan, þerscan, to thresh; akin to Icel. þreskjöde, þröskuldr, Sw. tröskel, Dan. tærskel. See Thrash.] 1. The plank, stone, or piece of timber, which lies under a door, especially of a dwelling house, church, temple, or the like; the doorsill; hence, entrance; gate; door.

2. Fig.: The place or point of entering or beginning, entrance; outset; as, the threshold of life.

Thresh"wold` (?), n. Threshold. [Obs.]

Threste (?), v. t. [imp. Threste; p. p. & Threst.] To thrust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Thret"teen` (?), a. Thirteen. [Obs. or Scot.]

Thret"ty (?), a. Thirty. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns.

Threw (?), imp. of Throw.

Thrib"ble (?), a. Triple; treble; threefold. [Prov. Eng. or Colloq.] Halliwell.

Thrice (?), adv. [OE. thries; thrie thrice (AS. þriga, þriwa) + - s, the adverbal suffix. See Three, and -wards.] 1. Three times. "Thrice in vain." Spenser.

> Verily I say unto thee. That this night, before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice.

Matt. xxvi. 34.

2. In a threefold manner or degree; repeatedly; very.

> Thrice noble lord, let me entreat of you
> To pardon me.

Shak.

> Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just.

Shak.

Thrice is often used, generally with an intensive force, to form compounds which are usually of obvious meaning; as, in thrice-blessed, thrice-favored, thrice-hallowed, thrice-happy, thrice-told, and the like.

Thrice"cock` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The missel thrush. [Prov. Eng.]

Thrid (?), a. Third. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Thrid, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thridded; p. pr. & vb. n. Thridding.] [A variant of thread.] 1. To pass through in the manner of a thread or a needle; to make or find a course through; to thread.

> Some thrid the mazy ringlets of her hair.

Pope.

> And now he thrids the bramble bush.

J. R. Drake.

> I began
> To thrid the musky-circled mazes.

Tennyson.

2. To make or effect (a way or course) through something; as, to thrid one's way through a wood.

Thrid, n. Thread; continuous line. [Archaic]

> I resume the thrid of my discourse.

Dryden.

Thri"fal`low (?), v. t. See Thryfallow, and Trifallow. [R.] Tusser.

Thrift (?), n. [Icel. þrift. See Thrive.] 1. A thriving state; good husbandry; economical management in regard to property; frugality.

> The rest, . . . willing to fall to thrift, prove very good husbands.

Spenser.

2. Success and advance in the acquisition of property; increase of worldly goods; gain; prosperity. "Your thrift is gone full clean." Chaucer.

> I have a mind presages me such thrift.

Shak.

3. Vigorous growth, as of a plant.

4. (Bot.) One of several species of flowering plants of the genera Statice and Armeria.

Common thrift (Bot.), Armeria vulgaris; — also called sea pink.

Syn. — Frugality; economy; prosperity; gain; profit.

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Thrift"i*ly (?), adv. 1. In a thrifty manner.

2. Carefully; properly; becomingly. [Obs.]

> A young clerk . . . in Latin thriftily them gret [greeted].

Chaucer.

Thrift"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being thrifty; thrift.

Thrift"less, a. Without thrift; not prudent or prosperous in money affairs. — Thrift"less*ly, adv. — Thrift"less*ness, n.

Thrift"y (?), a. [Compar. Thriftier (?); superl. Thriftiest.] 1. Given to, or evincing, thrift; characterized by economy and good menegement of property; sparing; frugal.

> Her chaffer was so thrifty and so new.

Chaucer.

> I am glad he hath so much youth and vigor left, of which he hath not been thrifty.

Swift.

2. Thriving by industry and frugality; prosperous in the acquisition of worldly goods; increasing in wealth; as, a thrifty farmer or mechanic.

3. Growing rapidly or vigorously; thriving; as, a thrifty plant or colt.

4. Secured by thrift; well husbanded. [R.]

> I have five hundred crowns,
> The thrifty hire I saved under your father.

Shak.

5. Well appearing; looking or being in good condition; becoming. [Obs.]

> I sit at home, I have no thrifty cloth.

Chaucer.

Syn. — Frugal; sparing; economical; saving; careful.

Thrill (thrl), n. [See Trill.] A warbling; a trill.

Thrill, n. [AS. þyrel an aperture. See Thrill, v. t.] A breathing place or hole; a nostril, as of a bird.

Thrill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thrilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thrilling.] [OE. thrillen, þirlen, þurlen, to pierce; all probably fr. AS. þyrlian, þyrelian, Fr. þyrel pierced; as a noun, a hole, fr. þurh through; probably akin to D. drillen to drill, to bore. √53. See Through, and cf. Drill to bore, Nostril, Trill to trickle.] 1. To perforate by a pointed instrument; to bore; to transfix; to drill. [Obs.]

> He pierced through his chafed chest
> With thrilling point of deadly iron brand.

Spenser.

2. Hence, to affect, as if by something that pierces or pricks; to cause to have a shivering, throbbing, tingling, or exquisite sensation; to pierce; to penetrate.

> To bathe in flery floods, or to reside
> In thrilling region of thick-ribbed ice.

Shak.

> Vivid and picturesque turns of expression which thrill the &?;eader with sudden delight.

M. Arnold.

> The cruel word her tender heart so thrilled,
> That sudden cold did run through every vein.

Spenser.

3. To hurl; to throw; to cast. [Obs.]

> I'll thrill my javelin.

Heywood.

Thrill, v. i. 1. To pierce, as something sharp; to penetrate; especially, to cause a tingling sensation that runs through the system with a slight shivering; as, a sharp sound thrills through the whole frame.

> I have a faint cold fear thrills through my veins.

Shak.

2. To feel a sharp, shivering, tingling, or exquisite sensation, running through the body.

> To seek sweet safety out
> In vaults and prisons, and to thrill and shake.

Shak.

Thrill, n. 1. A drill. See 3d Drill, 1.

2. A sensation as of being thrilled; a tremulous excitement; as, a thrill of horror; a thrill of joy. Burns.

Thrill"ant (?), a. Piercing; sharp; thrilling. [Obs.] "His thrillant spear." Spenser.

Thrill"ing, a. Causing a thrill; causing tremulous excitement; deeply moving; as, a thrilling romance. — Thrill"ing*ly, adv. — Thrill"ing*ness, n.

Thring (?), v. t. & i. [imp. Throng (?).] [AS. þringan. See Throng.] To press, crowd, or throng. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Thrips (?), n. [L., a woodworm, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous small species of Thysanoptera, especially those which attack useful plants, as the grain thrips (Thrips cerealium).

The term is also popularly applied to various other small injurious insects.

Thrist (?), n. Thrist. [Obs.] Spenser.

Thrit"tene` (?), a. Thirteen. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Thrive (thrv), v. i. [imp. Throve (thrv) or Thrived (thrvd); p. p. Thrived or Thriven (thrv"'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Thriving.] [OE. þriven, Icel. þrfask; probably originally, to grasp for one's self, from þrfa to grasp; akin to Dan. trives to thrive, Sw. trifvas. Cf. Thrift.] 1. To prosper by industry, economy, and good management of property; to increase in goods and estate; as, a farmer thrives by good husbandry.

> Diligence and humility is the way to thrive in the riches of the understanding, as well as in gold.

I. Watts.

2. To prosper in any business; to have increase or success. "They by vices thrive." Sandys.

> O son, why sit we here, each other viewing
> Idly, while Satan, our great author, thrives?

Milton.

> And so she throve and prospered.

Tennyson.

3. To increase in bulk or stature; to grow vigorously or luxuriantly, as a plant; to flourish; as, young cattle thrive in rich pastures; trees thrive in a good soil.

Thriv"en (?), p. p. of Thrive.

Thriv"er (?), n. One who thrives, or prospers.

Thriv"ing*ly, adv. In a thriving manner.

Thriv"ing*ness, n. The quality or condition of one who thrives; prosperity; growth; increase.

Thro' (?). A contraction of Through.

Throat (thrt), n. [OE. throte, AS. þrote, þrotu; akin to OHG. drozza, G. drossel; cf. OFries. & D. stort. Cf. Throttle.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The part of the neck in front of, or ventral to, the vertebral column. (b) Hence, the passage through it to the stomach and lungs; the pharynx; — sometimes restricted to the fauces.

> I can vent clamor from my throat.

Shak.

2. A contracted portion of a vessel, or of a passage way; as, the throat of a pitcher or vase.

3. (Arch.) The part of a chimney between the gathering, or portion of the funnel which contracts in ascending, and the flue. Gwilt.

4. (Naut.) (a) The upper fore corner of a boom-and-gaff sail, or of a staysail. (b) That end of a gaff which is next the mast. (c) The angle where the arm of an anchor is joined to the shank. Totten.

5. (Shipbuilding) The inside of a timber knee.

6. (Bot.) The orifice of a tubular organ; the outer end of the tube of a monopetalous corolla; the faux, or fauces.

Throat brails (Naut.), brails attached to the gaff close to the mast. — Throat halyards (Naut.), halyards that raise the throat of the gaff. — Throat pipe (Anat.), the windpipe, or trachea. — To give one the lie in his throat, to accuse one pointedly of lying abominably. — To lie in one's throat, to lie flatly or abominably.

Throat, v. t. 1. To utter in the throat; to mutter; as, to throat threats. [Obs.] Chapman.

2. To mow, as beans, in a direction against their bending. [Prov. Eng.]

Throat"band` (?), n. Same as Throatlatch.

Throat"boll` (?), n. [Throat + boll a ball.] The Adam's apple in the neck. [Obs. or R.]

> By the throatboll he caught Aleyn.

Chaucer.

Throat"ing, n. (Arch.) A drip, or drip molding.

Throat"latch` (?), n. A strap of a bridle, halter, or the like, passing under a horse's throat.

Throat"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Campanula Trachelium) formerly considered a remedy for sore throats because of its throat-shaped corolla.

Throat"y (?), a. Guttural; hoarse; having a guttural voice. "Hard, throaty words." Howell.

Throb (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Throbbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Throbbing.] [OE. þrobben; of uncertain origin; cf. Russ. trepete a trembling, and E. trepidation.] To beat, or pulsate, with more than usual force or rapidity; to beat in consequence of agitation; to palpitate; — said of the heart, pulse, etc.

> My heart
> Throbs to know one thing.

Shak.

> Here may his head lie on my throbbing breast.

Shak.

Throb, n. A beat, or strong pulsation, as of the heart and arteries; a violent beating; a papitation:

> The impatient throbs and longings of a soul
> That pants and reaches after distant good.

Addison.

Throd"den (?), v. i. [Prov. E. throdden, throddle, fat, thriving; cf. Icel. throask to grow.] To grow; to thrive. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Throe (?), n. [OE. þrowe, þrawe, AS. þreá a threatening, oppression, suffering, perhaps influenced by Icel. þr a throe, a pang, a longing; cf. AS. þreowian to suffer.] 1. Extreme pain; violent pang; anguish; agony; especially, one of the pangs of travail in childbirth, or purturition.

> Prodogious motion felt, and rueful throes.

Milton.

2. A tool for splitting wood into shingles; a frow.

Throe, v. i. To struggle in extreme pain; to be in agony; to agonize.

Throe, v. t. To put in agony. [R.] Shak.

||Throm*bo"sis (?), n. [NL. See Thrombus.] (Med.) The obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot formed at the site of obstruction; — distinguished from embolism, which is produced by a clot or foreign body brought from a distance. — Throm*bot"ic (#), a.

||Throm"bus (?), n.; pl. Thrombi (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a lump, a clot of blood.] (Med.) (a) A clot of blood formed of a passage of a vessel and remaining at the site of coagulation. (b) A tumor produced by the escape of blood into the subcutaneous cellular tissue.

Throne (?), n. [OE. trone, F. trône, L. thronus, Gr. &?;; cf. &?; a bench, &?; a footstool, &?; to set one's self, to sit, Skr. dharaa supporting, dh to hold fast, carry, and E. firm, a.] 1. A chair of state, commonly a royal seat, but sometimes the seat of a prince, bishop, or other high dignitary.

> The noble king is set up in his throne.

Chaucer.

> High on a throne of royal state.

Milton.

2. Hence, sovereign power and dignity; also, the one who occupies a throne, or is invested with sovereign authority; an exalted or dignified personage.

> Only in the throne will I be greater than thou.

Gen. xli. 40.

> To mold a mighty state's decrees,
> And shape the whisper of the throne.

Tennyson.

3. pl. A high order of angels in the celestial hierarchy; — a meaning given by the schoolmen. Milton.

> Great Sire! whom thrones celestial ceaseless sing.

Young.

Throne, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Throned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Throning.] 1. To place on a royal seat; to enthrone. Shak.

2. To place in an elevated position; to give sovereignty or dominion to; to exalt.

> True image of the Father, whether throned
> In the bosom of bliss, and light of light.

Milton.

Throne (?), v. i. To be in, or sit upon, a throne; to be placed as if upon a throne. Shak.

Throne"less, a. Having no throne.

Throng (?), n. [OE. þrong, þrang, AS. geþrang, fr. þringan to crowd, to press; akin to OS. thringan, D. & G. dringen, OHG. dringan, Icel. þryngva, þröngva, Goth. þriehan, D. & G. drang a throng, press, Icel. þröng a throng, Lith. trenkti to jolt, tranksmas a tumult. Cf. Thring.] 1. A multitude of persons or of living beings pressing or pressed into a close body or assemblage; a crowd.

2. A great multitude; as, the heavenly throng.

Syn. — Throng, Multitude, Crowd. Any great number of persons form a multitude; a throng is a large number of persons who are gathered or are moving together in a collective body; a crowd is composed of a large or small number of persons who press together so as to bring their bodies into immediate or inconvenient contact. A dispersed multitude; the throngs in the streets of a city; the crowd at a fair or a street fight. But these distinctions are not carefully observed.

> So, with this bold opposer rushes on
> This many-headed monster, multitude.

Daniel.

> Not to know me argues yourselves unknown,
> The lowest of your throng.

Milton.

> I come from empty noise, and tasteless pomp,
> From crowds that hide a monarch from himself.

Johnson.

Throng, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Thronged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thronging.] To crowd together; to press together into a close body, as a multitude of persons; to gather or move in multitudes.

> I have seen the dumb men throng to see him.

Shak.

Throng, v. t. 1. To crowd, or press, as persons; to oppress or annoy with a crowd of living beings.

> Much people followed him, and thronged him.

Mark v. 24.

2. To crowd into; to fill closely by crowding or pressing into, as a hall or a street. Shak.

Throng, a. Thronged; crowded; also, much occupied; busy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bp. Sanderson.

> To the intent the sick . . . should not lie too throng.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

Throng"ly, adv. In throngs or crowds. [Obs.]

Throp (?), n. A thorp. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Throp"ple (?), n. [Cf. Thrapple, and see Throttle.] The windpipe. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Throp"ple, v. t. To throttle. [Prov. Eng.]

Thros"tle (?), n. [OE. throsel, AS. þrostle, þrosle; akin to MHG. trostel, G. drossel, Icel. þröstr, Sw. trast, Lith. strazdas, L. turdus. √238. Cf. Thrush the bird.] 1. (Zoöl.) The song thrush. See under Song.

2. A machine for spinning wool, cotton, etc., from the rove, consisting of a set of drawing rollers with bobbins and flyers, and differing from the mule in having the twisting apparatus stationary and the processes continuous; — so called because it makes a singing noise.

Throstle cock, the missel thrush. [Prov. Eng.]

Thros"tling (?), n. [Cf. Throttle.] A disease of bovine cattle, consisting of a swelling under the throat, which, unless checked, causes strangulation.

Throt"tle (?), n. [Dim. of throat. See Throat.] 1. The windpipe, or trachea; the weasand. Sir W. Scott.

2. (Steam Engine) The throttle valve.

Throttle lever (Steam Engine), the hand lever by which a throttle valve is moved, especially in a locomotive. — Throttle valve (Steam Engine), a valve moved by hand or by a governor for regulating the supply of steam to the steam chest. In one form it consists of a disk turning on a transverse axis.

Throt"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Throttled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Throttling (?).] 1. To compress the throat of; to choke; to strangle.

> Grant him this, and the Parliament hath no more freedom than if it sat in his noose, which, when he pleases to draw together with one twitch of his negative, shall throttle a whole nation, to the wish of Caligula, in one neck.

Milton.

2. To utter with breaks and interruption, in the manner of a person half suffocated. [R.]

> Throttle their practiced accent in their fears.

Shak.

3. To shut off, or reduce flow of, as steam to an engine.

Throt"tle, v. i. 1. To have the throat obstructed so as to be in danger of suffocation; to choke; to suffocate.

2. To breathe hard, as when nearly suffocated.

Throt"tler (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, throttles, or chokes.

2. (Zoöl.) See Flasher, 3 (b). [Prov. Eng.]

Through (?), prep. [OE. thurgh, þurh, þuruh, þoruh, AS. þurh; akin to OS. thurh, thuru, OFries. thruch, D. door, OHG. durh, duruh, G. durch, Goth. þaírh; cf. Ir. tri, tre, W. trwy. √53. Cf. Nostril, Thorough, Thrill.] 1. From end to end of, or from side to side of; from one surface or limit of, to the opposite; into and out of at the opposite, or at another, point; as, to bore through a piece of timber, or through a board; a ball passes through the side of a ship.

2. Between the sides or walls of; within; as, to pass through a door; to go through an avenue.

> Through the gate of ivory he dismissed
> His valiant offspring.

Dryden.

3. By means of; by the agency of.

> Through these hands this science has passed with great applause.

Sir W. Temple.

> Material things are presented only through their senses.

Cheyne.

4. Over the whole surface or extent of; as, to ride through the country; to look through an account.

5. Among or in the midst of; — used to denote passage; as, a fish swims through the water; the light glimmers through a thicket.

6. From the beginning to the end of; to the end or conclusion of; as, through life; through the year.

Through, adv. 1. From one end or side to the other; as, to pierce a thing through.

2. From beginning to end; as, to read a letter through.

3. To the end; to a conclusion; to the ultimate purpose; as, to carry a project through.

Through was formerly used to form compound adjectives where we now use thorough; as, through-bred; through- lighted; through-placed, etc.

To drop through, to fall through; to come to naught; to fail. — To fall through. See under Fall, v. i.

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Through (?), a. Going or extending through; going, extending, or serving from the beginning to the end; thorough; complete; as, a through line; a through ticket; a through train. Also, admitting of passage through; as, a through bridge.

Through bolt, a bolt which passes through all the thickness or layers of that which it fastens, or in which it is fixed. — Through bridge, a bridge in which the floor is supported by the lower chords of the tissues instead of the upper, so that travel is between the trusses and not over them. Cf. Deck bridge, under Deck. — Through cold, a deep- seated cold. [Obs.] Holland. — Through stone, a flat gravestone. [Scot.] [Written also through stane.] Sir W. Scott. — Through ticket, a ticket for the whole journey. — Through train, a train which goes the whole length of a railway, or of a long route.

Through"ly, adv. Thoroughly. [Obs.] Bacon.

> Wash me throughly from mine iniquity.

Ps. li. 2.

> To dare in fields is valor; but how few
> Dare to be throughly valiant to be true?

Dryden.

Through*out" (?), prep. Quite through; from one extremity to the other of; also, every part of; as, to search throughout the house.

> Nor to their idle orbs doth sight appear
> Of sun, or moon, or star, throughout the year.

Milton.

Through*out", adv. In every part; as, the cloth was of a piece throughout.

Throve (?), imp. of Thrive.

Throw (thr), n. [See Throe.] Pain; especially, pain of travail; throe. [Obs.] Spenser. Dryden.

Throw, n. [AS. þrh, þrg.] Time; while; space of time; moment; trice. [Obs.] Shak.

> I will with Thomas speak a little throw.

Chaucer.

Throw, v. t. [imp. Threw (thr); p. p. Thrown (thrn); p. pr. & vb. n. Throwing.] [OE. þrowen, þrawen, to throw, to twist, AS. þrwan to twist, to whirl; akin to D. draaijen, G. drehen, OHG. drjan, L. terebra an auger, gimlet, Gr. &?; to bore, to turn, &?; to pierce, &?; a hole. Cf. Thread, Trite, Turn, v. t.] 1. To fling, cast, or hurl with a certain whirling motion of the arm, to throw a ball; — distinguished from to toss, or to bowl.

2. To fling or cast in any manner; to drive to a distance from the hand or from an engine; to propel; to send; as, to throw stones or dust with the hand; a cannon throws a ball; a fire engine throws a stream of water to extinguish flames.

3. To drive by violence; as, a vessel or sailors may be thrown upon a rock.

4. (Mil.) To cause to take a strategic position; as, he threw a detachment of his army across the river.

5. To overturn; to prostrate in wrestling; as, a man throws his antagonist.

6. To cast, as dice; to venture at dice.

> Set less than thou throwest.

Shak.

7. To put on hastily; to spread carelessly.

> O'er his fair limbs a flowery vest he threw.

Pope.

8. To divest or strip one's self of; to put off.

> There the snake throws her enameled skin.

Shak.

9. (Pottery) To form or shape roughly on a throwing engine, or potter's wheel, as earthen vessels.

10. To give forcible utterance to; to cast; to vent.

> I have thrown
> A brave defiance in King Henry's teeth.

Shak.

11. To bring forth; to produce, as young; to bear; — said especially of rabbits.

12. To twist two or more filaments of, as silk, so as to form one thread; to twist together, as singles, in a direction contrary to the twist of the singles themselves; — sometimes applied to the whole class of operations by which silk is prepared for the weaver. Tomlinson.

To throw away. (a) To lose by neglect or folly; to spend in vain; to bestow without a compensation; as, to throw away time; to throw away money. (b) To reject; as, to throw away a good book, or a good offer. — To throw back. (a) To retort; to cast back, as a reply. (b) To reject; to refuse. (c) To reflect, as light. — To throw by, to lay aside; to discard; to neglect as useless; as, to throw by a garment. — To throw down, to subvert; to overthrow; to destroy; as, to throw down a fence or wall. — To throw in. (a) To inject, as a fluid. (b) To put in; to deposit with others; to contribute; as, to throw in a few dollars to help make up a fund; to throw in an occasional comment. (c) To add without enumeration or valuation, as something extra to clinch a bargain. — To throw off. (a) To expel; to free one's self from; as, to throw off a disease. (b) To reject; to discard; to abandon; as, to throw off all sense of shame; to throw off a dependent. (c) To make a start in a hunt or race. [Eng.] — To throw on, to cast on; to load. — To throw one's self down, to lie down neglectively or suddenly. — To throw one's self on or upon. (a) To fall upon. (b) To resign one's self to the favor, clemency, or sustain power of (another); to repose upon. — To throw out. (a) To cast out; to reject or discard; to expel. "The other two, whom they had thrown out, they were content should enjoy their exile." Swift. "The bill was thrown out." Swift. (b) To utter; to give utterance to; to speak; as, to throw out insinuation or observation. "She throws out thrilling shrieks." Spenser. (c) To distance; to leave behind. Addison. (d) To cause to project; as, to throw out a pier or an abutment. (e) To give forth; to emit; as, an electric lamp throws out a brilliant light. (f) To put out; to confuse; as, a sudden question often throws out an orator. — To throw over, to abandon the cause of; to desert; to discard; as, to throw over a friend in difficulties. — To throw up. (a) To resign; to give up; to demit; as, to throw up a commission. "Experienced gamesters throw up their cards when they know that the game is in the enemy's hand." Addison. (b) To reject from the stomach; to vomit. (c) To construct hastily; as, to throw up a breastwork of earth.

Throw (?), v. i. To perform the act of throwing or casting; to cast; specifically, to cast dice.

To throw about, to cast about; to try expedients. [R.]

Throw, n. 1. The act of hurling or flinging; a driving or propelling from the hand or an engine; a cast.

> He heaved a stone, and, rising to the throw,
> He sent it in a whirlwind at the foe.

Addison.

2. A stroke; a blow. [Obs.]

> Nor shield defend the thunder of his throws.

Spenser.

3. The distance which a missile is, or may be, thrown; as, a stone's throw.

4. A cast of dice; the manner in which dice fall when cast; as, a good throw.

5. An effort; a violent sally. [Obs.]

> Your youth admires
> The throws and swellings of a Roman soul.

Addison.

6. (Mach.) The extreme movement given to a sliding or vibrating reciprocating piece by a cam, crank, eccentric, or the like; travel; stroke; as, the throw of a slide valve. Also, frequently, the length of the radius of a crank, or the eccentricity of an eccentric; as, the throw of the crank of a steam engine is equal to half the stroke of the piston.

7. (Pottery) A potter's wheel or table; a jigger. See 2d Jigger, 2 (a).

8. A turner's lathe; a throwe. [Prov. Eng.]

9. (Mining) The amount of vertical displacement produced by a fault; — according to the direction it is designated as an upthrow, or a downthrow.

Throw"-crook` (?), n. (Agric.) An instrument used for twisting ropes out of straw.

Throwe (?), n. A turning lathe. [Prov. Eng.]

Throw"er (?), n. One who throws. Specifically: (a) One who throws or twists silk; a throwster. (b) One who shapes vessels on a throwing engine.

Throw"ing, a. & n. from Throw, v.

Throwing engine, Throwing mill, Throwing table, or Throwing wheel (Pottery), a machine on which earthenware is first rudely shaped by the hand of the potter from a mass of clay revolving rapidly on a disk or table carried by a vertical spindle; a potter's wheel.

Thrown (?), a. & p. p. from Throw, v.

Thrown silk, silk thread consisting of two or more singles twisted together like a rope, in a direction contrary to that in which the singles of which it is composed are twisted. M'Culloch. — Thrown singles, silk thread or cord made by three processes of twisting, first into singles, two or more of which are twisted together making dumb singles, and several of these twisted together to make thrown singles.

Throw"-off` (?), n. A start in a hunt or a race. [Eng.]

Throw"ster (?), n. [Throw + - ster.] One who throws or twists silk; a thrower.

Thru (?), prep., adv. & a. Through. [Ref. spelling.]

Thrum (?), n. [OE. thrum, throm; akin to OD. drom, D. dreum, G. trumm, lump, end, fragment, OHG. drum end, Icel. &?;römr edge, brim, and L. terminus a limit, term. Cf. Term.] [Written also thrumb.] 1. One of the ends of weaver's threads; hence, any soft, short threads or tufts resembling these.

2. Any coarse yarn; an unraveled strand of rope.

3. (Bot.) A threadlike part of a flower; a stamen.

4. (Mining) A shove out of place; a small displacement or fault along a seam.

5. (Naut.) A mat made of canvas and tufts of yarn.

Thrum cap, a knitted cap. Halliwell. - - Thrum hat, a hat made of coarse woolen cloth. Minsheu.

Thrum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thrummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thrumming.] 1. To furnish with thrums; to insert tufts in; to fringe.

> Are we born to thrum caps or pick straw?

Quarles.

2. (Naut.) To insert short pieces of rope- yarn or spun yarn in; as, to thrum a piece of canvas, or a mat, thus making a rough or tufted surface. Totten.

Thrum, v. i. [CF. Icel. &?;ruma to rattle, to thunder, and E. drum.] 1. To play rudely or monotonously on a stringed instrument with the fingers; to strum.

2. Hence, to make a monotonous drumming noise; as, to thrum on a table.

Thrum, v. t. 1. To play, as a stringed instrument, in a rude or monotonous manner.

2. Hence, to drum on; to strike in a monotonous manner; to thrum the table.

Thrum"-eyed` (?), a. (Bot.) Having the anthers raised above the stigma, and visible at the throat of the corolla, as in long-stamened primroses; — the reverse of pin- eyed.

Thrum"my (?), a. Like thrums; made of, furnished with, or characterized by, thrums. Dampier.

> On her head thrummy cap she had.

Chalkhill.

Thrum"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of amaranth (Amarantus caudatus). Dr. Prior.

Thru*out" (?). Throughout. [Ref. spelling.]

Thrush (?), n. [OE. þrusche, AS. þrysce; akin to OHG. drosca, droscea, droscela, and E. throstle. Cf. Throstle.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of singing birds belonging to Turdus and allied genera. They are noted for the sweetness of their songs.

Among the best-known European species are the song thrush or throstle (Turdus musicus), the missel thrush (see under Missel), the European redwing, and the blackbird. The most important American species are the wood thrush (Turdus mustelinus), Wilson's thrush (T. fuscescens), the hermit thrush (see under Hermit), Swainson's thrush (T. Aliciæ), and the migratory thrush, or American robin (see Robin).

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of singing birds more or less resembling the true thrushes in appearance or habits; as the thunderbird and the American brown thrush (or thrasher). See Brown thrush.

Ant thrush. See Ant thrush, Breve, and Pitta. — Babbling thrush, any one of numerous species of Asiatic timaline birds; — called also babbler. — Fruit thrush, any species of bulbul. — Shrike thrush. See under Shrike. — Stone thrush, the missel thrush; — said to be so called from its marbled breast. — Thrush nightingale. See Nightingale, 2. - - Thrush tit, any one of several species of Asiatic singing birds of the genus Cochoa. They are beautifully colored birds allied to the tits, but resembling thrushes in size and habits. — Water thrush. (a) The European dipper. (b) An American warbler (Seiurus Noveboracensis).

Thrush (?), n. [Akin to Dan. tröske, Sw. trosk; cf. Dan. tör dry, Sw. torr, Icel. þurr, AS. þyrr, OE. thrust thrist, E. thrist.] 1. (Med.) An affection of the mouth, fauces, etc., common in newly born children, characterized by minute ulcers called aphthæ. See Aphthæ.

2. (Far.) An inflammatory and suppurative affection of the feet in certain animals. In the horse it is in the frog.

Thrush"el (?), n. The song thrush. [Prov. Eng.]

Thrush"er (?), n. The song thrush. [Prov. Eng.]

Thrust (?), n. & v. Thrist. [Obs.] Spenser.

Thrust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thrust (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thrusting.] [OE. &?;rusten, &?;risten, &?;resten, Icel. &?;r&?;st&?; to thrust, press, force, compel; perhaps akin to E. threat.] 1. To push or drive with force; to drive, force, or impel; to shove; as, to thrust anything with the hand or foot, or with an instrument.

> Into a dungeon thrust, to work with slaves.

Milton.

2. To stab; to pierce; — usually with through.

To thrust away or from, to push away; to reject. — To thrust in, to push or drive in. — To thrust off, to push away. - - To thrust on, to impel; to urge. — To thrust one's self in or into, to obtrude upon, to intrude, as into a room; to enter (a place) where one is not invited or not welcome. — To thrust out, to drive out or away; to expel. — To thrust through, to pierce; to stab. "I am eight times thrust through the doublet." Shak. — To thrust together, to compress.

Thrust, v. i. 1. To make a push; to attack with a pointed weapon; as, a fencer thrusts at his antagonist.

2. To enter by pushing; to squeeze in.

> And thrust between my father and the god.

Dryden.

3. To push forward; to come with force; to press on; to intrude. "Young, old, thrust there in mighty concourse." Chapman.

To thrust to, to rush upon. [Obs.]

> As doth an eager hound
> Thrust to an hind within some covert glade.

Spenser.

Thrust, n. 1. A violent push or driving, as with a pointed weapon moved in the direction of its length, or with the hand or foot, or with any instrument; a stab; — a word much used as a term of fencing.

> [Polites] Pyrrhus with his lance pursues,
> And often reaches, and his thrusts renews.

Dryden.

2. An attack; an assault.

> One thrust at your pure, pretended mechanism.

Dr. H. More.

3. (Mech.) The force or pressure of one part of a construction against other parts; especially (Arch.), a horizontal or diagonal outward pressure, as of an arch against its abutments, or of rafters against the wall which support them.

4. (Mining) The breaking down of the roof of a gallery under its superincumbent weight.

Thrust bearing (Screw Steamers), a bearing arranged to receive the thrust or endwise pressure of the screw shaft. — Thrust plane (Geol.), the surface along which dislocation has taken place in the case of a reversed fault.

Syn. — Push; shove; assault; attack. Thrust, Push, Shove. Push and shove usually imply the application of force by a body already in contact with the body to be impelled. Thrust, often, but not always, implies the impulse or application of force by a body which is in motion before it reaches the body to be impelled.

Thrust"er (?), n. One who thrusts or stabs.

Thrust"ing, n. 1. The act of pushing with force.

2. (Dairies) (a) The act of squeezing curd with the hand, to expel the whey. (b) pl. The white whey, or that which is last pressed out of the curd by the hand, and of which butter is sometimes made. [Written also thrutchthings.] [Prov. Eng.]

Thrusting screw, the screw of a screw press, as for pressing curd in making cheese. [R.]

Thrus"tle (?), n. (Zoöl.) The throstle, or song thrust. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> When he heard the thrustel sing.

Chaucer.

Thryes (?), a. Thrice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Thry"fal`low (?), v. t. [Perhaps fr. thrice + fallow. Cf. Trifallow.] To plow for the third time in summer; to trifallow. [R.] [Written also thrifallow.] Tusser.

Thud (thd), n. [Cf. AS. þden a whirlwind, violent wind, or E. thump.] A dull sound without resonance, like that produced by striking with, or striking against, some comparatively soft substance; also, the stroke or blow producing such sound; as, the thrud of a cannon ball striking the earth.

> At every new thud of the blast, a sob arose.

Jeffrey.

> At intervals there came some tremendous thud on the side of the steamer.

C. Mackay.

Thug (?), n. [Hind. thag a deceiver, robber.] One of an association of robbers and murderers in India who practiced murder by stealthy approaches, and from religious motives. They have been nearly exterminated by the British government.

Thug*gee" (?), n. [Hind. &?;hag.] The practice of secret or stealthy murder by Thugs. "One of the suppressors of Thuggee." J. D. Hooker.

{ Thug"ger*y (?), Thug"gism (?), } n. Thuggee.

<! p. 1505 !>

||Thu"ja (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; an African tree with sweet-smelling wood.] (Bot.) A genus of evergreen trees, thickly branched, remarkable for the distichous arrangement of their branches, and having scalelike, closely imbricated, or compressed leaves. [Written also thuya.] See Thyine wood.

Thuja occidentalis is the Arbor vitæ of the Eastern and Northern United States. T. gigantea of North-waetern America is a very large tree, there called red cedar, and canoe cedar, and furnishes a useful timber.

||Thu"le (?), n. [L. Thule, Thyle, Gr. &?;, &?;.] The name given by ancient geographers to the northernmost part of the habitable world. According to some, this land was Norway, according to others, Iceland, or more probably Mainland, the largest of the Shetland islands; hence, the Latin phrase ultima Thule, farthest Thule.

Thu"li*a (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) Oxide of thulium.

Thu"li*um (?), n. [NL. See Thule.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of uncertain properties and identity, said to have been found in the mineral gadolinite.

Thumb (?), n. [OE. thombe, thoumbe, þume, AS. þma; akin to OFries. thma, D. duim, G. daumen, OHG. dmo, Icel. þumall, Dan. tommelfinger, Sw. tumme, and perhaps to L. tumere to swell. √56. Cf. Thimble, Tumid.] The short, thick first digit of the human hand, differing from the other fingers in having but two phalanges; the pollex. See Pollex.

> Upon his thumb he had of gold a ring.

Chaucer.

Thumb band, a twist of anything as thick as the thumb. Mortimer. — Thumb blue, indigo in the form of small balls or lumps, used by washerwomen to blue linen, and the like. — Thumb latch, a door latch having a lever formed to be pressed by the thumb. — Thumb mark. (a) The mark left by the impression of a thumb, as on the leaves of a book. Longfellow. (b) The dark spot over each foot in finely bred black and tan terriers. — Thumb nut, a nut for a screw, having wings to grasp between the thumb and fingers in turning it; also, a nut with a knurled rim for the same perpose. — Thumb ring, a ring worn on the thumb. Shak. — Thumb stall. (a) A kind of thimble or ferrule of iron, or leather, for protecting the thumb in making sails, and in other work. (b) (Mil.) A buckskin cushion worn on the thumb, and used to close the vent of a cannon while it is sponged, or loaded. — Under one's thumb, completely under one's power or influence; in a condition of subservience. [Colloq.]

Thumb, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thumbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thumbing (?).] 1. To handle awkwardly. Johnson.

2. To play with the thumbs, or with the thumbs and fingers; as, to thumb over a tune.

3. To soil or wear with the thumb or the fingers; to soil, or wear out, by frequent handling; also, to cover with the thumb; as, to thumb the touch-hole of a cannon.

> He gravely informed the enemy that all his cards had been thumbed to pieces, and begged them to let him have a few more packs.

Macaulay.

Thumb, v. i. To play with the thumb or thumbs; to play clumsily; to thrum.

Thumb"bird` (?), n. The goldcrest. [Prov. Eng.]

Thumbed (?), a. 1. Having thumbs.

2. Soiled by handling.

Thumb"kin (?), n. An instrument of torture for compressing the thumb; a thumbscrew.

Thumb"less, a. Without a thumb. Darwin.

Thumb"screw` (?), n. 1. A screw having a flat-sided or knurled head, so that it may be turned by the thumb and forefinger.

2. An old instrument of torture for compressing the thumb by a screw; a thumbkin.

Thum"mie (?), n. The chiff-chaff. [Prov. Eng.]

Thum"mim (?), n. pl. [Heb., pl. of thm perfection.] A mysterious part or decoration of the breastplate of the Jewish high priest. See the note under Urim.

Thump (?), n. [Probably of imitative origin; perhaps influenced by dump, v.t.] 1. The sound made by the sudden fall or blow of a heavy body, as of a hammer, or the like.

> The distant forge's swinging thump profound.

Wordsworth.

> With heavy thump, a lifeless lump,
> They dropped down, one by one.

Coleridge.

2. A blow or knock, as with something blunt or heavy; a heavy fall.

> The watchman gave so great a thump at my door, that I awaked at the knock.

Tatler.

Thump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thumping.] To strike or beat with something thick or heavy, or so as to cause a dull sound.

> These bastard Bretons; whom our hathers
> Have in their own land beaten, bobbed, and thumped.

Shak.

Thump, v. i. To give a thump or thumps; to strike or fall with a heavy blow; to pound.

> A watchman at midnight thumps with his pole.

Swift.

Thump"er (?), n. One who, or that which, thumps.

Thump"ing, a. Heavy; large. [Colloq.]

Thun"der (?), n. [OE. þunder, þonder, þoner, AS. þunor; akin to þunian to stretch, to thunder, D. donder thunder, G. donner, OHG. donar, Icel. þrr Thor, L. tonare to thunder, tonitrus thunder, Gr. to`nos a stretching, straining, Skr. tan to stretch. √52. See Thin, and cf. Astonish, Detonate, Intone, Thursday, Tone.] 1. The sound which follows a flash of lightning; the report of a discharge of atmospheric electricity.

2. The discharge of electricity; a thunderbolt. [Obs.]

> The revenging gods
> 'Gainst parricides did all their thunders bend.

Shak.

3. Any loud noise; as, the thunder of cannon.

4. An alarming or statrling threat or denunciation.

> The thunders of the Vatican could no longer strike into the heart of princes.

Prescott.

Thunder pumper. (Zoöl.) (a) The croaker (Haploidontus grunniens). (b) The American bittern or stake-driver. — Thunder rod, a lightning rod. [R.] — Thunder snake. (Zoöl.) (a) The chicken, or milk, snake. (b) A small reddish ground snake (Carphophis, or Celuta, amœna) native to the Eastern United States; — called also worm snake. — Thunder tube, a fulgurite. See Fulgurite.

Thun"der (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Thundered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thundering.] [AS. þunrian. See Thunder, n.] 1. To produce thunder; to sound, rattle, or roar, as a discharge of atmospheric electricity; — often used impersonally; as, it thundered continuously.

> Canst thou thunder with a voice like him?

Job xl. 9.

2. Fig.: To make a loud noise; esp. a heavy sound, of some continuance.

> His dreadful voice no more
> Would thunder in my ears.

Milton.

3. To utter violent denunciation.

Thun"der, v. t. To emit with noise and terror; to utter vehemently; to publish, as a threat or denunciation.

> Oracles severe
> Were daily thundered in our general's ear.

Dryden.

> An archdeacon, as being a prelate, may thunder out an ecclesiastical censure.

Ayliffe.

Thun"der*bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian insectivorous singing bird (Pachycephala gutturalis). The male is conspicuously marked with black and yellow, and has a black crescent on the breast. Called also white-throated thickhead, orange-breasted thrust, black-crowned thrush, guttural thrush, and black-breasted flycatcher.

Thun"der*bolt` (?), n. 1. A shaft of lightning; a brilliant stream of electricity passing from one part of the heavens to another, or from the clouds to the earth.

2. Something resembling lightning in suddenness and effectiveness.

> The Scipios' worth, those thunderbolts of war.

Dryden.

3. Vehement threatening or censure; especially, ecclesiastical denunciation; fulmination.

> He severely threatens such with the thunderbolt of excommunication.

Hakewill.

4. (Paleon.) A belemnite, or thunderstone.

Thunderbolt beetle (Zoöl.), a long- horned beetle (Arhopalus fulminans) whose larva bores in the trunk of oak and chestnut trees. It is brownish and bluish-black, with W-shaped whitish or silvery markings on the elytra.

Thun"der*burst` (?), n. A burst of thunder.

Thun"der*clap` (?), n. A sharp burst of thunder; a sudden report of a discharge of atmospheric electricity. "Thunderclaps that make them quake." Spenser.

> When suddenly the thunderclap was heard.

Dryden.

Thun"der*cloud` (?), n. A cloud charged with electricity, and producing lightning and thunder.

Thun"der*er (?), n. One who thunders; — used especially as a translation of L. tonans, an epithet applied by the Romans to several of their gods, esp. to Jupiter.

> That dreadful oath which binds the Thunderer.

Pope.

Thun"der*fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large European loach (Misgurnus fossilis).

Thun"der*head` (?), n. A rounded mass of cloud, with shining white edges; a cumulus, — often appearing before a thunderstorm.

Thun"der*ing, a. 1. Emitting thunder.

> Roll the thundering chariot o'er the ground.

J. Trumbull.

2. Very great; — often adverbially. [Slang]

— Thun"der*ing*ly, adv.

Thun"der*ing, n. Thunder. Rev. iv. 5.

Thun"der*less, a. Without thunder or noise.

Thun"der*ous (?), a. [Written also thundrous.] 1. Producing thunder. [R.]

> How he before the thunderous throne doth lie.

Milton.

2. Making a noise like thunder; sounding loud and deep; sonorous.

— Thun"der*ous*ly, adv.

Thun"der*proof` (?), a. Secure against the effects of thunder or lightning.

Thun"der*show`er (?), n. A shower accompanied with lightning and thunder.

Thun"der*stone` (?), n. 1. A thunderbolt, — formerly believed to be a stone.

> Fear no more the lightning flash,
> Nor the all-dreaded thunderstone.

Shak.

2. (Paleon.) A belemnite. See Belemnite.

Thun"der*storm` (?), n. A storm accompanied with lightning and thunder.

Thun"der*strike` (?), v. t. [imp. Thunderstruck (?); p. p. Thunderstruck, -strucken (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Thunderstriking.] 1. To strike, blast, or injure by, or as by, lightning. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

2. To astonish, or strike dumb, as with something terrible; — rarely used except in the past participle.

> drove before him, thunderstruck.

Milton.

Thun"der*worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small, footless, burrowing, snakelike lizard (Rhineura Floridana) allied to Amphisbæna, native of Florida; — so called because it leaves its burrows after a thundershower.

Thun"der*y (?), a. Accompanied with thunder; thunderous. [R.] "Thundery weather." Pennant.

Thun"drous (?), a. Thunderous; sonorous. "Scraps of thunderous epic." Tennyson.

Thun"ny (?), n. (Zoöl.) The tunny. [R.]

Thurgh (?), prep. Through. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Thurgh"fare` (?), n. Thoroughfare. [Obs.]

> This world is but a thurghfare full of woe.

Chaucer.

Thu"ri*ble (?), n. [L. thuribulum, turibulum, from thus, thuris, or better tus, turis, frankincense, fr. Gr. &?; a sacrifice, an offering, from &?; to sacrifice.] (R. C. Ch.) A censer of metal, for burning incense, having various forms, held in the hand or suspended by chains; — used especially at mass, vespers, and other solemn services. Fairholt.

Thu*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. thurifer, turifer; thus frankincense + -ferre to bear.] Producing or bearing frankincense.

Thu`ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. thus incense + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] The act of fuming with incense, or the act of burning incense.

Thu*rin"gi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Thuringia, a country in Germany, or its people. — n. A native, or inhabitant of Thuringia.

Thu*rin"gite (?), n. [From Thuringia, where it is found.] (Min.) A mineral occurring as an aggregation of minute scales having an olive-green color and pearly luster. It is a hydrous silicate of aluminia and iron.

Thurl (?), n. [AS. þyrel a hole. √53. See Thirl, Thrill.] 1. A hole; an aperture. [Obs.]

2. (Mining) (a) A short communication between adits in a mine. (b) A long adit in a coalpit.

Thurl, v. t. [See Thrill.] 1. To cut through; to pierce. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

2. (Mining) To cut through, as a partition between one working and another.

Thurl"ing, n. (Mining) Same as Thurl, n., 2 (a).

Thur"rok (?), n. [AS. þurruc a boat.] The hold of a ship; a sink. [Obs.]

> Small drops of water that enter through a little crevice into the thurrok and into the bottom of a ship.

Chaucer.

Thurs"day (?), n. [OE. þursdei, þorsday, from the Scand. name Thor + E. day. Icel. þrr Thor, the god of thunder, is akin to AS. þunor thunder; D. Donderdag Thursday, G. Donnerstag, Icel. þrsdagr, Sw. & Dan. Torsdag. √52. See Thor, Thunder, and Day.] The fifth day of the week, following Wednesday and preceding Friday.

Holy Thursday. See under Holy.

Thurst (?), n. (Coal Mining) The ruins of the fallen roof resulting from the removal of the pillars and stalls. Raymond.

||Thus (?), n. [L. thus, better tus, frankincense. See Thurible.] The commoner kind of frankincense, or that obtained from the Norway spruce, the long-leaved pine, and other conifers.

Thus (us), adv. [OE. thus, AS. ðus; akin to OFries. & OS. thus, D. dus, and E. that; cf. OHG. sus. See That.] 1. In this or that manner; on this wise.

> Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he.

Gen. vi. 22.

> Thus God the heaven created, thus the earth.

Milton.

2. To this degree or extent; so far; so; as, thus wise; thus peaceble; thus bold. Shak.

> Thus far extend, thus far thy bounds.

Milton.

Thus"sock (?), n. See Tussock. [Obs.]

Thu"ya (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Thuja.

Thu"yin (?), n. (Chem.) A substance extracted from trees of the genus Thuja, or Thuya, and probably identical with quercitrin. [Written also thujin.]

Thwack (thwk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thwacked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Thwacking.] [Cf. OE. thakken to stroke, AS. þaccian, E. whack.] 1. To strike with something flat or heavy; to bang, or thrash: to thump. "A distant thwacking sound." W. Irving.

2. To fill to overflow. [Obs.] Stanyhurst.

Thwack, n. A heavy blow with something flat or heavy; a thump.

> With many a stiff thwack, many a bang,
> Hard crab tree and old iron rang.

Hudibras.

Thwaite (?), n. (Zoöl.) The twaite.

Thwaite, n. [CF. Icel. þveit a piece of land, fr. þvta to cut. See Thwite, and cf. Doit, and Twaite land cleared of woods.] Forest land cleared, and converted to tillage; an assart. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Thwaite occurs in composition as the last element in many names of places in the north of England; as, in Rosthwaite, Stonethwaite.

Thwart (?), a. [OE. þwart, þwert, a. and adv., Icel. þvert, neut. of þverr athwart, transverse, across; akin to AS. þweorh perverse, transverse, cross, D. dwars, OHG. dwerah, twerh, G. zwerch, quer, Dan. & Sw. tver athwart, transverse, Sw. tvär cross, unfriendly, Goth. þwaírhs angry. Cf. Queer.] 1. Situated or placed across something else; transverse; oblique.

> Moved contrary with thwart obliquities.

Milton.

2. Fig.: Perverse; crossgrained. [Obs.] Shak.

Thwart, adv. [See Thwart, a.] Thwartly; obliquely; transversely; athwart. [Obs.] Milton.

Thwart, prep. Across; athwart. Spenser.

Thwart ships. See Athwart ships, under Athwart.

Thwart, n. (Naut.) A seat in an open boat reaching from one side to the other, or athwart the boat.

Thwart, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Thwarted; p. pr. & vb. n. Thwarting.] 1. To move across or counter to; to cross; as, an arrow thwarts the air. [Obs.]

> Swift as a shooting star
> In autumn thwarts the night.

Milton.

2. To cross, as a purpose; to oppose; to run counter to; to contravene; hence, to frustrate or defeat.

> If crooked fortune had not thwarted me.

Shak.

> The proposals of the one never thwarted the inclinations of the other.

South.

Thwart, v. i. 1. To move or go in an oblique or crosswise manner. [R.]

2. Hence, to be in opposition; to clash. [R.]

> Any proposition . . . that shall at all thwart with internal oracles.

Locke.

Thwart"er (?), n. (Far.) A disease in sheep, indicated by shaking, trembling, or convulsive motions.

Thwart"ing*ly, adv. In a thwarting or obstructing manner; so as to thwart.

Thwart"ly, adv. Transversely; obliquely.

Thwart"ness, n. The quality or state of being thwart; obliquity; perverseness.

<! p. 1506 !>

Thwite (?), v. t. [AS. þwtan. See Whittle, and cf. Thwaite a piece of land.] To cut or clip with a knife; to whittle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer.

Thwit"tle (?), v. t. [See Thwite, and Whittle.] To cut or whittle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Palsgrave.

Thwit"tle, n. A small knife; a whittle. [Written also thwitel.] [Obs.] "A Sheffield thwittle." Chaucer.

Thy (?), pron. [OE. thi, shortened from thin. See Thine, Thou.] Of thee, or belonging to thee; the more common form of thine, possessive case of thou; — used always attributively, and chiefly in the solemn or grave style, and in poetry. Thine is used in the predicate; as, the knife is thine. See Thine.

> Our father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done.

Matt. vi. 9,10.

> These are thy glorious works, Parent of good.

Milton.

Thy"ine wood` (?). [Gr. &?; &?;, fr. &?;, adj., pertaining to the tree &?; or &?;, an African tree with sweet-smelling wood.] (Bot.) The fragrant and beautiful wood of a North African tree (Callitris quadrivalvis), formerly called Thuja articulata. The tree is of the Cedar family, and furnishes a balsamic resin called sandarach. Rev. xviii. 12.

Thy"la*cine (?), n. [Gr. &?; a sack.] (Zoöl.) The zebra wolf. See under Wolf.

Thym"ate (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of thymol analogous to a salt; as, sodium thymate.

Thyme (tm), n. [OE. tyme, L. thymum, Gr. qy`mon, qy`mos; cf. qy`ein, to sacrifice, qy`os a sacrifice, offering, incense: cf. F. thym; — perhaps so named because of its sweet smell. Cf. Fume, n.] (Bot.) Any plant of the labiate genus Thymus. The garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is a warm, pungent aromatic, much used to give a relish to seasoning and soups.

> Ankle deep in moss and flowery thyme.

Cowper.

Cat thyme, a labiate plant (Teucrium Marum) of the Mediterranean religion. Cats are said to be fond of rolling on it. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). — Wild thyme, Thymus Serpyllum, common on banks and hillsides in Europe.

> I know a bank where the wild thyme blows.

Shak.

Thym"ene (?), n. (Chem.) A liquid terpene obtained from oil of thyme.

Thym"i*a*tech`ny (?), n. [Gr. &?; incense + te`chnh art.] (Med.) The art of employing perfumes in medicine. [R.] Dunglison.

Thym"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the thymus gland.

Thy"mic (?), a. (Med. Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, thyme; as, thymic acid.

Thym"ol (?), n. [Thyme + -ol.] (Chem.) A phenol derivative of cymene, C10H13.OH, isomeric with carvacrol, found in oil of thyme, and extracted as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties; — called also hydroxy cymene.

||Thy"mus (?), a. [NL., fr. Gr. qy`mos.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the thymus gland. — n. The thymus gland.

Thymus gland, or Thymus body, a ductless gland in the throat, or in the neighboring region, of nearly all vertebrates. In man and other mammals it is the throat, or neck, sweetbread, which lies in the upper part of the thorax and lower part of the throat. It is largest in fetal and early life, and disappears or becomes rudimentary in the adult.

Thym"y (?), a. Abounding with thyme; fragrant; as, a thymy vale. Akenside.

> Where'er a thymy bank he found,
> He rolled upon the fragrant ground.

Gay.

Thy"ro- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the thyroid body or the thyroid cartilage; as, thyrohyal.

Thy`ro*a*ryt"e*noid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages of the larynx.

Thy`ro*hy"al (?), n. (Anat.) One of the lower segments in the hyoid arch, often consolidated with the body of the hyoid bone and forming one of its great horns, as in man.

Thy`ro*hy"oid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and the hyoid arch.

Thy"roid (?), a. [Gr. &?; shield-shaped; &?; a large, oblong shield (from &?; a door) + &?; form: cf. F. thyroïde, thyréoïde.] 1. Shaped like an oblong shield; shield-shaped; as, the thyroid cartilage.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the thyroid body, thyroid cartilage, or thyroid artery; thyroideal.

Thyroid cartilage. See under Larynx. - - Thyroid body, or Thyroid gland (Anat.), a glandlike but ductless body, or pair of bodies, of unknown function, in the floor of the mouth or the region of the larynx. In man and most mammals it is a highly vascular organ, partly surrounding the base of the larynx and the upper part of the trachea. — Thyroid dislocation (Surg.), dislocation of the thigh bone into the thyroid foramen. — Thyroid foramen, the obturator foramen.

Thy*roid"e*al (?), a. (Anat.) Thyroid.

Thy*rot"o*my (?), n. [Thyro- + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the thyroid cartilage.

Thyrse (thrs), n. [Cf. F. thyrse.] A thyrsus.

{ Thyr"soid (thr"soid), Thyr*soid"al (thr*soid"al), } a. [Gr. &?;; &?; thyrsus + &?; form, shape: cf. F. thyrsoïde.] Having somewhat the form of a thyrsus.

||Thyr"sus (?), n.; pl. Thyrsi (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;. Cf. Torso.] 1. A staff entwined with ivy, and surmounted by a pine cone, or by a bunch of vine or ivy leaves with grapes or berries. It is an attribute of Bacchus, and of the satyrs and others engaging in Bacchic rites.

> A good to grow on graves
> As twist about a thyrsus.

Mrs. Browning.

> In my hand I bear
> The thyrsus, tipped with fragrant cones of pine.

Longfellow.

2. (Bot.) A species of inflorescence; a dense panicle, as in the lilac and horse-chestnut.

||Thy`sa*nop"ter (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Thysanoptera.

||Thy`sa*nop"te*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a fringe + &?; a wing.] (Zoöl.) A division of insects, considered by some writers a distinct order, but regarded by others as belonging to the Hemiptera. They are all of small size, and have narrow, broadly fringed wings with rudimentary nervures. Most of the species feed upon the juices of plants, and some, as those which attack grain, are very injurious to crops. Called also Physopoda. See Thrips.

Thy`sa*nop"ter*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Thysanoptera.

Thy`sa*nop"ter*ous (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Thysanoptera.

||Thys`a*nu"ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; fringe + &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) An order of wingless hexapod insects which have setiform caudal appendages, either bent beneath the body to form a spring, or projecting as bristles. It comprises the Cinura, or bristletails, and the Collembola, or springtails. Called also Thysanoura. See Lepisma, and Podura.

Thys`a*nu"ran (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Thysanura. Also used adjectively.

Thys`a*nu"rous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Thysanura.

Thys"be (?), n. [NL., fr. L. Thisbe maiden beloved by Pyramus, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A common clearwing moth (Hemaris thysbe).

Thy*self" (?), pron. An emphasized form of the personal pronoun of the second person; — used as a subject commonly with thou; as, thou thyself shalt go; that is, thou shalt go, and no other. It is sometimes used, especially in the predicate, without thou, and in the nominative as well as in the objective case.

> Thyself shalt see the act.

Shak.

> Ere I do thee, thou to thyself wast cruel.

Milton.

Ti"ar (?), n. [Cf. F. tiare. See Tiara.] A tiara. [Poetic] Milton. Tennyson.

Ti*a"ra (?), n. [L., from Gr. &?;, &?;; of Persian origin.] 1. A form of headdress worn by the ancient Persians. According to Xenophon, the royal tiara was encircled with a diadem, and was high and erect, while those of the people were flexible, or had rims turned over.

2. The pope's triple crown. It was at first a round, high cap, but was afterward encompassed with a crown, subsequently with a second, and finally with a third. Fig.: The papal dignity.

Ti*a"raed (?), a. Adorned with, or wearing, a tiara.

Tib"-cat` (?), n. A female cat. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

||Tib"i*a (?), n.; pl. Tibiæ (#). [L.] 1. (Anat.) The inner, or preaxial, and usually the larger, of the two bones of the leg or hind limb below the knee.

2. (Zoöl.) The fourth joint of the leg of an insect. See Illust. under Coleoptera, and under Hexapoda.

3. (Antiq.) A musical instrument of the flute kind, originally made of the leg bone of an animal.

Tib"i*al (?), a. [L. tibialis, fr. tibia the shin bone; also, a pipe or flute, originally made of a bone: cf. F. tibial.] 1. Of or pertaining to a tibia.

2. Of or pertaining to a pipe or flute.

Tibial spur (Zoöl.), a spine frequently borne on the tibia of insects. See Illust. under Coleoptera.

Tib"i*al, n. (Anat.) A tibial bone; a tibiale.

||Tib`i*a"le (?), n.; pl. Tibialia (#). [NL.] (Anat.) The bone or cartilage of the tarsus which articulates with the tibia and corresponds to a part of the astragalus in man and most mammals.

Ti*bic"i*nate (?), v. i. [L. tibicinare.] To play on a tibia, or pipe. [R.]

Tib"i*o- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the tibia; as, tibiotarsus, tibiofibular.

Tib`i*o*tar"sal (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to both to the tibia and the tarsus; as, the tibiotarsal articulation. (b) Of or pertaining to the tibiotarsus.

Tib`i*o*tar"sus (?), n.; pl. Tibiotarsi (&?;). (Anat.) The large bone between the femur and tarsometatarsus in the leg of a bird. It is formed by the union of the proximal part of the tarsus with the tibia.

Tib"rie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The pollack. [Prov. Eng.]

Tic (?), n. [F.] (Med.) A local and habitual convulsive motion of certain muscles; especially, such a motion of some of the muscles of the face; twitching; velication; — called also spasmodic tic. Dunglison.

Tic douloureux (&?;). [F., fr. tic a knack, a twitching + douloureux painful.] (Med.) Neuralgia in the face; face ague. See under Face.

||Ti*cal" (?), n. 1. A bean-shaped coin of Siam, worth about sixty cents; also, a weight equal to 236 grains troy. Malcom.

2. A money of account in China, reckoning at about $1.60; also, a weight of about four ounces avoirdupois.

Tice (?), v. t. [Aphetic form of entice.] To entice. [Obs.] The Coronation.

Tice, n. (Cricket) A ball bowled to strike the ground about a bat's length in front of the wicket.

Tice"ment (?), n. Enticement. [Obs.]

Tich"or*rhine (?), n. [Gr. &?; a wall + &?;, &?;, the nose.] (Paleon.) A fossil rhinoceros with a vertical bony medial septum supporting the nose; the hairy rhinoceros.

Tick (?), n. [Abbrev. from ticket.] Credit; trust; as, to buy on, or upon, tick.

Tick, v. i. 1. To go on trust, or credit.

2. To give tick; to trust.

Tick, n. [OE. tike, teke; akin to D. teek, G. zecke. Cf. Tike a tick.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of large parasitic mites which attach themselves to, and suck the blood of, cattle, dogs, and many other animals. When filled with blood they become ovate, much swollen, and usually livid red in color. Some of the species often attach themselves to the human body. The young are active and have at first but six legs. (b) Any one of several species of dipterous insects having a flattened and usually wingless body, as the bird ticks (see under Bird) and sheep tick (see under Sheep).

Tick bean, a small bean used for feeding horses and other animals. — Tick trefoil (Bot.), a name given to many plants of the leguminous genus Desmodium, which have trifoliate leaves, and joined pods roughened with minute hooked hairs by which the joints adhere to clothing and to the fleece of sheep.

Tick, n. [LL. techa, teca, L. theca case, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to put. See Thesis.] 1. The cover, or case, of a bed, mattress, etc., which contains the straw, feathers, hair, or other filling.

2. Ticking. See Ticking, n.

Tick, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ticked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ticking.] [Probably of imitative origin; cf. D. tikken, LG. ticken.] 1. To make a small or repeating noise by beating or otherwise, as a watch does; to beat.

2. To strike gently; to pat.

> Stand not ticking and toying at the branches.

Latimer.

Tick, n. 1. A quick, audible beat, as of a clock.

2. Any small mark intended to direct attention to something, or to serve as a check. Dickens.

3. (Zoöl.) The whinchat; — so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.]

Death tick. (Zoöl.) See Deathwatch.

Tick, v. t. To check off by means of a tick or any small mark; to score.

> When I had got all my responsibilities down upon my list, I compared each with the bill and ticked it off.

Dickens.

Tick"en (?), n. See Ticking. [R.] R. Browning.

Tick"er (?), n. [See Tick.] One who, or that which, ticks, or produces a ticking sound, as a watch or clock, a telegraphic sounder, etc.

Tick"et (?), n. [F. étiquette a label, ticket, fr. OF. estiquette, or OF. etiquet, estiquet; both of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. stick. See Stick, n. & v., and cf. Etiquette, Tick credit.] A small piece of paper, cardboard, or the like, serving as a notice, certificate, or distinguishing token of something. Specifically: —

(a) A little note or notice. [Obs. or Local]

> He constantly read his lectures twice a week for above forty years, giving notice of the time to his auditors in a ticket on the school doors.

Fuller.

(b) A tradesman's bill or account. [Obs.]

Hence the phrase on ticket, on account; whence, by abbreviation, came the phrase on tick. See 1st Tick.

> Your courtier is mad to take up silks and velvets
> On ticket for his mistress.

J. Cotgrave.

(c) A certificate or token of right of admission to a place of assembly, or of passage in a public conveyance; as, a theater ticket; a railroad or steamboat ticket.

(d) A label to show the character or price of goods.

(e) A certificate or token of a share in a lottery or other scheme for distributing money, goods, or the like.

(f) (Politics) A printed list of candidates to be voted for at an election; a set of nominations by one party for election; a ballot. [U. S.]

> The old ticket forever! We have it by thirty-four votes.

Sarah Franklin (1766).

Scratched ticket, a ticket from which the names of one or more of the candidates are scratched out. — Split ticket, a ticket representing different divisions of a party, or containing candidates selected from two or more parties. — Straight ticket, a ticket containing the regular nominations of a party, without change. — Ticket day (Com.), the day before the settling or pay day on the stock exchange, when the names of the actual purchasers are rendered in by one stockbroker to another. [Eng.] Simmonds. — Ticket of leave, a license or permit given to a convict, or prisoner of the crown, to go at large, and to labor for himself before the expiration of his sentence, subject to certain specific conditions. [Eng.] Simmonds. — Ticket porter, a licensed porter wearing a badge by which he may be identified. [Eng.]

Tick"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ticketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ticketing.] 1. To distinguish by a ticket; to put a ticket on; as, to ticket goods.

2. To furnish with a tickets; to book; as, to ticket passengers to California. [U. S.]

Tick"et*ing, n. A periodical sale of ore in the English mining districts; — so called from the tickets upon which are written the bids of the buyers.

Tick"ing (?), n. [From Tick a bed cover. Cf. Ticken.] A strong, closely woven linen or cotton fabric, of which ticks for beds are made. It is usually twilled, and woven in stripes of different colors, as white and blue; — called also ticken.

<! p. 1507 !>

Tic"kle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tickled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tickling (?).] [Perhaps freq. of tick to beat; pat; but cf. also AS. citelian to tickle, D. kittelen, G. kitzlen, OHG. chizziln, chuzziln, Icel. kitla. Cf. Kittle, v. t.] 1. To touch lightly, so as to produce a peculiar thrilling sensation, which commonly causes laughter, and a kind of spasm which become dengerous if too long protracted.

> If you tickle us, do we not laugh?

Shak.

2. To please; to gratify; to make joyous.

> Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw.

Pope.

> Such a nature
> Tickled with good success, disdains the shadow
> Which he treads on at noon.

Shak.

Tic"kle, v. i. 1. To feel titillation.

> He with secret joy therefore
> Did tickle inwardly in every vein.

Spenser.

2. To excite the sensation of titillation. Shak.

Tic"kle, a. 1. Ticklish; easily tickled. [Obs.]

2. Liable to change; uncertain; inconstant. [Obs.]

> The world is now full tickle, sikerly.

Chaucer.

> So tickle is the state of earthy things.

Spenser.

3. Wavering, or liable to waver and fall at the slightest touch; unstable; easily overthrown. [Obs.]

> Thy head stands so tickle on thy shoulders, that a milkmaid, if she be in love, may sigh it off.

Shak.

Tic"kle-foot`ed (?), a. Uncertain; inconstant; slippery. [Obs. & R.] Beau. & Fl.

Tick"len*burg (?), n. A coarse, mixed linen fabric made to be sold in the West Indies.

Tic"kle*ness (?), n. Unsteadiness. [Obs.]

> For hoard hath hate, and climbing tickleness.

Chaucer.

Tic"kler (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, tickles.

2. Something puzzling or difficult.

3. A book containing a memorandum of notes and debts arranged in the order of their maturity. [Com. Cant, U. S.] Bartlett.

4. A prong used by coopers to extract bungs from casks. [Eng.]

Tic"klish (?), a. 1. Sensible to slight touches; easily tickled; as, the sole of the foot is very ticklish; the hardened palm of the hand is not ticklish. Bacon.

2. Standing so as to be liable to totter and fall at the slightest touch; unfixed; easily affected; unstable.

> Can any man with comfort lodge in a condition so dismally ticklish?

Barrow.

3. Difficult; nice; critical; as, a ticklish business.

> Surely princes had need, in tender matters and ticklish times, to beware what they say.

Bacon.

— Tic"klish*ly, adv. — Tic"klish*ness, n.

Tick"seed` (?), n. [Tick the insect + seed; cf. G. wanzensamen, literally, bug seed.] 1. A seed or fruit resembling in shape an insect, as that of certain plants.

2. (Bot.) (a) Same as Coreopsis. (b) Any plant of the genus Corispermum, plants of the Goosefoot family.

Tick"tack` (?), n. [See Tick to beat, to pat, and (for sense 2) cf. Tricktrack.] 1. A noise like that made by a clock or a watch.

2. A kind of backgammon played both with men and pegs; tricktrack.

> A game at ticktack with words.

Milton.

Tick"tack`, adv. With a ticking noise, like that of a watch.

Tic`po*lon"ga (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A very venomous viper (Daboia Russellii), native of Ceylon and India; — called also cobra monil.

Tid (?), a. [Cf. AS. tedre, tydere, weak, tender.] Tender; soft; nice; — now only used in tidbit.

Tid"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to tides; caused by tides; having tides; periodically rising and falling, or following and ebbing; as, tidal waters.

> The tidal wave of deeper souls
> Into our inmost being rolls,
> And lifts us unawares
> Out of all meaner cares.

Longfellow.

Tidal air (Physiol.), the air which passes in and out of the lungs in ordinary breathing. It varies from twenty to thirty cubic inches. — Tidal basin, a dock that is filled at the rising of the tide. — Tidal wave. (a) See Tide wave, under Tide. Cf. 4th Bore. (b) A vast, swift wave caused by an earthquake or some extraordinary combination of natural causes. It rises far above high-water mark and is often very destructive upon low-lying coasts.

Tid"bit` (?), n. [Tid + bit.] A delicate or tender piece of anything eatable; a delicious morsel. [Written also titbit.]

Tid"de (?), obs. imp. of Tide, v. i. Chaucer.

{ Tid"der (?), Tid"dle (?), } v. t. [Cf. AS. tyderian to grow tender. See Tid.] To use with tenderness; to fondle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Tide (?), n. [AS. td time; akin to OS. & OFries. td, D. tijd, G. zeit, OHG. zt, Icel. t&?;, Sw. & Dan. tid, and probably to Skr. aditi unlimited, endless, where a- is a negative prefix. √58. Cf. Tidings, Tidy, Till, prep., Time.] 1. Time; period; season. [Obsoles.] "This lusty summer's tide." Chaucer.

> And rest their weary limbs a tide.

Spenser.

> Which, at the appointed tide,
> Each one did make his bride.

Spenser.

> At the tide of Christ his birth.

Fuller.

2. The alternate rising and falling of the waters of the ocean, and of bays, rivers, etc., connected therewith. The tide ebbs and flows twice in each lunar day, or the space of a little more than twenty-four hours. It is occasioned by the attraction of the sun and moon (the influence of the latter being three times that of the former), acting unequally on the waters in different parts of the earth, thus disturbing their equilibrium. A high tide upon one side of the earth is accompanied by a high tide upon the opposite side. Hence, when the sun and moon are in conjunction or opposition, as at new moon and full moon, their action is such as to produce a greater than the usual tide, called the spring tide, as represented in the cut. When the moon is in the first or third quarter, the sun's attraction in part counteracts the effect of the moon's attraction, thus producing under the moon a smaller tide than usual, called the neap tide.

The flow or rising of the water is called flood tide, and the reflux, ebb tide.

3. A stream; current; flood; as, a tide of blood. "Let in the tide of knaves once more; my cook and I'll provide." Shak.

4. Tendency or direction of causes, influences, or events; course; current.

> There is a tide in the affairs of men,
> Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.

Shak.

5. Violent confluence. [Obs.] Bacon.

6. (Mining) The period of twelve hours.

Atmospheric tides, tidal movements of the atmosphere similar to those of the ocean, and produced in the same manner by the attractive forces of the sun and moon. — Inferior tide. See under Inferior, a. — To work double tides. See under Work, v. t. — Tide day, the interval between the occurrences of two consecutive maxima of the resultant wave at the same place. Its length varies as the components of sun and moon waves approach to, or recede from, one another. A retardation from this cause is called the lagging of the tide, while the acceleration of the recurrence of high water is termed the priming of the tide. See Lag of the tide, under 2d Lag. — Tide dial, a dial to exhibit the state of the tides at any time. — Tide gate. (a) An opening through which water may flow freely when the tide sets in one direction, but which closes automatically and prevents the water from flowing in the other direction. (b) (Naut.) A place where the tide runs with great velocity, as through a gate. — Tide gauge, a gauge for showing the height of the tide; especially, a contrivance for registering the state of the tide continuously at every instant of time. Brande & C. — Tide lock, a lock situated between an inclosed basin, or a canal, and the tide water of a harbor or river, when they are on different levels, so that craft can pass either way at all times of the tide; — called also guard lock. — Tide mill. (a) A mill operated by the tidal currents. (b) A mill for clearing lands from tide water. — Tide rip, a body of water made rough by the conflict of opposing tides or currents. — Tide table, a table giving the time of the rise and fall of the tide at any place. - - Tide water, water affected by the flow of the tide; hence, broadly, the seaboard. — Tide wave, or Tidal wave, the swell of water as the tide moves. That of the ocean is called primitive; that of bays or channels derivative. Whewell. — Tide wheel, a water wheel so constructed as to be moved by the ebb or flow of the tide.

Tide (?), v. t. To cause to float with the tide; to drive or carry with the tide or stream.

> They are tided down the stream.

Feltham.

Tide, v. i. [AS. tdan to happen. See Tide, n.] 1. To betide; to happen. [Obs.]

> What should us tide of this new law?

Chaucer.

2. To pour a tide or flood.

3. (Naut.) To work into or out of a river or harbor by drifting with the tide and anchoring when it becomes adverse.

Tid"ed (?), a. Affected by the tide; having a tide. "The tided Thames." Bp. Hall.

Tide"less, a. Having no tide.

Tide"-rode` (?), a. (Naut.) Swung by the tide when at anchor; — opposed to wind-rode.

Tides"man (?), n.; pl. Tidesmen (&?;). A customhouse officer who goes on board of a merchant ship to secure payment of the duties; a tidewaiter.

Tide"wait`er (?), n. A customhouse officer who watches the landing of goods from merchant vessels, in order to secure payment of duties. Swift.

Tide"way` (?), n. Channel in which the tide sets.

Tid"ife (?), n. The blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

The "tidif" mentioned in Chaucer is by some supposed to be the titmouse, by others the wren.

Ti"di*ly (?), adv. In a tidy manner.

Ti"di*ness, n. The quality or state of being tidy.

Ti"ding (?), n. Tidings. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ti"dings (?), n. pl. [OE. tidinge, ti&?;inge, tidinde, from or influenced by Icel. t&?;indi; akin to Dan. tidende, Sw. tidning, G. zeung, AS. tdan to happen, E. betide, tide. See Tide, v. i. & n.] Account of what has taken place, and was not before known; news.

> I shall make my master glad with these tidings.

Shak.

> Full well the busy whisper, circling round,
> Conveyed the dismal tidings when he frowned.

Goldsmith.

Although tidings is plural in form, it has been used also as a singular. By Shakespeare it was used indiscriminately as a singular or plural.

> Now near the tidings of our comfort is.

Shak.

> Tidings to the contrary
> Are brought your eyes.

Shak.

Syn. — News; advice; information; intelligence. — Tidings, News. The term news denotes recent intelligence from any quarter; the term tidings denotes intelligence expected from a particular quarter, showing what has there betided. We may be indifferent as to news, but are always more or less interested in tidings. We read the news daily; we wait for tidings respecting an absent friend or an impending battle. We may be curious to hear the news; we are always anxious for tidings.

> Evil news rides post, while good news baits.

Milton.

> What tidings dost thou bring?

Addison.

Tid"ley (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The wren. (b) The goldcrest. [Prov. Eng.]

Tid*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Tide + - logy.] A discourse or treatise upon the tides; that part of science which treats of tides. J. S. Mill.

Ti"dy (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wren; — called also tiddy. [Prov. Eng.]

> The tidy for her notes as delicate as they.

Drayton.

This name is probably applied also to other small singing birds, as the goldcrest.

Ti"dy, a. [Compar. Tidier (?); superl. Tidiest.] [From Tide time, season; cf. D. tijdig timely, G. zeitig, Dan. & Sw. tidig.] 1. Being in proper time; timely; seasonable; favorable; as, tidy weather. [Obs.]

> If weather be fair and tidy.

Tusser.

2. Arranged in good order; orderly; appropriate; neat; kept in proper and becoming neatness, or habitually keeping things so; as, a tidy lass; their dress is tidy; the apartments are well furnished and tidy.

> A tidy man, that tened [injured] me never.

Piers Plowman.

Ti"dy, n.; pl. Tidies (&?;). 1. A cover, often of tatting, drawn work, or other ornamental work, for the back of a chair, the arms of a sofa, or the like.

2. A child's pinafore. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Ti"dy, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tidied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tidying.] To put in proper order; to make neat; as, to tidy a room; to tidy one's dress.

Ti"dy, v. i. To make things tidy. [Colloq.]

> I have tidied and tidied over and over again.

Dickens.

Ti"dy*tips` (?), n. (Bot.) A California composite plant (Layia platyglossa), the flower of which has yellow rays tipped with white.

Tie (?), n.; pl. Ties (#). [AS. tge, t&?;ge, tge. √64. See Tie, v. t.] 1. A knot; a fastening.

2. A bond; an obligation, moral or legal; as, the sacred ties of friendship or of duty; the ties of allegiance.

> No distance breaks the tie of blood.

Young.

3. A knot of hair, as at the back of a wig. Young.

4. An equality in numbers, as of votes, scores, etc., which prevents either party from being victorious; equality in any contest, as a race.

5. (Arch. & Engin.) A beam or rod for holding two parts together; in railways, one of the transverse timbers which support the track and keep it in place.

6. (Mus.) A line, usually straight, drawn across the stems of notes, or a curved line written over or under the notes, signifying that they are to be slurred, or closely united in the performance, or that two notes of the same pitch are to be sounded as one; a bind; a ligature.

7. pl. Low shoes fastened with lacings.

Bale tie, a fastening for the ends of a hoop for a bale.

Tie, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tied (?) (Obs. Tight (&?;)); p. pr. & vb. n. Tying (?).] [OE. ti&?;en, teyen, AS. tgan, tiégan, fr. teág, teáh, a rope; akin to Icel. taug, and AS. teón to draw, to pull. See Tug, v. t., and cf. Tow to drag.] 1. To fasten with a band or cord and knot; to bind. "Tie the kine to the cart." 1 Sam. vi. 7.

> My son, keep thy father's commandment, and forsake not the law of thy mother: bind them continually upon thine heart, and tie them about thy neck.

Prov. vi. 20,21.

2. To form, as a knot, by interlacing or complicating a cord; also, to interlace, or form a knot in; as, to tie a cord to a tree; to knit; to knot. "We do not tie this knot with an intention to puzzle the argument." Bp. Burnet.

3. To unite firmly; to fasten; to hold.

> In bond of virtuous love together tied.

Fairfax.

4. To hold or constrain by authority or moral influence, as by knotted cords; to oblige; to constrain; to restrain; to confine.

> Not tied to rules of policy, you find
> Revenge less sweet than a forgiving mind.

Dryden.

5. (Mus.) To unite, as notes, by a cross line, or by a curved line, or slur, drawn over or under them.

6. To make an equal score with, in a contest; to be even with.

To ride and tie. See under Ride. — To tie down. (a) To fasten so as to prevent from rising. (b) To restrain; to confine; to hinder from action. — To tie up, to confine; to restrain; to hinder from motion or action.

Tie, v. i. To make a tie; to make an equal score.

Tie"bar` (?), n. A flat bar used as a tie.

Tie"beam` (?), n. (Arch.) A beam acting as a tie, as at the bottom of a pair of principal rafters, to prevent them from thrusting out the wall. See Illust. of Timbers, under Roof. Gwilt.

Ti"er (?), n. One who, or that which, ties.

Ti"er, n. [See Tire a headdress.] A chold's apron covering the upper part of the body, and tied with tape or cord; a pinafore. [Written also tire.]

Tier (?), n. [Perhaps fr. OF. tire, F. tire; probably of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. ziar ornament, G. zier, AS. tr glory, tiér row, rank. But cf. also F. tirer to draw, pull; of Teutonic origin. Cf. Attire, v. t., Tire a headdress, but also Tirade.] A row or rank, especially one of two or more rows placed one above, or higher than, another; as, a tier of seats in a theater.

Tiers of a cable, the ranges of fakes, or windings, of a cable, laid one within another when coiled.

Tierce (?), n. [F. tierce a third, from tiers, tierce, third, fr. L. tertius the third; akin to tres three. See Third, Three, and cf. Terce, Tercet, Tertiary.] 1. A cask whose content is one third of a pipe; that is, forty-two wine gallons; also, a liquid measure of forty-two wine, or thirty-five imperial, gallons.

2. A cask larger than a barrel, and smaller than a hogshead or a puncheon, in which salt provisions, rice, etc., are packed for shipment.

3. (Mus.) The third tone of the scale. See Mediant.

4. A sequence of three playing cards of the same suit. Tierce of ace, king, queen, is called tierce-major.

5. (Fencing) A position in thrusting or parrying in which the wrist and nails are turned downward.

6. (R. C. Ch.) The third hour of the day, or nine a. m,; one of the canonical hours; also, the service appointed for that hour.

<! p. 1508 !>

Tier*cé" (?), a. [F.] (Her.) Divided into three equal parts of three different tinctures; — said of an escutcheon.

{ Tier"cel (?), Tierce"let (?), } n. [OE. tercel, tercelet, F. tiercelet, a dim. of (assumed) tiercel, or LL. tertiolus, dim. fr. L. tertius the third; — so called, according to some, because every third bird in the nest is a male, or, according to others, because the male is the third part less than female. Cf. Tercel.] (Falconry) The male of various falcons, esp. of the peregrine; also, the male of the goshawk. Encyc. Brit.

Tierce"-ma`jor (?), n. [Cf. F. tierce majeure.] (Card Playing) See Tierce, 4.

Tier"cet (?), n. [F. tercet. See Tercet.] (Pros.) A triplet; three lines, or three lines rhyming together.

Tie"-rod (?), n. A rod used as a tie. See Tie.

||Tiers` é`tat" (?). [F.] The third estate, or commonalty, in France, answering to the commons in Great Britain; — so called in distinction from, and as inferior to, the nobles and clergy.

The refusal of the clergy and nobility to give the tiers état a representation in the States-general proportioned to their actual numbers had an important influence in bringing on the French Revolution of 1789. Since that time the term has been purely historical.

Tie"tick (?), n. The meadow pipit. [Prov. Eng].

Tie"wig` (?), n. A wig having a tie or ties, or one having some of the curls tied up; also, a wig tied upon the head. Wright. V. Knox.

Tiff (?), n. [Originally, a sniff, sniffing; cf. Icel. &?;efr a smell, &?;efa to sniff, Norw. tev a drawing in of the breath, teva to sniff, smell, dial. Sw. tüv smell, scent, taste.] 1. Liquor; especially, a small draught of liquor. "Sipping his tiff of brandy punch." Sir W. Scott.

2. A fit of anger or peevishness; a slight altercation or contention. See Tift. Thackeray.

Tiff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tiffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tiffing.] To be in a pet.

> She tiffed with Tim, she ran from Ralph.

Landor.

Tiff, v. t. [OE. tiffen, OF. tiffer, tifer, to bedizen; cf. D. tippen to clip the points or ends of the hair, E. tip, n.] To deck out; to dress. [Obs.] A. Tucker.

Tif"fa*ny (?), n. [OE. tiffenay; cf. OF. tiffe ornament, tiffer to adjust, adorn. See Tiff to dress.] A species of gause, or very silk.

> The smoke of sulphur . . . is commonly used by women to whiten tiffanies.

Sir T. Browne.

Tif"fin (?), n. [Properly, tiffing a quaffing, a drinking. See Tiff, n.] A lunch, or slight repast between breakfast and dinner; — originally, a Provincial English word, but introduced into India, and brought back to England in a special sense.

Tiff"ish (?), a. Inclined to tiffs; peevish; petulant.

Tift (?), n. [Cf. Norw. teft a scent. See Tiff, n.] A fit of pettishness, or slight anger; a tiff.

> After all your fatigue you seem as ready for a tift with me as if you had newly come from church.

Blackwood's Mag.

Tig (?), n. 1. A game among children. See Tag.

2. A capacious, flat-bottomed drinking cup, generally with four handles, formerly used for passing around the table at convivial entertainment.

||Ti*gel"la (?), n. [NL., from F. tige stem or stock.] (Bot.) That part of an embryo which represents the young stem; the caulicle or radicle.

Ti*gelle" (?), n. [F.] (Bot.) Same as Tigella.

Ti"ger (?), n. [OE. tigre, F. tigre, L. tigris, Gr. ti`gris; probably of Persian origin; cf. Zend tighra pointed, tighri an arrow, Per. tr; perhaps akin to E. stick, v.t.; — probably so named from its quickness.] 1. A very large and powerful carnivore (Felis tigris) native of Southern Asia and the East Indies. Its back and sides are tawny or rufous yellow, transversely striped with black, the tail is ringed with black, the throat and belly are nearly white. When full grown, it equals or exceeds the lion in size and strength. Called also royal tiger, and Bengal tiger.

2. Fig.: A ferocious, bloodthirsty person.

> As for heinous tiger, Tamora.

Shak.

3. A servant in livery, who rides with his master or mistress. Dickens.

4. A kind of growl or screech, after cheering; as, three cheers and a tiger. [Colloq. U. S.]

5. A pneumatic box or pan used in refining sugar.

American tiger. (Zoöl.) (a) The puma. (b) The jaguar. — Clouded tiger (Zoöl.), a handsome striped and spotted carnivore (Felis macrocelis or F. marmorata) native of the East Indies and Southern Asia. Its body is about three and a half feet long, and its tail about three feet long. Its ground color is brownish gray, and the dark markings are irregular stripes, spots, and rings, but there are always two dark bands on the face, one extending back from the eye, and one from the angle of the mouth. Called also tortoise-shell tiger. — Mexican tiger (Zoöl.), the jaguar. — Tiger beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of active carnivorous beetles of the family Cicindelidæ. They usually inhabit dry or sandy places, and fly rapidly. — Tiger bittern. (Zoöl.) See Sun bittern, under Sun. — Tiger cat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of wild cats of moderate size with dark transverse bars or stripes somewhat resembling those of the tiger. — Tiger flower (Bot.), an iridaceous plant of the genus Tigridia (as T. conchiflora, T. grandiflora, etc.) having showy flowers, spotted or streaked somewhat like the skin of a tiger. — Tiger grass (Bot.), a low East Indian fan palm (Chamærops Ritchieana). It is used in many ways by the natives. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants). — Tiger lily. (Bot.) See under Lily. — Tiger moth (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of moths of the family Arctiadæ which are striped or barred with black and white or with other conspicuous colors. The larvæ are called woolly bears. — Tiger shark (Zoöl.), a voracious shark (Galeocerdo maculatus or tigrinus) more or less barred or spotted with yellow. It is found in both the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Called also zebra shark. — Tiger shell (Zoöl.), a large and conspicuously spotted cowrie (Cypræa tigris); — so called from its fancied resemblance to a tiger in color and markings. Called also tiger cowrie. — Tiger wolf (Zoöl.), the spotted hyena (Hyæna crocuta). — Tiger wood, the variegated heartwood of a tree (Machærium Schomburgkii) found in Guiana.

Ti"ger-eye` (?), n. (Min.) A siliceous stone of a yellow color and chatoyant luster, obtained in South Africa and much used for ornament. It is an altered form of the mineral crocidolite. See Crocidolite.

Ti"ger-foot` (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Tiger's-foot.

Ti"ger-foot`ed, a. Hastening to devour; furious.

Ti"ger*ine (?), a. Tigerish; tigrine. [R.]

Ti"ger*ish, a. Like a tiger; tigrish.

Ti"ger's-foot` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to some species of morning-glory (Ipomœa) having the leaves lobed in pedate fashion.

Tigh (?), n. [Perhaps akin to tight.] A close, or inclosure; a croft. [Obs.] Cowell.

Tight (?), obs. p. p. of Tie. Spenser.

Tight, a. [Compar. Tighter (?); superl. Tightest.] [OE. tight, thiht; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. &?;ttr, Dan. tæt, Sw. tät: akin to D. & G. dicht thick, tight, and perhaps to E. thee to thrive, or to thick. Cf. Taut.] 1. Firmly held together; compact; not loose or open; as, tight cloth; a tight knot.

2. Close, so as not to admit the passage of a liquid or other fluid; not leaky; as, a tight ship; a tight cask; a tight room; — often used in this sense as the second member of a compound; as, water-tight; air-tight.

3. Fitting close, or too close, to the body; as, a tight coat or other garment.

4. Not ragged; whole; neat; tidy.

> Clad very plain, but clean and tight.

Evelyn.

> I'll spin and card, and keep our children tight.

Gay.

5. Close; parsimonious; saving; as, a man tight in his dealings. [Colloq.]

6. Not slack or loose; firmly stretched; taut; — applied to a rope, chain, or the like, extended or stretched out.

7. Handy; adroit; brisk. [Obs.] Shak.

8. Somewhat intoxicated; tipsy. [Slang]

9. (Com.) Pressing; stringent; not easy; firmly held; dear; — said of money or the money market. Cf. Easy, 7.

Tight, v. t. To tighten. [Obs.]

Tight"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tightened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tightening.] To draw tighter; to straiten; to make more close in any manner.

> Just where I please, with tightened rein
> I'll urge thee round the dusty plain.

Fawkes.

Tightening pulley (Mach.), a pulley which rests, or is forced, against a driving belt to tighten it.

Tight"en*er (?), n. That which tightens; specifically (Mach.), a tightening pulley.

Tight"er (?), n. A ribbon or string used to draw clothes closer. [Obs.]

Tight"ly, adv. In a tight manner; closely; nearly.

Tight"ness, n. The quality or condition of being tight.

Tights (?), n. pl. Close-fitting garments, especially for the lower part of the body and the legs.

Tig"lic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C4H7CO2H (called also methyl crotonic acid), homologous with crotonic acid, and obtained from croton oil (from Croton Tiglium) as a white crystalline substance.

Ti"gress (?), n. [From Tiger: cf. F. tigresse.] (Zoöl.) The female of the tiger. Holland.

Ti"grine (?), a. [L. tigrinus, fr. tigris a tiger.] 1. Of or pertaining to a tiger; like a tiger.

2. (Zoöl.) Resembling the tiger in color; as, the tigrine cat (Felis tigrina) of South America.

Ti"grish (?), a. Resembling a tiger; tigerish.

Tike (?), n. (Zoöl.) A tick. See 2d Tick. [Obs.]

Tike, n. [Icel. tk a bitch; akin to Sw. tik.] 1. A dog; a cur. "Bobtail tike or trundle-tail." Shak.

2. A countryman or clown; a boorish person.

Ti"kus (?), n. (Zoöl.) The bulau.

Til (?), prep. & conj. See Till. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Til"bu*ry (?), n.; pl. Tilburies (#). [Probably from Tilburyfort, in the Country of Essex, in England.] A kind of gig or two-wheeled carriage, without a top or cover. [Written also tilburgh.]

||Til"de (?), n. [Sp., fr. L. titulus a superscription, title, token, sign. See Title, n.] The accentual mark placed over n, and sometimes over l, in Spanish words [thus, ñ, ], indicating that, in pronunciation, the sound of the following vowel is to be preceded by that of the initial, or consonantal, y.

Tile (?), v. t. [See 2d Tiler.] To protect from the intrusion of the uninitiated; as, to tile a Masonic lodge.

Tile, n. [OE. tile, tigel, AS. tigel, tigol, fr. L. tegula, from tegere to cover. See Thatch, and cf. Tegular.] 1. A plate, or thin piece, of baked clay, used for covering the roofs of buildings, for floors, for drains, and often for ornamental mantel works.

2. (Arch.) (a) A small slab of marble or other material used for flooring. (b) A plate of metal used for roofing.

3. (Metal.) A small, flat piece of dried earth or earthenware, used to cover vessels in which metals are fused.

4. A draintile.

5. A stiff hat. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Tile drain, a drain made of tiles. — Tile earth, a species of strong, clayey earth; stiff and stubborn land. [Prov. Eng.] — Tile kiln, a kiln in which tiles are burnt; a tilery. — Tile ore (Min.), an earthy variety of cuprite. — Tile red, light red like the color of tiles or bricks. — Tile tea, a kind of hard, flat brick tea. See Brick tea, under Brick.

Tile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tiling.] 1. To cover with tiles; as, to tile a house.

2. Fig.: To cover, as if with tiles.

> The muscle, sinew, and vein,
> Which tile this house, will come again.

Donne.

Tile"-drain` (?), v. t. To drain by means of tiles; to furnish with a tile drain.

Tile"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large, edible, deep-water food fish (Lopholatilus chamæleonticeps) more or less thickly covered with large, round, yellow spots.

It was discovered off the Eastern coast of the United States in 1880, and was abundant in 1881, but is believed to have become extinct in 1882.

Til"er (?), n. A man whose occupation is to cover buildings with tiles. Bancroft.

Til"er, n. [Of uncertain origin, but probably from E. tile, n.] A doorkeeper or attendant at a lodge of Freemasons. [Written also tyler.]

Til"er*y (?), n.; pl. Tileries (#). [From Tile; cf. F. tuilerie, fr. tuile a tile, L. tegula.] A place where tiles are made or burned; a tile kiln.

Tile"stone` (?), n. 1. (Geol.) A kind of laminated shale or sandstone belonging to some of the layers of the Upper Silurian.

2. A tile of stone.

Til`i*a"ceous (?), a. [OE. tilia the linden tree.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Tiliaceæ) of which the linden (Tilia) is the type. The order includes many plants which furnish a valuable fiber, as the jute.

Til"ing (?), n. 1. A surface covered with tiles, or composed of tiles.

> They . . . let him down through the tiling.

Luke v. 19.

2. Tiles, collectively.

Till (?), n. [Abbrev. from lentil.] A vetch; a tare. [Prov. Eng.]

Till, n. [Properly, a drawer, from OE. tillen to draw. See Tiller the lever of a rudder.] A drawer. Specifically: (a) A tray or drawer in a chest. (b) A money drawer in a shop or store.

Till alarm, a device for sounding an alarm when a money drawer is opened or tampered with.

Till, n. 1. (Geol.) A deposit of clay, sand, and gravel, without lamination, formed in a glacier valley by means of the waters derived from the melting glaciers; — sometimes applied to alluvium of an upper river terrace, when not laminated, and appearing as if formed in the same manner.

2. A kind of coarse, obdurate land. Loudon.

Till, prep. [OE. til, Icel. til; akin to Dan. til, Sw. till, OFries. til, also to AS. til good, excellent, G. ziel end, limit, object, OHG. zil, Goth. tils, gatils, fit, convenient, and E. till to cultivate. See Till, v. t.] To; unto; up to; as far as; until; — now used only in respect to time, but formerly, also, of place, degree, etc., and still so used in Scotland and in parts of England and Ireland; as, I worked till four o'clock; I will wait till next week.

> He . . . came till an house.

Chaucer.

> Women, up till this
> Cramped under worse than South-sea-isle taboo.

Tennyson.

> Similar sentiments will recur to every one familiar with his writings — all through them till the very end.

Prof. Wilson.

Till now, to the present time. — Till then, to that time.

<! p. 1509 !>

Till (?), conj. As far as; up to the place or degree that; especially, up to the time that; that is, to the time specified in the sentence or clause following; until.

> And said unto them, Occupy till I come.

Luke xix. 13.

> Mediate so long till you make some act of prayer to God.

Jer. Taylor.

> There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived.

Macaulay.

This use may be explained by supposing an ellipsis of when, or the time when, the proper conjunction or conjunctive adverb begin when.

Till, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tilling.] [OE. tilen, tilien, AS. tilian, teolian, to aim, strive for, till; akin to OS. tilian to get, D. telen to propagate, G. zielen to aim, ziel an end, object, and perhaps also to E. tide, time, from the idea of something fixed or definite. Cf. Teal, Till, prep..] 1. To plow and prepare for seed, and to sow, dress, raise crops from, etc., to cultivate; as, to till the earth, a field, a farm.

> No field nolde [would not] tilye.

P. Plowman.

> the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken.

Gen. iii. 23.

2. To prepare; to get. [Obs.] W. Browne.

Till, v. i. To cultivate land. Piers Plowman.

Till"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being tilled; fit for the plow; arable.

Till"age (?), n. 1. The operation, practice, or art of tilling or preparing land for seed, and keeping the ground in a proper state for the growth of crops.

2. A place tilled or cultivated; cultivated land.

Syn. — Cultivation; culture; husbandry; farming; agriculture.

||Til*land"si*a (?), n. [NL. So named after Prof. Tillands, of Abo, in Finland.] (Bot.) A genus of epiphytic endogenous plants found in the Southern United States and in tropical America. Tillandsia usneoides, called long moss, black moss, Spanish moss, and Florida moss, has a very slender pendulous branching stem, and forms great hanging tufts on the branches of trees. It is often used for stuffing mattresses.

Till"er (?), n. [From Till, v. t.] One who tills; a husbandman; a cultivator; a plowman.

Till"er, n. [AS. telgor a small branch. Cf. Till to cultivate.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A shoot of a plant, springing from the root or bottom of the original stalk; a sucker. (b) A sprout or young tree that springs from a root or stump.

2. A young timber tree. [Prov. Eng.] Evelyn.

Till"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tillered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tillering.] To put forth new shoots from the root, or round the bottom of the original stalk; as, wheat or rye tillers; some spread plants by tillering. [Sometimes written tillow.]

Till"er, n. [From OE. tillen, tullen, to draw, pull; probably fr. AS. tyllan in fortyllan to lead astray; or cf. D. tillen to lift up. Cf. Till a drawer.] 1. (Naut.) A lever of wood or metal fitted to the rudder head and used for turning side to side in steering. In small boats hand power is used; in large vessels, the tiller is moved by means of mechanical appliances. See Illust. of Rudder. Cf. 2d Helm, 1.

2. The stalk, or handle, of a crossbow; also, sometimes, the bow itself. [Obs.]

> You can shoot in a tiller.

Beau. & Fl.

3. The handle of anything. [Prov. Eng.]

4. A small drawer; a till. Dryden.

Tiller rope (Naut.), a rope for turning a tiller. In a large vessel it forms the connection between the fore end of the tiller and the steering wheel.

{ Til"ley (?), n., or Til"ley seed` (?) }. (Bot.) The seeds of a small tree (Croton Pavana) common in the Malay Archipelago. These seeds furnish croton oil, like those of Croton Tiglium. [Written also tilly.]

Till"man (?), n.; pl. Tillmen (&?;). A man who tills the earth; a husbandman. [Obs.] Tusser.

Til"lo*dont (?), n. One of the Tillodontia.

||Til`lo*don"ti*a (?), n. pl. (Paleon.) An extinct group of Mammalia found fossil in the Eocene formation. The species are related to the carnivores, ungulates, and rodents. Called also Tillodonta.

Til"lot (tl"lt), n. A bag made of thin glazed muslin, used as a wrapper for dress goods. McElrath.

Til"low (?), v. i. See 3d Tiller.

Til"ly-val`ly (?), interj., adv., or a. A word of unknown origin and signification, formerly used as expressive of contempt, or when anything said was rejected as trifling or impertinent. [Written also tille-vally, tilly-fally, tille-fally, and otherwise.] Shak.

||Til"mus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. tilmo`s, fr. ti`llein to pluck, pull.] (Med.) Floccillation.

Tilt (tlt), n. [OE. telt (perhaps from the Danish), teld, AS. teld, geteld; akin to OD. telde, G. zelt, Icel. tjald, Sw. tält, tjäll, Dan. telt, and AS. beteldan to cover.] 1. A covering overhead; especially, a tent. Denham.

2. The cloth covering of a cart or a wagon.

3. (Naut.) A cloth cover of a boat; a small canopy or awning extended over the sternsheets of a boat.

Tilt boat (Naut.), a boat covered with canvas or other cloth. — Tilt roof (Arch.), a round-headed roof, like the canopy of a wagon.

Tilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tilting.] To cover with a tilt, or awning.

Tilt, v. t. [OE. tilten, tulten, to totter, fall, AS. tealt unstable, precarious; akin to tealtrian to totter, to vacillate, D. tel amble, ambling pace, G. zelt, Icel. tölt an ambling pace, tölta to amble. Cf. Totter.] 1. To incline; to tip; to raise one end of for discharging liquor; as, to tilt a barrel.

2. To point or thrust, as a lance.

> Sons against fathers tilt the fatal lance.

J. Philips.

3. To point or thrust a weapon at. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

4. To hammer or forge with a tilt hammer; as, to tilt steel in order to render it more ductile.

Tilt, v. i. 1. To run or ride, and thrust with a lance; to practice the military game or exercise of thrusting with a lance, as a combatant on horseback; to joust; also, figuratively, to engage in any combat or movement resembling that of horsemen tilting with lances.

> He tilts
> With piercing steel at bold Mercutio's breast.

Shak.

> Swords out, and tilting one at other's breast.

Shak.

> But in this tournament can no man tilt.

Tennyson.

> The fleet, swift tilting, o'er the &?;urges flew.

Pope.

2. To lean; to fall partly over; to tip.

> The trunk of the body is kept from tilting forward by the muscles of the back.

Grew.

Tilt (?), n. 1. A thrust, as with a lance. Addison.

2. A military exercise on horseback, in which the combatants attacked each other with lances; a tournament.

3. See Tilt hammer, in the Vocabulary.

4. Inclination forward; as, the tilt of a cask.

Full tilt, with full force. Dampier.

Tilt"er (?), n. 1. One who tilts, or jousts; hence, one who fights.

> Let me alone to match your tilter.

Glanville.

2. One who operates a tilt hammer.

Tilth (?), n. [AS. til&?;, fr. tilian to till. See Till to cultivate.] 1. The state of being tilled, or prepared for a crop; culture; as, land is good tilth.

> The tilth and rank fertility of its golden youth.

De Quincey.

2. That which is tilled; tillage ground. [R.]

> And so by tilth and grange . . .
> We gained the mother city.

Tennyson.

Tilt" ham`mer (?). A tilted hammer; a heavy hammer, used in iron works, which is lifted or tilted by projections or wipers on a revolving shaft; a trip hammer.

Tilt"ing (?), n. 1. The act of one who tilts; a tilt.

2. The process by which blister steel is rendered ductile by being forged with a tilt hammer.

Tilting helmet, a helmet of large size and unusual weight and strength, worn at tilts.

Tilt"-mill` (?), n. A mill where a tilt hammer is used, or where the process of tilting is carried on.

Til" tree` (?). (Bot.) See Teil.

Tilt"-up` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Tip-up.

Tilt"-yard` (?), n. A yard or place for tilting. "The tilt-yard of Templestowe." Sir W. Scott.

Ti"mal (?), n. (Zoöl.) The blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Tim"a*line (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Timalus or family Timalidæ, which includes the babblers thrushes, and bulbuls.

Tim"bal (?), n. A kettledrum. See Tymbal.

Tim"ber (?), n. [Probably the same word as timber sort of wood; cf. Sw. timber, LG. timmer, MHG. zimber, G. zimmer, F. timbre, LL. timbrium. Cf. Timmer.] (Com.) A certain quantity of fur skins, as of martens, ermines, sables, etc., packed between boards; being in some cases forty skins, in others one hundred and twenty; — called also timmer. [Written also timbre.]

Tim"ber, n. [F. timbre. See Timbre.] (Her.) The crest on a coat of arms. [Written also timbre.]

Tim"ber, v. t. To surmount as a timber does. [Obs.]

Tim"ber, n. [AS. timbor, timber, wood, building; akin to OFries. timber, D. timmer a room, G. zimmer, OHG. zimbar timber, a dwelling, room, Icel. timbr timber, Sw. timmer, Dan. tömmer, Goth. timrjan to build, timrja a builder, L. domus a house, Gr. &?; house, &?; to build, Skr. dama a house. √62. Cf. Dome, Domestic.] 1. That sort of wood which is proper for buildings or for tools, utensils, furniture, carriages, fences, ships, and the like; — usually said of felled trees, but sometimes of those standing. Cf. Lumber, 3.

> And ta'en my fiddle to the gate, . . .
> And fiddled in the timber!

Tennyson.

2. The body, stem, or trunk of a tree.

3. Fig.: Material for any structure.

> Such dispositions are the very errors of human nature; and yet they are the fittest timber to make politics of.

Bacon.

4. A single piece or squared stick of wood intended for building, or already framed; collectively, the larger pieces or sticks of wood, forming the framework of a house, ship, or other structure, in distinction from the covering or boarding.

> So they prepared timber . . . to build the house.

1 Kings v. 18.

> Many of the timbers were decayed.

W. Coxe.

5. Woods or forest; wooden land. [Western U. S.]

6. (Shipbuilding) A rib, or a curving piece of wood, branching outward from the keel and bending upward in a vertical direction. One timber is composed of several pieces united.

Timber and room. (Shipbuilding) Same as Room and space. See under Room. — Timber beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of beetles the larvæ of which bore in timber; as, the silky timber beetle (Lymexylon sericeum). — Timber doodle (Zoöl.), the American woodcock. [Local, U. S.] — Timber grouse (Zoöl.), any species of grouse that inhabits woods, as the ruffed grouse and spruce partridge; — distinguished from prairie grouse. — Timber hitch (Naut.), a kind of hitch used for temporarily marking fast a rope to a spar. See Illust. under Hitch. — Timber mare, a kind of instrument upon which soldiers were formerly compelled to ride for punishment. Johnson. — Timber scribe, a metal tool or pointed instrument for marking timber. Simmonds. — Timber sow. (Zoöl.) Same as Timber worm, below. Bacon. — Timber tree, a tree suitable for timber. — Timber worm (Zoöl.), any larval insect which burrows in timber. — Timber yard, a yard or place where timber is deposited.

Tim"ber (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Timbered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Timbering.] To furnish with timber; — chiefly used in the past participle.

> His bark is stoutly timbered.

Shak.

Tim"ber, v. i. 1. To light on a tree. [Obs.]

2. (Falconry) To make a nest.

Tim"bered (?), a. 1. Furnished with timber; — often compounded; as, a well-timbered house; a low-timbered house. L'Estrange.

2. Built; formed; contrived. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

3. Massive, like timber. [Obs.]

> His timbered bones all broken, rudely rumbled.

Spenser.

4. Covered with growth timber; wooden; as, well- timbered land.

Tim"ber*head` (?), n. (Naut.) The top end of a timber, rising above the gunwale, and serving for belaying ropes, etc.; — called also kevel head.

Tim"ber*ing, n. The act of furnishing with timber; also, timbers, collectively; timberwork; timber.

Tim"ber*ling (?), n. [Timber + - ling.] A small tree. [Eng.]

Tim"ber*man (?), n.; pl. Timbermen (&?;). (Mining) A man employed in placing supports of timber in a mine. Weale.

Tim"ber*work` (?), n. Work made of timbers.

Tim"bre (?), n. See 1st Timber.

Tim"bre, n. [F., a bell to be struck with a hammer, sound, tone, stamp, crest, in OF., a timbrel. Cf. Timbrel.] 1. (Her.) The crest on a coat of arms.

2. (Mus.) The quality or tone distinguishing voices or instruments; tone color; clang tint; as, the timbre of the voice; the timbre of a violin. See Tone, and Partial tones, under Partial.

Tim"brel (?), n. [Dim. of OE. timbre, OF. timbre; probably fr. L. typmanum, Gr. &?; a kettledrum, but influenced perhaps by Ar. tabl a drum; cf. Per. tambal a drum. See Tympanum, and cf. 2d Timbre, Tymbal.] (Mus.) A kind of drum, tabor, or tabret, in use from the highest antiquity.

> Miriam . . . took a timbrel in her hand, and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances.

Ex. xv. 20.

{ Tim"breled, Tim"brelled} (?), a. Sung to the sound of the timbrel. "In vain with timbreled anthems dark." Milton.

Tim`bu*rine" (?), n. A tambourine. [Obs.]

Time (?), n.; pl. Times (#). [OE. time, AS. tma, akin to td time, and to Icel. tmi, Dan. time an hour, Sw. timme. √58. See Tide, n.] 1. Duration, considered independently of any system of measurement or any employment of terms which designate limited portions thereof.

> The time wasteth [i. e. passes away] night and day.

Chaucer.

> I know of no ideas . . . that have a better claim to be accounted simple and original than those of space and time.

Reid.

2. A particular period or part of duration, whether past, present, or future; a point or portion of duration; as, the time was, or has been; the time is, or will be.

> God, who at sundry times and in divers manners spake in time past unto the fathers by the prophets.

Heb. i. 1.

3. The period at which any definite event occurred, or person lived; age; period; era; as, the Spanish Armada was destroyed in the time of Queen Elizabeth; — often in the plural; as, ancient times; modern times.

4. The duration of one's life; the hours and days which a person has at his disposal.

> Believe me, your time is not your own; it belongs to God, to religion, to mankind.

Buckminster.

5. A proper time; a season; an opportunity.

> There is . . . a time to every purpose.

Eccl. iii. 1.

> The time of figs was not yet.

Mark xi. 13.

6. Hour of travail, delivery, or parturition.

> She was within one month of her time.

Clarendon.

7. Performance or occurrence of an action or event, considered with reference to repetition; addition of a number to itself; repetition; as, to double cloth four times; four times four, or sixteen.

> Summers three times eight save one.

Milton.

8. The present life; existence in this world as contrasted with immortal life; definite, as contrasted with infinite, duration.

> Till time and sin together cease.

Keble.

9. (Gram.) Tense.

10. (Mus.) The measured duration of sounds; measure; tempo; rate of movement; rhythmical division; as, common or triple time; the musician keeps good time.

> Some few lines set unto a solemn time.

Beau. & Fl.

Time is often used in the formation of compounds, mostly self-explaining; as, time-battered, time-beguiling, time-consecrated, time-consuming, time-enduring, time-killing, time-sanctioned, time-scorner, time-wasting, time-worn, etc.

Absolute time, time irrespective of local standards or epochs; as, all spectators see a lunar eclipse at the same instant of absolute time. — Apparent time, the time of day reckoned by the sun, or so that 12 o'clock at the place is the instant of the transit of the sun's center over the meridian. - - Astronomical time, mean solar time reckoned by counting the hours continuously up to twenty-four from one noon to the next. — At times, at distinct intervals of duration; now and then; as, at times he reads, at other times he rides. — Civil time, time as reckoned for the purposes of common life in distinct periods, as years, months, days, hours, etc., the latter, among most modern nations, being divided into two series of twelve each, and reckoned, the first series from midnight to noon, the second, from noon to midnight. — Common time (Mil.), the ordinary time of marching, in which ninety steps, each twenty-eight inches in length, are taken in one minute. — Equation of time. See under Equation, n. — In time. (a) In good season; sufficiently early; as, he arrived in time to see the exhibition. (b) After a considerable space of duration; eventually; finally; as, you will in time recover your health and strength. — Mean time. See under 4th Mean. — Quick time (Mil.), time of marching, in which one hundred and twenty steps, each thirty inches in length, are taken in one minute. — Sidereal time. See under Sidereal. — Standard time, the civil time that has been established by law or by general usage over a region or country. In England the standard time is Greenwich mean solar time. In the United States and Canada four kinds of standard time have been adopted by the railroads and accepted by the people, viz., Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific time, corresponding severally to the mean local times of the 75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th meridians west from Greenwich, and being therefore five, six, seven, and eight hours slower than Greenwich time. — Time ball, a ball arranged to drop from the summit of a pole, to indicate true midday time, as at Greenwich Observatory, England. Nichol. — Time bargain (Com.), a contract made for the sale or purchase of merchandise, or of stock in the public funds, at a certain time in the future. — Time bill. Same as Time-table. [Eng.] — Time book, a book in which is kept a record of the time persons have worked. — Time detector, a timepiece provided with a device for registering and indicating the exact time when a watchman visits certain stations in his beat. — Time enough, in season; early enough. "Stanly at Bosworth field, . . . came time enough to save his life." Bacon. — Time fuse, a fuse, as for an explosive projectile, which can be so arranged as to ignite the charge at a certain definite interval after being itself ignited. — Time immemorial, or Time out of mind. (Eng. Law) See under Immemorial. — Time lock, a lock having clockwork attached, which, when wound up, prevents the bolt from being withdrawn when locked, until a certain interval of time has elapsed. — Time of day, salutation appropriate to the times of the day, as "good morning," "good evening," and the like; greeting. — To kill time. See under Kill, v. t. — To make time. (a) To gain time. (b) To occupy or use (a certain) time in doing something; as, the trotting horse made fast time. — To move, run, or go, against time, to move, run, or go a given distance without a competitor, in the quickest possible time; or, to accomplish the greatest distance which can be passed over in a given time; as, the horse is to run against time. — True time. (a) Mean time as kept by a clock going uniformly. (b) (Astron.) Apparent time as reckoned from the transit of the sun's center over the meridian.

<! p. 1510 !>

Time (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Timed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Timing.] 1. To appoint the time for; to bring, begin, or perform at the proper season or time; as, he timed his appearance rightly.

> There is no greater wisdom than well to time the beginnings and onsets of things.

Bacon.

2. To regulate as to time; to accompany, or agree with, in time of movement.

> Who overlooked the oars, and timed the stroke.

Addison.

> He was a thing of blood, whose every motion
> Was timed with dying cries.

Shak.

3. To ascertain or record the time, duration, or rate of; as, to time the speed of horses, or hours for workmen.

4. To measure, as in music or harmony.

Time, v. i. 1. To keep or beat time; to proceed or move in time.

> With oar strokes timing to their song.

Whittier.

2. To pass time; to delay. [Obs.]

Time"ful (?), a. Seasonable; timely; sufficiently early. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Time"-hon`ored (?), a. Honored for a long time; venerable, and worthy of honor, by reason of antiquity, or long continuance.

Time"keep`er (?), n. 1. A clock, watch, or other chronometer; a timepiece.

2. A person who keeps, marks, regulates, or determines the time. Specifically: —

(a) A person who keeps a record of the time spent by workmen at their work.

(b) One who gives the time for the departure of conveyances.

(c) One who marks the time in musical performances.

(d) One appointed to mark and declare the time of participants in races or other contests.

Time"less, a. 1. Done at an improper time; unseasonable; untimely. [R.]

> Nor fits it to prolong the heavenly feast
> Timeless, indecent.

Pope.

2. Done or occurring before the proper time; premature; immature; as, a timeless grave. [Obs.]

> Must I behold thy timeless, cruel death?

Shak.

3. Having no end; interminable; unending. "Timeless night and chaos." Young.

Time"less*ly, adv. In a timeless manner; unseasonably. [R.] Milton.

Time"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being timely; seasonableness; opportuneness.

Time"ling (?), n. A timeserver. [Obs.]

Time"ly, a. [Compar. Timelier (?); superl. Timeliest.] 1. Being or occurring in good time; sufficiently early; seasonable. "The timely dew of sleep." Milton.

2. Keeping time or measure. Spenser.

Time"ly, adv. Early; soon; in good season.

> Timely advised, the coming evil shun.

Prior.

> Thanks to you,
> That called me timelier than my purpose hither,
> For I have gained by it.

Shak.

Ti*men"o*guy (?), n. (Naut.) A rope carried taut between or over obstacles likely to engage or foul the running rigging in working a ship.

Time"ous (?), a. Timely; seasonable. [R. or Scot.] — Time"ous*ly, adv. [R. or Scot.]

Time"piece` (?), n. A clock, watch, or other instrument, to measure or show the progress of time; a chronometer.

Time"pleas`er (?), n. One who complies with prevailing opinions, whatever they may be; a timeserver.

> Timepleasers, flatterers, foes to nobleness.

Shak.

Tim"er (?), n. A timekeeper; especially, a watch by which small intervals of time can be measured; a kind of stop watch. It is used for timing the speed of horses, machinery, etc.

Time"sav`ing (?), a. Saving time; as, a timesaving expedient.

Time"serv`er (?), n. One who adapts his opinions and manners to the times; one who obsequiously compiles with the ruling power; — now used only in a bad sense.

Time"serv`ing, a. Obsequiously complying with the spirit of the times, or the humors of those in power.

Time"serv`ing, n. An obsequious compliance with the spirit of the times, or the humors of those in power, which implies a surrender of one's independence, and sometimes of one's integrity.

Syn. — Temporizing. — Timeserving, Temporizing. Both these words are applied to the conduct of one who adapts himself servilely to times and seasons. A timeserver is rather active, and a temporizer, passive. One whose policy is timeserving comes forward to act upon principles or opinions which may promote his advancement; one who is temporizing yields to the current of public sentiment or prejudice, and shrinks from a course of action which might injure him with others. The former is dishonest; the latter is weak; and both are contemptible.

> Trimming and timeserving, which are but two words for the same thing, . . . produce confusion.

South.

> [I] pronounce thee . . . a hovering temporizer, that
> Canst with thine eyes at once see good and evil,
> Inclining to them both.

Shak.

Time"-ta`ble (?), n. 1. A tabular statement of the time at which, or within which, several things are to take place, as the recitations in a school, the departure and arrival of railroad trains or other public conveyances, the rise and fall of the tides, etc.

2. (Railroad) A plane surface divided in one direction with lines representing hours and minutes, and in the other with lines representing miles, and having diagonals (usually movable strings) representing the speed and position of various trains.

3. (Mus.) A table showing the notation, length, or duration of the several notes.

Tim"id (?), a. [L. timidus, fr. timere to fear; cf. Skr. tam to become breathless, to become stupefief: cf. F. timide.] Wanting courage to meet danger; easily frightened; timorous; not bold; fearful; shy.

> Poor is the triumph o'er the timid hare.

Thomson.

Syn. — Fearful; timorous; afraid; cowardly; pusillanimous; faint-hearted; shrinking; retiring.

— Tim"id*ly, adv. — Tim"id*ness, n.

Ti*mid"i*ty (?), n. [L. timiditas: cf. F. timidité.] The quality or state of being timid; timorousness; timidness.

Tim"id*ous (?), a. Timid. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Tim"ist (?), n. [Written also timeist.] 1. (Mus.) A performer who keeps good time.

2. A timeserver. [Obs.] Overbury.

Tim"mer (?), n. Same as 1st Timber. [Scot.]

Ti*moc"ra*cy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; honor, worth (fr. &?; to honor) + &?; to govern: cf. F. timocratie.] (Gr. Antiq.) (a) A state in which the love of honor is the ruling motive. (b) A state in which honors are distributed according to a rating of property.

Ti`mo*crat"ic (?), a. Belonging to, or constituted by, timocracy. Sir G. C. Lewis.

Tim`o*neer" (?), n. [F. timonier, fr. timon a helm, fr. L. temo, -onis, a pole.] A helmsman. [R.]

Tim"or*ous (?), a. [LL. timorosus, from L. timor fear; akin to timere to fear. See Timid.] 1. Fearful of danger; timid; deficient in courage. Shak.

2. Indicating, or caused by, fear; as, timorous doubts. "The timorous apostasy of chuchmen." Milman.

— Tim"or*ous*ly, adv. — Tim"or*ous*ness, n.

Tim"or*some (?), a. Easily frightened; timorous. [Written also timersome.] [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

{ Tim"o*thy (?), n., or Tim"o*thy grass` (?) }. [From Timothy Hanson, who carried the seed from New England to Maryland about 1720.] (Bot.) A kind of grass (Phleum pratense) with long cylindrical spikes; — called also herd's grass, in England, cat's-tail grass, and meadow cat's-tail grass. It is much prized for fodder. See Illustration in Appendix.

Tim"ous (?), a. [Cf. Timeous.] Timely; seasonable. [Obs.] Bacon. — Tim"ous*ly, adv. [Obs.]

||Tim"pa*no (?), n.; pl. Timpani (#). [It.] (Mus.) See Tympano.

Tim"-whis`key (?), n. A kind of carriage. See Whiskey. Southery.

Tin (?), n. [As. tin; akin to D. tin, G. zinn, OHG. zin, Icel. & Dan. tin, Sw. tenn; of unknown origin.] 1. (Chem.) An elementary substance found as an oxide in the mineral cassiterite, and reduced as a soft white crystalline metal, malleable at ordinary temperatures, but brittle when heated. It is not easily oxidized in the air, and is used chiefly to coat iron to protect it from rusting, in the form of tin foil with mercury to form the reflective surface of mirrors, and in solder, bronze, speculum metal, and other alloys. Its compounds are designated as stannous, or stannic. Symbol Sn (Stannum). Atomic weight 117.4.

2. Thin plates of iron covered with tin; tin plate.

3. Money. [Cant] Beaconsfield.

Block tin (Metal.), commercial tin, cast into blocks, and partially refined, but containing small quantities of various impurities, as copper, lead, iron, arsenic, etc.; solid tin as distinguished from tin plate; — called also bar tin. — Butter of tin. (Old Chem.) See Fuming liquor of Libavius, under Fuming. — Grain tin. (Metal.) See under Grain. — Salt of tin (Dyeing), stannous chloride, especially so called when used as a mordant. — Stream tin. See under Stream. — Tin cry (Chem.), the peculiar creaking noise made when a bar of tin is bent. It is produced by the grating of the crystal granules on each other. — Tin foil, tin reduced to a thin leaf. — Tin frame (Mining), a kind of buddle used in washing tin ore. — Tin liquor, Tin mordant (Dyeing), stannous chloride, used as a mordant in dyeing and calico printing. — Tin penny, a customary duty in England, formerly paid to tithingmen for liberty to dig in tin mines. [Obs.] Bailey. — Tin plate, thin sheet iron coated with tin. — Tin pyrites. See Stannite.

Tin (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tinning.] To cover with tin or tinned iron, or to overlay with tin foil.

||Ti*nam"i*des (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of struthious birds, including the tinamous.

Tin"a*mou (?), n. [From the native name: cf. F. tinamous.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of South American birds belonging to Tinamus and allied genera.

In general appearance and habits they resemble grouse and partridges, but in anatomical characters they are allied to the ostriches and other struthious birds. Their wings are of moderate length, and they are able to fly a considerable distance.

Tin"cal (?), n. [Ar., Per. & Hind. tinkr; cf. Malay tingkal; all fr. Skr. &?;a&?;ka&?;a. Cf. Altincar.] (Chem.) Crude native borax, formerly imported from Thibet. It was once the chief source of boric compounds. Cf. Borax.

Tin"chel (?), n. [Written also tinchill.] [Gael. timchioll a circuit, compass.] A circle of sportsmen, who, by surrounding an extensive space and gradually closing in, bring a number of deer and game within a narrow compass. [Scot.]

> We'll quell the savage mountaineer,
> As their tinchel cows the game!

Sir W. Scott.

Tinct (?), a. [L. tinctus, p. p. of tingere to tinge. See Tinge.] Tined; tinged. [Archaic] Spenser.

Tinct, n. [See Tint.] Color; tinge; tincture; tint. [Archaic] "Blue of heaven's own tinct." Shak.

> All the devices blazoned on the shield,
> In their own tinct.

Tennyson.

Tinct, v. t. [See Tinge.] To color or stain; to imblue; to tint. [Archaic] Bacon.

Tinc*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. tinctorius, from tinctor a dyer, tingere, tinctum, to dye: cf. F. tinctorial. See Tinge.] Of or relating to color or colors; imparting a color; as, tinctorial matter. Ure.

Tinc"ture (?), n. [L. tinctura a dyeing, from tingere, tinctum, to tinge, dye: cf. OE. tainture, teinture, F. teinture, L. tinctura. See Tinge.] 1. A tinge or shade of color; a tint; as, a tincture of red.

2. (Her.) One of the metals, colors, or furs used in armory.

There are two metals: gold, called or, and represented in engraving by a white surface covered with small dots; and silver, called argent, and represented by a plain white surface. The colors and their representations are as follows: red, called gules, or a shading of vertical lines; blue, called azure, or horizontal lines; black, called sable, or horizontal and vertical lines crossing; green, called vert, or diagonal lines from dexter chief corner; purple, called purpure, or diagonal lines from sinister chief corner. The furs are ermine, ermines, erminois, pean, vair, counter vair, potent, and counter potent. See Illustration in Appendix.

3. The finer and more volatile parts of a substance, separated by a solvent; an extract of a part of the substance of a body communicated to the solvent.

4. (Med.) A solution (commonly colored) of medicinal substance in alcohol, usually more or less diluted; spirit containing medicinal substances in solution.

According to the United States Pharmacopœia, the term tincture (also called alcoholic tincture, and spirituous tincture) is reserved for the alcoholic solutions of nonvolatile substances, alcoholic solutions of volatile substances being called spirits.

Ethereal tincture, a solution of medicinal substance in ether.

5. A slight taste superadded to any substance; as, a tincture of orange peel.

6. A slight quality added to anything; a tinge; as, a tincture of French manners.

> All manners take a tincture from our own.

Pope.

> Every man had a slight tincture of soldiership, and scarcely any man more than a slight tincture.

Macaulay.

Tinc"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinctured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tincturing.] 1. To communicate a slight foreign color to; to tinge; to impregnate with some extraneous matter.

> A little black paint will tincture and spoil twenty gay colors.

I. Watts.

2. To imbue the mind of; to communicate a portion of anything foreign to; to tinge.

> The stain of habitual sin may thoroughly tincture all our soul.

Barrow.

Tind (?), v. t. [OE. tenden, AS. tendan; akin to G. zünden, OHG. zunten, Icel. tendra, Sw. tända, Dan. tænde, Goth. tandjan to kindle, tundnan to be kindled, to burn. Cf. Tinder.] To kindle. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Tin"dal (?), n. [From the native name: cf. Malayalam ta&?;&?;al.] 1. A petty officer among lascars, or native East Indian sailors; a boatswain's mate; a cockswain. [India] Malcom.

2. An attendant on an army. [India] Simmonds.

Tin"der (?), n. [OE. tinder, tunder, AS. tynder, tyndre; akin to tendan to kindle, D. tonder tinder, G. zunder, OHG. zuntara, zuntra, Icel. tundr, Sw. tunder, Dan. tönder. See Tind.] Something very inflammable, used for kindling fire from a spark, as scorched linen.

German tinder. Same as Amadou. — Tinder box, a box in which tinder is kept.

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Tine (?), n. [See Teen affliction.] Trouble; distress; teen. [Obs.] "Cruel winter's tine." Spenser.

Tine, v. t. [See Tind.] To kindle; to set on fire. [Obs.] See Tind. "To tine the cloven wood." Dryden.

> Coals of contention and hot vengeance tind.

Spenser.

Tine, v. i. [Cf. Tine distress, or Tine to kindle.] To kindle; to rage; to smart. [Obs.]

> Ne was there slave, ne was there medicine
> That mote recure their wounds; so inly they did tine.

Spenser.

Tine, v. t. [AS. t&?;nan, from t&?;n an inclosure. See Town.] To shut in, or inclose. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Tine, n. [OE. tind, AS. tind; akin to MHG. zint, Icel. tindr, Sw. tinne, and probably to G. zinne a pinnacle, OHG. zinna, and E. tooth. See Tooth.] A tooth, or spike, as of a fork; a prong, as of an antler.

||Tin"e*a (?), n. [L., a worm, a moth.] 1. (Med.) A name applied to various skin diseases, but especially to ringworm. See Ringworm, and Sycosis.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of small Lepidoptera, including the clothes moths and carpet moths.

Tin"e*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Tinea, or of the family Tineidæ, which includes numerous small moths, many of which are injurious to woolen and fur goods and to cultivated plants. Also used adjectively.

Tined (?), a. Furnished with tines; as, a three-tined fork.

Tin"e*id (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Tinean.

Tine"man (?), n.; pl. Tinemen (#). [Probably akin to tine to shut or inclose.] (O. Eng. Forest Law) An officer of the forest who had the care of vert and venison by night. [Obs.]

Ti"net (?), n. [From Tine to shut in, inclose.] Brushwood and thorns for making and repairing hedges. [Obs. Eng.]

Ting (?), n. [An imitative word. Cf. Tink.] A sharp sound, as of a bell; a tinkling.

Ting, v. i. To sound or ring, as a bell; to tinkle. [R.] Holland.

||Ting, n. The apartment in a Chinese temple where the idol is kept.

Tinge (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tingeing (?).] [L. tingere, tinctum, to dye, stain, wet; akin to Gr. &?;, and perhaps to G. tunken to dip, OHG. tunchn, dunchn, thunkn. Cf. Distain, Dunker, Stain, Taint a stain, to stain, Tincture, Tint.] To imbue or impregnate with something different or foreign; as, to tinge a decoction with a bitter taste; to affect in some degree with the qualities of another substance, either by mixture, or by application to the surface; especially, to color slightly; to stain; as, to tinge a blue color with red; an infusion tinged with a yellow color by saffron.

> His [Sir Roger's] virtues, as well as imperfections, are tinged by a certain extravagance.

Addison.

Syn. — To color; dye; stain.

Tinge, n. A degree, usually a slight degree, of some color, taste, or something foreign, infused into another substance or mixture, or added to it; tincture; color; dye; hue; shade; taste.

> His notions, too, respecting the government of the state, took a tinge from his notions respecting the government of the church.

Macaulay.

Tin"gent (?), a. [L. tingens, p. pr. of tingere to tinge. See Tinge.] Having the power to tinge. [R.]

> As for the white part, it appears much less enriched with the tingent property.

Boyle.

Tin"ger (?), n. One who, or that which, tinges.

Tin"gid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Tingis.

||Tin"gis (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small hemipterous insects which injure trees by sucking the sap from the leaves. See Illustration in Appendix.

Tin"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tingled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tingling (?).] [Freq. of ting. Cf. Tinkle.] 1. To feel a kind of thrilling sensation, as in hearing a shrill sound.

> At which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle.

1 Sam. iii. 11.

2. To feel a sharp, thrilling pain.

> The pale boy senator yet tingling stands.

Pope.

3. To have, or to cause, a sharp, thrilling sensation, or a slight pricking sensation.

> They suck pollution through their tingling vein.

Tickell.

Tink (?), v. i. [OE. tinken; of imitative origin. Cf. Ting a tinkling, Tinker.] To make a sharp, shrill noise; to tinkle. Wyclif (1 Cor. xiii. 1).

Tink, n. A sharp, quick sound; a tinkle.

Tink"er (?), n. [From Tink, because the tinker's way of proclaiming his trade is to beat a kettle, or because in his work he makes a tinkling noise. Johnson.] 1. A mender of brass kettles, pans, and other metal ware. "Tailors and tinkers." Piers Plowman.

2. One skilled in a variety of small mechanical work.

3. (Ordnance) A small mortar on the end of a staff.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) A young mackerel about two years old. (b) The chub mackerel. (c) The silversides. (d) A skate. [Prov. Eng.]

5. (Zoöl.) The razor-billed auk.

Tink"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinkered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tinkering.] To mend or solder, as metal wares; hence, more generally, to mend.

Tink"er, v. i. To busy one's self in mending old kettles, pans, etc.; to play the tinker; to be occupied with small mechanical works.

Tink"er*ing, n. The act or work of a tinker.

Tink"er*ly, a. After the manner of a tinker. [R.]

{ Tink"er*shire (?), Tin"kle (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) The common guillemot. [Prov. Eng.]

Tin"kle (?), v. i. [Freq. of tink. See Tink, Tingle.] 1. To make, or give forth, small, quick, sharp sounds, as a piece of metal does when struck; to clink.

> As sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal.

1 Cor. xiii. 1.

> The sprightly horse
> Moves to the music of his tinkling bells.

Dodsley.

2. To hear, or resound with, a small, sharp sound.

> And his ears tinkled, and the color fled.

Dryden.

Tin"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinkled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tinkling.] To cause to clonk, or make small, sharp, quick sounds.

Tin"kle, n. A small, sharp, quick sound, as that made by striking metal. Cowper.

Tin"kler (?), n. A tinker. [Prov. Eng.]

Tin"kling (?), n. 1. A tinkle, or succession of tinkles.

> Drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds.

Gray.

2. (Zoöl.) A grackle (Quiscalus crassirostris) native of Jamaica. It often associates with domestic cattle, and rids them of insects.

Tin"man (?), n.; pl. Tinmen (&?;). A manufacturer of tin vessels; a dealer in tinware.

Tin"mouth` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The crappie. [U. S.]

Tinned (?), a. 1. Covered, or plated, with tin; as, a tinned roof; tinned iron.

2. Packed in tin cases; canned; as, tinned meats. Cassell (Dict. of Cookery).

Tin"nen (?), a. Made or consisting of tin. [Obs.]

Tin"ner (?), n. 1. One who works in a tin mine.

2. One who makes, or works in, tinware; a tinman.

Tin"ni*ent (?), a. [L. tinniens, p. pr. of tinnire to ring, tinkle.] Emitting a clear sound. [Obs.]

Tin"ning (?), n. 1. The act, art, or process of covering or coating anything with melted tin, or with tin foil, as kitchen utensils, locks, and the like.

2. The covering or lining of tin thus put on.

||Tin*ni"tus (?), n. [L., fr. tinnire to jingle.] (Med.) A ringing, whistling, or other imaginary noise perceived in the ears; — called also tinnitus aurium.

Tin"nock (?), n. (Zoöl.) The blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Tin"ny (?), a. Pertaining to, abounding with, or resembling, tin. "The tinny strand." Drayton.

Tin"sel (?), n. [F. étincelle a spark, OF. estincelle, L. scintilla. Cf. Scintillate, Stencil.] 1. A shining material used for ornamental purposes; especially, a very thin, gauzelike cloth with much gold or silver woven into it; also, very thin metal overlaid with a thin coating of gold or silver, brass foil, or the like.

> Who can discern the tinsel from the gold?

Dryden.

2. Something shining and gaudy; something superficially shining and showy, or having a false luster, and more gay than valuable.

> O happy peasant! O unhappy bard!
> His the mere tinsel, hers the rich reward.

Cowper.

Tin"sel, a. Showy to excess; gaudy; specious; superficial. "Tinsel trappings." Milton.

Tin"sel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinseled (?) or Tinselled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tinseling or Tinselling.] To adorn with tinsel; to deck out with cheap but showy ornaments; to make gaudy.

> She, tinseled o'er in robes of varying hues.

Pope.

Tin"sel*ly, a. Like tinsel; gaudy; showy, but cheap.

Tin"sel*ly, adv. In a showy and cheap manner.

Tin"smith` (?), n. One who works in tin; a tinner.

Tin"stone` (?), n. (Min.) Cassiterite.

Tint (?), n. [For older tinct, fr. L. tinctus, p. p. of tingere to dye: cf. F. teinte, teint, It. tinta, tinto. See Tinge, and cf. Taint to stain, a stain, Tent a kind of wine, Tinto.] A slight coloring. Specifically: —

(a) A pale or faint tinge of any color.

> Or blend in beauteous tints the colored mass.

Pope.

> Their vigor sickens, and their tints decline.

Harte.

(b) A color considered with reference to other very similar colors; as, red and blue are different colors, but two shades of scarlet are different tints.

(c) (Engraving) A shaded effect produced by the juxtaposition of many fine parallel lines.

Tint tool (Eng.), a species of graver used for cutting the parallel lines which produce tints in engraving.

Tint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tinting.] To give a slight coloring to; to tinge.

Tin`ta*mar" (?), n. [F. tintamarre.] A hideous or confused noise; an uproar. [Obs.] Howell.

Tin"ter*nell (?), n. A certain old dance. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Tin"tie (tn"t), n. (Zoöl.) The wren. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Tin`tin*nab"u*lar (?), Tin`tin*nab"u*la*ry (?), } a. [L. tintinnabulum a little bell, fr. tintinnare to ring, to jingle, tinnire to jingle.] Having or making the sound of a bell; tinkling.

Tin`tin*nab`u*la"tion (?), n. A tinkling sound, as of a bell or bells. Poe.

Tin`tin*nab"u*lous (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the tinkling of a bell; having a tinkling sound; tintinnabular. De Quincey.

Tin"to (?), n. [Pg., tinged, fr. L. tinctus, p. p. of tingere to tinge. See Tint, n.] A red Madeira wine, wanting the high aroma of the white sorts, and, when old, resembling tawny port.

Tin"type` (?), n. Same as Ferrotype.

Tin"ware` (?), n. Articles made of tinned iron.

Ti"ny (?), a. [Compar. Tinier (?); superl. Tiniest.] [Probably fr. tine, teen, trouble, distress, vexation.] Very small; little; puny.

> When that I was and a little tiny boy.

Shak.

Tip (?), n. [Akin to D. & Dan. tip, LG. & Sw. tipp, G. zipfel, and probably to E. tap a plug, a pipe.] 1. The point or extremity of anything; a pointed or somewhat sharply rounded end; the end; as, the tip of the finger; the tip of a spear.

> To the very tip of the nose.

Shak.

2. An end piece or part; a piece, as a cap, nozzle, ferrule, or point, applied to the extreme end of anything; as, a tip for an umbrella, a shoe, a gas burner, etc.

3. (Hat Manuf.) A piece of stiffened lining pasted on the inside of a hat crown.

4. A thin, boarded brush made of camel's hair, used by gilders in lifting gold leaf.

5. Rubbish thrown from a quarry.

Tip (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tipping.] To form a point upon; to cover the tip, top, or end of; as, to tip anything with gold or silver.

> With truncheon tipped with iron head.

Hudibras.

> Tipped with jet,
> Fair ermines spotless as the snows they press.

Thomson.

Tip, v. t. [Cf. LG. tippen to tap, Sw. tippa, and E. tap to strike gently.] 1. To strike slightly; to tap.

> A third rogue tips me by the elbow.

Swift.

2. To bestow a gift, or douceur, upon; to give a present to; as, to tip a servant. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

3. To lower one end of, or to throw upon the end; to tilt; as, to tip a cask; to tip a cart.

To tip off, to pour out, as liquor. — To tip over, to overturn. — To tip the wink, to direct a wink; to give a hint or suggestion by, or as by, a wink. [Slang] Pope. — To tip up, to turn partly over by raising one end.

Tip, v. i. To fall on, or incline to, one side. Bunyan.

To tip off, to fall off by tipping.

Tip, n. [See Tip to strike slightly, and cf. Tap a slight blow.] 1. A light touch or blow; a tap.

2. A gift; a douceur; a fee. [Colloq.]

3. A hint, or secret intimation, as to the chances in a horse race, or the like. [Sporting Cant]

Tip"cart` (?), n. A cart so constructed that the body can be easily tipped, in order to dump the load.

Tip"cat` (?), n. A game in which a small piece of wood pointed at both ends, called a cat, is tipped, or struck with a stick or bat, so as to fly into the air.

> In the middle of a game at tipcat, he paused, and stood staring wildly upward with his stick in his hand.

Macaulay.

Tip"per (?), n. A kind of ale brewed with brackish water obtained from a particular well; — so called from the first brewer of it, one Thomas Tipper. [Eng.]

Tip"pet (?), n. [OE. tipet, tepet, AS. tæppet, probably fr. L. tapete tapestry, hangings. Cf. Tape, Tapestry, Tapet.] 1. A cape, or scarflike garment for covering the neck, or the neck and shoulders, — usually made of fur, cloth, or other warm material. Chaucer. Bacon.

2. A length of twisted hair or gut in a fish line. [Scot.]

3. A handful of straw bound together at one end, and used for thatching. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Tippet grebe (Zoöl.), the great crested grebe, or one of several similar species. — Tippet grouse (Zoöl.), the ruffed grouse. — To turn tippet, to change. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Tip"ping (?), n. (Mus.) A distinct articulation given in playing quick notes on the flute, by striking the tongue against the roof of the mouth; double- tonguing.

Tip"ple (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tippled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tippling (?).] [From tip a small end, or a word akin to it; cf. Norw. tipla to tipple, to drip, Prov. E. tip, tiff, tift, a draught of liquor, dial. G. zipfeln to eat and drink in small parts. See Tip a point, and cf. Tipsy.] To drink spirituous or strong liquors habitually; to indulge in the frequent and improper used of spirituous liquors; especially, to drink frequently in small quantities, but without absolute drunkeness.

> Few of those who were summoned left their homes, and those few generally found it more agreeable to tipple in alehouses than to pace the streets.

Macaulay.

Tip"ple, v. t. 1. To drink, as strong liquors, frequently or in excess.

> Himself, for saving charges,
> A peeled, sliced onions eats, and tipples verjuice.

Dryden.

2. To put up in bundles in order to dry, as hay.

Tip"ple, n. Liquor taken in tippling; drink.

> Pulque, the national tipple of Mexico.

S. B. Griffin.

Tip"pled (?), a. Intoxicated; inebriated; tipsy; drunk. [R.] Dryden.

Tip"pler (?), n. 1. One who keeps a tippling-house. [Obs.] Latimer.

2. One who habitually indulges in the excessive use of spirituous liquors, whether he becomes intoxicated or not.

Tip"pling-house` (?), n. A house in which liquors are sold in drams or small quantities, to be drunk on the premises.

Tip"si*fy (?), v. t. [Tipsy + - fy.] To make tipsy. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Tip"si*ly, adv. In a tipsy manner; like one tipsy.

Tip"si*ness, n. The state of being tipsy.

Tip"staff` (?), n.; pl. Tipstaff (&?;). 1. A staff tipped with metal. Bacon.

2. An officer who bears a staff tipped with metal; a constable. Macaulay.

Tip"sy (?), a. [Compar. Tipsier (?); superl. Tipsiest.] [Akin to tipple; cf. Prov. G. tips drunkenness, betipst drunk, tipsy. See Tipple.] 1. Being under the influence of strong drink; rendered weak or foolish by liquor, but not absolutely or completely drunk; fuddled; intoxicated.

2. Staggering, as if from intoxication; reeling.

> Midnight shout and revelry,
> Tipsy dance and jollity.

Milton.

Tip"toe` (?), n.; pl. Tiptoes (&?;). The end, or tip, of the toe.

> He must . . . stand on his typtoon [tiptoes].

Chaucer.

> Upon his tiptoes stalketh stately by.

Spenser.

To be, or To stand, a tiptoe or on tiptoe, to be awake or alive to anything; to be roused; to be eager or alert; as, to be a tiptoe with expectation.

<! p. 1512 !>

Tip"toe` (?), a. 1. Being on tiptoe, or as on tiptoe; hence, raised as high as possible; lifted up; exalted; also, alert.

> Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day
> Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops.

Shak.

> Above the tiptoe pinnacle of glory.

Byron.

2. Noiseless; stealthy. "With tiptoe step." Cowper.

Tiptoe mirth, the highest degree of mirth. Sir W. Scott.

Tip"toe`, v. i. To step or walk on tiptoe.

Tip"top` (?), n. [Tip end + top.] The highest or utmost degree; the best of anything. [Colloq.]

Tip"top`, a. Very excellent; most excellent; perfect. [Colloq.] "Four tiptop voices." Gray. "Sung in a tiptop manner." Goldsmith.

||Tip"u*la (?), n.; pl. L. Tipulæ (#), E. Tipulas (#). [L., the water spider, or water spinner.] (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of long-legged dipterous insects belonging to Tipula and allied genera. They have long and slender bodies. See Crane fly, under Crane.

Tip"u*la*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. tipulaire.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the tipulas.

Tip"-up` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The spotted sandpiper; — called also teeter-tail. See under Sandpiper.

Ti*rade" (?), n. [F., fr. It. tirada, properly, a pulling; hence, a lengthening out, a long speech, a tirade, fr. tirare to draw; of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. tear to redn. See Tear to rend, and cf. Tire to tear.] A declamatory strain or flight of censure or abuse; a rambling invective; an oration or harangue abounding in censorious and bitter language.

> Here he delivers a violent tirade against persons who profess to know anything about angels.

Quarterly Review.

||Ti`rail`leur" (?), n. [F., from tirailler to skirmish, wrest, from tirer to draw.] (Mil.) Formerly, a member of an independent body of marksmen in the French army. They were used sometimes in front of the army to annoy the enemy, sometimes in the rear to check his pursuit. The term is now applied to all troops acting as skirmishers.

Tire (?), n. A tier, row, or rank. See Tier. [Obs.]

> In posture to displode their second tire
> Of thunder.

Milton.

Tire, n. [Aphetic form of attire; OE. tir, a tir. See Attire.] 1. Attire; apparel. [Archaic] "Having rich tire about you." Shak.

2. A covering for the head; a headdress.

> On her head she wore a tire of gold.

Spenser.

3. A child's apron, covering the breast and having no sleeves; a pinafore; a tier.

4. Furniture; apparatus; equipment. [Obs.] "The tire of war." Philips.

5. [Probably the same word, and so called as being an attire or covering for the wheel.] A hoop or band, as of metal, on the circumference of the wheel of a vehicle, to impart strength and receive the wear.

The iron tire of a wagon wheel or cart wheel binds the fellies together. The tire of a locomotive or railroad-car wheel is a heavy hoop of iron or steel shrunk tightly upon an iron central part. The wheel of a bicycle has a tire of India rubber.

Tire, v. t. To adorn; to attire; to dress. [Obs.]

> [Jezebel] painted her face, and tired her head.

2 Kings ix. 30.

Tire, v. i. [F. tirer to draw or pull; of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. tear to rend. See Tirade.] 1. To seize, pull, and tear prey, as a hawk does. [Obs.]

> Even as an empty eagle, sharp by fast,
> Tires with her beak on feathers, flesh, and bone.

Shak.

> Ye dregs of baseness, vultures among men,
> That tire upon the hearts of generous spirits.

B. Jonson.

2. To seize, rend, or tear something as prey; to be fixed upon, or engaged with, anything. [Obs.]

> Thus made she her remove,
> And left wrath tiring on her son.

Chapman.

> Upon that were my thoughts tiring.

Shak.

Tire, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tiring.] [OE. teorien to become weary, to fail, AS. teorian to be tired, be weary, to tire, exhaust; perhaps akin to E. tear to rend, the intermediate sense being, perhaps, to wear out; or cf. E. tarry.] To become weary; to be fatigued; to have the strength fail; to have the patience exhausted; as, a feeble person soon tires.

Tire, v. t. To exhaust the strength of, as by toil or labor; to exhaust the patience of; to wear out (one's interest, attention, or the like); to weary; to fatigue; to jade. Shak.

> Tired with toil, all hopes of safety past.

Dryden.

To tire out, to weary or fatigue to exhaustion; to harass.

Syn. — To jade; weary; exhaust; harass. See Jade.

Tired (?), a. Weary; fatigued; exhausted.

Tired"ness, n. The state of being tired, or weary.

Tire"less (?), a. Untiring.

Tire"ling (?), a. Tired; fatigued. [Obs.]

Tire"some (?), a. Fitted or tending to tire; exhausted; wearisome; fatiguing; tedious; as, a tiresome journey; a tiresome discourse. — Tire"some*ly, adv. — Tire"some*ness, n.

Tire"-wom`an (?), n.; pl. Tire-women (#). [See Tire attire, Attire.] 1. A lady's maid.

> Fashionableness of the tire-woman's making.

Locke.

2. A dresser in a theater. Simmonds.

Tir"ing-house` (?), n. [For attiring house.] A tiring-room. [Obs.] Shak.

Tir"ing-room` (?), n. [For attiring room.] The room or place where players dress for the stage.

Tir"ma (?), n. The oyster catcher. [Prov. Eng.]

Ti"ro (?), n. [L.] Same as Tyro.

T" i`ron (?). See under T.

Ti*ro"ni*an (?), a. [L. Tironianus, fr. Tiro, the learned freedman and amanuensis of Cicero.] Of or pertaining to Tiro, or a system of shorthand said to have been introduced by him into ancient Rome.

Tir"ra*lir`ra (?), n. A verbal imitation of a musical sound, as of the note of a lark or a horn.

> The lark, that tirra lyra chants.

Shak.

> "Tirralira, " by the river,
> Sang Sir Lancelot.

Tennyson.

Tir"rit (?), n. A word from the vocabulary of Mrs. Quickly, the hostess in Shakespeare's Henry IV., probably meaning terror.

Tir"wit (?), n. [Cf. Pewit.] (Zoöl.) The lapwing. [Prov. Eng.]

'T is (?). A common contraction of it is.

Ti*sane" (?), n. [F.] (Med.) See Ptisan.

Ti"sar (?), n. [F. tisard.] (Glass Manuf.) The fireplace at the side of an annealing oven. Knight.

{ Tis"ic (?), Tis"ic*al (?), } a. [For phthisic, phthisical.] Consumptive, phthisical.

Tis"ic, n. Consumption; phthisis. See Phthisis.

Tis"ick*y (?), a. Consumptive, phthisical.

Tis"ri (?), n. [Heb. tishr, fr. Chald. sher' to open, to begin.] The seventh month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of September with a part of October.

Tis"sue (?), n. [F. tissu, fr. tissu, p. p. of tisser, tistre, to weave, fr. L. texere. See Text.] 1. A woven fabric.

2. A fine transparent silk stuff, used for veils, etc.; specifically, cloth interwoven with gold or silver threads, or embossed with figures.

> A robe of tissue, stiff with golden wire.

Dryden.

> In their glittering tissues bear emblazed
> Holy memorials.

Milton.

3. (Biol.) One of the elementary materials or fibres, having a uniform structure and a specialized function, of which ordinary animals and plants are composed; a texture; as, epithelial tissue; connective tissue.

The term tissue is also often applied in a wider sense to all the materials or elementary tissues, differing in structure and function, which go to make up an organ; as, vascular tissue, tegumentary tissue, etc.

4. Fig.: Web; texture; complicated fabrication; connected series; as, a tissue of forgeries, or of falsehood.

> Unwilling to leave the dry bones of Agnosticism wholly unclothed with any living tissue of religious emotion.

A. J. Balfour.

Tissue paper, very thin, gauzelike paper, used for protecting engravings in books, for wrapping up delicate articles, etc.

Tis"sue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tissued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tissuing.] To form tissue of; to interweave.

> Covered with cloth of gold tissued upon blue.

Bacon.

Tis"sued (?), a. Clothed in, or adorned with, tissue; also, variegated; as, tissued flowers. Cowper.

> And crested chiefs and tissued dames
> Assembled at the clarion's call.

T. Warton.

Tit (?), n. 1. A small horse. Tusser.

2. A woman; — used in contempt. Burton.

3. A morsel; a bit. Halliwell.

4. [OE.; cf. Icel. titter a tit or small bird. The word probably meant originally, something small, and is perhaps the same as teat. Cf. Titmouse, Tittle.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of small singing birds belonging to the families Paridæ and Leiotrichidæ; a titmouse. (b) The European meadow pipit; a titlark.

Ground tit. (Zoöl.) See Wren tit, under Wren. — Hill tit (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Asiatic singing birds belonging to Siva, Milna, and allied genera. — Tit babbler (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small East Indian and Asiatic timaline birds of the genus Trichastoma. — Tit for tat. [Probably for tip for tap. See Tip a slight blow.] An equivalent; retaliation. — Tit thrush (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Asiatic and East Indian birds belonging to Suthora and allied genera. In some respects they are intermediate between the thrushes and titmice.

Ti"tan (?), a. Titanic.

> The Titan physical difficulties of his enterprise.

I. Taylor.

Ti"tan*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of titanic acid.

Ti*tan"ic (?), a. Of or relating to Titans, or fabled giants of ancient mythology; hence, enormous in size or strength; as, Titanic structures.

Ti*tan"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. titanique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to titanium; derived from, or containing, titanium; specifically, designating those compounds of titanium in which it has a higher valence as contrasted with the titanous compounds.

Titanic acid (Chem.), a white amorphous powder, Ti.(OH)4, obtained by decomposing certain titanates; — called also normal titanic acid. By extension, any one of a series of derived acids, called also metatitanic acid, polytitanic acid, etc. — Titanic iron ore. (Min.) See Menaccanite.

Ti`tan*if"er*ous (?), a. [Titanium + -ferous: cf. F. titanifère.] Containing or affording titanium; as, titaniferous magnetite.

Ti"tan*ite (?), n. [Cf. F. titanite; - - so called from containing titanic acid.] (Min.) See Sphene.

Ti`tan*it"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or containing, titanium; as, a titanitic mineral.

Ti*ta"ni*um (?), n. [NL., fr. L. Titani or Titanes, Gr. &?;, the sons of the earth.] (Chem.) An elementary substance found combined in the minerals manaccanite, rutile, sphene, etc., and isolated as an infusible iron-gray amorphous powder, having a metallic luster. It burns when heated in the air. Symbol Ti. Atomic weight 48.1.

Ti"tan*o- (?). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) designating certain double compounds of titanium with some other elements; as, titano-cyanide, titano-fluoride, titano-silicate, etc.

||Ti`tan*o*the"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a Titan + &?;, dim. of &?; a beast.] (Paleon.) A large American Miocene mammal, allied to the rhinoceros, and more nearly to the extinct Brontotherium.

Ti"tan*ous (?), a. Designating certain compounds of titanium in which that element has a lower valence as contrasted with titanic compounds.

Tit"bit` (?), n. Same as Tidbit.

Tith (?), a. [See Tight, a.] Tight; nimble. [Obs.]

> Of a good stirring strain too, she goes tith.

Beau. & Fl.

Tith"a*ble (?), a. Subject to the payment of tithes; as, tithable lands.

Tithe (?), n. [OE. tithe, tethe, properly an adj., tenth, AS. teó&?;a the tenth; akin to tién, t&?;n, tn, ten, G. zehnte, adj., tenth, n., a tithe, Icel. tund the tenth; tithe, Goth. taíhunda tenth. See Ten, and cf. Tenth, Teind.] 1. A tenth; the tenth part of anything; specifically, the tenthpart of the increase arising from the profits of land and stock, allotted to the clergy for their support, as in England, or devoted to religious or charitable uses. Almost all the tithes of England and Wales are commuted by law into rent charges.

> The tithes of the corn, the new wine, and the oil.

Neh. xiii. 5.

Tithes are called personal when accuring from labor, art, trade, and navigation; predial, when issuing from the earth, as hay, wood, and fruit; and mixed, when accuring from beaste fed from the ground. Blackstone.

2. Hence, a small part or proportion. Bacon.

Great tithes, tithes of corn, hay, and wood. — Mixed tithes, tithes of wool, milk, pigs, etc. — Small tithes, personal and mixed tithes. — Tithe commissioner, one of a board of officers appointed by the government for arranging propositions for commuting, or compounding for, tithes. [Eng.] Simmonds.

Tithe, a. Tenth. [Obs.]

> Every tithe soul, 'mongst many thousand.

Shak.

Tithe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tithed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tithing.] [As. teó&?;ian.] To levy a tenth part on; to tax to the amount of a tenth; to pay tithes on.

> Ye tithe mint and rue.

Luke xi. 42.

Tithe, v. i. Tp pay tithes. [R.] Tusser.

Tith"er (?), n. 1. One who collects tithes. Milton.

2. One who pays tithes. [R.] Chaucer.

Tith"ing, n. [AS. teó&?;ung.] 1. The act of levying or taking tithes; that which is taken as tithe; a tithe.

> To take tithing of their blood and sweat.

Motley.

2. (O. Eng. Law) A number or company of ten householders who, dwelling near each other, were sureties or frankpledges to the king for the good behavior of each other; a decennary. Blackstone.

Tith"ing*man (?), n.; pl. Tithingmen (&?;). 1. (O. Eng. Law) The chief man of a tithing; a headborough; one elected to preside over the tithing.

2. (Law) A peace officer; an under constable.

3. A parish officer elected annually to preserve good order in the church during divine service, to make complaint of any disorderly conduct, and to enforce the observance of the Sabbath. [Local, U. S.]

Tith"ly (?), a. [From Tith.] Tightly; nimbly. [Obs.] "I have seen him trip it tithly." Beau. & Fl.

Ti*thon"ic (?), a. [L. Tithonius belonging to Tithonus, the consort of Aurora, Gr. &?;.] Of, pertaining to, or denoting, those rays of light which produce chemical effects; actinic. [R.]

Tith`o*nic"i*ty (?), n. (Chem. & Physics) The state or property of being tithonic; actinism. [R.]

Ti*thon`o*graph"ic (?), a. [Tithonic + -graph + -ic.] Of, relating to, or produced by, the chemical action of rays of light; photographic.

Tith`o*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Tithonic + -meter.] An instrument or apparatus for measuring or detecting tithonicity; an actinometer. [R.]

Tith"y*mal (?), n. [L. tithymalus a plant with a milklike sap, Gr. &?;: cf. F. tithymale.] (Bot.) Any kind of spurge, esp. Euphorbia Cyparissias.

Ti"ti (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Teetee.

Tit"il*late (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Titillated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Titillating.] [L. titillatus, p. p. of titillare.] To tickle; as, to titillate the nose with a feather.

> The pungent grains of titillating dust.

Pope.

Tit`il*la"tion (?), n. [L. titillatio: cf. F. titillation.] 1. The act of tickling, or the state of being tickled; a tickling sensation. A. Tucker.

2. Any pleasurable sensation.

> Those titillations that reach no higher than the senses.

Glanvill.

Tit"il*la*tive (?), a. Tending or serving to titillate, or tickle; tickling.

Tit"lark` (?), n. [Tit a small bird + lark.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous small spring birds belonging to Anthus, Corydalla, and allied genera, which resemble the true larks in color and in having a very long hind claw; especially, the European meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis).

Ti"tle (?), n. [OF. title, F. titre, L. titulus an inscription, label, title, sign, token. Cf. Tilde, Titrate, Titular.] 1. An inscription put over or upon anything as a name by which it is known.

2. The inscription in the beginning of a book, usually containing the subject of the work, the author's and publisher's names, the date, etc.

3. (Bookbindng) The panel for the name, between the bands of the back of a book.

4. A section or division of a subject, as of a law, a book, specif. (Roman & Canon Laws), a chapter or division of a law book.

5. An appellation of dignity, distinction, or preëminence (hereditary or acquired), given to persons, as duke marquis, honorable, esquire, etc.

> With his former title greet Macbeth.

Shak.

6. A name; an appellation; a designation.

7. (Law) (a) That which constitutes a just cause of exclusive possession; that which is the foundation of ownership of property, real or personal; a right; as, a good title to an estate, or an imperfect title. (b) The instrument which is evidence of a right. (c) (Canon Law) That by which a beneficiary holds a benefice.

8. (Anc. Church Records) A church to which a priest was ordained, and where he was to reside.

Title deeds (Law), the muniments or evidences of ownership; as, the title deeds to an estate.

Syn. — Epithet; name; appellation; denomination. See epithet, and Name.

<! p. 1513 !>

Ti"tle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Titled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Titling (?).] [Cf. L. titulare, F. titrer. See Title, n.] To call by a title; to name; to entitle.

> Hadrian, having quieted the island, took it for honor to be titled on his coin, "The Restorer of Britain."

Milton.

Ti"tled (?), a. Having or bearing a title.

Ti"tle*less (?), a. Not having a title or name; without legitimate title. "A titleless tyrant." Chaucer.

Ti"tle-page` (?), n. The page of a book which contains it title.

> The world's all title-page; there's no contents.

Young.

Tit"ler (?), n. A large truncated cone of refined sugar.

Tit"ling (?), n. [Icel. titlingr a tit sparrow. See Tit a small bird.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The hedge sparrow; — called also titlene. Its nest often chosen by the cuckoo as a place for depositing its own eggs.

> The titling, . . . being thus deceived, hatcheth the egg, and bringeth up the chick of another bird.

Holland.

(b) The meadow pipit.

2. Stockfish; — formerly so called in customhouses.

Tit"mal (?), n. The blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Tit"mouse` (?), n.; pl. Titmice (#). [OE. titemose, titmase; tit small, or a small bird + AS. mse a kind of small bird; akin to D. mees a titmouse, G. meise, OHG. meisa, Icel. meisingr. The English form has been influenced by the unrelated word mouse. Cf. Tit a small bird.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small insectivorous singing birds belonging to Parus and allied genera; — called also tit, and tomtit.

The blue titmouse (Parus cœruleus), the marsh titmouse (P. palustris), the crested titmouse (P. cristatus), the great titmouse (P. major), and the long tailed titmouse (Ægithalos caudatus), are the best-known European species. See Chickadee.

Ti"trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Titrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Titrating.] [F. titrer, from titre standard, title. See Title, n.] (Chem.) To analyse, or determine the strength of, by means of standard solutions. Cf. Standardized solution, under Solution.

Ti"tra*ted (?), a. (Chem.) Standardized; determined or analyzed by titration; as, titrated solutions.

Ti*tra"tion (?), n. (Chem.) The act or process of titrating; a substance obtained by titrating.

Tit"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tittered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tittering.] [Probably of imitative origin.] To laugh with the tongue striking against the root of the upper teeth; to laugh with restraint, or without much noise; to giggle.

> A group of tittering pages ran before.

Longfellow.

Tit"ter, n. A restrained laugh. "There was a titter of . . . delight on his countenance." Coleridge.

Tit"ter, v. i. To seesaw. See Teeter.

Tit"ter*el (?), n. The whimbrel. [Prov. Eng.]

Tit"ter-tot`ter (?), v. i. See Teeter.

Tit"ti*mouse` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Tit"tle (?), n. [OE. titel, titil, apparently a dim. of tit, in the sense of small; cf. G. tüttel a tittle, dim. of OHG. tutta teat. Perhaps, however, the same word as title, n.] A particle; a minute part; a jot; an iota.

> It is easier for heaven and earth to pass, than one tittle of the law to fail.

Luke xvi. 17.

> Every tittle of this prophecy is most exactly verified.

South.

Tit"tle*bat (?), n. (Zoöl.) The three-spined stickleback. [Prov. Eng.]

Tit"tle-tat`tle (?), n. [A reduplication of tattle.] 1. Idle, trifling talk; empty prattle. Arbuthnot.

2. An idle, trifling talker; a gossip. [R.] Tatler.

Tit"tle-tat`tle, v. i. To talk idly; to prate. Shak.

Tit"tle-tat`tling (?), n. The act or habit of parting idly or gossiping.

Tit"ty (?), n. A little teat; a nipple. [Familiar]

Tit"u*bate (?), v. i. [L. titubatus, p. p. of titubare to stagger, totter.] 1. To stumble. [Obs.]

2. To rock or roll, as a curved body on a plane.

Tit`u*ba"tion (?), n. [L. titubatio: cf. F. titubation.] The act of stumbling, rocking, or rolling; a reeling. Quain.

Tit"u*lar (?), a. [F. titulaire, fr. L. titulus. See Title.] Existing in title or name only; nominal; having the title to an office or dignity without discharging its appropriate duties; as, a titular prince.

> If these magnificent titles yet remain
> Not merely titular.

Milton.

Titular bishop. See under Bishop.

Tit"u*lar, n. A titulary. [R.]

Tit`u*lar"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being titular. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Tit"u*lar*ly (?), adv. In a titular manner; nominally; by title only.

Tit"u*la*ry (?), n.; pl. Titularies (#). [Cf. F. titulaire.] A person invested with a title, in virtue of which he holds an office or benefice, whether he performs the duties of it or not.

Tit"u*la*ry, a. 1. Consisting in a title; titular.

2. Of or pertaining to a title.

Tit"uled (?), a. Having a title. [Obs.] Fuller.

Tiv"er (?), n. [AS. teáfor, teáfur.] A kind of ocher which is used in some parts of England in marking sheep. [Prov. Eng.]

Tiv"er, v. t. To mark with tiver. [Prov. Eng.]

Tiv"y (?), adv. [See Tantivy.] With great speed; — a huntsman's word or sound. Dryden.

Ti"za (?), n. [CF. Sp. tiza whitening, a kind of chalk or pipe clay.] (Chem.) See Ulexite.

Tme"sis (m"ss or t'm"ss; 277), n. [L., from Gr. tmh^sis a cutting, fr. te`mnein to cut.] (Gram.) The separation of the parts of a compound word by the intervention of one or more words; as, in what place soever, for whatsoever place.

To- (?, see To, prep.), [AS. to- asunder; akin to G. zer-, and perhaps to L. dis-, or Gr. &?;.] An obsolete intensive prefix used in the formation of compound verbs; as in to-beat, to-break, to-hew, to- rend, to-tear. See these words in the Vocabulary. See the Note on All to, or All-to, under All, adv.

To (&?;, emphatic or alone, &?;, obscure or unemphatic), prep. [AS. t; akin to OS. & OFries. t, D. toe, G. zu, OHG. zuo, zua, z, Russ. do, Ir. & Gael. do, OL. -do, -du, as in endo, indu, in, Gr. &?;, as in &?; homeward. √200. Cf. Too, Tatoo a beat of drums.] 1. The preposition to primarily indicates approach and arrival, motion made in the direction of a place or thing and attaining it, access; and also, motion or tendency without arrival; movement toward; — opposed to from. "To Canterbury they wend." Chaucer.

> Stay with us, go not to Wittenberg.

Shak.

> So to the sylvan lodge
> They came, that like Pomona's arbor smiled.

Milton.

> I'll to him again, . . .
> He'll tell me all his purpose.
> She stretched her arms to heaven.

Dryden.

2. Hence, it indicates motion, course, or tendency toward a time, a state or condition, an aim, or anything capable of being regarded as a limit to a tendency, movement, or action; as, he is going to a trade; he is rising to wealth and honor.

Formerly, by omission of the verb denoting motion, to sometimes followed a form of be, with the sense of at, or in. "When the sun was [gone or declined] to rest." Chaucer.

3. In a very general way, and with innumerable varieties of application, to connects transitive verbs with their remoter or indirect object, and adjectives, nouns, and neuter or passive verbs with a following noun which limits their action. Its sphere verges upon that of for, but it contains less the idea of design or appropriation; as, these remarks were addressed to a large audience; let us keep this seat to ourselves; a substance sweet to the taste; an event painful to the mind; duty to God and to our parents; a dislike to spirituous liquor.

> Marks and points out each man of us to slaughter.

B. Jonson.

> Whilst they, distilled
> Almost to jelly with the act of fear,
> Stand dumb and speak not to him.

Shak.

> Add to your faith virtue; and to virtue knowledge; and to knowledge temperance; and to temperance patience; and to patience godliness; and to godliness brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness charity.

2 Pet. i. 5,6,7.

> I have a king's oath to the contrary.

Shak.

> Numbers were crowded to death.

Clarendon.

> Fate and the dooming gods are deaf to tears.

Dryden.

> Go, buckle to the law.

Dryden.

4. As sign of the infinitive, to had originally the use of last defined, governing the infinitive as a verbal noun, and connecting it as indirect object with a preceding verb or adjective; thus, ready to go, i.e., ready unto going; good to eat, i.e., good for eating; I do my utmost to lead my life pleasantly. But it has come to be the almost constant prefix to the infinitive, even in situations where it has no prepositional meaning, as where the infinitive is direct object or subject; thus, I love to learn, i.e., I love learning; to die for one's country is noble, i.e., the dying for one's country. Where the infinitive denotes the design or purpose, good usage formerly allowed the prefixing of for to the to; as, what went ye out for see? (Matt. xi. 8).

> Then longen folk to go on pilgrimages,
> And palmers for to seeken strange stranders.

Chaucer.

Such usage is now obsolete or illiterate. In colloquial usage, to often stands for, and supplies, an infinitive already mentioned; thus, he commands me to go with him, but I do not wish to.

5. In many phrases, and in connection with many other words, to has a pregnant meaning, or is used elliptically. Thus, it denotes or implies: (a) Extent; limit; degree of comprehension; inclusion as far as; as, they met us to the number of three hundred.

> We ready are to try our fortunes
> To the last man.

Shak.

> Few of the Esquimaux can count to ten.

Quant. Rev.

(b) Effect; end; consequence; as, the prince was flattered to his ruin; he engaged in a war to his cost; violent factions exist to the prejudice of the state. (c) Apposition; connection; antithesis; opposition; as, they engaged hand to hand.

> Now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face.

1 Cor. xiii. 12.

(d) Accord; adaptation; as, an occupation to his taste; she has a husband to her mind.

> He to God's image, she to his was made.

Dryden.

(e) Comparison; as, three is to nine as nine is to twenty-seven; it is ten to one that you will offend him.

> All that they did was piety to this.

B. Jonson.

(f) Addition; union; accumulation.

> Wisdom he has, and to his wisdom, courage.

Denham.

(g) Accompaniment; as, she sang to his guitar; they danced to the music of a piano.

> Anon they move
> In perfect phalanx to the Dorian mood
> Of flutes and soft recorders.

Milton.

(h) Character; condition of being; purpose subserved or office filled. [In this sense archaic] "I have a king here to my flatterer." Shak.

> Made his masters and others . . . to consider him to a little wonder.

Walton.

To in to-day, to-night, and to-morrow has the sense or force of for or on; for, or on, (this) day, for, or on, (this) night, for, or on, (the) morrow. To-day, to-night, to- morrow may be considered as compounds, and usually as adverbs; but they are sometimes used as nouns; as, to-day is ours.

> To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to- morrow;
> Creeps in this petty pace from day to day.

Shak.

To and again, to and fro. [R.] — To and fro, forward and back. In this phrase, to is adverbial.

> There was great showing both to and fro.

Chaucer.

— To-and-fro, a pacing backward and forward; as, to commence a to-and-fro. Tennyson. — To the face, in front of; in behind; hence, in the presence of. — To wit, to know; namely. See Wit, v. i.

To, without an object expressed, is used adverbially; as, put to the door, i. e., put the door to its frame, close it; and in the nautical expressions, to heave to, to come to, meaning to a certain position. To, like on, is sometimes used as a command, forward, set to. "To, Achilles! to, Ajax! to!" Shak.

Toad (?), n. [OE. tode, tade, AS. tdie, tdige; of unknown origin. Cf. Tadpole.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of batrachians belonging to the genus Bufo and allied genera, especially those of the family Bufonidæ. Toads are generally terrestrial in their habits except during the breeding season, when they seek the water. Most of the species burrow beneath the earth in the daytime and come forth to feed on insects at night. Most toads have a rough, warty skin in which are glands that secrete an acrid fluid.

The common toad (Bufo vulgaris) and the natterjack are familiar European species. The common American toad (B. lentiginosus) is similar to the European toad, but is less warty and is more active, moving chiefly by leaping.

Obstetrical toad. (Zoöl.) See under Obstetrical. — Surinam toad. (Zoöl.) See Pita. — Toad lizard (Zoöl.), a horned toad. — Toad pipe (Bot.), a hollow-stemmed plant (Equisetum limosum) growing in muddy places. Dr. Prior. — Toad rush (Bot.), a low-growing kind of rush (Juncus bufonius). — Toad snatcher (Zoöl.), the reed bunting. [Prov. Eng.] — Toad spittle. (Zoöl.) See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo. — Tree toad. (Zoöl.) See under Tree.

Toad"eat`er (?), n. [Said to be so called in allusion to an old alleged practice among mountebanks' boys of eating toads (popularly supposed to be poisonous), in order that their masters might have an opportunity of pretending to effect a cure. The French equivalent expression is un avaleur de couleuvres. Cf. Toady.] A fawning, obsequious parasite; a mean sycophant; a flatterer; a toady. V. Knox.

> You had nearly imposed upon me, but you have lost your labor. You're too zealous a toadeater, and betray yourself.

Dickens.

Toad"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any marine fish of the genus Batrachus, having a large, thick head and a wide mouth, and bearing some resemblance to a toad. The American species (Batrachus tau) is very common in shallow water. Called also oyster fish, and sapo. (b) The angler. (c) A swellfish.

Toad"flax` (?), n. (Bot.) An herb (Linaria vulgaris) of the Figwort family, having narrow leaves and showy orange and yellow flowers; — called also butter and eggs, flaxweed, and ramsted.

Toad"head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The golden plover. [Local, U. S.]

Toad"ish, a. Like a toad. [Obs.] A. Stafford.

Toad"let (?), n. A small toad. [R.] Coleridge.

Toad"stone` (?), n. 1. (Min.) A local name for the igneous rocks of Derbyshire, England; — said by some to be derived from the German todter stein, meaning dead stone, that is, stone which contains no ores.

2. Bufonite, formerly regarded as a precious stone, and worn as a jewel. See Bufonite.

Toad"stool` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to many umbrella-shaped fungi, mostly of the genus Agaricus. The species are almost numberless. They grow on decaying organic matter.

Toad"y (?), n.; pl. Toadies (#). [Shortened from toadeater.] 1. A mean flatterer; a toadeater; a sycophant.

> Before I had been standing at the window five minutes, they somehow conveyed to me that they were all toadies and humbugs.

Dickens.

2. A coarse, rustic woman. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

<! p. 1514 !>

Toad"y (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toadied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Toadying.] To fawn upon with mean sycophancy.

Toad"y*ism (?), n. The practice of meanly fawning on another; base sycophancy; servile adulation.

Toast (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toasted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Toasting.] [OF. toster to roast, toast, fr. L. torrere, tostum, to parch, roast. See Torrid.] 1. To dry and brown by the heat of a fire; as, to toast bread.

2. To warm thoroughly; as, to toast the feet.

3. To name when a health is proposed to be drunk; to drink to the health, or in honor, of; as, to toast a lady.

Toast, n. [OF. toste, or tostée, toasted bread. See Toast, v.] 1. Bread dried and browned before a fire, usually in slices; also, a kind of food prepared by putting slices of toasted bread into milk, gravy, etc.

> My sober evening let the tankard bless,
> With toast embrowned, and fragrant nutmeg fraught.

T. Warton.

2. A lady in honor of whom persons or a company are invited to drink; — so called because toasts were formerly put into the liquor, as a great delicacy.

> It now came to the time of Mr. Jones to give a toast . . . who could not refrain from mentioning his dear Sophia.

Fielding.

3. Hence, any person, especially a person of distinction, in honor of whom a health is drunk; hence, also, anything so commemorated; a sentiment, as "The land we live in," "The day we celebrate," etc.

Toast rack, a small rack or stand for a table, having partitions for holding slices of dry toast.

Toast"er (?), n. 1. One who toasts.

2. A kitchen utensil for toasting bread, cheese, etc.

Toast"ing, a. & n. from Toast, v.

Toasting fork, a long-handled fork for toasting bread, cheese, or the like, by the fire.

Toast"mas`ter (?), n. A person who presides at a public dinner or banquet, and announces the toasts.

Toat (?), n. The handle of a joiner's plane. Knight.

To*bac"co (?), n. [Sp. tabaco, fr. the Indian tabaco the tube or pipe in which the Indians or Caribbees smoked this plant. Some derive the word from Tabaco, a province of Yucatan, where it was said to be first found by the Spaniards; others from the island of Tobago, one of the Caribbees. But these derivations are very doubtful.] 1. (Bot.) An American plant (Nicotiana Tabacum) of the Nightshade family, much used for smoking and chewing, and as snuff. As a medicine, it is narcotic, emetic, and cathartic. Tobacco has a strong, peculiar smell, and an acrid taste.

The name is extended to other species of the genus, and to some unrelated plants, as Indian tobacco (Nicotiana rustica, and also Lobelia inflata), mountain tobacco (Arnica montana), and Shiraz tobacco (Nicotiana Persica).

2. The leaves of the plant prepared for smoking, chewing, etc., by being dried, cured, and manufactured in various ways.

Tobacco box (Zoöl.), the common American skate. — Tobacco camphor. (Chem.) See Nicotianine. — Tobacco man, a tobacconist. [R.] — Tobacco pipe. (a) A pipe used for smoking, made of baked clay, wood, or other material. (b) (Bot.) Same as Indian pipe, under Indian. — Tobacco-pipe clay (Min.), a species of clay used in making tobacco pipes; — called also cimolite. — Tobacco-pipe fish. (Zoöl.) See Pipemouth. — Tobacco stopper, a small plug for pressing down the tobacco in a pipe as it is smoked. — Tobacco worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a large hawk moth (Sphinx, or Phlegethontius, Carolina). It is dark green, with seven oblique white stripes bordered above with dark brown on each side of the body. It feeds upon the leaves of tobacco and tomato plants, and is often very injurious to the tobacco crop. See Illust. of Hawk moth.

To*bac"co*ning (?), n. Smoking tobacco. [Obs.] "Tobacconing is but a smoky play." [Obs.] Sylvester.

To*bac"co*nist (?), n. 1. A dealer in tobacco; also, a manufacturer of tobacco.

2. A smoker of tobacco. [Obs.] Sylvester.

To-beat" (?), v. t. [Pref. to- + beat.] To beat thoroughly or severely. [Obs.] Layamon.

To*bi"as fish` (?). [See the Note under Asmodeus, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.] (Zoöl.) The lant, or sand eel.

To"bine (?), n. [Cf. G. tobin, D. tabijn. See Tabby.] A stout twilled silk used for dresses.

To"bit (?), n. A book of the Apocrypha.

To*bog"gan (?), n. [Corruption of American Indian odabagan a sled.] A kind of sledge made of pliable board, turned up at one or both ends, used for coasting down hills or prepared inclined planes; also, a sleigh or sledge, to be drawn by dogs, or by hand, over soft and deep snow. [Written also tobogan, and tarbogan.]

To*bog"gan (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tobogganed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tobogganing.] To slide down hill over the snow or ice on a toboggan. Barilett.

{ To*bog"gan*er (?), To*bog"gan*ist (?), } n. One who practices tobogganing.

To-break" (?), v. t. [Pref. to- + break.] To break completely; to break in pieces. [Obs.]

> With nose and mouth to-broke.

Chaucer.

To-brest" (?), v. t. [Pref. to- + brest.] To burst or break in pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Toc*ca"ta (?), n. [It., fr. toccare to touch. See Touch.] (Mus.) An old form of piece for the organ or harpsichord, somewhat in the free and brilliant style of the prelude, fantasia, or capriccio.

Toch"er (?), n. [Gael. tochradh.] Dowry brought by a bride to her husband. [Scot.] Burns.

Tock"ay (?), n. (Zoöl.) A spotted lizard native of India.

To"co (?), n. (Zoöl.) A toucan (Ramphastos toco) having a very large beak. See Illust. under Toucan.

To*col"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a birth + - logy.] The science of obstetrics, or midwifery; that department of medicine which treats of parturition. [Written also tokology.]

||To*co*ro"ro (?), n. [Probably from the native name through the Spanish: cf. Sp. tocororo.] (Zoöl.) A cuban trogon (Priotelus temnurus) having a serrated bill and a tail concave at the end.

Toc"sin (?), n. [F., fr. OF. toquier to touch, F. toquer (originally, a dialectic form of F. toucher) + seint (for sein) a bell, LL. signum, fr. L. signum a sign, signal. See Touch, and Sign.] An alarm bell, or the ringing of a bell for the purpose of alarm.

> The loud tocsin tolled their last alarm.

Campbell.

Tod (td), n. [Akin to D. todde a rag, G. zotte shag, rag, a tuft of hair, Icel. toddi a piece of a thing, a tod of wool.] 1. A bush; a thick shrub; a bushy clump. [R.] "An ivy todde." Spenser.

> The ivy tod is heavy with snow.

Coleridge.

2. An old weight used in weighing wool, being usually twenty-eight pounds.

3. A fox; — probably so named from its bushy tail.

> The wolf, the tod, the brock.

B. Jonson.

Tod stove, a close stove adapted for burning small round wood, twigs, etc. [U. S.] Knight.

Tod, v. t. & i. To weigh; to yield in tods. [Obs.]

To-day" (?), adv. [AS. t dæg. See To, prep., and Day.] On this day; on the present day.

> Worcester's horse came but to-day.

Shak.

To-day", n. The present day.

> On to-day
> Is worth for me a thousand yesterdays.

Longfellow.

Tod"dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Toddling (?).] [Akin to tottle, totter.] To walk with short, tottering steps, as a child.

Tod"dle, n. A toddling walk. Trollope.

Tod"dler (?), n. One who toddles; especially, a young child. Mrs. Gaskell.

Tod"dy (?), n. [Formed from Hind. t&?; the juice of the palmyra tree, popularly, toddy, fr. t&?; the palmyra tree, Skr. tla.] 1. A juice drawn from various kinds of palms in the East Indies; or, a spirituous liquor procured from it by fermentation.

2. A mixture of spirit and hot water sweetened.

Toddy differs from grog in having a less proportion of spirit, and is being made hot and sweetened.

Toddy bird (Zoöl.), a weaver bird of the East Indies and India: — so called from its fondness for the juice of the palm. — Toddy cat (Zoöl.), the common paradoxure; the palm cat.

To-do" (?), n. [To + do. Cf. Ado.] Bustle; stir; commotion; ado. [Colloq.]

To"dy (?), n.; pl. Todies (#). [Cf. NL. todus, F. todier, G. todvogel.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small insectivorous West Indian birds of the genus Todus. They are allied to the kingfishers.

Toe (?), n. [OE. too, taa, AS. t; akin to D. teen, G. zehe, OHG. zha, Icel. t, Sw. tå, Dan. taa; of uncertain origin. √60.] 1. (Anat.) One of the terminal members, or digits, of the foot of a man or an animal. "Each one, tripping on his toe." Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) The fore part of the hoof or foot of an animal.

3. Anything, or any part, corresponding to the toe of the foot; as, the toe of a boot; the toe of a skate.

4. (Mach.) (a) The journal, or pivot, at the lower end of a revolving shaft or spindle, which rests in a step. (b) A lateral projection at one end, or between the ends, of a piece, as a rod or bolt, by means of which it is moved. (c) A projection from the periphery of a revolving piece, acting as a cam to lift another piece.

Toe biter (Zoöl.), a tadpole; a polliwig. — Toe drop (Med.), a morbid condition of the foot in which the toe is depressed and the heel elevated, as in talipes equinus. See Talipes.

Toe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Toeing.] To touch or reach with the toes; to come fully up to; as, to toe the mark.

Toe, v. i. To hold or carry the toes (in a certain way).

To toe in, to stand or carry the feet in such a way that the toes of either foot incline toward the other. — To toe out, to have the toes of each foot, in standing or walking, incline from the other foot.

Toed (?), a. 1. Having (such or so many) toes; — chiefly used in composition; as, narrow- toed, four-toed.

2. (Carp.) Having the end secured by nails driven obliquely, said of a board, plank, or joist serving as a brace, and in general of any part of a frame secured to other parts by diagonal nailing.

To-fall" (?), n. (Arch.) A lean- to. See Lean-to.

{ Tof"fee (?), Tof"fy (?) }, n. Taffy. [Eng.]

{ To*fore" (?), To*forn" (?) }, prep. & adv. [AS. tforan. See To, prep., Fore.] Before. [Obs.]

> Toforn him goeth the loud minstrelsy.

Chaucer.

> Would thou wert as thou tofore hast been!

Shak.

Toft (?), n. [OE. toft a knoll; akin to LG. toft a field hedged in, not far from a house, Icel. topt a green knoll, grassy place, place marked out for a house, Dan. toft.] 1. A knoll or hill. [Obs.] "A tower on a toft." Piers Plowman.

2. A grove of trees; also, a plain. [Prov. Eng.]

3. (O. Eng. Law) A place where a messuage has once stood; the site of a burnt or decayed house.

Toft"man (?), n.; pl. Toftmen (&?;). The owner of a toft. See Toft, 3.

||To"fus (?), n. [L., tufa.] 1. Tophus.

2. (Min.) Tufa. See under Tufa, and Toph.

||To"ga (?), n.; pl. E. Togas (#), L. Togæ (#). [L., akin to tegere to cover. See Thatch.] (Rom. Antiq.) The loose outer garment worn by the ancient Romans, consisting of a single broad piece of woolen cloth of a shape approaching a semicircle. It was of undyed wool, except the border of the toga prætexta.

||Toga prætexta. [L.], a toga with a broad purple border, worn by children of both sexes, by magistrates, and by persons engaged in sacred rites. — ||Toga virilis [L.], the manly gown; the common toga. This was assumed by Roman boys about the time of completing their fourteenth year.

To"ga*ted (?), a. [L. togatus, from toga a toga.] Dressed in a toga or gown; wearing a gown; gowned. [R.] Sir M. Sandys.

To"ged (?), a. Togated. [Obs. or R.] Shak.

To*geth"er (?), adv. [OE. togedere, togidere, AS. tgædere, tgædre, tgadere; t to + gador together. √29. See To, prep., and Gather.] 1. In company or association with respect to place or time; as, to live together in one house; to live together in the same age; they walked together to the town.

> Soldiers can never stand idle long together.

Landor.

2. In or into union; into junction; as, to sew, knit, or fasten two things together; to mix things together.

> The king joined humanity and policy together.

Bacon.

3. In concert; with mutual coöperation; as, the allies made war upon France together.

Together with, in union with; in company or mixture with; along with.

> Take the bad together with the good.

Dryden.

Tog"ger*y (?), n. [Cf. Togated.] Clothes; garments; dress; as, fishing toggery. [Colloq.]

Tog"gle (?), n. [Cf. Tug.] [Written also toggel.] 1. (Naut.) A wooden pin tapering toward both ends with a groove around its middle, fixed transversely in the eye of a rope to be secured to any other loop or bight or ring; a kind of button or frog capable of being readily engaged and disengaged for temporary purposes.

2. (Mach.) Two rods or plates connected by a toggle joint.

Toggle iron, a harpoon with a pivoted crosspiece in a mortise near the point to prevent it from being drawn out when a whale, shark, or other animal, is harpooned. — Toggle joint, an elbow or knee joint, consisting of two bars so connected that they may be brought quite or nearly into a straight line, and made to produce great endwise pressure, when any force is applied to bring them into this position.

Toght (?), a. Taut. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ To*gid"er (?), To*gid"res (?) }, adv. Together. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Togue (?), n. [From the American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The namaycush.

To*hew" (?), v. t. [Pref. to- + hew.] To hew in pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Toil (?), n. [F. toiles, pl., toils, nets, fr. toile cloth, canvas, spider web, fr. L. tela any woven stuff, a web, fr. texere to weave. See Text, and cf. Toilet.] A net or snare; any thread, web, or string spread for taking prey; — usually in the plural.

> As a Numidian lion, when first caught,
> Endures the toil that holds him.

Denham.

> Then toils for beasts, and lime for birds, were found.

Dryden.

Toil, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Toiling.] [OE. toilen to pull about, to toil; of uncertain origin; cf. OD. teulen, tuylen, to labor, till, or OF. tooillier, toailler, to wash, rub (cf. Towel); or perhaps ultimately from the same root as E. tug.] To exert strength with pain and fatigue of body or mind, especially of the body, with efforts of some continuance or duration; to labor; to work.

Toil, v. t. 1. To weary; to overlabor. [Obs.] "Toiled with works of war." Shak.

2. To labor; to work; — often with out. [R.]

> Places well toiled and husbanded.

Holland.

> [I] toiled out my uncouth passage.

Milton.

<! p. 1515 !>

Toil (?), n. [OE. toil turmoil, struggle; cf. OD. tuyl labor, work. See Toil, v.] Labor with pain and fatigue; labor that oppresses the body or mind, esp. the body.

> My task of servile toil.

Milton.

> After such bloody toil, we bid good night.

Shak.

Toil is used in the formation of compounds which are generally of obvious signification; as, toil-strung, toil- wasted, toil-worn, and the like.

Syn. — Labor; drudgery; work; exertion; occupation; employment; task; travail. — Toil, Labor, Drudgery. Labor implies strenuous exertion, but not necessary such as overtasks the faculties; toil denotes a severity of labor which is painful and exhausting; drudgery implies mean and degrading work, or, at least, work which wearies or disgusts from its minuteness or dull uniformity.

> You do not know the heavy grievances,
> The toils, the labors, weary drudgeries,
> Which they impose.

Southern.

> How often have I blessed the coming day,
> When toil remitting lent its turn to play.

Goldsmith.

Toil"er (?), n. One who toils, or labors painfully.

Toi"let (?), n. [F. toilette, dim. of toile cloth. See Toil a net.] 1. A covering of linen, silk, or tapestry, spread over a table in a chamber or a dressing room.

2. A dressing table. Pope.

3. Act or mode of dressing, or that which is arranged in dressing; attire; dress; as, her toilet is perfect. [Written also toilette.]

Toilet glass, a looking-glass for a toilet table or for a dressing room. — Toilet service, Toilet set, earthenware, glass, and other utensils for a dressing room. — Toilet table, a dressing table; a toilet. See def. 2 above. — To snake one's toilet, to dress one's self; especially, to dress one's self carefully.

Toi*lette" (?), n. [F.] See Toilet, 3.

Toil"ful (?), a. Producing or involving much toil; laborious; toilsome; as, toilful care. Mickle.

Toi`li*nette" (?), n. [F. toilinet. See Toil a net.] A cloth, the weft of which is of woolen yarn, and the warp of cotton and silk, — used for waistcoats.

Toil"less (?), a. Free from toil.

Toil"some (-sm), a. Attended with toil, or fatigue and pain; laborious; wearisome; as, toilsome work.

> What can be toilsome in these pleasant walks?

Milton.

— Toil"some*ly, adv. — Toil"some*ness, n.

Toise (?), n. [F., fr. LL. tesa, fr. L. tensus, fem. tensa, p. p. of tendere to stretch, extend. See Tense, a.] An old measure of length in France, containing six French feet, or about 6.3946 French feet.

To*kay" (t*k"), n. [Named fr. Tokay in Hungary.] 1. (Bot.) A grape of an oval shape and whitish color.

2. A rich Hungarian wine made from Tokay grapes.

To"ken (t"k'n), n. [OE. token, taken, AS. tcen; akin to OFries. tken, OS. tkan, D. teeken, G. zeichen, OHG. Zeihhan, Icel. tkan, teiken, Sw. tecken, Dan. tegn, Goth. taikns sign, token, gateihan to tell, show, AS. teón to accuse, G. zeihen, OHG. zhan, G. zeigen to show, OHG. zeign, Icel. tj, L. dicere to say, Gr. deikny`nai to show, Skr. diç. Cf. Diction, Teach.] 1. Something intended or supposed to represent or indicate another thing or an event; a sign; a symbol; as, the rainbow is a token of God's covenant established with Noah.

2. A memorial of friendship; something by which the friendship of another person is to be kept in mind; a memento; a souvenir.

> This is some token from a never friend.

Shak.

3. Something given or shown as a symbol or guarantee of authority or right; a sign of authenticity, of power, good faith, etc.

> Say, by this token, I desire his company.

Shak.

4. A piece of metal intended for currency, and issued by a private party, usually bearing the name of the issuer, and redeemable in lawful money. Also, a coin issued by government, esp. when its use as lawful money is limited and its intrinsic value is much below its nominal value.

It is now made unlawful for private persons to issue tokens.

5. (Med.) A livid spot upon the body, indicating, or supposed to indicate, the approach of death. [Obs.]

> Like the fearful tokens of the plague,
> Are mere forerunners of their ends.

Beau. & Fl.

6. (Print.) Ten and a half quires, or, commonly, 250 sheets, of paper printed on both sides; also, in some cases, the same number of sheets printed on one side, or half the number printed on both sides.

7. (Ch. of Scot.) A piece of metal given beforehand to each person in the congregation who is permitted to partake of the Lord's Supper.

8. (Mining) A bit of leather having a peculiar mark designating a particular miner. Each hewer sends one of these with each corf or tub he has hewn.

Token money, money which is lawfully current for more than its real value. See Token, n., 4. - - Token sheet (Print.), the last sheet of each token. W. Savage.

To"ken, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tokened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tokening.] [AS. tcnian, fr. tcen token. See Token, n.] To betoken. [Obs.] Shak.

To"kened (?), a. Marked by tokens, or spots; as, the tokened pestilence. [Obs.] Shak.

To"ken*less (?), a. Without a token.

Tok"in (?), n. A tocsin. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Tol (tl), v. t. (Law) To take away. See Toll.

||To"la (?), n. [Hind., from Skr. tul a balance.] A weight of British India. The standard tola is equal to 180 grains.

To*lane" (?), n. [From Toluene.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C14H10, related both to the acetylene and the aromatic series, and produced artificially as a white crystalline substance; — called also diphenyl acetylene.

Tol"booth` (?), n. See Tollbooth.

Told (tld), imp. & p. p. of Tell.

Tole (tl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Toling.] [OE. tollen to draw, to entice; of uncertain origin. Cf. Toll to ring a bell.] To draw, or cause to follow, by displaying something pleasing or desirable; to allure by some bait. [Written also toll.]

> Whatever you observe him to be more frighted at then he should, tole him on to by insensible degrees, till at last he masters the difficulty.

To*le"do (?), n. A sword or sword blade made at Toledo in Spain, which city was famous in the 16th and 17th centuries for the excellence of its weapons.

Tol`er*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being tolerable. [R.] Fuller. Wordsworth.

Tol"er*a*ble (?), a. [L. tolerabilis: cf. F. tolérable. See Tolerate.] 1. Capable of being borne or endured; supportable, either physically or mentally.

> As may affect the earth with cold and heat
> Scarce tolerable.

Milton.

2. Moderately good or agreeable; not contemptible; not very excellent or pleasing, but such as can be borne or received without disgust, resentment, or opposition; passable; as, a tolerable administration; a tolerable entertainment; a tolerable translation. Dryden.

— Tol"er*a*ble*ness, n. — Tol"er*a*bly, adv.

Tol"er*ance (?), n. [L. tolerantia: cf. F. tolérance.] 1. The power or capacity of enduring; the act of enduring; endurance.

> Diogenes, one frosty morning, came into the market place, shaking, to show his tolerance.

Bacon.

2. The endurance of the presence or actions of objectionable persons, or of the expression of offensive opinions; toleration.

3. (Med.) The power possessed or acquired by some persons of bearing doses of medicine which in ordinary cases would prove injurious or fatal.

Tolerance of the mint. (Coinage) Same as Remedy of the mint. See under Remedy.

Tol"er*ant (?), a. [L. tolerans, p. pr. of tolerare to tolerate: cf. F. tolérant. See Tolerate.] Inclined to tolerate; favoring toleration; forbearing; indulgent.

Tol"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tolerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tolerating.] [L. toleratus, p. p. of tolerare, fr. the same root as tollere to lift up, tuli, used as perfect of ferre to bear, latus (for tlatus), used as p. p. of ferre to bear, and E. thole. See Thole, and cf. Atlas, Collation, Delay, Elate, Extol, Legislate, Oblate, Prelate, Relate, Superlative, Talent, Toll to take away, Translate.] To suffer to be, or to be done, without prohibition or hindrance; to allow or permit negatively, by not preventing; not to restrain; to put up with; as, to tolerate doubtful practices.

> Crying should not be tolerated in children.

Locke.

> We tolerate them because property and liberty, to a degree, require that toleration.

Burke.

Syn. — See Permit.

Tol`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. toleratio: cf. OF. toleration.] 1. The act of tolerating; the allowance of that which is not wholly approved.

2. Specifically, the allowance of religious opinions and modes of worship in a state when contrary to, or different from, those of the established church or belief.

3. Hence, freedom from bigotry and severity in judgment of the opinions or belief of others, especially in respect to religious matters.

Toll (?), v. t. [L. tollere. See Tolerate.] (O. Eng. Law) To take away; to vacate; to annul.

Toll, v. t. [See Tole.] 1. To draw; to entice; to allure. See Tole.

2. [Probably the same word as toll to draw, and at first meaning, to ring in order to draw people to church.] To cause to sound, as a bell, with strokes slowly and uniformly repeated; as, to toll the funeral bell. "The sexton tolled the bell." Hood.

3. To strike, or to indicate by striking, as the hour; to ring a toll for; as, to toll a departed friend. Shak.

> Slow tolls the village clock the drowsy hour.

Beattie.

4. To call, summon, or notify, by tolling or ringing.

> When hollow murmurs of their evening bells
> Dismiss the sleepy swains, and toll them to their cells.

Dryden.

Toll, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tolled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tolling.] To sound or ring, as a bell, with strokes uniformly repeated at intervals, as at funerals, or in calling assemblies, or to announce the death of a person.

> The country cocks do crow, the clocks do toll.

Shak.

> Now sink in sorrows with a tolling bell.

Pope.

Toll, n. The sound of a bell produced by strokes slowly and uniformly repeated.

Toll (?), n. [OE. tol, AS. toll; akin to OS. & D. tol, G. zoll, OHG. zol, Icel. tollr, Sw. tull, Dan. told, and also to E. tale; — originally, that which is counted out in payment. See Tale number.] 1. A tax paid for some liberty or privilege, particularly for the privilege of passing over a bridge or on a highway, or for that of vending goods in a fair, market, or the like.

2. (Sax. & O. Eng. Law) A liberty to buy and sell within the bounds of a manor.

3. A portion of grain taken by a miller as a compensation for grinding.

Toll and team (O. Eng. Law), the privilege of having a market, and jurisdiction of villeins. Burrill. — Toll bar, a bar or beam used on a canal for stopping boats at the tollhouse, or on a road for stopping passengers. — Toll bridge, a bridge where toll is paid for passing over it. — Toll corn, corn taken as pay for grinding at a mill. — Toll dish, a dish for measuring toll in mills. — Toll gatherer, a man who takes, or gathers, toll. — Toll hop, a toll dish. [Obs.] Crabb. — Toll thorough (Eng. Law), toll taken by a town for beasts driven through it, or over a bridge or ferry maintained at its cost. Brande & C. — Toll traverse (Eng. Law), toll taken by an individual for beasts driven across his ground; toll paid by a person for passing over the private ground, bridge, ferry, or the like, of another. — Toll turn (Eng. Law), a toll paid at the return of beasts from market, though they were not sold. Burrill.

Syn. — Tax; custom; duty; impost.

Toll (?), v. i. 1. To pay toll or tallage. [R.] Shak.

2. To take toll; to raise a tax. [R.]

> Well could he [the miller] steal corn and toll thrice.

Chaucer.

> No Italian priest
> Shall tithe or toll in our dominions.

Shak.

Toll, v. t. To collect, as a toll. Shak.

Toll"a*ble (?), a. Subject to the payment of toll; as, tollable goods. Wright.

Toll"age (?), n. Payment of toll; also, the amount or quantity paid as toll. Drayton.

Toll"booth` (?), n. [Toll a tax + booth.] [Written also tolbooth.] 1. A place where goods are weighed to ascertain the duties or toll. [Obs.]

> He saw Levy . . . sitting at the tollbooth.

Wyclif (Mark ii. 14).

2. In Scotland, a burgh jail; hence, any prison, especially a town jail. Sir W. Scott.

Toll"booth`, v. t. To imprison in a tollbooth. [R.]

> That they might tollbooth Oxford men.

Bp. Corbet.

Toll"er (?), n. [AS. tollere.] A toll gatherer. "Tollers in markets." Piers Plowman.

Toll"er, n. One who tolls a bell.

Tol"le*tane (?), a. [L. Toletanus.] Of or pertaining to Toledo in Spain; made in Toledo. [Obs.] "Tables Tolletanes." Chaucer.

Toll"gate` (?), n. A gate where toll is taken.

Toll"house` (?), n.; pl. Tollhouses (&?;). A house occupied by a receiver of tolls.

Toll"man (?), n.; pl. Tollmen (&?;). One who receives or collects toll; a toll gatherer. Cowper.

Tol"men (?), n. See Dolmen.

Tol"ses*ter (?), n. [LL. tolsestrum. Cf. Toll a tax.] (O. Eng. Law) A toll or tribute of a sextary of ale, paid to the lords of some manors by their tenants, for liberty to brew and sell ale. Cowell.

Tol"sey (?), n. A tollbooth; also, a merchants' meeting place, or exchange. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Tolt (?), n. [LL. tolta, fr. L. tollere to take away.] (O. Eng. Law) A writ by which a cause pending in a court baron was removed into a country court. Cowell.

Tol"tec (?), n. (Ethnol.) One of a race which formerly occupied Mexico. — Tol"te*can (#), a.

To*lu" (?), n. A fragrant balsam said to have been first brought from Santiago de Tolu, in New Granada. See Balsam of Tolu, under Balsam.

Tolu tree (Bot.), a large tree (Myroxylon toluiferum), the wood of which is red in the center, and has an aromatic rose odor. It affords the balsam called tolu.

Tol"u*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of any one of the toluic acids.

Tol"u*ene (?), n. [Tolu + benzene.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C6H5.CH3, of the aromatic series, homologous with benzene, and obtained as a light mobile colorless liquid, by distilling tolu balsam, coal tar, etc.; — called also methyl benzene, phenyl methane, etc.

Tol`u*e"nyl (?), n. [Toluene + - yl.] (Chem.) Tolyl. [Obs.]

To*lu"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, one of three metameric acids, CH3.C6H4.CO2H, which are related to toluene and analogous to benzoic acids. They are white crystalline substances, and are called respectively orthotoluic acid, metatoluic acid, and paratoluic acid.

Tol"u*id (?), n. (Chem.) A complex double tolyl and toluidine derivative of glycocoll, obtained as a white crystalline substance.

To*lu"i*dine (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of three metameric amido derivatives of toluene analogous to aniline, and called respectively orthtoluidine, metatoluidine, and paratoluidine; especially, the commonest one, or paratoluidine, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance.

It is used in the aniline dye industry, and constitutes the essential nucleus or radical of those dyes.

{ Tol"u*ol, Tol"u*ole} (?), n. [Tolu + benzol.] (Chem.) Same as Toluene.

To*lu"ric (?), a. [Toluic + uric.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of three isomeric crystalline acids, C9H10ON.CO2H, which are toluyl derivatives of glycocoll.

Tol`u*ta"tion (?), n. [L. tolutim on a trot, properly, lifting up the feet, akin to tollere to lift up.] A pacing or ambling. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Tol"u*yl (?), n. [Toluic + - yl.] (Chem.) Any one of the three hypothetical radicals corresponding to the three toluic acids.

Tol"u*yl*ene (?), n. (Chem.) (a) Same as Stilbene. (b) Sometimes, but less properly, tolylene.

Tol"yl (?), n. [Toluic + -yl.] (Chem.) The hydrocarbon radical, CH3.C6H4, regarded as characteristic of certain compounds of the aromatic series related to toluene; as, tolyl carbinol.

Tol"yl*ene (?), n. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, C6H4.(CH2)2, regarded as characteristic of certain toluene derivatives.

Tol`y*peu"tine (?), n. (Zoöl.) The apar.

Tom (?), n. The knave of trumps at gleek. [Obs.]

Tom"a*hawk (?), n. [Of American Indian origin; cf. Algonkin tomehagen, Mohegan tumnahegan, Delaware tamoihecan.] A kind of war hatchet used by the American Indians. It was originally made of stone, but afterwards of iron.

Tom"a*hawk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tomahawked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tomahawking.] To cut, strike, or kill, with a tomahawk.

Tom"a`ley (?), n. The liver of the lobster, which becomes green when boiled; — called also tomalline.

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||To*man" (?), n. [Per. tmn; from a Mongol word signifying, ten thousand.] A money of account in Persia, whose value varies greatly at different times and places. Its average value may be reckoned at about two and a half dollars.

To*ma"to (?), n.; pl. Tomatoes (#). [Sp. or Pg. tomate, of American Indian origin; cf. Mexican tomail.] (Bot.) The fruit of a plant of the Nightshade family (Lycopersicum esculentun); also, the plant itself. The fruit, which is called also love apple, is usually of a rounded, flattened form, but often irregular in shape. It is of a bright red or yellow color, and is eaten either cooked or uncooked.

Tomato gall (Zoöl.), a large gall consisting of a mass of irregular swellings on the stems and leaves of grapevines. They are yellowish green, somewhat tinged with red, and produced by the larva of a small two-winged fly (Lasioptera vitis). — Tomato sphinx (Zoöl.), the adult or imago of the tomato worm. It closely resembles the tobacco hawk moth. Called also tomato hawk moth. See Illust. of Hawk moth. — Tomato worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a large hawk moth (Sphinx, or Macrosila, quinquemaculata) which feeds upon the leaves of the tomato and potato plants, often doing considerable damage. Called also potato worm.

Tomb (?), n. [OE. tombe, toumbe, F. tombe, LL. tumba, fr. Gr. &?; a tomb, grave; perhaps akin to L. tumulus a mound. Cf. Tumulus.] 1. A pit in which the dead body of a human being is deposited; a grave; a sepulcher.

> As one dead in the bottom of a tomb.

Shak.

2. A house or vault, formed wholly or partly in the earth, with walls and a roof, for the reception of the dead. "In tomb of marble stones." Chaucer.

3. A monument erected to inclose the body and preserve the name and memory of the dead.

> Hang her an epitaph upon her tomb.

Shak.

Tomb bat (Zoöl.), any one of species of Old World bats of the genus Taphozous which inhabit tombs, especially the Egyptian species (T. perforatus).

Tomb,, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tombed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tombing.] To place in a tomb; to bury; to inter; to entomb.

> I tombed my brother that I might be blessed.

Chapman.

Tom"bac (?), n. [Pg. tambaca,tambaque, fr. Malay tambga copper; cf. Skr. tmraka; cf. F. tombac.] (Metal.) An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling brass, and containing about 84 per cent of copper; — called also German, or Dutch, brass. It is very malleable and ductile, and when beaten into thin leaves is sometimes called Dutch metal. The addition of arsenic makes white tombac. [Written also tombak, and tambac.]

Tom"bes*ter (?), n. [See Tumble, and -ster.] A female dancer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tomb"less (?), a. Destitute of a tomb.

Tom"boy` (?), n. [Tom (for Thomas, L. Thomas, fr. Gr. &?; )+ boy.] A romping girl; a hoiden. [Colloq.] J. Fletcher.

Tomb"stone` (?), n. A stone erected over a grave, to preserve the memory of the deceased.

Tom"cat` (?), n. [Tom (see Tomboy) + cat.] A male cat, especially when full grown or of large size.

Tom"cod` (?), n. [Tom (see Tomboy) + cod: cf. F. tacaud whiting pout, American Indian tacaud, literally, plenty fish.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small edible American fish (Microgadus tomcod) of the Codfish family, very abundant in autumn on the Atlantic coast of the Northen United States; — called also frostfish. See Illust. under Frostfish. (b) The kingfish. See Kingfish (a). (c) The jack. See 2d Jack, 8. (c).

Tome (?), n. [F. tome (cf. It., Sp., & Pg. tomo), L. tomus, fr. Gr. &?; a piece cut off, a part of a book, a volume, akin to &?; to cup, and perhaps to L. tondere to shear, E. tonsure. Cf. Anatomy, Atom, Entomology, Epitome. ] As many writings as are bound in a volume, forming part of a larger work; a book; — usually applied to a ponderous volume.

> Tomes of fable and of dream.

Cowper.

> A more childish expedient than that to which he now resorted is not to be found in all the tomes of the casuists.

Macaulay.

Tome"let (?), n. All small tome, or volume. [R.]

To"men*tose` (?), a. [L. tomentum a stuffing of wool, hair, or feathers: cf. F. tomenteux.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Covered with matted woolly hairs; as, a tomentose leaf; a tomentose leaf; a tomentose membrane.

To*men"tous (?), a. Tomentose.

||To*men"tum (?), n.; pl. Tomenta (#). [L. See Tomentose. ] (Bot.) The closely matted hair or downy nap covering the leaves or stems of some plants.

Tom"fool` (tm"fl`), n. [Tom (see Tomboy) + fool.] A great fool; a trifler.

Tom`fool"er*y (?), n. Folly; trifling.

||To"mi*um (t"m*m), n.; pl. Tomia (-) [NL., fr. Gr. te`mnein to cut.] (Zoöl.) The cutting edge of the bill of a bird.

Tom"john` (?), n. [Probably of East Indian origin.] A kind of open sedan used in Ceylon, carried by a single pole on men's shoulders.

Tom"my (?), n. 1. Bread, — generally a penny roll; the supply of food carried by workmen as their daily allowance. [Slang, Eng.]

2. A truck, or barter; the exchange of labor for goods, not money. [Slang, Eng.]

Tommy is used adjectively or in compounds; as, tommy master, tommy-store, tommy-shop, etc.

Tom"nod`dy (?), n. [Tom (see Tomboy) + noddy.] 1. (Zoöl.) A sea bird, the puffin. [Prov.Eng.]

2. A fool; a dunce; a noddy.

||To*mop"te*ris (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. to`mos a cut + ptero`n wing (but taken to mean, fin).] (Zoöl.) A genus of transparent marine annelids which swim actively at the surface of the sea. They have deeply divided or forked finlike organs (parapodia). This genus is the type of the order, or suborder, Gymnocopa.

To*morn" (?), adv. [Prep. to + morn.] To-morrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

To*mor"row (?), adv. [Prep. to + morrow.] On the day after the present day; on the next day; on the morrow.

> Summon him to-morrow to the Tower.

Shak.

To*mor"row (?), n. The day after the present; the morrow."To-morrow is our wedding day." Cowper.

> One today is worth two to-morrows.

Franklin.

Tom"pi*on (?), n. [See Tampios] 1. A stopper of a cannon or a musket. See Tampion.

2. (Mus.) A plug in a flute or an organ pipe, to modulate the tone. Knight.

3. The iron bottom to which grapeshot are fixed.

Tom"pon (?), n. [F. tampon. See Tampion.] An inking pad used in lithographic printing.

Tom"rig` (?), n. [Tom (see Tomboy) + rig.)] A rude, wild, wanton girl; a hoiden; a tomboy. Dennis.

Tom"tit` (?), n. [Tom (see Tomboy) + tit the bird.] (Zoöl.) (a) A titmouse, esp. the blue titmouse. [Prov.eng.] (b) The wren. [Prov.eng.]

Tom"-tom` (tm"tm`), n. See Tam-tam.

Ton (tn), obs. pl. of Toe. Chaucer.

Ton (tn), n. [Cf. Tunny.] (Zoöl.) The common tunny, or horse mackerel.

||Ton (tôn), n. [F. See Tone.] The prevailing fashion or mode; vogue; as, things of ton. Byron.

> If our people of ton are selfish, at any rate they show they are selfish.

Thackeray.

Bon ton. See in the Vocabulary.

Ton (tn), n. [OE. tonne, tunne, a tun, AS. tunne a tun, tub, a large vessel; akin to G. & F. tonne a ton, tun, LL. tunna a tun; all perhaps of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. & Gael. tunna a tun. Cf. Tun,Tunnel.] (Com.) A measure of weight or quantity. Specifically: —

(a) The weight of twenty hundredweight.

In England, the ton is 2,240 pounds. In the United States the ton is commonly estimated at 2,000 pounds, this being sometimes called the short ton, while that of 2,240 pounds is called the long ton.

(b) (Naut. & Com.) Forty cubic feet of space, being the unit of measurement of the burden, or carrying capacity, of a vessel; as a vessel of 300 tons burden. See the Note under Tonnage.

(c) (Naut. & Com.) A certain weight or quantity of merchandise, with reference to transportation as freight; as, six hundred weight of ship bread in casks, seven hundred weight in bags, eight hundred weight in bulk; ten bushels of potatoes; eight sacks, or ten barrels, of flour; forty cubic feet of rough, or fifty cubic feet of hewn, timber, etc.

Ton and tun have the same etymology, and were formerly used interchangeably; but now ton generally designates the weight, and tun the cask. See Tun.

To*nal"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. tonalité.] (Mus.) The principle of key in music; the character which a composition has by virtue of the key in which it is written, or through the family relationship of all its tones and chords to the keynote, or tonic, of the whole.

> The predominance of the tonic as the link which connects all the tones of a piece, we may, with Fétis, term the principle of tonality.

Helmholtz.

To"-name` (t"nm`), n. [prep. to + name.] A name added, for the sake of distinction, to one's surname, or used instead of it. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Ton"ca bean` (?). (Bot.) See Tonka bean.

Tone (tn), n. [F. ton, L. tonus a sound, tone, fr. Gr. to`nos a stretching, straining, raising of the voice, pitch, accent, measure or meter, in pl., modes or keys differing in pitch; akin to tei`nein to stretch or strain. See Thin, and cf. Monotonous, Thunder, Ton fashion, Tune.] 1. Sound, or the character of a sound, or a sound considered as of this or that character; as, a low, high, loud, grave, acute, sweet, or harsh tone.

> [Harmony divine] smooths her charming tones.

Milton.

> Tones that with seraph hymns might blend.

Keble.

2. (Rhet.) Accent, or inflection or modulation of the voice, as adapted to express emotion or passion.

> Eager his tone, and ardent were his eyes.

Dryden.

3. A whining style of speaking; a kind of mournful or artificial strain of voice; an affected speaking with a measured rhythm ahd a regular rise and fall of the voice; as, children often read with a tone.

4. (Mus.) (a) A sound considered as to pitch; as, the seven tones of the octave; she has good high tones. (b) The larger kind of interval between contiguous sounds in the diatonic scale, the smaller being called a semitone as, a whole tone too flat; raise it a tone. (c) The peculiar quality of sound in any voice or instrument; as, a rich tone, a reedy tone. (d) A mode or tune or plain chant; as, the Gregorian tones.

The use of the word tone, both for a sound and for the interval between two sounds or tones, is confusing, but is common — almost universal.

Nearly every musical sound is composite, consisting of several simultaneous tones having different rates of vibration according to fixed laws, which depend upon the nature of the vibrating body and the mode of excitation. The components (of a composite sound) are called partial tones; that one having the lowest rate of vibration is the fundamental tone, and the other partial tones are called harmonics, or overtones. The vibration ratios of the partial tones composing any sound are expressed by all, or by a part, of the numbers in the series 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.; and the quality of any sound (the tone color) is due in part to the presence or absence of overtones as represented in this series, and in part to the greater or less intensity of those present as compared with the fundamental tone and with one another. Resultant tones, combination tones, summation tones, difference tones, Tartini's tones (terms only in part synonymous) are produced by the simultaneous sounding of two or more primary (simple or composite) tones.

5. (Med.) That state of a body, or of any of its organs or parts, in which the animal functions are healthy and performed with due vigor.

In this sense, the word is metaphorically applied to character or faculties, intellectual and moral; as, his mind has lost its tone.

6. (Physiol.) Tonicity; as, arterial tone.

7. State of mind; temper; mood.

> The strange situation I am in and the melancholy state of public affairs, . . . drag the mind down . . . from a philosophical tone or temper, to the drudgery of private and public business.

Bolingbroke.

> Their tone was dissatisfied, almost menacing.

W. C. Bryant.

8. Tenor; character; spirit; drift; as, the tone of his remarks was commendatory.

9. General or prevailing character or style, as of morals, manners, or sentiment, in reference to a scale of high and low; as, a low tone of morals; a tone of elevated sentiment; a courtly tone of manners.

10. The general effect of a picture produced by the combination of light and shade, together with color in the case of a painting; — commonly used in a favorable sense; as, this picture has tone.

Tone color. (Mus.) see the Note under def. 4, above. — Tone syllable, an accented syllable. M. Stuart.

Tone (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Toning.] 1. To utter with an affected tone.

2. To give tone, or a particular tone, to; to tune. See Tune, v. t.

3. (Photog.) To bring, as a print, to a certain required shade of color, as by chemical treatment.

To tone down. (a) To cause to give lower tone or sound; to give a lower tone to. (b) (Paint.) To modify, as color, by making it less brilliant or less crude; to modify, as a composition of color, by making it more harmonius.

> Its thousand hues toned down harmoniusly.

C. Kingsley.

(c) Fig.: To moderate or relax; to diminish or weaken the striking characteristics of; to soften.

> The best method for the purpose in hand was to employ some one of a character and position suited to get possession of their confidence, and then use it to tone down their religious strictures.

Palfrey.

— To tone up, to cause to give a higher tone or sound; to give a higher tone to; to make more intense; to heighten; to strengthen.

Toned (?), a. Having (such) a tone; — chiefly used in composition; as, high-toned; sweet- toned.

Toned paper, paper having a slight tint, in distinction from paper which is quite white.

Tone"less (?), a. Having no tone; unmusical.

{ Tong (?), Tonge}, n. Tongue. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ton"ga (?), n. (Med.) A drug useful in neuralgia, derived from a Fijian plant supposed to be of the aroid genus Epipremnum.

Tong"kang (?), n. (Naut.) A kind of boat or junk used in the seas of the Malay Archipelago.

Ton"go (?), n. The mangrove; — so called in the Pacific Islands.

Tongs (?), n. pl. [OE. tonge, tange, AS. tange; akin to D. tang, G. zanga, OHG. zanga, Don. tang, Sw. tång, Icel. töng, Gr. da`knein to bite, Skr. dañiç, daç. √59. Cf. Tang a strong taste, anything projecting.] An instrument, usually of metal, consisting of two parts, or long shafts, jointed together at or near one end, or united by an elastic bow, used for handling things, especially hot coals or metals; — often called a pair of tongs.

Tongue (?), n. [OE. tunge, tonge, AS. tunge; akin to OFries. tunge, D. tong, OS. tunga, G. zunge, OHG. zunga, Icel. & Sw. tunga, Dan tunge, Goth. tugg, OL. dingua, L. lingua. √243 Cf.Language, Lingo. ]

1. (Anat.) an organ situated in the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates and connected with the hyoid arch.

The tongue is usually muscular, mobile, and free at one extremity, and in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.

> To make his English sweet upon his tongue.

Chaucer.

2. The power of articulate utterance; speech.

> Parrots imitating human tongue.

Dryden.

3. Discourse; fluency of speech or expression.

> Much tongue and much judgment seldom go together.

L. Estrange.

4. Honorable discourse; eulogy. [Obs.]

> She was born noble; let that title find her a private grave, but neither tongue nor honor.

Beau. & Fl.

5. A language; the whole sum of words used by a particular nation; as, the English tongue. Chaucer.

> Whose tongue thou shalt not understand.

Deut. xxviii. 49.

> To speak all tongues.

Milton.

6. Speech; words or declarations only; — opposed to thoughts or actions.

> My little children, let us love in word, neither in tongue, but in deed and in truth.

1 John iii. 18.

7. A people having a distinct language.

> A will gather all nations and tongues.

Isa. lxvi. 18.

8. (Zoöl.) (a) The lingual ribbon, or odontophore, of a mollusk. (b) The proboscis of a moth or a butterfly. (c) The lingua of an insect.

9. (Zoöl.) Any small sole.

10. That which is considered as resembing an animal's tongue, in position or form. Specifically: —

(a) A projection, or slender appendage or fixture; as, the tongue of a buckle, or of a balance.

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(b) A projection on the side, as of a board, which fits into a groove.

(c) A point, or long, narrow strip of land, projecting from the mainland into a sea or a lake.

(d) The pole of a vehicle; especially, the pole of an ox cart, to the end of which the oxen are yoked.

(e) The clapper of a bell.

(f) (Naut.) A short piece of rope spliced into the upper part of standing backstays, etc.; also. the upper main piece of a mast composed of several pieces.

(g) (Mus.) Same as Reed, n., 5.

To hold the tongue, to be silent. — Tongue bone (Anat.), the hyoid bone. — Tongue grafting. See under Grafting.

Syn. — Language; speech; expression. See Language.

Tongue (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tongued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tonguing.] 1. To speak; to utter. "Such stuff as madmen tongue." Shak.

2. To chide; to scold.

> How might she tongue me.

Shak.

3. (Mus.) To modulate or modify with the tongue, as notes, in playing the flute and some other wind instruments.

4. To join means of a tongue and grove; as, to tongue boards together.

Tongue, v. i. 1. To talk; to prate. Dryden.

2. (Mus.) To use the tongue in forming the notes, as in playing the flute and some other wind instruments.

Tongue"bird` (?), n. The wryneck. [Prov. Eng.]

Tongued (?), a. Having a tongue.

> Tongued like the night crow.

Donne.

Tongue"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A flounder (Symphurus plagiusa) native of the southern coast of the United States.

Tongue"less (?), a. 1. Having no tongue.

2. Hence, speechless; mute. "What tongueless blocks were they! would they not speak?" Shak.

3. Unnamed; not spoken of. [Obs.]

> One good deed dying tongueless.

Shak.

Tongue"let (?), n. A little tongue.

Tongue"-pad` (?), n. A great talker. [Obs.]

Tongue"-shaped` (?), a. Shaped like a tongue; specifically (Bot.), linear or oblong, and fleshy, blunt at the end, and convex beneath; as, a tongue-shaped leaf.

Tongue"-shell` (?), n. Any species of Lingula.

Tongue"ster (?), n. One who uses his tongue; a talker; a story-teller; a gossip. [Poetic.]

> Step by step we rose to greatness; through the tonguesters we may fall.

Tennyson.

Tongue"-tie` (?), n. (Med.) Impeded motion of the tongue because of the shortness of the frænum, or of the adhesion of its margins to the gums. Dunglison.

Tongue"-tie`, v. t. To deprive of speech or the power of speech, or of distinct articulation.

Tongue"-tied` (?), a. 1. Destitute of the power of distinct articulation; having an impediment in the speech, esp. when caused by a short frænum.

2. Unable to speak freely, from whatever cause.

> Love, therefore, and tongue-tied simplicity.

Shak.

Tongue"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Linguatulina.

Tongu"y (?), a. Ready or voluble in speaking; as, a tonguy speaker. [Written also tonguey.] [Colloq.]

Ton"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. tonigue, Gr. &?;. See Tone.] 1. Of or relating to tones or sounds; specifically (Phon.), applied to, or distingshing, a speech sound made with tone unmixed and undimmed by obstruction, such sounds, namely, the vowels and diphthongs, being so called by Dr. James Rush (1833) " from their forming the purest and most plastic material of intonation."

2. Of or pertaining to tension; increasing tension; hence, increasing strength; as, tonic power.

3. (Med.) Increasing strength, or the tone of the animal system; obviating the effects of debility, and restoring healthy functions.

Tonic spasm. (Med.) See the Note under Spasm.

Ton"ic, n. [Cf. F. tonique, NL. tonicum.] 1. (Phon.) A tonic element or letter; a vowel or a diphthong.

2. (Mus.) The key tone, or first tone of any scale.

3. (Med.) A medicine that increases the strength, and gives vigor of action to the system.

Tonic sol-fa (Mus.), the name of the most popular among letter systems of notation (at least in England), based on key relationship, and hence called "tonic." Instead of the five lines, clefs, signature, etc., of the usual notation, it employs letters and the syllables do, re, mi, etc., variously modified, with other simple signs of duration, of upper or lower octave, etc. See Sol- fa.

Ton"ic*al (?), a. Tonic. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

To*nic"i*ty (?), n. (Physiol.) The state of healthy tension or partial contraction of muscle fibers while at rest; tone; tonus.

To*night" (?), adv. [Prep. to + night] 1. On this present or coming night.

2. On the last night past. [Obs.] Shak.

To*night", n. The present or the coming night; the night after the present day.

Ton"ite (?), n. [Cf.L. tonare to thunder.] An explosive compound; a preparation of gun cotton.

Ton"ka bean` (?). [Cf. F. onca, tonka.] (Bot.) The seed of a leguminous tree (Dipteryx odorata), native of Guiana. It has a peculiarly agreeable smell, and is employed in the scenting of snuff. Called also tonquin bean. [Written also tonca bean, tonga bean.]

Ton"nage (?; 48), n. [From Ton a measure.]

1. The weight of goods carried in a boat or a ship.

2. The cubical content or burden of a vessel, or vessels, in tons; or, the amount of weight which one or several vessels may carry. See Ton, n. (b).

> A fleet . . . with an aggregate tonnage of 60,000 seemed sufficient to conquer the world.

Motley.

3. A duty or impost on vessels, estimated per ton, or, a duty, toll, or rate payable on goods per ton transported on canals.

4. The whole amount of shipping estimated by tons; as, the tonnage of the United States. See Ton.

There are in common use the following terms relating to tonnage: (a) Displacement. (b) Register tonnage, gross and net. (c) Freight tonnage. (d) Builders' measurement. (e) Yacht measurement. The first is mainly used for war vessels, where the total weight is likely to be nearly constant. The second is the most important, being that used for commercial purposes. The third and fourth are different rules for ascertaining the actual burden-carrying power of a vessel, and the fifth is for the proper classification of pleasure craft. Gross tonnage expresses the total cubical interior of a vessel; net tonnage, the cubical space actually available for freight- carrying purposes. Rules for ascertaining these measurements are established by law.

Tonne (?), n. A tun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ton"ni*hood (?), n. (Zoöl.) The female of the bullfinch; — called also tonyhoop. [Prov. Eng.]

Ton"nish (tn"nsh), a. In the ton; fashionable; modish. — Ton"nish*ness, n.

To*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; a stretching, a tone + -meter.] 1. (Physics.) An instrument for determining the rate of vibrations in tones.

2. (Physiol.) (a) An apparatus for studying and registering the action of various fluids and drugs on the excised heart of lower animals. (b) An instrument for measuring tension, esp. that of the eyeball.

To*nom"e*try (?), n. The act of measuring with a tonometer; specifically (Med.), measurement of tension, esp. the tension of the eyeball.

Ton"o*phant (tn"*fant), n. [Gr. to`nos a tone + fai`nein to show.] (Physics.) A modification of the kaleidophon, for showing composition of acoustic vibrations. It consists of two thin slips of steel welded together, their length being adjystable by a screw socket.

Ton"ous (?), a. Abounding in tone or sound.

Ton"quin bean` (t"kn bn). See Tonka bean.

Ton"sil (?), n. [L. tonsill&?;, pl.: cf. F. tonsille. ] (Anat.) One of the two glandular organs situated in the throat at the sides of the fauces. The tonsils are sometimes called the almonds, from their shape.

Ton"sil*ar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the tonsils; tonsilitic. [Written also tonsillar.]

Ton"sile (?), a. [L. tonsilis, fr. tondere, tonsum, to shear, clip. See Tonsure. ] Capable of being clipped.

Ton`sil*it"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Tonsilar. [Written also tonsillitic.]

||Ton`sil*i"tis (?), n. [NL. See Tonsil, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the tonsil; quinsy. [Written also, and more usually, tonsillitis.]

Ton*sil"o*tome (?), n. [Tonsil + Gr. te`mnein to cut.] (Surg.) An instrument for removing the tonsils.

Ton`sil*ot"o*my (?), n. (Surg.) The operation of removing the tonsil, or a portion thereof.

Ton"sor (?), n. [L.] A barber. Sir W. Scott.

Ton*so"ri*al (?), a. [L. tonsorius, fr. tonsor a shearer, barber, fr. tondere, tonsum, to shear. See Tonsure.] Of or pertaining to a barber, or shaving.

Ton"sure (?), n. [F., fr. L. tonsura a shearing, clipping, from tondere, tonsum, to shear, shave; cf. Gr. &?; to gnaw; perhaps akin to Gr. &?; to cut, and E. tome.] 1. The act of clipping the hair, or of shaving the crown of the head; also, the state of being shorn.

2. (R. C. Ch.) (a) The first ceremony used for devoting a person to the service of God and the church; the first degree of the clericate, given by a bishop, abbot, or cardinal priest, consisting in cutting off the hair from a circular space at the back of the head, with prayers and benedictions; hence, entrance or admission into minor orders. (b) The shaven corona, or crown, which priests wear as a mark of their order and of their rank.

Ton"sured (?), a. Having the tonsure; shaven; shorn; clipped; hence, bald.

> A tonsured head in middle age forlorn.

Tennyson.

Ton*tine" (?), n. [F., from It. tontina; — so called from its inventor, Tonti, an Italian, of the 17th century.] An annuity, with the benefit of survivorship, or a loan raised on life annuities with the benefit of survivorship. Thus, an annuity is shared among a number, on the principle that the share of each, at his death, is enjoyed by the survivors, until at last the whole goes to the last survivor, or to the last two or three, according to the terms on which the money is advanced. Used also adjectively; as, tontine insurance.

> Too many of the financiers by professions are apt to see nothing in revenue but banks, and circulations, and annuities on lives, and tontines, and perpetual rents, and all the small wares of the shop.

Burke.

||To"nus (?), n. [L. a sound, tone. See Tone.] (Physiol.) Tonicity, or tone; as, muscular tonus.

To"ny (?), n.; pl. Tonies (#). [Abbrev. from Anthony.] A simpleton. L'Estrange.

> A pattern and companion fit
> For all the keeping tonies of the pit.

Dryden.

Too (?), adv. [The same word as to, prep. See To.]

1. Over; more than enough; — noting excess; as, a thing is too long, too short, or too wide; too high; too many; too much.

> His will, too strong to bend, too proud to learn.

Cowley.

2. Likewise; also; in addition.

> An honest courtier, yet a patriot too.

Pope.

> Let those eyes that view
> The daring crime, behold the vengeance too.

Pope.

Too too, a duplication used to signify great excess.

> O that this too too solid flesh would melt.

Shak.

> Such is not Charles his too too active age.

Dryden.

Syn. — Also; likewise. See Also.

Took (?), imp. of Take.

Tool (?), n. [OE. tol,tool. AS. tl; akin to Icel. tl, Goth. taijan to do, to make, taui deed, work, and perhaps to E. taw to dress leather. √64.] 1. An instrument such as a hammer, saw, plane, file, and the like, used in the manual arts, to facilitate mechanical operations; any instrument used by a craftsman or laborer at his work; an implement; as, the tools of a joiner, smith, shoe-maker, etc.; also, a cutter, chisel, or other part of an instrument or machine that dresses work.

2. A machine for cutting or shaping materials; — also called machine tool.

3. Hence, any instrument of use or service.

> That angry fool . . .
> Whipping her horse, did with his smarting tool
> Oft whip her dainty self.

Spenser.

4. A weapon. [Obs.]

> Him that is aghast of every tool.

Chaucer.

5. A person used as an instrument by another person; — a word of reproach; as, men of intrigue have their tools, by whose agency they accomplish their purposes.

> I was not made for a minion or a tool.

Burks.

Tool (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tooled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. tooling.] 1. To shape, form, or finish with a tool. "Elaborately tooled." Ld. Lytton.

2. To drive, as a coach. [Slang, Eng.]

Tool"ing, n. Work performed with a tool.

> The fine tooling and delicate tracery of the cabinet artist is lost upon a building of colossal proportions.

De Quincey.

{ Tool"-post` (?), Tool"-stock` (?), } n. (Mach.) The part of a tool-rest in which a cutting tool is clamped.

Tool"-rest` (?), n. (Mach.) the part that supports a tool-post or a tool.

Toom (?), a. [OE. tom, fr. Icel. tmr; akin to Dan. & Sw. tom, As. tme, adv. Cf. Teem to pour.] Empty. [Obs. or Prov.Eng. & Scot.] Wyclif.

Toom, v. t. To empty. [Obs. or Prov.Eng. & Scot.]

Toon (?), obs. pl. of Toe. Chaucer.

Toon (?), n. [Hind. tun, tn, Skr. tunna.] (Bot.) The reddish brown wood of an East Indian tree (Cedrela Toona) closely resembling the Spanish cedar; also. the tree itself.

Toon"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Toon.

Toot (?), v. i. [OE. toten, AS. totian to project; hence, to peep out.] [Written also tout.] 1. To stand out, or be prominent. [Obs.] Howell.

2. To peep; to look narrowly. [Obs.] Latimer.

> For birds in bushes tooting.

Spenser.

Toot, v. t. To see; to spy. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Toot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tooted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tooting.] [Cf. D. toeten to blow a horn, G. tuten, Sw. tuta, Dan. tude; probably of imitative origin.] To blow or sound a horn; to make similar noise by contact of the tongue with the root of the upper teeth at the beginning and end of the sound; also, to give forth such a sound, as a horn when blown. "A tooting horn." Howell.

> Tooting horns and rattling teams of mail coaches.

Thackeray.

Toot, v. t. To cause to sound, as a horn, the note being modified at the beginning and end as if by pronouncing the letter t; to blow; to sound.

Toot"er (?), n. One who toots; one who plays upon a pipe or horn. B. Jonson.

Tooth (?), n.; pl. Teeth (#). [OE. toth,tooth, AS. tð; akin to OFries. tth, OS. & D. tand, OHG. zang, zan, G. zahn, Icel. tönn, Sw. & Dan. tand, Goth. tumpus, Lith. dantis, W. dant, L. dens, dentis, Gr. 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, Skr. danta; probably originally the p. pr. of the verb to eat. √239. Cf. Eat, Dandelion, Dent the tooth of a wheel, Dental, Dentist, Indent, Tine of a fork, Tusk. ] 1. (Anat.) One of the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates, and which usually aid in the prehension and mastication of food.

The hard parts of teeth are principally made up of dentine, or ivory, and a very hard substance called enamel. These are variously combined in different animals. Each tooth consist of three parts, a crown, or body, projecting above the gum, one or more fangs imbedded in the jaw, and the neck, or intermediate part. In some animals one or more of the teeth are modified into tusks which project from the mouth, as in both sexes of the elephant and of the walrus, and in the male narwhal.

In adult man there are thirty-two teeth, composed largely of dentine, but the crowns are covered with enamel, and the fangs with a layer of bone called cementum. Of the eight teeth on each half of each jaw, the two in front are incisors, then come one canine, cuspid, or dog tooth, two bicuspids, or false molars, and three molars, or grinding teeth. The milk, or temporary, teeth are only twenty in number, there being two incisors, one canine, and two molars on each half of each jaw. The last molars, or wisdom teeth, usually appear long after the others, and occasionally do not appear above the jaw at all.

> How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is
> To have a thankless child !

Shak.

2. Fig.: Taste; palate.

> These are not dishes for thy dainty tooth.

Dryden.

3. Any projection corresponding to the tooth of an animal, in shape, position, or office; as, the teeth, or cogs, of a cogwheel; a tooth, prong, or tine, of a fork; a tooth, or the teeth, of a rake, a saw, a file, a card.

4. (a) A projecting member resembling a tenon, but fitting into a mortise that is only sunk, not pierced through. (b) One of several steps, or offsets, in a tusk. See Tusk.

<! p. 1518 !>

5. (Nat. Hist.) An angular or prominence on any edge; as, a tooth on the scale of a fish, or on a leaf of a plant; specifically (Bot.), one of the appendages at the mouth of the capsule of a moss. See Peristome.

6. (Zoöl.) Any hard calcareous or chitinous organ found in the mouth of various invertebrates and used in feeding or procuring food; as, the teeth of a mollusk or a starfish.

In spite of the teeth, in defiance of opposition; in opposition to every effort. — In the teeth, directly; in direct opposition; in front. "Nor strive with all the tempest in my teeth." Pope. — To cast in the teeth, to report reproachfully; to taunt or insult one with. — Tooth and nail, as if by biting and scratching; with one's utmost power; by all possible means. L'Estrange. "I shall fight tooth and nail for international copyright." Charles Reade. — Tooth coralline (Zoöl.), any sertularian hydroid. — Tooth edge, the sensation excited in the teeth by grating sounds, and by the touch of certain substances, as keen acids. — Tooth key, an instrument used to extract teeth by a motion resembling that of turning a key. — Tooth net, a large fishing net anchored. [Scot.] Jamieson. — Tooth ornament. (Arch.) Same as Dogtooth, n., 2. — Tooth powder, a powder for cleaning the teeth; a dentifrice. - - Tooth rash. (Med.) See Red-gum, 1. — To show the teeth, to threaten. "When the Law shows her teeth, but dares not bite." Young. — To the teeth, in open opposition; directly to one's face. "That I shall live, and tell him to his teeth ." Shak.

Tooth (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toothed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Toothing.] 1. To furnish with teeth.

> The twin cards toothed with glittering wire.

Wordsworth.

2. To indent; to jag; as, to tooth a saw.

3. To lock into each other. See Tooth, n., 4. Moxon.

Tooth"ache` (?), n. (Med.) Pain in a tooth or in the teeth; odontalgia.

Toothache grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Ctenium Americanum) having a very pungent taste. — Toothache tree. (Bot.) (a) The prickly ash. (b) A shrub of the genus Aralia (A. spinosa).

Tooth"back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any notodontian.

Tooth"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A peculiar fruit-eating ground pigeon (Didunculus strigiostris) native of the Samoan Islands, and noted for its resemblance, in several characteristics, to the extinct dodo. Its beak is stout and strongly hooked, and the mandible has two or three strong teeth toward the end. Its color is chocolate red. Called also toothbilled pigeon, and manu- mea.

Tooth"brush` (?), n. A brush for cleaning the teeth.

Tooth"draw`er (?), n. One whose business it is to extract teeth with instruments; a dentist. Shak.

Toothed (?), a. 1. Having teeth; furnished with teeth. "Ruby-lipped and toothed with pearl." Herrick.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having marginal projecting points; dentate.

Toothed whale (Zoöl.), any whale of the order Denticete. See Denticete. — Toothed wheel, a wheel with teeth or projections cut or set on its edge or circumference, for transmitting motion by their action on the engaging teeth of another wheel.

Tooth"ful (?), a. Toothsome. [Obs.]

Tooth"ing, n. 1. The act or process of indenting or furnishing with teeth.

2. (Masonry) Bricks alternately projecting at the end of a wall, in order that they may be bonded into a continuation of it when the remainder is carried up.

Toothing plane, a plane of which the iron is formed into a series of small teeth, for the purpose of roughening surfaces, as of veneers.

Tooth"less, a. Having no teeth. Cowper.

Tooth"let (?), n. A little tooth, or like projection.

Tooth"let*ed, a. Having a toothlet or toothlets; as, a toothleted leaf. [Written also toothletted.]

Tooth"pick` (?), n. A pointed instument for clearing the teeth of substances lodged between them.

Tooth"pick`er (?), n. A toothpick. [Obs.] Shak.

Tooth"shell" (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Dentalium and allied genera having a tooth-shaped shell. See Dentalium.

Tooth"some (?), a. Grateful to the taste; palatable. — Tooth"some*ly, adv. - - Tooth"some*ness, n.

> Though less toothsome to me, they were more wholesome for me.

Fuller.

Tooth"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant whose roots are fancied to resemble teeth, as certain plants of the genus Lathræa, and various species of Dentaria. See Coralwort.

Tooth"y (?), a. Toothed; with teeth. [R] Croxall.

Too*zoo" (?), n. The ringdove. [Prov. Eng.]

Top (?), n. [CF. OD. dop, top, OHG., MNG., & dial. G. topf; perhaps akin to G. topf a pot.] 1. A child's toy, commonly in the form of a conoid or pear, made to spin on its point, usually by drawing off a string wound round its surface or stem, the motion being sometimes continued by means of a whip.

2. (Rope Making) A plug, or conical block of wood, with longitudital grooves on its surface, in which the strands of the rope slide in the process of twisting.

Top (?), n. [AS. top; akin to OFries. top a tuft, D. top top, OHG. zopf end, tip, tuft of hair, G. zopf tuft of hair, pigtail, top of a tree, Icel. toppr a tuft of hair, crest, top, Dan. top, Sw. topp pinnacle, top; of uncertain origin. Cf. Tuft.] 1. The highest part of anything; the upper end, edge, or extremity; the upper side or surface; summit; apex; vertex; cover; lid; as, the top of a spire; the top of a house; the top of a mountain; the top of the ground.

> The star that bids the shepherd fold,
> Now the top of heaven doth hold.

Milton.

2. The utmost degree; the acme; the summit.

> The top of my ambition is to contribute to that work.

Pope.

3. The highest rank; the most honorable position; the utmost attainable place; as, to be at the top of one's class, or at the top of the school.

> And wears upon his baby brow the round
> And top of sovereignty.

Shak.

4. The chief person; the most prominent one.

> Other . . . aspired to be the top of zealots.

Milton.

5. The crown of the head, or the hair upon it; the head. "From top to toe" Spenser.

> All the stored vengeance of Heaven fall
> On her ungrateful top !

Shak.

6. The head, or upper part, of a plant.

> The buds . . . are called heads, or tops, as cabbageheads.

I. Watts.

7. (Naut.) A platform surrounding the head of the lower mast and projecting on all sudes. It serves to spead the topmast rigging, thus strengheningthe mast, and also furnishes a convenient standing place for the men aloft. Totten.

8. (Wool Manuf.) A bundle or ball of slivers of comkbed wool, from which the noils, or dust, have been taken out.

9. Eve; verge; point. [R.] "He was upon the top of his marriage with Magdaleine." Knolles.

10. The part of a cut gem between the girdle, or circumference, and the table, or flat upper surface. Knight.

11. pl. Top-boots. [Slang] Dickens.

Top is often used adjectively or as the first part of compound words, usually self-explaining; as, top stone, or topstone; top-boots, or top boots; top soil, or top-soil.

Top and but (Shipbuilding), a phrase used to denote a method of working long tapering planks by bringing the but of one plank to the top of the other to make up a constant breadth in two layers. — Top minnow (Zoöl.), a small viviparous fresh-water fish (Gambusia patruelis) abundant in the Southern United States. Also applied to other similar species.

Top, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Topped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Topping.] 1. To rise aloft; to be eminent; to tower; as, lofty ridges and topping mountains. Derham.

2. To predominate; as, topping passions. "Influenced by topping uneasiness." Locke.

3. To excel; to rise above others.

> But write thy, and top.

Dryden.

Top, v. t. 1. To cover on the top; to tip; to cap; — chiefly used in the past participle.

> Like moving mountains topped with snow.

Waller.

> A mount
> Of alabaster, topped with golden spires.

Milton.

2. To rise above; to excel; to outgo; to surpass.

> Topping all others in boasting.

Shak.

> Edmund the base shall top the legitimate.

Shak.

3. To rise to the top of; to go over the top of.

> But wind about till thou hast topped the hill.

Denham.

4. To take off the or upper part of; to crop.

> Top your rose trees a little with your knife.

Evelyn.

5. To perform eminently, or better than before.

> From endeavoring universally to top their parts, they will go universally beyond them.

Jeffrey.

6. (Naut.) To raise one end of, as a yard, so that that end becomes higher than the other.

To top off, to complete by putting on, or finishing, the top or uppermost part of; as, to top off a stack of hay; hence, to complete; to finish; to adorn.

To"parch (?), n. [L. toparcha, Gr. &?;; &?; a place + &?; to govern, to rule.] The ruler or principal man in a place or country; the governor of a toparchy.

> The prince and toparch of that country.

Fuller.

To"parch*y (?), n.; pl. Toparchies (#). [L. toparchia, Gr. &?;. See Toparch.] A small state, consisting of a few cities or towns; a petty country governed by a toparch; as, Judea was formerly divided into ten toparchies. Fuller.

Top"-ar`mor (?), n. (Naut.) A top railing supported by stanchions and equipped with netting.

To"pau (?), n. (Zoöl.) The rhinocerous bird (a).

To"paz (?), n. [OE. topas, F. topaze, L. topazos, or topazion, a kind of precious stone, Gr. to`pazos, topa`zion; possibly akin to Skr. tap to glow (cf. Tepid). According to some, the name is from Topazos, a small island in the Red Sea, where the Romans obtained a stone which they called by this name, but which is the chrysolite of the moderns.] 1. (Min.) A mineral occurring in rhombic prisms, generally yellowish and pellucid, also colorless, and of greenesh, bluish, or brownish shades. It sometimes occurs massive and opaque. It is a fluosilicate of alumina, and is used as a gem.

2. (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of large, brilliantly colored humming birds of the Topaza, of South America and the West Indies.

The two tail feathers next to the central ones are much longer that the rest, curved, and crossed. The Throat is metallic yellowish-green, with a tint like topaz in the center, the belly is bright crimson, the back bright red. Called also topaz hummer.

False topaz. (Min.) See the Note under Quartz.

To*paz"o*lite (?), n. [Topaz + - lite; cf. F. topazolithe.] (Min.) A topaz-yellow variety of garnet.

Top"-block` (?), n. (Naut.) A large ironbound block strapped with a hook, and, when used, hung to an eyebolt in the cap, — used in swaying and lowering the topmast. Totten.

Top"-boots (?), n. pl. High boots, having generally a band of some kind of light-colored leather around the upper part of the leg; riding boots.

Top"-chain` (?), n. (Naut.) A chain for slinging the lower yards, in time of action, to prevent their falling, if the ropes by which they are hung are shot away.

Top"-cloth (?), n. (Naut.) A piece of canvas used to cover the hammocks which are lashed to the top in action to protect the topmen.

Top"coat` (?), n. An outer coat; an overcoat.

Top"-drain` (?), v. t. To drain the surface of, as land; as, to top-drain a field or farm.

Top"-drain`ing, n. The act or practice of drining the surface of land.

Top"-dress` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Top-dressed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Top-dressing.] To apply a surface dressing of manureto,as land.

Top"-dress`ing, n. The act of applying a dressing of manure to the surface of land; also, manure so applied.

Tope (tp), n. [Probably from Skr. stpa a tope, a stupa, through Prakrit thpo.] A moundlike Buddhist sepulcher, or memorial monument, often erected over a Buddhist relic.

Tope, n. [Tamil tppu.] A grove or clump of trees; as, a toddy tope. [India] Whitworth.

Tope, n. 1. (Zoöl.) A small shark or dogfish (Galeorhinus, or Galeus, galeus), native of Europe, but found also on the coasts of California and Tasmania; — called also toper, oil shark, miller's dog, and penny dog.

2. (Zoöl.) The wren. [Prov. Eng.]

Tope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toped (tpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Toping.] [F. tôper to cover a stake in playing at dice, to accept an offer, tôpe agreed!; — perhaps imitative of the sound of striking hands on concluding a bargain. From being used in English as a drinking term, probably at first in accepting a toast.] To drink hard or frequently; to drink strong or spiritous liquors to excess.

> If you tope in form, and treat.

Dryden.

To"per (t"pr), n. One who topes, or drinks frequently or to excess; a drunkard; a sot.

Top"et (?), n. [F. toupet tuft. See Touper.] (Zoöl.) The European crested titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Top"ful (?), a. Full to the top, ore brim; brimfull. "Topful of direst cruelty." Shak.

> [He] was so topful of himself, that he let it spill on all the company.

I. Watts.

Top`gal"lant (?), a.

1. (Naut.) Situated above the topmast and below the royal mast; designatb, or pertaining to, the third spars in order from the deck; as, the topgallant mast, yards, braces, and the like. See Illustration of Ship.

2. Fig.: Highest; elevated; splendid. "The consciences of topgallant sparks." L'Estrange.

Topgallant breeze, a breeze in which the topgallant sails may properly be carried.

Top`gal"lant, n. 1. (Naut.) A topgallant mast or sail.

2. Fig.: Anything elevated or splendid. Bacon.

Toph (?), n. [L. tophus, tofus, tufa, or tuft. Cf. Tufa, Tofus, Tophus.] (Min.) kind of sandstone.

To*pha"ceous (?), a. [L. tophaceus, tofaceus.] Gritty; sandy; rough; stony.

Top"-ham`per (?), n. (Naut.) The upper rigging, spars, etc., of a ship. [Written also top hamper.]

> All the ships of the fleet . . . were so encumbered with tophamper, so overweighted in proportion to their draught of water, that they could bear but little canvas, even with smooth seas and light and favorable winds.

Motley.

Top"-heav`y (?), a. Having the top or upper part too heavy for the lower part. Sir H. Wotton.

To"phet (?), n. [Heb. tphet, literally, a place to be spit upon, an abominable place, fr. tph to spit out.] A place lying east or southeast of Jerusalem, in the valley of Hinnom. [Written also Topheth.]

> And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the children of Hinnom.

2 Kings xxiii. 10.

It seems to have been at first part of the royal garden, but it was afterwards defiled and polluted by the sacrifices of Baal and the fires of Moloch, and resounded with the cries of burning infants. At a later period, its altars and high places were thrown down, and all the filth of the city poured into it, until it became the abhorrence of Jerusalem, and, in symbol, the place where are wailing and gnashing of teeth.

> The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence
> And black Gehenna called, the type of hell.

Milton.

Toph"in (?), n. (Min.) Same as Toph.

<! p. 1519 !>

To"phus (?), n.; pl. Tophi (#). [NL.: cf. F. tophus a mineral concretion in the joint. See Toph.] [Written also tofus.] 1. (Med.) One of the mineral concretions about the joints, and in other situations, occurring chiefly in gouty persons. They consist usually of urate of sodium; when occurring in the internal organs they are also composed of phosphate of calcium.

2. (Min.) Calcareous tufa.

Top`i*a"ri*an (?), a. [See Toplary.] Of or pertaining to the ornamental cutting and trimming of trees, hedges, etc.; practicing ornamental gardening. [R.] "The topiarian artist." Sir W. Scott.

> All the pedantries of the topiarian art.

C. Kingsley.

Top"i*a*ry (?), a. [L. topiarius belonging to ornamental gardening, fr. topia (sc. opera) ornamental gardening, fr. Gr. &?; a place.] Of or pertaining to ornamental gardening; produced by cutting, trimming, etc.; topiarian.

Topiary work, arbors, shrubbery, hedges, or the like, cut and trimmed into fanciful forms, as of animals, buildings, etc.

Top"ic (?), n. [F. topiques, pl., L. topica the title of a work of Aristotle, Gr. topika`, fr. topiko`s of or for place, concerning to`poi, or commonplaces, fr. to`pos a place.] (a) One of the various general forms of argument employed in probable as distinguished from demonstrative reasoning, — denominated by Aristotle to`poi (literally, places), as being the places or sources from which arguments may be derived, or to which they may be referred; also, a prepared form of argument, applicable to a great variety of cases, with a supply of which the ancient rhetoricians and orators provided themselves; a commonplace of argument or oratory. (b) pl. A treatise on forms of argument; a system or scheme of forms or commonplaces of argument or oratory; as, the Topics of Aristotle.

> These topics, or loci, were no other than general ideas applicable to a great many different subjects, which the orator was directed to consult.

Blair.

> In this question by [reason] I do not mean a distinct topic, but a transcendent that runs through all topics.

Jer. Taylor.

2. An argument or reason. [Obs.]

> Contumacious persons, who are not to be fixed by any principles, whom no topics can work upon.

Bp. Wilkins.

3. The subject of any distinct portion of a discourse, or argument, or literary composition; also, the general or main subject of the whole; a matter treated of; a subject, as of conversation or of thought; a matter; a point; a head.

4. (Med.) An external local application or remedy, as a plaster, a blister, etc. [Obsoles.] Wiseman.

Top"ic, a. Topical. Drayton. Holland.

Top"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. topique, LL. topicus, Gr. &?;. See Topic, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to a place; limited; logical application; as, a topical remedy; a topical claim or privilege.

2. (Rhet. & logic) Pertaining to, or consisting of, a topic or topics; according to topics.

3. Resembling a topic, or general maxim; hence, not demonstrative, but merely probable, as an argument.

> Evidences of fact can be no more than topical and probable.

Sir M. Hale.

Top"ic*al*ly, adv. In a topical manner; with application to, or limitation of, a particular place or topic.

Top"knot` (?), n. 1. A crest or knot of feathers upon the head or top, as of a bird; also, an orgamental knot worn on top of the head, as by women.

> A great, stout servant girl, with cheeks as red as her topknot.

Sir W. Scott.

2. (Zoöl.) A small Europen flounder (Rhoumbus punctatus). The name is also applied to allied species.

Top"less, a. Having no top, or no visble fop; hence, fig.: very lofty; supreme; unequaled. " The topless Apennines." "Topless fortunes." Beau. & Fl.

Top"-light` (?), n. (Naut.) A lantern or light on the top of a vessel.

Top"man (?), n.; pl. Topmem (&?;). 1. See Topsman, 2.

2. (Naut.) A man stationed in the top.

Top"mast (?), n. (Naut.) The second mast, or that which is next above the lower mast, and below the topgallant mast.

Top"most` (?), a. Highest; uppermost; as, the topmost cliff; the topmost branch of a tree.

> The nightngale may claim the topmost bough.

Cowper.

To*pog"ra*pher (?), n. [Cf. F. topographe, Cr. &?; .] One who is skilled in the science of topography; one who describes a particular place, town, city, or tract of land.

> Dante is the one authorized topographer of the mediæval hell.

Milman.

{ Top`o*graph"ic (?), a. Top`o*graph"ic*al (?), }[Cf. F. topographique.] Of or pertaining to topography; descriptive of a place. — Top`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Topographical map. See under Cadastral. — Topographical surveying. See under Surveying.

To*pog"ra*phist (?), n. A topographer.

To*pog"ra*phy (?), n. [F. topographie, Gr. &?;; &?; a place + &?; to write.] The description of a particular place, town, manor, parish, or tract of land; especially, the exact and scientific delineation and description in minute detail of any place or region.

Topography, as the description of particular places, is distinguished from chorography, the description of a region or a district, and for geography, the description of the earth or of countries. Brande & C.

To*pol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; place + - logy.] The art of, or method for, assisting the memory by associating the thing or subject to be remembered with some place. [R.]

To*pon"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; place + &?; to distribute.] The designation of position and direction. B. G. Wilder.

Top"piece` (?), n. A small wig for the top of the head; a toupee.

Top"ping (?), a. 1. Rising above; surpassing.

2. Hence, assuming superiority; proud.

> The great and flourishing condition of some of the topping sinners of the world.

South.

3. Fine; gallant. [Slang] Johnson.

Top"ping, n. 1. The act of one who tops; the act of cutting off the top.

2. (Naut.) The act of raising one extremity of a spar higher than the other.

3. pl. That which comes from hemp in the process of hatcheling.

Topping lift (Naut.), a large, strong tackle employed to raise or top the end of a gaff, or of a boom.

Top"ping*ly, adv. In a topping or proud manner.

Top"ping*ly, a. Same as Topping, a., 3. [Obs.] "Topping quests." Tusser.

Top"ple (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toppled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Toppling.] [From Top summit.] To fall forward; to pitch or tumble down.

> Though castles topple on their warders' heads.

Shak.

Top"ple, v. t. To throw down; to overturn.

> He topple crags from the precipice.

Longfellow.

Top"-proud` (?), a. Proud to the highest degree. [R.] "This top-proud fellow." Shak.

Top"-rope` (?), n. (Naut.) A rope used for hoisting and lowering a topmast, and for other purposes.

Top"sail` (?), n. (Naut.) In a square-rigged vessel, the sail next above the lowermost sail on a mast. This sail is the one most frequently reefed or furled in working the ship. In a fore-and-aft rigged vessel, the sail set upon and above the gaff. See Cutter, Schooner, Sail, and Ship.

Topsail schooner. (Naut.) See Schooner, and Illustration in Appendix.

Tops"-and-bot`toms (?), n. pl. Small rolls of dough, baked, cut in halves, and then browned in an oven, — used as food for infants.

> 'T is said that her top-and-bottoms were gilt.

Hood.

Top"-shaped` (?), a. Having the shape of a top; (Bot.) cone-shaped, with the apex downward; turbinate.

Top"-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine top-shaped shells of the genus Trochus, or family Trochidæ.

Tops"man (?), n.; pl. Topsmen (&?;). 1. The chief drover of those who drive a herd of cattle. P. Cyc.

2. The uppermost sawyer in a saw pit; a topman. Simmonds.

Top"soil` (?), n. The upper layer of soil; surface soil.

Top"soil`ing, n. (Engin.) The act or art of taking off the top soil of land before an excavation or embankment is begun.

Top"stone` (?), n. A stone that is placed on the top, or which forms the top.

Top"sy-tur"vy (?), adv. [Earlier topside- turvey, topsy-tervy; probably for top so turvy; that is, the top as turvy, as it were turvy; where turvy probably means, overturned, fr. AS. torfian to throw.] In an inverted posture; with the top or head downward; upside down; as, to turn a carriage topsy-turvy.

Top"-tac`kle (?), n. (Naut.) A tackle used in hoisting and lowering the topmast.

Top"-tim`bers (?), n. (Naut.) The highest timbers on the side of a vessel, being those above the futtocks. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Top"-tool` (-tl`), n. (Blacksmithing.) A tool applied to the top of the work, in distinction from a tool inserted in the anvil and on which the work is placed.

Toque (tk), n. [F. toque; of Celtic origin; cf. W. toc.] 1. A kind of cap worn in the 16th century, and copied in modern fashions; — called also toquet.

> His velvet toque stuck as airily as ever upon the side of his head.

Motley.

2. (Zoöl.) A variety of the bonnet monkey.

To*quet" (?), n. See Toque, 1.

Tor (?), n. [AS. torr; cf. Gael. torr. Cf. Tower.]

1. A tower; a turret. [R.] Ray.

2. High-pointed hill; a rocky pinnacle. [Prov. Eng.]

> A rolling range of dreary moors, unbroken by tor or tree.

C. Kingsley.

{ To*race" (?), To*rase" }, v. t. [Pref. to- + OE. r&?;sen to rage.] To scratch to pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tor"bern*ite (?), n. [So named after Torber Bergmann, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in emerald-green tabular crystals having a micaceous structure. It is a hydrous phosphate of uranium and copper. Called also copper uranite, and chalcolite.

Torc (tôrk), n. Same as Torque, 1.

Torch (tôrch), n. [OE. torche, F. torche a torch, rag, wisp, pad; probably from a derivative of L. torquere, tortum, to twist, because twisted like a rope; cf. F. torcher to rub, wipe, It. topcia a torch, torciare to wrap, twist, OF. torse a torse. Cf. Torture.] A light or luminary formed of some combustible substance, as of resinous wood; a large candle or flambeau, or a lamp giving a large, flaring flame.

> They light the nuptial torch.

Milton.

Torch thistle. (Bot.) See under Thistle.

Torch"bear`er (?), n. One whose office it is to carry a torch.

Torch"er (?), n. One who gives light with a torch, or as if with a torch. [Obs.] Shak.

Torch"light` (?), n. The light of a torch, or of torches. Also adjectively; as, a torchlight procession.

Tor"chon lace` (?). [F. torchon a kind of coarse napkin.] a simple thread lace worked upon a pillow with coarse thread; also, a similar lace made by machinery.

Torch"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The inflammable wood of certain trees (Amyris balsamifera, A. Floridana, etc.); also, the trees themselves.

Torch"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) The common mullein, the stalks of which, dipped in suet, anciently served for torches. Called also torch, and hig-taper.

Tore (?), imp. of Tear.

Tore, n. [Probably from the root of tear; cf. W. tór a break, cut, tóri to break, cut.] The dead grass that remains on mowing land in winter and spring. [Prov. Eng.] Mortimer.

Tore, n. [See Torus.] 1. (Arch.) Same as Torus.

2. (Geom.) (a) The surface described by the circumference of a circle revolving about a straight line in its own plane. (b) The solid inclosed by such a surface; — sometimes called an anchor ring.

To"re*a*dor` (?), n. [Sp.,fr. torear to fight bulls, fr.L. taurus a bull.] A bullfighter.

To-rend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. To-rent.] [Pref. to- + rend.] To rend in pieces. [Obs.]

> The wolf hath many a sheep and lamb to- rent.

Chaucer.

Tor"et (?), n. [Probably dim. fr. tore, torus.] A Turret. [Obs.]

Tor"et, n. A ring for fastening a hawk's leash to the jesses; also, a ring affixed to the collar of a dog, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer.

To"reu`ma*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, embossed work, work in relief (from &?; to bore through, to work in relief) + -graphy.] A description of sculpture such as bas-relief in metal.

To*reu`ma*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; embossed work + -logy.] The art or the description of scupture such as bas-relief in metal; toreumatography.

To*reu"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; belonging to work in relief.] (Sculp.) In relief; pertaining to sculpture in relief, especially of metal; also, pertaining to chasing such as surface ornamentation in metal.

Tor"goch (?), n. The saibling. [Prov. Eng.]

||To*ril"to (?), n. [Cf. Sp. torillo a little bull.] (Zoöl.) A species of Turnix (Turnix sylvatica) native of Spain and Northen Africa.

To`rin*ese" (?), a. [It.] Of or pertaining to Turin. — n. sing. & pl. A native or inhabitant of Turin; collectively, the people of Turin.

Tor"ment (?), n. [OF. torment, F. tourment, fr. L. tormentum an engine for hurling missiles, an instrument of torture, a rack, torture, fr. torquere to turn, to twist, hurl. See Turture.] 1. (Mil. Antiq.) An engine for casting stones. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

2. Extreme pain; anguish; torture; the utmost degree of misery, either of body or mind. Chaucer.

> The more I see
> Pleasures about me, so much more I feel
> Torment within me.

Milton.

3. That which gives pain, vexation, or misery.

> They brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments.

Matt. iv. 24.

Tor*ment" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tormented (?); p. pr. & vb. n. tormenting.] [OF. tormenter, F. tourmenter.] 1. To put to extreme pain or anguish; to inflict excruciating misery upon, either of body or mind; to torture. " Art thou come hither to torment us before our time? " Matt. viii. 29.

2. To pain; to distress; to afflict.

> Lord, my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tormented.

Matt. viii. 6.

3. To tease; to vex; to harass; as, to be tormented with importunities, or with petty annoyances. [Colloq.]

4. To put into great agitation. [R.] "[They], soaring on main wing, tormented all the air." Milton.

Tor*ment"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, torments; a tormentor.

2. An executioner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tor*ment"ful (?), a. Full of torment; causing, or accompanied by, torment; excruciating. [R.] Tillotson.

Tor"men*til (?), n. [F. tormentille; cf. Pr., It., & NL. tormentilla, Sp. tormentila; all fr. L. tormentum pain. So called because it is said to allay pain. See Torment.] (Bot.) A rosaceous herb (Potentilla Tormentilla), the root of which is used as a powerful astringent, and for alleviating gripes, or tormina, in diarrhea.

Tor*ment"ing (?), a. Causing torment; as, a tormenting dream. — Tor*ment"ing*ly, adv.

Tor"ment*ise (?), n. [See Torment.] Torture; torment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tor*ment"or (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, torments; one who inflicts penal anguish or tortures. Jer. Taylor.

> Thoughts, my tormentors, armed with deadly stings.

Milton.

2. (Agric.) An implement for reducing a stiff soil, resembling a harrow, but running upon wheels. Hebert.

Tor*ment"ress (?), n. A woman who torments.

> Fortune ordinarily cometh after to whip and punish them, as the scourge and tormentress of glory and honor.

Holland.

Tor"ment*ry (?), n. Anything producing torment, annoyance, or pain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

<! p. 1520 !>

||Tor"mi*na (?), n. pl. [L., a griping in the belly.] (Med.) acute, colicky pains; gripes.

Tor"mi*nous (?), a. (Med.) Affected with tormina; griping.

Torn (?), p. p. of Tear.

Tor*na"do (?), n.; pl. Tornadoes (#). [From Sp. or Pg. tornar to turn, return, L. tornare to turn, hence, a whirling wind. The Sp. & Pg. tornada is a return. See Turn.] A violent whirling wind; specifically (Meteorol.), a tempest distinguished by a rapid whirling and slow progressive motion, usually accompaned with severe thunder, lightning, and torrents of rain, and commonly of short duration and small breadth; a small cyclone.

||Tor*na"ri*a (?), n.; pl. Tornariæ (#). [NL., fr. L. tornare to turn.] (Zoöl.) The peculiar free swimming larva of Balanoglossus. See Illust. in Append.

To*rose" (?), a. [L. torosus full of muscle, brawny, fleshy. See Torus.] Cylindrical with alternate swellings and contractions; having the surface covered with rounded prominences.

To*ros"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being torose.

Torous (?), a. Torose.

Tor*ped"i*nous (?), a. Of or pertaining to a torpedo; resembling a torpedo; exerting a benumbing influence; stupefying; dull; torpid.

> Fishy were his eyes; torpedinous was his manner.

De Quincey.

Tor*pe"do (?), n.; pl. Torpedoes (#). [L. torpedo, -inis, from torpere to be stiff, numb, or torpid. See Torpid.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of elasmobranch fishes belonging to Torpedo and allied genera. They are related to the rays, but have the power of giving electrical shocks. Called also crampfish, and numbfish. See Electrical fish, under Electrical.

The common European torpedo (T. vulgaris) and the American species (T. occidentalis) are the best known.

2. An engine or machine for destroying ships by blowing them up. Specifically: —

(a) A quantity of explosives anchored in a channel, beneath the water, or set adrift in a current, and so arranged that they will be exploded when touched by a vessel, or when an electric circuit is closed by an operator on shore.

(b) A kind of small submarine boat carrying an explosive charge, and projected from a ship against another ship at a distance, or made self-propelling, and otherwise automatic in its action against a distant ship.

3. (Mil.) A kind of shell or cartridge buried in earth, to be exploded by electricity or by stepping on it.

4. (Railroad) A kind of detonating cartridge or shell placed on a rail, and exploded when crushed under the locomotive wheels, — used as an alarm signal.

5. An explosive cartridge or shell lowered or dropped into a bored oil well, and there exploded, to clear the well of obstructions or to open communication with a source of supply of oil.

6. A kind of firework in the form of a small ball, or pellet, which explodes when thrown upon a hard object.

Fish torpedo, a spindle-shaped, or fish-shaped, self-propelling submarine torpedo. — Spar torpedo, a canister or other vessel containing an explosive charge, and attached to the end of a long spar which projects from a ship or boat and is thrust against an enemy's ship, exploding the torpedo. — Torpedo boat, a vessel adapted for carrying, launching, operating, or otherwise making use of, torpedoes against an enemy's ship. — Torpedo nettings, nettings made of chains or bars, which can be suspended around a vessel and allowed to sink beneath the surface of the water, as a protection against torpedoes.

Tor*pe"do, v. t. to destroy by, or subject to the action of, a torpedo. London Spectator.

Tor"pent (?), a. [L. torpens, p. pr. of torpere to be numb.] Having no motion or activity; incapable of motion; benumbed; torpid. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Tor*pes"cence (?), n. The quality or state or being torpescent; torpidness; numbness; stupidity.

Tor*pes"cent (?), a. [L. torpescens, p. pr. of torpescere to grow stiff, numb, or torpid, incho. fr. torpere. See Torpid.] Becoming torpid or numb. Shenstone.

Tor"pid (tôr"pd), a. [L. torpidus, fr. torpere to be stiff, numb, or torpid; of uncertain origin.] 1. Having lost motion, or the power of exertion and feeling; numb; benumbed; as, a torpid limb.

> Without heat all things would be torpid.

Ray.

2. Dull; stupid; sluggish; inactive. Sir M. Hale.

Tor*pid"i*ty (?), n. Same as Torpidness.

Tor"pid*ly (?), adv. In a torpid manner.

Tor"pid*ness, n. The qualityy or state of being torpid.

Tor"pi*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Torpified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Torpifying. (&?;).] [L. torpere to be torpid + -fy.] To make torpid; to numb, or benumb.

Tor"pi*tude (?), n. Torpidness. [Obs.] "In a kind of torpitude, or sleeping state." Derham.

Tor"por (?), n. [L., from torpere, to be torpid.]

1. Loss of motion, or of the motion; a state of inactivity with partial or total insensibility; numbness.

2. Dullness; sluggishness; inactivity; as, a torpor of the mental faculties.

Tor`por*if"ic (?), a. [L. torpor torpor + facere to make.] Tending to produce torpor.

Tor"quate (?), a. [L. torquatus wearing a collar.] (Zoöl.) Collared; having a torques, or distinct colored ring around the neck.

tor"qua*ted (?), a. [L. Torqyatus.] Having or wearing a torque, or neck chain.

Torque (?), n. [L. torques a twisted neck chain, fr. torquere to twist.] 1. A collar or neck chain, usually twisted, especially as worn by ancient barbaric nations, as the Gauls, Germans, and Britons.

2. [L. torquere to twist.] (Mech.) That which tends to produce torsion; a couple of forces. J. Thomson.

3. (Phys. Science) A turning or twisting; tendency to turn, or cause to turn, about an axis.

Torqued (?), a. [L. torquere to twist, to turn, to wind.] 1. Wreathed; twisted. [R.]

2. (Her.) Twisted; bent; — said of a dolphin haurient, which forms a figure like the letter S.

||Tor"ques (?), n. [L., a necklace. See Torque, 1.] (Zoöl.) A cervical ring of hair or feathers, distinguished by its color or structure; a collar.

Tor`re*fac"tion (?), n. [L. torrefacere,torrefactum, to torrefy: cf. F. torréfaction. See Torrefy.] The act or process of torrefying, or the state of being torrefied. Bp. Hall.

Tor"re*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Torrefied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Torrefying.] [L. torrere to parch + -fy: cf. F. torréfier, L. torrefacere.] [Written also torrify.] 1. To dry by a fire. Sir T. Browne.

2. (Metal.) To subject to scorching heat, so as to drive off volatile ingredients; to roast, as ores.

3. (Pharm.) To dry or parch, as drugs, on a metallic plate till they are friable, or are reduced to the state desired.

Tor"rent (?), n. [F., fr. L. torrens, -entis, fr. torrens burning, roaring, boiling, p. pr. of torrere to dry by heat, to burn. See Torrid.] 1. A violent stream, as of water, lava, or the like; a stream suddenly raised and running rapidly, as down a precipice.

> The roaring torrent is deep and wide.

Longfellow.

2. Fig.: A violent or rapid flow; a strong current; a flood; as, a torrent of vices; a torrent of eloquence.

> At length, Erasmus, that great injured name, . . .
> Stemmed the wild torrent of a barbarous age.

Pope.

Tor"rent, a. [See Torrent, n.] Rolling or rushing in a rapid stream. "Waves of torrent fire." Milton.

{ Tor*ren"tial (?), Tor*ren"tine (?), } a. Of or pertaining to a torrent; having the character of a torrent; caused by a torrent . [R.]

Tor`ri*cel"li*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Torricelli, an Italian philosopher and mathematician, who, in 1643, discovered that the rise of a liquid in a tube, as in the barometer, is due to atmospheric pressure. See Barometer.

Torricellian tube, a glass tube thirty or more inches in length, open at the lower end and hermetically sealed at the upper, such as is used in the barometer. — Torricellian vacuum (Physics), a vacuum produced by filling with a fluid, as mercury, a tube hermetically closed at one end, and, after immersing the other end in a vessel of the same fluid, allowing the inclosed fluid to descend till it is counterbalanced by the pressure of the atmosphere, as in the barometer. Hutton.

Tor"rid (?), a. [L. torridus, fr. torrere to parch, to burn, akin to E. Thist: cf. F. torride. See Thirst.] 1. Parched; dried with heat; as, a torrid plain or desert. "Barca or Cyrene's torrid soil." Milton.

2. Violenty hot; drying or scorching with heat; burning; parching. "Torrid heat." Milton.

Torrid zone (Geog.), that space or board belt of the earth, included between the tropics, over which the sun is vertical at some period of every year, and the heat is always great.

Tor*rid"i*ty (?), n. Torridness. [R.]

Tor"rid*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being torrid or parched.

Tor"ril (?), n. A worthless woman; also, a worthless horse. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Tor"rock (?), n. (Zoöl.) A gull. [Prov. Eng.]

Tor"sal (?), n. (Carp.) A torsel. Knight.

Torse (?), n. [OF., fr. OF. & F. tors, torse, twisted, wreathed, p. p. of tordre to twist, L. torquere. See Torture.]

1. (Her.) A wreath.

2. [F. tors, torse, twisted.] (Geom.) A developable surface. See under Developable.

Tor"sel (?), n. (Carp.) A plate of timber for the end of a beam or joist to rest on. Gwilt

Tor`si*bil"l*ty (?), n. The tendency, as of a rope, to untwist after being twisted.

Tor"sion (?), n. [F., fr. LL. torsio, fr. L. torquere, tortum, to twist. See Torture.] 1. The act of turning or twisting, or the state of being twisted; the twisting or wrenching of a body by the exertion of a lateral force tending to turn one end or part of it about a longitudinal axis, while the other is held fast or turned in the opposite direction.

2. (Mech.) That force with which a thread, wire, or rod of any material, returns, or tends to return, to a state of rest after it has been twisted; torsibility.

Angle of torsion (of a curve) (Geom.), the indefinitely small angle between two consecutive osculating planes of a curve of double curvature. — Moment of torsion (Mech.) the moment of a pair of equal and opposite couples which tend to twist a body. — Torsion balance (Physics.), an instrument for estimating very minute forces, as electric or magnetic attractions and repulsions, by the torsion of a very slender wire or fiber having at its lower extremity a horizontal bar or needle, upon which the forces act. — Torsion scale, a scale for weighing in which the fulcra of the levers or beams are strained wires or strips acting by torsion.

Tor"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to torsion; resulting from torsion, or the force with which a thread or wire returns to a state of rest after having been twisted round its axis; as, torsional force.

Torsk (?), n. [Dan.; akin to Icel. þorskr a codfish, G. dorsch.] (Zoöl.) (a) The cusk. See Cusk. (b) The codfish. Called also tusk.

Tor"so (?), n.; pl. E. Torsos (#), It. Torsi (#). [It. torso, probably fr. L. thyrsus a stalk, stem, thyrsus, Gr. &?;; cf. OHG. torso, turso, a stalk, stem, G. dorsche a cabbage stalk. Cf. Thyrsus, Truss.] The human body, as distinguished from the head and limbs; in sculpture, the trunk of a statue, mutilated of head and limbs; as, the torso of Hercules.

Tort (?), n. [F., from LL. tortum, fr. L. tortus twisted, crooked, p. p. of torqure to twist, bend. See Torture.] 1. Mischief; injury; calamity. [Obs.]

> That had them long opprest with tort.

Spenser.

2. (Law) Any civil wrong or injury; a wrongful act (not involving a breach of contract) for which an action will lie; a form of action, in some parts of the United States, for a wrong or injury.

||Executor de son tort. See under Executor. — Tort feasor (Law), a wrongdoer; a trespasser. Wharton.

Tort, a. Stretched tight; taut. [R.]

> Yet holds he them with tortestrein.

Emerson.

Tor"ta (?), n. [Cf. Sp. torta a cake.] (Metal.) a flat heap of moist, crushed silver ore, prepared for the patio process.

Tor"teau (?), n.; pl. Torteaus (#). [Of. torteau, tortel, from L. tortus twisted. See Tort.] (Her.) A roundel of a red color.

Tor`ti*col"lis (?), n. [F. toricolis; L. torquere, tortum, to twist + collum the neck.] (Med.) See Wryneck.

Tor"tile (?), a. [L. tortilis, fr. torquere, tortum, to twist: cf. F. tortile.] Twisted; wreathed; coiled.

Tor*til"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being tortile, twisted, or wreathed.

||Tor*til"la (?), n. [Sp.] An unleavened cake, as of maize flour, baked on a heated iron or stone.

Tor"tion (?), n. [LL. tortio. See Torsion.] Torment; pain. [Obs.] Bacon.

Tor"tious (?), a. [From Tort.] 1. Injurious; wrongful. [Obs.] "Tortious power." Spenser.

2. (Law) Imploying tort, or privat injury for which the law gives damages; involing tort.

Tor"tious*ly, adv. (Law) In a tortous manner.

Tor"tive (?), a. [L. tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist, wind.] Twisted; wreathed. Shak.

Tor"toise (?), n. [OE. tortuce, fr. OF. tortis crooked, fr. L. tortus isted, crooked, contorted, p. p. of torquere, tortum, to wind; cf. F. tortue tortoise, LL. tortuca, tartuca, Pr. tortesa crookedness, tortis crooked. so called in allusion to its crooked feet. See Torture.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of reptiles of the order Testudinata.

The term is applied especially to the land and fresh-water species, while the marine species are generally called turtles, but the terms tortoise and turtle are used synonymously by many writers. see Testudinata, Terrapin, and Turtle.

2. (Rom. Antiq.) Same as Testudo, 2.

Box tortoise, Land tortoise, etc. See under Box, Land, etc. — Painted tortoise. (Zoöl.) See Painted turtle, under Painted. — Soft-shell tortoise. (Zoöl.) See Trionyx. — Spotted tortoise. (Zoöl.) A small American fresh-water tortoise (Chelopus, or Nanemys, quttatus) having a blackish carapace on which are scattered round yellow spots. — Tortoise beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small tortoise-shaped beetles. Many of them have a brilliant metallic luster. the larvæ feed upon the leaves of various plants, and protect themselves beneath a mass of dried excrement held over the back by means of the caudal spines. The golden tortoise beetle (Cassida aurichalcea) is found on the morning-glory vine and allied plants. — Tortoise plant. (Bot.) See Elephant's foot, under Elephant. — Tortoise shell, the substance of the shell or horny plates of several species of sea turtles, especially of the hawkbill turtle. It is used in inlaying and in the manufacture of various ornamental articles. — Tortoise- shell butterfly (Zoöl.), any one of several species of handsomely colored butterflies of the genus Aglais, as A. Milberti, and A. urticæ, both of which, in the larva state, feed upon nettles. — Tortoise-shell turtle (Zoöl.), the hawkbill turtle. See Hawkbill.

Tor"tri*cid (?), a. [See Tortrix.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Tortix, or the family Tortricidæ.

||Tor"trix (?), n. [NL., fr. L. torquere, tortum, to twist.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small moths of the family Tortricidæ, the larvæ of which usually roll up the leaves of plants on which they live; — also called leaf roller.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of tropical short- tailed snakes, which are not venomous. One species (Tortrix scytalæ) is handsomely banded with black, and is sometimes worn alive by the natives of Brazil for a necklace.

<! p. 1521 !>

Tor"tu*lous (?), a. (Nat. Hist.) Swelled out at intervals like a knotted cord.

Tor"tu*ose` (?), a. [See Tortuous.] Wreathed; twisted; winding. Loudon

Tor`tu*os"l*ty (?), n. [L. tortuositas: cf. F. tortuosite.] the quality or state of being tortuous.

Tor"tu*ous (?), a. [OE. tortuos, L. tortuosus, fr. tortus a twisting, winding, fr. torquere, tortum, to twist: cf. F. tortueux. See Torture.] 1. Bent in different directions; wreathed; twisted; winding; as, a tortuous train; a tortuous train; a tortuous leaf or corolla.

> The badger made his dark and tortuous hole on the side of every hill where the copsewood grew thick.

Macaulay.

2. Fig.: Deviating from rectitude; indirect; erroneous; deceitful.

> That course became somewhat lesstortuous, when the battle of the Boyne had cowed the spirit of the Jakobites.

Macaulay.

3. Injurious: tortious. [Obs.]

4. (Astrol.) Oblique; — applied to the six signs of the zodiac (from Capricorn to Gemini) which ascend most rapidly and obliquely. [Obs.] Skeat.

> Infortunate ascendent tortuous.

Chaucer.

—Tor"tu*ous*ly, adv. — Tor"tu*ous*ness, n.

Tor"tur*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being tortured.

Tor"ture (?), n. [F.,fr.L. tortura, fr. torquere, tortum, to twist, rack, torture; probably akin to Gr. tre`pein to turn, G. drechsein to turn on a lathe, and perhaps to E. queer. Cf. Contort, Distort, Extort, Retort, Tart, n., Torch, Torment, Tortion, Tort, Trope.] 1. Extreme pain; anguish of body or mind; pang; agony; torment; as, torture of mind. Shak.

> Ghastly spasm or racking torture.

Milton.

2. Especially, severe pain inflicted judicially, either as punishment for a crime, or for the purpose of extorting a confession from an accused person, as by water or fire, by the boot or thumbkin, or by the rack or wheel.

3. The act or process of torturing.

> Torture, whitch had always been deciared illegal, and which had recently been declared illegal even by the servile judges of that age, was inflicted for the last time in England in the month of May, 1640.

Macaulay.

Tor"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tortured (&?;; 135); p. pr. & vb. n. Torturing.] [Cf. F. Torturer. ] 1. To put to torture; to pain extremely; to harass; to vex.

2. To punish with torture; to put to the rack; as, to torture an accused person. Shak.

3. To wrest from the proper meaning; to distort. Jar. Taylor.

4. To keep on the stretch, as a bow. [Obs.]

> The bow tortureth the string.

Bacon.

Tor"tur*er (?), n. One who tortures; a tormentor.

Tor"tur*ing*ly, adv. So as to torture. Beau. & Fl.

Tor"tur*ous (?), a. Involving, or pertaining to, torture. [R.] "The torturous crucifixion." I. Disraeli.

||Tor"u*la (?), n.; pl. Torulæ (&?;) [NL., dim. of L. torus a semicircular molding.] (Biol.) (a) A chain of special bacteria. (b) A genus of budding fungi. Same as Saccharomyces. Also used adjectively.

Tor"u*la*form` (?), a. (Biol.) Having the appearance of a torula; in the form of a little chain; as, a torulaform string of micrococci.

Tor"u*lose (?), a. [L. torulus, dim. of torus: cf. F. toruleux. See Torus] (Bot.) Same as Torose.

Tor"u*lous (?), a. Same as Torose.

||To"rus (?), n.; pl. Tori (#). [L., a round, swelling, or bulging place, an elevation. Cf. 3d Tore.]

1. (Arch.) A lage molding used in the bases of columns. Its profile is semicircular. See Illust. of Molding. Brande&C.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the ventral parapodia of tubicolous annelids. It usually has the form of an oblong thickening or elevation of the integument with rows of uncini or hooks along the center. See Illust. under Tubicolæ.

3. (Bot.) The receptacle, or part of the flower on which the carpels stand.

4. (Geom.) See 3d Tore, 2.

Torved (?), a. Stern; grim. See Torvous. [Obs.]

> But yesterday his breath
> Awed Rome, and his least torved frown was death.

J. Webster (1654).

Tor"vi*ty (?), a. [L. torvitas. See Torvous.] Sourness or severity of countenance; sterness. [Obs.]

Tor"vous (?), a. [L. torvus. ] Sour of aspect; of a severe countenance; stern; grim. [Obs.]

> That torvous, sour look produced by anger.

Derham.

To"ry (?), n.; pl. Tories (#). [ Properly used of the Irish bogtrotters who robbed and plundered during the English civil wars, professing to be in sympathy with the royal cause; hence transferred to those who sought to maintain the extreme prerogatives of the crown; probably from Ir. toiridhe, tor, a pursuer; akin to Ir. & Gael. toir a pursuit.] 1. (Eng.Politics) A member of the conservative party, as opposed to the progressive party which was formerly called the Whig, and is now called the Liberal, party; an earnest supporter of exsisting royal and ecclesiastical authority.

The word Tory first occurs in English history in 1679, during the struggle in Parliament occasioned by the introduction of the bill for the exclusion of the duke of York from the line of succession, and was applied by the advocates of the bill to its opponents as a title of obloquy or contempt. The Tories subsequently took a broader ground, and their leading principle became the maintenance of things as they were. The name, however, has for several years ceased to designate an existing party, but is rather applied to certain traditional maxims of public policy. The political successors of the Tories are now commonly known as Conservatives. New Am. Cyc.

2. (Amer. Hist.) One who, in the time of the Revolution, favored submitting tothe claims of Great Britain against the colonies; an adherent tothe crown.

To"ry (?), a. Of ro pertaining to the Tories.

To"ry*ism (?), n. The principles of the Tories.

To*scat"ter (?), v. t. [Pref. to- + scatter.] To scatter in pieces; to divide. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tose (?), v. t. [ See Touse ] To tease, or comb, as wool. [Obs.or Prov. Eng.]

Tosh (?), a. [Cf. OF. tonce shorn, clipped, and E. tonsure.] Neat; trim. [Scot.] Jomieson.

To*shred" (?), v. t. [Pref. to- + shred. ] To cut into shreads or pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Toss (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tossed (&?;); (less properly Tost ); p. pr. & vb. n. Tossing.] [ W. tosiaw, tosio, to jerk, toss, snatch, tosa quick jerk, a toss, a snatch. ] 1. To throw with the hand; especially, to throw with the palm of the hand upward, or to throw upward; as, to toss a ball.

2. To lift or throw up with a sudden or violent motion; as, to toss the head.

> He tossed his arm aloft, and proudly told me,
> He would not stay.

Addison.

3. To cause to rise and fall; as, a ship tossed on the waves in a storm.

> We being exceedingly tossed with a tempeat.

Act xxvii. 18.

4. To agitate; to make restless.

> Calm region once,
> And full of peace, now tossed and turbulent.

Milton.

5. Hence, to try; to harass.

> Whom devils fly, thus is he tossed of men.

Herbert.

6. To keep in play; to tumble over; as, to spend four years in tossing the rules of grammar. [Obs.] Ascham.

To toss off, to drink hastily. — To toss the cars.See under Oar, n.

Toss, v. i. 1. To roll and tumble; to be in violent commotion; to write; to fling.

> To toss and fling, and to be restless, only frets and enreges our pain.

Tillotson.

2. To be tossed, as a fleet on the ocean. Shak.

To toss for, to throw dice or a coin to determine the possession of; to gamble for. — To toss up, to throw a coin into the air, and wager on which side it will fall, or determine a question by its fall. Bramsion.

Toss, n. 1. A throwing upward, or with a jerk; the act of tossing; as, the toss of a ball.

2. A throwing up of the head; a particular manner of raising the head with a jerk. Swift.

Tos"sel (?), n. See Tassel.

Toss"er (?), n. Ohe who tosser. J. Fletcher.

Toss"i*ly (?), adv. In a tossy manner. [R.]

Toss"ing, n. 1. The act of throwing upward; a rising and falling suddenly; a rolling and tumbling.

2. (Mining) (a) A process which consists in washing ores by violent agitation in water, in order to separate the lighter or earhy particles; — called also tozing, and treloobing, in Cornwall. Pryce. (b) A process for refining tin by dropping it through the air while melted.

Toss"pot` (?), n. A toper; one habitually given to strong drink; a drunkard. Shak.

Toss"y (?), a. Tossing the head, as in scorn or pride; hence, proud; contemptuous; scornful; affectedly indifferent; as, a tossy commonplace. [R.] C. Kingsley.

Tost (?), imp. & p. p. of Toss.

||Tos"to (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Quick; rapid.

||Pui tosto (&?;) [It.] (Mus.), faster; more rapid.

To*swink" (?), v. i. [Pref. to- + swink.] To labor excessively. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tot (?), n. [Cf. Toddle, Tottle, Totter.] 1. Anything small; — frequently applied as a term of endearment to a little child.

2. A drinking cup of small size, holding about half a pint. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell.

3. A foolish fellow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

To"ta (?), n. [From the native name in Egypt.] (Zoöl.) The grivet.

To"tal (?), a. [F., fr. LL. totalis, fr. L. tolus all,whole. Cf. Factotum, Surtout, Teetotum.] Whole; not divided; entire; full; complete; absolute; as, a total departure from the evidence; a total loss. " Total darkness." "To undergo myself the total crime." Milton.

Total abstinence. See Abstinence, n., 1. — Total depravity. (Theol.) See Original sin, under Original.

Whole; entire; complete. See Whole.

To"tal, n. The whole; the whole sum or amount; as, these sums added make the grand total of five millions.

To*tal"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. totalite, LL. totalitas.] 1. The quality or state of being total; as, the totality of an eclipse.

2. The whole sum; the whole quantity or amount; the entirety; as, the totalityof human knowledge. Buckle.

> The totality of a sentence or passage.

Coleridge.

To"tal*ize (?), v. t. To make total, or complete;to reduce to completeness. Coleridge.

To"tal*ly, adv. In a total manner; wholly; entirely.

To"tal*ness, n. The quality or state of being total; entireness; totality.

Tote (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Toted; p. pr. & vb. n. Toting.] [Said to be of African origin.] To carry or bear; as, to tote a child over a stream; — a colloquial word of the Southern States, and used esp. by negroes.

Tote, n. [L. totum, fr. totus all, whole.] The entire body, or all; as, the whole tote. [Colloq.]

To*tear" (?), v. t. [Pref. to- + tear. ] To tear or rend in pieces. [Obs.] Chaucer.

To"tem (?), n. [Massachusetts Indian wutohtimoin that to which a person or place belongs.] A rude picture, as of a bird, beast, or the like, used by the North American Indians as a symbolic designation, as of a family or a clan.

> And they painted on the grave posts
> Of the graves, yet unforgotten,
> Each his own ancestral totem
> Each the symbol of his household;
> Figures of the bear and reindeer,
> Of the turtle, crane, and beaver.

Longfellow.

> The totem,the clan deity, the beast or bird who in some supernatural way attends to the clan and watches over it.

Bagehot.

To*tem"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a totem, or totemism.

To"tem*ism (?), n. 1. The system of distinguishing families, clans, etc., in a tribe by the totem.

2. Superstitious regard for a totem; the worship of any real or imaginary object; nature worship. Tylor.

To"tem*ist, n. One belonging to a clan or tribe having a totem. — To`tem*is"tic (#), a.

Tot"er (?), n. [See Tote to carry.] (Zoöl.) The stone roller. See Stone roller (a), under Stone.

T'oth"er (?). A colloquial contraction of the other, and formerly a contraction for that other. See the Note under That, 2.

> The tothir that was crucifield with him.

Wyclif(John xix. 32)

To`ti*pal"mate (?), a. [L. totus all, whole + E. palmate.] (Zoöl.) Having all four toes united by a web; — said of certain sea birds, as the pelican and the gannet. See Illust. under Aves.

||To`ti*pal"mi (?), n. pl. [NL.,from L. totus all, whole + palmus palm.] (Zoöl.) A division of swimming birds including those that have totipalmate feet.

To`ti*pres"ence (?), n. [L. totus all, whole + E. presence.] Omnipresence. [Obs.] A. Tucker.

To`ti*pres"ent (?), a. [L. totus all, whole + E. present.] Omnipresent. [Obs.] A. Tucker.

Tot"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tottered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tottering.] [Probably for older tolter; cf. AS. tealtrian to totter, vacillate. Cf.Tilt to incline, Toddle, Tottle, Totty.] 1. To shake so as to threaten a fall; to vacillate; to be unsteady; to stagger; as, an old man totters with age. "As a bowing wall shall ye be, and as a tottering fence." Ps. lxii. 3.

2. To shake; to reel; to lean; to waver.

> Troy nods from high, and totters to her fall.

Dryden.

Tot"ter*er (?), n. One who totters.

Tot"ter*ing*ly, adv. In a tottering manner.

Tot"ter*y (?), a. Trembling or vaccilating, as if about to fall; unsteady; shaking. Johnson.

Tot"tle (tt"t'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tottled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tottling.] [See Toddle, Totter.] To walk in a wavering, unsteady manner; to toddle; to topple. [Colloq.]

Tot"tlish (-tlsh), a. Trembling or tottering, as if about to fall; unsteady. [Colloq. U. S.]

Tot"ty (?), a. [OE. toti. Cf. Totter.] Unsteady; dizzy; tottery. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sir W. Scott.

> For yet his noule [head] was totty of the must.

Spenser.

Tot"y (?), a. Totty. [Obs.]

> My head is toty of my swink to-night.

Chaucer.

To"ty (?), n. A sailor or fisherman; — so called in some parts of the Pacific.

Tou"can (t"kn; 277), n. [F., fr. Pg. tucano; from Brazilian name. ] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of fruit-eating birds of tropical America belonging to Ramphastos, Pteroglossus, and allied genera of the family Ramphastidæ. They have a very large, but light and thin, beak, often nearly as long as the body itself. Most of the species are brilliantly colored with red, yellow, white, and black in striking contrast.

2. (Astronom.) A modern constellation of the southern hemisphere.

Tou"can*et (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small toucan.

Touch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Touched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Touching.] [F. toucher, OF. touchier, tuchier; of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. zucchen, zukken, to twitch, pluck, draw, G. zukken, zukken, v. intens. fr. OHG. ziohan to draw, G. ziehen, akin to E. tug. See Tuck, v. t., Tug, and cf. Tocsin, Toccata.] 1. To come in contact with; to hit or strike lightly against; to extend the hand, foot, or the like, so as to reach or rest on.

> Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear
> Touched lightly.

Milton.

2. To perceive by the sense of feeling.

> Nothing but body can be touched or touch.

Greech.

3. To come to; to reach; to attain to.

> The god, vindictive, doomed them never more-
> Ah, men unblessed! — to touch their natal shore.

Pope.

4. To try; to prove, as with a touchstone. [Obs.]

> Wherein I mean to touch your love indeed.

Shak.

5. To relate to; to concern; to affect.

> The quarrel toucheth none but us alone.

Shak.

6. To handle, speak of, or deal with; to treat of.

> Storial thing that toucheth gentilesse.

Chaucer.

7. To meddle or interfere with; as, I have not touched the books. Pope.

8. To affect the senses or the sensibility of; to move; to melt; to soften.

> What of sweet before
> Hath touched my sense, flat seems to this and harsh.

Milton.

> The tender sire was touched with what he said.

Addison.

9. To mark or delineate with touches; to add a slight stroke to with the pencil or brush.

> The lines, though touched but faintly, are drawn right.

Pope.

10. To infect; to affect slightly. Bacon.

11. To make an impression on; to have effect upon.

> Its face . . . so hard that a file will not touch it.

Moxon.

12. To strike; to manipulate; to play on; as, to touch an instrument of music.

> [They] touched their golden harps.

Milton.

13. To perform, as a tune; to play.

> A person is the royal retinue touched a light and lively air on the flageolet.

Sir W. Scott.

14. To influence by impulse; to impel forcibly. " No decree of mine, . . . [to] touch with lightest moment of impulse his free will," Milton.

15. To harm, afflict, or distress.

> Let us make a covenant with thee, that thou wilt do us no hurt, as we have not touched thee.

Gen. xxvi. 28, 29.

16. To affect with insanity, especially in a slight degree; to make partially insane; — rarely used except in the past participle.

> She feared his head was a little touched.

Ld. Lytton.

17. (Geom.) To be tangent to. See Tangent, a.

18. To lay a hand upon for curing disease.

To touch a sail (Naut.), to bring it so close to the wind that its weather leech shakes. — To touch the wind (Naut.), to keep the ship as near the wind as possible. — To touch up, to repair; to improve by touches or emendation.

<! p. 1522 !>

Touch (?), v. i. 1. To be in contact; to be in a state of junction, so that no space is between; as, two spheres touch only at points. Johnson.

2. To fasten; to take effect; to make impression. [R.]

> Strong waters pierce metals, and will touch upon gold, that will not touch upon silver.

Bacon.

3. To treat anything in discourse, especially in a slight or casual manner; — often with on or upon.

> If the antiquaries have touched upon it, they immediately
> quitted it.

Addison.

4. (Naut) To be brought, as a sail, so close to the wind that its weather leech shakes.

To touch and go (Naut.), to touch bottom lightly and without damage, as a vessel in motion. — To touch at, to come or go to, without tarrying; as, the ship touched at Lisbon. — To touch on or upon, to come or go to for a short time. [R.]

> I made a little voyage round the lake, and touched on the several towns that lie on its coasts.

Addison.

Touch, n. [Cf. F. touche. See Touch, v. ] 1. The act of touching, or the state of being touched; contact.

> Their touch affrights me as a serpent's sting.

Shak.

2. (Physiol.) The sense by which pressure or traction exerted on the skin is recognized; the sense by which the properties of bodies are determined by contact; the tactile sense. See Tactile sense, under Tactile.

> The spider's touch, how exquisitely fine.

Pope.

Pure tactile feelings are necessarily rare, since temperature sensations and muscular sensations are more or less combined with them. The organs of touch are found chiefly in the epidermis of the skin and certain underlying nervous structures.

3. Act or power of exciting emotion.

> Not alone
> The death of Fulvia, with more urgent touches,
> Do strongly speak to us.

Shak.

4. An emotion or affection.

> A true, natural, and a sensible touch of mercy.

Hooker.

5. Personal reference or application. [Obs.]

> Speech of touch toward others should be sparingly used.

Bacon.

6. A stroke; as, a touch of raillery; a satiric touch; hence, animadversion; censure; reproof.

> I never bare any touch of conscience with greater regret.

Eikon Basilike.

7. A single stroke on a drawing or a picture.

> Never give the least touch with your pencil till you have well examined your design.

Dryden.

8. Feature; lineament; trait.

> Of many faces, eyes, and hearts,
> To have the touches dearest prized.

Shak.

9. The act of the hand on a musical instrument; bence, in the plural, musical notes.

> Soft stillness and the night
> Become the touches of sweet harmony.

Shak.

10. A small quantity intermixed; a little; a dash.

> Eyes La touch of Sir Peter Lely in them.

Hazlitt.

> Madam, I have a touch of your condition.

Shak.

11. A hint; a suggestion; slight notice.

> A small touch will put him in mind of them.

Bacon.

12. A slight and brief essay. [Colloq.]

> Print my preface in such form as, in the booksellers' phrase, will make a sixpenny touch.

Swift.

13. A touchstone; hence, stone of the sort used for touchstone. [Obs.] " Now do I play the touch." Shak.

> A neat new monument of touch and alabaster.

Fuller.

14. Hence, examination or trial by some decisive standard; test; proof; tried quality.

> Equity, the true touch of all laws.

Carew.

> Friends of noble touch .

Shak.

15. (Mus.) The particular or characteristic mode of action, or the resistance of the keys of an instrument to the fingers; as, a heavy touch, or a light touch; also, the manner of touching, striking, or pressing the keys of a piano; as, a legato touch; a staccato touch.

16. (Shipbilding) The broadest part of a plank worked top and but (see Top and but, under Top, n.), or of one worked anchor-stock fashion (that is, tapered from the middle to both ends); also, the angles of the stern timbers at the counters. J. Knowles.

17. (Football) That part of the field which is beyond the line of flags on either side. Encyc. of Rural Sports.

18. A boys' game; tag.

In touch (Football), outside of bounds. T. Hughes. — To be in touch, to be in contact, or in sympathy. — To keep touch. (a) To be true or punctual to a promise or engagement [Obs.]; hence, to fulfill duly a function.

> My mind and senses keep touch and time.

Sir W. Scott.

(b) To keep in contact; to maintain connection or sympathy; — with with or of. — Touch and go, a phrase descriptive of a narrow escape. — True as touch (i. e., touchstone), quite true. [Obs.]

Touch"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being touched; tangible. — Touch"a*ble*ness, n.

Touch"back` (?), n. (G) The act of touching the football down by a player behind his own goal line when it received its last impulse from an opponent; — distinguished from safety touchdown.

Touch"-box` (?), n. A box containing lighted tinder, formerly carried by soldiers who used matchlocks, to kindle the match.

Touch"down` (?), n. (Football) The act of touching the football down behind the opponents' goal .

Safety touchdown. See under Safety.

Touch"hole` (?), n. The vent of a cannot or other firearm, by which fire is communicateed to the powder of the charge.

Touch"i*ly (?), adv. In a touchy manner.

Touch"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being touchy peevishness; irritability; irascibility.

Touch"ing (?), a. Affecting; moving; pathetic; as, a touching tale. — Touch"ing*ly (#), adv.

Touch"ing, prep. Concerning; with respect to.

> Now, as touching things offered unto idols.

1 Cor. viii. 1.

Touch"ing, n. The sense or act of feeling; touch.

Touch"-me-not` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) See Impatiens. (b) Squirting cucumber. See under Cucumber.

Touch"-nee`dle (?), n. (Metal.) A small bar of gold and silver, either pure, or alloyed in some known proportion with copper, for trying the purity of articles of gold or silver by comparison of the streaks made by the article and the bar on a touchstone.

Touch"-pa`per (?), n. Paper steeped in saltpeter, which burns slowly, and is used as a match for firing gunpowder, and the like.

Touch"stone` (?), n. 1. (Min.) Lydian stone; basanite; — so called because used to test the purity of gold and silver by the streak which is left upon the stone when it is rubbed by the metal. See Basanite.

2. Fig.: Any test or criterion by which the qualities of a thing are tried. Hooker.

> The foregoing doctrine affords us also a touchstone for the trial of spirits.

South.

Irish touchstone (Min.), basalt, the stone which composes the Giant's Causeway.

Touch"wood` (?), n. [Probably for tachwood; OE. tache tinder (of uncertain origin) + wood.]

1. Wood so decayed as to serve for tinder; spunk, or punk.

2. Dried fungi used as tinder; especially, the Polyporus igniarius.

Touch"y (?), a. [For techy, tetchy.] Peevish; irritable; irascible; techy; apt to take fire. [Colloq.]

> It may be said of Dryden that he was at no time touchy about personal attacks.

Saintsbury.

Tough (?), a. [Compar. Tougher (?); superl. Toughest.] [OE. tough, AS. th, akin to D. taai, LG. taa, tage, tau, OHG. zhi, G. zähe, and also to AS. getenge near to, close to, oppressive, OS. bitengi.] 1. Having the quality of flexibility without brittleness; yielding to force without breaking; capable of resisting great strain; as, the ligaments of animals are remarkably tough. "Tough roots and stubs. " Milton.

2. Not easily broken; able to endure hardship; firm; strong; as, tough sinews. Cowper.

> A body made of brass, the crone demands, . . .
> Tough to the last, and with no toil to tire.

Dryden.

> The basis of his character was caution combined with tough tenacity of purpose.

J. A. Symonds.

3. Not easily separated; viscous; clammy; tenacious; as, tough phlegm.

4. Stiff; rigid; not flexible; stubborn; as, a tough bow.

> So tough a frame she could not bend.

Dryden.

5. Severe; violent; as, a tough storm. [Colloq.] " A tough debate. " Fuller.

To make it tough, to make it a matter of difficulty; to make it a hard matter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tough"-cake` (?), n. See Tough- pitch (b).

Tough"en (?), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Toughened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Toughening.] To grow or make tough, or tougher.

Tough"-head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The ruddy duck. [ Local U. S. ]

Tough"ish, a. Tough in a slight degree.

Tough"ly, adv. In a tough manner.

Tough"ness, n. The quality or state of being tough.

Tough"-pitch` (?), n. (Metal.) (a) The exact state or quality of texture and consistency of well reduced and refined copper. (b) Copper so reduced; — called also tough-cake.

Tou"ite (?), n. The wood warbler. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Tou*pee" (?; 277), Tou*pet" (?; 277) } (?), n. [F. toupet, dim. of OF. top a tuft; of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. top. See Top apex, and cf. Topet.]

1. A little tuft; a curl or artificial lock of hair.

2. A small wig, or a toppiece of a wig.

> Her powdered hair is turned backward over a toupee.

G. Eliot.

Tou"pet*tit (?), n. [See Topet, toupee.] (Zoöl.) The crested titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Tour (?), n. [F. tour. See Tower.] A tower. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tour (?), n. [F. tour. See Turn, v. t.] 1. A going round; a circuit; hence, a journey in a circuit; a prolonged circuitous journey; a comprehensive excursion; as, the tour of Europe; the tour of France or England.

> The bird of Jove stooped from his airy tour.

Milton.

2. A turn; a revolution; as, the tours of the heavenly bodies. [Obs.] Blackmore.

3. (Mil.) anything done successively, or by regular order; a turn; as, a tour of duty.

Syn. — Journey; excursion. See Journey.

Tour (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Toured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Touring.] To make a tourm; as, to tour throught a country. T. Hughes.

Tou*ra"co (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Turacou.

Tour*bil"lion (?), n. [F. torbillion a whirlwind, tourbillion, fr. L. turbo, -inis, a whirl, whirlwind.] An ornamental firework which turns round, when in the air, so as to form a scroll of fire. G. Francis.

Tour"ist (?), n. One who makes a tour, or performs a journey in a circuit.

Tour"ma*line (?), n. [F. tourmaline, cf. It. turmalina, tormalina, NL. turmalina, turmalinus; all fr. tournamal, a name given to this stone in Ceylon.] (Min.) A mineral occurring usually in three-sided or six-sided prisms terminated by rhombohedral or scalenohedral planes. Black tourmaline (schorl) is the most common variety, but there are also other varieties, as the blue (indicolite), red (rubellite), also green, brown, and white. The red and green varieties when transparent are valued as jewels. [Written also turmaline .]

Crystals of tourmaline when heated exhibit electric polarity (see Pyroelectric, n.). Tourmaline is also used in the form of a polariscope called tourmaline tongs.

Tourn (?), n. [See Turn] 1. A spinning wheel. [Prov. Eng.]

2. (O.Eng.Law) The sheriff's turn, or court.

Tour"na*ment (?), n. [OE. turnement, tornement, OF. torneiement, tornoiement, F. tournoiement a turning or wheeling round. See Tourney.] 1. A mock fight, or warlike game, formerly in great favor, in which a number of combatants were engaged, as an exhibition of their address and bravery; hence, figuratively, a real battle. "In battle and in tourneyment." Chaucer.

> With cruel tournament the squadrons join.

Milton.

It different from the joust, which was a trial of skill between one man and another.

2. Any contest of skill in which there are many contestents for championship; as, a chess tournament.

Tourn"er*y (?), n. Work turned on a lathe; turnery. [Obs.] See Turnery. Evelyn.

Tour"ney (?), n. [OF. tornei, tornoi, F. tournoi, fr. OF. torneier, tornoier, tournoier, to tit, to tourney, F. tournoyer to turn round and round. See Turn, v. t.] A tournament. Bacon.

> At tilt or tourney or like warlike game.

Spenser.

> We hold a tourney here to-morrow morn,
> And there is scantly time for half the work.

Tennyson.

Tour"ney, v. i. [Cf.OF. torneier. See Tourney, n. ] To perform in tournaments; to tilt.

> Well could he tourney, and in lists debate.

Spenser.

Tour"ni*quet (?), n. [F., fr. tourner to turn.] (Surg.) An instrument for arresting hemorrhage. It consists essentially of a pad or compress upon which pressure is made by a band which is tightened by a screw or other means.

||Tour`nois" (?), n. [F., belonging to Tours in France.] A former French money of account worth 20 sous, or a franc. It was thus called in distinction from the Paris livre, which contained 25 sous.

||Tour*nure" (?), n. [F., fr. tourner to turn.]

1. Turn; contour; figure.

2. Any device used by women to expand the skirt of a dress below the waist; a bustle.

{ Touse, Touze (?) }, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Toused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tousing.] [OE. tosen √64. See tease, and cf. Tose, Toze. ] To pull; to haul; to tear; to worry. [Prov. Eng.] Shak.

> As a bear, whom angry curs have touzed.

Spenser.

Touse (?), n. A pulling; a disturbance. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Tous"el (?), v. t. Same as Tousle. [Colloq.]

Tous"er (?), n. One who touses. [Prov. Eng.]

Tou"sle (?), v. t. [Freq. of touse. Cf.Tossle.] To put into disorder; to tumble; to touse. [Colloq.]

Tous`-les`-mois" (?), n. [F., all the months, i.e., every month.] A kind of starch with very large, oval, flattened grains, often sold as arrowroot, and extensively used for adulterating cocoa. It is made from the rootstocks of a species of Canna, probably C. edulis, the tubers of which are edible every month in the year.

Tout (tt), v. i. [See 1st Toot.] 1. To act as a tout. See 2d Tout. [Cant. Eng.]

2. To ply or seek for customers. [Prov. Eng.]

Tout, n. One who secretly watches race horses which are in course of training, to get information about their capabilities, for use in betting. [Cant. Eng.]

Tout, v. i. [See 3d Toot. ] To toot a horn.

Tout, n. The anus. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Tout`-en`sem"ble (?), n. [F.] All together; hence, in costume, the fine arts, etc., the general effect of a work as a whole, without regard to the execution of the separate perts.

Tout"er (?), n. One who seeks customers, as for an inn, a public conveyance, shops, and the like: hence, an obtrusive candidate for office. [Colloq.]

> The prey of ring droppers, . . . duffers, touters, or any of those bloodless sharpers who are, perhaps, better known to the police.

Dickens.

Touze (?), v.t & i. See Touse. [Prov. Eng.]

Tow (?), n. [OE. tow, AS. tow, akin to OD. touw, Icel. &?; a tuft of wool for spinning; cf. E. taw, v.t.] The coarse and broken part of flax or hemp, separated from the finer part by the hatchel or swingle.

Tow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Towed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Towing.] [OE. towen, to&?;en; akin to OFries. toga to pull about, OHG. zogn, Icel. toga, AS. tohline a towline, and AS.teón to draw, p. p. getogen. See Tug] To draw or pull through the water, as a vessel of any kind, by means of a rope.

<! p. 1523 !>

Tow (?), n. [Cf. Icel. taug a rope, from the same root as E. tow, v. t.] 1. A rope by which anything is towed; a towline, or towrope.

2. The act of towing, or the state of being towed; —chiefly used in the phrase, to take in tow, that is to tow.

3. That which is towed, or drawn by a towline, as a barge, raft, collection of boats, ect.

Tow"age (?), n. [From Tow, v. Cf. F. touage.] 1. The act of towing.

2. The price paid for towing.

Tow"all (?), n. A towel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ To"ward, To"wards } (?), prep.[AS. &?; impending, imminent, future, toward, &?; towards. See To, and -ward, wards.] 1. In the direction of; to.

> He set his face toward the wilderness.

Num. xxiv. 1.

> The waves make towards\'b6 the pebbled shore.

Shak.

2. With direction to, in a moral sense; with respect or reference to; regarding; concerning.

> His eye shall be evil toward his brother.

Deut. xxviii. 54.

> Herein do I exercise myself, to have always a conscience void of offense toward God, and toward men.

Acts xxiv. 16.

3. Tending to; in the direction of; in behalf of.

> This was the first alarm England received towards any trouble.

Clarendom.

4. Near; about; approaching to.

> I am toward nine years older since I left you.

Swift.

{ To"ward, To"wards } adv. Near; at hand; in state of preparation.

> Do you hear sught, sir, of a battle toward ?

Shak.

> We have a trifling foolish banquet Towards.

Shak.

To"ward (?), a. [AS. &?;. See Toward, prep.] 1. Approaching; coming near. "His toward peril." Spenser.

2. Readly to do or learn; compliant with duty; not froward; apt; docile; tractable; as, a toward youth.

3. Ready to act; forward; bold; valiant.

> Why, that is spoken like a toward prince.

Shak.

To"ward*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being towardly; docility; tractableness.

> The beauty and towardliness of these children moved her brethren to envy.

Sir W. Raleigh.

To"ward*ly, a. Same as Toward, a., 2.

> He's towardly and will come on apace.

Dryden.

To"ward*ness, n. Quality or state of being toward.

To"wards (&?;), prep. & adv. See Toward.

Tow"boat` (?), n. 1. A vessel constructed for being towed, as a canal boat.

2. A steamer used for towing other vessels; a tug.

Tow"el (?), n. [OE. towaille, towail, F. touaille, LL. toacula, of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. dwahila, swahilla, G. zwehle, fr. OHG. dwahan to wash; akin to D. dwaal a towel, AS. þweán to wash, OS. thwahan, Icel. þv, Sw. två, Dan. toe, Goth. þwahan. Cf. Doily.] A cloth used for wiping, especially one used for drying anything wet, as the person after a bath.

Towel gourd (Bot.), the fruit of the cucurbitaceous plant Luffa Ægyptiaca; also, the plant itself. The fruit is very fibrous, and, when separated from its rind and seeds, is used as a sponge or towel. Called also Egyptian bath sponge, and dishcloth.

Tow"el, v. t. To beat with a stick. [Prov. Eng.]

Tow"el*ing, n. Cloth for towels, especially such as is woven in long pieces to be cut at will, as distinguished from that woven in towel lengths with borders, etc. [Written also towelling.]

Tow"er (?), n. [OE. tour,tor,tur, F. tour, L. turris; akin to Gr. &?;; cf. W. twr a tower, Ir. tor a castle, Gael. torr a tower, castle. Cf. Tor, Turret.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A mass of building standing alone and insulated, usually higher than its diameter, but when of great size not always of that proportion. (b) A projection from a line of wall, as a fortification, for purposes of defense, as a flanker, either or the same height as the curtain wall or higher. (c) A structure appended to a larger edifice for a special purpose, as for a belfry, and then usually high in proportion to its width and to the height of the rest of the edifice; as, a church tower.

2. A citadel; a fortress; hence, a defense.

> Thou hast been a shelter for me, and a strong tower from the enemy.

Ps. lxi. 3.

3. A headdress of a high or towerlike form, fashionable about the end of the seventeenth century and until 1715; also, any high headdress.

> Lay trains of amorous intrigues
> In towers, and curls, and periwigs.

Hudibras.

4. High flight; elevation. [Obs.] Johnson.

Gay Lussac's tower (Chem.), a large tower or chamber used in the sulphuric acid process, to absorb (by means of concentrated acid) the spent nitrous fumes that they may be returned to the Glover's tower to be reemployed. See Sulphuric acid, under Sulphuric, and Glover's tower, below. — Glover's tower (Chem.), a large tower or chamber used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, to condense the crude acid and to deliver concentrated acid charged with nitrous fumes. These fumes, as a catalytic, effect the conversion of sulphurous to sulphuric acid. See Sulphuric acid, under Sulphuric, and Gay Lussac's tower, above. — Round tower. See under Round, a. — Shot tower. See under Shot. — Tower bastion (Fort.), a bastion of masonry, often with chambers beneath, built at an angle of the interior polygon of some works. — Tower mustard (Bot.), the cruciferous plant Arabis perfoliata. — Tower of London, a collection of buildings in the eastern part of London, formerly containing a state prison, and now used as an arsenal and repository of various objects of public interest.

Tow"er (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. towered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. towering.] To rise and overtop other objects; to be lofty or very high; hence, to soar.

> On the other side an high rock towered still.

Spenser.

> My lord protector's hawks do tower so well.

Shak.

Tow"er, v. t. To soar into. [Obs.] Milton.

Tow"ered (?), a. Adorned or defended by towers.

> Towered cities please us then.

Milton.

Tow"er*ing (?), a. 1. Very high; elevated; rising aloft; as, a towering height. Pope.

2. Hence, extreme; violent; surpassing.

> A man agitated by a towering passion.

Sir W. Scott.

Tow"er*y (?), a. Having towers; adorned or defended by towers. [R.] "Towery cities." Pope.

Tow"-head` (?), n. 1. An urchin who has soft, whitish hair. [Colloq.]

2. (Zoöl.) The hooded merganser. [ Local, U. S. ]

To*whee" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The chewink.

To*wil"ly (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sanderling; — so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.]

Tow"line` (?), n. [AS. tohline. See Tow, v. t., and Line. ] (Naut.) A line used to tow vessels; a towrope.

Town (?), n. [OE. toun, tun, AS. tun inclosure, fence, village, town; akin to D. tuin a garden, G. zaun a hadge, fence, OHG. zun, Icel. tun an inclosure, homestead, house, Ir. & Gael. dun a fortress, W. din. Cf. Down, adv. & prep., Dune, tine to inclose.] 1. Formerly: (a) An inclosure which surrounded the mere homestead or dwelling of the lord of the manor. [Obs.] (b) The whole of the land which constituted the domain. [Obs.] (c) A collection of houses inclosed by fences or walls. [Obs.] Palsgrave.

2. Any number or collection of houses to which belongs a regular market, and which is not a city or the see of a bishop. [Eng.] Johnson.

3. Any collection of houses larger than a village, and not incorporated as a city; also, loosely, any large, closely populated place, whether incorporated or not, in distinction from the country, or from rural communities.

> God made the country, and man made the town.

Cowper.

4. The body of inhabitants resident in a town; as, the town voted to send two representatives to the legislature; the town voted to lay a tax for repairing the highways.

5. A township; the whole territory within certain limits, less than those of a country. [U. S.]

6. The court end of London;— commonly with the.

7. The metropolis or its inhabitants; as, in winter the gentleman lives in town; in summer, in the country.

> Always hankering after the diversions of the town.

Addison.

> Stunned with his giddy larum half the town.

Pope.

The same form of expressions is used in regard to other populous towns.

8. A farm or farmstead; also, a court or farmyard. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Town is often used adjectively or in combination with other words; as, town clerk, or town-clerk; town- crier, or town crier; townhall, town-hall, or town hall; townhouse, town house, or town- house.

Syn. — Village; hamlet. See Village.

Town clerk, an office who keeps the records of a town, and enters its official proceedings. See Clerk. — Town cress (Bot.), the garden cress, or peppergrass. Dr. Prior. — Town house. (a) A house in town, in distinction from a house in the country. (b) See Townhouse. — Town meeting, a legal meeting of the inhabitants of a town entitled to vote, for the transaction of public bisiness. [U. S.] — Town talk, the common talk of a place; the subject or topic of common conversation.

Town"-cri`er (?), n. A town officer who makes proclamations to the people; the public crier of a town.

Towned (?), a. Having towns; containing many towns. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

Town"hall` (?), n. A public hall or building, belonging to a town, where the public offices are established, the town council meets, the people assemble in town meeting, etc.

Town"house` (?), n. A building devoted to the public used of a town; a townhall.

Town"ish, a. Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of a town; like the town. [R.] Turbervile.

Town"less, a. Having no town. Howell.

Town"let (?), n. A small town. North Brit. Rev.

Towns"folk` (?), n. The people of a town; especially, the inhabitants of a city, in distinction from country people; townspeople.

Town"ship (?), n. 1. The district or territory of a town.

In the United States, many of the States are divided into townships of five, six, seven, or perhaps ten miles square, and the inhabitants of such townships are invested with certain powers for regulating their own affairs, such as repairing roads and providing for the poor. The township is subordinate to the county.

2. In surveys of the public land of the United States, a division of territory six miles square, containing 36 sections.

3. In Canada, one of the subdivisions of a county.

Towns"man (tounz"man), n.; pl. Townsmen (-mn).

1. An inhabitant of a town; one of the same town with another. Pope.

2. A selectman, in New England. See Selectman.

Towns"peo`ple (?), n. The inhabitants of a town or city, especially in distinction from country people; townsfolk.

{ Town"ward, Town"wards (?), } (?), adv. Toward a town. Longfellow.

Tow"path` (?), n. A path traveled by men or animals in towing boats; — called also towing path.

Tow"rope` (?), n. A rope used in towing vessels.

Tow"ser (tou"zr), n. [See Touse to pull about. ] A familiar name for a dog. [ Written also Towzer. ]

Tow"y (t"), a. Composed of, or like, tow.

||Tox*æ"mi*a (tks""m*), a. [NL., fr. Gr. toxiko`n poison + a"i^ma blood.] (Med.) Blood poisoning. See under Blood.

{ Tox"ic, Tox"ic*al } (?), a. [L. toxicum poison, originally, a poison in which arrows were dipped, Gr. toxiko`n (sc. &?;) poison for smearing arrows with, fr. toxiko`s of or for the bow, from to`xon bow, arrow. Cf. Intoxicate.] Of or pertaining to poison; poisonous; as, toxic medicines.

Tox"i*cant (?), n. A poisonous agent or drug, as opium; an intoxicant.

Tox`i*co*log"ic*al (?), a. [Cf.F. toxicologique. ] Of or pertaining to toxicology. — Tox`i*co*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Tox`i*col"o*gist (?), n. One versed in toxicology; the writer of a treatise on poisons.

Tox`i*col"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. toxiko`n poison + -logy; cf. F. toxicologie. See Toxic. ] The science which treats of poisons, their effects, antidotes, and recognition; also, a discourse or treatise on the science.

Tox`i*co*ma"ni*a (?), n. [See. Toxic, and Mania.] 1. (Med.) Toxiphobia. A. S. Taylor.

2. (Med.) An insane desire for intoxicating or poisonous drugs, as alcohol or opium. B. W. Richardson.

||Tox*if"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. to`xon a bow + L. ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) Same as Toxoglossa.

{ Tox"in, Tox"ine } (?), n. [Gr. toxiko`n. See Toxic. ] A poisonous product formed by pathogenic bacteria, as a toxic proteid or poisonous ptomaine.
[1913 Webster]

||Tox`i*pho"bi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. toxiko`n poison + fo`bos fear.] (Med.) An insane or greatly exaggerated dread of poisons.

Tox"o*don (?), n. [Gr. to`xon a bow + &?;, &?;, a tooth.] (Paleon.) A gigantic extinct herbivorous mammal from South America, having teeth bent like a bow. It is the type of the order Toxodonta.

||Tox`o*don"ta (?), n.pl. [NL.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of Mammalia found in the South American Tertiary formation. The incisor teeth were long and curved and provided with a persistent pulp. They are supposed to be related both to the rodents and ungulates. Called also Toxodontia.

||Tox`o*glos"sa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. to`xon a bow + &?; tongue.] (Zoöl.) A division of marine gastropod mollusks in which the radula are converted into poison fangs. The cone shells (Conus), Pleurotoma, and Terebra, are examples. See Illust. of Cone, n., 4, Pleurotoma, and Terebra.

Tox*oph"i*lite (?), n. [Gr. to`xon a bow + filei^n to love.] A lover of archery; one devoted to archery.

||Tox"o*tes (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; an archer.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes comprising the archer fishes. See Archer fish.

Toy (toi), n. [D. tuid tools, implements, stuff, trash, speeltuig playthings, toys; akin to G. zeug stuff, materials, MNG. ziuc, Icel. tygi gear; all ultimately from the root of E. tug, v. t.; cf. G. zeugen to beget, MHG. ziugen to beget, make ready, procure. See Tug, v. t.]

1. A plaything for children; a bawble. Cowper.

2. A thing for amusement, but of no real value; an article of trade of little value; a trifle.

> They exchange for knives, glasses, and such toys, great abundance of gold and pearl.

Abr. Abbot.

3. A wild fancy; an odd conceit; idle sport; folly; trifling opinion.

> To fly about playing their wanton toys.

Spenser.

> What if a toy take'em in the heels now, and they all run away.

Beau. &Fl.

> Nor light and idle toys my lines may vainly swell.

Drayton.

4. Amorous dalliance; play; sport; pastime. Milton.

> To dally thus with death is no fit toy.

Spenser.

5. An old story; a silly tale. Shak.

6. [Probably the same word.] A headdress of linen or woolen, that hangs down over the shoulders, worn by old women of the lower classes; — called also toy mutch. [Scot.] "Having, moreover, put on her clean toy, rokelay, and scarlet plaid." Sir W. Scott.

Toy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. toyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. toying.] To dally amorously; to trifle; to play.

> To toy, to wanton, dally, smile and jest.

Shak.

Toy, v. t. To treat foolishly. [Obs.] E. Dering (1576).

To*year (?), adv. [To, prep. + year. ] This year. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Toy"er (?), n. One who toys; one who is full of trifling tricks; a trifler.

Toy"ful (?), a. Full of trifling play. [Obs.] Donne.

Toy"house` (?), n. A house for children to play in or to play with; a playhouse.

Toy"ing*ly (?), adv. In a toying manner.

Toy"ish, a. 1. Sportive; trifling; wanton.

2. Resembling a toy.

— Toy"ish*ly, adv. — Toy"ish*ness, n.

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Toy"man (toi"man), n. One who deals in toys.

Toy"shop` (-shp`), n. A shop where toys are sold.

Toy"some (toi"sm), a. Disposed to toy; trifling; wanton. [R.] Ford.

Toze (?), v. t. To pull violently; to touse. [Obs.]

To"zy (?), a. [See Toze ] Soft, like wool that has been teased. — To"zi*ness (#), n.

||Tra"be*a (?), n.; pl. Trabeæ (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A toga of purple, or ornamented with purple horizontal stripes. — worn by kings, consuls, and augurs. Dr. W. Smith.

Tra"be*a`ted (?), a. (Arch.) Furnished with an entablature.

Tra`be*a"tion (?), n. [L. trabs, trabis, a beam, a timber.] (Arch.) Same as Entablature.

||Tra*bec"u*la (?), n.; pl. Trabeculæ (-l). [L., a little beam.] (Anat.) A small bar, rod, bundle of fibers, or septal membrane, in the framework of an organ part.

Tra*bec"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a trabecula or trabeculæ; composed of trabeculæ.

Tra*bec"u*late (?), a. (Bot.) Crossbarred, as the ducts in a banana stem.

Tra"bu (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Trubu.

Trace (?), n. [F. trais. pl. of trait. See Trait.] One of two straps, chains, or ropes of a harness, extending from the collar or breastplate to a whiffletree attached to a vehicle or thing to be drawn; a tug.

Trace, n. [F. trace. See Trace, v. t. ] 1. A mark left by anything passing; a track; a path; a course; a footprint; a vestige; as, the trace of a carriage or sled; the trace of a deer; a sinuous trace. Milton.

2. (Chem. & Min.) A very small quantity of an element or compound in a given substance, especially when so small that the amount is not quantitatively determined in an analysis; — hence, in stating an analysis, often contracted to tr.

3. A mark, impression, or visible appearance of anything left when the thing itself no longer exists; remains; token; vestige.

> The shady empire shall retain no trace
> Of war or blood, but in the sylvan chase.

Pope.

4. (Descriptive Geom. & Persp.) The intersection of a plane of projection, or an original plane, with a coordinate plane.

5. (Fort.) The ground plan of a work or works.

Syn.-Vestige; mark; token. See Vestige.

Trace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. traced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. tracing.] [OF. tracier, F. tracer, from (assumed) LL. tractiare, fr.L. tractus, p. p. of trahere to draw. Cf. Abstract, Attract, Contract, Portratt, Tract, Trail, Train, Treat. ] 1. To mark out; to draw or delineate with marks; especially, to copy, as a drawing or engraving, by following the lines and marking them on a sheet superimposed, through which they appear; as, to trace a figure or an outline; a traced drawing.

> Some faintly traced features or outline of the mother and the child, slowly lading into the twilight of the woods.

Hawthorne.

2. To follow by some mark that has been left by a person or thing which has preceded; to follow by footsteps, tracks, or tokens. Cowper.

> You may trace the deluge quite round the globe.

T. Burnet.

> I feel thy power . . . to trace the ways
> Of highest agents.

Milton.

3. Hence, to follow the trace or track of.

> How all the way the prince on footpace traced.

Spenser.

4. To copy; to imitate.

> That servile path thou nobly dost decline,
> Of tracing word, and line by line.

Denham.

5. To walk over; to pass through; to traverse.

> We do tracethis alley up and down.

Shak.

Trace, v. i. To walk; to go; to travel. [Obs.]

> Not wont on foot with heavy arms to trace.

Spenser.

Trace"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being traced. — Trace"a*ble*ness, n. — Trace"a/bly, adv.

Tra"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, traces.

Tra"cer/y (?), n.; pl. Traceries (&?;) (Arch.) Ornamental work with rambled lines. Especially: — (a) The decorative head of a Gothic window.

Window tracery is of two sorts, plate tracery and bar tracery. Plate tracery, common in Italy, consists of a series of ornamental patterns cut through a flat plate of stone. Bar tracery is a decorative pattern formed by the curves and intersections of the molded bars of the mullions. Window tracery is imitated in many decorative objects, as panels of wood or metal either pierced or in relief. See also Stump tracery under Stump, and Fan tracery under Fan.

(b) A similar decoration in some styles of vaulting, the ribs of the vault giving off the minor bars of which the tracery is composed.

Tra"che*a (?), n.; pl. Tracheæ (#). [NL.,from L. trachia, Gr. trachei^a (sc. &?; windpipe), from &?; rough, rugged: cf. F. trachée.]

1. (Anat.) The windpipe. See Illust. of Lung.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the respiratory tubes of insects and arachnids.

3. (Bot.) One of the large cells in woody tissue which have spiral, annular, or other markings, and are connected longitudinally so as to form continuous ducts.

Tra"che*al (?), a. [Cf.F. tracheal.] Of or pertaining to the trachea; like a trachea.

||Tra`che*a"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Arachnida including those that breathe only by means of tracheæ. It includes the mites, ticks, false scorpions, and harvestmen.

Tra"che*a*ry (?), a. Tracheal; breathing by means of tracheæ. — n. (Zoöl.) One of the Trachearia.

||Tra`che*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of arthropods comprising all those which breathe by tracheæ, as distinguished from Crustacea, which breathe by means of branchiæ.

Tra"che*ate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Breathing by means of tracheæ; of or pertaining to the Tracheata.

Tra"che*ate, n. (Zoöl.) Any arthropod having tracheæ; one of the Tracheata.

Tra"che*id (?), n. (Bot.) A wood cell with spiral or other markings and closed throughout, as in pine wood.

||Tra`che*i"tis (?), n. [NL. See Trachea, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the trachea, or windpipe.

Tra*chel"i*dan (?), n. [Gr. &?; neck.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a tribe of beetles (Trachelides) which have the head supported on a pedicel. The oil beetles and the Cantharides are examples.

Tra*chel"i*pod (?), n. [Gr.&?; neck + - pod:cf.F. trachelipode.] (Zoöl.) One of the Trachelipoda.

||Tra`che*lip"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Trachelipod.] (Zoöl.) An extensive artificial group of gastropods comprising all those which have a spiral shell and the foot attached to the base of the neck.

Tra`che*lip"o*dous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the foot united with the neck; of or pertaining to the Trachelipoda.

Tra`che*lo*bran"chi*ate (?), a. [Gr.&?; + E. tranchiate.] (Zoöl.) Having the gills situated upon the neck; — said of certain mollusks.

Tra`che*lor"rha*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; neck + &?; to sew.] (Med.) The operation of sewing up a laceration of the neck of the uterus.

||Tra*chen"chy*ma (?), n. [NL.,fr. trachea + -enchyma as in E. parenchyma.] (Bot.) A vegetable tissue consisting of tracheæ.

||Tra`che*o*bran"chi*a (?), n.; pl. Tracheobranchlae (#). [NL. See Trachea, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) One of the gill-like breathing organs of certain aquatic insect larvæ. They contain tracheal tubes somewhat similar to those of other insects.

Tra`che*o*bron"chi*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining both to the tracheal and bronchial tubes, or to their junction; — said of the syrinx of certain birds.

Tra"che*o*cele (?), n. [Gr. &?; the windpipe + &?; a tumor: cf.F. tracheocele. ] (Med.) (a) Goiter. (b) A tumor containing air and communicating with the trachea. Morell Mackenzie.

||Tra`che*oph"o*næ (&?;), n. pl. [NL., from trachea + Gr. fonei^n to sound.] (Zoöl.) A group of passerine birds having the syrinx at the lower end of the trachea.

Tra`che*os"co*py (?), n. [Trachea + -scopy.] (Med.) Examination of the interior of the trachea by means of a mirror.

Tra`che*ot"o*my (?), n. [Trachea + Gr. &?; to cut: cf.F. tracheotomie.] (Surg.) The operation of making an opening into the windpipe.

Tra"chi*noid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or like, Trachinus, a genus of fishes which includes the weevers. See Weever.

||Tra*chi"tis (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Tracheitis.

Tra`chy*car"pous (?), a. [Gr. &?; rough + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) Rough-fruited. Gray.

||Tra`chy*me*du"sæ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr.Gr. &?; rough + medusa.] (Zoöl.) A division of acalephs in which the development is direct from the eggs, without a hydroid stage. Some of the species are parasitic on other medusæ.

Tra`chy*sper"mous (?), a. [Gr. &?; rough + &?; seed.] (Bot.) Rough-seeded. Gray.

||Tra`chy*stom"a*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; rough + stoma.] (Zoöl.) An order of tailed aquatic amphibians, including Siren and Pseudobranchus. They have anterior legs only, are eel-like in form, and have no teeth except a small patch on the palate. The external gills are persistent through life.

Tra"chyte (?), n. [Gr. &?; rough, rugged: cg. F. trachyte.] (Geol.) An igneous rock, usually light gray in color and breaking with a rough surface. It consists chiefly of orthoclase feldspar with sometimes hornblende and mica.

Tra*chyt"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. trachytique.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, trachyte.

Trach"y*toid (?), a. [Trachyte + - oid.] (Min.) Resembling trachyte; — used to define the structure of certain rocks.

Tra"cing (?), n. 1. The act of one who traces; especially, the act of copying by marking on thin paper, or other transparent substance, the lines of a pattern placed beneath; also, the copy thus producted.

2. A regular path or track; a course.

Tracing cloth, Tracing paper, specially prepared transparent cloth or paper, which enables a drawing or print to be clearly seen through it, and so allows the use of a pen or pencil to produce a facsimile by following the lines of the original placed beneath.

Track (?), n. [OF. trac track of horses, mules, trace of animals; of Teutonic origin; cf.D. trek a drawing, trekken to draw, travel, march, MHG. trechen, pret. trach. Cf. Trick.] 1. A mark left by something that has passed along; as, the track, or wake, of a ship; the track of a meteor; the track of a sled or a wheel.

> The bright track of his fiery car.

Shak.

2. A mark or impression left by the foot, either of man or beast; trace; vestige; footprint.

> Far from track of men.

Milton.

3. (Zoöl.) The entire lower surface of the foot; — said of birds, etc.

4. A road; a beaten path.

> Behold Torquatus the same track pursue.

Dryden.

5. Course; way; as, the track of a comet.

6. A path or course laid out for a race, for exercise, etc.

7. (Railroad) The permanent way; the rails.

8. [Perhaps a mistake for tract.] A tract or area, as of land. [Obs.] "Small tracks of ground." Fuller.

Track scale, a railway scale. See under Railway.

Track, v. t. [imp. & p. p. tracked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. tracking.] To follow the tracks or traces of; to pursue by following the marks of the feet; to trace; to trail; as, to track a deer in the snow.

> It was often found impossible to track the robbers to their retreats among the hills and morasses.

Macaulay.

2. (Naut.) To draw along continuously, as a vessel, by a line, men or animals on shore being the motive power; to tow.

Track"age (?), n. The act of tracking, or towing, as a boat; towage.

Track"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, tracks or pursues, as a man or dog that follows game.

> And of the trackers of the deer
> Scarce half the lessening pack was near.

Sir W. Scott.

2. (Mus.) In the organ, a light strip of wood connecting (in path) a key and a pallet, to communicate motion by pulling.

Track"less, a. Having no track; marked by no footsteps; untrodden; as, a trackless desert.

> To climb the trackless mountain all unseen.

Byron.

— Track"less*ly, adv.- Track"less*ness, n.

Track"mas`ter (?), n. (Railroad) One who has charge of the track; — called also roadmaster.

Track"-road` (?), n. A towing path.

Track"scout (?), n. See Trackschuyt.

Tract (?), n. [Abbrev.fr. tractate.] A written discourse or dissertation, generally of short extent; a short treatise, especially on practical religion.

> The church clergy at that time writ the best collection of tracts against popery that ever appeared.

Swift.

Tracts for the Times. See Tractarian.

Tract, n. [L. tractus a drawing, train, track, course, tract of land, from trahere tractum, to draw. Senses 4 and 5 are perhaps due to confusion with track. See Trace,v., and cf. Tratt.] 1. Something drawn out or extended; expanse. "The deep tract of hell." Milton.

2. A region or quantity of land or water, of indefinite extent; an area; as, an unexplored tract of sea.

> A very high mountain joined to the mainland by a narrow tract of earth.

Addison.

3. Traits; features; lineaments. [Obs.]

> The discovery of a man's self by the tracts of his countenance is a great weakness.

Bacon.

4. The footprint of a wild beast. [Obs.] Dryden.

5. Track; trace. [Obs.]

> Efface all tract of its traduction.

Sir T. Browne.

> But flies an eagle flight, bold, and forthon,
> Leaving no tract behind.

Shak.

6. Treatment; exposition. [Obs.] Shak.

7. Continuity or extension of anything; as, the tract of speech. [Obs.] Older.

8. Continued or protracted duration; length; extent. "Improved by tract of time." Milton.

9. (R. C. Ch.) Verses of Scripture sung at Mass, instead of the Alleluia, from Septuagesima Sunday till the Saturday befor Easter; — so called because sung tractim, or without a break, by one voice, instead of by many as in the antiphons.

Syn. — Region; district; quarter; essay; treatise; dissertation.

Tract, v. t. To trace out; to track; also, to draw out; to protact. [Obs.] Spenser. B. Jonson.

Tract`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. tractabilitas: cf.F. tractabilite.] The quality or state of being tractable or docile; docility; tractableness.

Tract"a*ble (?), a. [L. tractabilis, fr, tractare to draw violently, to handle, treat. See Treat, v. t.] 1. Capable of being easily led, taught, or managed; docile; manageable; governable; as, tractable children; a tractable learner.

> I shall find them tractable enough.

Shak.

2. Capable of being handled; palpable; practicable; feasible; as, tractable measures. [Obs.] Holder.

—Tract"a*ble*ness, n. — Tract"a/bly, adv.

Trac*ta"ri*an (?), n. (Ch. of England) One of the writers of the Oxford tracts, called "Tracts for the Times," issued during the period 1833-1841, in which series of papers the sacramental system and authority of the Church, and the value of tradition, were brought into prominence. Also, a member of the High Church party, holding generally the principles of the Tractarian writers; a Puseyite.

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Trac*ta"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Tractarians, or their principles.

Trac*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. (Ch. of England) The principles of the Tractarians, or of those persons accepting the teachings of the "Tracts for the Times."

Tract"ate (?), n. [L. tractatus a touching, handling, treatise. See Tractable, and Tract a treatise, Treaty.] A treatise; a tract; an essay.

> Agreeing in substance with Augustin's, from whose fourteenth Tractate on St. John the words are translated.

Hare.

Trac*ta"tion (?), n. [L. tractatio.] Treatment or handling of a subject; discussion. [Obs.]

> A full tractation of the points controverted.

Bp. Hall.

Trac*ta"tor (?), n. [L., a handler.] One who writes tracts; specif., a Tractarian. [R.] C. Kingsley.

Tract"ile (?), a. [L. trahere, tractum, to draw.] Capable of being drawn out in length; ductile. Bacon.

Trac*til"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being tractile; ductility. Derham.

Trac"tion (?), n. [L. trahere, tractum, to draw: cf. F. traction.] 1. The act of drawing, or the state of being drawn; as, the traction of a muscle.

2. Specifically, the act of drawing a body along a plane by motive power, as the drawing of a carriage by men or horses, the towing of a boat by a tug.

3. Attraction; a drawing toward. [R.]

4. The adhesive friction of a wheel on a rail, a rope on a pulley, or the like. Knight.

Angle of traction (Mech.), the angle made with a given plane by the line of direction in which a tractive force acts. — Traction engine, a locomotive for drawing vehicles on highways or in the fields.

Tract"ite (?), n. A Tractarian.

Trac*ti"tious (?), a. [See Tractate.] Treating of; handling. [R.]

Tract"ive (?), a. Serving to draw; pulling; attracting; as, tractive power.

Tract"or (?), n. [NL., from L. trahere, tractum, to draw.] 1. That which draws, or is used for drawing.

2. pl. (Med.) Two small, pointed rods of metal, formerly used in the treatment called Perkinism.

Trac`to*ra"tion (?), n. See Perkinism.

Tract"o*ry (?), n. [L. tractorius of drawing, fr. trahere, tractum, to draw.] (Geom.) A tractrix.

Tract"rix (?), n. [NL. See Tractor.] (Geom.) A curve such that the part of the tangent between the point of tangency and a given straight line is constant; — so called because it was conceived as described by the motion of one end of a tangent line as the other end was drawn along the given line.

Trad (?), obs. imp. of Tread. Chaucer.

Trade (?), n. [Formerly, a path, OE. tred a footmark. See Tread, n. & v.] 1. A track; a trail; a way; a path; also, passage; travel; resort. [Obs.]

> A postern with a blind wicket there was,
> A common trade to pass through Priam's house.

Surrey.

> Hath tracted forth some salvage beastes trade.

Spenser.

> Or, I'll be buried in the king's highway,
> Some way of common trade, where subjects' feet
> May hourly trample on their sovereign's head.

Shak.

2. Course; custom; practice; occupation; employment. [Obs.] "The right trade of religion." Udall.

> There those five sisters had continual trade.

Spenser.

> Long did I love this lady,
> Long was my travel, long my trade to win her.

Massinger.

> Thy sin's not accidental but a trade.

Shak.

3. Business of any kind; matter of mutual consideration; affair; dealing. [Obs.]

> Have you any further trade with us?

Shak.

4. Specifically: The act or business of exchanging commodities by barter, or by buying and selling for money; commerce; traffic; barter.

Trade comprehends every species of exchange or dealing, either in the produce of land, in manufactures, in bills, or in money; but it is chiefly used to denote the barter or purchase and sale of goods, wares, and merchandise, either by wholesale or retail. Trade is either foreign or domestic. Foreign trade consists in the exportation and importation of goods, or the exchange of the commodities of different countries. Domestic, or home, trade is the exchange, or buying and selling, of goods within a country. Trade is also by the wholesale, that is, by the package or in large quantities, generally to be sold again, or it is by retail, or in small parcels. The carrying trade is the business of transporting commodities from one country to another, or between places in the same country, by land or water.

5. The business which a person has learned, and which he engages in, for procuring subsistence, or for profit; occupation; especially, mechanical employment as distinguished from the liberal arts, the learned professions, and agriculture; as, we speak of the trade of a smith, of a carpenter, or mason, but not now of the trade of a farmer, or a lawyer, or a physician.

> Accursed usury was all his trade.

Spenser.

> The homely, slighted, shepherd's trade.

Milton.

> I will instruct thee in my trade.

Shak.

6. Instruments of any occupation. [Obs.]

> The house and household goods, his trade of war.

Dryden.

7. A company of men engaged in the same occupation; thus, booksellers and publishers speak of the customs of the trade, and are collectively designated as the trade.

8. pl. The trade winds.

9. Refuse or rubbish from a mine. [Prov. Eng.]

Syn. — Profession; occupation; office; calling; avocation; employment; commerce; dealing; traffic.

Board of trade. See under Board. — Trade dollar. See under Dollar. — Trade price, the price at which goods are sold to members of the same trade, or by wholesale dealers to retailers. — Trade sale, an auction by and for the trade, especially that of the booksellers. — Trade wind, a wind in the torrid zone, and often a little beyond at, which blows from the same quarter throughout the year, except when affected by local causes; — so called because of its usefulness to navigators, and hence to trade.

The general direction of the trade winds is from N. E. to S. W. on the north side of the equator, and from S. E. to N. W. on the south side of the equator. They are produced by the joint effect of the rotation of the earth and the movement of the air from the polar toward the equatorial regions, to supply the vacancy caused by heating, rarefaction, and consequent ascent of the air in the latter regions. The trade winds are principally limited to two belts in the tropical regions, one on each side of the equator, and separated by a belt which is characterized by calms or variable weather.

Trade (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Traded; p. pr. & vb. n. Trading.] 1. To barter, or to buy and sell; to be engaged in the exchange, purchase, or sale of goods, wares, merchandise, or anything else; to traffic; to bargain; to carry on commerce as a business.

> A free port, where nations . . . resorted with their goods and traded.

Arbuthnot.

2. To buy and sell or exchange property in a single instance.

3. To have dealings; to be concerned or associated; — usually followed by with.

> How did you dare to trade and traffic with Macbeth?

Shak.

Trade, v. t. To sell or exchange in commerce; to barter.

> They traded the persons of men.

Ezek. xxvii. 13.

> To dicker and to swop, to trade rifles and watches.

Cooper.

Trade, obs. imp. of Tread.

Trad"ed, a. Professional; practiced. [Obs.] Shak.

Trade"ful, a. Full of trade; busy in traffic; commercial. Spenser.

Trade"less, a. Having no trade or traffic. Young.

Trade"-mark` (?), n. A peculiar distinguishing mark or device affixed by a manufacturer or a merchant to his goods, the exclusive right of using which is recognized by law.

Trad"er (?), n. 1. One engaged in trade or commerce; one who makes a business of buying and selling or of barter; a merchant; a trafficker; as, a trader to the East Indies; a country trader.

2. A vessel engaged in the coasting or foreign trade.

||Trad`es*can"ti*a (?), n. (Bot.) A genus including spiderwort and Wandering Jew.

Trades"folk` (?), n. People employed in trade; tradesmen. [R.] Swift.

Trades"man (?), n.; pl. Tradesmen (&?;). 1. One who trades; a shopkeeper.

2. A mechanic or artificer; esp., one whose livelihood depends upon the labor of his hands. [U. S.] Burrill.

Trades"peo`ple (?), n. People engaged in trade; shopkeepers.

{ trades" un`ion (?), or Trade" un`ion }. An organized combination among workmen for the purpose of maintaining their rights, privileges, and interests with respect to wages, hours of labor, customs, etc.

{ Trades"-un`ion*ist, or Trade"-un`ion*ist }, n. A member of a trades union, or a supporter of trades unions.

Trades"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Tradeswomen (&?;). A woman who trades, or is skilled in trade.

Trad"ing (?), a. 1. Carrying on trade or commerce; engaged in trade; as, a trading company.

2. Frequented by traders. [R.] "They on the trading flood." Milton.

3. Venal; corrupt; jobbing; as, a trading politician.

Tra*di"tion (?), n. [OE. tradicioun, L. traditio, from tradere to give up, transmit. See Treason, Traitor.] 1. The act of delivering into the hands of another; delivery. "A deed takes effect only from the tradition or delivery." Blackstone.

2. The unwritten or oral delivery of information, opinions, doctrines, practices, rites, and customs, from father to son, or from ancestors to posterity; the transmission of any knowledge, opinions, or practice, from forefathers to descendants by oral communication, without written memorials.

3. Hence, that which is transmitted orally from father to son, or from ancestors to posterity; knowledge or belief transmitted without the aid of written memorials; custom or practice long observed.

> Will you mock at an ancient tradition begun upon an honorable respect?

Shak.

> Naught but tradition remains of the beautiful village of Grand-Pré.

Longfellow.

4. (Theol.) (a) An unwritten code of law represented to have been given by God to Moses on Sinai.

> Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition, which ye have delivered.

Mark vii. 13.

(b) That body of doctrine and discipline, or any article thereof, supposed to have been put forth by Christ or his apostles, and not committed to writing.

> Stand fast, and hold the traditions which ye have been taught, whether by word or our epistle.

2 Thess. ii. 15.

Tradition Sunday (Eccl.), Palm Sunday; — so called because the creed was then taught to candidates for baptism at Easter.

Tra*di"tion, v. t. To transmit by way of tradition; to hand down. [Obs.]

> The following story is . . . traditioned with very much credit amongst our English Catholics.

Fuller.

Tra*di"tion*al (?), a. [Cf. F. traditionnel, LL. traditionalis.] 1. Of or pertaining to tradition; derived from tradition; communicated from ancestors to descendants by word only; transmitted from age to age without writing; as, traditional opinions; traditional customs; traditional expositions of the Scriptures.

2. Observant of tradition; attached to old customs; old-fashioned. [R.] Shak.

Tra*di"tion*al*ism (?), n. A system of faith founded on tradition; esp., the doctrine that all religious faith is to be based solely upon what is delivered from competent authority, exclusive of rational processes.

Tra*di"tion*al*ist (?), n. An advocate of, or believer in, traditionalism; a traditionist.

Tra*di"tion*al*ly, adv. In a traditional manner.

Tra*di"tion*a*ri*ly (?), adv. By tradition.

Tra*di"tion*a*ry (?), a. Traditional.

> The reveries of the Talmud, a collection of Jewish traditionary interpolations.

Buckminster.

Tra*di"tion*a*ry, n.; pl. Traditionaries (&?;). [Cf. F. traditionnare.] One, among the Jews, who acknowledges the authority of traditions, and explains the Scriptures by them.

{ Tra*di"tion*er (?), Tra*di"tion*ist, } n. [Cf. F. traditionniste.] One who adheres to tradition.

Trad"i*tive (?), a. [L. tradere, traditum, to transmit, give up: cf. F. traditif.] Transmitted or transmissible from father to son, or from age, by oral communication; traditional. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

> Suppose we on things traditive divide.

Dryden.

||Trad"i*tor (?), n. [L., fr. tradere, traditum. See Traitor.] (Eccl. Hist.) A deliverer; — a name of infamy given to Christians who delivered the Scriptures, or the goods of the church, to their persecutors to save their lives. Milner.

Tra*duce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Traduced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Traducing (?).] [L. traducere, traductum, to lead across, lead along, exhibit as a spectacle, disgrace, transfer, derive; trans across, over + ducere to lead: cf. F. traduire to transfer, translate, arraign, fr. L. traducere. See Duke.] 1. To transfer; to transmit; to hand down; as, to traduce mental qualities to one's descendants. [Obs.] Glanvill.

2. To translate from one language to another; as, to traduce and compose works. [Obs.] Golden Boke.

3. To increase or distribute by propagation. [Obs.]

> From these only the race of perfect animals were propagated and traduced over the earth.

Sir M. Hale.

4. To draw away; to seduce. [Obs.]

> I can forget the weakness
> Of the traduced soldiers.

Beau. & Fl.

5. To represent; to exhibit; to display; to expose; to make an example of. [Obs.] Bacon.

6. To expose to contempt or shame; to represent as blamable; to calumniate; to vilify; to defame.

> The best stratagem that Satan hath . . . is by traducing the form and manner of them [prayers], to bring them into contempt.

Hooker.

> He had the baseness . . . to traduce me in libel.

Dryden.

Syn. — To calumniate; vilify; defame; disparage; detract; depreciate; decry; slander.

Tra*duce"ment (?), n. The act of traducing; misrepresentation; ill-founded censure; defamation; calumny. [R.] Shak.

Tra*du"cent (?), a. [L. traducens, p. pr. of traducere. See Traduce.] Slanderous. [R.] Entick.

Tra*du"cer (?), n. 1. One who traduces; a slanderer; a calumniator. Bp. Hall.

2. One who derives or deduces. [Obs.] Fuller.

Tra*du"cian (?), n. A believer in traducianism.

Tra*du"cian*ism (?), n. (Theol.) The doctrine that human souls are produced by the act of generation; - - opposed to creationism, and infusionism.

Tra*du"ci*ble, a. 1. Capable of being derived or propagated. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

2. Capable of being traduced or calumniated. [R.]

Tra*du"cing*ly, adv. In a traducing manner; by traduction; slanderously.

Tra*duct" (?), v. t. [L. traducere, traductum. See Traduce.] To derive or deduce; also, to transmit; to transfer. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Tra*duct", n. That which is traducted; that which is transferred; a translation. [Obs.] Howell.

Tra*duc"tion (?), n. [L. traductio a transferring: cf. F. traduction translation. See Traduce.] 1. Transmission from one to another. [Obs.]

> Traditional communication and traduction of truths.

Sir M. Hale.

2. Translation from one language to another. [Obs.]

3. Derivation by descent; propagation. [R.]

> If by traduction came thy mind,
> Our wonder is the less to find
> A soul so charming from a stock so good.

Dryden.

4. The act of transferring; conveyance; transportation. [R.] "The traduction of brutes." Sir M. Hale.

5. Transition. [Obs.] Bacon.

6. (Logic) A process of reasoning in which each conclusion applies to just such an object as each of the premises applies to. Jevons.

Tra*duc"tive (?), a. Capable of being deduced; derivable. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

Traf"fic (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trafficked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trafficking (?).] [F. trafiquer; cf. It. trafficare, Sp. traficar, trafagar, Pg. traficar, trafegar, trafeguear, LL. traficare; of uncertain origin, perhaps fr. L. trans across, over + -ficare to make (see -fy, and cf. G. übermachen to transmit, send over, e. g., money, wares); or cf. Pg. trasfegar to pour out from one vessel into another, OPg. also, to traffic, perhaps fr. (assumed) LL. vicare to exchange, from L. vicis change (cf. Vicar).] 1. To pass goods and commodities from one person to another for an equivalent in goods or money; to buy or sell goods; to barter; to trade.

2. To trade meanly or mercenarily; to bargain.

Traf"fic, v. t. To exchange in traffic; to effect by a bargain or for a consideration.

Traf"fic, n. [Cf. F. trafic, It. traffico, Sp. tráfico, tráfago, Pg. tráfego, LL. traficum, trafica. See Traffic, v.] 1. Commerce, either by barter or by buying and selling; interchange of goods and commodities; trade.

> A merchant of great traffic through the world.

Shak.

> The traffic in honors, places, and pardons.

Macaulay.

This word, like trade, comprehends every species of dealing in the exchange or passing of goods or merchandise from hand to hand for an equivalent, unless the business of relating may be excepted. It signifies appropriately foreign trade, but is not limited to that.

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2. Commodities of the market. [R.]

> You 'll see a draggled damsel
> From Billingsgate her fishy traffic bear.

Gay.

3. The business done upon a railway, steamboat line, etc., with reference to the number of passengers or the amount of freight carried.

Traffic return, a periodical statement of the receipts for goods and passengers, as on a railway line. — Traffic taker, a computer of the returns of traffic on a railway, steamboat line, etc.

Traf"fic*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being disposed of in traffic; marketable. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Traf"fick*er (?), n. One who traffics, or carries on commerce; a trader; a merchant.

Traf"fic*less, a. Destitute of traffic, or trade.

Trag"a*canth (?), n. [L. tragacanthum tragacanth, tragacantha the plant producing tragacanth, Gr. &?; &?; a he-goat + &?; a thorn: cf. F. tragacanthe.] A kind of gum procured from a spiny leguminous shrub (Astragalus gummifer) of Western Asia, and other species of Astragalus. It comes in hard whitish or yellowish flakes or filaments, and is nearly insoluble in water, but slowly swells into a mucilaginous mass, which is used as a substitute for gum arabic in medicine and the arts. Called also gum tragacanth.

Tra*ge"di*an (?), n. [Cf. F. tragédien.]

1. A writer of tragedy.

> Thence what the lofty, grave, tragedians taught.

Milton.

2. An actor or player in tragedy. Shak.

||Tra`gé`dienne" (?), n. [F.] A woman who plays in tragedy.

Tra*ge"di*ous (?), a. Like tragedy; tragical. [Obs.] "Tragedious history." Fabyan.

Trag"e*dy (?), n.; pl. Tragedies (#). [OE. tragedie, OF. tragedie, F. tragédie, L. tragoedia, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a tragic poet and singer, originally, a goat singer; &?; a goat (perhaps akin to &?; to gnaw, nibble, eat, and E. trout) + &?; to sing; from the oldest tragedies being exhibited when a goat was sacrificed, or because a goat was the prize, or because the actors were clothed in goatskins. See Ode.]

1. A dramatic poem, composed in elevated style, representing a signal action performed by some person or persons, and having a fatal issue; that species of drama which represents the sad or terrible phases of character and life.

> Tragedy is to say a certain storie,
> As olde bookes maken us memorie,
> Of him that stood in great prosperitee
> And is yfallen out of high degree
> Into misery and endeth wretchedly.

Chaucer.

> All our tragedies are of kings and princes.

Jer. Taylor.

> tragedy is poetry in its deepest earnest; comedy is poetry in unlimited jest.

Coleridge.

2. A fatal and mournful event; any event in which human lives are lost by human violence, more especially by unauthorized violence.

{ Trag"ic (?), Trag"ic*al (?), } a. [L. tragicus, Gr.&?;: cf. F. tragique.] 1. Of or pertaining to tragedy; of the nature or character of tragedy; as, a tragic poem; a tragic play or representation.

2. Fatal to life; mournful; terrible; calamitous; as, the tragic scenes of the French revolution.

3. Mournful; expressive of tragedy, the loss of life, or of sorrow.

> Why look you still so stern and tragical ?

Shak.

— Trag"ic*al*ly, adv. — Trag"ic*al*ness, n.

Trag"ic (?), n. 1. A writer of tragedy. [Obs.]

2. A tragedy; a tragic drama. [Obs.]

Trag`i-com"e*dy (?), n. [Cf. F. tragicomédie, L. tragicocomoedia. See Tragic, and Comedy.] A kind of drama representing some action in which serious and comic scenes are blended; a composition partaking of the nature both of tragedy and comedy.

> The noble tragi-comedy of "Measure for Measure."

Macaulay.

{ Trag`i-com"ic (?), Trag`i-com"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. tragi-comique.] Of or pertaining to tragi-comedy; partaking of grave and comic scenes. — Trag`- com"ic*al*ly, adv.

> Julian felt toward him that tragi-comic sensation which makes us pity the object which excites it not the less that we are somewhat inclined to laugh amid our sympathy.

Sir W. Scott.

Trag`i-com`i-pas"tor*al (?), a. Partaking of the nature of, or combining, tragedy, comedy, and pastoral poetry. [R.] Gay.

Trag"o*pan (?), n. [NL., fr. L. tragopan a fabulous Ethiopian bird, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of Asiatic pheasants of the genus Ceriornis. They are brilliantly colored with a variety of tints, the back and breast are usually covered with white or buff ocelli, and the head is ornamented with two bright-colored, fleshy wattles. The crimson tragopan, or horned pheasant (C. satyra), of India is one of the best-known species.

||Tra"gus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a part of the inner ear.] (Anat.) The prominence in front of the external opening of the ear. See Illust. under Ear.

T" rail` (?). See under T.

Trail (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trailing.] [OE. trailen, OF. trailler to trail a deer, or hunt him upon a cold scent, also, to hunt or pursue him with a limehound, F. trailler to trail a fishing line; probably from a derivative of L. trahere to draw; cf. L. traha a drag, sledge, tragula a kind of drag net, a small sledge, Sp. trailla a leash, an instrument for leveling the ground, D. treilen to draw with a rope, to tow, treil a rope for drawing a boat. See Trace, v. t.]

1. To hunt by the track; to track. Halliwell.

2. To draw or drag, as along the ground.

> And hung his head, and trailed his legs along.

Dryden.

> They shall not trail me through their streets
> Like a wild beast.

Milton.

> Long behind he trails his pompous robe.

Pope.

3. (Mil.) To carry, as a firearm, with the breech near the ground and the upper part inclined forward, the piece being held by the right hand near the middle.

4. To tread down, as grass, by walking through it; to lay flat. Longfellow.

5. To take advantage of the ignorance of; to impose upon. [Prov. Eng.]

> I presently perceived she was (what is vernacularly termed) trailing Mrs. Dent; that is, playing on her ignorance.

C. Bronte.

Trail (?), v. i. 1. To be drawn out in length; to follow after.

> When his brother saw the red blood trail.

Spenser.

2. To grow to great length, especially when slender and creeping upon the ground, as a plant; to run or climb.

Trail, n. 1. A track left by man or beast; a track followed by the hunter; a scent on the ground by the animal pursued; as, a deer trail.

> They traveled in the bed of the brook, leaving no dangerous trail.

Cooper.

> How cheerfully on the false trail they cry!

Shak.

2. A footpath or road track through a wilderness or wild region; as, an Indian trail over the plains.

3. Anything drawn out to a length; as, the trail of a meteor; a trail of smoke.

> When lightning shoots in glittering trails along.

Rowe.

4. Anything drawn behind in long undulations; a train. "A radiant trail of hair." Pope.

5. Anything drawn along, as a vehicle. [Obs.]

6. A frame for trailing plants; a trellis. [Obs.]

7. The entrails of a fowl, especially of game, as the woodcock, and the like; — applied also, sometimes, to the entrails of sheep.

> The woodcock is a favorite with epicures, and served with its trail in, is a delicious dish.

Baird.

8. (Mil.) That part of the stock of a gun carriage which rests on the ground when the piece is unlimbered. See Illust. of Gun carriage, under Gun.

9. The act of taking advantage of the ignorance of a person; an imposition. [Prov. Eng.]

Trail boards (Shipbuilding), the carved boards on both sides of the cutwater near the figurehead. — Trail net, a net that is trailed or drawn behind a boat. Wright.

Trail"er (?), n. One who, or that which, trails.

Trail"ing, a. & vb. n. from Trail.

Trailing arbutus. (Bot.) See under Arbutus. — Trailing spring, a spring fixed in the axle box of the trailing wheels of a locomotive engine, and so placed as to assist in deadening any shock which may occur. Weale. — Trailing wheel, a hind wheel of a locomotive when it is not a driving wheel; also, one of the hind wheels of a carriage.

Train (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Training.] [OF. trahiner, traïner,F. traîner, LL. trahinare, trainare, fr. L. trahere to draw. See Trail.]

1. To draw along; to trail; to drag.

> In hollow cube
> Training his devilish enginery.

Milton.

2. To draw by persuasion, artifice, or the like; to attract by stratagem; to entice; to allure. [Obs.]

> If but a dozen French
> Were there in arms, they would be as a call
> To train ten thousand English to their side.

Shak.

> O, train me not, sweet mermaid, with thy note.

Shak.

> This feast, I'll gage my life,
> Is but a plot to train you to your ruin.

Ford.

3. To teach and form by practice; to educate; to exercise; to discipline; as, to train the militia to the manual exercise; to train soldiers to the use of arms.

> Our trained bands, which are the trustiest and most proper strength of a free nation.

Milton.

> The warrior horse here bred he's taught to train.

Dryden.

4. To break, tame, and accustom to draw, as oxen.

5. (Hort.) To lead or direct, and form to a wall or espalier; to form to a proper shape, by bending, lopping, or pruning; as, to train young trees.

> He trained the young branches to the right hand or to the left.

Jeffrey.

6. (Mining) To trace, as a lode or any mineral appearance, to its head.

To train a gun (Mil. & Naut.), to point it at some object either forward or else abaft the beam, that is, not directly on the side. Totten. — To train, or To train up, to educate; to teach; to form by instruction or practice; to bring up.

> Train up a child in the way he should go; and when he is old, he will not depart from it.

Prov. xxii. 6.

> The first Christians were, by great hardships, trained up for glory.

Tillotson.

Train, v. i. 1. To be drilled in military exercises; to do duty in a military company.

2. To prepare by exercise, diet, instruction, etc., for any physical contest; as, to train for a boat race.

Train, n. [F. train, OF. traïn, trahin; cf. (for some of the senses) F. traine. See Train, v.] 1. That which draws along; especially, persuasion, artifice, or enticement; allurement. [Obs.] "Now to my charms, and to my wily trains." Milton.

2. Hence, something tied to a lure to entice a hawk; also, a trap for an animal; a snare. Halliwell.

> With cunning trains him to entrap un wares.

Spenser.

3. That which is drawn along in the rear of, or after, something; that which is in the hinder part or rear. Specifically : —

(a) That part of a gown which trails behind the wearer.

(b) (Mil.) The after part of a gun carriage; the trail.

(c) The tail of a bird. "The train steers their flights, and turns their bodies, like the rudder of ship." Ray.

4. A number of followers; a body of attendants; a retinue; a suite.

> The king's daughter with a lovely train.

Addison.

> My train are men of choice and rarest parts.

Shak.

5. A consecution or succession of connected things; a series. "A train of happy sentiments." I. Watts.

> The train of ills our love would draw behind it.

Addison.

> Rivers now
> Stream and perpetual draw their humid train.

Milton.

> Other truths require a train of ideas placed in order.

Locke.

6. Regular method; process; course; order; as, things now in a train for settlement.

> If things were once in this train, . . . our duty would take root in our nature.

Swift.

7. The number of beats of a watch in any certain time.

8. A line of gunpowder laid to lead fire to a charge, mine, or the like.

9. A connected line of cars or carriages on a railroad.

10. A heavy, long sleigh used in Canada for the transportation of merchandise, wood, and the like.

11. (Rolling Mill) A roll train; as, a 12- inch train.

Roll train, or Train of rolls (Rolling Mill), a set of plain or grooved rolls for rolling metal into various forms by a series of consecutive operations. — Train mile (Railroads), a unit employed in estimating running expenses, etc., being one of the total number of miles run by all the trains of a road, or system of roads, as within a given time, or for a given expenditure; — called also mile run. — Train of artillery, any number of cannon, mortars, etc., with the attendants and carriages which follow them into the field. Campbell (Dict. Mil. Sci.). — Train of mechanism, a series of moving pieces, as wheels and pinions, each of which is follower to that which drives it, and driver to that which follows it. — Train road, a slight railway for small cars, — used for construction, or in mining. — Train tackle (Naut.), a tackle for running guns in and out.

Syn. — Cars. — Train, Cars. Train is the word universally used in England with reference to railroad traveling; as, I came in the morning train. In the United States, the phrase the cars has been extensively introduced in the room of train; as, the cars are late; I came in the cars. The English expression is obviously more appropriate, and is prevailing more and more among Americans, to the exclusion of the cars.

Train"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being trained or educated; as, boys trainable to virtue. Richardson.

Train"band` (?), n.; pl. Trainbands (&?;). A band or company of an organized military force instituted by James I. and dissolved by Charles II.; — afterwards applied to the London militia. [Eng.]

> He felt that, without some better protection than that of the trainbands and Beefeaters, his palace and person would hardly be secure.

Macaulay.

> A trainband captain eke was he
> Of famous London town.

Cowper.

Train"bear`er (?), n. One who holds up a train, as of a robe.

Train"el (?), n. [OF.] A dragnet. [Obs.] Holland.

Train"er (?), n. 1. One who trains; an instructor; especially, one who trains or prepares men, horses, etc., for exercises requiring physical agility and strength.

2. A militiaman when called out for exercise or discipline. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Train"ing, n. The act of one who trains; the act or process of exercising, disciplining, etc.; education.

Fan training (Hort.), the operation of training fruit trees, grapevines, etc., so that the branches shall radiate from the stem like a fan. — Horizontal training (Hort.), the operation of training fruit trees, grapevines, etc., so that the branches shall spread out laterally in a horizontal direction. — Training college. See Normal school, under Normal, a. — Training day, a day on which a military company assembles for drill or parade. [U. S.] — Training ship, a vessel on board of which boys are trained as sailors.

Syn. — See Education.

Train" oil` (oil`). [D. or LG. traan train oil, blubber (cf. Dan. & Sw. tran, G. thran) + E. oil.] Oil procured from the blubber or fat of whales, by boiling.

Train"y (?), a. Belonging to train oil. [Obs.] Gay.

Traipse (?), v. i. [Cf. G. trapsen, trappsen, trappen, to tread noisily, to walk stamping. See Trample, Trape.] To walk or run about in a slatternly, careless, or thoughtless manner. [Colloq.] Pope.

{ Trais (?), Trays }, n. pl. Traces. [Obs.]

> Four white bulls in the trays.

Chaucer.

Trait (?), n. [F., fr. L. tractus, fr. trahere to draw. See Trace, v., and cf. Tract a region, Trace a strap, Tret.]

1. A stroke; a touch.

> By this single trait Homer makes an essential difference between the Iliad and Odyssey.

Broome.

2. A distinguishing or marked feature; a peculiarity; as, a trait of character.

Formerly pronounced tr, as in French, and still so pronounced to some extent in England.

||Trai`teur" (?), n. [F.] The keeper of an eating house, or restaurant; a restaurateur. Simmonds.

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Trai"tor (?), n. [OE. traitour, OF. traïtor, traïteur, F. treître, L. traditor, fr. tradere, traditum, to deliver, to give up or surrender treacherously, to betray; trans across, over + dare to give. See Date time, and cf. Betray,Tradition, Traditor, Treason.] 1. One who violates his allegiance and betrays his country; one guilty of treason; one who, in breach of trust, delivers his country to an enemy, or yields up any fort or place intrusted to his defense, or surrenders an army or body of troops to the enemy, unless when vanquished; also, one who takes arms and levies war against his country; or one who aids an enemy in conquering his country. See Treason.

> O passing traitor, perjured and unjust!

Shak.

2. Hence, one who betrays any confidence or trust; a betrayer. "This false traitor death." Chaucer.

Trai"tor, a. Traitorous. [R.] Spenser. Pope.

Trai"tor, v. t. To act the traitor toward; to betray; to deceive. [Obs.] " But time, it traitors me." Lithgow.

Trai"tor*ess (?), n. A traitress. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Trai"tor*ly (?), a. Like a traitor; treacherous; traitorous. [Obs.] "Traitorly rascals." Shak.

Trai"tor*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. traîtreux.] 1. Guilty of treason; treacherous; perfidious; faithless; as, a traitorous officer or subject. Shak.

2. Consisting in treason; partaking of treason; implying breach of allegiance; as, a traitorous scheme.

— Trai"tor*ous*ly, adv. — Trai"tor*ous*ness, n.

Trai"tor*y (?), n. Treachery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Trai"tress (?), n. [F. traîtresse.] A woman who betrays her country or any trust; a traitoress. Dryden.

Tra*ject" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trajected; p. pr. & vb. n. Trajecting.] [L. trajectus, p. p. of trajicere to throw across; trans across + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] To throw or cast through, over, or across; as, to traject the sun's light through three or more cross prisms. [R.] Sir I. Newton.

Traj"ect (?), n. [L. trajectus, fr. trajicere: cf. F. trajet, OF. traject. See Traject, v. t.] 1. A place for passing across; a passage; a ferry. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

2. The act of trajecting; trajection.

3. A trajectory. [R.] I. Taylor.

Tra*jec"tion (?), n. [L. trajectio a crossing over, transposition.] 1. The act of trajecting; a throwing or casting through or across; also, emission. Boyle.

2. Transposition. [R.] Knatchbull.

Tra*ject"o*ry (?), n.; pl. Trajectories (#). [Cf. F. trajectoire.] The curve which a body describes in space, as a planet or comet in its orbit, or stone thrown upward obliquely in the air.

{ Tra"jet (?), Tra"jet*our (?), Tra"jet*ry (?) }, n. See Treget, Tregetour, and Tregetry. [Obs.]

Tra*la"tion (?), n. [L. tralatio, translatio.See Translation.] The use of a word in a figurative or extended sense; ametaphor; a trope. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Tral`a*ti"tion (?), n. [See Tralatitious.] A change, as in the use of words; a metaphor.

Tral`a*ti"tious (?), a. [L. tralatitius, translatitius, tralaticius, translaticius. See Tralation.] 1. Passed along; handed down; transmitted.

> Among biblical critics a tralatitious interpretation is one received by expositor from expositor.

W. Withington.

2. Metaphorical; figurative; not literal. Stackhouse.

Tral`a*ti"tious*ly, adv. In a tralatitious manner; metephorically. Holder.

Tra*lin"e*ate (?), v. i. [L. trans across + linea a line: cf. It tralineare, tralignare.] To deviate; to stray; to wander. [Obs.] Dryden.

Tra*lu"cen*cy (?), n. Translucency; as, the tralucency of a gem. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Tra*lu"cent (?), a. [L. tralucens, translucens, p. pr. See Translucent.] Translucent. [Obs.]

> The air's tralucent gallery.

Sir. J. Davies.

Tram (?), n. [Prov. E. tram a coal wagon, the shaft of a cart or carriage, a beam or bar; probably of Scand, origin; cf. OSw. tråm, trum, a beam, OD. drom, Prov. & OHG. tram.] 1. A four-wheeled truck running on rails, and used in a mine, as for carrying coal or ore.

2. The shaft of a cart. [Prov. Eng.] De Quincey.

3. One of the rails of a tramway.

4. A car on a horse railroad. [Eng.]

Tram car, a car made to run on a tramway, especially a street railway car. — Tram plate, a flat piece of iron laid down as a rail. — Tram pot (Milling), the step and support for the lower end of the spindle of a millstone.

Tram, n. [Sp. trama weft, or F. trame.] A silk thread formed of two or more threads twisted together, used especially for the weft, or cross threads, of the best quality of velvets and silk goods.

Tram"ble (?), v. t. (Mining) To wash, as tin ore, with a shovel in a frame fitted for the purpose. Smart.

Tram"mel (?), n. [F. tramail, trémail, a net, LL. tremaculum, tremacle, a kind of net for taking fish; L. tres three + macula a mesh. See Three, and Mail armor.] 1. A kind of net for catching birds, fishes, or other prey. Carew.

2. A net for confining a woman's hair. Spenser.

3. A kind of shackle used for regulating the motions of a horse and making him amble.

4. Fig.: Whatever impedes activity, progress, or freedom, as a net or shackle.

> [They] disdain the trammels of any sordid contract.

Jeffrey.

5. An iron hook of various forms and sizes, used for handing kettles and other vessels over the fire.

6. (Mech.) (a) An instrument for drawing ellipses, one part of which consists of a cross with two grooves at right angles to each other, the other being a beam carrying two pins (which slide in those grooves), and also the describing pencil. (b) A beam compass. See under Beam.

Tram"mel (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trammeled (?) or Trammelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Trammeling, or Trammelling.] 1. To entangle, as in a net; to catch. [R.] Shak.

2. To confine; to hamper; to shackle.

Tram"meled (?), a. (Man.) Having blazes, or white marks, on the fore and hind foot of one side, as if marked by trammels; — said of a horse. [Written also trammelled.]

Tram"mel*er (?), n. [Written also trammeller.]

1. One who uses a trammel net. Nares.

2. One who, or that which, trammels or restrains.

Tram"ming (?), n. (Silk Manuf.) The act or process of forming trams. See 2d Tram.

Tra*mon"tane (?), a. [OF. tramontain, It. tramontano, L. transmontanus; trans across, beyond + mons, montis, mountain.] Lying or being beyond the mountains; coming from the other side of the mountains; hence, foreign; barbarous.

The Italians sometimes use this epithet for ultramontane, and apply it to the countries north of the Alps, as France and Germany, and especially to their ecclesiastics, jurists, painters, etc.; and a north wind is called a tramontane wind. The French lawyers call certain Italian canonists tramontane, or ultramontane, doctors; considering them as favoring too much the court of Rome. See Ultramontane.

Tra*mon"tane, n. One living beyond the mountains; hence, a foreigner; a stranger.

Tramp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tramped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tramping.] [OE. trampen; akin to LG. trampen, G. trampeln, LG. & D. trappen, Dan. trampe, Sw. & Icel. trampa, Goth. anatrimpan to press upon; also to D. trap a step, G. treppe steps, stairs. Cf. Trap a kind of rock, Trape, Trip, v. i., Tread.] 1. To tread upon forcibly and repeatedly; to trample.

2. To travel or wander through; as, to tramp the country. [Colloq.]

3. To cleanse, as clothes, by treading upon them in water. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Tramp, v. i. To travel; to wander; to stroll.

Tramp, n. 1. A foot journey or excursion; as, to go on a tramp; a long tramp. Blackie.

2. A foot traveler; a tramper; often used in a bad sense for a vagrant or wandering vagabond. Halliwell.

3. The sound of the foot, or of feet, on the earth, as in marching. Sir W. Scott.

4. A tool for trimming hedges.

5. A plate of iron worn to protect the sole of the foot, or the shoe, when digging with a spade.

Tramp"er (?), n. One who tramps; a stroller; a vagrant or vagabond; a tramp. Dickens.

Tram"ple (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trampled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trampling (?).] [OE. trampelen, freq. of trampen. See Tramp, v. t.] 1. To tread under foot; to tread down; to prostrate by treading; as, to trample grass or flowers. Dryden.

> Neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet.

Matt. vii. 6.

2. Fig.: To treat with contempt and insult. Cowper.

Tram"ple, v. i. 1. To tread with force and rapidity; to stamp.

2. To tread in contempt; — with on or upon.

> Diogenes trampled on Plato's pride with greater of his own.

Gov. of Tongue.

Tram"ple, n. The act of treading under foot; also, the sound produced by trampling. Milton.

> The huddling trample of a drove of sheep.

Lowell.

Tram"pler (?), n. One who tramples; one who treads down; as, a trampler on nature's law. Cowper.

Tram*poose" (?), v. i. [See Tramp, Trample, and Traipse.] To walk with labor, or heavily; to tramp. [Law, U. S.] Bartlett.

Tram"road` (?), n. [Tram a coal wagon + road.] A road prepared for easy transit of trams or wagons, by forming the wheel tracks of smooth beams of wood, blocks of stone, or plates of iron.

Tram"way` (?), n. 1. Same as Tramroad.

2. A railway laid in the streets of a town or city, on which cars for passengers or for freight are drawn by horses; a horse railroad.

Tra*na"tion (?), n. [L. tranare, transnare, to swim over; trans across, over + nare to swim.] The act of swimming over. [Obs.] Bailey.

Trance (?), n. [F. transe fright, in OF. also, trance or swoon, fr. transir to chill, benumb, to be chilled, to shiver, OF. also, to die, L. transire to pass over, go over, pass away, cease; trans across, over + ire to go; cf. L. transitus a passing over. See Issue, and cf. Transit.]

1. A tedious journey. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. A state in which the soul seems to have passed out of the body into another state of being, or to be rapt into visions; an ecstasy.

> And he became very hungry, and would have eaten; but while they made ready, he fell into a trance.

Acts. x. 10.

> My soul was ravished quite as in a trance.

Spenser.

3. (Med.) A condition, often simulating death, in which there is a total suspension of the power of voluntary movement, with abolition of all evidences of mental activity and the reduction to a minimum of all the vital functions so that the patient lies still and apparently unconscious of surrounding objects, while the pulsation of the heart and the breathing, although still present, are almost or altogether imperceptible.

> He fell down in a trance.

Chaucer.

Trance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tranced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trancing (?).] 1. To entrance.

> And three I left him tranced.

Shak.

2. To pass over or across; to traverse. [Poetic]

> Trance the world over.

Beau. & Fl.

> When thickest dark did trance the sky.

Tennyson.

Trance (?), v. i. To pass; to travel. [Obs.]

Tran"ect (?), n. [Cf. Traject.] A ferry. [Obs.] Shak.

Tran"gram (?), n. [OE. trangrain a strange thing, trangame a toy. See Tangram.] Something intricately contrived; a contrived; a puzzle. [Cant & Obs.] Arbuthnot.

Tran"nel (?), n. (Naut.) A treenail. [R.] Moxon.

Tran"quil (?), a. [L. tranquillus; probably fr. trans across, over + a word akin to quietus quiet: cf. F. tranquille. See Quiet.] Quiet; calm; undisturbed; peaceful; not agitated; as, the atmosphere is tranquil; the condition of the country is tranquil.

> A style clear, tranquil, easy to follow.

De Quincey.

{ Tran`quil*i*za"tion, Tran`quil*li*za"tion } (?), n. The act of tranquilizing, or the state of being tranquilized.

{Tran"quil*ize, Tran"quil*lize } (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tranquilized (?) or Tranquilliized; p. pr. & vb. n. Tranquilizing (?) or Tranquillizing.] [Cf. F. tranquilliser.] To render tranquil; to allay when agitated; to compose; to make calm and peaceful; as, to tranquilize a state disturbed by factions or civil commotions; to tranquilize the mind.

Syn. — To quiet; compose; still; soothe; appease; calm; pacify.

{ Tran"quil*i`zer, Tran"quil*li`zer } (?), n. One who, or that which, tranquilizes.

{ Tran"quil*i`zing, Tran"quil*li`zing } (?), a. Making tranquil; calming. " The tranquilizing power of time." Wordsworth. — Tran"quil*i`zing*ly or Tran"quil*li`zing*ly, adv.

Tran*quil"li*ty (?), n. [F. tranquillité, L. tranquillitas.] The quality or state of being tranquil; calmness; composure.

Tran"quil*ly (?), adv. In a tranquil manner; calmly.

Tran"quil*ness, n. Quality or state of being tranquil.

Trans- (?). [L. trans across, over.] A prefix, signifying over, beyond, through and through, on the other side, as in transalpine, beyond the Alps; transform, to form through and through, that is, anew, transfigure.

Trans*act" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Transacting.] [L. transactus, p. p. of transigere. See Transaction.] To carry through; to do; perform; to manage; as, to transact commercial business; to transact business by an agent.

Trans*act", v. i. To conduct matters; to manage affairs. [R.] South.

Trans*ac"tion (?), n. [L. transactio, fr. transigere, transactum, to drive through, carry through, accomplish, transact; trans across, over + agere to drive; cf. F. transaction. See Act, Agent.] 1. The doing or performing of any business; management of any affair; performance.

2. That which is done; an affair; as, the transactions on the exchange.

3. (Civil Law) An adjustment of a dispute between parties by mutual agreement.

Transaction of a society, the published record of what it has done or accomplished.

Syn. — Proceeding; action; process. — Transaction, Proceeding. A transaction is something already done and completed; a proceeding is either something which is now going on, or, if ended, is still contemplated with reference to its progress or successive stages.

" We the word proceeding in application to an affray in the street, and the word transaction to some commercial negotiation that has been carried on between certain persons. The proceeding marks the manner of proceeding, as when we speak of the proceedings in a court of law. The transaction marks the business transacted; as, the transactions on the Exchange." Crabb.

Trans*act"or (?), n. [L.] One who transacts, performs, or conducts any business. Derham.

Trans*al"pine (?), a. [L. transalpinus; trans across, beyond + Alpinus Alpine, from Alpes the Alps: cf. F. transalpin.] Being on the farther side of the Alps in regard to Rome, that is, on the north or west side of the Alps; of or pertaining to the region or the people beyond the Alps; as, transalpine Gaul; — opposed to cisalpine. " Transalpine garbs." Beau. & Fl.

Trans*al"pine, n. A native or inhabitant of a country beyond the Alps, that is, out of Italy.

Trans*an"i*mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transanimated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transanimating.] [Trans- + animate.] To animate with a soul conveyed from another body. [R.] Bp. J. King (1608).

Trans*an`i*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. transanimation.] The conveyance of a soul from one body to another. [R.] Fuller.

Trans`at*lan"tic (?), a. [Pref. trans- + Atlantic: cf. F. transatlantique.] 1. Lying or being beyond the Atlantic Ocean.

When used by a person in Europe or Africa, transatlantic signifies being in America; when by a person in America, it denotes being or lying in Europe or Africa, especially the former.

2. Crossing the Atlantic Ocean.

Trans*au"di*ent (?), a. [See Trans-, and Audient.] Permitting the passage of sound. [R.] Lowell.

Trans*ca"len*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being transcalent.

Trans*ca"lent (?), a. [Pref. trans- + L. calens, p. pr. of calere to grow warm.] Pervious to, or permitting the passage of, heat.

Tran*scend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transcended; p. pr. & vb. n. Transcending.] [L. transcendere, transcensum; trans beyond, over + scandere to climb. See Scan.] 1. To rise above; to surmount; as, lights in the heavens transcending the region of the clouds. Howell.

2. To pass over; to go beyond; to exceed.

> Such popes as shall transcend their limits.

Bacon.

<! p. 1528 !>

8. To surpass; to outgo; to excel; to exceed.

> How much her worth transcended all her kind.

Dryden.

Tran*scend" (trn*snd"), v. i. 1. To climb; to mount. [Obs.]

2. To be transcendent; to excel. [R.]

{ Tran*scend"ence (-ens), Tran*scend"en*cy (- en*s), }[Cf. L. transcendentia, F. transcendance.] 1. The quality or state of being transcendent; superior excellence; supereminence.

> The Augustinian theology rests upon the transcendence of Deity at its controlling principle.

A. V. G. Allen.

2. Elevation above truth; exaggeration. [Obs.]

> "Where transcendencies are more allowed."

Bacon.

Tran*scend"ent (?), a. [L. transcendens, -entis, p. pr. of transcendere to transcend: cf. F. transcendant, G. transcendent.] 1. Very excellent; superior or supreme in excellence; surpassing others; as, transcendent worth; transcendent valor.

> Clothed with transcendent brightness.

Milton.

2. (Kantian Philos.) Transcending, or reaching beyond, the limits of human knowledge; — applied to affirmations and speculations concerning what lies beyond the reach of the human intellect.

Tran*scend"ent, n. That which surpasses or is supereminent; that which is very excellent.

Tran`scen*den"tal (?), a. [Cf. F. transcendantal, G. transcendental.] 1. Supereminent; surpassing others; as, transcendental being or qualities.

2. (Philos.) In the Kantian system, of or pertaining to that which can be determined a priori in regard to the fundamental principles of all human knowledge. What is transcendental, therefore, transcends empiricism; but is does not transcend all human knowledge, or become transcendent. It simply signifies the a priori or necessary conditions of experience which, though affording the conditions of experience, transcend the sphere of that contingent knowledge which is acquired by experience.

3. Vaguely and ambitiously extravagant in speculation, imagery, or diction.

In mathematics, a quantity is said to be transcendental relative to another quantity when it is expressed as a transcendental function of the latter; thus, ax, 102x, log x, sin x, tan x, etc., are transcendental relative to x.

Transcendental curve (Math.), a curve in which one ordinate is a transcendental function of the other. — Transcendental equation (Math.), an equation into which a transcendental function of one of the unknown or variable quantities enters. — Transcendental function. (Math.) See under Function.

Syn. — Transcendental, Empirical. These terms, with the corresponding nouns, transcendentalism and empiricism, are of comparatively recent origin. Empirical refers to knowledge which is gained by the experience of actual phenomena, without reference to the principles or laws to which they are to be referred, or by which they are to be explained. Transcendental has reference to those beliefs or principles which are not derived from experience, and yet are absolutely necessary to make experience possible or useful. Such, in the better sense of the term, is the transcendental philosophy, or transcendentalism. Each of these words is also used in a bad sense, empiricism applying to that one-sided view of knowledge which neglects or loses sight of the truths or principles referred to above, and trusts to experience alone; transcendentalism, to the opposite extreme, which, in its deprecation of experience, loses sight of the relations which facts and phenomena sustain to principles, and hence to a kind of philosophy, or a use of language, which is vague, obscure, fantastic, or extravagant.

Tran`scen*den"tal, n. A transcendentalist. [Obs.]

Tran`scen*den"tal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. transcendantalisme, G. transcendentalismus.] 1. (Kantian Philos.) The transcending, or going beyond, empiricism, and ascertaining a priori the fundamental principles of human knowledge.

As Schelling and Hegel claim to have discovered the absolute identity of the objective and subjective in human knowledge, or of things and human conceptions of them, the Kantian distinction between transcendent and transcendental ideas can have no place in their philosophy; and hence, with them, transcendentalism claims to have a true knowledge of all things, material and immaterial, human and divine, so far as the mind is capable of knowing them. And in this sense the word transcendentalism is now most used. It is also sometimes used for that which is vague and illusive in philosophy.

2. Ambitious and imaginative vagueness in thought, imagery, or diction.

Tran`scen*den"tal*ist, n. [Cf. F. transcendantaliste.] One who believes in transcendentalism.

Tran`scen*den*tal"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being transcendental.

Tran`scen*den"tal*ly (?), adv. In a transcendental manner.

Tran*scend"ent*ly (?), adv. In a transcendent manner.

Tran*scend"ent*ness, n. Same as Transcendence.

Tran*scen"sion (?), n. [See Transcend.] The act of transcending, or surpassing; also, passage over. [Obs.] Chapman.

Trans"co*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transcolated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transcolating.] [Pref. trans- + L. colare, colatum, to filter, to strain.] To cause to pass through a sieve or colander; to strain, as through a sieve. [Obs.] Harvey.

Trans`co*la"tion (?), n. Act of transcolating, or state of being transcolated. [Obs.] Bp. Stillingfleet.

Trans*con`ti*nen"tal (?), a. [Pref. trans- + continental.] Extending or going across a continent; as, a transcontinental railroad or journey.

Trans*cor"po*rate (?), v. i. [Pref. trans- + corporate.] To transmigrate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Tran*scrib"bler (trn*skrb"blr), n. A transcriber; — used in contempt.

> He [Aristotle] has suffered vastly from the transcribblers, as all authors of great brevity necessarily must.

Gray.

Tran*scribe" (trn*skrb"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transcribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transcribing.] [L. transcribere, transcriptum; trans across, over + scribere to write. See Scribe.] To write over again, or in the same words; to copy; as, to transcribe Livy or Tacitus; to transcribe a letter.

Tran*scrib"er (-r), n. One who transcribes, or writes from a copy; a copier; a copyist.

Tran"script (trn"skrpt), n. [L. transcriptum, neut. of transcriptus, p. p. of transcribere. See Transcribe.] 1. That which has been transcribed; a writing or composition consisting of the same words as the original; a written copy.

> The decalogue of Moses was but a transcript.

South.

2. A copy of any kind; an imitation.

> The Grecian learning was but a transcript of the Chaldean and Egyptian.

Glanvill.

Tran*scrip"tion (trn*skrp"shn), n. [Cf. F. transcription, L. transcriptio a transfer.] 1. The act or process of transcribing, or copying; as, corruptions creep into books by repeated transcriptions.

2. A copy; a transcript. Walton.

3. (Mus.) An arrangement of a composition for some other instrument or voice than that for which it was originally written, as the translating of a song, a vocal or instrumental quartet, or even an orchestral work, into a piece for the piano; an adaptation; an arrangement; — a name applied by modern composers for the piano to a more or less fanciful and ornate reproduction on their own instrument of a song or other piece not originally intended for it; as, Liszt's transcriptions of songs by Schubert.

Tran*scrip"tive (-tv), a. Done as from a copy; having the style or appearance of a transcription. [R.] — Tran*scrip"tive*ly, adv. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Trans*cur" (?), v. i. [L. transcurrere, transcursum; trans across, over + currere to run.] To run or rove to and fro. [Obs.] Bacon.

Trans*cur"rence (?), n. [L. transcurrens, p. pr. of transcurrere.] A roving hither and thither.

Trans*cur"sion (?), n. [Cf. L. transcursio a passing over. See Transcur.] A rambling or ramble; a passage over bounds; an excursion. [Obs.] Howell.

Trans*di"a*lect (?), v. t. [Pref. trans- + dialect.] To change or translate from one dialect into another. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

Trans*duc"tion (?), n. [L. transducere, traducere, -dictum, to lead across or over. See Traduce.] The act of conveying over. [R.] Entick.

Transe (?), n. See Trance. [Obs.]

{ Trans*el"e*ment (?), Trans*el`e*men"tate (?), } v. t. [Pref. trans- element.] To change or transpose the elements of; to transubstantiate. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Trans*el`e*men*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. transélémentation.] (Eccl.) Transubstantiation. [Obs.]

Tran"senne (?), n. A transom. [Obs.]

Tran"sept (?), n. [Pref. trans- + L. septum an inclosure. See Septum.] (Arch.) The transversal part of a church, which crosses at right angles to the greatest length, and between the nave and choir. In the basilicas, this had often no projection at its two ends. In Gothic churches these project these project greatly, and should be called the arms of the transept. It is common, however, to speak of the arms themselves as the transepts.

Tran*sex"ion (?), n. [Pref. trans- + L. sexus sex.] Change of sex. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Trans*fem"i*nate (?), v. t. [Pref. trans- + L. femina woman.] To change into a woman, as a man. [Obs. & R.] Sir T. Browne.

Trans*fer" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transferred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transferring.] [L. transferre; trans across, over + ferre to bear: cf. F. transférer. See Bear to carry.] 1. To convey from one place or person another; to transport, remove, or cause to pass, to another place or person; as, to transfer the laws of one country to another; to transfer suspicion.

2. To make over the possession or control of; to pass; to convey, as a right, from one person to another; to give; as, the title to land is transferred by deed.

3. To remove from one substance or surface to another; as, to transfer drawings or engravings to a lithographic stone. Tomlinson.

Syn. — To sell; give; alienate; estrange; sequester.

Trans"fer (?), n. 1. The act of transferring, or the state of being transferred; the removal or conveyance of a thing from one place or person to another.

2. (Law) The conveyance of right, title, or property, either real or personal, from one person to another, whether by sale, by gift, or otherwise.

> I shall here only consider it as a transfer of property.

Burke.

3. That which is transferred. Specifically: - -

(a) A picture, or the like, removed from one body or ground to another, as from wood to canvas, or from one piece of canvas to another. Fairholt.

(b) A drawing or writing printed off from one surface on another, as in ceramics and in many decorative arts.

(c) (Mil.) A soldier removed from one troop, or body of troops, and placed in another.

4. (Med.) A pathological process by virtue of which a unilateral morbid condition on being abolished on one side of the body makes its appearance in the corresponding region upon the other side.

Transfer day, one of the days fixed by the Bank of England for the transfer, free of charge, of bank stock and government funds. These days are the first five business days in the week before three o'clock. Transfers may be made on Saturdays on payment of a fee of 2s. 6d. Bithell. — Transfer office, an office or department where transfers of stocks, etc., are made. — Transfer paper, a prepared paper used by draughtsmen, engravers, lithographers, etc., for transferring impressions. — Transfer table. (Railroad) Same as Traverse table. See under Traverse.

Trans*fer`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being transferable.

Trans*fer"a*ble (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. transférable.] 1. Capable of being transferred or conveyed from one place or person to another.

2. Negotiable, as a note, bill of exchange, or other evidence of property, that may be conveyed from one person to another by indorsement or other writing; capable of being transferred with no loss of value; as, the stocks of most public companies are transferable; some tickets are not transferable.

Trans`fer*ee" (?), n. The person to whom a transfer in made.

Trans"fer*ence (?), n. The act of transferring; conveyance; passage; transfer.

Trans`fer*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Transfer + -graphy.] The act or process of copying inscriptions, or the like, by making transfers.

Trans*fer"rence (?), n. See Transference.

Trans*fer"rer (?), n. One who makes a transfer or conveyance.

Trans*fer"ri*ble (?), a. Capable of being transferred; transferable.

Trans*fig"u*rate (?), v. t. To transfigure; to transform. [R.]

Trans*fig`u*ra"tion (?), n. [L. transfiguratio: cf. transfiguration.] 1. A change of form or appearance; especially, the supernatural change in the personal appearance of our Savior on the mount.

2. (Eccl.) A feast held by some branches of the Christian church on the 6th of August, in commemoration of the miraculous change above mentioned.

Trans*fig"ure (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transfigured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transfiguring.] [F. transfigurer, L. transfigurare, transfiguratum; trans across, over + figurare to form, shape. See Figure, v. t.] 1. To change the outward form or appearance of; to metamorphose; to transform.

2. Especially, to change to something exalted and glorious; to give an ideal form to.

> [Jesus] was transfigured before them; and his face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light.

Matt. xvii. 2.

Trans*fix" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transfixed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transfixing.] [L. transfixus, p. p. of transfigure to transfix; trans across, through + figere to fix, fasten. See Fix.] To pierce through, as with a pointed weapon; to impale; as, to transfix one with a dart.

Trans*fix"ion (?), n. The act of transfixing, or the state of being transfixed, or pierced. Bp. Hall.

Trans"flu*ent (?), a. [Pref. trans- + fluent.] 1. Flowing or running across or through; as, a transfluent stream.

2. (Her.) Passing or flowing through a bridge; — said of water. Wright.

Trans"flux (?), n. [Pref. trans- + flux.] A flowing through, across, or beyond. [R.]

Trans"fo*rate (?), v. t. [L. transforatus, p. p. of transforare to pierce through; trans through + forare to bore.] To bore through; to perforate. [Obs.]

Trans*form" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transformed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transforming.] [L. transformare, transformatum; trans across, over + formare to from: cf. F. transformer. See Form, v. t.] 1. To change the form of; to change in shape or appearance; to metamorphose; as, a caterpillar is ultimately transformed into a butterfly.

> Love may transform me to an oyster.

Shak.

2. To change into another substance; to transmute; as, the alchemists sought to transform lead into gold.

3. To change in nature, disposition, heart, character, or the like; to convert.

> Be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind.

Rom. xii. 2.

4. (Math.) To change, as an algebraic expression or geometrical figure, into another from without altering its value.

Trans*form", v. i. To be changed in form; to be metamorphosed. [R.]

> His hair transforms to down.

Addison.

Trans*form"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being transformed or changed.

Trans`for*ma"tion (?), n. [L. transformatio: cf. transformation.] The act of transforming, or the state of being transformed; change of form or condition. Specifically: —

(a) (Biol.) Any change in an organism which alters its general character and mode of life, as in the development of the germ into the embryo, the egg into the animal, the larva into the insect (metamorphosis), etc.; also, the change which the histological units of a tissue are prone to undergo. See Metamorphosis.

(b) (Physiol.) Change of one from of material into another, as in assimilation; metabolism; metamorphosis.

(c) (Alchemy) The imagined possible or actual change of one metal into another; transmutation.

(d) (Theol.) A change in disposition, heart, character, or the like; conversion.

(e) (Math.) The change, as of an equation or quantity, into another form without altering the value.

Trans*form"a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. transformatif.] Having power, or a tendency, to transform.

Trans*form"er (?), n. One who, or that which, transforms. Specif. (Elec.), an apparatus for producing from a given electrical current another current of different voltage.

Trans*form"ism (?), n. [F. transformisme.] (Biol.) The hypothesis, or doctrine, that living beings have originated by the modification of some other previously existing forms of living matter; — opposed to abiogenesis. Huxley.

<! p. 1529 !>

Trans*freight" (?), v. i. To transfrete. [Obs.] Waterhouse.

Trans`fre*ta"tion (?), n. [L. transfretatio. See Transfrete.] The act of passing over a strait or narrow sea. [Obs.] Sir J. Davies.

Trans*frete" (?), v. i. [L. transfretare; trans across, over + fretum a strait: cf. OF. transfreter.] To pass over a strait or narrow sea. [Written also transfreight.] [Obs.] E. Hall.

{ Trans"fuge (?), Trans*fu"gi*tive (?), } n. [L. transfuga; trans across, over + fugere to flee.] One who flees from one side to another; hence, a deserter; a turncoat; an apostate. [R.]

Trans*fund" (?), v. t. [L. transfundere; trans over, across + fundere to pour, pour out. See Found to cast, and cf. Transfuse.] To pour from one vessel into another; to transfuse. [Obs.] Barrow.

Trans*fuse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transfused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transfusing.] [L. transfusus, p. p. of transfundere: cf. F. transfuser. See Transfund.] 1. To pour, as liquid, out of one vessel into another; to transfer by pouring.

2. (Med.) To transfer, as blood, from the veins or arteries of one man or animal to those of another.

3. To cause to pass from to another; to cause to be instilled or imbibed; as, to transfuse a spirit of patriotism into a man; to transfuse a love of letters.

> Into thee such virtue and grace
> Immense I have transfused.

Milton.

Trans*fu"si*ble (?), a. Capable of being transfused; transferable by transfusion.

Trans*fu"sion (?), n. [L. transfusio: cf. F. transfusion.] 1. The act of transfusing, or pouring, as liquor, out of one vessel into another. Howell.

2. (Med.) The act or operation of transferring the blood of one man or animal into the vascular system of another; also, the introduction of any fluid into the blood vessels, or into a cavity of the body from which it can readily be adsorbed into the vessels; intrafusion; as, the peritoneal transfusion of milk.

Trans*fu"sive (?), a. Tending to transfuse; having power to transfuse.

Trans*gress" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transgressed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transgressing.] [Cf. F. transgresser. See Transgression.] 1. To pass over or beyond; to surpass. [R.]

> Surpassing common faith, transgressing nature's law.

Dryden.

2. Hence, to overpass, as any prescribed as the &?;imit of duty; to break or violate, as a law, civil or moral.

> For man will hearken to his glozing lies,
> And easily transgress the sole command.

Milton.

3. To offend against; to vex. [Obs.]

> Why give you peace to this imperate beast
> That hath so long transgressed you ?

Beau. & Fl.

Trans*gress", v. i. To offend against the law; to sin.

> Who transgressed in the thing accursed.

I Chron. ii. 7.

Trans*gres"sion (?), n. [L. transgressio a going across, going over, transgression of the law, from transgredi, transgressus, to step across, go over; trans over, across + gradi to step, walk: cf. F. transgression. See Grade.] The act of transgressing, or of passing over or beyond any law, civil or moral; the violation of a law or known principle of rectitude; breach of command; fault; offense; crime; sin.

> Forgive thy people . . . all their transgressions wherein they have transgressed against thee.

I Kings viii. 50.

> What rests, but that the mortal sentence pass
> On his transgression, death denounced that day ?

Milton.

> The transgression is in the stealer.

Shak.

Syn. — Fault; offense; crime; infringement; misdemeanor; misdeed; affront; sin.

Trans*gres"sion*al (?), a. Of pertaining to transgression; involving a transgression.

Trans*gress"ive (?), a. [Cf. L. transgressivus passing over into another class. F. transgressif.] Disposed or tending to transgress; faulty; culpable. -

Trans*gress"ive*ly, adv.

> Adam, perhaps, . . . from the transgressive infirmities of himself, might have erred alone.

Sir T. Browne.

Trans*gress"or (?), n. [L.: cf. F. transgresseur.] One who transgresses; one who breaks a law, or violates a command; one who violates any known rule or principle of rectitude; a sinner.

> The way of transgressors is hard.

Prov. xiii. 15.

Tran*shape" (?), v. t. To transshape. [R.] J. Webster (1623).

Tran*ship" (?), v. t. Same as Transship.

Tran*ship"ment (?), n. Same as Transshipment.

Trans*hu"man (?), a. [Pref. trans- + human.] More than human; superhuman. [R.]

> Words may not tell of that transhuman change.

H. F. Cary.

Trans*hu"man*ize (?), v. t. To make more than human; to purity; to elevate above humanity. [R.]

> Souls purified by sorrow and self-denial, transhumanized to the divine abstraction of pure contemplation.

Lowell.

{ Tran"sience (?), Tran"sien*cy (?), } n. The quality of being transient; transientness.

Tran"sient (?), a. [L. transiens, - entis, p. pr. of transire, transitum, to go or pass over. See Trance.] 1. Passing before the sight or perception, or, as it were, moving over or across a space or scene viewed, and then disappearing; hence, of short duration; not permanent; not lasting or durable; not stationary; passing; fleeting; brief; transitory; as, transient pleasure. "Measured this transient world." Milton.

2. Hasty; momentary; imperfect; brief; as, a transient view of a landscape.

3. Staying for a short time; not regular or permanent; as, a transient guest; transient boarders. [Colloq. U. S.]

Syn. — Transient, Transitory, Fleeting. Transient represents a thing as brief at the best; transitory, as liable at any moment to pass away. Fleeting goes further, and represents it as in the act of taking its flight. Life is transient; its joys are transitory; its hours are fleeting.

> What is loose love? A transient gust.

Pope

> If [we love] transitory things, which soon decay,
> Age must be loveliest at the latest day.

Donne.

> O fleeting joys
> Of Paradise, dear bought with lasting woes.

Milton.

— Tran"sient*ly (#), adv. — Tran"sient*ness, n.

Tran"sient, n. That which remains but for a brief time. Glanvill.

{ Tran*sil"i*ence (?), Tran*sil"i*en*cy (?), } n. [L. transiliens, p. pr. of transilire to leap across or over; trans across, over + salire to leap.] A leap across or from one thing to another. [R.] "An unadvised transiliency." Glanvill.

||Trans*i"re (?), n. [L. transire to pass through or across, to pass.] (End. Law) A customhouse clearance for a coasting vessel; a permit.

Trans"it (?), n. [L. transitus, from transire to go over: cf. F. transit. See Transient.] 1. The act of passing; passage through or over.

> In France you are now . . . in the transit from one form of government to another.

Burke.

2. The act or process of causing to pass; conveyance; as, the transit of goods through a country.

3. A line or route of passage or conveyance; as, the Nicaragua transit. E. G. Squier.

4. (Astron.) (a) The passage of a heavenly body over the meridian of a place, or through the field of a telescope. (b) The passage of a smaller body across the disk of a larger, as of Venus across the sun's disk, or of a satellite or its shadow across the disk of its primary.

5. An instrument resembling a theodolite, used by surveyors and engineers; — called also transit compass, and surveyor's transit.

The surveyor's transit differs from the theodolite in having the horizontal axis attached directly to the telescope which is not mounted in Y's and can be turned completely over about the axis.

Lower transit (Astron.), the passage of a heavenly body across that part of the meridian which is below the polar axis. — Surveyor's transit. See Transit, 5, above. — Transit circle (Astron.), a transit instrument with a graduated circle attached, used for observing the time of transit and the declination at one observation. See Circle, n., 3. — Transit compass. See Transit, 5, above. — Transit duty, a duty paid on goods that pass through a country. — Transit instrument. (Astron.) (a) A telescope mounted at right angles to a horizontal axis, on which it revolves with its line of collimation in the plane of the meridian, — used in connection with a clock for observing the time of transit of a heavenly body over the meridian of a place. (b) (Surv.) A surveyor's transit. See Transit, 5, above. — Transit trade (Com.), the business conected with the passage of goods through a country to their destination. — Upper transit (Astron.), the passage of a heavenly body across that part of the meridian which is above the polar axis.

Trans"it, v. t. (Astron.) To pass over the disk of (a heavenly body).

Tran*si"tion (?), n. [L. transitio: cf. F. transition. See Transient.] 1. Passage from one place or state to another; charge; as, the transition of the weather from hot to cold.

> There is no death, what seems so is transition.

Longfellow.

2. (Mus.) A direct or indirect passing from one key to another; a modulation.

3. (Rhet.) A passing from one subject to another.

> [He] with transition sweet, new speech resumes.

Milton.

4. (Biol.) Change from one form to another.

This word is sometimes pronounced tran*sish"un; but according to Walker, Smart, and most other authorities, the customary and preferable pronunciation is tran*sizh"un, although this latter mode violates analogy. Other authorities say tran*zish"un.

Transition rocks (Geol.), a term formerly applied to the lowest uncrystalline stratified rocks (graywacke) supposed to contain no fossils, and so called because thought to have been formed when the earth was passing from an uninhabitable to a habitable state.

Tran*si"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to transition; involving or denoting transition; as, transitional changes; transitional stage.

Tran*si"tion*a*ry (?), a. Transitional.

Tran"si*tive (?), a. [L. transitivus: cf. F. transitif. See Transient.] 1. Having the power of making a transit, or passage. [R.] Bacon.

2. Effected by transference of signification.

> By far the greater part of the transitive or derivative applications of words depend on casual and unaccountable caprices of the feelings or the fancy.

Stewart.

3. (Gram.) Passing over to an object; expressing an action which is not limited to the agent or subject, but which requires an object to complete the sense; as, a transitive verb, for example, he holds the book.

— Tran"si*tive*ly, adv. — Tran"si*tive*ness, n.

Tran"si*to*ri*ly (?), adv. In a transitory manner; with brief continuance.

Tran"si*to*ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being transitory; speedy passage or departure.

Tran"si*to*ry (?), a. [L. transitorius: cf. F. transitoire. See Transient.] Continuing only for a short time; not enduring; fleeting; evanescent.

> Comfort and succor all those who, in this transitory life, are in trouble.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

> It was not the transitory light of a comet, which shines and glows for a wile, and then . . . vanishes into nothing.

South.

Transitory action (Law), an action which may be brought in any county, as actions for debt, and the like; — opposed to local action. Blackstone. Bouvier.

Syn. — transient; short-lived; brief. See Transient.

Trans*lat"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being translated, or rendered into another language.

Trans*late" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Translated; p. pr. & vb. n. Translating.] [f. translatus, used as p. p. of transferre to transfer, but from a different root. See Trans- , and Tolerate, and cf. Translation.] 1. To bear, carry, or remove, from one place to another; to transfer; as, to translate a tree. [Archaic] Dryden.

> In the chapel of St. Catharine of Sienna, they show her head- the rest of her body being translated to Rome.

Evelyn.

2. To change to another condition, position, place, or office; to transfer; hence, to remove as by death.

3. To remove to heaven without a natural death.

> By faith Enoch was translated, that he should not see death; and was not found, because God had translatedhim.

Heb. xi. 5.

4. (Eccl.) To remove, as a bishop, from one see to another. "Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, when the king would have translated him from that poor bishopric to a better, . . . refused." Camden.

5. To render into another language; to express the sense of in the words of another language; to interpret; hence, to explain or recapitulate in other words.

> Translating into his own clear, pure, and flowing language, what he found in books well known to the world, but too bulky or too dry for boys and girls.

Macaulay.

6. To change into another form; to transform.

> Happy is your grace,
> That can translatethe stubbornness of fortune
> Into so quiet and so sweet a style.

Shak.

7. (Med.) To cause to remove from one part of the body to another; as, to translate a disease.

8. To cause to lose senses or recollection; to entrance. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Trans*late, v. i. To make a translation; to be engaged in translation.

Trans*la"tion (?), n. [F. translation, L. translatio a transferring, translation, version. See Translate, and cf. Tralation.] 1. The act of translating, removing, or transferring; removal; also, the state of being translated or removed; as, the translation of Enoch; the translation of a bishop.

2. The act of rendering into another language; interpretation; as, the translation of idioms is difficult.

3. That which is obtained by translating something a version; as, a translation of the Scriptures.

4. (Rhet.) A transfer of meaning in a word or phrase, a metaphor; a tralation. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

5. (Metaph.) Transfer of meaning by association; association of ideas. A. Tucker.

6. (Kinematics) Motion in which all the points of the moving body have at any instant the same velocity and direction of motion; — opposed to rotation.

Trans`la*ti"tious (?), a. [See Tralatitious.] Metaphorical; tralatitious; also, foreign; exotic. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Trans*lat"ive (?), a. [L. translativus that is to be transferred: cf. F. translatif.] tropical; figurative; as, a translative sense. [R.] Puttenham.

Trans*lat"or (?), n. [L. translator: cf. F. translateur.] 1. One who translates; esp., one who renders into another language; one who expresses the sense of words in one language by equivalent words in another.

2. (Teleg.) A repeating instrument. [Eng.]

Trans*lat"or*ship, n. The office or dignity of a translator.

Trans*lat"o*ry (?), a. Serving to translate; transferring. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Trans*lat"ress (?), n. A woman who translates.

Trans`la*va"tion (?), n. [Pref. trans- + L. lavatio, -onis, washing.] A laving or lading from one vessel to another. [Obs.] Holland.

Trans*lit"er*ate (?), v. t. [Pref. trans- + L. litera, littera letter.] To express or represent in the characters of another alphabet; as, to transliterate Sanskrit words by means of English letters. A. J. Ellis.

Trans*lit`er*a"tion (?), n. The act or product of transliterating, or of expressing words of a language by means of the characters of another alphabet.

Trans`lo*ca"tion (?), n. [Pref. trans- + location.] removal of things from one place to another; substitution of one thing for another.

> There happened certain translocations at the deluge.

Woodward.

{ Trans*lu"cence (?), Trans*lu"cen*cy (?), } n. The quality or state of being translucent; clearness; partial transparency. Sir T. Browne.

<! p. 1530 !>

Trans*lu"cent (?), a. [L. translucens, -entis, p. pr. of translucere to shine through; trans across, through = lucere to shine. See Lucid.] 1. Transmitting rays of light without permitting objects to be distinctly seen; partially transparent.

2. Transparent; clear. [Poetic] "Fountain or fresh current . . . translucent, pure." Milton.

> Replenished from the cool, translucent springs.

Pope.

Syn. — Translucent, Transparent. A thing is translucent when it merely admits the passage of light, without enabling us to distinguish the color and outline of objects through it; it is transparent when we can clearly discern objects placed on the other side of it. Glass, water, etc., are transparent; ground glass is translucent; a translucent style.

Trans*lu"cent*ly, adv. In a translucent manner.

Trans*lu"cid (?), a. [L. translucidus; trans across, through + lucidus lucid: cf. F. translucide. See Translucent.] Translucent. [R.] Bacon.

Trans"lu*na*ry (?), a. [Pref. trans- + L. luna moon.] Being or lying beyond the moon; hence, ethereal; — opposed to sublunary. [Obs.]

> Marlowe, bathed in the Thespian springs,
> Had in him those brave, translunary things
> That the first poets had.

Drayton.

Trans`ma*rine" (?), a. [L. transmarinus; trans beyond + marinus marine: cf. F. transmarin. See Marine.] Lying or being beyond the sea. Howell.

{ Trans"me*a*ble (?), Trans`me*at"a*ble (?), } a. [L. transmeabilis.] Capable of being passed over or traversed; passable. [Obs.]

Trans"me*ate (?), v. t. [L. transmeatus, p. p. of transmeare to pass across; trans across, over + meare to go.] To pass over or beyond. [Obs.]

Trans`me*a"tion (?), n. The act of transmeating; a passing through or beyond. [Obs.]

Trans*mew" (?), v. t. & i. [F. transmuer, L. transmutare. See Transmute.] To transmute; to transform; to metamorphose. [Archaic] Chaucer. Spenser.

> To transmew thyself from a holy hermit into a sinful forester.

Sir W. Scott.

Trans"mi*grant (?), a. [L. transmigrans, p. pr. See Transmigrate.] Migrating or passing from one place or state to another; passing from one residence to another. — n. One who transmigrates.

Trans"mi*grate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Transmigrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transmigrating.] [L. transmigrare, transmigratum; trans across + migrare to migrate. See Migrate.] 1. To pass from one country or jurisdiction to another for the purpose of residence, as men or families; to migrate.

2. To pass from one body or condition into another.

> Their may transmigrate into each other.

Howell.

Trans`mi*gra"tion (?), n. [F. transmigration, L. transmigratio.] 1. The act of passing from one country to another; migration.

2. The passing of the soul at death into another mortal body; metempsychosis.

Trans"mi*gra`tor (?), n. One who transmigrates. J. Ellis.

Trans*mi"gra*to*ry (?), a. Passing from one body or state to another.

Trans*mis`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. transmissibilité.] The quality of being transmissible.

Trans*mis"si*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. transmissible.] Capable of being transmitted from one to another; capable of being passed through any body or substance.

Trans*mis"sion (?), n. [L. transmissio; cf. F. transmission. See Transmit.] 1. The act of transmitting, or the state of being transmitted; as, the transmission of letters, writings, papers, news, and the like, from one country to another; the transmission of rights, titles, or privileges, from father to son, or from one generation to another.

2. (Law) The right possessed by an heir or legatee of transmitting to his successor or successors any inheritance, legacy, right, or privilege, to which he is entitled, even if he should die without enjoying or exercising it.

Trans*mis"sive (?), a. Capable of being transmitted; derived, or handed down, from one to another.

> Itself a sun, it with transmissive light
> Enlivens worlds denied to human sight.

Prior.

Trans*mit" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transmitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Transmitting.] [L. transmittere, transmissum; trans across, over + mittere to send: cf. F. transmettre. See Missile.] 1. To cause to pass over or through; to communicate by sending; to send from one person or place to another; to pass on or down as by inheritance; as, to transmit a memorial; to transmit dispatches; to transmit money, or bills of exchange, from one country to another.

> The ancientest fathers must be next removed, as Clement of Alexandria, and that Eusebian book of evangelic preparation, transmitting our ears through a hoard of heathenish obscenities to receive the gospel.

Milton.

> The scepter of that kingdom continued to be transmitted in the dynasty of Castile.

Prescott.

2. To suffer to pass through; as, glass transmits light; metals transmit, or conduct, electricity.

Trans*mit"tal (?), n. Transmission. Swift.

Trans*mit"tance (?), n. Transmission.

Trans*mit"ter (?), n. One who, or that which, transmits; specifically, that portion of a telegraphic or telephonic instrument by means of which a message is sent; — opposed to receiver.

Trans*mit"ti*ble (?), a. Capable of being transmitted; transmissible.

Trans*mog`ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. The act of transmogrifying, or the state of being transmogrified; transformation. [Colloq.]

> Clive, who wrote me about the transmogrification of our schoolfellow, an attorney's son.

Thackeray.

Trans*mog"ri*fy (?), v. t. [A humorous coinage.] To change into a different shape; to transform. [Colloq.] Fielding.

Trans*move" (?), v. t. [Pref. trans + move.] To move or change from one state into another; to transform. [Obs.] Spenser.

Trans*mu`ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. transmutabilité.] The quality of being transmutable.

Trans*mut"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. transmutable. See Transmute.] Capable of being transmuted or changed into a different substance, or into into something of a different form a nature; transformable.

> The fluids and solids of an animal body are easily transmutable into one another.

Arbuthnot.

— Trans*mut"a*ble*ness, n. — Trans*mut"a*bly, adv.

Trans`mu*ta"tion (?), n. [F. transmutation, L. transmutatio. See Transmute.] 1. The act of transmuting, or the state of being transmuted; as, the transmutation of metals.

2. (Geom.) The change or reduction of one figure or body into another of the same area or solidity, but of a different form, as of a triangle into a square. [R.]

3. (Biol.) The change of one species into another, which is assumed to take place in any development theory of life; transformism. Bacon.

Transmutation of metals (Alchem.), the conversion of base metals into gold or silver, a process often attempted by the alchemists. See Alchemy, and Philosopher's stone, under Philosopher.

Trans`mu*ta"tion*ist, n. One who believes in the transmutation of metals or of species.

Trans*mute" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transmuted; p. pr. & vb. n. Transmuting.] [L. transmutare, transmutatum; trans across + mutare to change. See Mutable, and cf. Transmew.] To change from one nature, form, or substance, into another; to transform.

> The caresses of parents and the blandishments of friends transmute us into idols.

Buckminster.

> Transmuting sorrow into golden joy
> Free from alloy.

H. Smith.

Trans*mut"er (?), n. One who transmutes.

Trans*mu"tu*al (?; 135), a. [Pref. trans + mutual.] Reciprocal; commutual. [R.] Coleridge.

Trans`na*ta"tion (?), n. [L. transnatare to swim over; trans across, over + natare to swim.] The act of swimming across, as a river.

Trans*na"ture (?; 135), v. t. [Pref. trans- + nature.] To transfer or transform the nature of. [Obs.]

> We are transelemented, or transnatured.

Jewel.

Tran"som (?), n. [Probably fr. L. transtrum a crossbeam, transom, from trans across. Cf. Trestle.] 1. (Arch.) A horizontal crossbar in a window, over a door, or between a door and a window above it. Transom is the horizontal, as mullion is the vertical, bar across an opening. See Illust. of Mullion.

2. (Naut.) One of the principal transverse timbers of the stern, bolted to the sternpost and giving shape to the stern structure; — called also transsummer.

3. (Gun.) The piece of wood or iron connecting the cheeks of some gun carriages.

4. (Surg.) The vane of a cross-staff. Chambers.

5. (Railroad) One of the crossbeams connecting the side frames of a truck with each other.

Transom knees (Shipbuilding), knees bolted to the transoms and after timbers. — Transom window. (Arch.) (a) A window divided horizontally by a transom or transoms. (b) A window over a door, with a transom between.

Trans"pa*dane` (?), a. [L. transpadanus; trans across + Padus the Po.] Lying or being on the further side of the river Po with reference to Rome, that is, on the north side; — opposed to cispadane.

Trans*pal"a*tine (?), a. [Pref. trans- + palatine.] (Anat.) Situated beyond or outside the palatine bone; — said of a bone in the skull of some reptiles.

Trans*pare" (?), v. t. & i. [See Transparent.] To be, or cause to be, transparent; to appear, or cause to appear, or be seen, through something. [Obs.] Stirling.

Trans*par"ence (?), n. [Cf. F. transparence.] The quality or state of being transparent; transparency.

Trans*par"en*cy (?), n.; pl. Transparencies (#). [Cf. F. transparence.] 1. The quality or condition of being transparent; transparence.

2. That which is transparent; especially, a picture painted on thin cloth or glass, or impressed on porcelain, or the like, to be viewed by natural or artificial light, which shines through it. Fairholt.

Trans*par"ent (?), a. [F., from LL. transparens, -entis, p. pr. of transparere to be transparent; L. trans across, through + parere to appear. See Appear.] 1. Having the property of transmitting rays of light, so that bodies can be distinctly seen through; pervious to light; diaphanous; pellucid; as, transparent glass; a transparent diamond; — opposed to opaque. "Transparent elemental air." Milton.

2. Admitting the passage of light; open; porous; as, a transparent veil. Dryden.

Syn. — Translucent; pellucid; clear; bright; limpid; lucid; diaphanous. See Translucent.

— Trans*par"ent*ly, adv. — Trans*par"ent*ness, n.

Trans*pass" (?), v. t. [Pref. trans- + pass: cf. LL. transpassare. Cf. Trespass.] To pass over; as, Alexander transpassed the river. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

Trans*pass", v. i. To pass by; to pass away. [Obs.]

Trans*pass"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being transpassed, or crossed over. [Obs.]

Trans*pat"ron*ize (?), v. t. [Trans- + patronize.] To transfer the patronage of. [Obs.] Warner.

Tran*spe"ci*ate (?), v. t. [Pref. trans- + L. species form.] To change from one species to another; to transform. [Obs.]

> Power to transpeciate a man into a horse.

Sir T. Browne.

Tran*spic"u*ous (?), a. [L. transpicere to see or look through + specere, spicere, to see. Cf. Conspicuous.] Transparent; pervious to the sight. [R.] "The wide, transpicuous air." Milton.

Trans*pierce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transpierced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transpiercing (?).] [Pref. trans- + pierce: cf. F. transpercer.] To pierce through; to penetrate; to permeate; to pass through.

> The sides transpierced return a rattling sound.

Dryden.

Tran*spir"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. transpirable.] Capable of being transpired, or of transpiring.

Tran`spi*ra"tion (?), n. [F. transpiration.] 1. (Physiol.) The act or process of transpiring or excreting in the form of vapor; exhalation, as through the skin or other membranes of the body; as, pulmonary transpiration, or the excretion of aqueous vapor from the lungs. Perspiration is a form of transpiration. Cudworth.

2. (bot.) The evaporation of water, or exhalation of aqueous vapor, from cells and masses of tissue.

3. (Physics) The passing of gases through fine tubes, porous substances, or the like; as, transpiration through membranes.

Tran*spir"a*to*ry (?), a. Of or relating to transpiration.

Tran*spire" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Transpired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transpiring.] [F. transpirer; L. trans across, through + spirare to breathe. See Spirit.] 1. (Physiol.) To pass off in the form of vapor or insensible perspiration; to exhale.

2. (Bot.) To evaporate from living cells.

3. To escape from secrecy; to become public; as, the proceedings of the council soon transpired.

> The story of Paulina's and Maximilian's mutual attachment had transpired through many of the travelers.

De Quincey.

4. To happen or come to pass; to occur.

This sense of the word, which is of comparatively recent introduction, is common in the United States, especially in the language of conversation and of newspaper writers, and is used to some extent in England. Its use, however, is censured by critics of both countries.

Tran*spire", v. t. 1. (Physiol.) To excrete through the skin; to give off in the form of vapor; to exhale; to perspire.

2. (Bot.) To evaporate (moisture) from living cells.

Trans*place" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transplaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transplacing (?).] [Pref. trans- + place.] To remove across some space; to put in an opposite or another place. [R.]

> It [an obelisk] was transplaced . . . from the left side of the Vatican into a more eminent place.

Bp. Wilkins.

Trans*plant" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transplanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Transplanting.] [F. transplanter, L. transplantare; trans across, over + plantare to plant. See Plant.] 1. To remove, and plant in another place; as, to transplant trees. Dryden.

2. To remove, and settle or establish for residence in another place; as, to transplant inhabitants.

> Being transplanted out of his cold, barren diocese of St. David into a warmer climate.

Clarendon.

Trans`plan*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. transplantation.] 1. The act of transplanting, or the state of being transplanted; also, removal.

> The transplantation of Ulysses to Sparta.

Broome.

2. (Surg.) The removal of tissues from a healthy part, and the insertion of them in another place where there is a lesion; as, the transplantation of tissues in autoplasty.

Trans*plant"er (?), n. One who transplants; also, a machine for transplanting trees.

Tran*splen"den*cy (?), n. Quality or state of being transplendent. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Tran*splen"dent (?), a. [Trans- + splendent.] Resplendent in the highest degree. [R.] — Tran*splen"dent*ly, adv. [R.]

Trans*port" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transported; p. pr. & vb. n. Transporting.] [F. transporter, L. transportare; trans across + portare to carry. See Port bearing, demeanor.] 1. To carry or bear from one place to another; to remove; to convey; as, to transport goods; to transport troops. Hakluyt.

2. To carry, or cause to be carried, into banishment, as a criminal; to banish.

3. To carry away with vehement emotion, as joy, sorrow, complacency, anger, etc.; to ravish with pleasure or ecstasy; as, music transports the soul.

> [They] laugh as if transported with some fit
> Of passion.

Milton.

> We shall then be transported with a nobler . . . wonder.

South.

Trans"port (?), n. [F. See Transport, v.] 1. Transportation; carriage; conveyance.

> The Romans . . . stipulated with the Carthaginians to furnish them with ships for transport and war.

Arbuthnot.

2. A vessel employed for transporting, especially for carrying soldiers, warlike stores, or provisions, from one place to another, or to convey convicts to their destination; — called also transport ship, transport vessel.

3. Vehement emotion; passion; ecstasy; rapture.

> With transport views the airy rule his own,
> And swells on an imaginary throne.

Pope.

> Say not, in transports of despair,
> That all your hopes are fled.

Doddridge.

4. A convict transported, or sentenced to exile.

Trans*port`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being transportable.

Trans*port"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. transportable.] 1. Capable of being transported.

2. Incurring, or subject to, the punishment of transportation; as, a transportable offense.

Trans*port"al (?), n. Transportation; the act of removing from one locality to another. "The transportal of seeds in the wool or fur of quadrupeds." Darwin.

Trans*port"ance (?), n. Transportation. [Obs.] "Give me swift transportance." Shak.

<! p. 1531 !>

Trans*port"ant (?), a. Transporting; &?;avishing; as, transportant love. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Trans`por*ta"tion (?), n. [L. transportatio: cf. F. transportation.] 1. The act of transporting, or the state of being transported; carriage from one place to another; removal; conveyance.

> To provide a vessel for their transportation.

Sir H. Wotton.

2. Transport; ecstasy. [R.] South.

Trans*port"ed (?), a. Conveyed from one place to another; figuratively, carried away with passion or pleasure; entranced. — Trans*port"ed*ly, adv. — Trans*port"ed*ness, n.

Trans*port"er (?), n. One who transports.

Trans*port"ing, a. That transports; fig., ravishing.

> Your transporting chords ring out.

Keble.

Trans*port"ing*ly, adv. So as to transport.

Trans*port"ment (?), n. The act of transporting, or the state of being transported; transportation. [R.]

Trans*pos"a*ble (?), a. That may transposed; as, a transposable phrase.

Trans*pos"al (?), n. The act of transposing, or the state of being transposed; transposition.

Trans*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transposing.] [F. transposer; pref. trans- (L. trans across) + poser to put. See Pose.]

1. To change the place or order of; to substitute one for the other of; to exchange, in respect of position; as, to transpose letters, words, or propositions.

2. To change; to transform; to invert. [R.]

> Things base and vile, holding no quantity,
> Love can transpose to form and dignity.

Shak.

3. (Alg.) To bring, as any term of an equation, from one side over to the other, without destroying the equation; thus, if a + b = c, and we make a = c - b, then b is said to be transposed.

4. (Gram.) To change the natural order of, as words.

5. (Mus.) To change the key of.

Trans*pos"er (?), n. One who transposes.

Trans`po*si"tion (?), n. [F. transposition, from L. transponere, transpositum, to set over, remove, transfer; trans across, over + ponere to place. See Position.] The act of transposing, or the state of being transposed. Specifically: —

(a) (Alg.) The bringing of any term of an equation from one side over to the other without destroying the equation.

(b) (Gram.) A change of the natural order of words in a sentence; as, the Latin and Greek languages admit transposition, without inconvenience, to a much greater extent than the English.

(c) (Mus.) A change of a composition into another key.

Trans`po*si"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to transposition; involving transposition. Pegge.

Trans*pos"i*tive (?), a. Made by transposing; consisting in transposition; transposable.

Trans*print" (?), v. t. [Pref. trans- + print.] To transfer to the wrong place in printing; to print out of place. [R.] Coleridge.

Trans*prose" (?), v. t. [Pref. trans- + prose.] To change from prose into verse; to versify; also, to change from verse into prose. [Obs.] Dryden.

Trans*re"gion*ate (?), a. [Pref. trans- + region.] Foreign. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Trans*shape" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transshaped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transshaping.] [Pref. trans- + shape.] To change into another shape or form; to transform. [Written also transhape.] Shak.

Trans*ship" (?), v. t. [Pref. trans- + ship.] To transfer from one ship or conveyance to another. [Written also tranship.]

Trans*ship"ment (?), n. The act of transshipping, or transferring, as goods, from one ship or conveyance to another. [Written also transhipment.]

Trans"sum`mer (?), n. (Naut.) See Transom, 2.

Tran`sub*stan"ti*ate (?), v. t. [LL. transubstantiatus, p. p. of transubstantiare to transubstantiate; L. trans across, over + substantia substance. See Substance.] 1. To change into another substance. [R.]

> The spider love which transubstantiates all,
> And can convert manna to gall.

Donne.

2. (R. C. Theol.) To change, as the sacramental elements, bread and wine, into the flesh and blood of Christ.

Tran`sub*stan`ti*a"tion (?), n. [LL. transubstantiatio: cf. F. transsubstantiation.] 1. A change into another substance.

2. (R. C. Theol.) The doctrine held by Roman Catholics, that the bread and wine in the Mass is converted into the body and blood of Christ; — distinguished from consubstantiation, and impanation.

Tran`sub*stan"ti*a`tor (?), n. [Cf. F. transsubstantiateur.] One who maintains the doctrine of transubstantiation. Barrow.

Tran`su*da"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. transsudation.] 1. The act or process of transuding.

2. (Physics) Same as Exosmose.

Tran*su"da*to*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to transudation; passing by transudation.

Tran*sude" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Transuded; p. pr. & vb. n. Transuding.] [Pref. trans- + L. sudare to sweat: cf. F. transsuder.] To pass, as perspirable matter does, through the pores or interstices of textures; as, liquor may transude through leather or wood.

Tran*sume" (?), v. t. [L. transumere, transsumere, to take from one to another; trans across + sumere to take.] To change; to convert. [R.] Crashaw.

Tran*sumpt" (?), n. [L. transumere, transumptum, to take from one to another, in LL., to transcribe. See Transume.] A copy or exemplification of a record. [Obs.] Lord Herbert.

Tran*sump"tion (?), n. [L. transumptio.] Act of taking from one place to another. [R.] South.

Tran*sump"tive (?), a. [L. transumptivus.] Taking from one to another; metaphorical. [R.] "A transumptive kind of speech." Drayton.

> Fictive, descriptive, digressive, transumptive, and withal definitive.

Lowell.

Trans*va"sate (?), v. t. [See Transvasation.] To pour out of one vessel into another. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Trans`va*sa"tion (?), n. [Pref. trans- + L. vas, vasis, vessel.] The act or process of pouring out of one vessel into another. [Obs.] Holland.

Trans*vec"tion (?), n. [L. transvectio, from transvehere to carry across; trans across + vehere to carry.] The act of conveying or carrying over. [R.]

Trans*ver"ber*ate (?), v. t. [L. transverberatus, p. p. of transverberare to strike or pierce through.] To beat or strike through. [Obs.]

Trans*ver"sal (?), a. [Cf. F. transversal. See Transverse.] Running or lying across; transverse; as, a transversal line. — Trans*ver"sal*ly, adv.

Trans*ver"sal, n. [Cf. F. transversale.] (Geom.) A straight line which traverses or intersects any system of other lines, as a line intersecting the three sides of a triangle or the sides produced.

Trans*verse" (?), a. [L. transversus, p. p. of transvertere to turn on direct across; trans across + vertere to turn: cf. F. transverse. See Verse, and cf. Traverse.] Lying or being across, or in a crosswise direction; athwart; — often opposed to longitudinal.

Transverse axis (of an ellipse or hyperbola) (Geom.), that axis which passes through the foci. — Transverse partition (Bot.), a partition, as of a pericarp, at right angles with the valves, as in the siliques of mustard.

Trans"verse (?), n. 1. Anything that is transverse or athwart.

2. (Geom.) The longer, or transverse, axis of an ellipse.

Trans*verse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Transversed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Transversing.] To overturn; to change. [R.] C. Leslie.

Trans*verse", v. t. [Pref. trans- + verse, n. Cf.Transpose.] To change from prose into verse, or from verse into prose. [Obs.] Duke of Buckingham.

Trans*verse"ly, adv. In a transverse manner.

Trans*ver"sion (?), n. The act of changing from prose into verse, or from verse into prose.

Trans*vert" (?), v. t. [L. transvertere. See Transverse, a.] To cause to turn across; to transverse. [Obs.] Craft of Lovers (1448).

Trans*vert"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being transverted. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Trans`vo*la"tion (?), n. [L. transvolare to fly over or across; trans across + volare to fly.] The act of flying beyond or across. Jer. Taylor.

Trant (?), v. i. [Cf. OD. tranten to walk slowly, LG. & D. trant walk, pace.] To traffic in an itinerary manner; to peddle. [Written also traunt.] [Obs.]

Trant"er (?), n. One who trants; a peddler; a carrier. [Written also traunter.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Trap (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trapping.] [Akin to OE. trappe trappings, and perhaps from an Old French word of the same origin as E. drab a kind of cloth.] To dress with ornaments; to adorn; — said especially of horses.

> Steeds . . . that trapped were in steel all glittering.

Chaucer.

> To deck his hearse, and trap his tomb-black steed.

Spenser.

> There she found her palfrey trapped
> In purple blazoned with armorial gold.

Tennyson.

Trap, n. [Sw. trapp; akin to trappa stairs, Dan. trappe, G. treppe, D. trap; — so called because the rocks of this class often occur in large, tabular masses, rising above one another, like steps. See Tramp.] (Geol.) An old term rather loosely used to designate various dark-colored, heavy igneous rocks, including especially the feldspathic- augitic rocks, basalt, dolerite, amygdaloid, etc., but including also some kinds of diorite. Called also trap rock.

Trap tufa, Trap tuff, a kind of fragmental rock made up of fragments and earthy materials from trap rocks.

Trap, a. Of or pertaining to trap rock; as, a trap dike.

Trap, n. [OE. trappe, AS. treppe; akin to OD. trappe, OHG. trapo; probably fr. the root of E. tramp, as that which is trod upon: cf. F. trappe, which is trod upon: cf. F. trappe, which perhaps influenced the English word.] 1. A machine or contrivance that shuts suddenly, as with a spring, used for taking game or other animals; as, a trap for foxes.

> She would weep if that she saw a mouse
> Caught in a trap.

Chaucer.

2. Fig.: A snare; an ambush; a stratagem; any device by which one may be caught unawares.

> Let their table be made a snare and a trap.

Rom. xi. 9.

> God and your majesty
> Protect mine innocence, or I fall into
> The trap is laid for me!

Shak.

3. A wooden instrument shaped somewhat like a shoe, used in the game of trapball. It consists of a pivoted arm on one end of which is placed the ball to be thrown into the air by striking the other end. Also, a machine for throwing into the air glass balls, clay pigeons, etc., to be shot at.

4. The game of trapball.

5. A bend, sag, or partitioned chamber, in a drain, soil pipe, sewer, etc., arranged so that the liquid contents form a seal which prevents passage of air or gas, but permits the flow of liquids.

6. A place in a water pipe, pump, etc., where air accumulates for want of an outlet.

7. A wagon, or other vehicle. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

8. A kind of movable stepladder. Knight.

Trap stairs, a staircase leading to a trapdoor. — Trap tree (Bot.) the jack; - - so called because it furnishes a kind of birdlime. See 1st Jack.

Trap (?), v. t. [AS. treppan. See Trap a snare.]

1. To catch in a trap or traps; as, to trap foxes.

2. Fig.: To insnare; to take by stratagem; to entrap. "I trapped the foe." Dryden.

3. To provide with a trap; as, to trap a drain; to trap a sewer pipe. See 4th Trap, 5.

Trap, v. i. To set traps for game; to make a business of trapping game; as, to trap for beaver.

Tra*pan" (?), n. [OF. trappan. See Trap, and cf. Trepan a snare.] A snare; a stratagem; a trepan. See 3d Trepan. South.

Tra*pan", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trapanned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trapanning.] To insnare; to catch by stratagem; to entrap; to trepan.

> Having some of his people trapanned at Baldivia.

Anson.

Tra*pan"ner (?), n. One who trapans, or insnares.

Trap"ball` (?), n. An old game of ball played with a trap. See 4th Trap, 4.

Trap"door` (?), n. 1. (Arch.) A lifting or sliding door covering an opening in a roof or floor.

2. (Mining) A door in a level for regulating the ventilating current; — called also weather door. Raymond.

Trapdoor spider (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large spiders which make a nest consisting of a vertical hole in the earth, lined with a hinged lid, like a trapdoor. Most of the species belong to the genus Cteniza, as the California species (C. Californica).

Trape (?), v. i. [See Tramp, and cf. Traipse.] To walk or run about in an idle or slatternly manner; to traipse. [Obs. or Colloq.]

Trapes (?), n. [See Trape.] A slattern; an idle, sluttish, or untidy woman. [Obs. or Colloq.]

Trapes, v. i. To go about in an idle or slatternly fashion; to trape; to traipse. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Trap"e*zate (?), a. [See Trapezium.] Having the form of a trapezium; trapeziform.

Tra*peze" (?), n. [Cf. F. trapèze.] 1. (Geom.) A trapezium. See Trapezium, 1.

2. A swinging horizontal bar, suspended at each end by a rope; — used by gymnasts.

Tra*pe"zi*form (?), a. [Trapezium + -form: cf. F. trapéziforme.] Having the form of a trapezium; trapezoid.

Tra*pe"zi*um (?), n.; pl. E. Trapeziums (#), L. Trapezia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a little table, an irregular four-sided figure, dim. of &?; a table, for &?;; &?; (see Tetra-) + &?; foot, akin to &?; foot; hence, originally, a table with four feet. See Foot.] 1. (Geom.) A plane figure bounded by four right lines, of which no two are parallel.

2. (Anat.) (a) A bone of the carpus at the base of the first metacarpal, or thumb. (b) A region on the ventral side of the brain, either just back of the pons Varolii, or, as in man, covered by the posterior extension of its transverse fibers.

Trap`e*zo*he"dral (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a trapezohedron.

Trap`e*zo*he"dron (?), n. [NL., from trapezium + Gr. &?; seat, base, fr. &?; to sit.] (Crystalloq.) (a) A solid bounded by twenty- four equal and similar trapeziums; a tetragonal trisoctahedron. See the Note under Trisoctahedron. (b) A tetartohedral solid of the hexagonal system, bounded by six trapezoidal planes. The faces of this form are common on quartz crystals.

Trap"e*zoid (?), n. [Gr. &?; trapezoid- shaped; &?; table + &?; shape, likeness: cf. F. trapézoïde. See Trapezium.] 1. (Geom.) A plane four-sided figure, having two sides parallel to each other.

2. (Anat.) A bone of the carpus at the base of the second metacarpal, or index finger.

Trap"e*zoid, a. 1. Having the form of a trapezoid; trapezoidal; as, the trapezoid ligament which connects the coracoid process and the clavicle.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the trapezoid ligament; as, the trapezoid line.

Trap`e*zoid"al (?), a. [Cf. F. trapézoïdal.]

1. Having the form of a trapezoid; trapezoid.

2. (Min.) Trapezohedral.

Trap"hole (?), n. (Mil.) See Trou-de-loup.

Trap"pe*an (?), a. [Cf. F. trappéen. See Trap a kind of rock.] (Min.) Of or pertaining to trap; being of the nature of trap.

Trap"per (?), n. [From Trap to insnare.] 1. One who traps animals; one who makes a business of trapping animals for their furs. W. Irving.

2. (Mining) A boy who opens and shuts a trapdoor in a gallery or level. Raymond.

Trap"pings (?), n. pl. [From Trap to dress with ornaments.] 1. That which serves to trap or adorn; ornaments; dress; superficial decorations.

> Trappings of life, for ornament, not use.

Dryden.

> These but the trappings and the suits of woe.

Shak.

2. Specifically, ornaments to be put on horses.

> Caparisons and steeds,
> Bases and tinsel trappings.

Milton.

Trap"pist (?), n. [F. trappiste.] (R. C. Ch.) A monk belonging to a branch of the Cistercian Order, which was established by Armand de Rancé in 1660 at the monastery of La Trappe in Normandy. Extreme austerity characterizes their discipline. They were introduced permanently into the United States in 1848, and have monasteries in Iowa and Kentucky.

<! p. 1532 !>

Trap"pous (?), n. [From Trap a kind of rock.] (Min.) Of or performance to trap; resembling trap, or partaking of its form or qualities; trappy.

Trap"pures (?), n. pl. [See Trap to dress.] Trappings for a horse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Trap"py (?), a. (Min.) Same as Trappous.

Traps (?), n. pl. [See Trappings, and Trap to dress.] Small or portable articles for dress, furniture, or use; goods; luggage; things. [Colloq.]

Trap"stick` (?), n. A stick used in playing the game of trapball; hence, fig., a slender leg. Addison.

Trash (?), n. [Cf. Icel. tros rubbish, leaves, and twigs picked up for fuel, trassi a slovenly fellow, Sw. trasa a rag, tatter.] 1. That which is worthless or useless; rubbish; refuse.

> Who steals my purse steals trash.

Shak.

> A haunch of venison would be trash to a Brahmin.

Landor.

2. Especially, loppings and leaves of trees, bruised sugar cane, or the like.

In the West Indies, the decayed leaves and stems of canes are called field trash; the bruised or macerated rind of canes is called cane trash; and both are called trash. B. Edwards.

3. A worthless person. [R.] Shak.

4. A collar, leash, or halter used to restrain a dog in pursuing game. Markham.

Trash ice, crumbled ice mixed with water.

Trash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trashing.] 1. To free from trash, or worthless matter; hence, to lop; to crop, as to trash the rattoons of sugar cane. B. Edwards.

2. To treat as trash, or worthless matter; hence, to spurn, humiliate, or crush. [Obs.]

3. To hold back by a trash or leash, as a dog in pursuing game; hence, to retard, encumber, or restrain; to clog; to hinder vexatiously. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Trash, v. i. To follow with violence and trampling. [R.] The Puritan (1607).

Trash"i*ly (?), adv. In a trashy manner.

Trash"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being trashy.

Trash"y (?), a. [Compar. Trashier (?); superl. Trashiest.] Like trash; containing much trash; waste; rejected; worthless; useless; as, a trashy novel.

Trass (?), n. [D. tras or Gr. trass, probably fr. It. terrazzo terrace. See Terrace.] (Geol.) A white to gray volcanic tufa, formed of decomposed trachytic cinders; — sometimes used as a cement. Hence, a coarse sort of plaster or mortar, durable in water, and used to line cisterns and other reservoirs of water. [Formerly written also tarras, tarrace, terras.]

The Dutch trass is made by burning and grinding a soft grayish rock found on the lower Rhine.

Trau"lism (?), n. [Gr. &?; a lisping, fr. &?; to lisp, to mispronounce.] A stammering or stuttering. [Obs.] Dalgarno.

Trau*mat"ic (?), a. [L. traumaticus, Gr. &?;, from &?;, &?;, a wound: cf. F. traumatique.] (Med.) (a) Of or pertaining to wounds; applied to wounds. Coxe. (b) Adapted to the cure of wounds; vulnerary. Wiseman. (c) Produced by wounds; as, traumatic tetanus. — n. A traumatic medicine.

Trau"ma*tism (?), n. (Med.) A wound or injury directly produced by causes external to the body; also, violence producing a wound or injury; as, rupture of the stomach caused by traumatism.

Traunce (?), n. & v. See Trance. [Obs.]

Traunt (?), v. i. Same as Trant. [Obs.]

Traunt"er (?), n. Same as Tranter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Trav"ail (?; 48), n. [F. travail; cf. Pr. trabalh, trebalh, toil, torment, torture; probably from LL. trepalium a place where criminals are tortured, instrument of torture. But the French word may be akin to L. trabs a beam, or have been influenced by a derivative from trabs (cf. Trave). Cf. Travel.] 1. Labor with pain; severe toil or exertion.

> As everything of price, so this doth require travail.

Hooker.

2. Parturition; labor; as, an easy travail.

Trav"ail, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Travailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Travailing.] [F. travailler, OF. traveillier, travaillier, to labor, toil, torment; cf. Pr. trebalhar to torment, agitate. See Travail, n.] 1. To labor with pain; to toil. [Archaic] "Slothful persons which will not travail for their livings." Latimer.

2. To suffer the pangs of childbirth; to be in labor.

Trav"ail, v. t. To harass; to tire. [Obs.]

> As if all these troubles had not been sufficient to travail the realm, a great division fell among the nobility.

Hayward.

Trav"ail*ous (?), a. Causing travail; laborious. [Obs.] Wyclif. — Trav"ail*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Trave (?), n. [Through French, fr. L. trabs, trabis, a beam; cf. OF. tref a beam, also F. travail a frame to confine a horse, OE. trave, trevys, travise, It. travaglio, F. travée the space between two beams.] 1. (Arch.) A crossbeam; a lay of joists. Maundrell.

2. A wooden frame to confine an unruly horse or ox while shoeing.

> She sprung as a colt doth in the trave.

Chaucer.

Trav"el (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Traveled (?) or Travelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Traveling or Travelling.] [Properly, to labor, and the same word as travail.] 1. To labor; to travail. [Obsoles.] Hooker.

2. To go or march on foot; to walk; as, to travel over the city, or through the streets.

3. To pass by riding, or in any manner, to a distant place, or to many places; to journey; as, a man travels for his health; he is traveling in California.

4. To pass; to go; to move.

> Time travels in divers paces with divers persons.

Shak.

Trav"el (?), v. t. 1. To journey over; to traverse; as, to travel the continent. "I travel this profound." Milton.

2. To force to journey. [R.]

> They shall not be traveled forth of their own franchises.

Spenser.

Trav"el, n. 1. The act of traveling, or journeying from place to place; a journey.

> With long travel I am stiff and weary.

Shak.

> His travels ended at his country seat.

Dryden.

2. pl. An account, by a traveler, of occurrences and observations during a journey; as, a book of travels; — often used as the title of a book; as, Travels in Italy.

3. (Mach.) The length of stroke of a reciprocating piece; as, the travel of a slide valve.

4. Labor; parturition; travail. [Obs.]

Trav"eled (?), a. Having made journeys; having gained knowledge or experience by traveling; hence, knowing; experienced. [Written also travelled.]

> The traveled thane, Athenian Aberdeen.

Byron.

Trav"el*er (?), n. [Written also traveler.] 1. One who travels; one who has traveled much.

2. A commercial agent who travels for the purpose of receiving orders for merchants, making collections, etc.

3. (Mach.) A traveling crane. See under Crane.

4. (Spinning) The metal loop which travels around the ring surrounding the bobbin, in a ring spinner.

5. (Naut.) An iron encircling a rope, bar, spar, or the like, and sliding thereon.

Traveler's joy (Bot.), the Clematis vitalba, a climbing plant with white flowers. — Traveler's tree. (Bot.) See Ravenala.

Trav"el-taint`ed (?), a. Harassed; fatigued with travel. [Obs.] Shak.

Trav"ers (?), adv. [F. travers, breadth, extent from side, à travers, en travers, de travers, across, athwart. See Traverse, a.] Across; athwart. [Obs.]

> The earl . . . caused . . . high trees to be hewn down, and laid travers one over another.

Ld. Berners.

Trav"ers*a*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being traversed, or passed over; as, a traversable region.

2. Deniable; specifically (Law), liable to legal objection; as, a traversable presentment. Sir M. Hale.

Trav"erse (?), a. [OF. travers, L. transversus, p. p. of transvertere to turn or direct across. See Transverse, and cf. Travers.] Lying across; being in a direction across something else; as, paths cut with traverse trenches.

> Oak . . . being strong in all positions, may be better trusted in cross and traverse work.

Sir H. Wotton.

> The ridges of the fallow field traverse.

Hayward.

Traverse drill (Mach.), a machine tool for drilling slots, in which the work or tool has a lateral motion back and forth; also, a drilling machine in which the spindle holder can be adjusted laterally.

Trav"erse (?), adv. Athwart; across; crosswise.

Trav"erse, n. [F. traverse. See Traverse, a.] 1. Anything that traverses, or crosses. Specifically: —

(a) Something that thwarts, crosses, or obstructs; a cross accident; as, he would have succeeded, had it not been for unlucky traverses not under his control.

(b) A barrier, sliding door, movable screen, curtain, or the like.

> Men drinken and the travers draw anon.

Chaucer.

> And the entrance of the king,
> The first traverse was drawn.

F. Beaumont.

(c) (Arch.) A gallery or loft of communication from side to side of a church or other large building. Gwilt.

(d) (Fort.) A work thrown up to intercept an enfilade, or reverse fire, along exposed passage, or line of work.

(e) (Law) A formal denial of some matter of fact alleged by the opposite party in any stage of the pleadings. The technical words introducing a traverse are absque hoc, without this; that is, without this which follows.

(f) (Naut.) The zigzag course or courses made by a ship in passing from one place to another; a compound course.

(g) (Geom.) A line lying across a figure or other lines; a transversal.

(h) (Surv.) A line surveyed across a plot of ground.

(i) (Gun.) The turning of a gun so as to make it point in any desired direction.

2. A turning; a trick; a subterfuge. [Obs.]

To work, or solve, a traverse (Naut.), to reduce a series of courses or distances to an equivalent single one; to calculate the resultant of a traverse. — Traverse board (Naut.), a small board hung in the steerage, having the points of the compass marked on it, and for each point as many holes as there are half hours in a watch. It is used for recording the courses made by the ship in each half hour, by putting a peg in the corresponding hole. — Traverse jury (Law), a jury that tries cases; a petit jury. — Traverse sailing (Naut.), a sailing by compound courses; the method or process of finding the resulting course and distance from a series of different shorter courses and distances actually passed over by a ship. — Traverse table. (a) (Naut. & Surv.) A table by means of which the difference of latitude and departure corresponding to any given course and distance may be found by inspection. It contains the lengths of the two sides of a right-angled triangle, usually for every quarter of a degree of angle, and for lengths of the hypothenuse, from 1 to 100. (b) (Railroad) A platform with one or more tracks, and arranged to move laterally on wheels, for shifting cars, etc., from one line of track to another.

Trav"erse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Traversed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Traversing.] [Cf. F. traverser. See Traverse, a.] 1. To lay in a cross direction; to cross.

> The parts should be often traversed, or crossed, by the flowing of the folds.

Dryden.

2. To cross by way of opposition; to thwart with obstacles; to obstruct; to bring to naught.

> I can not but . . . admit the force of this reasoning, which I yet hope to traverse.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To wander over; to cross in traveling; as, to traverse the habitable globe.

> What seas you traversed, and what fields you fought.

Pope.

4. To pass over and view; to survey carefully.

> My purpose is to traverse the nature, principles, and properties of this detestable vice — ingratitude.

South.

5. (Gun.) To turn to the one side or the other, in order to point in any direction; as, to traverse a cannon.

6. (Carp.) To plane in a direction across the grain of the wood; as, to traverse a board.

7. (Law) To deny formally, as what the opposite party has alleged. When the plaintiff or defendant advances new matter, he avers it to be true, and traverses what the other party has affirmed. To traverse an indictment or an office is to deny it.

> And save the expense of long litigious laws,
> Where suits are traversed, and so little won
> That he who conquers is but last undone.

Dryden.

To traverse a yard (Naut.), to brace it fore and aft.

Trav"erse (?), v. i. 1. To use the posture or motions of opposition or counteraction, as in fencing.

> To see thee fight, to see thee foin, to see thee traverse.

Shak.

2. To turn, as on a pivot; to move round; to swivel; as, the needle of a compass traverses; if it does not traverse well, it is an unsafe guide.

3. To tread or move crosswise, as a horse that throws his croup to one side and his head to the other.

Trav"ers*er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, traverses, or moves, as an index on a scale, and the like.

2. (Law) One who traverses, or denies.

3. (Railroad) A traverse table. See under Traverse, n.

Trav"ers*ing, a. Adjustable laterally; having a lateral motion, or a swinging motion; adapted for giving lateral motion.

Traversing plate (Mil.), one of two thick iron plates at the hinder part of a gun carriage, where the handspike is applied in traversing the piece. Wilhelm. — Traversing platform (Mil.), a platform for traversing guns.

Trav"er*tine (?), n. [F. travertin, It. travertino, tiburtino, L. lapis Tiburtinus, fr. Tibur an ancient town of Latium, now Tivoli.] (Min.) A white concretionary form of calcium carbonate, usually hard and semicrystalline. It is deposited from the water of springs or streams holding lime in solution. Extensive deposits exist at Tivoli, near Rome.

Trav"es*ty (?), a. [F. travesti, p. p. of travestir to disguise, to travesty, It. travestire, fr. L. trans across, over + vestire to dress, clothe. See Vest.] Disguised by dress so as to be ridiculous; travestied; - - applied to a book or shorter composition. [R.]

Trav"es*ty, n.; pl. Travesties (&?;). A burlesque translation or imitation of a work.

> The second edition is not a recast, but absolutely a travesty of the first.

De Quincey.

Trav"es*ty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Travestied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Travesting.] To translate, imitate, or represent, so as to render ridiculous or ludicrous.

> I see poor Lucan travestied, not appareled in his Roman toga, but under the cruel shears of an English tailor.

Bentley.

Trawl (?), v. i. [OF. trauler, troller, F. trôter, to drag about, to stroll about; probably of Teutonic origin. Cf. Troll, v. t.] To take fish, or other marine animals, with a trawl.

Trawl, n. 1. A fishing line, often extending a mile or more, having many short lines bearing hooks attached to it. It is used for catching cod, halibut, etc.; a boulter. [U. S. & Canada]

2. A large bag net attached to a beam with iron frames at its ends, and dragged at the bottom of the sea, — used in fishing, and in gathering forms of marine life from the sea bottom.

Trawl"boat` (?), n. A boat used in fishing with trawls or trawlnets.

Trawl"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, trawls.

2. A fishing vessel which trails a net behind it.

Trawl"er*man (?), n.; pl. Trawlermen (&?;). A fisherman who used unlawful arts and engines to catch fish. [Obs.] Cowell.

Trawl"net` (?), n. Same as Trawl, n., 2.

Trawl"warp` (?), n. A rope passing through a block, used in managing or dragging a trawlnet.

Tray (?), v. t. [OF. traïr, F. trahir, L. tradere. See Traitor.] To betray; to deceive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tray, n.; pl. Trays (#). [OE. treye, AS. treg. Cf. Trough.] 1. A small trough or wooden vessel, sometimes scooped out of a block of wood, for various domestic uses, as in making bread, chopping meat, etc.

2. A flat, broad vessel on which dishes, glasses, etc., are carried; a waiter; a salver.

3. A shallow box, generally without a top, often used within a chest, trunk, box, etc., as a removable receptacle for small or light articles.

Tray"ful (?), n.; pl. Trayfuls (&?;). As much as a tray will hold; enough to fill a tray.

Trays (?), n. pl. [Obs.] See Trais. Chaucer.

Tray"-trip` (?), n. [From Trey a three.] An old game played with dice. [Obs.] Shak.

Treach"er (?), n. [OE. trichour, trichur, OF. tricheor deceiver, traitor, F. tricheur a cheat at play, a trickster. See Treachery.] A traitor; a cheat. [Obs.]

> Treacher and coward both.

Beau. & Fl.

Treach"er*ous (?), a. [See Treacher.] Like a traitor; involving treachery; violating allegiance or faith pledged; traitorous to the state or sovereign; perfidious in private life; betraying a trust; faithless.

> Loyal father of a treacherous son.

Shak.

> The treacherous smile, a mask for secret hate.

Cowper.

Syn. — Faithless; perfidious; traitorous; false; insidious; plotting.

— Treach"er*ous*ly, adv. — Treach"er*ous*ness, n.

Treach"er*y (?), n. [OE. trecherïe, trichere, OF. trecherie, tricherie, F. tricherie trickery, from tricher to cheat, to trick, OF. trichier, trechier; probably of Teutonic origin. See Trickery, Trick.] Violation of allegiance or of faith and confidence; treasonable or perfidious conduct; perfidy; treason.

<! p. 1533 !>

> Be ware, ye lords, of their treachery.

Chaucer.

> In the council chamber at Edinburgh, he had contracted a deep taint of treachery and corruption.

Macaulay.

{ Treach"e*tour (?), Treach"our (?), } n. [See Treacher.] A traitor. [Obs.] "Treachour full of false despite." Spenser.

Trea"cle (tr"k'l), n. [OE. triacle a sovereign remedy, theriac, OF. triacle, F. thériaque (cf. Pr. triacla, tiriaca, Sp. & It. triaca, teriaca), L. theriaca an antidote against the bite of poisonous animals, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; of wild or venomous beasts, fr. qhri`on a beast, a wild beast, dim. of qh`r a beast. Cf. Theriac.] 1. (Old Med.) A remedy against poison. See Theriac, 1.

> We kill the viper, and make treacle of him.

Jer. Taylor.

2. A sovereign remedy; a cure. [Obs.]

> Christ which is to every harm treacle.

Chaucer.

3. Molasses; sometimes, specifically, the molasses which drains from the sugar-refining molds, and which is also called sugarhouse molasses.

In the United States molasses is the common name; in England, treacle.

4. A saccharine fluid, consisting of the inspissated juices or decoctions of certain vegetables, as the sap of the birch, sycamore, and the like.

Treacle mustard (Bot.), a name given to several species of the cruciferous genus Erysimum, especially the E. cheiranthoides, which was formerly used as an ingredient in Venice treacle, or theriac. — Treacle water, a compound cordial prepared in different ways from a variety of ingredients, as hartshorn, roots of various plants, flowers, juices of plants, wines, etc., distilled or digested with Venice treacle. It was formerly regarded as a medicine of great virtue. Nares. — Venice treacle. (Old Med.) Same as Theriac, 1.

Trea"cly (?), a. Like, or composed of, treacle.

Tread (?), v. i. [imp. Trod (?); p. p. Trodden (?), Trod; p. pr. & vb. n. Treading.] [OE. treden, AS. tredan; akin to OFries. treda, OS. tredan, D. & LG. treden, G. treten, OHG. tretan, Icel. tro&?;a, Sw. tråda, träda, Dan. træde, Goth. trudan, and perhaps ultimately to F. tramp; cf. Gr. &?; a running, Skr. dram to run. Cf. Trade, Tramp, Trot.] 1. To set the foot; to step.

> Where'er you tread, the blushing flowers shall rise.

Pope.

> Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.

Pope.

> The hard stone
> Under our feet, on which we tread and go.

Chaucer.

2. To walk or go; especially, to walk with a stately or a cautious step.

> Ye that . . . stately tread, or lowly creep.

Milton.

3. To copulate; said of birds, esp. the males. Shak.

To tread on or upon. (a) To trample; to set the foot on in contempt. "Thou shalt tread upon their high places." Deut. xxxiii. 29. (b) to follow closely. "Year treads on year." Wordsworth. — To tread upon the heels of, to follow close upon. "Dreadful consequences that tread upon the heels of those allowances to sin." Milton.

> One woe doth tread upon another's heel.

Shak.

Tread, v. t. 1. To step or walk on.

> Forbid to tread the promised land he saw.

Prior.

> Methought she trod the ground with greater grace.

Dryden.

2. To beat or press with the feet; as, to tread a path; to tread land when too light; a well- trodden path.

3. To go through or accomplish by walking, dancing, or the like. " I am resolved to forsake Malta, tread a pilgrimage to fair Jerusalem." Beau. & Fl.

> They have measured many a mile,
> To tread a measure with you on this grass.

Shak.

4. To crush under the foot; to trample in contempt or hatred; to subdue.

> Through thy name will we tread them under that rise up against us.

Ps. xliv. 5.

5. To copulate with; to feather; to cover; — said of the male bird. Chaucer.

To tread out, to press out with the feet; to press out, as wine or wheat; as, to tread out grain with cattle or horses. — To tread the stage, to act as a stageplayer; to perform a part in a drama.

Tread, n. 1. A step or stepping; pressure with the foot; a footstep; as, a nimble tread; a cautious tread.

> She is coming, my own, my sweet;
> Were it ever so airy a tread,
> My heart would hear her and beat.

Tennyson.

2. Manner or style of stepping; action; gait; as, the horse has a good tread.

3. Way; track; path. [R.] Shak.

4. The act of copulation in birds.

5. (Arch.) The upper horizontal part of a step, on which the foot is placed.

6. (Fort.) The top of the banquette, on which soldiers stand to fire over the parapet.

7. (Mach.) (a) The part of a wheel that bears upon the road or rail. (b) The part of a rail upon which car wheels bear.

8. (Biol.) The chalaza of a bird's egg; the treadle.

9. (Far.) A bruise or abrasion produced on the foot or ankle of a horse that interferes. See Interfere, 3.

Tread"board` (?), n. [Arch.] See Tread, n., 5.

Tread"er (?), n. One who treads. Isa. xvi. 10.

Tread"fowl` (?), n. A cock. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Trea"dle (?), n. [OE. tredyl a step, AS. tredel. See Tread.] 1. The part of a foot lathe, or other machine, which is pressed or moved by the foot.

2. (Biol.) The chalaza of a bird's egg; the tread.

Tread"mill` (?), n. A mill worked by persons treading upon steps on the periphery of a wide wheel having a horizontal axis. It is used principally as a means of prison discipline. Also, a mill worked by horses, dogs, etc., treading an endless belt.

Tread"-soft`ly (?), n. (Bot.) Spurge nettle. See under Nettle.

Tread"wheel` (?), n. A wheel turned by persons or animals, by treading, climbing, or pushing with the feet, upon its periphery or face. See Treadmill.

Treague (?), n. [It. tregua; of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. true.] A truce. [Obs.] Spenser.

Trea"son (?), n. [OE. tresun, treisun, traisoun, OF. traïson, F. trahison, L. traditio a giving up, a delivering up, fr. tradere to give up, betray. See Traitor, and cf. Tradition.] 1. The offense of attempting to overthrow the government of the state to which the offender owes allegiance, or of betraying the state into the hands of a foreign power; disloyalty; treachery.

> The treason of the murthering in the bed.

Chaucer.

In monarchies, the killing of the sovereign, or an attempt to take his life, is treason. In England, to imagine or compass the death of the king, or of the queen consort, or of the heir apparent to the crown, is high treason, as are many other offenses created by statute. In the United States, treason is confined to the actual levying of war against the United States, or to an adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.

2. Loosely, the betrayal of any trust or confidence; treachery; perfidy.

> If he be false, she shall his treason see.

Chaucer.

Petit treason. See under Petit.

Trea"son*a*ble (?), a. Pertaining to treason; consisting of treason; involving the crime of treason, or partaking of its guilt.

> Most men's heads had been intoxicated with imaginations of plots and treasonable practices.

Clarendon.

Syn. — Treacherous; traitorous; perfidious; insidious.

—Trea"son*a*ble*ness, n. — Trea"son*a*bly, adv.

Trea"son*ous (?), a. Treasonable. Shak.

> The treasonous book of the Court of King James.

Pepys.

Treas"ure (?), n. [OE. tresor, tresour, F. trésor, L. thesaurus, Gr. &?; a stone laid up, treasure, probably from the root of &?; to put, place. See Thesis, and cf. Thesaurus.] 1. Wealth accumulated; especially, a stock, or store of money in reserve.

> This treasure hath fortune unto us given.

Chaucer.

2. A great quantity of anything collected for future use; abundance; plenty.

> We have treasures in the field, of wheat and of barley, and of oil and of honey.

Jer. xli. 8.

3. That which is very much valued.

> Ye shall be peculiar treasure unto me.

Ex. xix. 5.

> From thy wardrobe bring thy chiefest treasure.

Milton.

Treasure city, a city for stores and magazines. Ex. i. 11.

Treas"ure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Treasured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Treasuring.] To collect and deposit, as money or other valuable things, for future use; to lay up; to hoard; usually with up; as, to treasure up gold.

Treas"ure-house` (?), n. A house or building where treasures and stores are kept.

Treas"ur*er (?), n. [OE. tresourer, F. trésorier.] One who has the care of a treasure or treasure or treasury; an officer who receives the public money arising from taxes and duties, or other sources of revenue, takes charge of the same, and disburses it upon orders made by the proper authority; one who has charge of collected funds; as, the treasurer of a society or corporation.

Lord high treasurer of England, formerly, the third great officer of the crown. His office is now executed by five persons styled the lords commissioners of the treasury, or treasury lords.

Treas"ur*er*ship, n. The office of treasurer.

Treas"ur*ess, n. A woman who is a treasurer. [R.]

Treas"ure-trove` (?), n. [Treasure + OF. trové, F. trouvé, p. p. of OF. trover to find, F. trouver. See Trover.] (Common Law) Any money, bullion, or the like, found in the earth, or otherwise hidden, the owner of which is not known. In England such treasure belongs to the crown; whereas similar treasure found in the sea, or upon the surface of the land, belongs to the finder if no owner appears.

Treas"ur*y (?), n.; pl. Treasuries (#). [OE. tresorie, F. trésorerie.] 1. A place or building in which stores of wealth are deposited; especially, a place where public revenues are deposited and kept, and where money is disbursed to defray the expenses of government; hence, also, the place of deposit and disbursement of any collected funds.

2. That department of a government which has charge of the finances.

3. A repository of abundance; a storehouse.

4. Hence, a book or work containing much valuable knowledge, wisdom, wit, or the like; a thesaurus; as, " Maunder's Treasury of Botany."

5. A treasure. [Obs.] Marston.

Board of treasury, the board to which is intrusted the management of all matters relating to the sovereign's civil list or other revenues. [Eng.] Brande & C. — Treasury bench, the first row of seats on the right hand of the Speaker in the House of Commons; — so called because occupied by the first lord of the treasury and chief minister of the crown. [Eng.] — Treasury lord. See Lord high treasurer of England, under Treasurer. [Eng.] — Treasury note (U. S. Finance), a circulating note or bill issued by government authority from the Treasury Department, and receivable in payment of dues to the government.

Treat (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Treated; p. pr. & vb. n. Treating.] [OE. treten, OF. traitier, F. traiter, from L. tractare to draw violently, to handle, manage, treat, v. intens. from trahere, tractum, to draw. See Trace, v. t., and cf. Entreat, Retreat, Trait.] 1. To handle; to manage; to use; to bear one's self toward; as, to treat prisoners cruelly; to treat children kindly.

2. To discourse on; to handle in a particular manner, in writing or speaking; as, to treat a subject diffusely.

3. To entertain with food or drink, especially the latter, as a compliment, or as an expression of friendship or regard; as, to treat the whole company.

4. To negotiate; to settle; to make terms for. [Obs.]

> To treat the peace, a hundred senators
> Shall be commissioned.

Dryden.

5. (Med.) To care for medicinally or surgically; to manage in the use of remedies or appliances; as, to treat a disease, a wound, or a patient.

6. To subject to some action; to apply something to; as, to treat a substance with sulphuric acid. Ure.

7. To entreat; to beseech. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Treat (?), v. i. 1. To discourse; to handle a subject in writing or speaking; to make discussion; — usually with of; as, Cicero treats of old age and of duties.

> And, shortly of this story for to treat.

Chaucer.

> Now of love they treat.

Milton.

2. To negotiate; to come to terms of accommodation; — often followed by with; as, envoys were appointed to treat with France.

> Inform us, will the emperor treat!

Swift.

3. To give a gratuitous entertainment, esp. of food or drink, as a compliment.

Treat, n. 1. A parley; a conference. [Obs.]

> Bid him battle without further treat.

Spenser.

2. An entertainment given as an expression of regard.

3. That which affords entertainment; a gratification; a satisfaction; as, the concert was a rich treat.

Treat"a*ble (?), a. [OE. tretable, F. traitable, L. tractabilis. See Treat, and cf. Tractable.] Manageable; tractable; hence, moderate; not violent. [Obs.] " A treatable disposition, a strong memory." R. Parr.

> A kind of treatable dissolution.

Hooker.

> The heats or the colds of seasons are less treatable than with us.

Sir W. Temple.

Treat"a*bly, adv. In a treatable manner. [Obs.]

Treat"er (?), n. One who treats; one who handles, or discourses on, a subject; also, one who entertains.

Trea"tise (?), n. [OE. tretis, OF. treitis, traitis, well made. See Treat.] 1. A written composition on a particular subject, in which its principles are discussed or explained; a tract. Chaucer.

> He published a treatise in which he maintained that a marriage between a member of the Church of England and a dissenter was a nullity.

Macaulay.

A treatise implies more form and method than an essay, but may fall short of the fullness and completeness of a systematic exposition.

2. Story; discourse. [R.] Shak.

Trea"tis*er (?), n. One who writes a treatise. [Obs.]

Treat"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. traitement. See Treat.] 1. The act or manner of treating; management; manipulation; handling; usage; as, unkind treatment; medical treatment.

2. Entertainment; treat. [Obs.]

> Accept such treatment as a swain affords.

Pope.

Trea"ture (?), n. Treatment. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Trea"ty (?), n.; pl. Treaties (#). [OE. tretee, F. traité, LL. tractatus; cf. L. tractatus a handling, treatment, consultation, tractate. See Treat, and cf. Tractate.] 1. The act of treating for the adjustment of differences, as for forming an agreement; negotiation. "By sly and wise treaty." Chaucer.

> He cast by treaty and by trains
> Her to persuade.

Spenser.

2. An agreement so made; specifically, an agreement, league, or contract between two or more nations or sovereigns, formally signed by commissioners properly authorized, and solemnly ratified by the several sovereigns, or the supreme power of each state; an agreement between two or more independent states; as, a treaty of peace; a treaty of alliance.

3. A proposal tending to an agreement. [Obs.] Shak.

4. A treatise; a tract. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Tre"ble (?), a. [OE. treble threefold, OF. treble, treible, L. triplus. See Triple.] 1. Threefold; triple.

> A lofty tower, and strong on every side
> With treble walls.

Dryden.

2. (Mus.) (a) Acute; sharp; as, a treble sound. Bacon. (b) Playing or singing the highest part or most acute sounds; playing or singing the treble; as, a treble violin or voice.

Tre"ble, adv. Trebly; triply. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Tre"ble, n. [" It has been said to be a corruption of triplum [Lat.], a third part, superadded to the altus and bassus (high and low)." Grove.] (Mus.) The highest of the four principal parts in music; the part usually sung by boys or women; soprano.

This is sometimes called the first treble, to distinguish it from the second treble, or alto, which is sung by lower female voices.

Tre"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trebled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trebling.] 1. To make thrice as much; to make threefold. "Love trebled life." Tennyson.

2. To utter in a treble key; to whine. [Obs.]

> He outrageously
> (When I accused him) trebled his reply.

Chapman.

Tre"ble, v. i. To become threefold. Swift.

Tre"ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being treble; as, the trebleness of tones. Bacon.

Treb"let (?), n. Same as Triblet.

Tre"bly (?), adv. In a treble manner; with a threefold number or quantity; triply. Swift.

{ Treb"u*chet (?), Tre"buck*et (?), } n. [OF. trebuchet, trebukiet, an engine of war for hurling stones, F. trébuchet a gin, trap, a kind of balance, fr. OF. trebuchier, trebuquier, to stumble, trip, F. trébucher.] 1. A cucking stool; a tumbrel. Cowell.

2. A military engine used in the Middle Ages for throwing stones, etc. It acted by means of a great weight fastened to the short arm of a lever, which, being let fall, raised the end of the long arm with great velocity, hurling stones with much force.

<! p. 1534 !>

3. A kind of balance for weighing. [Obs.]

Tre*chom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; to run + - meter.] An odometer for vehicles. Knight.

||Treck"schuyt` (?), n. [D. trekschuit; trekken to draw + schuit a boat. Cf. Trackscout.] A covered boat for goods and passengers, used on the Dutch and Flemish canals.

Tred"dle (?), n. [See Treadle.] 1. See Treadle.

2. A prostitute; a strumpet. [Obs.] Ford.

3. pl. The dung of sheep or hares. Holland.

Tre*dille" (?), n. A game at cards for three.

Tree (tr), n. [OE. tree, tre, treo, AS. treó, treów, tree, wood; akin to OFries. tr, OS. treo, trio, Icel. tr, Dan. træ, Sw. trä, träd, Goth. triu, Russ. drevo, W. derw an oak, Ir. darag, darog, Gr. dry^s a tree, oak, do`ry a beam, spear shaft, spear, Skr. dru tree, wood, dru wood. √63, 241. Cf. Dryad, Germander, Tar, n., Trough.]

1. (Bot.) Any perennial woody plant of considerable size (usually over twenty feet high) and growing with a single trunk.

The kind of tree referred to, in any particular case, is often indicated by a modifying word; as forest tree, fruit tree, palm tree, apple tree, pear tree, etc.

2. Something constructed in the form of, or considered as resembling, a tree, consisting of a stem, or stock, and branches; as, a genealogical tree.

3. A piece of timber, or something commonly made of timber; — used in composition, as in axletree, boottree, chesstree, crosstree, whiffletree, and the like.

4. A cross or gallows; as Tyburn tree.

> [Jesus] whom they slew and hanged on a tree.

Acts x. 39.

5. Wood; timber. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> In a great house ben not only vessels of gold and of silver but also of tree and of earth.

Wyclif (2 Tim. ii. 20).

6. (Chem.) A mass of crystals, aggregated in arborescent forms, obtained by precipitation of a metal from solution. See Lead tree, under Lead.

Tree bear (Zoöl.), the raccoon. [Local, U. S.] — Tree beetle (Zoöl.) any one of numerous species of beetles which feed on the leaves of trees and shrubs, as the May beetles, the rose beetle, the rose chafer, and the goldsmith beetle. — Tree bug (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of hemipterous insects which live upon, and suck the sap of, trees and shrubs. They belong to Arma, Pentatoma, Rhaphigaster, and allied genera. — Tree cat (Zool.), the common paradoxure (Paradoxurus musang). — Tree clover (Bot.), a tall kind of melilot (Melilotus alba). See Melilot. — Tree crab (Zoöl.), the purse crab. See under Purse. — Tree creeper (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of arboreal creepers belonging to Certhia, Climacteris, and allied genera. See Creeper, 3. — Tree cricket (Zoöl.), a nearly white arboreal American cricket (Ecanthus nivœus) which is noted for its loud stridulation; — called also white cricket. — Tree crow (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World crows belonging to Crypsirhina and allied genera, intermediate between the true crows and the jays. The tail is long, and the bill is curved and without a tooth. — Tree dove (Zoöl.) any one of several species of East Indian and Asiatic doves belonging to Macropygia and allied genera. They have long and broad tails, are chiefly arboreal in their habits, and feed mainly on fruit. — Tree duck (Zoöl.), any one of several species of ducks belonging to Dendrocygna and allied genera. These ducks have a long and slender neck and a long hind toe. They are arboreal in their habits, and are found in the tropical parts of America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. — Tree fern (Bot.), an arborescent fern having a straight trunk, sometimes twenty or twenty-five feet high, or even higher, and bearing a cluster of fronds at the top. Most of the existing species are tropical. — Tree fish (Zoöl.), a California market fish (Sebastichthys serriceps). — Tree frog. (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Tree toad. (b) Any one of numerous species of Old World frogs belonging to Chiromantis, Rhacophorus, and allied genera of the family Ranidæ. Their toes are furnished with suckers for adhesion. The flying frog (see under Flying) is an example. — Tree goose (Zoöl.), the bernicle goose. — Tree hopper (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small leaping hemipterous insects which live chiefly on the branches and twigs of trees, and injure them by sucking the sap. Many of them are very odd in shape, the prothorax being often prolonged upward or forward in the form of a spine or crest. — Tree jobber (Zoöl.), a woodpecker. [Obs.] — Tree kangaroo. (Zoöl.) See Kangaroo. — Tree lark (Zoöl.), the tree pipit. [Prov. Eng.] — Tree lizard (Zoöl.), any one of a group of Old World arboreal lizards (Dendrosauria) comprising the chameleons. — Tree lobster. (Zoöl.) Same as Tree crab, above. — Tree louse (Zoöl.), any aphid; a plant louse. — Tree moss. (Bot.) (a) Any moss or lichen growing on trees. (b) Any species of moss in the form of a miniature tree. — Tree mouse (Zoöl.), any one of several species of African mice of the subfamily Dendromyinæ. They have long claws and habitually live in trees. — Tree nymph, a wood nymph. See Dryad. — Tree of a saddle, a saddle frame. — Tree of heaven (Bot.), an ornamental tree (Ailantus glandulosus) having long, handsome pinnate leaves, and greenish flowers of a disagreeable odor. — Tree of life (Bot.), a tree of the genus Thuja; arbor vitæ. — Tree onion (Bot.), a species of garlic (Allium proliferum) which produces bulbs in place of flowers, or among its flowers. — Tree oyster (Zoöl.), a small American oyster (Ostrea folium) which adheres to the roots of the mangrove tree; — called also raccoon oyster. — Tree pie (Zoöl.), any species of Asiatic birds of the genus Dendrocitta. The tree pies are allied to the magpie. — Tree pigeon (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of longwinged arboreal pigeons native of Asia, Africa, and Australia, and belonging to Megaloprepia, Carpophaga, and allied genera. — Tree pipit. (Zoöl.) See under Pipit. — Tree porcupine (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Central and South American arboreal porcupines belonging to the genera Chætomys and Sphingurus. They have an elongated and somewhat prehensile tail, only four toes on the hind feet, and a body covered with short spines mixed with bristles. One South American species (S. villosus) is called also couiy; another (S. prehensilis) is called also cœndou. — Tree rat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large ratlike West Indian rodents belonging to the genera Capromys and Plagiodon. They are allied to the porcupines. — Tree serpent (Zoöl.), a tree snake. — Tree shrike (Zoöl.), a bush shrike. — Tree snake (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of snakes of the genus Dendrophis. They live chiefly among the branches of trees, and are not venomous. — Tree sorrel (Bot.), a kind of sorrel (Rumex Lunaria) which attains the stature of a small tree, and bears greenish flowers. It is found in the Canary Islands and Teneriffe. — Tree sparrow (Zoöl.) any one of several species of small arboreal sparrows, especially the American tree sparrow (Spizella monticola), and the common European species (Passer montanus). — Tree swallow (Zoöl.), any one of several species of swallows of the genus Hylochelidon which lay their eggs in holes in dead trees. They inhabit Australia and adjacent regions. Called also martin in Australia. — Tree swift (Zoöl.), any one of several species of swifts of the genus Dendrochelidon which inhabit the East Indies and Southern Asia. — Tree tiger (Zoöl.), a leopard. — Tree toad (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of amphibians belonging to Hyla and allied genera of the family Hylidæ. They are related to the common frogs and toads, but have the tips of the toes expanded into suckers by means of which they cling to the bark and leaves of trees. Only one species (Hyla arborea) is found in Europe, but numerous species occur in America and Australia. The common tree toad of the Northern United States (H. versicolor) is noted for the facility with which it changes its colors. Called also tree frog. See also Piping frog, under Piping, and Cricket frog, under Cricket. — Tree warbler (Zoöl.), any one of several species of arboreal warblers belonging to Phylloscopus and allied genera. — Tree wool (Bot.), a fine fiber obtained from the leaves of pine trees.

Tree (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Treed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Treeing.] 1. To drive to a tree; to cause to ascend a tree; as, a dog trees a squirrel. J. Burroughs.

2. To place upon a tree; to fit with a tree; to stretch upon a tree; as, to tree a boot. See Tree, n., 3.

Tree"beard` (?), n. (Bot.) A pendulous branching lichen (Usnea barbata); — so called from its resemblance to hair.

Tree"ful (?), n.; pl. Treefuls (&?;). The quantity or number which fills a tree.

Tree"less, a. Destitute of trees. C. Kingsley.

Treen (?), a. [AS. treówen.] 1. Made of wood; wooden. [Obs.] " Treen cups." Camden.

2. Relating to, or drawn from, trees. [Obs.] Spenser.

> Treen liquors, especially that of the date.

Evelyn.

Treen, obs. pl. of Tree. " The shady treen." Fairfax.

Tree"nail` (?), n. [Tree + nail.] (Shipbuilding) A long wooden pin used in fastening the planks of a vessel to the timbers or to each other. [Written also trenail, and trunnel.]

Tre"fle (?), n. [F. tréfle. See Trefoil.] (Fort.) A species of time; — so called from its resemblance in form to a trefoil.

||Tré`flé" (?), a. [F. tréflé. See Trefoil.] (Her.) Having a three-lobed extremity or extremities, as a cross; also, more rarely, ornamented with trefoils projecting from the edges, as a bearing.

Tre"foil (?), n. [L. tres three + E. foil leaf; cf. F. frèfle, It. trifoglio, L. trifolium. See Tri-, Foil leaf, and cf. Trifoly.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Trifolium, which includes the white clover, red clover, etc.; — less properly, applied also to the nonesuch, or black medic. See Clover, and Medic.

2. (Arch.) An ornamental foliation consisting of three divisions, or foils.

3. (Her.) A charge representing the clover leaf.

Tre"foiled` (?), a. (Her.) Same as Tréflé.

Treg"et (?), n. [See Tregetour.] Guile; trickery. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Treg"et*our (?), n. [OE. tresgeteor. See Trans-, and Jet a shooting forth.] A juggler who produces illusions by the use of elaborate machinery. [Obs.]

> Divers appearances
> Such as these subtle tregetours play.

Chaucer.

Treg"et*ry (?), n. Trickery; also, a trick. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Tre*ha"la (?), n. (Chem.) An amorphous variety of manna obtained from the nests and cocoons of a Syrian coleopterous insect (Larinus maculatus, L. nidificans, etc.) which feeds on the foliage of a variety of thistle. It is used as an article of food, and is called also nest sugar.

Tre"ha*lose` (?), n. (Chem.) Mycose; — so called because sometimes obtained from trehala.

Treil"lage (?), n. [F. treillage. See Trellis.] Latticework for supporting vines, etc.; an espalier; a trellis. Spectator.

> I shall plant the roses against my treillage to- morrow.

Walpole.

Trel"lis (?), n. [OE. relis, F. treillis, fr. treille vine arbor, fr. L. tricla, triclea, triclia, a bower, arbor, summer house.] A structure or frame of crossbarred work, or latticework, used for various purposes, as for screens or for supporting plants.

Trel"lised (?), a. Having a trellis or trellises.

> Cottages trellised over with exotic plants.

Jeffrey.

||Tre*man"do (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Trembling; — used as a direction to perform a passage with a general shaking of the whole chord.

Trem"a*tode (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Trematodea. Also used adjectively.

||Trem`a*to"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; having holes, from &?;, &?;, a hole.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of parasitic worms. They are found in the internal cavities of animals belonging to all classes. Many species are found, also, on the gills and skin of fishes. A few species are parasitic on man, and some, of which the fluke is the most important, are injurious parasites of domestic animals. The trematodes usually have a flattened body covered with a chitinous skin, and are furnished with two or more suckers for adhesion. Most of the species are hermaphrodite. Called also Trematoda, and Trematoidea. See Fluke, Tristoma, and Cercaria.

Trem"a*toid (?), a. [From Gr. &?;, &?;, a hole + &?; form.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Trematodea. See Illustration in Appendix.

Trem"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trembled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trembling (?).] [F. trembler, fr. L. tremulus trembling, tremulous, fr. tremere to shake, tremble; akin to Gr. &?;, Lith. trimti. Cf. Tremulous, Tremor.] 1. To shake involuntarily, as with fear, cold, or weakness; to quake; to quiver; to shiver; to shudder; — said of a person or an animal.

> I tremble still with fear.

Shak.

> Frighted Turnus trembled as he spoke.

Dryden.

2. To totter; to shake; — said of a thing.

> The Mount of Sinai, whose gray top
> Shall tremble.

Milton.

3. To quaver or shake, as sound; to be tremulous; as the voice trembles.

Trem"ble, n. An involuntary shaking or quivering.

> I am all of a tremble when I think of it.

W. Black.

Trem"bler (?), n. One who trembles.

Trem"bling (?), a. Shaking; tottering; quivering. — Trem"bling*ly, adv.

Trembling poplar (Bot.), the aspen.

||Tre*mel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. tremere, to tremble: cf. It. tremella, F. tremelle.] (Bot.) A genus of gelatinous fungi found in moist grounds.

Tre*men"dous (?), a. [L. tremendus that is to be trembled at, fearful, fr. tremere to tremble. See Tremble.] Fitted to excite fear or terror; such as may astonish or terrify by its magnitude, force, or violence; terrible; dreadful; as, a tremendous wind; a tremendous shower; a tremendous shock or fall.

> A tremendous mischief was a foot.

Motley.

Syn. — Terrible; dreadful; frightful; terrific; horrible; awful.

— Tre*men"dous*ly, adv. — Tre*men"dous*ness, n.

||Tre"mex (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large hymenopterous insects allied to the sawflies. The female lays her eggs in holes which she bores in the trunks of trees with her large and long ovipositor, and the larva bores in the wood. See Illust. of Horntail.

The pigeon tremex (Tremex columba), a common American species, infests the elm, pear, and other trees.

||Tre*mo*lan"do (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Same as Tremando.

Trem"o*lite, n. [From Tremola, a valley in the Alps, where it was discovered.] (Min.) A white variety of amphibole, or hornblende, occurring in long, bladelike crystals, and coarsely fibrous masses.

||Tre"mo*lo (?), n. [It. Cf. Tremulous.] (Mus.) (a) The rapid reiteration of tones without any apparent cessation, so as to produce a tremulous effect. (b) A certain contrivance in an organ, which causes the notes to sound with rapid pulses or beats, producing a tremulous effect; — called also tremolant, and tremulant.

Tre"mor (?), n. [L., from tremere to tremble. See Tremble, v.] A trembling; a shivering or shaking; a quivering or vibratory motion; as, the tremor of a person who is weak, infirm, or old.

> He fell into an universal tremor of all his joints.

Harvey.

{ Trem"u*lant (?), Trem"u*lent (?), } a. Tremulous; trembling; shaking. [R.] " With tremulent white rod." Carlyle.

Trem"u*lous (?), a. [L. tremulus, fr. tremere to tremble. See Tremble.] 1. Shaking; shivering; quivering; as, a tremulous limb; a tremulous motion of the hand or the lips; the tremulous leaf of the poplar.

2. Affected with fear or timidity; trembling.

> The tender, tremulous Christian.

Dr. H. More.

— Trem"u*lous*ly, adv. — Trem"u*lous*ness, n.

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Tren (?), n. [See Treen wooden.] A fish spear. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Tre"nail` (?), n. (Shipbuilding) Same as Treenail.

Trench (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trenched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trenching.] [OF. trenchier to cut, F. trancher; akin to Pr. trencar, trenchar, Sp. trinchar, It. trinciare; of uncertain origin.] 1. To cut; to form or shape by cutting; to make by incision, hewing, or the like.

> The wide wound that the boar had trenched
> In his soft flank.

Shak.

> This weak impress of love is as a figure
> Trenched in ice, which with an hour's heat
> Dissolves to water, and doth lose its form.

Shak.

2. (Fort.) To fortify by cutting a ditch, and raising a rampart or breastwork with the earth thrown out of the ditch; to intrench. Pope.

> No more shall trenching war channel her fields.

Shak.

3. To cut furrows or ditches in; as, to trench land for the purpose of draining it.

4. To dig or cultivate very deeply, usually by digging parallel contiguous trenches in succession, filling each from the next; as, to trench a garden for certain crops.

Trench, v. i. 1. To encroach; to intrench.

> Does it not seem as if for a creature to challenge to itself a boundless attribute, were to trench upon the prerogative of the divine nature?

I. Taylor.

2. To have direction; to aim or tend. [R.] Bacon.

To trench at, to make trenches against; to approach by trenches, as a town in besieging it. [Obs.]

> Like powerful armies, trenching at a town
> By slow and silent, but resistless, sap.

Young.

Trench, n. [OE. trenche, F. tranchée. See Trench, v. t.] 1. A long, narrow cut in the earth; a ditch; as, a trench for draining land. Mortimer.

2. An alley; a narrow path or walk cut through woods, shrubbery, or the like. [Obs.]

> In a trench, forth in the park, goeth she.

Chaucer.

3. (Fort.) An excavation made during a siege, for the purpose of covering the troops as they advance toward the besieged place. The term includes the parallels and the approaches.

To open the trenches (Mil.), to begin to dig or to form the lines of approach. — Trench cavalier (Fort.), an elevation constructed (by a besieger) of gabions, fascines, earth, and the like, about half way up the glacis, in order to discover and enfilade the covered way. — Trench plow, or Trench plough, a kind of plow for opening land to a greater depth than that of common furrows.

Trench"and (?), a. Trenchant. [Obs.] Spenser.

Trench"ant (?), a. [OF. trenchant, F. tranchant, p. pr. See Trench, v. t.] 1. Fitted to trench or cut; gutting; sharp. " Trenchant was the blade." Chaucer.

2. Fig.: Keen; biting; severe; as, trenchant wit.

Trench"ant*ly, adv. In a trenchant, or sharp, manner; sharply; severely.

Trench"er (?), n. [OE. trencheoir, F. tranchoir, fr. trancher to cut, carve. See Trench, v. t.] 1. One who trenches; esp., one who cuts or digs ditches.

2. A large wooden plate or platter, as for table use.

3. The table; hence, the pleasures of the table; food.

> It could be no ordinary declension of nature that could bring some men, after an ingenuous education, to place their "summum bonum" upon their trenchers.

South.

Trencher cap, the cap worn by studens at Oxford and Cambridge Universities, having a stiff, flat, square appendage at top. A similar cap used in the United States is called Oxford cap, mortar board, etc. — Trencher fly, a person who haunts the tables of others; a parasite. [R.] L'Estrange. — Trencher friend, one who frequents the tables of others; a sponger. — Trencher mate, a table companion; a parasite; a trencher fly. Hooker.

Trench"er-man (?), n.; pl. Trencher-men (&?;).

1. A feeder; a great eater; a gormandizer. Shak.

2. A cook. [Obs.]

> The skillfulest trencher-men of Media.

Sir P. Sidney.

3. A table companion; a trencher mate. Thackeray.

Trench"more (?), n. A kind of lively dance of a rude, boisterous character. Also, music in triple time appropriate to the dance. [Obs.]

> All the windows in the town dance new trenchmore.

Beau. & Fl.

Trench"more (?), v. i. To dance the trenchmore. [Obs.] Marston.

{ Trench"-plow", Trench"-plough` } (-plou`), v. t. To plow with deep furrows, for the purpose of loosening the land to a greater depth than usual.

Trend, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trended; p. pr. & vb. n. Trending.] [OE. trenden to roll or turn about; akin to OFries. trind, trund, round, Dan. & Sw. trind, AS. trendel a circle, ring, and E. trendle, trundle.] To have a particular direction; to run; to stretch; to tend; as, the shore of the sea trends to the southwest.

Trend, v. t. To cause to turn; to bend. [R.]

> Not far beneath i' the valley as she trends
> Her silver stream.

W. Browne.

Trend, n. Inclination in a particular direction; tendency; general direction; as, the trend of a coast.

Trend of an anchor. (Naut.) (a) The lower end of the shank of an anchor, being the same distance on the shank from the throat that the arm measures from the throat to the bill. R. H. Dana, Jr. (b) The angle made by the line of a vessel's keel and the direction of the anchor cable, when she is swinging at anchor.

Trend (?), v. t. [Cf. G. & OD. trennen to separate.] To cleanse, as wool. [Prov. Eng.]

Trend, n. Clean wool. [Prov. Eng.]

Trend"er (?), n. One whose business is to free wool from its filth. [Prov. Eng.]

Tren"dle (?), n. [AS. trendel, tryndel, circle, ring. See Trend, v. i., and cf. Trundle.] A wheel, spindle, or the like; a trundle. [Obs.]

> The shaft the wheel, the wheel, the trendle turns.

Sylvester.

Tren"tal (?), n. [LL. trentale, fr. L. triginta thirty; akin to tres three: cf. OF. trentel. See Three, and cf. Trigintal.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) An office and mass for the dead on the thirtieth day after death or burial. "Their trentals and their shrifts." Spenser.

2. Hence, a dirge; an elegy.

Tren"ton pe"ri*od (?). (Geol.) A subdivision in the lower Silurian system of America; — so named from Trenton Falls, in New York. The rocks are mostly limestones, and the period is divided into the Trenton, Utica, and Cincinnati epochs. See the Chart of Geology.

Tre*pan" (?), n. [F. trépan (cf. Sp. trépano, It. trepano, trapano), LL. trepanum, fr. Gr. &?; a borer, auger, trepan, fr. &?; to bore, &?; a hole. Cf. Trephine.] 1. (Surg.) A crown-saw or cylindrical saw for perforating the skull, turned, when used, like a bit or gimlet. See Trephine.

2. (Mining) A kind of broad chisel for sinking shafts.

Tre*pan", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Trepanned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trepanning.] [Cf. F. trépaner. See Trepan a saw.] (Surg.) To perforate (the skull) with a trepan, so as to remove a portion of the bone, and thus relieve the brain from pressure or irritation; to perform an operation with the trepan.

Tre*pan", n. [See Trapan.] 1. A snare; a trapan.

> Snares and trepans that common life lays in its way.

South.

2. a deceiver; a cheat.

> He had been from the beginning a spy and a trepan.

Macaulay.

Tre*pan", v. t. To insnare; to trap; to trapan.

> Guards even of a dozen men were silently trepanned from their stations.

De Quincey.

Tre*pang" (?), n. [Malay trpang.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large holothurians, some of which are dried and extensively used as food in China; — called also bêche de mer, sea cucumber, and sea slug. [Written also tripang.]

The edible trepangs are mostly large species of Holothuria, especially H. edulis. They are taken in vast quantities in the East Indies, where they are dried and smoked, and then shipped to China. They are used as an ingredient in certain kinds of soup.

Trep"an*ize (?), v. t. To trepan. [Obs.] "By trepanizing the skull." Jer. Taylor.

Tre*pan"ner (?), n. One who trepans. " Pitiful trepanners and impostors." Gauden.

Trep"e*get (?), n. (Mil.) A trebuchet. [Obs.]

Tre*phine" (?; 277), n. [A dim. of 1st trepan: cf. F. tréphine.] (Surg.) An instrument for trepanning, being an improvement on the trepan. It is a circular or cylindrical saw, with a handle like that of a gimlet, and a little sharp perforator called the center pin.

Tre*phine", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trephined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trephining.] To perforate with a trephine; to trepan.

Trep"id (?), a. [L. trepidus.] Trembling; quaking. Thackeray.

Trep`i*da"tion (?), n. [F. trépidation, L. trepidatio, fr. trepidare to hurry with alarm, to tremble, from trepidus agitated, disturbed, alarmed; cf. trepit he turns, Gr. &?; to turn, E. torture.] 1. An involuntary trembling, sometimes an effect of paralysis, but usually caused by terror or fear; quaking; quivering.

2. Hence, a state of terror or alarm; fear; confusion; fright; as, the men were in great trepidation.

3. (Anc. Astron.) A libration of the starry sphere in the Ptolemaic system; a motion ascribed to the firmament, to account for certain small changes in the position of the ecliptic and of the stars.

Syn. — Tremor; agitation; disturbance; fear.

Tre*pid"i*ty, n. Trepidation. [R.]

Tres"ayle` (trs"l`), n. [F. trisaïeul, from L. tris, tres, three + F. aïeul grandfather. Cf. Besaiel, and see Ayle.] A grandfather's grandfather. [Obs.]

Writ of tresayle (O. Eng. Law), a writ which lay for a man claiming as heir to his grandfather's grandfather, to recover lands of which he had been deprived by an abatement happening on the ancestor's death. Mozley & W.

Tres"or (?), n. Treasure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tres"pass (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trespassed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trespassing.] [OF. trespasser to go across or over, transgress, F. trépasser to die; pref. tres- (L. trans across, over) + passer to pass. See Pass, v. i., and cf. Transpass.] 1. To pass beyond a limit or boundary; hence, to depart; to go. [Obs.]

> Soon after this, noble Robert de Bruce . . . trespassed out of this uncertain world.

Ld. Berners.

2. (Law) To commit a trespass; esp., to enter unlawfully upon the land of another.

3. To go too far; to put any one to inconvenience by demand or importunity; to intrude; as, to trespass upon the time or patience of another.

4. To commit any offense, or to do any act that injures or annoys another; to violate any rule of rectitude, to the injury of another; hence, in a moral sense, to transgress voluntarily any divine law or command; to violate any known rule of duty; to sin; — often followed by against.

> In the time of his distress did he trespass yet more against the Lord.

2 Chron. xxviii. 22.

Tres"pass (?), n. [OF. trespas, F. trépas death. See Trespass, v.] 1. Any injury or offence done to another.

> I you forgive all wholly this trespass.

Chaucer.

> If ye forgive not men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses.

Matt. vi. 15.

2. Any voluntary transgression of the moral law; any violation of a known rule of duty; sin.

> The fatal trespass done by Eve.

Milton.

> You . . . who were dead in trespasses and sins.

Eph. if. 1.

3. (Law) (a) An unlawful act committed with force and violence (vi et armis) on the person, property, or relative rights of another. (b) An action for injuries accompanied with force.

Trespass offering (Jewish Antiq.), an offering in expiation of a trespass. — Trespass on the case. (Law) See Action on the case, under Case.

Syn. — Offense; breach; infringement; transgression; misdemeanor; misdeed.

Tres"pass*er (?), n. One who commits a trespass; as: (a) (Law) One who enters upon another's land, or violates his rights. (b) A transgressor of the moral law; an offender; a sinner.

Tress (?), n. [OE. tresse, OF. trece, F. tresse, LL. tricia, fr. Gr. tri`cha threefold, because a tress is usually formed by interlacing three pieces; akin to trei^s three. See Three.] 1. A braid, knot, or curl, of hair; a ringlet.

> Her yellow hair was braided in a tress.

Chaucer.

> Fair tresses man's imperial race insnare.

Pope.

2. Fig.: A knot or festoon, as of flowers. Keats.

Tressed (?), a. 1. Having tresses.

2. Formed into ringlets or braided; braided; curled. Spenser. Drayton.

Tres"sel (?), n. A trestle.

Tress"ful (?), a. Tressy. [R.] Sylvester.

Tres"sure (?), n. [F. tresser to twist, plait. See Tress, n.] (Her.) A kind of border similar to the orle, but of only half the breadth of the latter.

Tres"sured (?), a. (Her.) Provided or bound with a tressure; arranged in the form of a tressure.

> The tressured fleur-de-lis he claims
> To wreathe his shield.

Sir W. Scott.

Tress"y (?), a. Abounding in tresses. J. Baillie.

Tres"tle (?), n. [OF. trestel, tresteay, F. tréteau; probably from L. transtillum a little crossbeam, dim. of transtrum a crossbeam. Cf. Transom.] [Written also tressel.] 1. A movable frame or support for anything, as scaffolding, consisting of three or four legs secured to a top piece, and forming a sort of stool or horse, used by carpenters, masons, and other workmen; also, a kind of framework of strong posts or piles, and crossbeams, for supporting a bridge, the track of a railway, or the like.

2. The frame of a table.

Trestle board, a board used by architects, draughtsmen, and the like, for drawing designs upon; — so called because commonly supported by trestles. — Trestle bridge. See under Bridge, n.

Tres"tle*tree` (?), n. (Naut.) One of two strong bars of timber, fixed horizontally on the opposite sides of the masthead, to support the crosstrees and the frame of the top; — generally used in the plural. Totten.

Tres"tle*work` (?), n. A viaduct, pier, scaffold, or the like, resting on trestles connected together.

Tres"-tyne` (?), n. [L. tris, tres, three + E. tyne.] (Zoöl.) In the antler of a stag, the third tyne above the base. This tyne appears in the third year. In those deer in which the brow tyne does not divide, the tres- tyne is the second tyne above the base. See Illust. under Rucervine, and under Rusine.

Tret (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Tread, for treadeth. Chaucer.

Tret, n. [F. traite a drawing, trading, journey, tax on wares in transit, anything diminishing the value of coins, fr. OF. traire to draw, L. trahere. See Trait.] (Com.) An allowance to purchasers, for waste or refuse matter, of four pounds on every 104 pounds of suttle weight, or weight after the tare deducted. M'Culloch.

Tret"a*ble (?), a. [See Treatable.] Tractable; moderate. [Obs.]

> By nature debonaire and tretable.

Chaucer.

Treth"ing (?), n. [W. treth an allowance, contribution, tribute, or tax, trethu to rate or tax.] A tax; an impost. [Obs.] Johnson.

{ Tre"tis (?), Tre"tys }, n. [See Treatise.] A treatise; also, a treaty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Tre*tis" (?), Tre*tys" }, a. [OF. traitis.] Long and well-proportioned; nicely made; pretty. [Obs.] "Her nose tretys." Chaucer.

Tre"vat (?), n. A weaver's cutting instrument; for severing the loops of the pile threads of velvet.

Trev"et (?), n. [See Trivet.] A stool or other thing supported by three legs; a trivet.

<! p. 1536 !>

{ Trew (?), Trewe }, a. True. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Trews (?), n. pl. Trowsers; especially, those of the Scotch Highlanders. "He wore the trews, or close trowsers, made of tartan." Sir W. Scott.

Trewth (?), n. Truth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Trey (?), n. [OF. treis three, F. trois, L. tres. See Three, and cf. Tray-trip.] Three, at cards, dice, or dominoes; a card, die, or domino of three spots or pips.

> Seven is my chance and thine is cinq and trey.

Chaucer.

Tri- (?). [Gr. tri- or L. tri-, sometimes through French; akin to L. tres three, and E. three. See Three.]

1. A prefix meaning three, thrice, threefold; as in tricolored, tridentate.

2. (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) denoting three proportional or combining part, or the third degree of that to the name of which it is prefixed; as in trisulphide, trioxide, trichloride.

Tri"a*ble (?), a. [From Try.] 1. Fit or possible to be tried; liable to be subjected to trial or test. "Experiments triable." Boyle.

2. (Law) Liable to undergo a judicial examination; properly coming under the cognizance of a court; as, a cause may be triable before one court which is not triable in another.

Tri"a*ble*ness, n. Quality or state of being triable.

Tri*ac"id (?), a. [Pref. tri- + acid.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing three molecules of a monobasic acid or the equivalent; having three hydrogen atoms which may be acid radicals; — said of certain bases; thus, glycerin is a triacid base.

Tri"a*cle (?), n. See Treacle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tri`a*con`ta*he"dral (?), a. [Gr. &?; thirty + &?; seat, base.] Having thirty sides.

Tri"a*con`ter (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; thirty.] (Gr. Antiq.) A vessel with thirty banks of oars, or, as some say, thirty ranks of rowers.

Tri"ad (?), n. [L. trias, - adis, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr.&?;, &?;, three: cf. F. triade. See Three, and cf. Trias, Trio.] 1. A union of three; three objects treated as one; a ternary; a trinity; as, a triad of deities.

2. (Mus.) (a) A chord of three notes. (b) The common chord, consisting of a tone with its third and fifth, with or without the octave.

3. (Chem.) An element or radical whose valence is three.

Triads of the Welsh bards, poetical histories, in which the facts recorded are grouped by threes, three things or circumstances of a kind being mentioned together. — Hindu triad. See Trimurti.

Tri`a*del"phous (?), a. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; brother.] (Bot.) Having stamens joined by filaments into three bundles. See Illust. under Adelphous.

Tri*ad"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Having the characteristics of a triad; as, boron is triadic.

Tri"a*kis*oc`ta*he"dron (?), n. [Gr. &?; thrice + E. octahedron.] (Crystalloq.) A trigonal trisoctahedron.

Tri"al (?), n. [From Try.] 1. The act of trying or testing in any manner. Specifically: —

(a) Any effort or exertion of strength for the purpose of ascertaining what can be done or effected.

> [I] defy thee to the trial of mortal fight.

Milton.

(b) The act of testing by experience; proof; test.

> Repeated trials of the issues and events of actions.

Bp. Wilkins.

(c) Examination by a test; experiment, as in chemistry, metallurgy, etc.

2. The state of being tried or tempted; exposure to suffering that tests strength, patience, faith, or the like; affliction or temptation that exercises and proves the graces or virtues of men.

> Others had trial of cruel mockings and scourgings.

Heb. xi. 36.

3. That which tries or afflicts; that which harasses; that which tries the character or principles; that which tempts to evil; as, his child's conduct was a sore trial.

> Every station is exposed to some trials.

Rogers.

4. (Law) The formal examination of the matter in issue in a cause before a competent tribunal; the mode of determining a question of fact in a court of law; the examination, in legal form, of the facts in issue in a cause pending before a competent tribunal, for the purpose of determining such issue.

Syn. — Test; attempt; endeavor; effort; experiment; proof; essay. See Test, and Attempt.

Tri*al"i*ty (?), n. [L. tres, tria, three.] Three united; state of being three. [R.] H. Wharton.

Tri"a*logue, n. [LL. trialogus; tri- (see Tri-) + -logus as, in L. dialogus, E. dialogue.] A discourse or colloquy by three persons.

Tri*am"ide (?), n. [tri- + amine.] (Chem.) An amide containing three amido groups.

Tri*am"ine (?), n. [Pref. tri- + amine.] (Chem.) An amine containing three amido groups.

Tri"an`der (?), n. (Bot.) Any one of the Triandria.

||Tri*an"dri*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tri- , and -androus.] (Bot.) A Linnæan class of plants having three distinct and equal stamens.

{ Tri*an"dri*an (?), Tri*an"drous (?), } a. [Cf. F. triandre.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the Triandria; having three distinct and equal stamens in the same flower.

Tri"an`gle (?), n. [L. triangulum, fr. triangulus triangular; tri- (see Tri-) + angulus angle: cf. F. triangle. See Angle a corner.] 1. (Geom.) A figure bounded by three lines, and containing three angles.

A triangle is either plane, spherical, or curvilinear, according as its sides are straight lines, or arcs of great circles of a sphere, or any curved lines whatever. A plane triangle is designated as scalene, isosceles, or equilateral, according as it has no two sides equal, two sides equal, or all sides equal; and also as right-angled, or oblique-angled, according as it has one right angle, or none; and oblique-angled triangle is either acute-angled, or obtuse-angled, according as all the angles are acute, or one of them obtuse. The terms scalene, isosceles, equilateral, right-angled, acute- angled, and obtuse-angled, are applied to spherical triangles in the same sense as to plane triangles.

2. (Mus.) An instrument of percussion, usually made of a rod of steel, bent into the form of a triangle, open at one angle, and sounded by being struck with a small metallic rod.

3. A draughtsman's square in the form of a right- angled triangle.

4. (Mus.) A kind of frame formed of three poles stuck in the ground and united at the top, to which soldiers were bound when undergoing corporal punishment, — now disused.

5. (Astron.) (a) A small constellation situated between Aries and Andromeda. (b) A small constellation near the South Pole, containing three bright stars.

Triangle spider (Zoöl.), a small American spider (Hyptiotes Americanus) of the family Ciniflonidæ, living among the dead branches of evergreen trees. It constructs a triangular web, or net, usually composed of four radii crossed by a double elastic fiber. The spider holds the thread at the apex of the web and stretches it tight, but lets go and springs the net when an insect comes in contact with it.

Tri"an`gled (?), a. Having three angles; triangular.

Tri*an"gu*lar (?), a. [L. triangularis: cf. F. triangulaire.] 1. Having three angles; having the form of a triangle.

2. (Bot.) Oblong or elongated, and having three lateral angles; as, a triangular seed, leaf, or stem.

Triangular compasses, compasses with three legs for taking off the angular points of a triangle, or any three points at the same time. — Triangular crab (Zoöl.), any maioid crab; — so called because the carapace is usually triangular. — Triangular numbers (Math.), the series of numbers formed by the successive sums of the terms of an arithmetical progression, of which the first term and the common difference are 1. See Figurate numbers, under Figurate.

||Tri*an`gu*la"res (?), n. pl. [L.] (Zoöl.) The triangular, or maioid, crabs. See Illust. under Maioid, and Illust. of Spider crab, under Spider.

Tri*an`gu*lar"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being triangular. Bolingbroke.

Tri*an"gu*lar*ly (?), adv. In a triangular manner; in the form of a triangle. Dampier.

Tri*an"gu*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Triangulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Triangulating.] 1. To divide into triangles; specifically, to survey by means of a series of triangles properly laid down and measured.

2. To make triangular, or three-cornered.

Tri*an`gu*la"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. triangulation.] (Surv.) The series or network of triangles into which the face of a country, or any portion of it, is divided in a trigonometrical survey; the operation of measuring the elements necessary to determine the triangles into which the country to be surveyed is supposed to be divided, and thus to fix the positions and distances of the several points connected by them.

Tri"ar*chy (?), n.; pl. Triarchies (#). [Gr. &?;; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; to rule.] Government by three persons; a triumvirate; also, a country under three rulers. Holland.

Tri*a"ri*an (?), a. [L. triarii, pl., a class of Roman soldiers who formed the third rank from the front, fr. tres, tria, three.] Occupying the third post or rank. [Obs.] Cowley.

Tri`ar*tic"u*late (?), a. [Pref. tri- + articulate.] (Zoöl.) Having three joints.

Tri"as (?), n. [L., triad. See Triad.] (Geol.) The formation situated between the Permian and Lias, and so named by the Germans, because consisting of three series of strata, which are called in German the Bunter sandstein, Muschelkalk, and Keuper.

Tri*as"sic (?), a. (Geol.) Of the age of, or pertaining to, the Trias. — n. The Triassic formation.

Tri*at"ic (?), a. (Naut.) A term used in the phrase triatic stay. See under Stay.

Tri`a*tom"ic (?), a. [Pref. tri- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Having three atoms; — said of certain elements or radicals. (b) Having a valence of three; trivalent; sometimes, in a specific sense, having three hydroxyl groups, whether acid or basic; thus, glycerin, glyceric acid, and tartronic acid are each triatomic.

Trib"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a tribe or tribes; as, a tribal scepter. Bp. Warburton.

Trib"al*ism (?), n. The state of existing in tribes; also, tribal feeling; tribal prejudice or exclusiveness; tribal peculiarities or characteristics.

Tri*ba"sic (?), a. [Pref. tri- + basic.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing three molecules of a monacid base, or their equivalent; having three hydrogen atoms capable of replacement by basic elements on radicals; — said of certain acids; thus, citric acid is a tribasic acid.

Trib"ble (?), n. (Paper Manuf.) A frame on which paper is dried. Knight.

Tribe (?), n. [L. tribus, originally, a third part of the Roman people, afterwards, a division of the people, a tribe; of uncertain origin: cf. F. tribu.]

1. A family, race, or series of generations, descending from the same progenitor, and kept distinct, as in the case of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of Jacob. "The Lion of the tribe of Juda." Rev. v. 5.

> A wealthy Hebrew of my tribe.

Shak.

2. (Bot.) A number of species or genera having certain structural characteristics in common; as, a tribe of plants; a tribe of animals.

By many recent naturalists, tribe has been used for a group of animals or plants intermediate between order and genus.

3. A nation of savages or uncivilized people; a body of rude people united under one leader or government; as, the tribes of the Six Nations; the Seneca tribe.

4. A division, class, or distinct portion of a people, from whatever cause that distinction may have originated; as, the city of Athens was divided into ten tribes.

5. (Stock Breeding) A family of animals descended from some particular female progenitor, through the female line; as, the Duchess tribe of shorthorns.

Tribe, v. t. To distribute into tribes or classes. [R.]

> Our fowl, fish, and quadruped are well tribed.

Abp. Nicolson.

{ Trib"let (?), Trib"o*let (?) }, n.} [F. triboulet.] 1. A goldsmith's tool used in making rings. Ainsworth.

2. A steel cylinder round which metal is drawn in the process of forming tubes. Tomlinson.

3. (Blacksmithing) A tapering mandrel.

Tri*bom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; to rub + - meter: cf. F. tribomètre.] An instrument to ascertain the degree of friction in rubbing surfaces. Brande & C.

Tri"brach (?), n. [L. tribrachys, Gr. &?; consisting of three short syllables; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; short.] (Gr. & L. Pros.) A poetic foot of three short syllables, as, mls.

Tri*brac"te*ate (?), a. [Pref. tri- + bracteate.] (Bot.) Having three bracts.

{ Trib"u*al (?), Trib"u*lar (?), } a. Of or relating to a tribe; tribal; as, a tribual characteristic; tribular worship. [R.]

> The tribual lispings of the Ephraimites.

Fuller.

Trib`u*la"tion (?), n. [OE. tribulacium, F. tribulation, L. tribulatio, from tribulare to press, afflict, fr. tribulum a thrashing sledge, akin to terere, tritum, to rub. See Trite.] That which occasions distress, trouble, or vexation; severe affliction.

> When tribulation or persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended.

Matt. xiii. 21.

> In the world ye shall have tribulation.

John. xvi. 33.

Tri*bu"nal (?), n. [L. tribunal, fr. tribunus a tribune who administered justice: cf. F. tribunal. See Tribune.] 1. The seat of a judge; the bench on which a judge and his associates sit for administering justice.

2. Hence, a court or forum; as, the House of Lords, in England, is the highest tribunal in the kingdom.

Trib"u*na*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to tribunes; as, tribunary powers or authority.

Trib"u*nate (?), n. [L. tribunatus: cf. F. tribunat.] The state or office of a tribune; tribuneship.

Trib"une (?), n. [L. tribunus, properly, the chief of a tribe, fr. tribus tribe: cf. F. tribun. See Tribe.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An officer or magistrate chosen by the people, to protect them from the oppression of the patricians, or nobles, and to defend their liberties against any attempts that might be made upon them by the senate and consuls.

The tribunes were at first two, but their number was increased ultimately to ten. There were also military tribunes, officers of the army, of whom there were from four to six in each legion. Other officers were also called tribunes; as, tribunes of the treasury, etc.

2. Anciently, a bench or elevated place, from which speeches were delivered; in France, a kind of pulpit in the hall of the legislative assembly, where a member stands while making an address; any place occupied by a public orator.

Trib"une*ship, n. The office or power of a tribune.

{ Trib`u*ni"cian (?), Trib`u*ni"tial (?), Trib`u*ni*tian (?), } a. [L. tribunicius, tribunitius: cf. F. tribunitien.] Of or pertaining to tribunes; befitting a tribune; as, tribunitial power or authority. Dryden.

> A kind of tribunician veto, forbidding that which is recognized to be wrong.

Hare.

Trib`u*ni"tious (?), a. Tribunician; tribunitial. [Obs.] Bacon.

Trib"u*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. In a tributary manner.

Trib"u*ta*ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being tributary.

Trib"u*ta*ry (?), a. [OE. tributaire, F. tributaire, L. tributarius. See Tribute.] 1. Paying tribute to another, either from compulsion, as an acknowledgment of submission, or to secure protection, or for the purpose of purchasing peace.

> [Julius] unto Rome made them tributary.

Chaucer.

2. Hence, subject; subordinate; inferior.

> He to grace his tributary gods.

Milton.

3. Paid in tribute. "Tributary tears." Shak.

4. Yielding supplies of any kind; serving to form or make up, a greater object of the same kind, as a part, branch, etc.; contributing; as, the Ohio has many tributary streams, and is itself tributary to the Mississippi.

<! p. 1537 !>

Trib"u*ta*ry (?), n.; pl. Tributaries (&?;). 1. A ruler or state that pays tribute, or a stated sum, to a conquering power, for the purpose of securing peace and protection, or as an acknowledgment of submission, or for the purchase of security.

2. A stream or river flowing into a larger river or into a lake; an affluent.

Trib"ute (?), n. [OE. tribut, L. tributum, fr. tribuere, tributum, to bestow, grant, pay, allot, assign, originally, to a tribe, from tribus tribe; cf. F. tribut. See Tribe, and cf. Attribute, Contribute.] 1. An annual or stated sum of money or other valuable thing, paid by one ruler or nation to another, either as an acknowledgment of submission, or as the price of peace and protection, or by virtue of some treaty; as, the Romans made their conquered countries pay tribute.

> Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.

C. C. Pinckney.

2. A personal contribution, as of money, praise, service, etc., made in token of services rendered, or as that which is due or deserved; as, a tribute of affection.

> Implores the passing tribute of a sigh.

Gray.

3. (Mining) A certain proportion of the ore raised, or of its value, given to the miner as his recompense. Pryce. Tomlinson.

Tribute money, money paid as a tribute or tax. — Tribute pitch. (Mining) See under Tributer. [Eng.]

Syn. — See Subsidy.

Trib"ute, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tributed; p. pr. & vb. n. Tributing.] To pay as tribute. [R.] Whitlock (1654).

Trib"u*ter (?), n. (Mining) One who works for a certain portion of the ore, or its value. [Eng.]

Tributers generally work in gangs, and have a limited portion of a lode set them, called a tribute pitch, beyond which they are not permitted to work, and for which they receive a certain portion of the ore, or so much per pound, as agreed upon, of the value of what they raise. Weale.

||Tri"ca (?), n.; pl. Tricæ (#). [NL.] (Bot.) An apothecium in certain lichens, having a spherical surface marked with spiral or concentric ridges and furrows.

Tri*car`bal*lyl"ic (?), a. [Pref. tri- + carboxyl + allyl + -ic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a complex tribasic organic acid, C3H5.(CO2H)3 occurring naturally in unripe beet roots, and produced artificially from glycerin as a white crystalline substance.

Tri*car"bi*mide (?), n. [Pref. tri- + carbimide.] (Chem.) See under Cyanuric.

Trice (?), v. t. [OE. trisen; of Scand. or Low German origin; cf. Sw. trissa a sheave, pulley, triss a spritsail brace, Dan. tridse a pulley, tridse to haul by means of a pulley, to trice, LG. trisse a pulley, D. trijsen to hoist.] [Written also trise.] 1. To pull; to haul; to drag; to pull away. [Obs.]

> Out of his seat I will him trice.

Chaucer.

2. (Naut.) To haul and tie up by means of a rope.

Trice, n. [Sp. tris the noise made by the breaking of glass, an instant, en un tris in an instant; probably of imitative origin.] A very short time; an instant; a moment; — now used only in the phrase in a trice. "With a trice." Turbervile. " On a trice." Shak.

> A man shall make his fortune in a trice.

Young.

Tri`cen*na"ri*ous (?), a. Of or pertaining to thirty years; tricennial. [R.]

Tri*cen"ni*al (?), a. [L. tricennium thirty years; triginta thirty + annus year: cf. L. tricennalis.] Of or pertaining to thirty years; consisting of thirty years; occurring once in every thirty years.

Tri*cen"te*na*ry (?), a. [Pref. tri- + centenary.] Including, or relating to, the interval of three hundred years; tercentenary. — n. A period of three centuries, or three hundred years, also, the three-hundredth anniversary of any event; a tercentenary.

||Tri"ceps (?), n. [NL., fr. L. triceps, having three beads; tres, tria, three + caput head: cf. F. triceps. See Three, and Chief.] (Anat.) A muscle having three heads; specif., the great extensor of the forearm, arising by three heads and inserted into the olecranon at the elbow.

||Tri*chi"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. tri`x, tricho`s, hair.] (Med.) A disease of the eye, in which the eyelashes, being turned in upon the eyeball, produce constant irritation by the motion of the lids.

||Tri*chi"na (-n), n.; pl. Trichinæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; hairy, made of hair, fr. tri`x, tricho`s, hair.] (Zoöl.) A small, slender nematoid worm (Trichina spiralis) which, in the larval state, is parasitic, often in immense numbers, in the voluntary muscles of man, the hog, and many other animals. When insufficiently cooked meat containing the larvæ is swallowed by man, they are liberated and rapidly become adult, pair, and the ovoviviparous females produce in a short time large numbers of young which find their way into the muscles, either directly, or indirectly by means of the blood. Their presence in the muscles and the intestines in large numbers produces trichinosis.

||Trich`i*ni"a*sis (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Trichinosis.

Trich"i*nize (?), v. t. To render trichinous; to affect with trichinæ; — chiefly used in the past participle; as, trichinized pork.

Tri*chi"no*scope (?), n. [Trichina + -scope.] An apparatus for the detection of trichinæ in the flesh of animals, as of swine.

||Trich`i*no"sis (?), n. [NL. See Trichina.] (Med.) The disease produced by the presence of trichinæ in the muscles and intestinal track. It is marked by fever, muscular pains, and symptoms resembling those of typhoid fever, and is frequently fatal.

Trich"i*nous (?), a. Of or pertaining to trichinæ or trichinosis; affected with, or containing, trichinæ; as, trichinous meat.

Trich"ite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, hair.]

1. (Min.) A kind of crystallite resembling a bunch of hairs, common in obsidian. See Illust. of Crystallite.

2. (Zoöl.) A delicate, hairlike siliceous spicule, found in certain sponges.

Trichite sheaf (Zoöl.), one of the small sheaflike fascicles of slender setæ characteristic of certain sponges. See Illust. under Spicule.

Trich`i*u"ri*form (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the genus Trichiurus or family Trichiuridæ, comprising the scabbard fishes and hairtails.

Trich`i*u"roid (?), a. [Trichiurus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of, like, or pertaining to, Trichiurus.

||Trich`i*u"rus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. tri`x, tricho`s, a hair + o'yra` tail.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fishes comprising the hairtails. See Hairtail.

Tri*chlo"ride (?), n. [Pref. tri- + chloride.] (Chem.) A chloride having three atoms of chlorine in the molecule.

||Trich`o*bran"chi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. tri`x, tricho`s, hair + branchia.] (Zoöl.) The gill of a crustacean in which the branchial filaments are slender and cylindrical, as in the crawfishes.

Trich"o*cyst (?), n. [Gr. tri`x, tricho`s, a hair + &?; bag.] (Zoöl.) A lasso cell.

Trich"o*gyne (?), n. [F., fr. Gr. tri`x, tricho`s, hair + &?; woman, female.] (Bot.) The slender, hairlike cell which receives the fertilizing particles, or antherozoids, in red seaweeds. — Trich`o*gyn"ic (#), a.

Tri*chom"a*nes (?), n. [L., a kind of plant, from Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) Any fern of the genus Trichomanes. The fronds are very delicate and often translucent, and the sporangia are borne on threadlike receptacles rising from the middle of cup-shaped marginal involucres. Several species are common in conservatories; two are native in the United States.

Tri*chom"a*tose` (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a growth of hair.] (Med.) Affected with a disease which causes agglutination and matting together; — said of the hair when affected with plica. See Plica, 1.

Trich"ome (?), n. [See Trichomatose.] (Bot.) A hair on the surface of leaf or stem, or any modification of a hair, as a minute scale, or star, or gland. The sporangia of ferns are believed to be of the nature of trichomes. — Tri*chom"a*tous (#), a.

Trich"o*phore (?), n. [Gr. tri`x, tricho`s, hair + &?; to bear.] 1. (Bot.) The special cell in red algæ which produces or bears a trichogyne. See Illust. of Trichogyne.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the saclike organs from which the setæ of annelids arise.

— Trich`o*phor"ic (#), a.

Tri*chop"ter (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Trichoptera.

||Tri*chop"te*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. tri`x, tricho`s, a hair + &?; wing.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Neuroptera usually having the wings covered with minute hairs. It comprises the caddice flies, and is considered by some to be a distinct order.

Tri*chop"ter*an (?), (Zoöl.) One of the Trichoptera.

Tri*chop"ter*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or characterizing, the Trichoptera.

Tri"chord (?), n. [Gr. &?; three stringed; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; chord, or string.] (Mus.) An instrument, as a lyre or harp, having three strings.

||Trich`o*scol"i*ces (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. tri`x, tricho`s, hair + skw`lhx a worm.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of wormlike animals characterized by being more or less covered with cilia.

Tri*chot"o*mous (?), a. [See Trichotomy.] Divided into three parts, or into threes; three- forked; as, a trichotomous stem. Martyn.

Tri*chot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. tri`cha threefold, in three parts + te`mnein to cut or divide: cf. F. trichotomie.] Division into three parts.

Tri*chro"ic (?), a. Exhibiting trichroism; pleochroic; pleochroism.

Tri"chro*ism (?), n. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; color: cf. F. trichroïsme.] (Min.) The quality possessed by some crystals of presenting different colors in three different directions.

Tri`chro*mat"ic (?), a. [Pref. tri- + chromatic.] (Zoöl.) Having or existing in three different phases of color; having three distinct color varieties; — said of certain birds and insects.

Tri*chro"ma*tism (?), n. (Zoöl.) The quality, state, or phenomenon of being trichromatic.

Tri*chro"mic (?), a. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; color.] (Opt.) Of, pertaining to, or consisting of, three colors or color sensations.

Tri*chro"mic, a. [Pref. tri- + chromic.] (Chem.) Containing three atoms of chromium.

Tri*cip"i*tal (?), a. [See Triceps.] (Anat.) Having three heads, or three origins; as, a tricipital muscle.

Trick (?), n. [D. trek a pull, or drawing, a trick, trekken to draw; akin to LG. trekken, MHG. trecken, trechen, Dan. trække, and OFries. trekka. Cf. Track, Trachery, Trig, a., Trigger.] 1. An artifice or stratagem; a cunning contrivance; a sly procedure, usually with a dishonest intent; as, a trick in trade.

> He comes to me for counsel, and I show him a trick.

South.

> I know a trick worth two of that.

Shak.

2. A sly, dexterous, or ingenious procedure fitted to puzzle or amuse; as, a bear's tricks; a juggler's tricks.

3. Mischievous or annoying behavior; a prank; as, the tricks of boys. Prior.

4. A particular habit or manner; a peculiarity; a trait; as, a trick of drumming with the fingers; a trick of frowning.

> The trick of that voice I do well remember.

Shak.

> He hath a trick of Cœur de Lion's face.

Shak.

5. A knot, braid, or plait of hair. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

6. (Card Playing) The whole number of cards played in one round, and consisting of as many cards as there are players.

> On one nice trick depends the general fate.

Pope.

7. (Naut.) A turn; specifically, the spell of a sailor at the helm, — usually two hours.

8. A toy; a trifle; a plaything. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. — Stratagem; wile; fraud; cheat; juggle; finesse; sleight; deception; imposture; delusion; imposition.

Trick (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tricked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tricking.] 1. To deceive by cunning or artifice; to impose on; to defraud; to cheat; as, to trick another in the sale of a horse.

2. To dress; to decorate; to set off; to adorn fantastically; — often followed by up, off, or out. " Trick her off in air." Pope.

> People lavish it profusely in tricking up their children in fine clothes, and yet starve their minds.

Locke.

> They are simple, but majestic, records of the feelings of the poet; as little tricked out for the public eye as his diary would have been.

Macaulay.

3. To draw in outline, as with a pen; to delineate or distinguish without color, as arms, etc., in heraldry.

> They forget that they are in the statutes: . . . there they are tricked, they and their pedigrees.

B. Jonson.

Trick"er (?), n. One who tricks; a trickster.

Trick"er, n. A trigger. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Boyle.

Trick"er*y (?), n. The art of dressing up; artifice; stratagem; fraud; imposture.

Trick"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being tricky.

Trick"ing, a. Given to tricks; tricky. Sir W. Scott.

Trick"ing, n. Dress; ornament. Shak.

Trick"ish, a. Given to tricks; artful in making bargains; given to deception and cheating; knavish. — Trick"ish*ly, adv. — Trick"ish*ness, n.

Tric"kle (trk"k'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trickled (trk"k'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Trickling (trk"klng).] [OE. triklen, probably for striklen, freq. of striken to flow, AS. strcan. See Strike, v. t.] To flow in a small, gentle stream; to run in drops.

> His salt tears trickled down as rain.

Chaucer.

> Fast beside there trickled softly down
> A gentle stream.

Spenser.

Trick"ment (?), n. Decoration. [Obs.] " No trickments but my tears." Beau. & Fl.

Trick"si*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being tricksy; trickiness. G. Eliot.

Trick"ster (?), n. One who tricks; a deceiver; a tricker; a cheat.

Trick"sy (?), a. [From Trick.] Exhibiting artfulness; trickish. "My tricksy spirit!" Shak.

> he tricksy policy which in the seventeenth century passed for state wisdom.

Coleridge.

Trick"track` (?), n. [F. trictrac. Cf. Ticktack backgammon.] An old game resembling backgammon.

Trick"y (?), a. Given to tricks; practicing deception; trickish; knavish.

Tric"li*nate (?), a. (Min.) Triclinic.

Tri*clin"i*a*ry (?), a. [L. tricliniaris. See Triclinium.] Of or pertaining to a triclinium, or to the ancient mode of reclining at table.

Tri*clin"ic (?), a. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; to incline.] (Crystallog.) Having, or characterized by, three unequal axes intersecting at oblique angles. See the Note under crystallization.

||Tri*clin"i*um (?), n.; pl. Triclinia (#). [L., from Gr. &?;, &?;; &?; (see Tri- ) + &?; a couch.] (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A couch for reclining at meals, extending round three sides of a table, and usually in three parts. (b) A dining room furnished with such a triple couch.

Tri*coc"cous (?), a. [Gr. tri`kokkos with three grains or berries; &?; (see Tri-) + ko`kkos grain, seed.] (Bot.) Having three cocci, or roundish carpels. Gray.

Tri"col`or (?), n. [F. tricolore, drapeau tricolore a tricolored flag, fr. tricolore three- colored; tri (see Tri-) + L. color color.] [Written also tricolour.]

1. The national French banner, of three colors, blue, white, and red, adopted at the first revolution.

2. Hence, any three-colored flag.

Tri"col`ored (?), a. Having three colors.

Tri`cor*nig"er*ous (?), a. [L. tricorniger; tricornis three-horned (see Tri-, and Horn) + -gerere to bear.] Having three horns.

{ Tri*cor"po*ral (?), Tri*cor"po*rate (?), } a. [L. tricorpor; tri- (see Tri-) + corpus, -oris, body.] (Her.) Represented with three bodies conjoined to one head, as a lion.

Tri*cos"tate (?), a. [Pref. tri- + costate.] (Bot.) Three-ribbed; having three ribs from the base.

||Tri`cot" (?), n. [F.] A fabric of woolen, silk, or cotton knitted, or women to resemble knitted work.

Tri*crot"ic (?), a. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; to beat.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to tricrotism; characterized by tricrotism.

Tri"cro*tism (?), n. (Physiol.) That condition of the arterial pulse in which there is a triple beat. The pulse curve obtained in the sphygmographic tracing characteristic of tricrotism shows two secondary crests in addition to the primary.

<! p. 1538 !>

Tri"cro*tous (tr"kr*ts), a. (Physiol.) Tricrotic.

Tri*cur"vate (tr*kûr"vt), a. [Pref. tri- + curvate.] (Zoöl.) Curved in three directions; as, a tricurvate spicule (see Illust. of Spicule).

Tri*cus"pid (?), a. [L. tricuspis, -idis; tri- (see Tri-) + cuspis a point: cf. F. tricuspide.] 1. Having three cusps, or points; tricuspidate; as, a tricuspid molar.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the tricuspid valves; as, tricuspid obstruction.

Tricuspid valve (Anat.), the valve, consisting of three triangular membranous flaps, at the opening of the right auricle into the right ventricle in the heart of most mammals; — sometimes called the tricuspid valves, each flap being regarded as a valve.

Tricus"pid*ate (?), a. Three-pointed; ending in three points; as, a tricuspidate leaf.

Tri"cy*cle (?), n. [Pref. tri- + cycle as inbicycle.] A three-wheeled velocipede. See Illust. under Velocipede. Cf. Bicycle.

||Tri*dac"na (?), n. [L., pl., a kind of oysters, fr. Gr. &?; eaten at three bites, &?; tri- + &?; to bite.] (Zoöl.) A genus of very large marine bivalve shells found on the coral reefs of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. One species (T. gigas) often weighs four or five hundred pounds, and is sometimes used for baptismal fonts. Called also paw shell, and fountain shell.

{ Tri*dac"tyl Tri*dac"tyle } (?), a. [Gr. &?;: &?; (see Tri-) + &?; digit: cf. F. tridactyle.] (Biol.) Having three fingers or toes, or composed of three movable parts attached to a common base.

Tri*dac"tyl*ous (?), a. (Biol.) Tridactyl.

Trid"dler (?), n. (Zoöl.) The jacksnipe. [Local, U. S.]

Tride (?), a. [Cf. F. tride lively, quick.] Short and ready; fleet; as, a tride pace; — a term used by sportsmen. Bailey.

Tri*dec"ane (tr*dk"n), n. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; ten. So called from the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C13H28, of the methane series, which is a probable ingredient both of crude petroleum and of kerosene, and is produced artificially as a light colorless liquid.

Tri`dec*a*to"ic (tr`dk**t"k), a. [Pref. tri- + Gr. de`katos tenth.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, that acid of the fatty acids heterologous with tridecane. It is a white crystalline substance.

Tri`de*cat"y*lene (tr`d*kt"*ln), n. [Pref. tri-+ Gr. de`katos tenth + E. ethylene.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C13H26, of the ethylene series, corresponding to tridecane, and obtained from Burmah petroleum as a light colorless liquid; — called also tridecylene, and tridecene.

Tri"dent (tr"dent), n. [L. tridens, -entis; tri- (see Tri-) + dens tooth: cf. F. trident. See Tooth.] 1. (Class Myth.) A kind of scepter or spear with three prongs, — the common attribute of Neptune.

2. (Rom. Antiq.) A three-pronged spear or goad, used for urging horses; also, the weapon used by one class of gladiators.

3. A three-pronged fish spear.

4. (Geom.) A curve of third order, having three infinite branches in one direction and a fourth infinite branch in the opposite direction.

Trident bat (Zoöl.), an Asiatic rhinolophid bat (Triænops Persicus), having the nose membrane in the shape of a trident.

Tri"dent, a. [L. tridens.] Having three teeth or prongs; tridentate.

{ Tri*den"tate (?), Tri*den"ta*ted (?), } a. [NL. tridentatus. See Trident.] Having three teeth; three-toothed. Lee.

Tri"dent*ed (?), a. Having three prongs; trident; tridentate; as, a tridented mace. [R.] Quarles.

Tri`dent*if"er*ous (?), a. [L. tridentifer; tridens trident + ferre to bear.] Bearing a trident.

Tri*den"tine (?), a. [From L. Tridentum Trent.] Of or pertaining to Trent, or the general church council held in that city.

Tri*di`a*pa"son (?), n. [Pref. tri- + diaposon.] (Anc. Mus.) A triple octave, or twenty- second. Busby.

Tri`di*men"sion*al (?), a. [Pref. tri- + dimensional.] (Chem.) Having three dimensions; extended in three different directions.

Tri"ding (?), n. A riding. See Trithing.

Trid"u*an (?), a. [L. triduanus, fr. triduum space of three days; tri- + dies day.] Lasting three lays; also, happening every third day. [R.] Blount.

Trid"y*mite (?), n. [Gr. &?; threefold. So called in allusion to the supposed threefold nature of the twin crystals.] (Min.) Pure silica, like quartz, but crystallizing in hexagonal tables. It is found in trachyte and similar rocks.

Tried (?), imp. & p. p. of Try. Also adj. Proved; tested; faithful; trustworthy; as, a tried friend.

Tri*e"dral (?), a. See Trihedral.

Tri*en"ni*al (?), a. [L. triennium the space of three years; tri- (see Tri-) + annus year. See Annual.] 1. Continuing three years; as, triennial parliaments; a triennial reign. Howell.

2. Happening, coming about, or appearing once in every three years; as, triennial elections; a triennial catalogue; a triennial visitation. T. Warton.

Tri*en"ni*al, n. Something which takes place or appears once in three years.

Tri*en"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in three years.

||Tri"ens (?), n. [L., from tres, tria, three.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman copper coin, equal to one third of the as. See 3d As, 2.

Tri"er (?), n. [From Try.] 1. One who tries; one who makes experiments; one who examines anything by a test or standard. Boyle.

2. One who tries judicially.

3. (Law) A person appointed according to law to try challenges of jurors; a trior. Burrill.

4. That which tries or approves; a test. Shak.

Tri"er*arch (?), n. [L. trierarchus, Gr. &?;; &?; a trireme + &?; a leader, a chief.] (Gr. Antiq.) (a) The commander of a trireme. (b) At Athens, one who (singly, or jointly with other citizens) had to fit out a trireme for the public service.

Tri"er*arch`y (?), n.; pl. Trierarchises (#). [ Gr. &?;.] The office duty of a trierarch.

Tri`e*ter"ic*al (?), a. [L. trietericus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; (sc. &?;) a triennial festival; &?; (see Tri-.) + &?; a year.] Kept or occurring once in three years; triennial. [R.] J. Gregory.

Tri`e*ter"ics (?), n. pl. [L. trieterica, pl., fr. Gr. &?; of a triennial festival.] (Class. Antiq.) Festival games celebrated once in three years. [R.] May.

Tri*eth`yl*am"ine (?), n. [Pref. tri- + ethylamine.] (Chem.) A tertiary amine analogous to trimethylamine.

Tri*fa"cial (?), a. [Pref. tri- + facial.] (Anat.) See Trigeminal.

Tri"fal`low (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trifallowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trifallowing.] [Pref. tri- + fallow. Cf. Thryfallow.] To plow the third time before sowing, as land. Mortimer.

Tri*fa"ri*ous (?), a. [L. trifarius of three sorts or ways, threefold; cf. Gr. &?;. Cf. Bifarious.] (Bot.) Facing three ways; arranged in three vertical ranks, as the leaves of veratrum.

Tri*fas"ci*a`ted (?), a. [Pref. tri- + fasciated.] Having, or surrounded by, three fasciæ, or bands.

Tri"fid, a. [L. trifidus; tri- (see Tri-) + the root of findere to split: cf. F. trifide.] Cleft to the middle, or slightly beyond the middle, into three parts; three-cleft.

Tri*fis"tu*la*ry (?), a. [Pref. tri- + fistula, fistular.] Having three pipes. Sir T. Browne.

Tri"fle (?), n. [OE. trifle, trufle, OF. trufle mockery, raillery, trifle, probably the same word as F. truffe truffle, the word being applied to any small or worthless object. See Truffle.] 1. A thing of very little value or importance; a paltry, or trivial, affair.

> With such poor trifles playing.

Drayton.

> Trifles light as air
> Are to the jealous confirmation strong
> As proofs of holy writ.

Shak.

> Small sands the mountain, moments make year,
> And frifles life.

Young.

2. A dish composed of sweetmeats, fruits, cake, wine, etc., with syllabub poured over it.

Tri"fle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trifled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trifling (?).] [OE. trifelen, truflen. See Trifle, n.] To act or talk without seriousness, gravity, weight, or dignity; to act or talk with levity; to indulge in light or trivial amusements.

> They trifle, and they beat the air about nothing which toucheth us.

Hooker.

To trifle with, to play the fool with; to treat without respect or seriousness; to mock; as, to trifle with one's feelings, or with sacred things.

Tri"fle, v. t. 1. To make of no importance; to treat as a trifle. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To spend in vanity; to fritter away; to waste; as, to trifle away money. "We trifle time." Shak.

Tri"fler (?), n. One who trifles. Waterland.

Tri"fling (?), a. Being of small value or importance; trivial; paltry; as, a trifling debt; a trifling affair. — Tri"fling*ly, adv. — Tri"fling*ness, n.

{ Tri*flo"ral (?), Tri*flo"rous (?), } a. [Pref. tri- + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Three-flowered; having or bearing three flowers; as, a triflorous peduncle.

Tri*fluc`tu*a"tion (?), n. [Pref. tri- + fluctuation.] A concurrence of three waves. [Obs.] "A trifluctuation of evils." Sir T. Browne.

{ Tri*fo"li*ate (?), Tri*fo"li*a`ted (?), } a. [Tri- + foliate. Cf. Trefoil.] (Bot.) Having three leaves or leaflets, as clover. See Illust. of Shamrock.

Tri*fo"li*o*late (?), a. [Pref. tri- + foliolate.] (Bot.) Having three leaflets.

||Tri*fo"li*um (?), n. [L., clover.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous herbs with densely spiked flowers and usually trifoliate leaves; trefoil. There are many species, all of which are called clover. See Clover.

Tri"fo*ly (?), n. [L. trifolium. See Trifoliate, Trefoil.] (Bot.) Sweet trefoil. [Obs.]

> She was crowned with a chaplet of trifoly.

B. Jonson.

||Tri*fo"ri*um (?), n. [LL., fr. L. tri- (see Tri-) + foris, pl. fores, a door.] (Arch.) The gallery or open space between the vaulting and the roof of the aisles of a church, often forming a rich arcade in the interior of the church, above the nave arches and below the clearstory windows.

Tri"form (?), a. [L. triformis; tri- (see Tri-) + forma form.] Having a triple form or character. "This triform antagonism." I. Taylor.

> Goddess Triform, I own thy triple spell.

Lowell.

Tri*form"i*ty (?), n. [L. triformitas.] The state of being triform, or of having a threefold shape.

{ Tri*fur"cate (?), Tri*fur"ca*ted (?), } a. [L. trifurcus; tri- (see Tri-) + furca fork.] Having three branches or forks; trichotomous.

Trig (?), v. t. [Cf. Dan. trykke to press, Sw. trycka.] To fill; to stuff; to cram. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Trig, a. [Formerly written trick, akin to trick to dress.] Full; also, trim; neat. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

> To sit on a horse square and trig.

Brit. Quart. Rev.

Trig, v. t. [See Trigger.] To stop, as a wheel, by placing something under it; to scotch; to skid.

Trig, n. [See Trigger.] A stone, block of wood, or anything else, placed under a wheel or barrel to prevent motion; a scotch; a skid. [Eng.] Wright.

Trig"a*mist (?), n. [See Trigamy.] One who has been married three times; also, one who has three husbands or three wives at the same time.

Trig"a*mous (?), a. [L. trigamus a thrice-married man, Gr. &?; thrice married; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; marriage: cf. F. trigame.] (Bot.) Having three sorts of flowers in the same head, — male, female, and hermaphrodite, or perfect, flowers.

Trig"a*my (?), n. [L. trigamia,Gr. &?;: cf. F. trigamie. See Trigamous.] The act of marrying, or the state of being married, three times; also, the offense of having three husbands or three wives at the same time.

Tri*gas"tric (?), a. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; belly.] (Anat.) Having three bellies; — said of a muscle. Dunglison.

Tri*gem"i*nal (?), a. [See Trigeminous.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the fifth pair of cranial nerves, which divide on each side of the head into three main branches distributed to the orbits, jaws, and parts of the mouth; trifacial.

Tri*gem"i*nous (?), a. [L. trigeminus born three together; tri- (see Tri-) + geminus twin. Cf. Tergeminous.] Born three together; being one of three born at the same birth; also, threefold. E. Phillip&?;.

Tri*gen"ic (?), a. [Pref. tri- + gen- + -ic. So named in reference to its composition, it being supposed to contain the radicals of three molecules of cyanic acid.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C4H7N3O2, obtained, by the action of the vapor of cyanic acid on cold aldehyde, as a white crystalline substance having a slightly acid taste and faint smell; — called also ethidene- or ethylidene-biuret.

Tri*ges"i*mo-se*cun"do (?), a. [L. in trigesimo-secundo in the thirty-second.] Having thirty-two leaves to a sheet; as, a trigesimo-secundo form, book, leaf, size, etc.

Tri*ges"i*mo-se*cun"do, n. A book composed of sheets so folded that each one makes thirty-two leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of book; — usually written 32mo, or 32°, and called thirty-twomo.

Trig"ger (?), n. [For older tricker, from D. trekker, fr. trekken to draw, pull. See Trick, n.] 1. A catch to hold the wheel of a carriage on a declivity.

2. (Mech.) A piece, as a lever, which is connected with a catch or detent as a means of releasing it; especially (Firearms), the part of a lock which is moved by the finger to release the cock and discharge the piece.

Trigger fish (Zoöl.), a large plectognath fish (Balistes Carolinensis or B. capriscus) common on the southern coast of the United States, and valued as a food fish in some localities. Its rough skin is used for scouring and polishing in the place of sandpaper. Called also leather jacket, and turbot.

Tri*gin`tal (?), n. [LL. trigintate, fr. L. triginta thirty. See Trental.] (R. C. Ch.) A trental.

Tri*glyc"er*ide (?), n. [Pref. tri- + glyceride.] (Chem.) A glyceride formed by the replacement of three hydrogen atoms in glycerin by acid radicals.

Tri"glyph (?), n. [L. triglyphus, Gr. &?;; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; to carve: cf. F. triglyphe.] (Arch.) An ornament in the frieze of the Doric order, repeated at equal intervals. Each triglyph consists of a rectangular tablet, slightly projecting, and divided nearly to the top by two parallel and perpendicular gutters, or channels, called glyphs, into three parts, or spaces, called femora. A half channel, or glyph, is also cut upon each of the perpendicular edges of the tablet. See Illust. of Entablature.

{ Tri*glyph"ic (?), Tri*glyph"ic*al (?), } a. 1. Consisting of, or pertaining to, triglyphs.

2. Containing three sets of characters or sculptures.

Trig"ness (?), n. [See Trig trim, neat.] The quality or state of being trig; smartness; neatness.

> Their spars had no man-of-war trigness.

Kane.

Tri"gon (?), n. [L. trigonum, Gr. &?;; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; a corner, angle: cf. F. trigone.]

1. A figure having three angles; a triangle.

2. (Astrol.) (a) A division consisting of three signs. (b) Trine, an aspect of two planets distant 120 degrees from each other. Hutton.

3. (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) (a) A kind of triangular lyre or harp. (b) A kind of game at ball played by three persons standing at the angular points of a triangle.

Trig"o*nal (?), a. Having three angles, or corners; triangular; as, a trigonal stem, one having tree prominent longitudinal angles.

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||Tri`gone" (?), n. [F., literally, a trigon.] (Anat.) A smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder, limited by the apertures of the ureters and urethra.

||Tri*go"ni*a (?), n. [NL. See Trigon. So called in allusion to the triangular shape of some species.] (Zoöl.) A genus of pearly bivalve shells, numerous extinct species of which are characteristic of the Mesozoic rocks. A few living species exist on the coast of Australia.

Trig`o*noc"er*ous (?), a. [Gr. &?; triangle + &?; horn.] (Zoöl.) Having horns with three angles, like those of some species of goats.

{ Trig`o*no*met"ric (?), Trig`o*no*met"ric*al (?), }[Cf. F. trigonométrique.] Of or pertaining to trigonometry; performed by the rules of trigonometry.

—Trig`o*no*met"ric*al*ly, adv.

Trigonometrical curve, a curve one of whose coördinates is a trigonometric function of the other. — Trigonometrical function. See under Function. — Trigonometrical lines, lines which are employed in solving the different cases of plane and spherical trigonometry, as sines, tangents, secants, and the like. These lines, or the lengths of them, are trigonometrical functions of the arcs and angles to which they belong. — Trigonometrical survey. See under Survey.

Trig`o*nom"e*try (?), n.; pl. -tries (#). [Gr. &?; a triangle + -metry: cf. F. trigonométrie. See Trigon.] 1. That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations of the sides and angles of triangles, which the methods of deducing from certain given parts other required parts, and also of the general relations which exist between the trigonometrical functions of arcs or angles.

2. A treatise in this science.

Analytical trigonometry, that branch of trigonometry which treats of the relations and properties of the trigonometrical functions. — Plane trigonometry, and Spherical trigonometry, those branches of trigonometry in which its principles are applied to plane triangles and spherical triangles respectively.

Trig"o*nous (?), a. [L. trigonus, Gr. &?;. See Trigon.] Same as Trigonal.

Tri"gram (?), n. [Pref. tri- + - gram.] Same as Trigraph.

Tri`gram*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; + &?; a letter.] Containing three letters or characters, or three sets of letters or characters.

Tri*gram"mic (?), a. [Gr. &?;. See Trigrammatic.] Same as Trigrammatic.

Tri"graph (?), n. [Pref. tri- + - graph.] Three letters united in pronunciation so as to have but one sound, or to form but one syllable, as -ieu in adieu; a triphthong.

Tri"gyn (?), n. (Bot.) Any one of the Trigynia.

||Tri*gyn"i*a (?), n. pl. [NL., Gr. &?; (see Tri-) + &?; a woman, a female.] (Bot.) A Linnæan order of plants having three pistils or styles.

{ Tri*gyn"i*an (?), Trig"y*nous (?), } a. (Bot.) Having three pistils or styles; of or pertaining to the Trigynia.

Tri*he"dral (?), a. [See Trihedron.] (Geom.) Having three sides or faces; thus, a trihedral angle is a solid angle bounded by three plane angles. [Written also triedral.]

Tri*he"dron (?), n. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; a seat, base.] (Geom.) A figure having three sides.

Tri*ho"ral (?), a. [Pref. tri- + horal.] Occurring once in every three hours.

Trij"u*gate (?), a. [See Trijugous.] (Bot.) In three pairs; as, a trijugate leaf, or a pinnate leaf with three pairs of leaflets.

Trij"u*gous (?), a. [L. trijugus threefold; tri- + jugum a yoke.] (Bot.) Same as Trijugate.

Tri"ko*sane (?), n. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; twenty.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C23H48, of the methane series, resembling paraffin; - - so called because it has twenty-three atoms of carbon in the molecule.

Tri*lat"er*al (?), a.[L. trilaterus; tri- (see Tri-) + latus, lateris, side: cf. F. trilatéral. See Lateral.] (Geom.) Having three sides; being three-sided; as, a trilateral triangle. — Tri*lat"er*al*ly, adv. — Tri*lat"er*al*ness, n.

Tri*lem"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (see Tri-) + &?; any thing received, in logic, an assumption. Cf. Dilemma.] 1. (Logic) A syllogism with three conditional propositions, the major premises of which are disjunctively affirmed in the minor. See Dilemma.

2. A state of things in which it is difficult to determine which one of three courses to pursue.

Tri*lin"e*ar (?), a. (Math.) Of, pertaining to, or included by, three lines; as, trilinear coördinates.

Tri*lin"gual (?), a. [L. trilinguis; tri- (see Tri-) + lingua tongue, language. See Lingual.] Containing, or consisting of, three languages; expressed in three languages.

> The much-noted Rosetta stone . . . bears upon its surface a trilingual inscription.

I. Taylor.

Tri*lin"guar (?), a. See Trilingual.

Tri*lit"er*al (?), a. [Pref. tri- + literal.] Consisting of three letters; trigrammic; as, a triliteral root or word. — n. A triliteral word.

Tri*lit"er*al*ism (?), n. Same as Triliterality.

{ Tri*lit`er*al"i*ty (?), Tri*lit"er*al*ness (?), } n. The quality of being triliteral; as, the triliterality of Hebrew roots. W. D. Whitney.

Tri"lith (?), n. Same as Trilithon. Mollett.

Tri*lith"ic (?), a. Pertaining to a trilith.

Tril"i*thon (trl"*thn), n.; pl. Trilithons (#). [NL., fr. Gr.&?; of or with three stones; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; stone.] (Archæol.) A monument consisting of three stones; especially, such a monument forming a kind of doorway, as among the ancient Celts.

Trill (?), v. i. [OE. trillen to roll, turn round; of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. trilla to roll, Dan. trilde, Icel. þyrla to whirl, and E. thrill. Cf. Thrill.] To flow in a small stream, or in drops rapidly succeeding each other; to trickle. Sir W. Scott.

> And now and then an ample tear trilled down
> Her delicate cheek.

Shak.

> Whispered sounds
> Of waters, trilling from the riven stone.

Glover.

Trill (?), v. t. [OE. trillen; cf. Sw. trilla to roll.] To turn round; to twirl. [Obs.] Gascoigne.

> Bid him descend and trill another pin.

Chaucer.

Trill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trilling.] [It. trillare; probably of imitative origin.] To impart the quality of a trill to; to utter as, or with, a trill; as, to trill the r; to trill a note.

> The sober-suited songstress trills her lay.

Thomson.

Trill, v. i. To utter trills or a trill; to play or sing in tremulous vibrations of sound; to have a trembling sound; to quaver.

> To judge of trilling notes and tripping feet.

Dryden.

Trill, n. [It. trillo, fr. trillare. See Trill to shake.]

1. A sound, of consonantal character, made with a rapid succession of partial or entire intermissions, by the vibration of some one part of the organs in the mouth — tongue, uvula, epiglottis, or lip — against another part; as, the r is a trill in most languages.

2. The action of the organs in producing such sounds; as, to give a trill to the tongue. d

3. (Mus.) A shake or quaver of the voice in singing, or of the sound of an instrument, produced by the rapid alternation of two contiguous tones of the scale; as, to give a trill on the high C. See Shake.

Tril"la*chan (?), n. (Zoöl.) The oyster catcher. [Prov. Eng.]

Tril"ling (?), n. [Cf. G. drilling.] 1. One of tree children born at the same birth. Wright.

2. (Crystallog.) A compound crystal, consisting of three individuals.

Tril"lion (?), n. [F. trillion, formed from the pref. tri- in imitation of million a million. Cf. Billion.] According to the French notation, which is used upon the Continent generally and in the United States, the number expressed by a unit with twelve ciphers annexed; a million millions; according to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the third power, or the number represented by a unit with eighteen ciphers annexed. See the Note under Numeration.

||Tril"li*um (?), n. [NL.; cf. L. trilix triple-woven, triple.] (Bot.) A genus of liliaceous plants; the three-leaved nightshade; — so called because all the parts of the plant are in threes.

||Tril"lo (?), n. [It. See Trill.] (Mus.) A trill or shake. See Trill.

Tri*lo"bate (?), a. [Pref. tri- + lobate.] Having three lobes.

Tri`lo*ba"tion (?), n. The state of being trilobate.

Tri"lobed (?), a. [Pref. tri- + lobe.] Same as Trilobate.

||Tri`lo*bi"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of arthropods comprising the trilobites.

Tri"lo*bite (tr"l*bt), n. [Cf. F. trilobite. See Trilobate.] (Paleon.) Any one of numerous species of extinct arthropods belonging to the order Trilobita. Trilobites were very common in the Silurian and Devonian periods, but became extinct at the close of the Paleozoic. So named from the three lobes usually seen on each segment.

Tri`lo*bit"ic (?), a. Of, pertaining to or containing, trilobites; as, trilobitic rocks.

Tri*loc"u*lar (?), a. [Pref. tri- + locular: cf. F. triloculaire.] Having three cells or cavities; as, a trilocular capsule; a trilocular heart.

Tril"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. trilogi`a; pref. tri- (see Tri-) + lo`gos speech, discourse: cf. F. trilogie.] A series of three dramas which, although each of them is in one sense complete, have a close mutual relation, and form one historical and poetical picture. Shakespeare's " Henry VI." is an example.

> On the Greek stage, a drama, or acted story, consisted in reality of three dramas, called together a trilogy, and performed consecutively in the course of one day.

Coleridge.

{ Tri*lu"mi*nar (?), Tri*lu"mi*nous (?), } a. [Pref. tri- + L. lumen, luminis, light.] Having three lights [R.]

Trim (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trimmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trimming.] [OE. trimen, trumen, AS. trymian, trymman, to prepare, dispose, make strong, fr. trum firm, strong; of uncertain origin.] 1. To make trim; to put in due order for any purpose; to make right, neat, or pleasing; to adjust.

> The hermit trimmed his little fire.

Goldsmith.

2. To dress; to decorate; to adorn; to invest; to embellish; as, to trim a hat.

> A rotten building newly trimmed over.

Milton.

> I was trimmed in Julia's gown.

Shak.

3. To make ready or right by cutting or shortening; to clip or lop; to curtail; as, to trim the hair; to trim a tree. " And trimmed the cheerful lamp." Byron.

4. (Carp.) To dress, as timber; to make smooth.

5. (Naut.) (a) To adjust, as a ship, by arranging the cargo, or disposing the weight of persons or goods, so equally on each side of the center and at each end, that she shall sit well on the water and sail well; as, to trim a ship, or a boat. (b) To arrange in due order for sailing; as, to trim the sails.

6. To rebuke; to reprove; also, to beat. [Colloq.]

To trim in (Carp.), to fit, as a piece of timber, into other work. — To trim up, to dress; to put in order.

> I found her trimming up the diadem
> On her dead mistress.

Shak.

Trim (?), v. i. To balance; to fluctuate between parties, so as to appear to favor each.

Trim, n. 1. Dress; gear; ornaments.

> Seeing him just pass the window in his woodland trim.

Sir W. Scott.

2. Order; disposition; condition; as, to be in good trim. " The trim of an encounter." Chapman.

3. The state of a ship or her cargo, ballast, masts, etc., by which she is well prepared for sailing.

4. (Arch) The lighter woodwork in the interior of a building; especially, that used around openings, generally in the form of a molded architrave, to protect the plastering at those points.

In ballast trim (Naut.), having only ballast on board. R. H. Dana, Jr. — Trim of the masts (Naut.), their position in regard to the ship and to each other, as near or distant, far forward or much aft, erect or raking. — Trim of sails (Naut.), that adjustment, with reference to the wind, witch is best adapted to impel the ship forward.

Trim, a. [Compar. Trimmer (?); superl. Trimmest.] [See Trim, v. t.] Fitly adjusted; being in good order., or made ready for service or use; firm; compact; snug; neat; fair; as, the ship is trim, or trim built; everything about the man is trim; a person is trim when his body is well shaped and firm; his dress is trim when it fits closely to his body, and appears tight and snug; a man or a soldier is trim when he stands erect.

> With comely carriage of her countenance trim.

Spenser.

> So deemed I till I viewed their trim array
> Of boats last night.

Trench.

Tri*mac"u*la`ted (?), a. [Pref. tri- + maculated.] Marked with three spots, or maculæ.

Tri*mel"lic (?), a. [Pref. tri- + L. mel, gen. mellis, honey.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a certain tribasic acid (called also trimellitic acid) metameric with trimesitic acid.

Tri*mem"bral, a. [L. trimembris triplemembered. See Tri-, and Member.] Having, or consisting of, three members.

||Tri"me*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tri-, and -mere.] (Zoöl.) A division of Coleoptera including those which have but three joints in the tarsi.

Tri"mer*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Trimera. Also used adjectively.

Tri"mer*ous (?), a. [See Trimera.] (Bot.) Having the parts in threes.

Tri`me*sit"ic (?), a. [Pref. tri- + mesitylene + -ic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a tribasic acid, C6H3.(CO2)3, of the aromatic series, obtained, by the oxidation of mesitylene, as a white crystalline substance. [Written also trimesic.]

Tri*mes"ter (?), n. [L. trimestris of three months; tri- (see Tri-) + mensis month: cf. F. trimestre.] A term or period of three months.

Tri*mes"tral (?), a. Trimestrial. Southey.

Tri*mes"tri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a trimester, or period of three months; occurring once in every three months; quarterly.

Trim"e*ter (?), a. [L. trimetrus, Gr. &?;; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; measure. See Meter measure.] (Pros.) Consisting of three poetical measures. — n. A poetical division of verse, consisting of three measures. Lowth.

Tri*meth"yl (?). (Chem.) A prefix or combining form (also used adjectively) indicating the presence of three methyl groups.

Tri*meth`yl*am"ine (?), n. [Trimethyl- + amine.] (Chem.) A colorless volatile alkaline liquid, N.(CH3)3, obtained from herring brine, beet roots, etc., with a characteristic herringlike odor. It is regarded as a substituted ammonia containing three methyl groups.

Tri*meth"yl*ene (?), n. (Chem.) A gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H6, isomeric with propylene and obtained from it indirectly. It is the base of a series of compounds analogous to the aromatic hydrocarbons.

Tri*met"ric (?), a. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; measure.] (Crystallog.) Same as Orthorhombic.

Tri*met"ric*al (?), a. Same as Trimeter.

Trim"ly (?), adv. In a trim manner; nicely.

Trim"mer (?), n. 1. One who trims, arranges, fits, or ornaments.

2. One who does not adopt extreme opinions in politics, or the like; one who fluctuates between parties, so as to appear to favor each; a timeserver.

> Thus Halifax was a trimmer on principle.

Macaulay.

3. An instrument with which trimming is done.

4. (Arch.) A beam, into which are framed the ends of headers in floor framing, as when a hole is to be left for stairs, or to avoid bringing joists near chimneys, and the like. See Illust. of Header.

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Trim"ming (?), a. from Trim, v.

> The Whigs are, essentially, an inefficient, trimming, halfway sort of a party.

Jeffrey.

Trimming joist (Arch.), a joist into which timber trimmers are framed; a header. See Header. Knight.

Trim"ming, n. 1. The act of one who trims.

2. That which serves to trim, make right or fitting, adjust, ornament, or the like; especially, the necessary or the ornamental appendages, as of a garment; hence, sometimes, the concomitants of a dish; a relish; — usually in the plural.

3. The act of reprimanding or chastisting; as, to give a boy a trimming. [Colloq.]

Trim"ming*ly, adv. In a trimming manner.

Trim"ness, n. The quality or state of being trim; orderliness; compactness; snugness; neatness.

Tri"morph (?), n. [See Trimorphous.] (Crystallog.) A substance which crystallizes in three distinct forms, or which has three distinct physical states; also, any one of these distinct forms. See Trimorphism, 1.

{ Tri*mor"phic (?), Tri*mor"phous (?), } a. [Gr. &?; three-formed; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; form.] Of, pertaining to, or characterized by, trimorphism; — contrasted with monomorphic, dimorphic, and polymorphic.

Tri*mor"phism (?), n. [See Trimorphic.] 1. (Crystallog.) The property of crystallizing in three forms fundamentally distinct, as is the case with titanium dioxide, which crystallizes in the forms of rutile, octahedrite, and brookite. See Pleomorphism.

2. (Biol.) The coëxistence among individuals of the same species of three distinct forms, not connected, as a rule, by intermediate gradations; the condition among individuals of the same species of having three different shapes or proportions of corresponding parts; — contrasted with polymorphism, and dimorphism.

Heterogonous trimporphism (Bot.), that condition in which flowers of plants of the same species have three different lengths of stamens, short, medium, and long, the blossoms of one individual plant having short and medium stamens and a long style, those of another having short and long stamens and a style of medium length, and those of a third having medium and long stamens and a short style, the style of each blossom thus being of a length not represented by its stamens.

||Tri*mur"ti (?), n. [Skr. trimrti; tri three + mrti body.] (Hindu Myth.) The triad, or trinity, of Hindu gods, consisting of Brahma, the Creator, Vishnu, the Preserver, and Siva, the Destroyer. [Spelled also Trimurtti.]

Trim`y*a"ri*an (?), n. [Pref. tri + Gr. &?;, &?;, a muscle.] (Zoöl.) A lamellibranch which has three muscular scars on each valve.

Tri"nal (?), a. [L. trinus triple, trini three each, fr. tres, tria, three. See Three, and cf. Trine, a. & n., Tern, a.] Threefold. "Trinal unity." Milton.

> In their trinal triplicities on high.

Spenser.

Trin"dle (?), v. t. & n. See Trundle.

Trine (?), a. [See Trinal.] Threefold; triple; as, trine dimensions, or length, breadth, and thickness.

Trine, n. [F. trine, trin. See Trinal.] 1. (Astrol.) The aspect of planets distant from each other 120 degrees, or one third of the zodiac; trigon.

> In sextile, square, and trine.

Milton.

2. A triad; trinity. [R.]

> A single trine of brazen tortoises.

Mrs. Browning.

> Eternal One, Almighty Trine!

Keble.

Trine, v. t. To put in the aspect of a trine. [R.]

> By fortune he [Saturn] was now to Venus trined.

Dryden.

Tri*nerv"ate (?), a. [NL. trinervatus; pref. tri- + L. nervus nerve.] (Bot.) Having three ribs or nerves extending unbranched from the base to the apex; — said of a leaf. Gray.

{ Tri"nerve` (?), Tri"nerved` (?), } a. [Pref. tri- + nerve.] (Bot.) Same as Trinervate.

||Trin"ga (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of limicoline birds including many species of sandpipers. See Dunlin, Knot, and Sandpiper.

Trin"gle (?), n. [F. tringle.] A curtain rod for a bedstead.

Trin"goid (?), a. [Tringa + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Tringa, or the Sandpiper family.

Trin`i*ta"ri*an (?), a. [Cf. F. trinitaire. See Trinity.] Of or pertaining to the Trinity, the doctrine of the Trinity, or believers in that doctrine.

Trin`i*ta"ri*an, n. 1. One who believes in the doctrine of the Trinity.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a monastic order founded in Rome in 1198 by St. John of Matha, and an old French hermit, Felix of Valois, for the purpose of redeeming Christian captives from the Mohammedans.

Trin`i*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. The doctrine of the Trinity; the doctrine that there are three distinct persons in the Godhead.

Tri*ni`tro*cel"lu*lose" (?), n. Gun cotton; — so called because regarded as containing three nitro groups.

Tri*ni`tro*phe"nol (?), n. (Chem.) Picric acid.

Trin"i*ty (?), n. [OE. trinitee, F. trinité, L. trinitas, fr. trini three each. See Trinal.] 1. (Christian Theol.) The union of three persons (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost) in one Godhead, so that all the three are one God as to substance, but three persons as to individuality.

2. Any union of three in one; three units treated as one; a triad, as the Hindu trinity, or Trimurti.

3. Any symbol of the Trinity employed in Christian art, especially the triangle.

Trinity House, an institution in London for promoting commerce and navigation, by licensing pilots, ordering and erecting beacons, and the like. — Trinity Sunday, the Sunday next after Whitsunday; — so called from the feast held on that day in honor of the Holy Trinity. — Trinity term. (Law) See the Note under Term, n., 5.

Trin`i*u"ni*ty (?), n. [See Trinity, and Unity.] Triunity; trinity. [Obs.]

> As for terms of trinity, triniunity, . . . and the like, they reject them as scholastic notions.

Milton.

Trink (?), n. A kind of fishing net. [Obs.] Crabb.

Trin"ket (?), n. [F. trinquet foremast, also, a certain sail, trinquette a triangular sail, or Sp. trinquete triangular.] (Naut.) A three-cornered sail formerly carried on a ship's foremast, probably on a lateen yard.

> Sailing always with the sheets of mainsail and trinket warily in our hands.

Hakluyt.

Trin"ket, n. [OE. trenket a sort of knife, hence, probably, a toy knife worn as an ornament; probably from an Old French dialectic form of trenchier to cut. Cf. Trench, v. t.] 1. A knife; a cutting tool. Tusser.

2. A small ornament, as a jewel, ring, or the like.

3. A thing of little value; a trifle; a toy.

Trin"ket, v. i. To give trinkets; hence, to court favor; to intrigue. [Obs.] South.

Trin"ket*er (?), n. One who trinkets. [Obs.]

Trin"ket*ry (?), n. Ornaments of dress; trinkets, collectively.

> No trinketry on front, or neck, or breast.

Southey.

Trin"kle (?), v. i. To act secretly, or in an underhand way; to tamper. [Obs.] Wright.

Tri*noc"tial (?), a. [L. trinoctialis for three nights; tri- (see Tri-) + nox, noctis, night.] Lasting during three nights; comprising three nights.

Tri*nod"al (?), a. [L. trinodis three- knotted; tri- (see Tri-) + nodus knot.] 1. (Bot.) Having three knots or nodes; having three points from which a leaf may shoot; as, a trinodal stem.

2. (Geom.) Having three nodal points.

Tri*no"mi*al (?), n. [Pref. tri- + -nomial as in binomial: cf. F. trinôme.] (Math.) A quantity consisting of three terms, connected by the sign + or -; as, x + y + z, or ax + 2b - c2.

Tri*no"mi*al, a. (Math.) Consisting of three terms; of or pertaining to trinomials; as, a trinomial root.

Tri*nom"i*nal (?), n. & a. [Pref. tri- + L. nomen, nominis, name: cf. L. trinominis three- named.] (Math.) Trinomial.

||Tri*nu"cle*us (?), n. [Pref. tri- + nucleus.] (Paleon.) A genus of Lower Silurian trilobites in which the glabella and cheeks form three rounded elevations on the head.

Tri"o (?), n. [It., fr. L. tres, tria, three: cf. F. trio, from the Italian. See Three.] 1. Three, considered collectively; three in company or acting together; a set of three; three united.

> The trio were well accustomed to act together, and were linked to each other by ties of mutual interest.

Dickens.

2. (Mus.) (a) A composition for three parts or three instruments. (b) The secondary, or episodical, movement of a minuet or scherzo, as in a sonata or symphony, or of a march, or of various dance forms; — not limited to three parts or instruments.

{ Tri*ob"o*lar (?), Tri*ob"o*la*ry (?), } a. [LL. triobolaris, fr. L. triobolus a piece of three oboli, Gr. &?;. See Tri-, and Obolus.] Of the value of three oboli; hence, mean; worthless. [Obs.]

> It may pass current . . . for a triobolar ballad.

Cheyne.

Tri*oc"tile (-k"tl), n. [Pref. tri- + octile.] (Astrol.) An aspect of two planets with regard to the earth when they are three octants, or three eighths of a circle, that is, 135 degrees, distant from each other. Hutton.

||Tri*œ"ci*a (-"sh*), n. pl. [NL. See Triœcious.] (Bot.) The third order of the Linnæan class Polygamia.

Tri*œ"cious (-shs), a. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; house.] (Bot.) Having three sorts of flowers on the same or on different plants, some of the flowers being staminate, others pistillate, and others both staminate and pistillate; belonging to the order Triœcia.

Tri"ole (tr"l), n. [See Triolet.] (Mus.) Same as Triplet.

Tri*o"le*in (tr*"l*n), n. [Pref. tri- + olein.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Olein.

Tri"o*let (tr"*lt), n. [F. triolet. See Trio.] A short poem or stanza of eight lines, in which the first line is repeated as the fourth and again as the seventh line, the second being, repeated as the eighth. Brande & C.

||Tri*on`y*choi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Trionyx, and -old.] (Zoöl.) A division of chelonians which comprises Trionyx and allied genera; — called also Trionychoides, and Trionychina.

||Tri*on"yx (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (see Tri-) + &?; a claw.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water or river turtles which have the shell imperfectly developed and covered with a soft leathery skin. They are noted for their agility and rapacity. Called also soft tortoise, soft-shell tortoise, and mud turtle.

The common American species (Trionyx, or Aspidonectus, ferox) becomes over a foot in length and is very voracious. Similar species are found in Asia and Africa.

Tri"or (?), n. (Law) Same as Trier, 2 and 3.

Tri*ox"ide (?), n. [Pref. tri- + oxide.] (Chem.) An oxide containing three atoms of oxygen; as, sulphur trioxide, SO3; — formerly called tritoxide.

Trip (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tripped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tripping.] [OE. trippen; akin to D. trippen, Dan. trippe, and E. tramp. See Tramp.]

1. To move with light, quick steps; to walk or move lightly; to skip; to move the feet nimbly; — sometimes followed by it. See It, 5.

> This horse anon began to trip and dance.

Chaucer.

> Come, and trip it, as you go,
> On the light fantastic toe.

Milton.

> She bounded by, and tripped so light
> They had not time to take a steady sight.

Dryden.

2. To make a brief journey or pleasure excursion; as, to trip to Europe.

3. To take a quick step, as when in danger of losing one's balance; hence, to make a false step; to catch the foot; to lose footing; to stumble.

4. Fig.: To be guilty of a misstep; to commit an offense against morality, propriety, or rule; to err; to mistake; to fail. "Till his tongue trip." Locke.

> A blind will thereupon comes to be led by a blind understanding; there is no remedy, but it must trip and stumble.

South.

> Virgil is so exact in every word that none can be changed but for a worse; he pretends sometimes to trip, but it is to make you think him in danger when most secure.

Dryden.

> What? dost thou verily trip upon a word?

R. Browning.

Trip, v. t. 1. To cause to stumble, or take a false step; to cause to lose the footing, by striking the feet from under; to cause to fall; to throw off the balance; to supplant; — often followed by up; as, to trip up a man in wrestling.

> The words of Hobbes's defense trip up the heels of his cause.

Abp. Bramhall.

2. Fig.: To overthrow by depriving of support; to put an obstacle in the way of; to obstruct; to cause to fail.

> To trip the course of law, and blunt the sword.

Shak.

3. To detect in a misstep; to catch; to convict. [R.]

> These her women can trip me if I err.

Shak.

4. (Naut.) (a) To raise (an anchor) from the bottom, by its cable or buoy rope, so that it hangs free. (b) To pull (a yard) into a perpendicular position for lowering it.

5. (Mach.) To release, let fall, or set free, as a weight or compressed spring, as by removing a latch or detent.

Trip, n. 1. A quick, light step; a lively movement of the feet; a skip.

> His heart bounded as he sometimes could hear the trip of a light female step glide to or from the door.

Sir W. Scott.

2. A brief or rapid journey; an excursion or jaunt.

> I took a trip to London on the death of the queen.

Pope.

3. A false step; a stumble; a misstep; a loss of footing or balance. Fig.: An error; a failure; a mistake.

> Imperfect words, with childish trips.

Milton.

> Each seeming trip, and each digressive start.

Harte.

4. A small piece; a morsel; a bit. [Obs.] "A trip of cheese." Chaucer.

5. A stroke, or catch, by which a wrestler causes his antagonist to lose footing.

> And watches with a trip his foe to foil.

Dryden.

> It is the sudden trip in wrestling that fetches a man to the ground.

South.

6. (Naut.) A single board, or tack, in plying, or beating, to windward.

7. A herd or flock, as of sheep, goats, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Scott.]

8. A troop of men; a host. [Obs.] Robert of Brunne.

9. (Zoöl.) A flock of widgeons.

Tri*pal"mi*tate (?), n. [Pref. tri- + palmitate.] (Chem.) A palmitate derived from three molecules of palmitic acid.

Tri*pal"mi*tin (?), n. [Pref. tri- + palmitin.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Palmitin.

Tri*pang" (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Trepang.

Tri"part`ed (?), a. [Pref. tri- + parted.]

1. (Her.) Parted into three piece; having three parts or pieces; — said of the field or of a bearing; as, a cross triparted.

2. (Bot.) Divided nearly to the base into three segments or lobes.

Tri*part"i*ble (?), a. Divisible into three parts.

Tri*par"tient (?), a. [See Tripartite.] (Arith.) Dividing into three parts; — said of a number which exactly divides another into three parts.

Trip"ar*tite (?), a. [L. tripartitus; tri- (see Tri-) + partitus, p. p. of partiri to part, to divide. See Part, v. i.] 1. Divided into three parts; triparted; as, a tripartite leaf.

2. Having three corresponding parts or copies; as, to make indentures tripartite. A. Smith.

3. Made between three parties; as, a tripartite treaty.

Trip`ar*tite*ly, adv. In a tripartite manner.

Trip`ar*ti"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. tripartition.] A division by threes, or into three parts; the taking of a third part of any number or quantity.

Tri*pas"chal (?), a. [Pref. tri- + paschal.] Including three passovers.

Tripe (?), n. [OE. tripe, F. tripe; of uncertain origin; cf. Sp. & Pg. tripa, It. trippa, OD. tripe, W. tripa, Armor. stripen.] 1. The large stomach of ruminating animals, when prepared for food.

> How say you to a fat tripe finely broiled ?

Shak.

2. The entrails; hence, humorously or in contempt, the belly; — generally used in the plural. Howell.

Trip"e*dal (?), a. [L. tripedalis; tri- (see Tri-) + pes, pedis, a foot.] Having three feet.

||Tripe`-de-roche" (?), n. [F.] (Bot.) Same as Rock tripe, under Rock.

Trip"el (?), n. (Min.) Same as Tripoli.

Tripe"man (?), n.; pl. - men (&?;). A man who prepares or sells tripe.

Tri*pen"nate (?), a. [Pref. tri- + pennate.] (Bot.) Same as Tripinnate.

<! p. 1541 !>

Tri*per"son*al (tr*pr"sn*al), a. [Pref. tri- + personal.] Consisting of three persons. Milton.

Tri*per"son*al*ist, n. A Trinitarian.

Tri*per`son*al"i*ty (?), n. The state of existing as three persons in one Godhead; trinity.

Trip"er*y (trp"r*), n. [Cf. F. triperie.] A place where tripe is prepared or sold. London Quart. Rev.

Tripe"stone` (trp"stn`), n. (Min.) A variety of anhydrite composed of contorted plates fancied to resemble pieces of tripe.

Tri*pet"al*oid (?), a. [Pref. tri- + petaloid.] (Bot.) Having the form or appearance of three petals; appearing as if furnished with three petals.

Tri*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Pref. tri- + petalous: cf. F. tripétale.] (Bot.) Having three petals, or flower leaves; three-petaled.

Trip" ham`mer (?). A tilt hammer.

Tri"phane (?), n. [Gr. &?; appearing three- fold; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; to appear cf. F. triphane.] (Min.) Spodumene.

Triph"thong (?), n. [Pref. tri- + - phthong, as in diphthong: cf. F. triphthonque.] (Orthoëpy) A combination of three vowel sounds in a single syllable, forming a simple or compound sound; also, a union of three vowel characters, representing together a single sound; a trigraph; as, eye, -ieu in adieu, -eau in beau, are examples of triphthongs.

Triph*thon"gal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a triphthong; consisting of three vowel sounds pronounced together in a single syllable.

Triph"y*line (?), n. Triphylite.

Triph"y*lite (?), n. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; a family, class. So called in allusion to its containing three phosphates.] (Min.) A mineral of a grayish-green or bluish color, consisting of the phosphates of iron, manganese, and lithia.

A salmon-colored or clove-brown variety containing but little iron is known as lithiophilite.

Triph"yl*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; a leaf: cf. F. triphylle.] (Bot.) Having three leaves; three-leaved.

Tri*pin"nate (?), a. [Pref. tri- + pinnate.] (Bot.) Having bipinnate leaflets arranged on each side of a rhachis.

Tri`pin*nat"i*fid (?), a. [Pref. tri- + pinnatifid.] (Bot.) Thrice pinnately cleft; — said of a pinnatifid leaf when its segments are pinnatifid, and the subdivisions of these also are pinnatifid.

Tri*pla"sian, a. [Gr. &?; thrice as many.] Three-fold; triple; treble. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Tri"ple (?), a. [L. triplus; tri- (see Tri-) + -plus, as in duplus double: cf. F. triple. See Double, and cf. Treble.] 1. Consisting of three united; multiplied by three; threefold; as, a triple knot; a triple tie.

> By thy triple shape as thou art seen.

Dryden.

2. Three times repeated; treble. See Treble.

3. One of three; third. [Obs.] Shak.

Triple crown, the crown, or tiara, of the pope. See Tiara, 2. — Triple-expansion steam engine, a compound steam engine in which the same steam performs work in three cylinders successively. — Triple measure (Mus.), a measure of tree beats of which first only is accented. — Triple ratio (Math.), a ratio which is equal to 3. — Triple salt (Chem.), a salt containing three distinct basic atoms as radicals; thus, microcosmic salt is a triple salt. — Triple star (Astron.), a system of three stars in close proximity. — Triple time (Mus.), that time in which each measure is divided into three equal parts. — Triple valve, in an automatic air brake for railroad cars, the valve under each car, by means of which the brake is controlled by a change of pressure in the air pipe leading from the locomotive.

Tri"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tripled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tripling (?).] [Cf. F. tripler. See Triple, a.] To make threefold, or thrice as much or as many; to treble; as, to triple the tax on coffee.

Tri"ple-crowned` (?), a. Having three crowns; wearing the triple crown, as the pope.

Tri"ple-head`ed (?), a. Having three heads; three-headed; as, the triple-headed dog Cerberus.

Trip"let (?), n. [From Triple.] 1. A collection or combination of three of a kind; three united.

2. (Poetry) Three verses rhyming together.

3. (Mus.) A group of three notes sung or played in the tree of two.

4. pl. Three children or offspring born at one birth.

Tri"ple-tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An edible fish (Lobotes Surinamensis) found in the warmer parts of all the oceans, and common on the southern and middle coasts of the United States. When living it is silvery gray, and becomes brown or blackish when dead. Its dorsal and anal fins are long, and extend back on each side of the tail. It has large silvery scales which are used in the manufacture of fancy work. Called also, locally, black perch, grouper, and flasher.

Trip"li*cate (?), a. [L. triplicatus, p. p. of triplicare to triple, treble; tri- (see Tri-) + plicare to fold. See Ply, v. t.] Made thrice as much; threefold; tripled.

Triplicate ratio (Math.), the ratio of the cubes of two quantities; thus, the triplicate ratio of a to b is a3: b3.

Trip"li*cate (?), n. A third thing corresponding to two others of the same kind.

Trip"li*cate-ter`nate, a. (Bot.) Triternate.

Trip"li*ca"tion (?), n. [L. triplicatio: cf. F. triplication.] 1. The act of tripling, or making threefold, or adding three together. Glanvill.

2. (Civil Law) Same as Surrejoinder.

Tri*plic"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. triplicité, fr. L. triplex, triplicis, threefold. See Triplicate, a.] The quality or state of being triple, or threefold; trebleness.

> In their trinal triplicities on high.

Spenser.

Trip`li*cos"tate (?), a. [Triple + costate.] (Bot.) Three-ribbed.

Trip"lite (?), n. [Cf. F. triplite. See Triple.] (Min.) A mineral of a dark brown color, generally with a fibrous, massive structure. It is a fluophosphate of iron and manganese.

Trip`lo*blas"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; threefold + -blast + -ic.] (Biol.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, that condition of the ovum in which there are three primary germinal layers, or in which the blastoderm splits into three layers.

Trip*loi"dite (?), n. (Min.) A manganese phosphate near triplite, but containing hydroxyl instead of fluorine.

Trip"ly (?), adv. In a triple manner.

Trip"mad`am (?), n. [F. tripe-madame, trique-madame.] (Bot.) Same as Prickmadam.

Tri"pod (?), n. [L. tripus, - odis, Gr. &?;; &?; (see Tri-) + &?;, &?;, foot. See Foot, and cf. Tripos, Trivet.] 1. Any utensil or vessel, as a stool, table, altar, caldron, etc., supported on three feet.

On such, a stool, in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, the Pythian priestess sat while giving responses to those consulting the Delphic oracle.

2. A three-legged frame or stand, usually jointed at top, for supporting a theodolite, compass, telescope, camera, or other instrument.

Tripod of life, or Vital tripod (Physiol.), the three organs, the heart, lungs, and brain; — so called because their united action is necessary to the maintenance of life.

Tri*po"di*an (?), n. (Mus.) An ancient stringed instrument; — so called because, in form, it resembled the Delphic tripod.

Trip"o*dy (?), n. [Pref. tri- + - pody, as in dipody.] (Pros.) Three metrical feet taken together, or included in one measure.

Trip"o*li (?), n. (Min.) An earthy substance originally brought from Tripoli, used in polishing stones and metals. It consists almost wholly of the siliceous shells of diatoms.

Trip"o*line (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Tripoli or its inhabitants; Tripolitan.

2. Of or pertaining to tripoli, the mineral.

Tri*pol"i*tan (?), a. Of or pertaining to Tripoli or its inhabitants; Tripoline. — n. A native or inhabitant of Tripoli.

Tri"pos (?), n.; pl. Triposes (#). [Gr. &?; a tripod. See Tripod.] 1. A tripod. [Obs.] Dryden.

2. A university examination of questionists, for honors; also, a tripos paper; one who prepares a tripos paper. [Cambridge University, Eng.]

Classical tripos examination, the final university examination for classical honors, optional to all who have taken the mathematical honors. C. A. Bristed. — Tripos paper, a printed list of the successful candidates for mathematical honors, accompanied by a piece in Latin verse. There are two of these, designed to commemorate the two tripos days. The first contains the names of the wranglers and senior optimes, and the second the names of the junior optimes. The word tripos is supposed to refer to the three-legged stool formerly used at the examinations for these honors, though some derive it from the three brackets formerly printed on the back of the paper. C. A. Bristed.

Trip"pant (?), a. (Her.) See Tripping, a., 2.

Trip"per (?), n. 1. One who trips or supplants; also, one who walks or trips nimbly; a dancer.

2. An excursionist.

Trip"pet (?), n. (Mach.) A cam, wiper, or projecting piece which strikes another piece repeatedly.

Trip"ping (?), a. 1. Quick; nimble; stepping lightly and quickly.

2. (Her.) Having the right forefoot lifted, the others remaining on the ground, as if he were trotting; trippant; — said of an animal, as a hart, buck, and the like, used as a bearing.

Trip"ping, n. 1. Act of one who, or that which, trips.

2. A light dance.

> Other trippings to be trod of lighter toes.

Milton.

3. (Naut.) The loosing of an anchor from the ground by means of its cable or buoy rope.

Tripping line (Naut.), a small rope attached to the topgallant or royal yard, used to trip the yard, and in lowering it to the deck; also, a line used in letting go the anchor. Luce.

Trip"ping*ly, adv. In a tripping manner; with a light, nimble, quick step; with agility; nimbly.

> Sing, and dance it trippingly.

Shak.

> Speak the speech . . . trippingly on the tongue.

Shak.

||Trip"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to rub.] (Med.) (a) Trituration. [R.] (b) Shampoo. [R.]

Trip"tote (?), n. [L. triptotum, Gr. &?; with three cases; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; falling, fr. &?; to fall.] (Gram.) A noun having three cases only.

Trip"tych (?), n. [Gr. &?; consisting of three layers or plates; &?; (see Tri-) + &?;, &?;, a fold, layer.] Anything in three parts or leaves. Specifically: — (a) A writing tablet in three parts, two of which fold over on the middle part.

(b) A picture or altarpiece in three compartments.

Tri*pu"di*a*ry (?), a. [L. tripudium a measured stamping, a leaping, a solemn religious dance.] Of or pertaining to dancing; performed by dancing. [R.] " Tripudiary augurations." Sir T. Browne.

Tri*pu"di*ate (?), v. i. [L. tripudiare, tripudiatum.] To dance. [R.] Cockeram.

Tri*pu`di*a"tion (?), n. [L. tripudiatio.] The act of dancing. [R.] Bacon. Carlyle.

Tri`quad*ran"tal (?), a. [Pref. tri- + quadrantal.] (Spherical Trig.) Having three quadrants; thus, a triquadrantal triangle is one whose three sides are quadrants, and whose three angles are consequently right angles.

Tri*que"tral (?), a. Triquetrous.

Tri*que"trous (?), a. [L. triquetrus.] Three sided, the sides being plane or concave; having three salient angles or edges; trigonal.

Tri*que"trum (?), n.; pl. Triquetra (#). [NL.] (Anat.) One of the bones of the carpus; the cuneiform. See Cuneiform (b).

{ Tri*ra"di*ate (?), Tri*ra"di*a`ted (?) }, a. [Pref. tri- + radiate.] Having three rays.

Tri`rec*tan"gu*lar (?), a. [Pref. tri- + rectangular.] (Spherical Trig.) Having three right angles. See Triquadrantal.

Tri"reme (?), n. [L. triremis; tri- (see Tri-) + remus an oar, akin to E. row. See Row to propel with an oar.] (Class. Antiq.) An ancient galley or vessel with tree banks, or tiers, of oars.

Tri`rhom*boid"al (?), a. [Pref. tri- + rhomboidal.] Having three rhombic faces or sides.

Tri*sac`ra*men*ta"ri*an (?), n. [Pref. tri- + sacramentarian.] (Eccl.) One who recognizes three sacraments, and no more; — namely, baptism, the Lord's Supper, and penance. See Sacrament.

||Tris*ag"i*on (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; thrice holy; &?; thrice + &?; holy.] (Eccl.) An ancient anthem, — usually known by its Latin name tersanctus.See Tersanctus.

Tri*sect" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trisected; p. pr. & vb. n. Trisecting.] [Pref. tri- + L. sectus, p. p. of secare to cut. See Section.] 1. To cut or divide into three parts.

2. (Geom.) To cut or divide into three equal parts.

Tri*sect"ed, a. (Bot.) Divided into three parts or segments by incisions extending to the midrib or to the base; — said of leaves.

Tri*sec"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. trisection.] The division of a thing into three parts, Specifically: (Geom.) the division of an angle into three equal parts.

Tri*ser"al*ous (?), a. [Pref. tri- + sepal.] (Bot.) Having three sepals, or calyx leaves.

{ Tri*se"ri*al (?), Tri*se"ri*ate (?), } a. [Pref. tri- + serial, seriate.] (Bot.) Arranged in three vertical or spiral rows.

||Tris"mus (?), n. [NL., form Gr. &?; gnashing of the teeth.] (Med.) The lockjaw.

Tris*ni"trate (?), n. [Gr. &?; thrice + E. nitrate.] (Chem.) A nitrate formed from three molecules of nitric acid; also, less properly, applied to certain basic nitrates; as, trisnitrate of bismuth.

Tris*oc`ta*he"dron (?), n. [Gr. &?; thrice + FE. octahedron.] (Crystallog.) A solid of the isometric system bounded by twenty-four equal faces, three corresponding to each face of an octahedron.

Tetragonal trisoctahedron, a trisoctahedron each face of which is a quadrilateral; called also trapezohedron and icositetrahedron. — Trigonal trisoctahedron, a trisoctahedron each face of which is an isosceles triangle.

{ Tri"spast (?), Tri*spas"ton (?), } n. [NL. trispaston, fr. Gr. &?; drawn threefold; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; to draw.] (Mech.) A machine with three pulleys which act together for raising great weights. Brande & C.

Tri*sper"mous (?), a. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; seed.] (Bot.) Containing three seeds; three-seeded; as, a trispermous capsule.

Tri*splanch"nic (?), a. [Tri- + splanchnic.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the three great splanchnic cavities, namely, that of the head, the chest, and the abdomen; — applied to the sympathetic nervous system.

Trist (?), v. t. & i. [imp. Triste.] To trust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Trist, n. [See Tryst.] 1. Trust. [Obs.]

2. A post, or station, in hunting. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. A secret meeting, or the place of such meeting; a tryst. See Tryst. [Obs.]

> George Douglas caused a trist to be set between him and the cardinal and four lords; at the which trist he and the cardinal agreed finally.

Letter dated Sept., 1543.

Trist, a. [F. triste, L. tristis.] Sad; sorrowful; gloomy. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Triste (?), n. A cattle fair. [Prov. Eng.]

Tri*ste"a*rate (?), n. Tristearin.

Tri*ste"a*rin (?), n. [Pref. tri- + stearin.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Stearin.

Trist"ful (-fl), a. Sad; sorrowful; gloomy. Shak.

> Eyes so tristful, eyes so tristful,
> Heart so full of care and cumber.

Longfellow.

Trist"ful*ly, adv. In a tristful manner; sadly.

Tris"tich*ous (?), a. [Gr. &?; in three rows; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; a row.] (Bot.) Arranged in three vertical rows.

{ Tri`stig*mat"ic (?), Tri*stig"ma*tose` (?), } a. [Pref. tri- + stigma.] (Bot.) Having, or consisting of, three stigmas. Gray.

Tris*ti"ti*ate (?), v. t. [L. tristitia sadness, fr. tristis sad.] To make sad. [Obs.] Feltham.

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||Tris"to*ma (trs"t*m), n. [NL., from Gr. tri- (see Tri-) + sto`ma mouth.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of trematode worms belonging to Tristoma and allied genera having a large posterior sucker and two small anterior ones. They usually have broad, thin, and disklike bodies, and are parasite on the gills and skin of fishes.

Trist"y (?), a. See Trist, a. [Obs.] Ashmole.

Tri"sulc (tr"slk), n. [L. trisulcus; tri- (see Tri-) + sulcus a furrow.] Something having three forks or prongs, as a trident. [Obs.] "Jupiter's trisulc." Sir T. Browne.

Tri*sul"cate (?), a. [Pref. tri- + sulcate.] Having three furrows, forks, or prongs; having three grooves or sulci; three-grooved.

Tri*sul"phide (?), n. [Pref. tri- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A sulphide containing three atoms of sulphur.

{ Tris`yl*lab"ic (?), Tris`yl*lab"ic*al (?), } a. [L. trisyllabus, Gr. &?;; &?; (see Tri-) + &?; a syllable: cf. F. trissyllabique.] Of or pertaining to a trisyllable; consisting of three syllables; as, "syllable" is a trisyllabic word. — Tris`yllab"ic*al*ly, adv.

Tri*syl"la*ble (?), n. [Pref. tri- + syllable.] A word consisting of three syllables only; as, a- ven-ger.

Trite (trt), a. [L. tritus, p. p. of terere to rub, to wear out; probably akin to E. throw. See Throw, and cf. Contrite, Detriment, Tribulation, Try.] Worn out; common; used until so common as to have lost novelty and interest; hackneyed; stale; as, a trite remark; a trite subject. — Trite"ly, adv. — Trite"ness, n.

Tri*ter"nate (?), a. [Pref. tri- + ternate.] (Bot.) Three times ternate; — applied to a leaf whose petiole separates into three branches, each of which divides into three parts which each bear three leafiets.

Tri"the*ism (?), n. [Pref. tri- + Gr. &?; God: cf. F. trithéisme.] The opinion or doctrine that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are three distinct Gods.

Tri"the*ist, n. [Cf. F. trithéiste.] One who believes in tritheism.

{ Tri`the*is"tic (?), Tri`the*is"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to tritheism. Bolingbroke.

Tri"the*ite (?), n. [Cf. F. trithéite.] A tritheist. [Obs.] E. Phillips.

Tri"thing (?), n. [See Ist Riding.] One of three ancient divisions of a county in England; — now called riding. [Written also riding.] Blackstone.

Tri*thi"on*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of trithionic acid.

Tri`thi*on"ic (?), a. [Pref. tri- + thionic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to, or designating, a certain thionic acid, H2S3O6 which is obtained as a colorless, odorless liquid.

Trit"ic*al (?), a. Trite. [Obs.] T. Warton. — Trit"ic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] — Trit"ic*al*ness, n. [Obs.]

Trit"i*cin (?), n. (Chem.) A carbohydrate isomeric with dextrin, obtained from quitch grass (Agropyrum, formerly Triticum, repens) as a white amorphous substance.

||Trit"i*cum (?), n. [L., perhaps fr. tritus, p. p. of terere to grind.] (Bot.) A genus of grasses including the various species of wheat.

||Tri"ton (?), n. [L., fr. Gr.&?;.] (Gr. Myth.) A fabled sea demigod, the son of Neptune and Amphitrite, and the trumpeter of Neptune. He is represented by poets and painters as having the upper part of his body like that of a man, and the lower part like that of a fish. He often has a trumpet made of a shell.

> Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea,
> Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.

Wordsworth.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of marine gastropods belonging to Triton and allied genera, having a stout spiral shell, often handsomely colored and ornamented with prominent varices. Some of the species are among the largest of all gastropods. Called also trumpet shell, and sea trumpet.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of aquatic salamanders. The common European species are Hemisalamandra cristata, Molge palmata, and M. alpestris, a red-bellied species common in Switzerland. The most common species of the United States is Diemyctylus viridescens. See Illust. under Salamander.

Tri"tone` (?), n. [Gr. tri`tonos of three tones; tri- tri- + to`nos a tone.] (Mus.) A superfluous or augmented fourth. [R.]

Tri*to"ri*um (?), n. [NL.] Same as Triturium.

||Tri*to"vum (?), n.; pl. Tritova (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; third + L. ovum egg.] (Zoöl.) An embryonic insect which has twice cast its skin previous to hatching from the egg.

Tri`to*zo"oid (?), n. [Gr. &?; third + &?; an animal.] (Zoöl.) A zooid of the third generation in asexual reproduction.

Trit"u*ra*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. triturable.] Capable of being triturated. Sir T. Browne.

Trit"u*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Triturated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Triturating.] [L. trituratus, p. p. of triturate to thrash (grain), fr. terere, tritum, to rub, rub to pieces. See Trite.] 1. To rub, grind, bruise, or thrash.

2. To rub or grind to a very fine or impalpable powder; to pulverize and comminute thoroughly.

Trit`u*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. trituration, L. trituratio a thrashing of grain.] The act of triturating, or reducing to a fine or impalpable powder by grinding, rubbing, bruising, etc. Paley.

Trit"ure (?), n. [L. tritura, from terere, tritum, to rub, rub to pieces.] A rubbing or grinding; trituration. [Obs.] Cheyne.

Tri*tu"ri*um (?), n. [NL.; cf. L. terere, tritum to rub.] A vessel for separating liquids of different densities. [Written also tritorium.]

Tri"tyl (?), n. [Gr. &?; third + -yl.] (Chem.) Propyl. [R.]

Tri"tyl*ene (?), n. (Chem.) Propylene. [R.]

Tri"umph (?), n. [L. triumphus, OL. triumpus; of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. &?; a procession in honor of Bacchus: cf. F. triomphe. Cf. Trump at cards.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A magnificent and imposing ceremonial performed in honor of a general who had gained a decisive victory over a foreign enemy.

The general was allowed to enter the city crowned with a wreath of laurel, bearing a scepter in one hand, and a branch of laurel in the other, riding in a circular chariot, of a peculiar form, drawn by four horses. He was preceded by the senate and magistrates, musicians, the spoils, the captives in fetters, etc., and followed by his army on foot in marching order. The procession advanced in this manner to the Capitoline Hill, where sacrifices were offered, and victorious commander entertained with a public feast.

2. Hence, any triumphal procession; a pompous exhibition; a stately show or pageant. [Obs.]

> Our daughter,
> In honor of whose birth these triumphs are,
> Sits here, like beauty's child.

Shak.

3. A state of joy or exultation for success.

> Great triumph and rejoicing was in heaven.

Milton.

> Hercules from Spain
> Arrived in triumph, from Geryon slain.

Dryden.

4. Success causing exultation; victory; conquest; as, the triumph of knowledge.

5. A trump card; also, an old game at cards. [Obs.]

Tri"umph, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Triumphed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Triumphing.] [L. triumphare: cf. F. triompher. See Triumph, n.] 1. To celebrate victory with pomp; to rejoice over success; to exult in an advantage gained; to exhibit exultation.

> How long shall the wicked triumph?

Ps. xciv. 3.

> Sorrow on thee and all the pack of you
> That triumph thus upon my misery!

Shak.

2. To obtain victory; to be successful; to prevail.

> Triumphing over death, and chance, and thee, O Time.

Milton.

> On this occasion, however, genius triumphed.

Macaulay.

3. To be prosperous; to flourish.

> Where commerce triumphed on the favoring gales.

Trumbull.

4. To play a trump card. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Tri"umph, v. t. To obtain a victory over; to prevail over; to conquer. Also, to cause to triumph. [Obs.]

> Two and thirty legions that awe
> All nations of the triumphed word.

Massinger.

Tri*um"phal (?), a. [L. triumphalis: cf. F. triomphal.] Of or pertaining to triumph; used in a triumph; indicating, or in honor of, a triumph or victory; as, a triumphal crown; a triumphal arch.

> Messiah his triumphal chariot turned.

Milton.

Tri*um"phal, n. A token of victory. [Obs.]

> Joyless triumphals of his hoped success.

Milton.

Tri*um"phant (?), a. [L. triumphans, p. pr. of triumphare: cf. F. triomphant. See Triumph, v. i.]

1. Rejoicing for victory; triumphing; exultant.

> Successful beyond hope to lead ye forth
> Triumphant out of this infernal pit.

Milton.

2. Celebrating victory; expressive of joy for success; as, a triumphant song or ode.

3. Graced with conquest; victorious.

> Athena, war's triumphant maid.

Pope.

> So shall it be in the church triumphant.

Perkins.

4. Of or pertaining to triumph; triumphal. [Obs.]

> Captives bound to a triumphant car.

Shak.

Church triumphant, the church in heaven, enjoying a state of triumph, her warfare with evil being over; — distinguished from church militant. See under Militant.

Tri*um"phant*ly, adv. In a triumphant manner.

Tri"umph*er (?), n. 1. (Rom. Antiq.) One who was honored with a triumph; a victor.

2. One who triumphs or rejoices for victory.

Tri"umph*ing, a. Having or celebrating a triumph; victorious; triumphant. — Tri"umph*ing*ly, adv.

||Tri*um"vir (?), n.; pl. L. Triumviri (#), E. Triumvirs (#). [L., fr. res, gen. trium, three + vir a man. See Three, and Virile.] (Rom. Antiq.) One of tree men united in public office or authority.

In later times the triumvirs of Rome were three men who jointly exercised sovereign power. Julius Cæsar, Crassus, and Pompey were the first triumvirs; Octavianus (Augustus), Antony, and Lepidus were the second and last.

Tri*um"vi*rate (?), n. [L. triumviratus: cf. F. triumvirat.] 1. Government by three in coalition or association; the term of such a government.

2. A coalition or association of three in office or authority; especially, the union of three men who obtained the government of the Roman empire.

Tri*um"vi*ry (?), n. A triumvirate. [Obs.] Shak.

Tri"une (?), a. [Pref. tri- + L. unus one. See One.] Being three in one; — an epithet used to express the unity of a trinity of persons in the Godhead.

||Tri*un"gu*lus (?), n.; pl. Triunguli (#). [NL. See Tri-, and Ungulate.] (Zoöl.) The active young larva of any oil beetle. It has feet armed with three claws, and is parasitic on bees. See Illust. of Oil beetle, under Oil.

Tri*u"ni*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being triune; trinity. Dr. H. More.

Triv"a*lence (?), n. (Chem.) The quality or state of being trivalent.

Triv"a*lent (?), a. [Pref. tri- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of three; capable of being combined with, substituted for, or compared with, three atoms of hydrogen; — said of triad atoms or radicals; thus, nitrogen is trivalent in ammonia.

Tri"valve (?), n. [Pref. tri- + valve.] Anything having three valves, especially a shell.

Tri*val"vu*lar (?), a. [Pref. tri- + valvular.] Having three valves; three-valved.

Triv"ant (?), n. A truant. [Obs.] Burton.

Tri*ver"bi*al (?), a. [Pref. tri- + L. verbum a word.] (Rom. Antiq.) Pertaining to, or designating, certain days allowed to the pretor for hearing causes, when be might speak the three characteristic words of his office, do, dico, addico. They were called dies fasti.

Triv"et (?), n. [Probably through French fr. L. tripes, -edis, three-footed; tri- (see Tri- )+ pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. trépied. See Foot, and cf. Tripod.] 1. A tree-legged stool, table, or other support; especially, a stand to hold a kettle or similar vessel near the fire; a tripod. [Written also trevet.]

2. A weaver's knife. See Trevat. Knight.

Trivet table, a table supported by three legs. Dryden.

Triv"i*al (?), a. [L. trivialis, properly, that is in, or belongs to, the crossroads or public streets; hence, that may be found everywhere, common, fr. trivium a place where three roads meet, a crossroad, the public street; tri- (see Tri-) + via a way: cf. F. trivial. See Voyage.] 1. Found anywhere; common. [Obs.]

2. Ordinary; commonplace; trifling; vulgar.

> As a scholar, meantime, he was trivial, and incapable of labor.

De Quincey.

3. Of little worth or importance; inconsiderable; trifling; petty; paltry; as, a trivial subject or affair.

> The trivial round, the common task.

Keble.

4. Of or pertaining to the trivium.

Trivial name (Nat. Hist.), the specific name.

Triv"i*al, n. One of the three liberal arts forming the trivium. [Obs.] Skelton. Wood.

Triv"i*al*ism (?), n. A trivial matter or method; a triviality. Carlyle.

Triv`i*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Trivialities (#). [Cf. F. trivialité] 1. The quality or state of being trivial; trivialness.

2. That which is trivial; a trifle.

> The philosophy of our times does not expend itself in furious discussions on mere scholastic trivialities.

Lyon Playfair.

Triv"i*al*ly (?), adv. In a trivial manner.

Triv"i*al*ness, n. Quality or state of being trivial.

||Triv"i*um (?), n. [LL. See Trivial.] 1. The three " liberal" arts, grammar, logic, and rhetoric; — being a triple way, as it were, to eloquence.

The trivium and quadrivium together made up the seven liberal arts. See Quadrivium.

2. (Zoöl.) The three anterior ambulacra of echinoderms, collectively.

Tri"week`ly (?), a. [Pref. tri- + weekly.] Occurring or appearing three times a week; thriceweekly; as, a triweekly newspaper. — adv. Three times a week. — n. A triweekly publication.

This is a convenient word, but is not legitimately formed. It should mean occurring once in three weeks, as triennial means once in three years. Cf. Biweekly.

Troad (?), n. See Trode. [Obs.]

Troat (?), v. i. [Either onomatopoetic, or akin to throat.] To cry, as a buck in rutting time.

Troat, n. The cry of a buck in rutting time.

Tro"car (?), n. [F. trocart (or trois-quarts, i. e., three quarters); trois three (L. tres) + carre the side of a sword blade; — so called from its triangular point.] (Surg.) A stylet, usually with a triangular point, used for exploring tissues or for inserting drainage tubes, as in dropsy. [Written also trochar.]

Tro*cha"ic (?), n. (Pros.) A trochaic verse or measure. Dryden.

{ Tro*cha"ic (?), Tro*cha"ic*al (?), } a. [L. trochaïcus, Gr. &?; or &?;. See Trochee.] (Pros.) Of or pertaining to trochees; consisting of trochees; as, trochaic measure or verse.

Tro"chal (?), a. [From Gr. &?; a wheel.] (Zoöl.) Resembling a wheel.

Trochal disk (Zoöl.), the cephalic disk of a rotifer. It is usually surrounded by a fringe of cilia.

||Tro*chan"ter (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. (Anat.) One of two processes near the head of the femur, the outer being called the great trochanter, and the inner the small trochanter.

2. (Zoöl.) The third joint of the leg of an insect, or the second when the trochantine is united with the coxa.

Tro`chan*ter"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to one or both of the trochanters.

Tro*chan"tine (?), n. (Zoöl.) The second joint of the leg of an insect, — often united with the coxa.

Tro"char (?), n. (Surg.) See Trocar.

Tro"che (tr"k), n. [Gr. trocho`s anything round or circular, a wheel, properly, a runner, fr. tre`chein to run. Cf. Trochee.] (Pharm.) A medicinal tablet or lozenge; strictly, one of circular form.

<! p. 1543 !>

Tro"chee (?), n. [L. trochaeus, Gr. &?; (sc.&?;), from &?; running, from &?; to run. Cf. Troche, Truck a wheel.] (Pros.) A foot of two syllables, the first long and the second short, as in the Latin word ante, or the first accented and the second unaccented, as in the English word motion; a choreus.

Tro"chil (?), n. [Cf. F. trochile. See Trochilus.] (Zoöl.) The crocodile bird.

> The crocodile . . . opens his chaps to let the trochil in to pick his teeth, which gives it the usual feeding.

Sir T. Herbert.

||Troch"i*li (?), n. pl. [NL. See Trochilus.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds comprising the humming birds.

Tro*chil"ic (?), a. [See Trochilics.] OF or pertaining to rotary motion; having power to draw out or turn round. "By art trochilic." Camden.

Tro*chil"ics (?), n. [Gr. &?; the sheaf of a pulley, roller of a windlass, from &?; to run.] The science of rotary motion, or of wheel work. Wilkins.

Tro*chil"i*dist (?), n. [See Trochilus.] One who studies, or is versed in, the nature and habits of humming birds, or the Trochilidæ. Gould.

||Troch"i*los (?), n. [NL. See Trochilus.] (Zoöl.) The crocodile bird, or trochil.

||Troch"i*lus (?), n.; pl. Trochili (#). [L. trochilus a kind of small bird. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to run.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A genus of humming birds. It Formerly included all the known species. (b) Any one of several species of wrens and kinglets. [Obs.] (c) The crocodile bird.

2. (Arch.) An annular molding whose section is concave, like the edge of a pulley; — called also scotia.

Tro"ching (?), n. [OF. troche cluster, group; cf. F. trochure a surantler, trochée branches of a seedling, trochet cluster of flowers or fruits.] (Zoöl.) One of the small branches of a stag's antler.

||Tro*chis"cus (?), n.; pl. Trochisci (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?; a small ball, dim. of &?; a wheel. See Troche.] (Pharm.) A kind of tablet or lozenge; a troche.

Tro"chisk (?), n. [Cf. F. trochisque.] See Trochiscus. [Obs.] Bacon.

Tro"chite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a wheel.] (Paleon.) A wheel-like joint of the stem of a fossil crinoid.

||Troch"le*a (?), n. [L., a case or sheaf containing one or more pulleys, Gr. &?;. See Trochilics.] 1. (Mach.) A pulley. [Obs.]

2. (Anat.) A pulley, or a structure resembling a pulley; as, the trochlea, or pulleylike end, of the humerus, which articulates with the ulna; or the trochlea, or fibrous ring, in the upper part of the orbit, through which the superior oblique, or trochlear, muscle of the eye passes.

Troch"le*ar (?), n. [L. trochlea block or pulley.] (Anat.) Shaped like, or resembling, a pulley; pertaining to, or connected with, a trochlea; as, a trochlear articular surface; the trochlear muscle of the eye.

Trochlear nerve. See Pathetic nerve, under Pathetic.

Troch"le*a*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or connected with, a trochlea; trochlear; as, the trochleary, or trochlear, nerve.

Tro"choid (?), n. [Gr. &?; a wheel + - oid; cf. F. trochoïde. See Troche.] (Geom.) The curve described by any point in a wheel rolling on a line; a cycloid; a roulette; in general, the curve described by any point fixedly connected with a moving curve while the moving curve rolls without slipping on a second fixed curve, the curves all being in one plane. Cycloids, epicycloids, hypocycloids, cardioids, etc., are all trochoids.

Tro"choid, a. 1. (Anat.) Admitting of rotation on an axis; — sometimes applied to a pivot joint like that between the atlas and axis in the vertebral column.

2. (Zoöl.) Top-shaped; having a flat base and conical spire; — said of certain shells.

3. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the genus Trochus or family Trochidæ.

Tro*choid"al (?), a. 1. (Geom.) Of or pertaining to a trochoid; having the properties of a trochoid.

2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) See Trochoid, a.

Tro*chom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; a wheel + -meter.] A contrivance for computing the revolutions of a wheel; an odometer.

Troch"o*sphere (?), n. [Gr. &?; a wheel + sphere.] (Zoöl.) A young larval form of many annelids, mollusks, and bryozoans, in which a circle of cilia is developed around the anterior end.

||Tro"chus (?), n.; pl. Trochi (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a wheel.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine univalve shells belonging to Trochus and many allied genera of the family Trochidæ. Some of the species are called also topshells.

Tro"co (?), n. An old English game; — called also lawn billiards.

Trod (?), imp. & p. p. of Tread.

Trod"den (?), p. p. of Tread.

Trode (?), archaic imp. of Tread.

> On burnished hooves his war-horse trode.

Tennyson.

Trode, n. [AS. trod, fr. tredan to tread. See Tread.] Tread; footing. [Written also troad.][Obs.] Spenser.

Trog"lo*dyte (?), n. [L. troglodytae, pl., Gr. &?; one who creeps into holes; &?; a hole, cavern (fr. &?; to gnaw) + &?; enter: cf. F. troglodyte.] 1. (Ethnol.) One of any savage race that dwells in caves, instead of constructing dwellings; a cave dweller. Most of the primitive races of man were troglodytes.

> In the troglodytes' country there is a lake, for the hurtful water it beareth called the "mad lake."

Holland.

2. (Zoöl.) An anthropoid ape, as the chimpanzee.

3. (Zoöl.) The wren.

||Trog`lo*dy"tes (?), n. [NL. See Troglodyte.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of apes including the chimpanzee.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of singing birds including the common wrens.

{ Trog`lo*dyt"ic (?), Trog`lo*dyt"ic*al (?), } a. [L. troglodyticus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to a troglodyte, or dweller in caves.

Tro"gon (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of beautiful tropical birds belonging to the family Trogonidæ. They are noted for the brilliant colors and the resplendent luster of their plumage.

Some of the species have a train of long brilliant feathers lying over the tail and consisting of the upper tail coverts. Unlike other birds having two toes directed forward and two backward, they have the inner toe turned backward. A few species are found in Africa and India, but the greater number, including the most brilliant species, are found in tropical America. See Illust. of Quesal.

Tro"gon*oid (?), a. [Trogon + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the trogons.

Trogue (?), n. [Cf. G. trog trough, E. trough.] (Mining) A wooden trough, forming a drain. Raymond.

Tro"ic (?), a. [L. Troicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;. See Trojan.] Pertaining to Troy; Trojan. Gladstone.

Tro"i*lite (?), n. [Named after Dominico Troili, an Italian of the 18th century.] (Min.) Native iron protosulphide, FeS. It is known only in meteoric irons, and is usually in imbedded nodular masses of a bronze color.

Tro"i*lus (?), n.; pl. L. Troili (#), E. Troiluses (#). [NL., fr. L. Troilus, Gr. &?;, the son of Priam.] (Zoöl.) A large, handsome American butterfly (Euphœades, or Papilio, troilus). It is black, with yellow marginal spots on the front wings, and blue spots on the rear wings.

Tro"jan (?), a. [L. Trojanus, fr. Troja, Troia, Troy, from Tros, Gr. Trw`s, Trwo`s, Tros, the mythical founder of Troy.] Of or pertaining to ancient Troy or its inhabitants. — n. A native or inhabitant of Troy.

Troll (?), n. [Icel. troll. Cf. Droll, Trull.] (Scand. Myth.) A supernatural being, often represented as of diminutive size, but sometimes as a giant, and fabled to inhabit caves, hills, and like places; a witch.

Troll flower. (Bot.) Same as Globeflower (a).

Troll (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trolled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trolling.] [OE. trollen to roll, F. trôler, Of. troller to drag about, to ramble; probably of Teutonic origin; cf. G. trollen to roll, ramble, sich trollen to be gone; or perhaps for trotler, fr. F. trotter to trot (cf. Trot.). Cf. Trawl.] 1. To move circularly or volubly; to roll; to turn.

> To dress and troll the tongue, and roll the eye.

Milton.

2. To send about; to circulate, as a vessel in drinking.

> Then doth she troll to the bowl.

Gammer Gurton's Needle.

> Troll the brown bowl.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To sing the parts of in succession, as of a round, a catch, and the like; also, to sing loudly or freely.

> Will you troll the catch ?

Shak.

> His sonnets charmed the attentive crowd,
> By wide-mouthed mortaltrolled aloud.

Hudibras.

4. To angle for with a trolling line, or with a book drawn along the surface of the water; hence, to allure.

5. To fish in; to seek to catch fish from.

> With patient angle trolls the finny deep.

Goldsmith.

Troll, v. i. 1. To roll; to run about; to move around; as, to troll in a coach and six.

2. To move rapidly; to wag. F. Beaumont.

3. To take part in trolling a song.

4. To fish with a rod whose line runs on a reel; also, to fish by drawing the hook through the water.

> Their young men . . . trolled along the brooks that abounded in fish.

Bancroft.

Troll, n. 1. The act of moving round; routine; repetition. Burke.

2. A song the parts of which are sung in succession; a catch; a round.

> Thence the catch and troll, while "Laughter, holding both his sides," sheds tears to song and ballad pathetic on the woes of married life.

Prof. Wilson.

3. A trolley.

Troll plate (Mach.), a rotative disk with spiral ribs or grooves, by which several pieces, as the jaws of a chuck, can be brought together or spread radially.

Troll"er (?), n. One who trolls.

{ Trol"ley, Trol"ly } (?), n. (a) A form of truck which can be tilted, for carrying railroad materials, or the like. [Eng.] (b) A narrow cart that is pushed by hand or drawn by an animal. [Eng.] (c) (Mach.) A truck from which the load is suspended in some kinds of cranes. (d) (Electric Railway) A truck which travels along the fixed conductors, and forms a means of connection between them and a railway car.

Troll"my*dames` (?), n. [F. trou- madame pigeon holes.] The game of nineholes. [Written also trolmydames.] [Obs.] Shak.

Trol"lop (?), n. [From Troll to roll, to stroll; but cf. also Trull.] A stroller; a loiterer; esp., an idle, untidy woman; a slattern; a slut; a whore.

Trol`lop*ee" (?), n. A kind of loose dress for women. [Obs.] Goldsmith.

Trom"bone (?), n. [It., aug. of tromba a trumpet: cf. F. trombone. See Trump a trumpet.] 1. (Mus.) A powerful brass instrument of the trumpet kind, thought by some to be the ancient sackbut, consisting of a tube in three parts, bent twice upon itself and ending in a bell. The middle part, bent double, slips into the outer parts, as in a telescope, so that by change of the vibrating length any tone within the compass of the instrument (which may be bass or tenor or alto or even, in rare instances, soprano) is commanded. It is the only member of the family of wind instruments whose scale, both diatonic and chromatic, is complete without the aid of keys or pistons, and which can slide from note to note as smoothly as the human voice or a violin. Softly blown, it has a rich and mellow sound, which becomes harsh and blatant when the tones are forced; used with discretion, its effect is often solemn and majestic.

2. (Zoöl.) The common European bittern.

Trom"mel (?), n. [Cf. G. trommel a drum.] (Mining) A revolving buddle or sieve for separating, or sizing, ores. Raymond.

Tromp (?), n. [F. trombe, trompe, a waterspout, a water-blowing machine. Cf. Trump a trumpet.] A blowing apparatus, in which air, drawn into the upper part of a vertical tube through side holes by a stream of water within, is carried down with the water into a box or chamber below which it is led to a furnace. [Written also trompe, and trombe.]

{ Tromp, Trompe }, n. [See Trump a trumpet.] A trumpet; a trump. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tromp"il (?), n. [OF. trompille, equiv. to F. trompette a trumpet.] An aperture in a tromp.

Tron (?), n. See 3d Trone, 2. [Obs. or Scott.]

Tro"na (?), n. [Of Egyptian or North African origin.] (Chem. & Min.) A native double salt, consisting of a combination of neutral and acid sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.2HNaCO3. 2H2O, occurring as a white crystalline fibrous deposit from certain soda brine springs and lakes; — called also urao, and by the ancients nitrum.

Tron"age (?), n. [From Trone a steelyard.] A toll or duty paid for weighing wool; also, the act of weighing wool. [Obs.] Nares.

Tro*na"tor (?), n. [LL. See Tronage.] An officer in London whose duty was to weigh wool. [Obs.]

Trone (?), n. A throne. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Trone, n. [Cf. Prov. F. trogne a belly.] A small drain. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

{ Trone (?), Trones (?), } n. [LL. trona, fr. L. trutina a balance; cf. Gr. &?;.] 1. A steelyard. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A form of weighing machine for heavy wares, consisting of two horizontal bars crossing each other, beaked at the extremities, and supported by a wooden pillar. It is now mostly disused. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Trone stone, a weight equivalent to nineteen and a half pounds. [Scot.] — Trone weight, a weight formerly used in Scotland, in which a pound varied from 21 to 28 ounces avoirdupois.

Troop (?), n. [F. troupe, OF. trope, trupe, LL. troppus; of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. þorp a hamlet, village, G. dorf a village, dial. G. dorf a meeting. Norw. torp a little farm, a crowd, E. thorp. Cf. Troupe.] 1. A collection of people; a company; a number; a multitude.

> That which should accompany old age —
> As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends —
> I must not look to have.

Shak.

2. Soldiers, collectively; an army; — now generally used in the plural.

> Farewell the plumed troop, and the big wars.

Shak.

> His troops moved to victory with the precision of machines.

Macaulay.

3. (Mil.) Specifically, a small body of cavalry, light horse, or dragoons, consisting usually of about sixty men, commanded by a captain; the unit of formation of cavalry, corresponding to the company in infantry. Formerly, also, a company of horse artillery; a battery.

4. A company of stageplayers; a troupe. W. Coxe.

5. (Mil.) A particular roll of the drum; a quick march.

Troop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trooping.] 1. To move in numbers; to come or gather in crowds or troops. "Armies . . . troop to their standard." Milton.

2. To march on; to go forward in haste.

> Nor do I, as an enemy to peace,
> Troop in the throngs of military men.

Shak.

Troop"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any troupial.

Troop"er, n. A soldier in a body of cavalry; a cavalryman; also, the horse of a cavalryman.

Troop"fowl` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American scaup duck. [Local, U. S.]

Troop"i*al (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Troupial.

Troop"meal` (?), adv. [Troop + - meal as in piecemeal.] By troops; in crowds. [Obs.]

> So, troopmeal, Troy pursued a while, laying on with swords and darts.

Chapman.

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Troop"ship` (?), n. A vessel built or fitted for the conveyance of troops; a transport. [Eng.]

Troost"ite (?), n. [So named after Dr. Gerard Troost, of Nashville, Tenn.] (Min.) Willemite.

Tro*pæ"o*lin (?), n. (Chem.) A name given to any one of a series of orange-red dyestuffs produced artificially from certain complex sulphonic acid derivatives of azo and diazo hydrocarbons of the aromatic series; — so called because of the general resemblance to the shades of nasturtium (Tropæolum).

Trope (?), n. [L. tropus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to turn. See Torture, and cf. Trophy, Tropic, Troubadour, Trover.] (Rhet.) (a) The use of a word or expression in a different sense from that which properly belongs to it; the use of a word or expression as changed from the original signification to another, for the sake of giving life or emphasis to an idea; a figure of speech. (b) The word or expression so used.

> In his frequent, long, and tedious speeches, it has been said that a trope never passed his lips.

Bancroft.

Tropes are chiefly of four kinds: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony. Some authors make figures the genus, of which trope is a species; others make them different things, defining trope to be a change of sense, and figure to be any ornament, except what becomes so by such change.

Tro*pe"ine (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of artificial ethereal salts derived from the alkaloidal base tropine.

||Tro"phi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a feeder, fr. &?; to feed.] (Zoöl.) The mouth parts of an insect, collectively, including the labrum, labium, maxillæ, mandibles, and lingua, with their appendages.

Troph"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; nursing. See Trophi.] (Physiol.) Of or connected with nutrition; nitritional; nourishing; as, the so-called trophic nerves, which have a direct influence on nutrition.

Tro"phied (?), a. Adorned with trophies.

> The trophied arches, storied halls, invade.

Pope.

Tro*pho"ni*an (?), a. [L. Trophonianus, fr. Trophonius, Gr. &?;, a Grecian architect, fabled to have been the builder of the first temple of Apollo at Delphi. He was worshiped after death, and had a celebrated oracle in a cave in Bœotia.] Of or pertaining to Trophonius, his architecture, or his cave and oracle.

Troph"o*some (?), n. [Gr. &?; a feeder + - some body.] (Zoöl.) The nutritive zooids of a hydroid, collectively, as distinguished from the gonosome, or reproductive zooids.

Troph"o*sperm (?), n. [Gr. &?; a feeder + &?; seed: cf. F. trophosperme. See Trophi.] (Bot.) The placenta.

Tro"phy (?), n.; pl. Trophies (#). [F. trophée (cf. It. & Sp. trofeo), L. tropaeum, trophaeum, Gr. &?;, strictly, a monument of the enemy's defeat, fr.&?; a turn, especially, a turning about of the enemy, a putting to flight or routing him, fr. &?; to turn. See Trope.] 1. (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) A sign or memorial of a victory raised on the field of battle, or, in case of a naval victory, on the nearest land. Sometimes trophies were erected in the chief city of the conquered people.

A trophy consisted originally of some of the armor, weapons, etc., of the defeated enemy fixed to the trunk of a tree or to a post erected on an elevated site, with an inscription, and a dedication to a divinity. The Romans often erected their trophies in the Capitol.

2. The representation of such a memorial, as on a medal; esp. (Arch.), an ornament representing a group of arms and military weapons, offensive and defensive.

3. Anything taken from an enemy and preserved as a memorial of victory, as arms, flags, standards, etc.

> Around the posts hung helmets, darts, and spears,
> And captive chariots, axes, shields, and bars,
> And broken beaks of ships, the trophies of their wars.

Dryden.

4. Any evidence or memorial of victory or conquest; as, every redeemed soul is a trophy of grace.

Trophy money, a duty paid formerly in England, annually, by housekeepers, toward providing harness, drums, colors, and the like, for the militia.

Trop"ic (?), a. [Atropine + -ic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from atropine and certain other alkaloids, as a white crystalline substance slightly soluble in water.

Trop"ic, n. [F. tropique, L. tropicus of or belonging to a turn, i. e., of the sun, Gr. &?; of the solstice, &?; (sc. &?;) the tropic or solstice, fr. &?; to turn. See Trope.] 1. (Astron.) One of the two small circles of the celestial sphere, situated on each side of the equator, at a distance of 23° 28, and parallel to it, which the sun just reaches at its greatest declination north or south, and from which it turns again toward the equator, the northern circle being called the Tropic of Cancer, and the southern the Tropic of Capricorn, from the names of the two signs at which they touch the ecliptic.

2. (Geog.) (a) One of the two parallels of terrestrial latitude corresponding to the celestial tropics, and called by the same names. (b) pl. The region lying between these parallels of latitude, or near them on either side.

> The brilliant flowers of the tropics bloom from the windows of the greenhouse and the saloon.

Bancroft.

Trop"ic, a. Of or pertaining to the tropics; tropical.

Tropic bird (Zoöl.), any one of three species of oceanic belonging to the genus Phaëthon, found chiefly in tropical seas. They are mostly white, and have two central tail feathers very long and slender. The yellow-billed tropic bird. Phaëthon flavirostris (called also boatswain), is found on the Atlantic coast of America, and is common at the Bermudas, where it breeds.

Trop"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. L. tropicus of turning, Gr. &?;. See Tropic, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the tropics; characteristic of, or incident to, the tropics; being within the tropics; as, tropical climate; tropical latitudes; tropical heat; tropical diseases.

2. [From Trope.] Rhetorically changed from its exact original sense; being of the nature of a trope; figurative; metaphorical. Jer. Taylor.

> The foundation of all parables is some analogy or similitude between the tropical or allusive part of the parable and the thing intended by it.

South.

Tropic month. See Lunar month, under Month. — Tropic year, the solar year; the period occupied by the sun in passing from one tropic or one equinox to the same again, having a mean length of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46.0 seconds, which is 20 minutes, 23.3 seconds shorter than the sidereal year, on account of the precession of the equinoxes.

Trop"ic*al*ly, adv. In a tropical manner; figuratively; metaphorically.

Trop"i*dine (?), n. [See Tropine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid, C8H13N, obtained by the chemical dehydration of tropine, as an oily liquid having a coninelike odor.

Tro*pil"i*dene (?), n. [See Tropine.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon obtained by the dry distillation of tropine with quicklime. It is regarded as being homologous with dipropargyl.

Tro"pine (?), n. [From Atropine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline alkaloid, C8H15NO, produced by decomposing atropine.

Trop"ist (?), n. [Cf. F. tropiste. See Trope.] One who deals in tropes; specifically, one who avoids the literal sense of the language of Scripture by explaining it as mere tropes and figures of speech.

{ Trop`o*log"ic (?), Trop`o*log"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. tropologique. See Tropology.] Characterized by tropes; varied by tropes; tropical. Burton. — Trop`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Tro*pol"o*gize (?), v. t. To use in a tropological sense, as a word; to make a trope of. [R.]

> If . . . Minerva be tropologized into prudence.

Cudworth.

Tro*pol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; a trope + &?; discourse: cf. F. tropologie.] A rhetorical mode of speech, including tropes, or changes from the original import of the word. Sir T. Browne.

Tros"sers (?), n. pl. Trousers. [Obs.] Shak.

Trot (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Trotting.] [OE. trotten, OF. troter, F. trotter; probably of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. tread; cf. OHG. trott&?;n to tread. See Tread.] 1. To proceed by a certain gait peculiar to quadrupeds; to ride or drive at a trot. See Trot, n.

2. Fig.: To run; to jog; to hurry.

> He that rises late must trot all day, and will scarcely overtake his business at night.

Franklin.

Trot, v. t. To cause to move, as a horse or other animal, in the pace called a trot; to cause to run without galloping or cantering.

To trot out, to lead or bring out, as a horse, to show his paces; hence, to bring forward, as for exhibition. [Slang.]

Trot, n. [F. See Trot, v. i.] 1. The pace of a horse or other quadruped, more rapid than a walk, but of various degrees of swiftness, in which one fore foot and the hind foot of the opposite side are lifted at the same time. "The limbs move diagonally in pairs in the trot." Stillman (The Horse in Motion).

2. Fig.: A jogging pace, as of a person hurrying.

3. One who trots; a child; a woman.

> An old trot with ne'er a tooth.

Shak.

Troth (?), n. [A variant of truth. See Truth.] 1. Belief; faith; fidelity.

> Bid her alight
> And hertroth plight.

Shak.

2. Truth; verity; veracity; as, by my troth. Shak.

> In troth, thou art able to instruct gray hairs.

Addison.

3. Betrothal.

Troth"less, a. Faitless; false; treacherous.

> Thrall to the faithless waves and trothless sky.

Fairfax.

Troth"plight` (?), v. t. To betroth. [Obs.]

Troth"plight`, a. Betrothed; espoused; affianced. [Obs.] Shak.

Troth"plight`, n. The act of betrothing, or plighting faith; betrothing. [Obs.] Shak.

Troth"plight`ed, a. Having fidelity pledged.

Trot"ter (?), n. 1. One that trots; especially, a horse trained to be driven in trotting matches.

2. The foot of an animal, especially that of a sheep; also, humorously, the human foot.

Trot"toir (?), n. [F., from trotter to trot. See Trot.] Footpath; pavement; sidewalk.

> Headless bodies trailed along the trottoirs.

Froude.

Trou"ba*dour` (?), n. [F. troubadour, fr. Pr. trobador, (assumed) LL. tropator a singer, tropare to sing, fr. tropus a kind of singing, a melody, song, L. tropus a trope, a song, Gr. &?; a turn, way, manner, particular mode in music, a trope. See Trope, and cf. Trouv&?;re.] One of a school of poets who flourished from the eleventh to the thirteenth century, principally in Provence, in the south of France, and also in the north of Italy. They invented, and especially cultivated, a kind of lyrical poetry characterized by intricacy of meter and rhyme, and usually of a romantic, amatory strain.

Trou"bla*ble (?), a. Causing trouble; troublesome. [Obs.] "troublable ire." Chaucer.

Trou"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Troubled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Troubling.] [F. troubler, OF. trobler, trubler, tourbler,fr. (assumed) LL. turbulare, L. turbare to disorderly group, a little crowd; both from turba a disorder, tumult, crowd; akin to Gr. &?;, and perhaps to E. thorp; cf. Skr. tvar, tur,o hasten. Cf. Turbid.] 1. To put into confused motion; to disturb; to agitate.

> An angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water.

John v. 4.

> God looking forth will trouble all his host.

Milton.

2. To disturb; to perplex; to afflict; to distress; to grieve; to fret; to annoy; to vex.

> Now is my soul troubled.

John xii. 27.

> Take the boy to you; he so troubles me
> 'T is past enduring.

Shak.

> Never trouble yourself about those faults which age will cure.

Locke.

3. To give occasion for labor to; — used in polite phraseology; as, I will not trouble you to deliver the letter.

Syn. — To disturb; perplex; afflict; distress; grieve; harass; annoy; tease; vex; molest.

Trou"ble (?), a. Troubled; dark; gloomy. [Obs.] "With full trouble cheer." Chaucer.

Trou"ble, n. [F. trouble, OF. troble, truble. See Trouble, v. t.] 1. The state of being troubled; disturbance; agitation; uneasiness; vexation; calamity.

> Lest the fiend . . . some new trouble raise.

Milton.

> Foul whisperings are abroad; unnatural deeds
> Do breed unnatural troubles.

Shak.

2. That which gives disturbance, annoyance, or vexation; that which afflicts.

3. (Mining) A fault or interruption in a stratum.

To get into trouble, to get into difficulty or danger. [Colloq.] — To take the trouble, to be at the pains; to exert one's self; to give one's self inconvenience.

> She never took the trouble to close them.

Bryant.

Syn. — Affliction; disturbance; perplexity; annoyance; molestation; vexation; inconvenience; calamity; misfortune; adversity; embarrassment; anxiety; sorrow; misery.

Trou"bler (?), n. One who troubles or disturbs; one who afflicts or molests; a disturber; as, a troubler of the peace.

> The rich troublers of the world's repose.

Waller.

Trou"ble*some (?), a. Giving trouble or anxiety; vexatious; burdensome; wearisome.

> This troublesome world.

Book of Common Prayer.

> These troublesome disguises that we wear.

Milton.

> My mother will never be troublesome to me.

Pope.

Syn. — Uneasy; vexatious; perplexing; harassing; annoying; disgusting; irksome; afflictive; burdensome; tiresome; wearisome; importunate.

— Trou"ble*some*ly, adv. — Trou"ble*some*ness, n.

Trou"blous (?), a. Full of trouble; causing trouble. "In doubtful time of troublous need." Byron.

> A tall ship tossed in troublous seas.

Spenser.

||Trou"-de-loup" (?), n.; pl. Trous-de-loup (&?;). [F. trou hole + de of + loup wolf.] (Mil.) A pit in the form of an inverted cone or pyramid, constructed as an obstacle to the approach of an enemy, and having a pointed stake in the middle. The pits are called also trapholes.

Trough (?), n. [OE. trough, trogh, AS. trog, troh; akin to D., G., & Icel. trog, Sw. tråg, Dan. trug; probably originally meaning, made of wood, and akin to E. tree. &?; & 241. See Tree, and cf. Trug.] 1. A long, hollow vessel, generally for holding water or other liquid, especially one formed by excavating a log longitudinally on one side; a long tray; also, a wooden channel for conveying water, as to a mill wheel.

2. Any channel, receptacle, or depression, of a long and narrow shape; as, trough between two ridges, etc.

Trough gutter (Arch.), a rectangular or V- shaped gutter, usually hung below the eaves of a house. — Trough of the sea, the depression between two waves.

Trough"-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any bivalve shell of the genus Mactra. See Mactra.

Troul (?), v. t. & i. See Troll.

Trounce (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trounced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trouncing (?).] [F. tronce, tronche, a stump, piece of wood. See Truncheon.] To punish or beat severely; to whip smartly; to flog; to castigate. [Colloq.]

||Troupe (?), n. [F., troop. See Troop.] A company or troop, especially the company pf performers in a play or an opera.

Troup"i*al (?), n. [F. troupiale.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of bright-colored American birds belonging to Icterus and allied genera, especially Icterus icterus, a native of the West Indies and South America. Many of the species are called orioles in America. [Written also troopial.]

Trouse (?), n. Trousers. [Obs.] Spenser.

Trou"ser*ing (?), n. Cloth or material for making trousers.

Trou"sers (?), n. pl. [OF. trousses breeches worn by pages, from trousse, trosse, a bundle, a truss. See Truss, and cf. Trossers, Trouse.] A garment worn by men and boys, extending from the waist to the knee or to the ankle, and covering each leg separately.

||Trous`seau" (tr`s"), n. [F., fr. OF. trossel, dim. of trousse a bundle, truss. See Truss.] The collective lighter equipments or outfit of a bride, including clothes, jewelry, and the like; especially, that which is provided for her by her family.

Trout (trout), n. [AS. truht, L. tructa, tructus; akin to Gr. trw`kths a sea fish with sharp teeth, fr. trw`gein to gnaw.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of fishes belonging to Salmo, Salvelinus, and allied genera of the family Salmonidæ. They are highly esteemed as game fishes and for the quality of their flesh. All the species breed in fresh water, but after spawning many of them descend to the sea if they have an opportunity.

<! p. 1545 !>

The most important European species are the river, or brown, trout (Salmo fario), the salmon trout, and the sewen. The most important American species are the brook, speckled, or red-spotted, trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) of the Northern United States and Canada; the red-spotted trout, or Dolly Varden (see Malma); the lake trout (see Namaycush); the black-spotted, mountain, or silver, trout (Salmo purpuratus); the golden, or rainbow, trout (see under Rainbow); the blueback trout (see Oquassa); and the salmon trout (see under Salmon.) The European trout has been introduced into America.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of marine fishes more or less resembling a trout in appearance or habits, but not belonging to the same family, especially the California rock trouts, the common squeteague, and the southern, or spotted, squeteague; — called also salt-water trout, sea trout, shad trout, and gray trout. See Squeteague, and Rock trout under Rock.

Trout perch (Zoöl.), a small fresh- water American fish (Percopsis guttatus), allied to the trout, but resembling a perch in its scales and mouth.

Trout"bird` (trout"brd`), n. (Zoöl.) The American golden plover. [Local, U. S.]

Trout"-col`ored (-kl`rd), a. White, with spots of black, bay, or sorrel; as, a trout-colored horse.

Trout"let (-lt), n. A little trout; a troutling. Hood.

Trout"ling (-lng), n. A little trout; a troutlet.

{ ||Trou`vère" (?), ||Trou`veur" (?), } n. [F. trouveur, trouvère. See Troubadour.] One of a school of poets who flourished in Northern France from the eleventh to the fourteenth century.

Tro"ver (tr"vr), n. [OF. trover, truver, to find, F. trouver; probably originally, to invent or compose (melodies), fr. (assumed) LL. tropare. See Troubadour, Trope, and cf. Contrive, Reirieve, Trouveur.] (Law) (a) The gaining possession of any goods, whether by finding or by other means. (b) An action to recover damages against one who found goods, and would not deliver them to the owner on demand; an action which lies in any case to recover the value of goods wrongfully converted by another to his own use. In this case the finding, though alleged, is an immaterial fact; the injury lies in the conversion.

Trow (?), n. A boat with an open well amidships. It is used in spearing fish. Knight.

Trow (?), v. i. & t. [OE. trowen, AS. treówan to trust, believe, fr. treów trust, treówe true, faithful. See True.] To believe; to trust; to think or suppose. [Archaic]

> So that ye trow in Christ, and you baptize.

Chaucer.

> A better priest, I trow, there nowhere none is.

Chaucer.

> It never yet was worn, I trow.

Tennyson.

I trow, or trow alone, was formerly sometimes added to questions to express contemptuous or indignant surprise.

> What tempest, I trow, threw this whale . . . ashore?

Shak.

> What is the matter, trow?

Shak.

Trow"el (?), n. [OE. truel, OF. truele, F. truelle, LL. truella, L. trulla, dim. of trua a ladle; probably akin to Gr. &?; a stirrer, ladle, G. quirl a stirrer, MHG. twirel, OHG. dwiril, Icel. þvara, AS. þwiril. Cf. Twirl.] 1. A mason's tool, used in spreading and dressing mortar, and breaking bricks to shape them.

2. A gardener's tool, somewhat like a scoop, used in taking up plants, stirring the earth, etc.

3. (Founding) A tool used for smoothing a mold.

Trowel bayonet. See Spade bayonet, under Spade. — Fish trowel. See Fish slice, under Fish.

Trow"eled (?). Formed with a trowel; smoothed with a trowel; as, troweled stucco, that is, stucco laid on and ready for the reception of paint. [Written also trowelled.]

Trow"el*ful (?), n.; pl. Trowelfuls (&?;). As much as a trowel will hold; enough to fill a trowel.

Trowl (?), n. See Troll.

Trowsed (?), a. Wearing trousers. [Obs.]

Trow"sers (?), n. pl. Same as Trousers.

Troy (?), n. Troy weight.

Troy weight, the weight which gold and silver, jewels, and the like, are weighed. It was so named from Troyes, in France, where it was first adopted in Europe. The troy ounce is supposed to have been brought from Cairo during the crusades. In this weight the pound is divided into 12 ounces, the ounce into 20 pennyweights, and the pennyweight into 24 grains; hence, the troy ounce contains 480 grains, and the troy pound contains 5760 grains. The avoirdupois pound contains 7000 troy grains; so that 175 pounds troy equal 144 pounds avoirdupois, or 1 pound troy = 0.82286 of a pound avoirdupois, and 1 ounce troy = 1 or 1.09714 ounce avoirdupois. Troy weight when divided, the pound into 12 ounces, the ounce into 8 drams, the dram into 3 scruples, and the scruple into 20 grains, is called apothecaries' weight, used in weighing medicines, etc. In the standard weights of the United States, the troy ounce is divided decimally down to the part.

Troy"ounce (?), n. See Troy ounce, under Troy weight, above, and under Ounce.

Tru"age (?), n. [Cf. OF. truage a tax. See True.] 1. A pledge of truth or peace made on payment of a tax. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

2. A tax or impost; tribute. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester.

Tru"an*cy (?), n. The act of playing truant, or the state of being truant; as, addicted to truancy.

Tru"and (-and), n. & a. See Truant. [Obs.]

Tru"ant, n. [F. truand, OF. truant, a vagrant, beggar; of Celtic origin; cf. W. tru, truan, wretched, miserable, truan a wretch, Ir. trogha miserable, Gael. truaghan a poor, distressed, or wretched creature, truagh wretched.] One who stays away from business or any duty; especially, one who stays out of school without leave; an idler; a loiterer; a shirk. Dryden.

> I have a truant been to chivalry.

Shak.

To play truant, to stray away; to loiter; especially, to stay out of school without leave. Sir T. Browne

Tru"ant, a. Wandering from business or duty; loitering; idle, and shirking duty; as, a truant boy.

> While truant Jove, in infant pride,
> Played barefoot on Olympus' side.

Trumbull.

Tru"ant, v. i. [Cf. F. truander.] To idle away time; to loiter, or wander; to play the truant. Shak.

> By this means they lost their time and truanted on the fundamental grounds of saving knowledge.

Lowell.

Tru"ant, v. t. To idle away; to waste. [R.]

> I dare not be the author
> Of truanting the time.

Ford.

Tru"ant*ly, adv. Like a truant; in idleness.

Tru"ant*ship, n. The conduct of a truant; neglect of employment; idleness; truancy. Ascham.

Trub (?), n. [Cf. Truffle.] A truffle. [Obs.]

Trub"tall` (?), n. [Prov. E. trub slut; cf. Sw. trubbig stumpy.] A short, squat woman. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Tru*bu" (?), n. (Zoöl.) An East India herring (Clupea toli) which is extensively caught for the sake of its roe and for its flesh.

Truce (?), n. [OE. trewes, triwes, treowes, pl. of trewe a truce, properly, pledge of fidelity, truth, AS. treów fidelity, faith, troth. See True.] 1. (Mil.) A suspension of arms by agreement of the commanders of opposing forces; a temporary cessation of hostilities, for negotiation or other purpose; an armistice.

2. Hence, intermission of action, pain, or contest; temporary cessation; short quiet.

> Where he may likeliest find
> Truce to his restless thoughts.

Milton.

Flag of truce (Mil.), a white flag carried or exhibited by one of the hostile parties, during the flying of which hostilities are suspended. — Truce of God, a suspension of arms promulgated by the church, which occasionally took place in the Middle Ages, putting a stop to private hostilities at or within certain periods.

Truce"break`er (?), n. One who violates a truce, covenant, or engagement.

Truce"less, a. Without a truce; unforbearing.

> Two minds in one, and each a truceless guest.

H. Brooke.

Truch"man (?), n. [Cf. F. trucheman. See Dragoman.] An interpreter. See Dragoman. [Obs.]

> And after, by the tongue,
> Her truchman, she reports the mind's each throw.

B. Jonson.

Tru`ci*da"tion (?), n. [L. trucidatio, fr. trucidare to slaughter.] The act of killing. [Obs.]

Truck (?), n. [L. trochus an iron hoop, Gr. &?; a wheel, fr. &?; to run. See Trochee, and cf. Truckle, v. i.] 1. A small wheel, as of a vehicle; specifically (Ord.), a small strong wheel, as of wood or iron, for a gun carriage.

2. A low, wheeled vehicle or barrow for carrying goods, stone, and other heavy articles.

> Goods were conveyed about the town almost exclusively in trucks drawn by dogs.

Macaulay.

3. (Railroad Mach.) A swiveling carriage, consisting of a frame with one or more pairs of wheels and the necessary boxes, springs, etc., to carry and guide one end of a locomotive or a car; — sometimes called bogie in England. Trucks usually have four or six wheels.

4. (Naut.) (a) A small wooden cap at the summit of a flagstaff or a masthead, having holes in it for reeving halyards through. (b) A small piece of wood, usually cylindrical or disk-shaped, used for various purposes.

5. A freight car. [Eng.]

6. A frame on low wheels or rollers; — used for various purposes, as for a movable support for heavy bodies.

Truck, v. t. To transport on a truck or trucks.

Truck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trucked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. trucking.] [OE. trukken,F. troquer; akin to Sp. & Pg. trocar; of uncertain origin.] To exchange; to give in exchange; to barter; as, to truck knives for gold dust.

> We will begin by supposing the international trade to be in form, what it always is in reality, an actual trucking of one commodity against another.

J. S. Mill.

Truck, v. i. To exchange commodities; to barter; to trade; to deal.

> A master of a ship, who deceived them under color of trucking with them.

Palfrey.

> Despotism itself is obliged to truck and huckster.

Burke.

> To truck and higgle for a private good.

Emerson.

Truck (?), n. [Cf. F. troc.] 1. Exchange of commodities; barter. Hakluyt.

2. Commodities appropriate for barter, or for small trade; small commodities; esp., in the United States, garden vegetables raised for the market. [Colloq.]

3. The practice of paying wages in goods instead of money; — called also truck system.

Garden truck, vegetables raised for market. [Colloq.] [U. S.] — Truck farming, raising vegetables for market: market gardening. [Colloq. U. S.]

Truck"age (?), n. The practice of bartering goods; exchange; barter; truck.

> The truckage of perishing coin.

Milton.

Truck"age, n. Money paid for the conveyance of goods on a truck; freight.

Truck"er (?), n. One who trucks; a trafficker.

> No man having ever yet driven a saving bargain with this great trucker for souls.

South.

Truck"ing, n. The business of conveying goods on trucks.

Truc"kle (?), n. [Dim. of truck a wheel; or from the kindred L. trochlea a block, sheaf containing one or more pulleys. See Truck a wheel.] A small wheel or caster. Hudibras.

Truc"kle, v. i. [From truckle in truckle-bed, in allusion to the fact that the truckle-bed on which the pupil slept was rolled under the large bed of the master.] To yield or bend obsequiously to the will of another; to submit; to creep. "Small, trucking states." Burke.

> Religion itself is forced to truckle to worldly poliey.

Norris.

Truc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Truckled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Truckling (?).] To roll or move upon truckles, or casters; to trundle.

Truc"kle-bed` (?), n. A low bed on wheels, that may be pushed under another bed; a trundle-bed. "His standing bed and truckle-bed." Shak.

Truc"kler (?), n. One who truckles, or yields servilely to the will of another.

Truck"man (?), n.; pl. Truckmen (#). 1. [From Truck barter.] One who does business in the way of barter or exchange.

2. [From Truck a carriage.] One who drives a truck, or whose business is the conveyance of goods on trucks.

{ Tru"cu*lence (?), Tru"cu*len*cy (?), } n. [L. truculentia.] The quality or state of being truculent; savageness of manners; ferociousness.

Tru"cu*lent (?), a. [L. truculentus, fr. trux, gen. trucis, wild, fierce: cf. F. truculent.] 1. Fierce; savage; ferocious; barbarous; as, the truculent inhabitants of Scythia. Ray.

2. Cruel; destructive; ruthless.

> More or less truculent plagues.

Harvey.

Tru"cu*lent*ly, adv. In a truculent manner.

Trudge (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trudged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trudging.] [Perhaps of Scand. origin, and originally meaning, to walk on snowshoes; cf. dial. Sw. truga, trudja, a snowshoe, Norw. truga, Icel. þrga.] To walk or march with labor; to jog along; to move wearily.

> And trudged to Rome upon my naked feet.

Dryden.

Trudge"man (?), n. A truchman. [Obs.]

True (?), a. [Compar. Truer (?); superl. Truest.] [OE. trewe, AS. treówe faithful, true, from treów fidelity, faith, troth; akin to OFries. triuwe, adj., treuwa, n., OS. triuwi, adj., trewa, n., D. trouw, adj. & n., G. treu, adj., treue, n., OHG. gitriuwi, adj., triuwa, n., Icel. tryggr, adj., Dan. tro, adj. & n., Sw. trogen, adj., tro, n., Goth. triggws, adj., triggwa, n., trauan to trust, OPruss druwis faith. Cf. Trow, Trust, Truth.]

1. Conformable to fact; in accordance with the actual state of things; correct; not false, erroneous, inaccurate, or the like; as, a true relation or narration; a true history; a declaration is true when it states the facts.

2. Right to precision; conformable to a rule or pattern; exact; accurate; as, a true copy; a true likeness of the original.

> Making his eye, foot, and hand keep true time.

Sir W. Scott.

3. Steady in adhering to friends, to promises, to a prince, or the like; unwavering; faithful; loyal; not false, fickle, or perfidious; as, a true friend; a wife true to her husband; an officer true to his charge.

> Thy so true,
> So faithful, love unequaled.

Milton.

> Dare to be true: nothing can need a lie.

Herbert.

4. Actual; not counterfeit, adulterated, or pretended; genuine; pure; real; as, true balsam; true love of country; a true Christian.

> The true light which lighteth every man that cometh into the world.

John i. 9.

> True ease in writing comes from art, not chance.

Pope.

True is sometimes used elliptically for It is true.

Out of true, varying from correct mechanical form, alignment, adjustment, etc.; — said of a wall that is not perpendicular, of a wheel whose circumference is not in the same plane, and the like. [Colloq.] — A true bill (Law), a bill of indictment which is returned by the grand jury so indorsed, signifying that the charges to be true. — True time. See under Time.

True, adv. In accordance with truth; truly. Shak.

True"-blue` (?), a. Of inflexible honesty and fidelity; — a term derived from the true, or Coventry, blue, formerly celebrated for its unchanging color. See True blue, under Blue.

True"-blue`, n. A person of inflexible integrity or fidelity.

True"-born` (?), a. Of genuine birth; having a right by birth to any title; as, a true-born Englishman.

True"-bred` (?), a. 1. Of a genuine or right breed; as, a true-bred beast. Shak.

2. Being of real breeding or education; as, a true-bred gentleman.

True"-heart`ed (?), a. Of a faithful heart; honest; sincere; not faithless or deceitful; as, a truhearted friend. — True"-heart`ed*ness, n.

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True"love` (?), n. 1. One really beloved.

2. (Bot.) A plant. See Paris.

3. An unexplained word occurring in Chaucer, meaning, perhaps, an aromatic sweetmeat for sweetening the breath. T. R. Lounsbury.

> Under his tongue a truelove he bore.

Chaucer.

Truelove knot, a complicated, involved knot that does not readily untie; the emblem of interwoven affection or engagement; - - called also true-lover's knot.

True"ness, n. The quality of being true; reality; genuineness; faithfulness; sincerity; exactness; truth.

True"-pen`ny (?), n. An honest fellow. Shak. Bacon.

Truf"fle (?; 277), n. [OF. trufle, F. truffe; akin to Sp. trufa, tartufo; of uncertain origin; perhaps from L. tuber a tumor, knob, truffle. Cf. Tuber, Trifle.] Any one of several kinds of roundish, subterranean fungi, usually of a blackish color. The French truffle (Tuber melanosporum) and the English truffle (T. æstivum) are much esteemed as articles of food.

Truffle worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a fly of the genus Leiodes, injurious to truffles.

Truf"fled (?), a. Provided or cooked with truffles; stuffed with truffles; as, a truffled turkey.

Trug (?), n. [Cf. Trough.] 1. A trough, or tray. Specifically: (a) A hod for mortar. (b) An old measure of wheat equal to two thirds of a bushel. Bailey.

2. A concubine; a harlot. [Obs.] Taylor (1630).

Trug"ging-house` (?), n. [See Trug, n., 2.] A brothel. [Obs.] Robert Greene.

Tru"ism (?), n. [From True.] An undoubted or self-evident truth; a statement which is pliantly true; a proposition needing no proof or argument; — opposed to falsism.

> Trifling truisms clothed in great, swelling words.

J. P. Smith.

Tru`is*mat"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to truisms; consisting of truisms. [R.]

Trull (?), n. [G. trolle, trulle; cf. OD. drol a jester, Dan. trold an elf, imp, Sw. troll a goblin, Icel. troll, tröll, a giant, fiend, demon. Cf. Droll, Troll.] 1. A drab; a strumpet; a harlot; a trollop. Shak.

2. A girl; a wench; a lass. [Obs.]

Trul`li*za"tion (?), n. [L. trullissatio, from trullissare to trowel, to plaster, fr. trulla a trowel.] The act of laying on coats of plaster with a trowel.

Tru"ly (?), adv. [From True.] 1. In a true manner; according to truth; in agreement with fact; as, to state things truly; the facts are truly represented.

> I can not truly say how I came here.

Shak.

2. Exactly; justly; precisely; accurately; as, to estimate truly the weight of evidence.

3. Sincerely; honestly; really; faithfully; as, to be truly attached to a lover; the citizens are truly loyal to their prince or their country. Burke.

4. Conformably to law; legally; legitimately.

> His innocent babe [is] truly begotten.

Shak.

5. In fact; in deed; in reality; in truth.

> Beauty is excelled by manly grace
> And wisdom, which alone is truly fair.

Milton.

Trump (?), n. [OE. trumpe, trompe, F. trompe; probably fr. L. triumphare to triumph, to exult, hence, probably, to make a joyous sound or noise. See Triumph, v. i. & n., and cf. Trombone, Tromp, Trump at cards, Trumpery, Trumpet, Trunk a proboscis.] A wind instrument of music; a trumpet, or sound of a trumpet; — used chiefly in Scripture and poetry.

> We shall all be changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump.

1 Cor. xv. 51, 52.

> The wakeful trump of doom.

Milton.

Trump, v. i. [Cf. OF. tromper. See Trump a trumpet.] To blow a trumpet. [Obs.] Wyclif (Matt. vi. 2).

Trump, n. [A corruption of triumph, F. triomphe. See Triumph, and cf. Trump a trumpet.] 1. A winning card; one of a particular suit (usually determined by chance for each deal) any card of which takes any card of the other suits.

2. An old game with cards, nearly the same as whist; — called also ruff. Decker.

3. A good fellow; an excellent person. [Slang]

> Alfred is a trump, I think you say.

Thackeray.

To put to one's trumps, or To put on one's trumps, to force to the last expedient, or to the utmost exertion.

> But when kings come so low as to fawn upon philosophy, which before they neither valued nor understood, it is a sign that fails not, they are then put to their last trump.

Milton.

> Put the housekeeper to her trumps to accommodate them.

W. Irving.

Trump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Trumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trumping.] To play a trump card when one of another suit has been led.

Trump, v. t. To play a trump card upon; to take with a trump card; as, she trumped the first trick.

Trump, v. t. [F. tromper to deceive, in OF., to blow a trumpet, se tromper de to mock. See Trump a trumpet.] 1. To trick, or impose on; to deceive. [Obs.] "To trick or trump mankind." B. Jonson.

2. To impose unfairly; to palm off.

> Authors have been trumped upon us.

C. Leslie.

To trump up, to devise; to collect with unfairness; to fabricate; as, to trump up a charge.

Trump"er*y (?), n. [F. tromperie deceit, fr. tromper to deceive. See Trump to trick.] 1. Deceit; fraud. [Obs.] Grenewey.

2. Something serving to deceive by false show or pretense; falsehood; deceit; worthless but showy matter; hence, things worn out and of no value; rubbish.

> The trumpery in my house, go bring it hither,
> for state to catch these thieves.

Shak.

> Upon the coming of Christ, very much, though not all, of this idolatrous trumpery and superstition was driven out of the world.

South.

Trump"er*y, a. Worthless or deceptive in character. "A trumpery little ring." Thackeray.

Trump"et (?), n. [F. trompette, dim. of trompe. See Trump a trumpet.] 1. (Mus.) A wind instrument of great antiquity, much used in war and military exercises, and of great value in the orchestra. In consists of a long metallic tube, curved (once or twice) into a convenient shape, and ending in a bell. Its scale in the lower octaves is limited to the first natural harmonics; but there are modern trumpets capable, by means of valves or pistons, of producing every tone within their compass, although at the expense of the true ringing quality of tone.

> The trumpet's loud clangor
> Excites us to arms.

Dryden.

2. (Mil.) A trumpeter. Clarendon.

3. One who praises, or propagates praise, or is the instrument of propagating it. Shak.

> That great politician was pleased to have the greatest wit of those times . . . to be the trumpet of his praises.

Dryden.

4. (Mach) A funnel, or short, fiaring pipe, used as a guide or conductor, as for yarn in a knitting machine.

Ear trumpet. See under Ear. — Sea trumpet (Bot.), a great seaweed (Ecklonia buccinalis) of the Southern Ocean. It has a long, hollow stem, enlarging upwards, which may be made into a kind of trumpet, and is used for many purposes. — Speaking trumpet, an instrument for conveying articulate sounds with increased force. — Trumpet animalcule (Zoöl.), any infusorian belonging to Stentor and allied genera, in which the body is trumpet-shaped. See Stentor. — Trumpet ash (Bot.), the trumpet creeper. [Eng.] — Trumpet conch (Zoöl.), a trumpet shell, or triton. - - Trumpet creeper (Bot.), an American climbing plant (Tecoma radicans) bearing clusters of large red trumpet-shaped flowers; — called also trumpet flower, and in England trumpet ash. — Trumpet fish. (Zoöl.) (a) The bellows fish. (b) The fistularia. — Trumpet flower. (Bot.) (a) The trumpet creeper; also, its blossom. (b) The trumpet honeysuckle. (c) A West Indian name for several plants with trumpet-shaped flowers. — Trumpet fly (Zoöl.), a botfly. — Trumpet honeysuckle (Bot.), a twining plant (Lonicera sempervirens) with red and yellow trumpet-shaped flowers; — called also trumpet flower. — Trumpet leaf (Bot.), a name of several plants of the genus Sarracenia. — Trumpet major (Mil.), the chief trumpeter of a band or regiment. — Trumpet marine (Mus.), a monochord, having a thick string, sounded with a bow, and stopped with the thumb so as to produce the harmonic tones; — said to be the oldest bowed instrument known, and in form the archetype of all others. It probably owes its name to "its external resemblance to the large speaking trumpet used on board Italian vessels, which is of the same length and tapering shape." Grove. — Trumpet shell (Zoöl.), any species of large marine univalve shells belonging to Triton and allied genera. See Triton, 2. — Trumpet tree. (Bot.) See Trumpetwood.

Trump"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trumpeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Trumpeting.] [Cf. F. trompeter.] To publish by, or as by, sound of trumpet; to noise abroad; to proclaim; as, to trumpet good tidings.

> They did nothing but publish and trumpet all the reproaches they could devise against the Irish.

Bacon.

Trump"et, v. i. To sound loudly, or with a tone like a trumpet; to utter a trumplike cry.

Trump"et*er (?), n. 1. One who sounds a trumpet.

2. One who proclaims, publishes, or denounces.

> These men are good trumpeters.

Bacon.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of long-legged South American birds of the genus Psophia, especially P. crepitans, which is abundant, and often domesticated and kept with other poultry by the natives. They are allied to the cranes. So called from their loud cry. Called also agami, and yakamik. (b) A variety of the domestic pigeon. (c) An American swan (Olor buccinator) which has a very loud note.

4. (Zoöl.) A large edible fish (Latris hecateia) of the family Cirrhitidæ, native of Tasmania and New Zealand. It sometimes weighs as much as fifty or sixty pounds, and is highly esteemed as a food fish.

Trump"et*ing, n. (Mining) A channel cut behind the brick lining of a shaft. Raymond.

Trump"ets (?), n. pl. (Bot.) A plant (Sarracenia flava) with long, hollow leaves.

Trump"et-shaped` (?), a. Tubular with one end dilated, as the flower of the trumpet creeper.

Trump"et-tongued` (?), a. Having a powerful, far-reaching voice or speech.

Trump"et*weed` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) An herbaceous composite plant (Eupatorium purpureum), often having hollow stems, and bearing purplish flowers in small corymbed heads. (b) The sea trumpet.

Trump"et*wood` (?), n. (Bot.) A tropical American tree (Cecropia peltata) of the Breadfruit family, having hollow stems, which are used for wind instruments; — called also snakewood, and trumpet tree.

Trum"pie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Richardson's skua (Stercorarius parasiticus).

Trump"like` (?), a. Resembling a trumpet, esp. in sound; as, a trumplike voice. Chapman.

Trun"cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to the trunk, or body.

Trun"cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Truncated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Truncating.] [L. truncatus, p. p. of truncare to cut off, mutilate, fr. truncus maimed, mutilated, cut short. See Trunk.] To cut off; to lop; to maim.

Trun"cate (?), a. [L. truncatus, p. p. ] Appearing as if cut off at the tip; as, a truncate leaf or feather.

Trun"ca*ted (?), a. 1. Cut off; cut short; maimed.

2. (Min.) Replaced, or cut off, by a plane, especially when equally inclined to the adjoining faces; as, a truncated edge.

3. (Zoöl.) Lacking the apex; — said of certain spiral shells in which the apex naturally drops off.

Truncated cone or pyramid (Geom.), a cone or pyramid whose vertex is cut off by a plane, the plane being usually parallel to the base.

Trun*ca"tion (?), n. [L. truncatio.] 1. The act of truncating, lopping, or cutting off.

2. The state of being truncated.

3. (Min.) The replacement of an edge or solid angle by a plane, especially when the plane is equally inclined to the adjoining faces.

Trunch (?), n. [See Truncheon.] A stake; a small post. [Obs.]

Trun"cheon (?), n. [OE. tronchoun the shaft of a broken spear, broken piece, OF. tronchon, tron&?;on, F. tron&?;on, fr. OF. & F. tronce, tronche, a piece of wood; cf. OF. trons, tros, trois; all perhaps from L. thyrsus a stalk, stem, staff. See Thyrsus, and cf. Trounce.] 1. A short staff, a club; a cudgel; a shaft of a spear.

> With his truncheon he so rudely struck.

Spenser.

2. A baton, or military staff of command.

> The marshal's truncheon nor the judges robe.

Shak.

3. A stout stem, as of a tree, with the branches lopped off, to produce rapid growth. Gardner.

Trun"cheon, v. t. To beat with a truncheon. Shak.

Trun"cheoned (?), a. Having a truncheon.

Trun`cheon*eer" (?), n. A person armed with a truncheon. [Written also truncheoner.]

||Trun"cus (?), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The thorax of an insect. See Trunk, n., 5.

Trun"dle (?), n. [AS. tryndel a little shield. See Trend, v. i.] 1. A round body; a little wheel.

2. A lind of low-wheeled cart; a truck.

3. A motion as of something moving upon little wheels or rollers; a rolling motion.

4. (Mach.) (a) A lantern wheel. See under Lantern. (b) One of the bars of a lantern wheel.

Trun"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trundled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trundling (?).] 1. To roll (a thing) on little wheels; as, to trundle a bed or a gun carriage.

2. To cause to roll or revolve; to roll along; as, to trundle a hoop or a ball. R. A. Proctor.

Trun"dle, v. i. 1. To go or move on small wheels; as, a bed trundles under another.

2. To roll, or go by revolving, as a hoop.

Trun"dle-bed` (?), n. A low bed that is moved on trundles, or little wheels, so that it can be pushed under a higher bed; a truckle-bed; also, sometimes, a simiral bed without wheels. Chapman.

Trun"dle*head` (?), n. 1. (Gearing) One of the disks forming the ends of a lantern wheel or pinion.

2. The drumhead of a capstan; especially, the drumhead of the lower of two capstans on the sane axis.

Trun"dle*tail` (?), n. A round or curled-up tail; also, a dog with such a tail. Shak.

Trunk (?), n. [F. tronc, L. truncus, fr. truncus maimed, mutilated; perhaps akin to torquere to twist wrench, and E. torture. Trunk in the sense of proboscis is fr. F. trompe (the same word as trompe a trumpet), but has been confused in English with trunk the stem of a tree (see Trump a trumpet). Cf. Truncate.] 1. The stem, or body, of a tree, apart from its limbs and roots; the main stem, without the branches; stock; stalk.

> About the mossy trunk I wound me soon,
> For, high from ground, the branches would require
> Thy utmost reach.

Milton.

2. The body of an animal, apart from the head and limbs.

3. The main body of anything; as, the trunk of a vein or of an artery, as distinct from the branches.

4. (Arch) That part of a pilaster which is between the base and the capital, corresponding to the shaft of a column.

5. (Zoöl.) That segment of the body of an insect which is between the head and abdomen, and bears the wings and legs; the thorax; the truncus.

<! p. 1547 !>

6. (Zoöl.) (a) The proboscis of an elephant. (b) The proboscis of an insect.

7. A long tube through which pellets of clay, p&?;as, etc., are driven by the force of the breath.

> He shot sugarplums them out of a trunk.

Howell.

8. A box or chest usually covered with leather, metal, or cloth, or sometimes made of leather, hide, or metal, for containing clothes or other goods; especially, one used to convey the effects of a traveler.

> Locked up in chests and trunks.

Shak.

9. (Mining) A flume or sluice in which ores are separated from the slimes in which they are contained.

10. (Steam Engine) A large pipe forming the piston rod of a steam engine, of sufficient diameter to allow one end of the connecting rod to be attached to the crank, and the other end to pass within the pipe directly to the piston, thus making the engine more compact.

11. A long, large box, pipe, or conductor, made of plank or metal plates, for various uses, as for conveying air to a mine or to a furnace, water to a mill, grain to an elevator, etc.

Trunk engine, a marine engine, the piston rod of which is a trunk. See Trunk, 10. — Trunk hose, large breeches formerly worn, reaching to the knees. — Trunk line, the main line of a railway, canal, or route of conveyance. — Trunk turtle (Zoöl.), the leatherback.

Trunk (?), v. t. [Cf. F. tronquer. See Truncate.] 1. To lop off; to curtail; to truncate; to maim. [Obs.] "Out of the trunked stock." Spenser.

2. (Mining) To extract (ores) from the slimes in which they are contained, by means of a trunk. See Trunk, n., 9. Weale.

Trunk"back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The leatherback.

Trunked (?), a. Having (such) a trunk.

> Thickset with strong and well-trunked trees.

Howell.

Trunk"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of plectognath fishes, belonging to the genus Ostracion, or the family Ostraciontidæ, having an angular body covered with a rigid integument consisting of bony scales. Some of the species are called also coffer fish, and boxfish.

Trunk"ful (?), n.; pl. Trunkfuls (&?;). As much as a trunk will hold; enough to fill a trunk.

Trunk"work` (?), n. Work or devices suitable to be concealed; a secret stratagem. [Obs.]

Trun"nel (?), n. A trundle. [R.]

Trun"nel, n. (Shipbuilding) See Treenail.

Trun"nion (?), n. [OF. trognon the stock, stump, or truck of a tree, F. trognon a core, stalk, fr. tron a trunk, stem. Cf. Trunk.] 1. (Gun.) A cylindrical projection on each side of a piece, whether gun, mortar, or howitzer, serving to support it on the cheeks of the carriage. See Illust. of Cannon.

2. (Steam Engine) A gudgeon on each side of an oscillating steam cylinder, to support it. It is usually tubular, to convey steam.

Trunnion plate (Gun.), a plate in the carriage of a gun, mortar, or howitzer, which covers the upper part of the cheek, and forms a bearing under the trunnion. — Trunnion ring (Gun.), a ring on a cannon next before the trunnions. [R.]

Trun"nioned (?), a. Provided with trunnions; as, the trunnioned cylinder of an oscillating steam engine.

Tru"sion (?), n. [L. trudere, trusum, to thrust, shove: cf. F. trusion.] The act of pushing or thrusting. [R.] Bentley.

Truss (?), n. [OE. trusse, F. trousse, OF. also tourse; perhaps fr. L. tryrsus stalk, stem. Cf. Thyrsus, Torso, Trousers, Trousseau.] 1. A bundle; a package; as, a truss of grass. Fabyan.

> Bearing a truss of trifles at his back.

Spenser.

A truss of hay in England is 56 lbs. of old and 60 lbs. of new hay; a truss of straw is 36 lbs.

2. A padded jacket or dress worn under armor, to protect the body from the effects of friction; also, a part of a woman's dress; a stomacher. [Obs.] Nares.

> Puts off his palmer's weed unto his truss, which bore
> The stains of ancient arms.

Drayton.

3. (Surg.) A bandage or apparatus used in cases of hernia, to keep up the reduced parts and hinder further protrusion, and for other purposes.

4. (Bot.) A tuft of flowers formed at the top of the main stalk, or stem, of certain plants.

5. (Naut.) The rope or iron used to keep the center of a yard to the mast.

6. (Arch. & Engin.) An assemblage of members of wood or metal, supported at two points, and arranged to transmit pressure vertically to those points, with the least possible strain across the length of any member. Architectural trusses when left visible, as in open timber roofs, often contain members not needed for construction, or are built with greater massiveness than is requisite, or are composed in unscientific ways in accordance with the exigencies of style.

Truss rod, a rod which forms the tension member of a trussed beam, or a tie rod in a truss.

Truss, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trussed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trussing.] [F. trousser. See Truss, n.] 1. To bind or pack close; to make into a truss. Shak.

> It [his hood] was trussed up in his wallet.

Chaucer.

2. To take fast hold of; to seize and hold firmly; to pounce upon. [Obs.]

> Who trussing me as eagle doth his prey.

Spenser.

3. To strengthen or stiffen, as a beam or girder, by means of a brace or braces.

4. To skewer; to make fast, as the wings of a fowl to the body in cooking it.

5. To execute by hanging; to hang; — usually with up. [Slang.] Sir W. Scott.

To truss a person or one's self, to adjust and fasten the clothing of; especially, to draw tight and tie the laces of garments. [Obs.] "Enter Honeysuckle, in his nightcap, trussing himself." J. Webster (1607). — To truss up, to strain; to make close or tight. — Trussed beam, a beam which is stiffened by a system of braces constituting a truss of which the beam is a chord.

Truss"ing (?), n. 1. (Arch. & Engin.) The timbers, etc., which form a truss, taken collectively. Weale.

2. (Arch. & Engin.) The art of stiffening or bracing a set of timbers, or the like, by putting in struts, ties, etc., till it has something of the character of a truss.

3. The act of a hawk, or other bird of prey, in seizing its quarry, and soaring with it into air. [Obs.]

Trust (?), n. [OE. trust, trost, Icel. traust confidence, security; akin to Dan. & Sw. tröst comfort, consolation, G. trost, Goth. trausti a convention, covenant, and E. true. See True, and cf. Tryst.] 1. Assured resting of the mind on the integrity, veracity, justice, friendship, or other sound principle, of another person; confidence; reliance; reliance. "O ever-failing trust in mortal strength!" Milton.

> Most take things upon trust.

Locke.

2. Credit given; especially, delivery of property or merchandise in reliance upon future payment; exchange without immediate receipt of an equivalent; as, to sell or buy goods on trust.

3. Assured anticipation; dependence upon something future or contingent, as if present or actual; hope; belief. "Such trust have we through Christ." 2 Cor. iii. 4.

> His trust was with the Eternal to be deemed
> Equal in strength.

Milton.

4. That which is committed or intrusted to one; something received in confidence; charge; deposit.

5. The condition or obligation of one to whom anything is confided; responsible charge or office.

> [I] serve him truly that will put me in trust.

Shak.

> Reward them well, if they observe their trust.

Denham.

6. That upon which confidence is reposed; ground of reliance; hope.

> O Lord God, thou art my trust from my youth.

Ps. lxxi. 5.

7. (Law) An estate devised or granted in confidence that the devisee or grantee shall convey it, or dispose of the profits, at the will, or for the benefit, of another; an estate held for the use of another; a confidence respecting property reposed in one person, who is termed the trustee, for the benefit of another, who is called the cestui que trust.

8. An organization formed mainly for the purpose of regulating the supply and price of commodities, etc.; as, a sugar trust. [Cant]

Syn. — Confidence; belief; faith; hope; expectation.

Trust deed (Law), a deed conveying property to a trustee, for some specific use.

Trust, a. Held in trust; as, trust property; trustmoney.

Trust, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Trusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Trusting.] [OE. trusten, trosten. See Trust, n.] 1. To place confidence in; to rely on, to confide, or repose faith, in; as, we can not trust those who have deceived us.

> I will never trust his word after.

Shak.

> He that trusts every one without reserve will at last be deceived.

Johnson.

2. To give credence to; to believe; to credit.

> Trust me, you look well.

Shak.

3. To hope confidently; to believe; — usually with a phrase or infinitive clause as the object.

> I trust to come unto you, and speak face to face.

2 John 12.

> We trustwe have a good conscience.

Heb. xiii. 18.

4. to show confidence in a person by intrusting (him) with something.

> Whom, with your power and fortune, sir, you trust,
> Now to suspect is vain.

Dryden.

5. To commit, as to one's care; to intrust.

> Merchants were not willing to trust precious cargoes to any custody but that of a man-of-war.

Macaulay.

6. To give credit to; to sell to upon credit, or in confidence of future payment; as, merchants and manufacturers trust their customers annually with goods.

7. To risk; to venture confidently.

> [Beguiled] by thee
> to trust thee from my side.

Milton.

Trust, v. i. 1. To have trust; to be credulous; to be won to confidence; to confide.

> More to know could not be more to trust.

Shak.

2. To be confident, as of something future; to hope.

> I will trust and not be afraid.

Isa. xii. 2.

3. To sell or deliver anything in reliance upon a promise of payment; to give credit.

> It is happier sometimes to be cheated than not to trust.

Johnson.

To trust in, To trust on, to place confidence in,; to rely on; to depend. "Trust in the Lord, and do good." Ps. xxxvii. 3. "A priest . . . on whom we trust." Chaucer.

> Her widening streets on new foundations trust.

Dryden.

— To trust to or unto, to depend on; to have confidence in; to rely on.

> They trusted unto the liers in wait.

Judges xx. 36.

Trus*tee" (?), n. (Law) A person to whom property is legally committed in trust, to be applied either for the benefit of specified individuals, or for public uses; one who is intrusted with property for the benefit of another; also, a person in whose hands the effects of another are attached in a trustee process.

Trustee process (Law), a process by which a creditor may attach his debtor's goods, effects, and credits, in the hands of a third person; — called, in some States, the process of foreign attachment, garnishment, or factorizing process. [U. S.]

Trus*tee" (?), v. t. 1. To commit (property) to the care of a trustee; as, to trustee an estate.

2. (Law) To attach (a debtor's wages, credits, or property in the hands of a third person) in the interest of the creditor. [U. S.]

Trus*tee"ship, n. The office or duty of a trustee.

Trust"er (?), n. 1. One who trusts, or credits.

2. (Scots Law) One who makes a trust; — the correlative of trustee.

Trust"ful (?), a. 1. Full of trust; trusting.

2. Worthy of trust; faithful; trusty; trustworthy.

— Trust"ful*ly,adv. — Trust"ful*ness, n.

Trust"i*ly (?), adv. In a trusty manner.

Trust"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being trusty.

Trust"ing, a. Having or exercising trust; confiding; unsuspecting; trustful. — Trust"ing*ly, adv.

Trust"less, a. That may not be trusted; not worthy of trust; unfaithful. — Trust"less*ness, n.

Trust"wor`thy (?), a. Worthy of trust or confidence; trusty. — Trust"wor`thi*ness (#), n.

Trust"y (?), a. [Compar. Trustier (?); superl. Trustiest.] 1. Admitting of being safely trusted; justly deserving confidence; fit to be confided in; trustworthy; reliable.

> Your trusty and most valiant servitor.

Shak.

2. Hence, not liable to fail; strong; firm.

> His trusty sword he called to his aid.

Spenser.

3. Involving trust; as, a trusty business. [R.] Shak.

Truth (?), n.; pl. Truths (#). [OE. treuthe, trouthe, treowpe, AS. treów&?;. See True; cf. Troth, Betroth.] 1. The quality or being true; as: — (a) Conformity to fact or reality; exact accordance with that which is, or has been; or shall be.

(b) Conformity to rule; exactness; close correspondence with an example, mood, object of imitation, or the like.

> Plows, to go true, depend much on the truth of the ironwork.

Mortimer.

(c) Fidelity; constancy; steadfastness; faithfulness.

> Alas! they had been friends in youth,
> But whispering tongues can poison truth.

Coleridge.

(d) The practice of speaking what is true; freedom from falsehood; veracity.

> If this will not suffice, it must appear
> That malice bears down truth.

Shak.

2. That which is true or certain concerning any matter or subject, or generally on all subjects; real state of things; fact; verity; reality.

> Speak ye every man the truth to his neighbor.

Zech. viii. 16.

> I long to know the truth here of at large.

Shak.

> The truth depends on, or is only arrived at by, a legitimate deduction from all the facts which are truly material.

Coleridge.

3. A true thing; a verified fact; a true statement or proposition; an established principle, fixed law, or the like; as, the great truths of morals.

> Even so our boasting . . . is found a truth.

2 Cor. vii. 14.

4. Righteousness; true religion.

> Grace and truth came by Jesus Christ.

John i. 17.

> Sanctify them through thy truth; thy word is truth.

John xvii. 17.

In truth, in reality; in fact. — Of a truth, in reality; certainly. — To do truth, to practice what God commands.

> He that doeth truth cometh to the light.

John iii. 21.

Truth, v. t. To assert as true; to declare. [R.]

> Had they [the ancients] dreamt this, they would have truthed it heaven.

Ford.

Truth"ful (?), a. Full of truth; veracious; reliable. — Truth"ful*ly, adv. — Truth"ful*ness, n.

Truth"less, a. Devoid of truth; dishonest; dishonest; spurious; faithless. — Truth"less*ness, n.

Truth"-lov`er (?), n. One who loves the truth.

> Truth-lover was our English Duke.

Tennyson.

Truth"ness, n. Truth. [Obs. & R.] Marston.

Truth"-tell`er (?), n. One who tells the truth.

> Truth-teller was our England's Alfred named.

Tennyson.

Truth"y (?), a. Truthful; likely; probable. [R.] "A more truthy import." W. G. Palgrave.

Tru`ti*na"tion (?), n. [L. trutinari to weigh, from trutina a balance. See Trone a steelyard.] The act of weighing. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Trut*ta"ceous (?), a. [LL. trutta a trout, L. tructa. See Trout.] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a trout; as, fish of the truttaceous kind.

Try (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. tried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Trying.] [OE. trien to select, pick out, F. trier to cull, to out, LL. tritare to triturate (hence the sense of, to thresh, to separate the grain from the straw, to select), L. terere, tritum, to rub, bruise, grind, thresh. See Trite.] 1. To divide or separate, as one sort from another; to winnow; to sift; to pick out; — frequently followed by out; as, to try out the wild corn from the good. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

2. To purify or refine, as metals; to melt out, and procure in a pure state, as oil, tallow, lard, etc. Shak.

> The words of the Lord are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times.

Ps. xii. 6.

> For thou, O God, hast proved us: thou hast tried us, as silver is tried.

Ps. lxvi. 10.

3. To prove by experiment; to apply a test to, for the purpose of determining the quality; to examine; to prove; to test; as, to try weights or measures by a standard; to try a man's opinions.

> Let the end try the man.

Shak.

4. To subject to severe trial; to put to the test; to cause suffering or trouble to.

> Thus far to try thee, Adam, I was pleased.

Milton.

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5. To experiment with; to test by use; as, to try a remedy for disease; to try a horse.

> Come, try upon yourselves what you have seen me.

Shak.

> To ease her cares the force of sleep she tries.

Swift.

6. To strain; to subject to excessive tests; as, the light tries his eyes; repeated disappointments try one's patience.

7. (Law) To examine or investigate judicially; to examine by witnesses or other judicial evidence and the principles of law; as, to try a cause, or a criminal.

8. To settle; to decide; to determine; specifically, to decide by an appeal to arms; as, to try rival claims by a duel; to try conclusions.

> Left I the court, to see this quarrel tried.

Shak.

9. To experience; to have or gain knowledge of by experience. Milton.

> Or try the Libyan heat or Scythian cold.

Dryden.

10. To essay; to attempt; to endeavor.

> Let us try . . . to found a path.

Milton.

To try on. (a) To put on, as a garment, to ascertain whether it fits the person. (b) To attempt; to undertake. [Slang] Dickens.

Syn. — To attempt; endeavor; strive; aim; examine. — Try, Attempt. To try is the generic, to attempt is the specific, term. When we try, we are usually uncertain as to success; when we attempt, we have always some definite object in view which we seek to accomplish. We may be indifferent as to the result of a trial, but we rarely attempt anything without a desire to succeed.

> He first deceased: she for a little tried
> To live without him; liked it not, and died.

Sir H. Wotton.

> Alack, I am afraid they have a waked,
> And 't is not done. The attempt, and not the deed,
> Confounds us.

Shak.

Try (?), v. i. 1. To exert strength; to endeavor; to make an effort or an attempt; as, you must try hard if you wish to learn.

2. To do; to fare; as, how do you try! [Prov. Eng.]

Try, n. 1. A screen, or sieve, for grain. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Holland.

2. Act of trying; attempt; experiment; trial.

> This breaking of his has been but a try for his friends.

Shak.

Try cock, a gauge cock. See under Gauge.

Try, a. [Cf. Try, v. t.] Refined; select; excellent; choice. [Obs.] "Sugar that is try." Chaucer.

||Try"gon (tr"gn), n. [L., a sting ray, from Gr.&?; a kind of fish with a prickle in the tail.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large sting rays belonging to Trygon and allied genera.

Try"ing, a. Adapted to try, or put to severe trial; severe; afflictive; as, a trying occasion or position.

Tryp"sin (?), n. [Cr. &?; a rubbing, fr. &?; to rub, grind. So called because it causes proteid matter to break up or to fall apart.] (physiol.) A proteolytic ferment, or enzyme, present in the pancreatic juice. Unlike the pepsin of the gastric juice, it acts in a neutral or alkaline fluid, and not only converts the albuminous matter of the food into soluble peptones, but also, in part, into leucin and tyrosin.

Tryp*sin"o*gen (?), n. [Trypsin + - gen.] (Physiol.) The antecedent of trypsin, a substance which is contained in the cells of the pancreas and gives rise to the trypsin.

Tryp"tic (?), a. (Physiol.) Relating to trypsin or to its action; produced by trypsin; as, trypsin digestion.

Tryp"tone (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) The peptone formed by pancreatic digestion; — so called because it is formed through the agency of the ferment trypsin.

Try"sail (?), n. (Naut.) A fore- and-aft sail, bent to a gaff, and hoisted on a lower mast or on a small mast, called the trysail mast, close abaft a lower mast; — used chiefly as a storm sail. Called also spencer. Totten.

Try"-square` (?), n. An instrument used by carpenters, joiners, etc., for laying off right angles off right angles, and testing whether work is square.

Tryst (?), n. [OE. trist, tryst, a variant of trust; cf. Icel. treysta to make trusty, fr. traust confidence, security. See Trust, n.] 1. Trust. [Obs.]

2. An appointment to meet; also, an appointed place or time of meeting; as, to keep tryst; to break tryst. [Scot. or Poetic]

To bide tryst, to wait, at the appointed time, for one with whom a tryst or engagement is made; to keep an engagement or appointment.

> The tenderest-hearted maid
> That ever bided tryst at village stile.

Tennyson.

Tryst, v. t. [OE. tristen, trysten. See Tryst, n.]

1. To trust. [Obs.]

2. To agree with to meet at a certain place; to make an appointment with. [Scot.] Burns.

Tryst, v. i. To mutually agree to meet at a certain place. [Scot.]

Tryst"er (?), n. One who makes an appointment, or tryst; one who meets with another.

Tryst"ing, n. An appointment; a tryst.

Trysting day, an arranged day of meeting or assembling, as of soldiers, friends, and the like.

> And named a trysting day,
> And bade his messengers ride forth
> East and west and south and north,
> To summon his array.

Macaulay.

— Trysting place, a place designated for the assembling of soldiers, the meeting of parties for an interview, or the like; a rendezvous. Byron.

Tsar (?), n. The title of the emperor of Russia. See Czar.

{ Tsa*ri"na (?), Tsa*rit"sa (?), } n. [Russ. tsaritsa. Cf. Czarina.] The title of the empress of Russia. See Czarina.

||Tschak*meck" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The chameck.

||Tsche"go (?), n. [From a native name.] (Zoöl.) A West African anthropoid ape allied to the gorilla and chimpanzee, and by some considered only a variety of the chimpanzee. It is noted for building large, umbrella-shaped nests in trees. Called also tscheigo, tschiego, nschego, nscheigo.

Tse"be (?), n. (Zoöl.) The springbok.

Tset"se, n. (Zoöl.) A venomous two-winged African fly (Glossina morsitans) whose bite is very poisonous, and even fatal, to horses and cattle, but harmless to men. It renders extensive districts in which it abounds uninhabitable during certain seasons of the year. [Written also tzetze, and tsetze.]

T" square` (?). See under T.

Tu`a*te"ra (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Hatteria.

Tub (?), n. [OE. tubbe; of Dutch or Low German origin; cf. LG. tubbe, D. tobbe.] 1. An open wooden vessel formed with staves, bottom, and hoops; a kind of short cask, half barrel, or firkin, usually with but one head, — used for various purposes.

2. The amount which a tub contains, as a measure of quantity; as, a tub of butter; a tub of camphor, which is about 1 cwt., etc.

3. Any structure shaped like a tub: as, a certain old form of pulpit; a short, broad boat, etc., — often used jocosely or opprobriously.

> All being took up and busied, some in pulpits and some in tubs, in the grand work of preaching and holding forth.

South.

4. A sweating in a tub; a tub fast. [Obs.] Shak.

5. A small cask; as, a tub of gin.

6. A box or bucket in which coal or ore is sent up a shaft; — so called by miners.

Tub fast, an old mode of treatment for the venereal disease, by sweating in a close place, or tub, and fasting. [Obs.] Shak. — Tub wheel, a horizontal water wheel, usually in the form of a short cylinder, to the circumference of which spiral vanes or floats, placed radially, are attached, turned by the impact of one or more streams of water, conducted so as to strike against the floats in the direction of a tangent to the cylinder.

Tub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tubbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tubbing.] To plant or set in a tub; as, to tub a plant.

Tub, v. i. To make use of a bathing tub; to lie or be in a bath; to bathe. [Colloq.]

> Don't we all tub in England ?

London Spectator.

Tu"ba (?), n. [L., trumpet.] (Mus.) (a) An ancient trumpet. (b) A sax-tuba. See Sax-tuba.

Tub"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a tube; specifically, of or pertaining to one of the Fallopian tubes; as, tubal pregnancy.

Tub"bing (?), n. 1. The forming of a tub; also, collectively, materials for tubs.

2. A lining of timber or metal around the shaft of a mine; especially, a series of cast-iron cylinders bolted together, used to enable those who sink a shaft to penetrate quicksand, water, etc., with safety.

Tub"by (?), a. Resembling a tub; specifically sounding dull and without resonance, like a tub; wanting elasticity or freedom of sound; as, a tubby violin.

Tube (?), n. [L. tubus; akin to tuba a trumpet: cf F. tube.] 1. A hollow cylinder, of any material, used for the conveyance of fluids, and for various other purposes; a pipe.

2. A telescope. "Glazed optic tube." Milton.

3. A vessel in animal bodies or plants, which conveys a fluid or other substance.

4. (Bot.) The narrow, hollow part of a gamopetalous corolla.

5. (Gun.) A priming tube, or friction primer. See under Priming, and Friction.

6. (Steam Boilers) A small pipe forming part of the boiler, containing water and surrounded by flame or hot gases, or else surrounded by water and forming a flue for the gases to pass through.

7. (Zoöl.) (a) A more or less cylindrical, and often spiral, case secreted or constructed by many annelids, crustaceans, insects, and other animals, for protection or concealment. See Illust. of Tubeworm. (b) One of the siphons of a bivalve mollusk.

Capillary tube, a tube of very fine bore. See Capillary. — Fire tube (Steam Boilers), a tube which forms a flue. — Tube coral. (Zoöl.) Same as Tubipore. — Tube foot (Zoöl.), one of the ambulacral suckers of an echinoderm. — Tube plate, or Tube sheet (Steam Boilers), a flue plate. See under Flue. — Tube pouch (Mil.), a pouch containing priming tubes. — Tube spinner (Zoöl.), any one of various species of spiders that construct tubelike webs. They belong to Tegenaria, Agelena, and allied genera. — Water tube (Steam Boilers), a tube containing water and surrounded by flame or hot gases.

Tube, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tubed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tubing.] To furnish with a tube; as, to tube a well.

Tube"form (?), a. In the form of a tube; tubular; tubiform.

Tube"-nosed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Having the nostrils prolonged in the form of horny tubes along the sides of the beak; — said of certain sea birds. (b) Belonging to the Tubinares.

Tu"ber (?), n.[L., a hump. knob; probably akin to tumere to swell. Cf. Tumid.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A fleshy, rounded stem or root, usually containing starchy matter, as the potato or arrowroot; a thickened root-stock. See Illust. of Tuberous. (b) A genus of fungi. See Truffle.

2. (Anat.) A tuberosity; a tubercle.

Tu"ber*cle (?), n. [L. tuberculum, dim. of tuber: cf. F. tubercule, OF. also tubercle. See Tuber.]

1. A small knoblike prominence or excrescence, whether natural or morbid; as, a tubercle on a plant; a tubercle on a bone; the tubercles appearing on the body in leprosy.

2. (Med.) A small mass or aggregation of morbid matter; especially, the deposit which accompanies scrofula or phthisis. This is composed of a hard, grayish, or yellowish, translucent or opaque matter, which gradually softens, and excites suppuration in its vicinity. It is most frequently found in the lungs, causing consumption.

Tubercle bacillus (Med.), a minute vegetable organism (Bacillus tuberculosis) discovered by Koch, a German physician, in the sputum of consumptive patients and in tuberculous tissue, and believed to be the exciting cause of tubercles and tuberculosis.

Tu"ber*cled (?), a. Having tubercles; affected with, tubercles; tuberculate; as, a tubercled lung or stalk.

Tu*ber"cu*lar (?), a. 1. Having tubercles; affected with tubercles; tubercled; tuberculate.

2. Like a tubercle; as, a tubercular excrescence.

3. (Med.) Characterized by the development of tubercles; as, tubercular diathesis.

{ Tu*ber"cu*late (?), Tu*ber"cu*la`ted (?), } a. [NL. tuberculatus: cf. F. tuberculé.] Tubercled; tubercular.

Tu*ber"cu*lin (?), n. [See Tubercle.] A fluid containing the products formed by the growth of the tubercle bacillus in a suitable culture medium.

Tu*ber`cu*li*za"tion (?), n. (Med.) The development of tubercles; the condition of one who is affected with tubercles.

{ Tu*ber"cu*lose` (?), Tu*ber"cu*lous (?), } a. Having tubercles; affected with, or characterized by, tubercles; tubercular.

||Tu*ber`cu*lo"sis (?), n. [NL. See Tubercle.] (Med.) A constitutional disease characterized by the production of tubercles in the internal organs, and especially in the lungs, where it constitutes the most common variety of pulmonary consumption.

||Tu*ber"cu*lum (?), n.; pl. Tubercula (#). [L., dim. of tuber a swelling.] (Zoöl.) A tubercle.

Tu`ber*if"er*ous (?), a. [Tuber + - ferous.] Producing or bearing tubers.

Tube"rose` (?), n. [Cf. G. tuberose, F. tubéreuse, NL. Polianthes tuberosa. See Tuberous.] (Bot.) A plant (Polianthes tuberosa) with a tuberous root and a liliaceous flower. It is much cultivated for its beautiful and fragrant white blossoms.

Tu"ber*ose` (?), a. Tuberous.

Tu`ber*os"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Tuberosities (#). [Cf. F. tubérosité.] 1. The state of being tuberous.

2. An obtuse or knoblike prominence; a protuberance.

Tu"ber*ous (?), a. [L. tuberosus: cf. F. tubéreux. See Tuber, and cf. also Tuberose.]

1. Covered with knobby or wartlike prominences; knobbed.

2. (Bot.) Consisting of, or bearing, tubers; resembling a tuber.

— Tu"ber*ous*ness, n.

Tube"-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any bivalve mollusk which secretes a shelly tube around its siphon, as the watering-shell.

Tube"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any annelid which constructs a tube; one of the Tubicolæ.

Tub"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sapphirine gurnard (Trigla hirundo). See Illust. under Gurnard. [Prov. Eng.]

Tub"ful (?), n.; pl. Tubfuls (&?;). As much as a tub will hold; enough to fill a tub.

Tu*bic"i*nate (?), v. i. [L. tubicen trumpeter.] To blow a trumpet.

||Tu*bic"o*læ (?), n. pl. [L. tubus a tube + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) A division of annelids including those which construct, and habitually live in, tubes. The head or anterior segments usually bear gills and cirri. Called also Sedentaria, and Capitibranchiata. See Serpula, and Sabella.

Tu*bic"o*lar (?), a. (Zoöl.) Tubicolous.

Tu"bi*cole (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Tubicolæ.

Tu*bic"o*lous (?), a. [See Tubicolæ.] (Zoöl.) Inhabiting a tube; as, tubicolous worms.

Tu"bi*corn (?), n. [L. tubus tube + cornu horn: cf. F. tubicorne.] (Zoöl.) Any ruminant having horns composed of a bony axis covered with a horny sheath; a hollow-horned ruminant.

Tu"bi*corn`ous (?), a. Having hollow horns.

Tu"bi*form (?), a. Having the form of a tube; tubeform. "Tubiform cells." Carpenter.

Tu`bi*na"res (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. tubus tube + nares the nostrils.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of sea birds comprising the petrels, shearwaters, albatrosses, hagdons, and allied birds having tubular horny nostrils.

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Tub"ing (?), n. 1. The act of making tubes.

2. A series of tubes; tubes, collectively; a length or piece of a tube; material for tubes; as, leather tubing.

||Tu*bip"o*ra (?), n. [NL., from L. tubus tube + porus passage, pore.] (Zoöl.) A genus of halcyonoids in which the skeleton, or coral (called organ-pipe coral), consists of a mass of parallel cylindrical tubes united at intervals by transverse plates. These corals are usually red or purple and form large masses. They are natives of the tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Tu"bi*pore (?), n. [Cf. F. tubipore.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Tubipora.

Tu"bi*po*rite (?), n. (Paleon.) Any fossil coral of the genus Syringopora consisting of a cluster of upright tubes united together by small transverse tubules.

Tu"bi*valve (?), n. [See Tube, Valve.] (Zoöl.) A shell or tube formed by an annelid, as a serpula.

Tub"man (?), n.; pl. Tubmen (&?;). (Eng. Law) One of the two most experienced barristers in the Court of Exchequer. Cf. Postman, 2.

Tu"bu*lar (?), a. [L. tubulus, dim. of tubus a tube, or pipe. See Tube.] Having the form of a tube, or pipe; consisting of a pipe; fistular; as, a tubular snout; a tubular calyx. Also, containing, or provided with, tubes.

Tubular boiler. See under Boiler. — Tubular breathing (Med.), a variety of respiratory sound, heard on auscultation over the lungs in certain cases of disease, resembling that produced by the air passing through the trachea. — Tubular bridge, a bridge in the form of a hollow trunk or tube, made of iron plates riveted together, as the Victoria bridge over the St. Lawrence, at Montreal, Canada, and the Britannia bridge over the Menai Straits. — Tubular girder, a plate girder having two or more vertical webs with a space between them.

||Tu`bu*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of hydroids having large, naked, flowerlike hydranths at the summits of long, slender, usually simple, stems. The gonophores are small, and form clusters at the bases of the outer tentacles.

||Tu`bu*la"ri*æ (?), n. pl. [NL.] See Tubularida.

Tu`bu*la"ri*an (?), n. (Zool.) Any hydroid belonging to the suborder Tubularida.

These hydroids usually form tufts of delicate tubes, and both gonophores and hydranths are naked. The gonophores of many of the species become free jellyfishes; those of other species remain permanently attached as medusoid buds or sporosacs. See Illust. under Gonosome, and Cymnoblastea.

Tu`bu*la"ri*an, a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the tubularians.

||Tu"bu*lar`i*da (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of Hydroidea; the tubularians; — called also Athecata, Gymnoblastea, and Tubulariæ.

Tu"bu*late (?), a. [L. tubulatus. See Tubular.] Tubular; tubulated; tubulous.

Tu"bu*la`ted (?), a. Made in the form of a small tube; provided with a tube, or elongated opening.

Tubulated bottle or retort (Chem.), a bottle or retort having a stoppered opening for the introduction or removal of materials.

Tu`bu*la"tion (?), n. (Chem.) The act of shaping or making a tube, or of providing with a tube; also, a tube or tubulure; as, the tubulation of a retort.

Tu"bu*la`ture (?), n. (Chem.) A tubulure.

Tu"bule (?), n. [F. tubule, or L. tubulus, dim. of tubus a tube, a pipe.] 1. A small pipe or fistular body; a little tube.

2. (Anat.) A minute tube lined with glandular epithelium; as, the uriniferous tubules of the kidney.

Tu`bu*li*bran"chi*an (?), n. (Zool.) One of the Tubulibranchiata.

||Tu`bu*li*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. tubulus a little tube + branchia a gill.] (Zoöl.) A group of gastropod mollusks having a tubular shell. Vermetus is an example.

Tu"bu*li*cole` (?), n. [L. tubulus little tube + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Any hydroid which has tubular chitinous stems.

Tu`bu*li*den"tate (?), a. [Tubule + dentate.] (Zoöl.) Having teeth traversed by canals; — said of certain edentates.

Tu"bu*li*form` (?), a. [Cf. F. tubuliforme.] Having the form of a small tube.

Tu"bu*li*pore" (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Bryozoa belonging to Tubulipora and allied genera, having tubular calcareous calicles.

{ Tu"bu*lose` (?), Tu"bu*lous (?), } a. [Cf. F. tubuleux. See Tubule.] 1. Resembling, or in the form of, a tube; longitudinally hollow; specifically (Bot.), having a hollow cylindrical corolla, often expanded or toothed at the border; as, a tubulose flower.

2. Containing, or consisting of, small tubes; specifically (Bot.), composed wholly of tubulous florets; as, a tubulous compound flower.

Tubulous boiler, a steam boiler composed chiefly of tubes containing water and surrounded by flame and hot gases; — sometimes distinguished from tubular boiler.

Tu"bu*lure (?), n. [Cf. F. tubulure.] (Chem.) A short tubular opening at the top of a retort, or at the top or side of a bottle; a tubulation.

Tu*can" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Mexican pocket gopher (Geomys Mexicanus). It resembles the common pocket gopher of the Western United States, but is larger. Called also tugan, and tuza.

Tu"cet (?), n. See Tucket, a steak. [Obs.]

Tuch (?), n. [See Touchstone.] A dark-colored kind of marble; touchstone. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

Tuck (?), n. [F. estoc; cf. It. stocco; both of German origin, and akin to E. stock. See Stock.] A long, narrow sword; a rapier. [Obs.] Shak.

> He wore large hose, and a tuck, as it was then called, or rapier, of tremendous length.

Sir W. Scot.

Tuck, n. [Cf. Tocsin.] The beat of a drum. Scot.

Tuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tucked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tucking.] [OE. tukken, LG. tukken to pull up, tuck up, entice; akin to OD. tocken to entice, G. zucken to draw with a short and quick motion, and E. tug. See Tug.] 1. To draw up; to shorten; to fold under; to press into a narrower compass; as, to tuck the bedclothes in; to tuck up one's sleeves.

2. To make a tuck or tucks in; as, to tuck a dress.

3. To inclose; to put within; to press into a close place; as, to tuck a child into a bed; to tuck a book under one's arm, or into a pocket.

4. [Perhaps originally, to strike, beat: cf. F. toquer to touch. Cf. Tocsin.] To full, as cloth. [Prov. Eng.]

Tuck, v. i. To contract; to draw together. [Obs.]

Tuck, n. 1. A horizontal sewed fold, such as is made in a garment, to shorten it; a plait.

2. A small net used for taking fish from a larger one; — called also tuck-net.

3. A pull; a lugging. [Obs.] See Tug. Life of A. Wood.

4. (Naut.) The part of a vessel where the ends of the bottom planks meet under the stern.

5. Food; pastry; sweetmeats. [Slang] T. Hughes.

Tuck"a*hoe (?), n. [North American Indian, bread.] (Bot.) A curious vegetable production of the Southern Atlantic United States, growing under ground like a truffle and often attaining immense size. The real nature is unknown. Called also Indian bread, and Indian loaf.

Tuck"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, tucks; specifically, an instrument with which tuck are made.

2. A narrow piece of linen or the like, folded across the breast, or attached to the gown at the neck, forming a part of a woman's dress in the 17th century and later.

3. [See Tuck, v. t., 4.] A fuller. [Prov. Eng.]

Tuck"er, v. t. To tire; to weary; — usually with out. [Colloq. U. S.]

Tuck"et (?), n. [It toccata a prelude, fr. toccare to touch. See Toccata, Touch.] A slight flourish on a trumpet; a fanfare. [Obs.]

Tucket sonance, the sound of the tucket. [Obs.]

> Let the trumpets sound
> The tucket sonance and the note to mount.

Shak.

Tuck"et, n. [Cf. It. tocchetto a ragout of fish, meat, fr. tocco a bit, morsel, LL. tucetum, tuccetum, a thick gravy.] A steak; a collop. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Tuck"-net` (?), n. See Tuck, n., 2.

||Tu"cum (?), n. [So called by the Indians of Brazil.] A fine, strong fiber obtained from the young leaves of a Brazilian palm (Astrocaryum vulgare), used for cordage, bowstrings, etc.; also, the plant yielding this fiber. Called also tecum, and tecum fiber.

||Tu*cu"ma (?), n. (Bot.) A Brazilian palm (Astrocaryum Tucuma) which furnishes an edible fruit.

Tu"dor (?), a. Of or pertaining to a royal line of England, descended from Owen Tudor of Wales, who married the widowed queen of Henry V. The first reigning Tudor was Henry VII.; the last, Elizabeth.

Tudor style (Arch.), the latest development of Gothic architecture in England, under the Tudors, characterized by flat four-centered arches, shallow moldings, and a profusion of paneling on the walls.

Tu"e (?), n. (Zoöl.) The parson bird.

Tue"fall (?), n. (Arch.) See To-fall. [Eng.]

Tue"-i`ron (?), n. See Tuyère.

Tue"-i`rons, n. pl. A pair of blacksmith's tongs.

Tues"day (tz"d; 48), n. [OE. Tewesday, AS. Tiwes dæg the day of Tiw the god of war; akin to OHG. Zio, Icel. Tr, L. Jupiter, Gr. Zey`s;, cf. OHG. Ziostac Tuesday, G. Dienstag, Icel. Tsdagr. √244. See Deity, Day, and cf. Jovial.] The third day of the week, following Monday and preceding Wednesday.

Tu"et (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lapwing. [Prov. Eng.]

Tu"fa (?), [It. fufo soft, sandy stone, L. tofus, tophus. Cf. Tofus, Toph, and Tophin.] (Min.) (a) A soft or porous stone formed by depositions from water, usually calcareous; — called also calcareous tufa. (b) A friable volcanic rock or conglomerate, formed of consolidated cinders, or scoria.

Tu*fa"ceous (?), a. [Cf. It. tufaceo, L. tofaceus, tofacius. See Tufa.] (Min.) Pertaining to tufa; consisting of, or resembling, tufa.

Tuff (?), n. (Min.) Same as Tufa.

Tuf*foon" (?), n. See Typhoon. [R.]

Tuft (?), n. [Prov. E. tuff, F. touffe; of German origin; cf. G. zopf a weft of hair, pigtail, top of a tree. See Top summit.] 1. A collection of small, flexible, or soft things in a knot or bunch; a waving or bending and spreading cluster; as, a tuft of flowers or feathers.

2. A cluster; a clump; as, a tuft of plants.

> Under a tuft of shade.

Milton.

> Green lake, and cedar fuft, and spicy glade.

Keble.

3. A nobleman, or person of quality, especially in the English universities; — so called from the tuft, or gold tassel, on the cap worn by them. [Cant, Eng.]

> Several young tufts, and others of the faster men.

T. Hughes.

Tuft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tufted; p. pr. & vb. n. Tufting.] 1. To separate into tufts.

2. To adorn with tufts or with a tuft. Thomson.

Tuft, v. i. To grow in, or form, a tuft or tufts.

Tuf-taf"fe*ta (?), n. A silk fabric formerly in use, having a nap or pile. [Written also tuft- taffeta.]

Tuft"ed (?), a. 1. Adorned with a tuft; as, the tufted duck.

2. Growing in tufts or clusters; tufty.

> The tufted crowtoe, and pale jessamine.

Milton.

> Tufted trees and springing corn.

Pope.

Tufted duck (Zoöl.), the ring-necked duck. [Local, U. S.]

Tuft"hunt`er (?), n. A hanger-on to noblemen, or persons of quality, especially in English universities; a toady. See 1st Tuft, 3. [Cant, Eng.] Halliwell.

Tuft"hunt`ing, n. The practice of seeking after, and hanging on, noblemen, or persons of quality, especially in English universities. [Cant, Eng.]

Tuft"y (?), a. 1. Abounding with tufts.

> Both in the tufty frith and in the mossy fell.

Drayton.

2. Growing in tufts or clusters.

> Where tufty daisies nod at every gale.

W. Browne.

Tug (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tugging.] [OE. toggen; akin to OD. tocken to entice, G. zucken to jerk, draw, Icel. toga to draw, AS. téon, p. p. togen, to draw, G. ziehen, OHG. ziohan, Goth. tiuhan, L. ducere to lead, draw. Cf. Duke, Team, Tie, v. t., Touch, Tow, v. t., Tuck to press in, Toy a plaything.] 1. To pull or draw with great effort; to draw along with continued exertion; to haul along; to tow; as, to tug a loaded cart; to tug a ship into port.

> There sweat, there strain, tug the laborious oar.

Roscommon.

2. To pull; to pluck. [Obs.]

> To ease the pain,
> His tugged cars suffered with a strain.

Hudibras.

Tug, v. i. 1. To pull with great effort; to strain in labor; as, to tug at the oar; to tug against the stream.

> He tugged, he shook, till down they came.

Milton.

2. To labor; to strive; to struggle.

> England now is left
> To tug and scamble and to part by the teeth
> The unowed interest of proud-swelling state.

Shak.

Tug, n. 1. A pull with the utmost effort, as in the athletic contest called tug of war; a supreme effort.

> At the tug he falls,
> Vast ruins come along, rent from the smoking walls.

Dryden.

2. A sort of vehicle, used for conveying timber and heavy articles. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

3. (Naut.) A small, powerful steamboat used to tow vessels; — called also steam tug, tugboat, and towboat.

4. A trace, or drawing strap, of a harness.

5. (Mining.) An iron hook of a hoisting tub, to which a tackle is affixed.

Tug iron, an iron hook or button to which a tug or trace may be attached, as on the shaft of a wagon.

Tu*gan" (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Tucan.

Tug"boat` (?), n. See Tug, n., 3.

Tug"ger (?), n. One who tugs.

Tug"ging*ly (?), adv. In a tugging manner; with laborious pulling.

Tuille (twl), n. [Cf. F. tuile a tile.] In plate armor, a suspended plate in front of the thigh. See Illust. of Tasses.

Tu*i"tion (?), n. [L. tuitio protection, guarding, from tueri, p. p. tuitus, to see, watch, protect: cf. F. tuition. Cf. Tutor.] 1. Superintending care over a young person; the particular watch and care of a tutor or guardian over his pupil or ward; guardianship.

2. Especially, the act, art, or business of teaching; instruction; as, children are sent to school for tuition; his tuition was thorough.

3. The money paid for instruction; the price or payment for instruction.

Tu*i"tion*a*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to tuition.

Tu"ko-tu*ko (?), n. [From the native name .] (Zoöl.) A burrowing South American rodent (Ctenomys Braziliensis). It has small eyes and ears and a short tail. It resembles the pocket gopher in size, form, and habits, but is more nearly allied to the porcupines. [Written also tucu-tuco.]

Tu"la met`al (?). An alloy of silver, copper, and lead made at Tula in Russia. [Written also toola metal.]

Tu"le (?), n. [Mex.] (Bot.) A large bulrush (Scirpus lacustris, and S. Tatora) growing abundantly on overflowed land in California and elsewhere.

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Tu"lip (?), n. [F. tulipe, OF. also tulipan, It. tulipano, tulipa, from Turk. tulbend, dulbend, literally, a turban, Per. dulband; - - so called from the resemblance of the form of this flower to a turban. See Turban.] (Bot.) Any plant of the liliaceous genus Tulipa. Many varieties are cultivated for their beautiful, often variegated flowers.

Tulip tree. (a) A large American tree bearing tuliplike flowers. See Liriodendron. (b) A West Indian malvaceous tree (Paritium, or Hibiscus, tiliaceum).

Tu"lip-eared` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having erect, pointed ears; prick-eared; — said of certain dogs.

Tu"lip*ist, n. A person who is especially devoted to the cultivation of tulips. Sir T. Browne.

Tu`lip*o*ma"ni*a (?), n. [Tulip + mania.] A violent passion for the acquisition or cultivation of tulips; — a word said by Beckman to have been coined by Menage.

In Holland, in the first half of the 17th century, the cultivation of tulips became a mania. It began about the year 1634, and, like a violent epidemic, seized upon all classes of the community, leading to disasters and misery such as the records of commerce or of bankruptcies can scarcely parallel. In 1636, tulip marts had been established in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Haarlem, Leyden, and various other towns, where tulip bulbs were sold and resold in the same manner as stocks are on the Stock Exchange of London. Baird.

Tu`lip*o*ma"ni*ac (?), n. One who is affected with tulipomania.

Tu"lip-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large, handsomely colored, marine univalve shell (Fasciolaria tulipa) native of the Southern United States. The name is sometimes applied also to other species of Fasciolaria.

Tu"lip*wood` (?), n. The beautiful rose- colored striped wood of a Brazilian tree (Physocalymna floribunda), much used by cabinetmakers for inlaying.

Queensland tulipwood, the variegated wood of an Australian sapindaceous tree (Harpullia pendula). J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

Tull (?), v. t. [OE. tullen. See Tole.] To allure; to tole. [Obs.]

> With empty hands men may no hawkes tull.

Chaucer.

Tulle (?), n. [F.; — so called from the town of Tulle, in France.] A kind of silk lace or light netting, used for veils, etc.

Tul"li*an (?), a. [L. Tullianus, from Tullius, the name of a Roman gens.] Belonging to, or in the style of, Tully (Marcus Tullius Cicero).

Tul"li*bee (?), n. (Zoöl.) A whitefish (Coregonus tullibee) found in the Great Lakes of North America; — called also mongrel whitefish.

Tum"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tumbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tumbling (?).] [OE. tumblen, AS. tumbian to turn heels over head, to dance violently; akin to D. tuimelen to fall, Sw. tumla, Dan. tumle, Icel. tumba; and cf. G. taumeln to reel, to stagger.] 1. To roll over, or to and fro; to throw one's self about; as, a person on pain tumbles and tosses.

2. To roll down; to fall suddenly and violently; to be precipitated; as, to tumble from a scaffold.

> He who tumbles from a tower surely has a greater blow than he who slides from a molehill.

South.

3. To play tricks by various movements and contortions of the body; to perform the feats of an acrobat. Rowe.

To tumble home (Naut.), to incline inward, as the sides of a vessel, above the bends or extreme breadth; — used esp. in the phrase tumbling home. Cf. Wall-sided.

Tum"ble, v. t. 1. To turn over; to turn or throw about, as for examination or search; to roll or move in a rough, coarse, or unceremonious manner; to throw down or headlong; to precipitate; — sometimes with over, about, etc.; as, to tumble books or papers.

2. To disturb; to rumple; as, to tumble a bed.

Tum"ble, n. Act of tumbling, or rolling over; a fall.

Tum"ble*bug` (?), n. See Tumbledung.

Tum"ble-down` (?), a. Ready to fall; dilapidated; ruinous; as, a tumble-down house. [Colloq.]

Tum"ble*dung` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of scaraboid beetles belonging to Scarabæus, Copris, Phanæus, and allied genera. The female lays her eggs in a globular mass of dung which she rolls by means of her hind legs to a burrow excavated in the earth in which she buries it.

Tum"bler (?), n. 1. One who tumbles; one who plays tricks by various motions of the body; an acrobat.

2. A movable obstruction in a lock, consisting of a lever, latch, wheel, slide, or the like, which must be adjusted to a particular position by a key or other means before the bolt can be thrown in locking or unlocking.

3. (Firearms) A piece attached to, or forming part of, the hammer of a gunlock, upon which the mainspring acts and in which are the notches for sear point to enter.

4. A drinking glass, without a foot or stem; — so called because originally it had a pointed or convex base, and could not be set down with any liquor in it, thus compelling the drinker to finish his measure.

5. (Zoöl.) A variety of the domestic pigeon remarkable for its habit of tumbling, or turning somersaults, during its flight.

6. (Zoöl.) A breed of dogs that tumble when pursuing game. They were formerly used in hunting rabbits.

7. A kind of cart; a tumbrel. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Tum"bler*ful (?), n.; pl. Tumblerfuls (&?;). As much as a tumbler will hold; enough to fill a tumbler.

Tum"ble*weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant which habitually breaks away from its roots in the autumn, and is driven by the wind, as a light, rolling mass, over the fields and prairies; as witch grass, wild indigo, Amarantus albus, etc.

Tum"bling (?), a. & vb. n. from Tumble, v.

Tumbling barrel. Same as Rumble, n., 4. — Tumbling bay, an overfall, or weir, in a canal.

{ Tum"brel (?), Tum"bril (?), } n. [OF. tomberel, F. tombereau, fr. tomber to fall, to tumble; of Teutonic origin. Cf. Tumble.] 1. A cucking stool for the punishment of scolds.

2. A rough cart. Tusser. Tatler.

3. (Mil.) A cart or carriage with two wheels, which accompanies troops or artillery, to convey the tools of pioneers, cartridges, and the like.

4. A kind of basket or cage of osiers, willows, or the like, to hold hay and other food for sheep. [Eng.]

Tu`me*fac"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. tuméfaction.] The act or process of tumefying, swelling, or rising into a tumor; a swelling. Arbuthnot.

Tu"me*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tumefied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tumefying.] [F. tuméfier, fr. L. tumere to swell + -ficare (in comp.) to make; cf. L. tumefacere to tumefy. See Tumid, and -fy.] To swell; to cause to swell, or puff up.

> To swell, tumefy, stiffen, not the diction only, but the tenor of the thought.

De Quincey.

Tu"me*fy, v. i. To rise in a tumor; to swell.

Tu"mid (?), a. [L. tumidus, fr. tumere to swell; cf. Skr. tumra strong, fat. Cf. Thumb.] 1. Swelled, enlarged, or distended; as, a tumid leg; tumid flesh.

2. Rising above the level; protuberant.

> So high as heaved the tumid hills.

Milton.

3. Swelling in sound or sense; pompous; puffy; inflated; bombastic; falsely sublime; turgid; as, a tumid expression; a tumid style.

— Tu"mid*ly, adv. — Tu"mid*ness, n.

Tu*mid"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being tumid.

Tum"mals (?), n. (Mining) A great quantity or heap. Weale.

Tu"mor (?), n. [L., fr. tumere to swell: cf. F. tumeúr. See Tumid.] 1. (Med.) A morbid swelling, prominence, or growth, on any part of the body; especially, a growth produced by deposition of new tissue; a neoplasm.

2. Affected pomp; bombast; swelling words or expressions; false magnificence or sublimity. [R.]

> Better, however, to be a flippant, than, by a revolting form of tumor and perplexity, to lead men into habits of intellect such as result from the modern vice of English style.

De Quincey.

Encysted tumor, a tumor which is inclosed in a membrane called a cyst, connected with the surrounding parts by the neighboring cellular substance. — Fatty tumor. See under Fatty. — Innocent tumor, or Benign tumor, one which does not of itself threaten life, and does not usually tend to recur after extirpation. — Malignant tumor, a tumor which tends continually to spread, to become generalized in different parts of the body, and to recur after extirpation, and which, if left to itself, causes death.

Tu"mored (?), a. Distended; swelled. [R.] "His tumored breast." R. Junius.

Tu"mor*ous (?), a. [L. tumorosus inflated.]

1. Swelling; protuberant. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

2. Inflated; bombastic. [R.] B. Jonson.

Tump (?), n. [W. twmp, twm, a round mass or heap, a hillock.] A little hillock; a knoll. Ainsworth.

Tump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tumped (?; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Tumping.] 1. To form a mass of earth or a hillock about; as, to tump teasel.

2. To draw or drag, as a deer or other animal after it has been killed. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Tump"line` (?), n. A strap placed across a man's forehead to assist him in carrying a pack on his back. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Tum"-tum` (?), n. A dish made in the West Indies by beating boiled plantain quite soft in a wooden mortar.

Tu"mu*lar (?), a. [L. tumulus a mound: cf. F. tumulaire. See Tumulus.] Consisting in a heap; formed or being in a heap or hillock. Pinkerton.

Tu"mu*late (?), v. t. [L. tumulatus, p. p. of tumulare to tumulate. See Tumulus.] To cover, as a corpse, with a mound or tomb; to bury. [Obs.]

Tu"mu*late, v. i. To swell. [Obs.] Wilkins.

Tu"mu*lose` (?), a. Tumulous. [R.] Bailey.

Tu`mu*los"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being tumulous; hilliness. [R.] Bailey.

Tu"mu*lous (?), a. [L. tumulosus, fr. tumulus a mound.] Full of small hills or mounds; hilly; tumulose. [R.] Bailey.

Tu"mult (?), n. [L. tumultus; probably akin to Skr. tumula noise, noisy, and perhaps to L. tumere to swell, E. tumid: cf. F. tumulte.] 1. The commotion or agitation of a multitude, usually accompanied with great noise, uproar, and confusion of voices; hurly-burly; noisy confusion.

> What meaneth the noise of this tumult ?

1 Sam. iv. 14.

> Till in loud tumult all the Greeks arose.

Pope.

2. Violent commotion or agitation, with confusion of sounds; as, the tumult of the elements. Addison.

3. Irregular or confused motion; agitation; high excitement; as, the tumult of the spirits or passions.

Syn. — Uproar; ferment; disturbance; turbulence; disorder; confusion; noise; bluster; hubbub; bustle; stir; brawl; riot.

Tu"mult (?), v. i. To make a tumult; to be in great commotion. [Obs.]

> Importuning and tumulting even to the fear of a revolt.

Milton.

Tu"mult*er (?), n. A maker of tumults. [Obs.]

> He severely punished the tumulters.

Milton.

Tu*mul"tu*a*ri*ly (?), adv. In a tumultuary manner.

Tu*mul"tu*a*ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being tumultuary.

Tu*mul"tu*a*ry (?), a. [L. tumultuarius: cf. F. tumultuaire.] 1. Attended by, or producing, a tumult; disorderly; promiscuous; confused; tumultuous. "A tumultuary conflict." Eikon Basilike.

> A tumultuary attack of the Celtic peasantry.

Macaulay.

> Sudden flight or tumultuary skirmish.

De Quincey.

2. Restless; agitated; unquiet.

> Men who live without religion live always in a tumultuary and restless state.

Atterbury.

Tu*mul"tu*ate (?), v. i. [L. tumultuatus, p. p. of tumultuari to make a tumult.] To make a tumult. [Obs.] "He will murmur and tumultuate." South.

Tu*mul`tu*a"tion (?), n. [L. tumultuatio.] Irregular or disorderly movement; commotion; as, the tumultuation of the parts of a fluid. [Obs.] Boyle.

Tu*mul"tu*ous (?), a. [L. tumultuosus: cf. F. tumultueux.] 1. Full of tumult; characterized by tumult; disorderly; turbulent.

> The flight became wild and tumultuous.

Macaulay.

2. Conducted with disorder; noisy; confused; boisterous; disorderly; as, a tumultuous assembly or meeting.

3. Agitated, as with conflicting passions; disturbed.

> His dire attempt, which, nigh the birth
> Now rolling, boils in his tumultuous breast.

Milton.

4. Turbulent; violent; as, a tumultuous speech.

Syn. — Disorderly; irregular; noisy; confused; turbulent; violent; agitated; disturbed; boisterous; lawless; riotous; seditious.

— Tu*mul"tu*ous*ly, adv. — Tu*mul"tu*ous*ness, n.

||Tu"mu*lus (?), n.; pl. Tumuli (#). [L., a mound, a sepulchral mound, probably from tumere to swell. Cf. Tumid.] An artificial hillock, especially one raised over a grave, particularly over the graves of persons buried in ancient times; a barrow.

Tun (?), n. [AS. tunne. See Ton a weight.] 1. A large cask; an oblong vessel bulging in the middle, like a pipe or puncheon, and girt with hoops; a wine cask.

2. (Brewing) A fermenting vat.

3. A certain measure for liquids, as for wine, equal to two pipes, four hogsheads, or 252 gallons. In different countries, the tun differs in quantity.

4. (Com.) A weight of 2,240 pounds. See Ton. [R.]

5. An indefinite large quantity. Shak.

> A tun of man in thy large bulk is writ.

Dryden.

6. A drunkard; — so called humorously, or in contempt.

7. (Zoöl.) Any shell belonging to Dolium and allied genera; — called also tun-shell.

Tun, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tunned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tunning.] To put into tuns, or casks. Boyle.

Tu"na (?), n. (Bot.) The Opuntia Tuna. See Prickly pear, under Prickly.

Tu"na, n. [Cf. Tunny.] (Zoöl.) (a) The tunny. (b) The bonito, 2.

Tun"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being tuned, or made harmonious; hence, harmonious; musical; tuneful. — Tun"a*ble*ness, n. — Tun"a*bly, adv.

> And tunable as sylvan pipe or song.

Milton.

Tun"-bel`lied (?), a. Having a large, protuberant belly, or one shaped like a tun; pot-bellied.

Tun"-dish` (?), n. A tunnel. [Obs.] Shak.

||Tun"dra (?), n. [Russ., from a native name.] A rolling, marshy, mossy plain of Northern Siberia.

Tune (?), n. [A variant of tone.] 1. A sound; a note; a tone. "The tune of your voices." Shak.

2. (Mus.) (a) A rhythmical, melodious, symmetrical series of tones for one voice or instrument, or for any number of voices or instruments in unison, or two or more such series forming parts in harmony; a melody; an air; as, a merry tune; a mournful tune; a slow tune; a psalm tune. See Air. (b) The state of giving the proper, sound or sounds; just intonation; harmonious accordance; pitch of the voice or an instrument; adjustment of the parts of an instrument so as to harmonize with itself or with others; as, the piano, or the organ, is not in tune.

> Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune and harsh.

Shak.

3. Order; harmony; concord; fit disposition, temper, or humor; right mood.

> A child will learn three times as much when he is in tune, as when he . . . is dragged unwillingly to [his task].

Locke.

Tune, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tuned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tuning.] 1. To put into a state adapted to produce the proper sounds; to harmonize, to cause to be in tune; to correct the tone of; as, to tune a piano or a violin. " Tune your harps." Dryden.

<! p. 1551 !>

2. To give tone to; to attune; to adapt in style of music; to make harmonious.

> For now to sorrow must I tune my song.

Milton.

3. To sing with melody or harmony.

> Fountains, and ye, that warble, as ye flow,
> Melodious murmurs, warbling tune his praise.

Milton.

4. To put into a proper state or disposition. Shak.

Tune (?), v. i. 1. To form one sound to another; to form accordant musical sounds.

> Whilst tuning to the water's fall,
> The small birds sang to her.

Drayton.

2. To utter inarticulate harmony with the voice; to sing without pronouncing words; to hum. [R.]

Tune"ful (?), a. Harmonious; melodious; musical; as, tuneful notes. " Tuneful birds." Milton. — Tune"ful*ly, adv. — Tune"ful*ness, n.

Tune"less, a. 1. Without tune; inharmonious; unmusical. " Thy tuneless serenade." Cowley.

> How often have I led thy sportive choir,
> With tuneless pipe, beside the murmuring Loire!

Goldsmith.

2. Not employed in making music; as, tuneless harps.

3. Not expressed in music or poetry; unsung. [R.]

Tun"er (?), n. One who tunes; especially, one whose occupation is to tune musical instruments.

Tun"-great` (?), a. Having the circumference of a tun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tung"state (?), n. [Cf. F. tungstate.] (Chem.) A salt of tungstic acid; a wolframate.

Tung"sten (?), n. [Sw. tungsten (cf. Dan. tungsteen, G. tungstein); tung heavy (akin to Dan. tung, Icel. þungr) + sten stone. See Stone.] 1. (Chem.) A rare element of the chromium group found in certain minerals, as wolfram and scheelite, and isolated as a heavy steel-gray metal which is very hard and infusible. It has both acid and basic properties. When alloyed in small quantities with steel, it greatly increases its hardness. Symbol W (Wolframium). Atomic weight, 183.6. Specific gravity, 18.

2. (Min.) Scheelite, or calcium tungstate. [Obs.]

Tungsten ocher, or Tungstic ocher (Min.), tungstate.

Tung*sten"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to tungsten; containing tungsten; as, tungstenic ores. [R.]

Tung"stic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to tungsten; derived from, or resembling, tungsten; wolframic; as, tungstic oxide.

Tungstic acid, an acid of tungsten, H2WO4, analogous to sulphuric and chromic acids.

Tung"stite (?), n. (Min.) The oxide of tungsten, a yellow mineral occurring in a pulverulent form. It is often associated with wolfram.

Tun*gus"es (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A group of roving Turanian tribes occupying Eastern Siberia and the Amoor valley. They resemble the Mongols. [Written also Tungooses.]

Tun*gus"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Tunguses; as, the Tungusic dialects.

Tun"hoof` (?), n. [Cf. Aleboof.] (Bot.) Ground ivy; alehoof.

Tu"nic (?), n. [L. tunica: cf. F. tunique.]

1. (Rom. Antiq.) An under-garment worn by the ancient Romans of both sexes. It was made with or without sleeves, reached to or below the knees, and was confined at the waist by a girdle.

2. Any similar garment worm by ancient or Oriental peoples; also, a common name for various styles of loose-fitting under- garments and over-garments worn in modern times by Europeans and others.

3. (R. C. Ch.) Same as Tunicle.

4. (Anat.) A membrane, or layer of tissue, especially when enveloping an organ or part, as the eye.

5. (Bot.) A natural covering; an integument; as, the tunic of a seed.

6. (Zoöl.) See Mantle, n., 3 (a).

Tu"ni*ca*ry (?), n.; pl. Tunicaries (#). [L. tunica a tunic.] (Zoöl.) One of the Tunicata.

||Tu`ni*ca"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Tunicate.] (Zoöl.) A grand division of the animal kingdom, intermediate, in some respects, between the invertebrates and vertebrates, and by some writers united with the latter. They were formerly classed with acephalous mollusks. The body is usually covered with a firm external tunic, consisting in part of cellulose, and having two openings, one for the entrance and one for the exit of water. The pharynx is usually dilated in the form of a sac, pierced by several series of ciliated slits, and serves as a gill.

Most of the species when mature are firmly attached to foreign substances, but have free-swimming larvæ which are furnished with an elongated tail and somewhat resemble a tadpole. In this state the larva has a urochord and certain other structures resembling some embryonic vertebrates. See Ascidian, Doliolum, Salpa, Urochord, and Illust. of Social ascidian, under Social.

{ Tu"ni*cate (?), Tu"ni*ca`ted (?), } a. [L. tunicatus, p. p. of tunicare to clothe with a tunic, fr. tunica a tunic.] 1. (Bot.) Covered with a tunic; covered or coated with layers; as, a tunicated bulb.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having a tunic, or mantle; of or pertaining to the Tunicata. (b) Having each joint buried in the preceding funnel- shaped one, as in certain antennæ of insects.

Tu"ni*cate (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Tunicata.

Tu"ni*cin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) Animal cellulose; a substance present in the mantle, or tunic, of the Tunicates, which resembles, or is identical with, the cellulose of the vegetable kingdom.

Tu"ni*cle (?), n. [L. tunicula a little tunic, coat, or membrane, dim. of tunica a tunic: cf. OF. tunicle.] 1. A slight natural covering; an integument.

> The tunicles that make the ball or apple of the eye.

Holland.

2. (R. C. Ch.) A short, close-fitting vestment worn by bishops under the dalmatic, and by subdeacons.

Tun"ing (?), a. & n. from Tune, v.

Tuning fork (Mus.), a steel instrument consisting of two prongs and a handle, which, being struck, gives a certain fixed tone. It is used for tuning instruments, or for ascertaining the pitch of tunes.

Tunk (?), n. A sharp blow; a thump. [Prov. Eng. or Colloq. U. S.]

Tun"ker (?), n. (Eccl.) Same as Dunker.

Tun"nage (?; 48), n. [From Tun; cf. Tonnage.] See Tonnage.

Tun"nel (?), n. . [F. tonnelle a semicircular, wagon-headed vault, a tunnel net, an arbor, OF. also tonnel; dim. of tonne a tun; — so named from its resemblance to a tun in shape. See Ton.] 1. A vessel with a broad mouth at one end, a pipe or tube at the other, for conveying liquor, fluids, etc., into casks, bottles, or other vessels; a funnel.

2. The opening of a chimney for the passage of smoke; a flue; a funnel.

> And one great chimney, whose long tunnel thence
> The smoke forth threw.

Spenser.

3. An artificial passage or archway for conducting canals or railroads under elevated ground, for the formation of roads under rivers or canals, and the construction of sewers, drains, and the like.

4. (Mining) A level passage driven across the measures, or at right angles to veins which it is desired to reach; — distinguished from the drift, or gangway, which is led along the vein when reached by the tunnel.

Tunnel head (Metal.), the top of a smelting furnace where the materials are put in. — Tunnel kiln, a limekiln in which coal is burned, as distinguished from a flame kiln, in which wood or peat is used. — Tunnel net, a net with a wide mouth at one end and narrow at the other. — Tunnel pit, Tunnel shaft, a pit or shaft sunk from the top of the ground to the level of a tunnel, for drawing up the earth and stones, for ventilation, lighting, and the like.

Tun"nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tunneled (&?;) or Tunnelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Tunneling or Tunnelling.]

1. To form into a tunnel, or funnel, or to form like a tunnel; as, to tunnel fibrous plants into nests. Derham.

2. To catch in a tunnel net.

3. To make an opening, or a passageway, through or under; as, to tunnel a mountain; to tunnel a river.

Tun"ny (tn"n), n.; pl. Tunnies (#). [L. thunnus, thynnus, Gr. qy`nnos, qy^nos: cf. It. tonno, F. & Pr. thon.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large oceanic fishes belonging to the Mackerel family, especially the common or great tunny (Orcynus or Albacora thynnus) native of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It sometimes weighs a thousand pounds or more, and is extensively caught in the Mediterranean. On the American coast it is called horse mackerel. See Illust. of Horse mackerel, under Horse. [Written also thynny.]

The little tunny (Gymnosarda alletterata) of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic, and the long-finned tunny, or albicore (see Albicore), are related species of smaller size.

Tup (?), v. t. & i. [Probably akin to top summit, head.] 1. To butt, as a ram does. [Prov. Eng.]

2. To cover; — said of a ram. Shak.

Tup, n. (Zoöl.) A ram.

Tu*pai" (t*p"), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of the tupaiids.

Tu*pai"id (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of East Indian and Asiatic insectivores of the family Tupaiidæ, somewhat resembling squirrels in size and arboreal habits. The nose is long and pointed.

Tu"pe*lo (?), n. [Tupelo, or tupebo, the native American Indian name.] (Bot.) A North American tree (Nyssa multiflora) of the Dogwood family, having brilliant, glossy foliage and acid red berries. The wood is crossgrained and very difficult to split. Called also black gum, sour gum, and pepperidge.

Largo tupelo, or Tupelo gum (Bot.), an American tree (Nyssa uniflora) with softer wood than the tupelo. — Sour tupelo (Bot.), the Ogeechee lime.

Tup"man (?), n.; pl. Tupmen (&?;). A man who breeds, or deals in tups. [Prov. Eng.]

||Tur (?), n. [Pol.] (Zoöl.) The urus.

Tu"ra*cin (?), n. (Physiol.) (Chem.) A red or crimson pigment obtained from certain feathers of several species of turacou; whence the name. It contains nearly six per cent of copper.

Tu*ra"cou (?), n. [Cf. F. touraco.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of plantain eaters of the genus Turacus, native of Africa. They are remarkable for the peculiar green and red pigments found in their feathers. [Written also touraco, and touracou.]

Tu*ra`co*ver"din (?), n. [See Turacou, and Verdant.] (Physiol.) (Chem.) A green pigment found in the feathers of the turacou. See Turacin.

Tu*ra"ni*an (?), a. [From Tur, the name, in Persian legendary history, of one of the three brothers from whom sprang the races of mankind.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, an extensive family of languages of simple structure and low grade (called also Altaic, Ural-Altaic, and Scythian), spoken in the northern parts of Europe and Asia and Central Asia; of pertaining to, or designating, the people who speak these languages.

Tu*ra"ni*an (?), n. One of the Turanians.

Tu*ra"ni*ans (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) (a) An extensive division of mankind including the Mongols and allied races of Asia, together with the Malays and Polynesians. (b) A group of races or tribes inhabiting Asia and closely related to the Mongols.

Tu"ratt (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hare kangaroo.

Tur"ban (?), n. [OE. turband, turbant, tolibant, F. turban, It. turbante, Turk. tulbend, dulbend, fr. Per. dulband. Cf. Tulip.] 1. A headdress worn by men in the Levant and by most Mohammedans of the male sex, consisting of a cap, and a sash, scarf, or shawl, usually of cotton or linen, wound about the cap, and sometimes hanging down the neck.

2. A kind of headdress worn by women.

3. (Zoöl.) The whole set of whorls of a spiral shell.

Tur"band (?), n. A turban. Balfour (Cyc. of Ind.).

Tur"baned (?), a. Wearing a turban. " A malignant and a turbaned Turk." Shak.

Tur"ban-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A sea urchin when deprived of its spines; — popularly so called from a fancied resemblance to a turban.

Tur"bant (?), n. A turban. [Obs.] Milton.

> I see the Turk nodding with his turbant.

Howell.

Tur"ban-top` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of fungus with an irregularly wrinkled, somewhat globular pileus (Helvella, or Gyromitra, esculenta.).

Tur"ba*ry (?), n.; pl. Turbaries (#). [LL. turbaria a place for digging peat, from turba peat. See Turf.] (Eng. Law) A right of digging turf on another man's land; also, the ground where turf is dug.

||Tur`bel*la"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., dim. fr. L. turbo a whirling.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of worms which have the body covered externally with vibrating cilia. It includes the Rhabdocœla and Dendrocœla. Formerly, the nemerteans were also included in this group.

Tur`bel*la"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Turbellaria. Also used adjectively.

Tur"beth (?), n. See Turpeth.

Tur"bid (?), a. [L. turbidus, from turba tumult, disturbance, akin to turbare to disturb. See Trouble, and cf. Disturb, Perturb.] 1. Having the lees or sediment disturbed; roiled; muddy; thick; not clear; — used of liquids of any kind; as, turbid water; turbid wine.

> On that strong, turbid water, a small boat,
> Guided by one weak hand, was seen to float.

Whittier.

2. Disturbed; confused; disordered. " Such turbid intervals that use to attend close prisoners." Howell.

Tur*bid"i*ty (?), n. Turbidness.

Tur"bid*ly (?), adv. 1. In a turbid manner; with muddiness or confusion.

2. Proudly; haughtily. [A Latinism. R.]

> One of great merit turbidly resents them.

Young.

Tur"bid*ness, n. The quality or state of being turbid; muddiness; foulness.

Tur*bil"lion (?), n. [F. tourbillon, from L. turbo a whirl.] A whirl; a vortex. Spectator.

Tur`bi*na"ceous (?), a. [See Turbary.] Of or pertaining to peat, or turf; of the nature of peat, or turf; peaty; turfy. Sir. W. Scott.

Tur"bi*nal (?), a. [L. turbo, turben, -inis, a top, whirl.] (Anat.) Rolled in a spiral; scroll-like; turbinate; — applied to the thin, plicated, bony or cartilaginous plates which support the olfactory and mucous membranes of the nasal chambers.

There are usually several of these plates in each nasal chamber. The upper ones, connected directly with the ethmoid bone, are called ethmoturbinals, and the lower, connected with the maxillæ, maxillo-turbinals. Incurved portions of the wall of the nasal chamber are sometimes called pseudoturbinals, to distinguish them from the true turbinals which are free outgrowths into the chambers.

Tur"bi*nal, n. (Anat.) A turbinal bone or cartilage.

Tur"bi*nate (?), v. i. To revolve or spin like a top; to whirl. [R.]

{ Tur"bi*nate (?), Tur"bi*na`ted (?), } a. [L. turbinatus, turbo, turben, -inis, a whirl, top.] 1. Whirling in the manner of a top.

> A spiral and turbinated motion of the whole.

Bentley.

2. (Bot.) Shaped like a top, or inverted cone; narrow at the base, and broad at the apex; as, a turbinated ovary, pericarp, or root.

3. (Anat.) Turbinal.

4. (Zoöl.) Spiral with the whorls decreasing rapidly from a large base to a pointed apex; — said of certain shells.

Tur`bi*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. L. tirbinatio a pointing in the form of a cone. See Turbinate.] The act of spinning or whirling, as a top.

<! p. 1552 !>

Tur"bine (?), n. [L. turbo, - inis, that which spins or whirls round, whirl.] A water wheel, commonly horizontal, variously constructed, but usually having a series of curved floats or buckets, against which the water acts by its impulse or reaction in flowing either outward from a central chamber, inward from an external casing, or from above downward, etc.; — also called turbine wheel.

In some turbines, the water is supplied to the wheel from below, instead of above. Turbines in which the water flows in a direction parallel to the axis are called parallel-flow turbines.

||Tur`bi*nel"la (?), n. [NL., dim. fr. L. turbo, -inis, a top.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large marine gastropods having a thick heavy shell with conspicuous folds on the columella.

Tur"bi*nite (?), n. [NL. Turbo, the generic name, fr. L. turbo a whirl, top: cf. F. turbinite.] (Paleon.) A petrified shell resembling the genus Turbo. [R.]

Tur"bi*noid (?), a. [See Turbo, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to Turbo or the family Turbinidæ.

Tur"bit (?), n. [Cf. Turbot.]

1. (Zoöl.) The turbot.

2. (Zoöl.) A variety of the domestic pigeon, remarkable for its short beak.

Tur"bite (?), n. (Paleon.) A fossil turbo.

Tur"bith (?), n. [F., fr. Per. See Turpeth.] See Turpeth.

Tur"bo (?), n. [L. turbo, - inis, a top. See Turbine.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous marine gastropods of the genus Turbo or family Turbinidæ, usually having a turbinate shell, pearly on the inside, and a calcareous operculum.

Tur"bot (?), n. [F.; — probably so named from its shape, and from L. turbo a top, a whirl.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large European flounder (Rhombus maximus) highly esteemed as a food fish. It often weighs from thirty to forty pounds. Its color on the upper side is brownish with small roundish tubercles scattered over the surface. The lower, or blind, side is white. Called also bannock fluke. (b) Any one of numerous species of flounders more or less related to the true turbots, as the American plaice, or summer flounder (see Flounder), the halibut, and the diamond flounder (Hypsopsetta guttulata) of California. (c) The filefish; — so called in Bermuda. (d) The trigger fish.

Spotted turbot. See Windowpane.

Tur"bu*lence (?), n. [L. turbulentia: cf. F. turbulebce.] The quality or state of being turbulent; a disturbed state; tumult; disorder; agitation. Shak.

> The years of . . . warfare and turbulence which ensued.

Southey.

Syn. — Agitation; commotion; tumult; tumultuousness; termagance; unruliness; insubordination; rioting.

Tur"bu*len*cy (?), n. Turbulence.

> What a tale of terror now its turbulency tells!

Poe.

Tur"bu*lent (?), a. [L. turbulentus, fr. turba disorder, tumult: cf. F. turbulent. See Turbid.] 1. Disturbed; agitated; tumultuous; roused to violent commotion; as, the turbulent ocean.

> Calm region once,
> And full of peace, now tossed and turbulent.

Milton.

2. Disposed to insubordination and disorder; restless; unquiet; refractory; as, turbulent spirits.

> Sagacious, bold, and turbulent of wit.

Dryden.

3. Producing commotion; disturbing; exciting.

> Whose heads that turbulent liquor fills with fumes.

Milton.

Syn. — Disturbed; agitated; tumultuous; riotous; seditious; insubordinate; refractory; unquiet.

Tur"bu*lent*ly, adv. In a turbulent manner.

Tur"cism (?), n. A mode of speech peculiar to the Turks; a Turkish idiom or expression; also, in general, a Turkish mode or custom.

Tur"co*man (?), n.; pl. Turcomans (&?;).

1. A member of a tribe of Turanians inhabiting a region east of the Caspian Sea.

2. A Turcoman carpet.

Turcoman carpet or rug, a kind of carpet or rug supposed to be made by the Turcomans.

||Tur`di*for"mes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. turdus a thrush + forma form.] (Zoöl.) A division of singing birds including the thrushes and allied kinds.

||Tur"dus (?), n. [L., a thrush.] (Zoöl.) A genus of singing birds including the true thrushes.

Tu*reen" (?), n. [F. terrine, L. terra earth. See Terrace.] A large, deep vessel for holding soup, or other liquid food, at the table. [Written also terreen.]

Tu*reen"ful (?), n.; pl. Tureenfuls (&?;). As much as a tureen can hold; enough to fill a tureen.

Turf (tûrf), n.; pl. Turfs (#), Obs. Turves (#). [AS. turf; akin to D. turf peat, G. torf, OHG. zurba turf, Sw. & Icel. torf turf, peat, Dan. törv, Skr. darbha a kind of grass, a tuft of grass. √242.] 1. That upper stratum of earth and vegetable mold which is filled with the roots of grass and other small plants, so as to adhere and form a kind of mat; sward; sod.

> At his head a grass-green turf.

Shak.

> The Greek historian sets her in the field on a high heap of turves.

Milton.

2. Peat, especially when prepared for fuel. See Peat.

3. Race course; horse racing; — preceded by the. "We . . . claim the honors of the turf." Cowper.

Turf is often used adjectively, or to form compounds which are generally self-explaining; as, turf ashes, turf cutter or turf-cutter, turf pit or turf-pit, turf-built, turf-clad, turf-covered, etc.

Turf ant (Zoöl.), a small European ant (Formica flava) which makes small ant-hills on heaths and commons. — Turf drain, a drain made with turf or peat. — Turf hedge, a hedge or fence formed with turf and plants of different kinds. — Turf house, a house or shed formed of turf, common in the northern parts of Europe. — Turf moss a tract of turfy, mossy, or boggy land. — Turf spade, a spade for cutting and digging turf, longer and narrower than the common spade.

Turf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Turfed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Turfing.] To cover with turf or sod; as, to turf a bank, of the border of a terrace. A. Tucker.

Turf"en (?), a. Made of turf; covered with turf.

Turf"i*ness (?), n. Quality or state of being turfy.

Turf"ing, n. The act or process of providing or covering with turf.

Turfing iron, or Turfing spade, an implement for cutting, and paring off, turf.

Turf"ite (?), n. A votary of the turf, or race course; hence, sometimes, a blackleg. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Turf"less, a. Destitute of turf.

Turf"man (?), n.; pl. Turfmen (&?;). A turfite; a votary of the turf, or race course. [Colloq.]

Turf"y (?), a. [Compar. Turfier (?); superl. Turfiest.] 1. Abounding with turf; made of, or covered with, turf. "The turfy mountains." Shak.

2. Having the nature or appearance of turf.

3. Of or pertaining to the turf, or horse racing.

Tur"gent (?), a. [L. turgens, - entis, p. pr. of turgere to swell.] 1. Rising into a tumor, or a puffy state; swelling; tumid; as, turgent humors.

2. Inflated; bombastic; turgid; pompous.

> Recompensed with turgent titles.

Burton.

Tur*gesce" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Turgesced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Turgescing (?).] [L. turgescere, v. incho. fr. turgere to swell.] To become turgid; to swell or be inflated. [R.]

{ Tur*ges"cence (?), Tur*ges"cen*cy (?), } n. [Cf. F. turgescence. See Turgescent.] 1. The act of swelling, or the state of being swollen, or turgescent. Sir T. Browne.

2. Empty magnificence or pompousness; inflation; bombast; turgidity. Johnson.

Tur*ges"cent (?), a. [L. turgescens, -entis, p. pr. of turgescere: cf. F. turgescent. See Turgesce.] Becoming turgid or inflated; swelling; growing big.

Tur"gid (?), a. [L. turgidus, from turgere to swell.] 1. Distended beyond the natural state by some internal agent or expansive force; swelled; swollen; bloated; inflated; tumid; — especially applied to an enlarged part of the body; as, a turgid limb; turgid fruit.

> A bladder . . . held near the fire grew turgid.

Boyle.

2. Swelling in style or language; vainly ostentatious; bombastic; pompous; as, a turgid style of speaking.

— Tur"gid*ly (#), adv. — Tur"gid*ness, n.

Tur*gid"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being turgid.

Tur"gid*ous (?), a. Turgid. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

||Tu"ri*o (?), n.; pl. Turiones (#). [L.] (Bot.) A shoot or sprout from the ground. Gray.

Tu"ri*ole (?), n. The golden oriole. [Prov. Eng.]

Tu"ri*on (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Turio.

Tu`ri*o*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. turio a sprout + -ferous.] Producing shoots, as asparagus. Barton.

Turk (?), n. [Per. Turk; probably of Tartar origin: cf. F. Turc.] 1. A member of any of numerous Tartar tribes of Central Asia, etc.; esp., one of the dominant race in Turkey.

2. A native or inhabitant of Turkey.

3. A Mohammedan; esp., one living in Turkey.

> It is no good reason for a man's religion that he was born and brought up in it; for then a Turk would have as much reason to be a Turk as a Christian to be a Christian.

Chillingworth.

4. (Zoöl.) The plum weevil. See Curculio, and Plum weevil, under Plum.

Turk's cap. (Bot.) (a) Turk's-cap lily. See under Lily. (b) A tulip. (c) A plant of the genus Melocactus; Turk's head. See Melon cactus, under Melon. — Turk's head. (a) (Naut.) A knot of turbanlike form worked on a rope with a piece of small line. R. H. Dana, Jr. (b) (Bot.) See Turk's cap (c) above. — Turk's turban (Bot.), a plant of the genus Ranunculus; crowfoot.

Tur"keis (?), a. [Cf. Turquoise.] Turkish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Tur"key (?), n. [Cf. 2d Turkey.] An empire in the southeast of Europe and southwest of Asia.

Turkey carpet, a superior kind of carpet made in Asia Minor and adjoining countries, having a deep pile and composed of pure wool with a weft of different material. It is distinguishable by its coloring and patterns from similar carpets made in India and elsewhere. — Turkey oak. (Bot.) See Cerris. — Turkey red. (a) A brilliant red imparted by madder to cottons, calicoes, etc., the fiber of which has been prepared previously with oil or other fatty matter. (b) Cloth dyed with this red. — Turkey sponge. (Zoöl.) See Toilet sponge, under Sponge. — Turkey stone, a kind of oilstone from Turkey; novaculite; — called also Turkey oilstone.

Tur"key (?), n.; pl. Turkeys (#). [So called because it was formerly erroneously believed that it came originally from Turkey: cf. F. Turquie Turkey. See Turk.] (Zoöl.) Any large American gallinaceous bird belonging to the genus Meleagris, especially the North American wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), and the domestic turkey, which was probably derived from the Mexican wild turkey, but had been domesticated by the Indians long before the discovery of America.

The Mexican wild turkey is now considered a variety of the northern species (var. Mexicana). Its tall feathers and coverts are tipped with white instead of brownish chestnut, and its flesh is white. The Central American, or ocellated, turkey (M. ocellata) is more elegantly colored than the common species. See under Ocellated. The Australian, or native, turkey is a bustard (Choriotis australis). See under Native.

Turkey beard (Bot.), a name of certain American perennial liliaceous herbs of the genus Xerophyllum. They have a dense tuft of hard, narrowly linear radical leaves, and a long raceme of small whitish flowers. Also called turkey's beard. — Turkey berry (Bot.), a West Indian name for the fruit of certain kinds of nightshade (Solanum mammosum, and S. torvum). — Turkey bird (Zoöl.), the wryneck. So called because it erects and ruffles the feathers of its neck when disturbed. [Prov. Eng.] — Turkey buzzard (Zoöl.), a black or nearly black buzzard (Cathartes aura), abundant in the Southern United States. It is so called because its naked and warty head and neck resemble those of a turkey. Its is noted for its high and graceful flight. Called also turkey vulture. — Turkey cock (Zoöl.), a male turkey. — Turkey hen (Zoöl.), a female turkey. — Turkey pout (Zoöl.), a young turkey. [R.] — Turkey vulture (Zoöl.), the turkey buzzard.

Tur"keys (?), a. Turkish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Turk"ic (?), a. Turkish.

Tur"kis (?), n. (Min.) Turquois. [Obs.]

Turk"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to Turkey or the Turks. — n. The language spoken by Turks, esp. that of the people of Turkey. — Turk"ish*ly, adv. — Turk"ish*ness, n.

Turk"ism (?), n. Same as Turcism.

Tur"kle (?), n. A turtle. [Obs. or Illiterate]

Turk"o (?), n.; pl. Turkos (#). [F. turco.] One of a body of native Algerian tirailleurs in the French army, dressed as a Turk. [Written also Turco.]

Tur*kois" (?), n. & a. Turquoise.

Tur"ko*man (?), n.; pl. Turkomans (&?;). Same as Turcoman.

Tur"lu*pin (?), n. [F.] (Fr. Eccl. Hist.) One of the precursors of the Reformation; — a nickname corresponding to Lollard, etc.

Turm (?), n. [L. turma.] A troop; a company. [Obs. or Poetic]

> Legions and cohorts, turms of horse and wings.

Milton.

Tur"ma*line (?), n. (Min.) See Tourmaline.

Tur"mer*ic (?), n. [F. terre- mérite, NL. terramerita, turmerica; apparently meaning, excellent earth, but perhaps a corruption of Ar. kurkum. Cf. Curcuma.]

1. (Bot.) An East Indian plant of the genus Curcuma, of the Ginger family.

2. The root or rootstock of the Curcuma longa. It is externally grayish, but internally of a deep, lively yellow or saffron color, and has a slight aromatic smell, and a bitterish, slightly acrid taste. It is used for a dye, a medicine, a condiment, and a chemical test.

Tur"mer*ic, a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to turmeric; resembling, or obtained from, turmeric; specif., designating an acid obtained by the oxidation of turmerol.

Turmeric paper (Chem.), paper impregnated with turmeric and used as a test for alkaline substances, by which it is changed from yellow to brown. — Turmeric root. (Bot.) (a) Bloodroot. (b) Orangeroot.

Tur"mer*ol (?), n. [Turmeric + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Turmeric oil, a brownish yellow, oily substance extracted from turmeric by ligroin.

Tur"moil (?), n. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps fr. OF. tremouille the hopper of a mill, trembler to tremble (cf. E. tremble); influenced by E. turn and moil.] Harassing labor; trouble; molestation by tumult; disturbance; worrying confusion.

> And there I'll rest, as after much turmoil,
> A blessed soul doth in Elysium.

Shak.

<! p. 1553 !>

Tur*moil" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Turmoiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Turmoiling.] To harass with commotion; to disquiet; to worry. [Obs.]

> It is her fatal misfortune . . . to be miserably tossed and turmoiled with these storms of affliction.

Spenser.

Tur*moil", v. i. To be disquieted or confused; to be in commotion. [Obs.] Milton.

Turn (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Turned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Turning.] [OE. turnen, tournen, OF. tourner, torner, turner, F. tourner, LL. tornare, fr. L. tornare to turn in a lathe, to rounds off, fr. tornus a lathe, Gr. &?; a turner's chisel, a carpenter's tool for drawing circles; probably akin to E. throw. See Throw, and cf. Attorney, Return, Tornado, Tour, Tournament.] 1. To cause to move upon a center, or as if upon a center; to give circular motion to; to cause to revolve; to cause to move round, either partially, wholly, or repeatedly; to make to change position so as to present other sides in given directions; to make to face otherwise; as, to turn a wheel or a spindle; to turn the body or the head.

> Turn the adamantine spindle round.

Milton.

> The monarch turns him to his royal guest.

Pope.

2. To cause to present a different side uppermost or outmost; to make the upper side the lower, or the inside to be the outside of; to reverse the position of; as, to turn a box or a board; to turn a coat.

3. To give another direction, tendency, or inclination to; to direct otherwise; to deflect; to incline differently; — used both literally and figuratively; as, to turn the eyes to the heavens; to turn a horse from the road, or a ship from her course; to turn the attention to or from something. "Expert when to advance, or stand, or, turn the sway of battle." Milton.

> Thrice I deluded her, and turned to sport
> Her importunity.

Milton.

> My thoughts are turned on peace.

Addison.

4. To change from a given use or office; to divert, as to another purpose or end; to transfer; to use or employ; to apply; to devote.

> Therefore he slew him, and turned the kingdom unto David.

1 Chron. x. 14.

> God will make these evils the occasion of a greater good, by turning them to advantage in this world.

Tillotson.

> When the passage is open, land will be turned most to cattle; when shut, to sheep.

Sir W. Temple.

5. To change the form, quality, aspect, or effect of; to alter; to metamorphose; to convert; to transform; — often with to or into before the word denoting the effect or product of the change; as, to turn a worm into a winged insect; to turn green to blue; to turn prose into verse; to turn a Whig to a Tory, or a Hindu to a Christian; to turn good to evil, and the like.

> The Lord thy God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion upon thee.

Deut. xxx. 3.

> And David said, O Lord, I pray thee, turn the counsel of Ahithophel into foolishness.

2 Sam. xv. 31.

> Impatience turns an ague into a fever.

Jer. Taylor.

6. To form in a lathe; to shape or fashion (anything) by applying a cutting tool to it while revolving; as, to turn the legs of stools or tables; to turn ivory or metal.

> I had rather hear a brazen canstick turned.

Shak.

7. Hence, to give form to; to shape; to mold; to put in proper condition; to adapt. "The poet's pen turns them to shapes." Shak.

> His limbs how turned, how broad his shoulders spread !

Pope.

> He was perfectly well turned for trade.

Addison.

8. Specifically: —

(a) To translate; to construe; as, to turn the Iliad.

> Who turns a Persian tale for half a crown.

Pope.

(b) To make acid or sour; to ferment; to curdle, etc.: as, to turn cider or wine; electricity turns milk quickly.

(c) To sicken; to nauseate; as, an emetic turns one's stomach.

To be turned of, be advanced beyond; as, to be turned of sixty-six. — To turn a cold shoulder to, to treat with neglect or indifference. — To turn a corner, to go round a corner. — To turn adrift, to cast off, to cease to care for. — To turn a flange (Mech.), to form a flange on, as around a metal sheet or boiler plate, by stretching, bending, and hammering, or rolling the metal. — To turn against. (a) To direct against; as, to turn one's arguments against himself. (b) To make unfavorable or hostile to; as, to turn one's friends against him. — To turn a hostile army, To turn the enemy's flank, or the like (Mil.), to pass round it, and take a position behind it or upon its side. — To turn a penny, or To turn an honest penny, to make a small profit by trade, or the like. — To turn around one's finger, to have complete control of the will and actions of; to be able to influence at pleasure. — To turn aside, to avert. — To turn away. (a) To dismiss from service; to discard; as, to turn away a servant. (b) To avert; as, to turn away wrath or evil. — To turn back. (a) To give back; to return.

> We turn not back the silks upon the merchants,
> When we have soiled them.

Shak.

(b) To cause to return or retrace one's steps; hence, to drive away; to repel. Shak. — To turn down. (a) To fold or double down. (b) To turn over so as to conceal the face of; as, to turn down cards. (c) To lower, or reduce in size, by turning a valve, stopcock, or the like; as, turn down the lights. — To turn in. (a) To fold or double under; as, to turn in the edge of cloth. (b) To direct inwards; as, to turn the toes in when walking. (c) To contribute; to deliver up; as, he turned in a large amount. [Colloq.] — To turn in the mind, to revolve, ponder, or meditate upon; — with about, over, etc. " Turn these ideas about in your mind." I. Watts. — To turn off. (a) To dismiss contemptuously; as, to turn off a sycophant or a parasite. (b) To give over; to reduce. (c) To divert; to deflect; as, to turn off the thoughts from serious subjects; to turn off a joke. (d) To accomplish; to perform, as work. (e) (Mech.) To remove, as a surface, by the process of turning; to reduce in size by turning. (f) To shut off, as a fluid, by means of a valve, stopcock, or other device; to stop the passage of; as, to turn off the water or the gas. — To turn on, to cause to flow by turning a valve, stopcock, or the like; to give passage to; as, to turn on steam. — To turn one's coat, to change one's uniform or colors; to go over to the opposite party. — To turn one's goods or money, and the like, to exchange in the course of trade; to keep in lively exchange or circulation; to gain or increase in trade. — To turn one's hand to, to adapt or apply one's self to; to engage in. — To turn out. (a) To drive out; to expel; as, to turn a family out of doors; to turn a man out of office.

> I'll turn you out of my kingdom.

Shak.

(b) to put to pasture, as cattle or horses. (c) To produce, as the result of labor, or any process of manufacture; to furnish in a completed state. (d) To reverse, as a pocket, bag, etc., so as to bring the inside to the outside; hence, to produce. (e) To cause to cease, or to put out, by turning a stopcock, valve, or the like; as, to turn out the lights. — To turn over. (a) To change or reverse the position of; to overset; to overturn; to cause to roll over. (b) To transfer; as, to turn over business to another hand. (c) To read or examine, as a book, while, turning the leaves. "We turned o'er many books together." Shak. (d) To handle in business; to do business to the amount of; as, he turns over millions a year. [Colloq.] — To turn over a new leaf. See under Leaf. — To turn tail, to run away; to retreat ignominiously. — To turn the back, to flee; to retreat. — To turn the back on or upon, to treat with contempt; to reject or refuse unceremoniously. — To turn the corner, to pass the critical stage; to get by the worst point; hence, to begin to improve, or to succeed. — To turn the die or dice, to change fortune. — To turn the edge or point of, to bend over the edge or point of so as to make dull; to blunt. — To turn the head or brain of, to make giddy, wild, insane, or the like; to infatuate; to overthrow the reason or judgment of; as, a little success turned his head. — To turn the scale or balance, to change the preponderance; to decide or determine something doubtful. — To turn the stomach of, to nauseate; to sicken. — To turn the tables, to reverse the chances or conditions of success or superiority; to give the advantage to the person or side previously at a disadvantage. — To turn tippet, to make a change. [Obs.] B. Jonson. — To turn to profit, advantage, etc., to make profitable or advantageous. — To turn up. (a) To turn so as to bring the bottom side on top; as, to turn up the trump. (b) To bring from beneath to the surface, as in plowing, digging, etc. (c) To give an upward curve to; to tilt; as, to turn up the nose. — To turn upon, to retort; to throw back; as, to turn the arguments of an opponent upon himself. — To turn upside down, to confuse by putting things awry; to throw into disorder.

> This house is turned upside down since Robin Ostler died.

Shak.

Turn (?), v. i. 1. To move round; to have a circular motion; to revolve entirely, repeatedly, or partially; to change position, so as to face differently; to whirl or wheel round; as, a wheel turns on its axis; a spindle turns on a pivot; a man turns on his heel.

> The gate . . . on golden hinges turning.

Milton.

2. Hence, to revolve as if upon a point of support; to hinge; to depend; as, the decision turns on a single fact.

> Conditions of peace certainly turn upon events of war.

Swift.

3. To result or terminate; to come about; to eventuate; to issue.

> If we repent seriously, submit contentedly, and serve him faithfully, afflictions shall turn to our advantage.

Wake.

4. To be deflected; to take a different direction or tendency; to be directed otherwise; to be differently applied; to be transferred; as, to turn from the road.

> Turn from thy fierce wrath.

Ex. xxxii. 12.

> Turn ye, turn ye from your evil ways.

Ezek. xxxiii. 11.

> The understanding turns inward on itself, and reflects on its own operations.

Locke.

5. To be changed, altered, or transformed; to become transmuted; also, to become by a change or changes; to grow; as, wood turns to stone; water turns to ice; one color turns to another; to turn Mohammedan.

> I hope you have no intent to turn husband.

Shak.

> Cygnets from gray turn white.

Bacon.

6. To undergo the process of turning on a lathe; as, ivory turns well.

7. Specifically: —

(a) To become acid; to sour; — said of milk, ale, etc.

(b) To become giddy; — said of the head or brain.

> I'll look no more;
> Lest my brain turn.

Shak.

(c) To be nauseated; — said of the stomach.

(d) To become inclined in the other direction; — said of scales.

(e) To change from ebb to flow, or from flow to ebb; — said of the tide.

(f) (Obstetrics) To bring down the feet of a child in the womb, in order to facilitate delivery.

8. (Print.) To invert a type of the same thickness, as temporary substitute for any sort which is exhausted.

To turn about, to face to another quarter; to turn around. — To turn again, to come back after going; to return. Shak. — To turn against, to become unfriendly or hostile to. — To turn aside or away. (a) To turn from the direct course; to withdraw from a company; to deviate. (b) To depart; to remove. (c) To avert one's face. — To turn back, to turn so as to go in an opposite direction; to retrace one's steps. — To turn in. (a) To bend inward. (b) To enter for lodgings or entertainment. (c) To go to bed. [Colloq.] — To turn into, to enter by making a turn; as, to turn into a side street. — To turn off, to be diverted; to deviate from a course; as, the road turns off to the left. — To turn on or upon. (a) To turn against; to confront in hostility or anger. (b) To reply to or retort. (c) To depend on; as, the result turns on one condition. — To turn out. (a) To move from its place, as a bone. (b) To bend or point outward; as, his toes turn out. (c) To rise from bed. [Colloq.] (d) To come abroad; to appear; as, not many turned out to the fire. (e) To prove in the result; to issue; to result; as, the crops turned out poorly. — To turn over, to turn from side to side; to roll; to tumble. — To turn round. (a) To change position so as to face in another direction. (b) To change one's opinion; to change from one view or party to another. — To turn to, to apply one's self to; have recourse to; to refer to. "Helvicus's tables may be turned to on all occasions." Locke. — To turn to account, profit, advantage, or the like, to be made profitable or advantageous; to become worth the while. — To turn under, to bend, or be folded, downward or under. — To turn up. (a) To bend, or be doubled, upward. (b) To appear; to come to light; to transpire; to occur; to happen.

Turn (?), n. 1. The act of turning; movement or motion about, or as if about, a center or axis; revolution; as, the turn of a wheel.

2. Change of direction, course, or tendency; different order, position, or aspect of affairs; alteration; vicissitude; as, the turn of the tide.

> At length his complaint took a favorable turn.

Macaulay.

> The turns and varieties of all passions.

Hooker.

> Too well the turns of mortal chance I know.

Pope.

3. One of the successive portions of a course, or of a series of occurrences, reckoning from change to change; hence, a winding; a bend; a meander.

> And all its [the river's] thousand turns disclose.
> Some fresher beauty varying round.

Byron.

4. A circuitous walk, or a walk to and fro, ending where it began; a short walk; a stroll.

> Come, you and I must walk a turn together.

Shak.

> I will take a turn in your garden.

Dryden.

5. Successive course; opportunity enjoyed by alternation with another or with others, or in due order; due chance; alternate or incidental occasion; appropriate time. "Nobleness and bounty . . . had their turns in his [the king's] nature."

> His turn will come to laugh at you again.

Denham.

> Every one has a fair turn to be as great as he pleases.

Collier.

6. Incidental or opportune deed or office; occasional act of kindness or malice; as, to do one an ill turn.

> Had I not done a friendes turn to thee?

Chaucer.

> thanks are half lost when good turns are delayed.

Fairfax.

7. Convenience; occasion; purpose; exigence; as, this will not serve his turn.

> I have enough to serve mine own turn.

Shak.

8. Form; cast; shape; manner; fashion; — used in a literal or figurative sense; hence, form of expression; mode of signifying; as, the turn of thought; a man of a sprightly turn in conversation.

> The turn of both his expressions and thoughts is unharmonious.

Dryden.

> The Roman poets, in their description of a beautiful man, often mention the turn of his neck and arms.

Addison.

9. A change of condition; especially, a sudden or recurring symptom of illness, as a nervous shock, or fainting spell; as, a bad turn. [Colloq.]

10. A fall off the ladder at the gallows; a hanging; — so called from the practice of causing the criminal to stand on a ladder which was turned over, so throwing him off, when the signal was given. [Obs.]

11. A round of a rope or cord in order to secure it, as about a pin or a cleat.

12. (Mining) A pit sunk in some part of a drift.

13. (Eng. Law) A court of record, held by the sheriff twice a year in every hundred within his county. Blount.

14. pl. (Med.) Monthly courses; menses. [Colloq.]

15. (Mus.) An embellishment or grace (marked thus, &?;), commonly consisting of the principal note, or that on which the turn is made, with the note above, and the semitone below, the note above being sounded first, the principal note next, and the semitone below last, the three being performed quickly, as a triplet preceding the marked note. The turn may be inverted so as to begin with the lower note, in which case the sign is either placed on end thus &?;, or drawn thus &?;.

By turns. (a) One after another; alternately; in succession. (b) At intervals. "[They] feel by turns the bitter change." Milton. — In turn, in due order of succession. — To a turn, exactly; perfectly; as, done to a turn; — a phrase alluding to the practice of cooking on a revolving spit. — To take turns, to alternate; to succeed one another in due order. — Turn and turn about, by equal alternating periods of service or duty; by turns. — Turn bench, a simple portable lathe, used on a bench by clock makers and watchmakers. — Turn buckle. See Turnbuckle, in Vocabulary. — Turn cap, a sort of chimney cap which turns round with the wind so as to present its opening to the leeward. G. Francis. — Turn of life (Med.), change of life. See under Change. — Turn screw, a screw driver.

Turn"broach` (?), n. A turnspit. [Obs.] " One that was her turnbroach." Beau. & Fl.

Turn"-buc`kle (?), n. (Mech.) (a) A loop or sleeve with a screw thread at one end and a swivel at the other, — used for tightening a rod, stay, etc. (b) A gravitating catch, as for fastening a shutter, the end of a chain, or a hasp.

Turn"bull's blue` (?). (Chem.) The double cyanide of ferrous and ferric iron, a dark blue amorphous substance having a coppery luster, used in dyeing, calico printing, etc. Cf. Prussian blue, under Prussian.

Turn"coat` (?), n. One who forsakes his party or his principles; a renegade; an apostate.

> He is a turncoat, he was not true to his profession.

Bunyan.

Tur"nep (?), n. (Bot.) See Turnip. [Obs.]

Turn"er (?), n. 1. One who turns; especially, one whose occupation is to form articles with a lathe.

2. (Zoöl.) A variety of pigeon; a tumbler.

||Tur"ner (?), n. [G.] A person who practices athletic or gymnastic exercises.

Tur"ner*ite (?), n. [So called from the English chemist and mineralogist, C. H. Turner.] (Min.) A variety of monazite.

Turn"er*y (?), n. [Cf. F. tournerie.] 1. The art of fashioning solid bodies into cylindrical or other forms by means of a lathe.

2. Things or forms made by a turner, or in the lathe.

> Chairs of wood, the seats triangular, the backs, arms, and legs loaded with turnery.

Walpole.

<! p. 1554 !>

Tur"ney (?), n. & v. Tourney. [Obs.] Chaucer. "In open turney." Spenser. Milton.

||Turn"hal`le (?), n. [G., from turnen to exercise gymnastics + halle hall.] A building used as a school of gymnastics.

||Tur`ni*ci*mor"phæ (?), n. pl. [NL. See Turnix, and -morphous.] (Zoöl.) A division of birds including Turnix and allied genera, resembling quails in appearance but differing from them anatomically.

Turn"ing (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, turns; also, a winding; a bending course; a fiexure; a meander.

> Through paths and turnings often trod by day.

Milton.

2. The place of a turn; an angle or corner, as of a road.

> It is preached at every turning.

Coleridge.

3. Deviation from the way or proper course. Harmar.

4. Turnery, or the shaping of solid substances into various by means of a lathe and cutting tools.

5. pl. The pieces, or chips, detached in the process of turning from the material turned.

6. (Mil.) A maneuver by which an enemy or a position is turned.

Turning and boring mill, a kind of lathe having a vertical spindle and horizontal face plate, for turning and boring large work. — Turning bridge. See the Note under Drawbridge. — Turning engine, an engine lathe. — Turning lathe, a lathe used by turners to shape their work. — Turning pair. See the Note under Pair, n. — Turning point, the point upon which a question turns, and which decides a case.

Turn"ing*ness, n. The quality of turning; instability; tergiversation. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Tur"nip (?), n. [OE. turnep; probably fr. turn, or F. tour a turn, turning lathe + OE. nepe a turnip, AS. npe, L. napus. Cf. Turn,v. t., Navew.] (Bot.) The edible, fleshy, roundish, or somewhat conical, root of a cruciferous plant (Brassica campestris, var. Napus); also, the plant itself. [Formerly written also turnep.]

Swedish turnip (Bot.), a kind of turnip. See Ruta-baga. — Turnip flea (Zoöl.), a small flea-beetle (Haltica, or Phyllotreta, striolata), which feeds upon the turnip, and often seriously injures it. It is black with a stripe of yellow on each elytron. The name is also applied to several other small insects which are injurious to turnips. See Illust. under Flea-beetle. — Turnip fly. (Zoöl.) (a) The turnip flea. (b) A two-winged fly (Anthomyia radicum) whose larvæ live in the turnip root.

Tur"nip-shell" (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several large, thick, spiral marine shells belonging to Rapa and allied genera, somewhat turnip-shaped.

Tur"nix (?), n. [NL., fr. L. coturnix a quail.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of birds belonging to Turnix or Hemipodius and allied genera of the family Turnicidæ. These birds resemble quails and partridges in general appearance and in some of their habits, but differ in important anatomical characteristics. The hind toe is usually lacking. They are found in Asia, Africa, Southern Europe, the East Indian Islands, and esp. in Australia and adjacent islands, where they are called quails (see Quail, n., 3.). See Turnicimorphæ.

Turn"key` (?), n.; pl. Turnkeys (&?;).

1. A person who has charge of the keys of a prison, for opening and fastening the doors; a warder.

2. (Dentistry) An instrument with a hinged claw, — used for extracting teeth with a twist.

Turn"-out` (?), n.; pl. Turn- outs (&?;). 1. The act of coming forth; a leaving of houses, shops, etc.; esp., a quitting of employment for the purpose of forcing increase of wages; a strike; — opposed to lockout.

2. A short side track on a railroad, which may be occupied by one train while another is passing on a main track; a shunt; a siding; a switch.

3. That which is prominently brought forward or exhibited; hence, an equipage; as, a man with a showy carriage and horses is said to have a fine turn-out.

4. The aggregate number of persons who have come out, as from their houses, for a special purpose.

5. Net quantity of produce yielded.

Turn"o`ver (?), n. 1. The act or result of turning over; an upset; as, a bad turnover in a carriage.

2. A semicircular pie or tart made by turning one half of a circular crust over the other, inclosing the fruit or other materials.

3. An apprentice, in any trade, who is handed over from one master to another to complete his time.

Turn"o`ver, a. Admitting of being turned over; made to be turned over; as, a turnover collar, etc.

Turn"pike` (?), n. [Turn + pike.] 1. A frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles and turning on a post or pin, to hinder the passage of beasts, but admitting a person to pass between the arms; a turnstile. See Turnstile, 1.

> I move upon my axle like a turnpike.

B. Jonson.

2. A gate or bar set across a road to stop carriages, animals, and sometimes people, till toll is paid for keeping the road in repair; a tollgate.

3. A turnpike road. De Foe.

4. A winding stairway. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

5. (Mil.) A beam filled with spikes to obstruct passage; a cheval-de-frise. [R.]

Turnpike man, a man who collects tolls at a turnpike. — Turnpike road, a road on which turnpikes, or tollgates, are established by law, in order to collect from the users tolls to defray the cost of building, repairing, etc.

Turn"pike` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Turnpiked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Turnpiking.] To form, as a road, in the manner of a turnpike road; into a rounded form, as the path of a road. Knowles.

Turn"plate` (?), n. A turntable.

Turn"-sick` (?), a. Giddy. [Obs.] Bacon.

Turn"-sick`, n. (For.) A disease with which sheep are sometimes affected; gid; sturdy. See Gid.

Turn"sole` (?), n. [F. tournesol, It. tornasole; tornare to turn (LL. tornare) + sole the sun, L. sol. See Turn, Solar, a., and cf. Heliotrope.] [Written also turnsol.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Heliotropium; heliotrope; — so named because its flowers are supposed to turn toward the sun. (b) The sunflower. (c) A kind of spurge (Euphorbia Helioscopia). (d) The euphorbiaceous plant Chrozophora tinctoria.

2. (Chem.) (a) Litmus. [Obs.] (b) A purple dye obtained from the plant turnsole. See def. 1 (d).

Turn"spit` (?), n. 1. One who turns a spit; hence, a person engaged in some menial office.

> His lordship is his majesty's turnspit.

Burke.

2. (Zoöl.) A small breed of dogs having a long body and short crooked legs. These dogs were formerly much used for turning a spit on which meat was roasting.

Turn"stile` (?), n. 1. A revolving frame in a footpath, preventing the passage of horses or cattle, but admitting that of persons; a turnpike. See Turnpike, n., 1.

2. A similar arrangement for registering the number of persons passing through a gateway, doorway, or the like.

Turn"stone` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of limicoline birds of the genera Strepsilas and Arenaria, allied to the plovers, especially the common American and European species (Strepsilas interpres). They are so called from their habit of turning up small stones in search of mollusks and other aquatic animals. Called also brant bird, sand runner, sea quail, sea lark, sparkback, and skirlcrake.

Black turnstone, the California turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala). The adult in summer is mostly black, except some white streaks on the chest and forehead, and two white loral spots.

Turn"ta`ble (?), n. A large revolving platform, for turning railroad cars, locomotives, etc., in a different direction; — called also turnplate.

||Tur"nus (?), n. [NL., fr. L. Turnus, the king of the Rutuli, mentioned in the Æneid.] (Zoöl.) A common, large, handsome, American swallowtail butterfly, now regarded as one of the forms of Papilio, or Jasoniades, glaucus. The wings are yellow, margined and barred with black, and with an orange-red spot near the posterior angle of the hind wings. Called also tiger swallowtail. See Illust. under Swallowtail.

||Turn"ve*rein` (?), n. [G., from turnen to exercise + verein a union.] A company or association of gymnasts and athletes.

Turn"wrest` (?), n. (a) Designating a cumbersome style of plow used in England, esp. in Kent. (b) designating a kind of hillside plow. [Eng.] Knight.

Tu*ro"ni*an (?), n. (Geol.) One of the subdivisions into which the Upper Cretaceous formation of Europe is divided.

Tur"pen*tine, n. [F. térébentine, OF. also turbentine; cf. Pr. terebentina, terbentina, It. terebentina, trementina; fr. L. terebinthinus of the turpentine tree, from terebinthus the turpentine tree. Gr. &?;, &?;. See Terebinth.] A semifluid or fluid oleoresin, primarily the exudation of the terebinth, or turpentine, tree (Pistacia Terebinthus), a native of the Mediterranean region. It is also obtained from many coniferous trees, especially species of pine, larch, and fir.

There are many varieties of turpentine. Chian turpentine is produced in small quantities by the turpentine tree (Pistacia Terebinthus). Venice, Swiss, or larch turpentine, is obtained from Larix Europæa. It is a clear, colorless balsam, having a tendency to solidify. Canada turpentine, or Canada balsam, is the purest of all the pine turpentines (see under Balsam). The Carpathian and Hungarian varieties are derived from Pinus Cembra and Pinus Mugho. Carolina turpentine, the most abundant kind, comes from the long-leaved pine (Pinus palustris). Strasburg turpentine is from the silver fir (Abies pectinata).

Oil of turpentine (Chem.), a colorless oily hydrocarbon, C10H16, of a pleasant aromatic odor, obtained by the distillation of crude turpentine. It is used in making varnishes, in medicine, etc. It is the type of the terpenes and is related to cymene. Called also terebenthene, terpene, etc. — Turpentine moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small tortricid moths whose larvæ eat the tender shoots of pine and fir trees, causing an exudation of pitch or resin. — Turpentine tree (Bot.), the terebinth tree, the original source of turpentine. See Turpentine, above.

Tur"peth (?), n. [NL. turpethum, fr. Per. tirbid a cathartic, turbad a purgative root. Cf. Turbith.] [Written also turbeth, and turbith.] 1. (Bot.) The root of Ipomœa Turpethum, a plant of Ceylon, Malabar, and Australia, formerly used in medicine as a purgative; — sometimes called vegetable turpeth.

2. (Chem.) A heavy yellow powder, Hg3O2SO4, which consists of a basic mercuric sulphate; — called also turpeth mineral.

Tur"pin (?), n. (Zoöl.) A land tortoise. [Obs.]

Tur"pi*tude (?), n. [L. turpitudo, from turpis foul, base.] Inherent baseness or vileness of principle, words, or actions; shameful wickedness; depravity. Shak.

{ Tur*quoise", Tur*quois" } (?; 277), n. [F. turquoise; cf. Pr. & Sp. turquesa, It. turchese, turchina, LL. turchesius, turchina; — so called because first brought from Turkey. See 1st Turkey.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of alumina containing a little copper; calaite. It has a blue, or bluish green, color, and usually occurs in reniform masses with a botryoidal surface. [Formerly written also turcois, and turkois.]

Turquoise is susceptible of a high polish, and when of a bright blue color is much esteemed as a gem. The finest specimens come from Persia. It is also found in New Mexico and Arizona, and is regarded as identical with the chalchihuitl of the Mexicans.

Tur*quoise", a. Having a fine light blue color, like that of choice mineral turquoise.

Tur"rel (?), n. [Cf. OF. touroul a little wooden instrument to fasten doors or windows.] A certain tool used by coopers. Sherwood.

Tur"ret (?), n. [OE. touret, OF. tourette, dim. of tour a tower, L. turris. See Tower.]

1. (Arch.) A little tower, frequently a merely ornamental structure at one of the angles of a larger structure.

2. (Anc. Mil.) A movable building, of a square form, consisting of ten or even twenty stories and sometimes one hundred and twenty cubits high, usually moved on wheels, and employed in approaching a fortified place, for carrying soldiers, engines, ladders, casting bridges, and other necessaries.

3. (Mil.) A revolving tower constructed of thick iron plates, within which cannon are mounted. Turrets are used on vessels of war and on land.

4. (Railroads) The elevated central portion of the roof of a passenger car. Its sides are pierced for light and ventilation.

Turret clock, a large clock adapted for an elevated position, as in the tower of a church. — Turret head (Mach.), a vertical cylindrical revolving tool holder for bringing different tools into action successively in a machine, as in a lathe. — Turret lathe, a turning lathe having a turret head. — Turret ship, an ironclad war vessel, with low sides, on which heavy guns are mounted within one or more iron turrets, which may be rotated, so that the guns may be made to bear in any required direction.

Tur"ret*ed, a. 1. Furnished with a turret or turrets; specifically (Zoöl.), having the whorls somewhat flattened on the upper side and often ornamented by spines or tubercles; — said of certain spiral shells.

2. Formed like a tower; as, a turreted lamp. Bacon.

Tur"ri*bant (?), n. [See Turban.] A turban. [Obs.]

> With hundred turrets like a turribant.

Spenser.

Tur"ric*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a turret, or tower; resembling a tower.

{ Tur*ric"u*late (?), Tur*ric"u*la`ted (?), } a. [L. turricula small tower, turret.] Furnished with, or formed like, a small turret or turrets; somewhat turreted.

Tur"ri*lite (?), n. [L. turris tower + Gr. &?; stone: cf. F. turrilite.] (Paleon.) Any fossil ammonite of the genus Turrilites. The shell forms an open spiral with the later whorls separate.

Tur`ri*tel"la (?), n. [NL., dim fr. L. turris tower.] (Zoöl.) Any spiral marine gastropod belonging to Turritella and allied genera. These mollusks have an elongated, turreted shell, composed of many whorls. They have a rounded aperture, and a horny multispiral operculum.

Tur`ri*tel"loid (?), a. [Turritella + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the turritellas.

Tur"tle (?), n. [AS. turtle, L. turtur; probably of imitative origin. Cf. Turtle the sea tortoise.] (Zoöl.) The turtledove.

Tur"tle, n. [Probably the same word as the word preceding, and substituted (probably by sailors) for the Spanish or Portuguese name; cf. Sp. tortuga tortoise, turtle, Pg. tartaruga, also F. tortue, and E. tortoise.]

<! p. 1555 !>

1. (Zoöl.) Any one of the numerous species of Testudinata, especially a sea turtle, or chelonian.

In the United States the land and fresh-water tortoises are also called turtles.

2. (Printing) The curved plate in which the form is held in a type-revolving cylinder press.

Alligator turtle, Box turtle, etc. See under Alligator, Box, etc. — green turtle (Zoöl.), a marine turtle of the genus Chelonia, having usually a smooth greenish or olive-colored shell. It is highly valued for the delicacy of its flesh, which is used especially for turtle soup. Two distinct species or varieties are known; one of which (Chelonia Midas) inhabits the warm part of the Atlantic Ocean, and sometimes weighs eight hundred pounds or more; the other (C. virgata) inhabits the Pacific Ocean. Both species are similar in habits and feed principally on seaweed and other marine plants, especially the turtle grass. — Turtle cowrie (Zoöl.), a large, handsome cowrie (Cypræa testudinaria); the turtle-shell; so called because of its fancied resemblance to a tortoise in color and form. — Turtle grass (Bot.), a marine plant (Thalassia testudinum) with grasslike leaves, common about the West Indies. — Turtle shell, tortoise shell. See under Tortoise.

Tur"tle*dove` (?), n. [See 1ts Turtle.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of pigeons belonging to Turtur and allied genera, native of various parts of the Old World; especially, the common European species (Turtur vulgaris), which is noted for its plaintive note, affectionate disposition, and devotion to its mate.

The South African turtledove (T. albiventris), and the ashy turtledove of India (T. rubicolus), are similar to the European species in their habits.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of pigeons more or less resembling the true turtledoves, as the American mourning dove (see under Dove), and the Australian turtledove (Stictopelia cuneata).

The turtledove of the Scriptures is probably Turtur risorius, a species which is still plentiful in Egypt and other Eastern countries. It is closely allied to the European turtledove.

Tur"tle-foot`ed (?), a. Slow- footed. [R.] "Turtle-footed Peace." Ford.

Tur"tle*head` (?), n. (Bot.) An American perennial herb (Chelone glabra) having white flowers shaped like the head of a turtle. Called also snakehead, shell flower, and balmony.

Tur"tler (?), n. One who catches turtles or tortoises. "The Jamaica turtlers." Dampier.

Tur"tle-shell` (?), n. The turtle cowrie.

Tur"tling (?), n. The act, practice, or art of catching turtles. Marryat.

Turves (?), obs. pl. of Turf.

Tus"can (?), a. [L. Tyscanus, Tuscus.] Of or pertaining to Tuscany in Italy; — specifically designating one of the five orders of architecture recognized and described by the Italian writers of the 16th century, or characteristic of the order. The original of this order was not used by the Greeks, but by the Romans under the Empire. See Order, and Illust. of Capital.

Tus"can, n. A native or inhabitant of Tuscany.

Tus`ca*ro"ras (?), n. pl.; sing. Tuscarora (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians formerly living on the Neuse and Tar rivers in North Carolina. They were conquered in 1713, after which the remnant of the tribe joined the Five Nations, thus forming the Six Nations. See Six Nations, under Six.

Tus"cor (?), n. [See Tusk.] A tush of a horse.

Tush (?), interj. An exclamation indicating check, rebuke, or contempt; as, tush, tush! do not speak of it.

> Tush, say they, how should God perceive it?

Bk. of Com. Prayer (Ps. lxxiii. 11).

Tush, n. [OE. tusch, AS. tusc; akin to OFries. tusk, tusch, and probably to AS. tð tooth. See Tooth, and cf. Tusk.] A long, pointed tooth; a tusk; — applied especially to certain teeth of horses.

Tusk (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Torsk.

Tusk, n. [OE. tusk, the same word as tusch, AS. tusc. See Tush a tooth.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the elongated incisor or canine teeth of the wild boar, elephant, etc.; hence, any long, protruding tooth.

2. (Zoöl.) A toothshell, or Dentalium; — called also tusk-shell.

3. (Carp.) A projecting member like a tenon, and serving the same or a similar purpose, but composed of several steps, or offsets. Thus, in the illustration, a is the tusk, and each of the several parts, or offsets, is called a tooth.

Tusk (?), v. i. To bare or gnash the teeth. [Obs.]

Tusked (?), a. Furnished with tusks.

> The tusked boar out of the wood.

Milton.

Tusk"er (?), n. (Zoöl.) An elephant having large tusks.

Tusk"-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See 2d Tusk, n., 2.

Tusk"y (?), a. Having tusks. "The scar indented by the tusky oar." Dryden.

Tus"sac grass` (?). Tussock grass.

Tus"sah silk` (?). [Probably fr. Hind. tasar a shuttle, Skr. tasara, trasara.] (a) A silk cloth made from the cocoons of a caterpillar other than the common silkworm, much used in Bengal and China. (b) The silk fiber itself. [Written also tusseh silk.]

Tus*sic"u*lar (?), a. [L. tussicularis, fr. tussicula, dim. of tussis a cough.] Of or pertaining to a cough. Dunglison.

Tus"sle (?), v. i. & t. [See Tousle.] To struggle, as in sport; to scuffle; to struggle with. [Colloq.]

Tus"sle, n. A struggle; a scuffle. [Colloq.]

Tus"sock (?), n. [From Tuz.] [Written also tussuck.] 1. A tuft, as of grass, twigs, hair, or the like; especially, a dense tuft or bunch of grass or sedge.

> Such laying of the hair in tussocks and tufts.

Latimer.

2. (Bot.) Same as Tussock grass, below.

3. (Zoöl.) A caterpillar of any one of numerous species of bombycid moths. The body of these caterpillars is covered with hairs which form long tufts or brushes. Some species are very injurious to shade and fruit trees. Called also tussock caterpillar. See Orgyia.

Tussock grass. (Bot.) (a) A tall, strong grass of the genus Dactylis (D. cæspitosa), valuable for fodder, introduced into Scotland from the Falkland Islands. (b) A tufted grass (Aira cæspitosa). (c) Any kind of sedge (Carex) which forms dense tufts in a wet meadow or boggy place. — Tussock moth (Zoöl.), the imago of any tussock caterpillar. They belong to Orgyia, Halecidota, and allied genera.

Tus"sock*y (?), a. Having the form of tussocks; full of, or covered with, tussocks, or tufts.

Tus"suck (?), n. See Tussock. Grew.

Tut (?). Be still; hush; — an exclamation used for checking or rebuking.

Tut, n. [Cf. Sw. tut a point, pipe, tube, Dan. tut a cornet.] 1. An imperial ensign consisting of a golden globe with a cross on it.

2. A hassock. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Tu"te*lage (?), n. [L. tutela protection, fr. tutus safe, fr. tueri to watch, defend. Cf. Tuition.]

1. The act of guarding or protecting; guardianship; protection; as, the king's right of seigniory and tutelage.

> The childhood of the European nations was passed under the tutelage of the clergy.

Macaulay.

2. The state of being under a guardian; care or protection enjoyed. V. Knox.

{ Tu"te*lar (?), Tu"te*la*ry (?), } a. [L. tutelaris: cf. F. tutélaire. See Tutelage.] Having the guardianship or charge of protecting a person or a thing; guardian; protecting; as, tutelary goddesses.

> This, of all advantages, is the greatest . . . the most tutelary of morals.

Landor.

Tu"tele (?), n. [L. tutela: cf. F. tutelle. See Tutelage.] Tutelage. [Obs.] Howell.

Tu"te*nag (?), n. [F. toutenague; cf. Pg. tutenaga, tutanaga. See Tutty.] (Metal.) (a) Crude zinc. [India] (b) Packfong. [Written also tutenague.]

Tut"-mouthed` (?), a. Having a projecting under jaw; prognathous. [Obs.] Holland.

Tut"-nose` (?), n. A snub nose. [Prov. Eng.]

Tu"tor (?), n. [OE. tutour, L. tutor, fr. tueri to watch, defend: cf. F. tuteur. Cf. Tuition.] One who guards, protects, watches over, or has the care of, some person or thing. Specifically: —

(a) A treasurer; a keeper. "Tutour of your treasure." Piers Plowman.

(b) (Civ. Law) One who has the charge of a child or pupil and his estate; a guardian.

(c) A private or public teacher.

(d) (Eng. Universities) An officer or member of some hall, who instructs students, and is responsible for their discipline.

(e) (Am. Colleges) An instructor of a lower rank than a professor.

Tu"tor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tutored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tutoring.] 1. To have the guardianship or care of; to teach; to instruct.

> Their sons are well tutored by you.

Shak.

2. To play the tutor toward; to treat with authority or severity. Addison.

Tu"tor*age (?; 48), n. The office or occupation of a tutor; tutorship; guardianship.

Tu"tor*ess (?), n. A woman who performs the duties of a tutor; an instructress. E. Moore.

Tu*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. tutorius.] Of or pertaining to a tutor; belonging to, or exercised by, a tutor.

Tu"tor*ism (?), n. Tutorship. [R.]

Tu"tor*ize (?), v. t. To teach; to instruct.

> I . . . shall tutorize him some day.

J. H. Newman.

Tu"tor*ship, n. The office, duty, or care of a tutor; guardianship; tutelage. Hooker.

Tu"tor*y (?), n. Tutorage. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Tu"tress (?), n. Tutoress. [Obs.] Selden.

Tu"trix (?), n. [L. See Tutor.] A female guardian; a tutoress. [R.] Smollett.

Tut"san (?), n. [F. toutesaine; tout, toule, all (L. totus) + sain, saine, sound, healthy, L. sanus.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Hypericum (H. Androsœmum), from which a healing ointment is prepared in Spain; — called also parkleaves.

||Tut"ti (?), n. pl. [It., fr. L. totus, pl. toti, all.] (Mus.) All; — a direction for all the singers or players to perform together. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Tut"ty (?), n. [F. tutie; cf. Sp. tutia, atutia, LL. tutia; all from Per. ttiy.] (Chem.) A yellow or brown amorphous substance obtained as a sublimation product in the flues of smelting furnaces of zinc, and consisting of a crude zinc oxide.

Tut"-work` (?), n. (Mining) Work done by the piece, as in nonmetaliferous rock, the amount done being usually reckoned by the fathom. Tomlinson.

Tut"-work`man, n.; pl. Tut- workmen (&?;). (Mining) One who does tut-work. Tomlinson.

{ Tu-whit" (?), Tu-whoo" (?), } n. & interj. Words imitative of the notes of the owl.

> Thy tu-whits are lulled, I wot,
> Thy tu-whoos of yesternight.

Tennyson.

||Tu`yère" (?), n. [F.; akin to tuyau a pipe; of Teutonic origin. Cf. Tweer, Tewel.] A nozzle, mouthpiece, or fixture through which the blast is delivered to the interior of a blast furnace, or to the fire of a forge. [Corruptly written also tweer, and twier.]

Tuyère arch, the embrasure, in the wall of a blast furnace through which the tuyère enters.

Tuz (tz), n. [Cf. W. tusw a wisp, a bunch, tus that binds or wraps, tusiaw to bind round, to wrap. Cf. Tussock.] A lock or tuft of hair. [Obs.] Dryden.

Tu"za (?), n. (Zoöl.) The tucan.

Twad"dle (?), v. i. & t. [See Twattle.] To talk in a weak and silly manner, like one whose faculties are decayed; to prate; to prattle. Stanyhurst.

Twad"dle, n. Silly talk; gabble; fustian.

> I have put in this chapter on fighting . . . because of the cant and twaddle that's talked of boxing and fighting with fists now-a-days.

T. Hughes.

Twad"dler (?), n. One who prates in a weak and silly manner, like one whose faculties are decayed.

Twad"dling (?), a. & n. from Twaddle, v.

Twad"dy (?), n. Idle trifling; twaddle.

Twag"ger (?), n. A lamb. [Prov. Eng.]

Twain (?), a. & n. [OE. twein, tweien, tweyne, AS. twgen, masc. See Two.] Two; — nearly obsolete in common discourse, but used in poetry and burlesque. "Children twain." Chaucer.

> And whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him twain.

Matt. v. 41.

In twain, in halves; into two parts; asunder.

> When old winder split the rocks in twain.

Dryden.

— Twain cloud. (Meteor.) Same as Cumulo-stratus.

Twaite (?), n. [Prov. E.] (Zoöl.) A European shad; — called also twaite shad. See Shad.

Twaite, n. (O. Eng. Law) A piece of cleared ground. See Thwaite.

Twang (?), n. A tang. See Tang a state. [R.]

Twang (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twanged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Twanging.] [Of imitative origin; cf. Tang a sharp sound, Tinkle.] To sound with a quick, harsh noise; to make the sound of a tense string pulled and suddenly let go; as, the bowstring twanged.

Twang, v. t. To make to sound, as by pulling a tense string and letting it go suddenly.

> Sounds the tough horn, and twangs the quivering string.

Pope.

Twang, n. 1. A harsh, quick sound, like that made by a stretched string when pulled and suddenly let go; as, the twang of a bowstring.

2. An affected modulation of the voice; a kind of nasal sound.

> He has such a twang in his discourse.

Arbuthnot.

Twan"gle (?), v. i. & t. To twang.

> While the twangling violin
> Struck up with Soldier-laddie.

Tennyson.

Twank (?), v. t. To cause to make a sharp twanging sound; to twang, or twangle. Addison.

Twan"kay (?), n. See Note under Tea, n., 1.

'T was (?). A contraction of it was.

Twat"tle (?), v. i. [Cf. Tattle, Twaddle.] To prate; to talk much and idly; to gabble; to chatter; to twaddle; as, a twattling gossip. L'Estrange.

Twat"tle, v. t. To make much of, as a domestic animal; to pet. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Twat"tle, n. Act of prating; idle talk; twaddle.

Twat"tler (?), n. One who twattles; a twaddler.

Tway (?), a. & n. [OE. twei. See Twain.] Two; twain. [Obs.] Spenser.

Tway"blade` (?), n. (Bot.) Any one of several orchidaceous plants which have only two leaves, as the species of Listera and of Liparis. [Written also twyblade.]

Tweag (?), v. t. To tweak. [Obs.]

{ Tweag, Tweague, } n. A pinching condition; perplexity; trouble; distress. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> This put the old fellow in a rare tweague.

Arbuthnot.

Tweak (?), v. t. [OE. twikken, originally the same word as twicchen; cf. LG. twikken. See Twitch.] To pinch and pull with a sudden jerk and twist; to twitch; as, to tweak the nose. Shak.

Tweak, n. 1. A sharp pinch or jerk; a twist or twitch; as, a tweak of the nose. Swift.

2. Trouble; distress; tweag. [Obs.]

3. A prostitute. [Obs.] Brathwait.

Tweed (?), n. [Probably a corruption of twills. See Twill.] A soft and flexible fabric for men's wear, made wholly of wool except in some inferior kinds, the wool being dyed, usually in two colors, before weaving.

Twee"dle (?), v. t. [Cf. Twiddle.] [Written also twidle.] 1. To handle lightly; — said with reference to awkward fiddling; hence, to influence as if by fiddling; to coax; to allure.

> A fiddler brought in with him a body of lusty young fellows, whom he had tweedled into the service.

Addison.

2. To twist. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Tweel (?), n. & v. See Twill.

Tweer (?), n. Same as Tuyère.

<! p. 1556 !>

{ Tweese, Tweeze } (?), n. [OE. tweeze, tweese, fr. F. étuis, pl. of étui a case, sheath, box; probably of Teutonic origin; cf. MNG. stuche a wide sleeve in which articles could be carried, OHG. sthha, G. stauche a short and narrow muff. Cf Etui, Tweezers.] A surgeon's case of instruments. Howell.

Twee"zers (?), n. pl. [See Tweese.] Small pinchers used to pluck out hairs, and for other purposes.

Twelfth (?), a. [For twelft, OE. twelfte, AS. twelfta. See Twelve.] 1. Next in order after the eleventh; coming after eleven others; — the ordinal of twelve.

2. Consisting, or being one of, twelve equal parts into which anything is divided.

Twelfth, n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by twelve; one of twelve equal parts of one whole.

2. The next in order after the eleventh.

3. (Mus.) An interval comprising an octave and a fifth.

Twelfth"-cake` (-kk`), n. An ornamented cake distributed among friends or visitors on the festival of Twelfth-night.

Twelfth"-day` (?), n. See Twelfthtide.

Twelfth"-night` (?), n. The evening of Epiphany, or the twelfth day after Christmas, observed as a festival by various churches.

Twelfth"-sec`ond (?), n. (Physics) A unit for the measurement of small intervals of time, such that 1012 (ten trillion) of these units make one second.

Twelfth"tide` (?), n. The twelfth day after Christmas; Epiphany; — called also Twelfth-day.

Twelve (?), a. [OE. twelve, twelf, AS. twelf; akin to OFries. twelf, twelef, twilif, OS. twelif, D. twaalf, G. zwölf, OHG. zwelif, Icel. t&?;lf, Sw. tolf, Dan. tolv, Goth. twalif, from the root of E. two + the same element as in the second part of E. eleven. See Two, and Eleven.] One more that eleven; two and ten; twice six; a dozen.

Twelve-men's morris. See the Note under Morris. — Twelve Tables. (Rom. Antiq.) See under Table.

Twelve, n. 1. The number next following eleven; the sum of ten and two, or of twice six; twelve units or objects; a dozen.

2. A symbol representing twelve units, as 12, or xii.

The Twelve (Script.), the twelve apostles. Matt. xxvi. 20.

Twelve"mo (?), a. & n. See Duodecimo.

Twelve"month (?), n. A year which consists of twelve calendar months.

> I shall laugh at this a twelvemonth hence.

Shak.

Twelve"pence (?), n. A shilling sterling, being about twenty-four cents.

Twelve"pen*ny (?), a. Sold for a shilling; worth or costing a shilling.

Twelve"score` (?), n. & a. Twelve times twenty; two hundred and forty.

Twen"ti*eth (?), a. [From Twenty; cf. AS. twentigo&?;a. See Twenty.] 1. Next in order after the nineteenth; tenth after the tenth; coming after nineteen others; — the ordinal of twenty.

2. Consisting, or being, one of twenty equal parts into which anything is divided.

Twen"ti*eth, n. 1. The next in order after the nineteen; one coming after nineteen others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by twenty; one of twenty equal parts of one whole.

Twen"ty (?), a. [OE. twenty, AS. tw&?;ntig, twentig; akin to OFris. twintich, OS. tw&?;ntig, D. & LG. twintig, OHG. zweinzug, G. zwanzig, Goth. twai tigjis; that is, two tens. See Twain, Two, and Ten.] 1. One more that nineteen; twice; as, twenty men.

2. An indefinite number more or less that twenty. Shak.

> Maximilian, upon twenty respects, could not have been the man.

Bacon.

Twen"ty, n.; pl. Twenties (&?;). 1. The number next following nineteen; the sum of twelve and eight, or twice ten; twenty units or objects; a score.

2. A symbol representing twenty units, as 20, or xx.

Twen"ty*fold` (?), a. Twenty times as many.

Twen`ty-four"mo (?), a. Having twenty- four leaves to a sheet; as, a twenty-fourmo form, book, leaf, size, etc. — n. A book composed of sheets, each of which is folded into twenty-four leaves; hence, indicating more or less definitely a size of book whose sheets are so folded; — usually written 24mo, or 24°.

Twey (?), a. [See Two.] Two. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Twey"fold` (?), a. Twofold. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Twi"bil (?), n. [AS. twibill; twi- (in comp.) two + bill, bil, an ax hoe, bill. See Twice, and Bill a cutting instrument.] 1. A kind of mattock, or ax; esp., a tool like a pickax, but having, instead of the points, flat terminations, one of which is parallel to the handle, the other perpendicular to it. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A tool for making mortises. [Obs.]

3. A reaping hook.

Twi"billed (?), a. Armed or provided with a twibil or twibils.

Twice (?), adv. [OE. twies (where the s is the adverbial ending; see -wards), twie, AS. twiges, twiwa; akin to twi- (in comp.) two, G. zwie-, OHG. zwi-, Icel. tv-, L. bi-, Gr. &?;, Skr. dvi-, and E. two. See Two.]

1. Two times; once and again.

> He twice essayed to cast his son in gold.

Dryden.

2. Doubly; in twofold quantity or degree; as, twice the sum; he is twice as fortunate as his neighbor.

Twice is used in the formation of compounds, mostly self- explaining; as, twice-horn, twice-conquered, twice- planted, twice-told, and the like.

Twid"dle (?), v. t. [Probably of imitative origin. Cf. Tweedle.] To touch lightly, or play with; to tweedle; to twirl; as, to twiddle one's thumbs; to twiddle a watch key. [Written also twidle.] Thackeray.

Twid"dle, v. i. To play with anything; hence, to be busy about trifles. Halliwell.

Twid"dle (?), n. 1. A slight twist with the fingers.

2. A pimple. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Twi"fal`low (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twifallowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Twifallowing.] [AS. twi- (see Twice) two + fallow.] To plow, or fallow, a second time (land that has been once fallowed).

Twi"fold` (?), a. [AS. twifeadld. See Twice, and cf. Twofold.] Twofold; double. [Obs.]

Twig (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twigged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Twigging.] [Cf. Tweak.] To twitch; to pull; to tweak. [Obs. or Scot.]

Twig, v. t. [Gael. tuig, or Ir. tuigim I understand.]

1. To understand the meaning of; to comprehend; as, do you twig me? [Colloq.] Marryat.

2. To observe slyly; also, to perceive; to discover. "Now twig him; now mind him." Foote.

> As if he were looking right into your eyes and twigged something there which you had half a mind to conceal.

Hawthorne.

Twig, n. [AS. twig; akin to D. twijg, OHG. zwig, zwi, G. zweig, and probably to E. two.] A small shoot or branch of a tree or other plant, of no definite length or size.

> The Britons had boats made of willow twigs, covered on the outside with hides.

Sir T. Raleigh.

Twig borer (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small beetles which bore into twigs of shrubs and trees, as the apple-tree twig borer (Amphicerus bicaudatus). — Twig girdler. (Zoöl.) See Girdler, 3. — Twig rush (Bot.), any rushlike plant of the genus Cladium having hard, and sometimes prickly-edged, leaves or stalks. See Saw grass, under Saw.

Twig, v. t. To beat with twigs.

Twig"gen (?), a. Made of twigs; wicker. [Obs.]

Twig"ger (?), n. A fornicator. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Twig"gy (?), a. Of or pertaining to a twig or twigs; like a twig or twigs; full of twigs; abounding with shoots. " Twiggy trees." Evelyn.

Twight (?), v. t. To twit. [Obs.] Spenser.

Twight, obs. p. p. of Twitch. Chaucer.

Twight"e (?), obs. imp. of Twitch. Chaucer.

Twig"less (?), a. Having no twigs.

Twig"some (?), a. Full of, or abounding in, twigs; twiggy. [R.] " Twigsome trees." Dickens.

Twi"light` (?), n. [OE. twilight, AS. twi- (see Twice) + leóht light; hence the sense of doubtful or half light; cf. LG. twelecht, G. zwielicht. See Light.]

1. The light perceived before the rising, and after the setting, of the sun, or when the sun is less than 18° below the horizon, occasioned by the illumination of the earth's atmosphere by the direct rays of the sun and their reflection on the earth.

2. faint light; a dubious or uncertain medium through which anything is viewed.

> As when the sun . . . from behind the moon,
> In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds.

Milton.

> The twilight of probability.

Locke.

Twi"light`, a. 1. Seen or done by twilight. Milton.

2. Imperfectly illuminated; shaded; obscure.

> O'er the twilight groves and dusky caves.

Pope.

Twill (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Twilling.] [Scotch tweel; probably from LG. twillen to make double, from twi- two; akin to AS. twi-, E. twi- in twilight. See Twice, and cf. Tweed, Tweel.] To weave, as cloth, so as to produce the appearance of diagonal lines or ribs on the surface.

Twill, n. [Scotch tweel. See Twill, v. t.] 1. An appearance of diagonal lines or ribs produced in textile fabrics by causing the weft threads to pass over one and under two, or over one and under three or more, warp threads, instead of over one and under the next in regular succession, as in plain weaving.

2. A fabric women with a twill.

3. [Perhaps fr. guill.] A quill, or spool, for yarn.

Twil"ly (?), n. [C. Willy.] A machine for cleansing or loosening wool by the action of a revolving cylinder covered with long iron spikes or teeth; a willy or willying machine; — called also twilly devil, and devil. See Devil, n., 6, and Willy. Tomlinson.

Twilt (?), n. [See Quilt.] A quilt. [Prov. Eng.]

Twin (?), a. [OE. twin double, AS. getwinne two and two, pl., twins; akin to D. tweeling a twin, G. zwilling, OHG. zwiniling, Icel. tvennr, tvinnr, two and two, twin, and to AS. twi- two. See Twice, Two.] 1. Being one of two born at a birth; as, a twin brother or sister.

2. Being one of a pair much resembling one another; standing the relation of a twin to something else; — often followed by to or with. Shak.

3. (Bot.) Double; consisting of two similar and corresponding parts.

4. (Crystallog.) Composed of parts united according to some definite law of twinning. See Twin, n., 4.

Twin boat, or Twin ship (Naut.), a vessel whose deck and upper works rest on two parallel hulls. — Twin crystal. See Twin, n., 4. — Twin flower (Bot.), a delicate evergreen plant (Linnæa borealis) of northern climates, which has pretty, fragrant, pendulous flowers borne in pairs on a slender stalk. — Twin-screw steamer, a steam vessel propelled by two screws, one on either side of the plane of the keel.

Twin, n. 1. One of two produced at a birth, especially by an animal that ordinarily brings forth but one at a birth; — used chiefly in the plural, and applied to the young of beasts as well as to human young.

2. pl. (Astron.) A sign and constellation of the zodiac; Gemini. See Gemini.

3. A person or thing that closely resembles another.

4. (Crystallog.) A compound crystal composed of two or more crystals, or parts of crystals, in reversed position with reference to each other.

The relative position of the parts of a twin may be explained by supposing one part to be revolved 180° about a certain axis (called the twinning axis), this axis being normal to a plane (called the twinning plane) which is usually one of the fundamental planes of the crystal. This revolution brings the two parts into parallel position, or vice versa. A contact twin is one in which the parts are united by a plane surface, called the composition face, which is usually the same as the twinning plane. A penetration twin is one in which the parts interpenetrate each other, often very irregularly. Twins are also called, according to form, cruciform, geniculated, etc.

Twin (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Twinning.] 1. To bring forth twins. Tusser.

2. To be born at the same birth. Shak.

Twin, v. t. 1. To cause to be twins, or like twins in any way. Shak.

> Still we moved
> Together, twinned, as horse's ear and eye.

Tennyson.

2. To separate into two parts; to part; to divide; hence, to remove; also, to strip; to rob. [Obs.]

> The life out of her body for to twin.

Chaucer.

Twin, v. i. To depart from a place or thing. [Obs.] "Ere that we farther twin." Chaucer.

Twin"born` (?), a. Born at the same birth.

Twine (?), n. [AS. twin, properly, a twisted or double thread; akin to D. twijn, Icel. twinni; from twi-. See Twice, and cf. Twin.] 1. A twist; a convolution.

> Typhon huge, ending in snaky twine.

Milton.

2. A strong thread composed of two or three smaller threads or strands twisted together, and used for various purposes, as for binding small parcels, making nets, and the like; a small cord or string.

3. The act of twining or winding round. J. Philips.

Twine reeler, a kind of machine for twisting twine; a kind of mule, or spinning machine.

Twine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Twining.] [OE. twinen, fr. AS. twn a twisted thread; akin to D. twijnen to twine, Icel. & Sw. tvinna, Dan. tvinde. See Twine, n.] 1. To twist together; to form by twisting or winding of threads; to wreathe; as, fine twined linen.

2. To wind, as one thread around another, or as any flexible substance around another body.

> Let me twine
> Mine arms about that body.

Shak.

3. To wind about; to embrace; to entwine.

> Let wreaths of triumph now my temples twine.

Pope.

4. To change the direction of. [Obs.] Fairfax.

5. To mingle; to mix. [Obs.] Crashaw.

Twine, v. i. 1. To mutually twist together; to become mutually involved.

2. To wind; to bend; to make turns; to meander.

> As rivers, though they bend and twine,
> Still to the sea their course incline.

Swift.

3. To turn round; to revolve. [Obs.] Chapman.

4. To ascend in spiral lines about a support; to climb spirally; as, many plants twine.

Twin"er (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant which twines about a support.

Twinge (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twinged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Twinging.] [OE. twengen, AS. twengan; akin to OE. twingen to pain, afflict, OFries. thwinga, twinga, dwinga, to constrain, D. dwingen, OS. thwingan, G. zwingen, OHG. dwingan, thwingan, to press, oppress, overcome, Icel. þvinga, Sw. tvinga to subdue, constrain, Dan. twinge, and AS. þün to press, OHG. dhen, and probably to E. thong. Perhaps influenced by twitch. Cf. Thong.] 1. To pull with a twitch; to pinch; to tweak.

> When a man is past his sense,
> There's no way to reduce him thence,
> But twinging him by the ears or nose,
> Or laying on of heavy blows.

Hudibras.

2. To affect with a sharp, sudden pain; to torment with pinching or sharp pains.

> The gnat . . . twinged him [the lion] till he made him tear
> himself, and so mastered him.

L'Estrange.

Twinge, v. i. To have a sudden, sharp, local pain, like a twitch; to suffer a keen, darting, or shooting pain; as, the side twinges.

Twinge, n. 1. A pinch; a tweak; a twitch.

> A master that gives you . . . twinges by the ears.

L' Estrange.

2. A sudden sharp pain; a darting local pain of momentary continuance; as, a twinge in the arm or side. " A twinge for my own sin." Dryden.

Twin"ing (?), a. Winding around something; twisting; embracing; climbing by winding about a support; as, the hop is a twinning plant.

Twin"ing, a. The act of one who, or that which, twines; (Bot.) the act of climbing spirally.

Twink (?), v. i. [OE. twinken. See Twinkle.] To twinkle. [Obs.]

Twink (?), n. 1. A wink; a twinkling. [Obs.]

2. (Zoöl.) The chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.]

Twin"kle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twinkled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Twinkling (?).] [OE. twinklen, AS. twinclian; akin to OE. twinken to blink, wink, G. zwinken, zwinkern, and perhaps to E. twitch.] 1. To open and shut the eye rapidly; to blink; to wink.

> The owl fell a moping and twinkling.

L' Estrange.

<! p. 1557 !>

2. To shine with an intermitted or a broken, quavering light; to flash at intervals; to sparkle; to scintillate.

> These stars not twinkle when viewed through telescopes that have large apertures.

Sir I. Newton.

> The western sky twinkled with stars.

Sir W. Scott.

Twin"kle (?), n. 1. A closing or opening, or a quick motion, of the eye; a wink or sparkle of the eye.

> Suddenly, with twinkle of her eye,
> The damsel broke his misintended dart.

Spenser.

2. A brief flash or gleam, esp. when rapidly repeated.

3. The time of a wink; a twinkling. Dryden.

Twin"kler (?), n. One who, or that which, twinkles, or winks; a winker; an eye.

Twin"kling (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or of that which, twinkles; a quick movement of the eye; a wink; a twinkle. Holland.

2. A shining with intermitted light; a scintillation; a sparkling; as, the twinkling of the stars.

3. The time of a wink; a moment; an instant.

> In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump, . . . the dead shall be raised incorruptible.

1 Cor. xv. 52.

Twin"leaf` (?), n. (Bot.) See Jeffersonia.

Twin"like` (?), a. Closely resembling; being a counterpart. — Twin"like`ness, n.

Twin"ling (?), n. [Twin + 1st - ling.] A young or little twin, especially a twin lamb.

Twinned (?), a. (Crystallog.) Composed of parts united according to a law of twinning. See Twin, n., 4.

Twin"ner (?), n. One who gives birth to twins; a breeder of twins. Tusser.

Twin"ning (?), n. (Crystallog.) The assemblage of two or more crystals, or parts of crystals, in reversed position with reference to each other in accordance with some definite law; also, rarely, in artificial twinning (accomplished for example by pressure), the process by which this reversal is brought about.

Polysynthetic twinning, repeated twinning of crystal lamellæ, as that of the triclinic feldspars. — Repeated twinning, twinning of more than two crystals, or parts of crystals. — Twinning axis, Twinning plane. See the Note under Twin, n.

Twin"ter (?), n. [AS. twi- + winter winter. See Twice, and Winter.] A domestic animal two winters old. [Prov. Eng.]

Twire (?), n. [Cf. D. tweern, G. zwirn, and E. twine.] A twisted filament; a thread. [Obs.] Locke.

Twire, v. i. [Cf. MHG. zwieren, E. thwart, and queer.] 1. To peep; to glance obliquely; to leer. [Obs.]

> Which maids will twire 'tween their fingers.

B. Jonson.

> I saw the wench that twired and twinkled at thee.

Beau. & Fl.

2. To twinkle; to glance; to gleam. [Obs.]

> When sparkling stars twire not.

Shak.

Twire, v. i. To sing, or twitter. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Twire"-pipe` (?), n. A vagabond musician. [Obs.]

> You are an ass, a twire-pipe.

Beau. & Fl.

> You looked like Twire-pipe, the taborer.

Chapman.

Twirl (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twirled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Twirling.] [Cf. AS. þwiril a churn staff, a stirrer, flail, þweran, þweran, to agitate, twirl, G. zwirlen, quirlen, to twirl, to turn round or about, quirl a twirling stick, OHG. dweran to twirl, stir. Cf. Trowel.] To move or turn round rapidly; to whirl round; to move and turn rapidly with the fingers.

> See ruddy maids,
> Some taught with dexterous hand to twirl the wheel.

Dodsley.

> No more beneath soft eve's consenting star
> Fandango twirls his jocund castanet.

Byron.

Twirl, v. i. To revolve with velocity; to be whirled round rapidly.

Twirl, n. 1. The act of twirling; a rapid circular motion; a whirl or whirling; quick rotation.

2. A twist; a convolution. Woodward.

Twist (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Twisting.] [OE. twisten, AS. twist a rope, as made of two (twisted) strands, fr. twi- two; akin to D. twist a quarrel, dissension, G. zwist, Dan. & Sw. tvist, Icel. twistr the deuce in cards, tvistr distressed. See Twice, Two.] 1. To contort; to writhe; to complicate; to crook spirally; to convolve.

> Twist it into a serpentine form.

Pope.

2. Hence, to turn from the true form or meaning; to pervert; as, to twist a passage cited from an author.

3. To distort, as a solid body, by turning one part relatively to another about an axis passing through both; to subject to torsion; as, to twist a shaft.

4. To wreathe; to wind; to encircle; to unite by intertexture of parts. "Longing to twist bays with that ivy." Waller.

> There are pillars of smoke twisted about wreaths of flame.

T. Burnet.

5. To wind into; to insinuate; — used reflexively; as, avarice twists itself into all human concerns.

6. To unite by winding one thread, strand, or other flexible substance, round another; to form by convolution, or winding separate things round each other; as, to twist yarn or thread. Shak.

7. Hence, to form as if by winding one part around another; to wreathe; to make up.

> Was it not to this end
> That thou began'st to twist so fine a story?

Shak.

8. To form into a thread from many fine filaments; as, to twist wool or cotton.

Twist, v. i. 1. To be contorted; to writhe; to be distorted by torsion; to be united by winding round each other; to be or become twisted; as, some strands will twist more easily than others.

2. To follow a helical or spiral course; to be in the form of a helix.

Twist, n. 1. The act of twisting; a contortion; a flexure; a convolution; a bending.

> Not the least turn or twist in the fibers of any one animal which does not render them more proper for that particular animal's way of life than any other cast or texture.

Addison.

2. The form given in twisting.

> [He] shrunk at first sight of it; he found fault with the length, the thickness, and the twist.

Arbuthnot.

3. That which is formed by twisting, convoluting, or uniting parts. Specifically: —

(a) A cord, thread, or anything flexible, formed by winding strands or separate things round each other.

(b) A kind of closely twisted, strong sewing silk, used by tailors, saddlers, and the like.

(c) A kind of cotton yarn, of several varieties.

(d) A roll of twisted dough, baked.

(e) A little twisted roll of tobacco.

(f) (Weaving) One of the threads of a warp, — usually more tightly twisted than the filling.

(g) (Firearms) A material for gun barrels, consisting of iron and steel twisted and welded together; as, Damascus twist.

(h) (Firearms & Ord.) The spiral course of the rifling of a gun barrel or a cannon.

(i) A beverage made of brandy and gin. [Slang]

4. [OE.; — so called as being a two-forked branch. See Twist, v. t.] A twig. [Obs.] Chaucer. Fairfax.

Gain twist, or Gaining twist (Firearms), twist of which the pitch is less, and the inclination greater, at the muzzle than at the breech. — Twist drill, a drill the body of which is twisted like that of an auger. See Illust. of Drill. — Uniform twist (Firearms), a twist of which the spiral course has an equal pitch throughout.

Twist"e (?), obs. imp. of Twist. Chaucer.

Twist"ed, a. Contorted; crooked spirally; subjected to torsion; hence, perverted.

Twisted curve (Geom.), a curve of double curvature. See Plane curve, under Curve. — Twisted surface (Geom.), a surface described by a straight line moving according to any law whatever, yet so that the consecutive positions of the line shall not be in one plane; a warped surface.

Twist"er (?), n. 1. One who twists; specifically, the person whose occupation is to twist or join the threads of one warp to those of another, in weaving.

2. The instrument used in twisting, or making twists.

> He, twirling his twister, makes a twist of the twine.

Wallis.

3. (Carp.) A girder. Craig.

4. (Man.) The inner part of the thigh, the proper place to rest upon when on horseback. Craig.

Twist"ic*al (?), a. Crooked; tortuous; hence, perverse; unfair; dishonest. [Slang, U. S.] Bartlett.

Twist"ing, a. & n. from Twist.

Twisting pair. (Kinematics) See under Pair, n., 7.

Twit (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Twitting.] [OE. atwiten, AS. ætwtan to reproach, blame; æt at + wtan to reproach, blame; originally, to observe, see, hence, to observe what is wrong (cf. the meanings of E. animadvert; akin to G. verweisen to censure, OHG. firwzan, Goth. traweitan to avenge, L. videre to see. See Vision, Wit.] To vex by bringing to notice, or reminding of, a fault, defect, misfortune, or the like; to revile; to reproach; to upbraid; to taunt; as, he twitted his friend of falsehood.

> This these scoffers twitted the Christian with.

Tillotson.

> Æsop minds men of their errors, without twitting them for what is amiss.

L'Estrange.

Twitch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Twitched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Twitching.] [OE. twicchen, fr. (doubtful) AS. twiccian; akin to AS. angeltwicca a worm used for bait, literally, a hook twitcher, LG. twikken to tweak, G. zwicken. Cf. Tweak.] To pull with a sudden jerk; to pluck with a short, quick motion; to snatch; as, to twitch one by the sleeve; to twitch a thing out of another's hand; to twitch off clusters of grapes.

> Thrice they twitched the diamond in her ear.

Pope.

Twitch, n. 1. The act of twitching; a pull with a jerk; a short, sudden, quick pull; as, a twitch by the sleeve.

2. A short, spastic contraction of the fibers or muscles; a simple muscular contraction; as, convulsive twitches; a twitch in the side.

3. (Far.) A stick with a hole in one end through which passes a loop, which can be drawn tightly over the upper lip or an ear of a horse. By twisting the stick the compression is made sufficiently painful to keep the animal quiet during a slight surgical operation. J. H. Walsh.

Twitch"er (?), n. One who, or that which, twitches.

Twitch" grass` (?). (Bot.) See Quitch grass.

Twite (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The European tree sparrow. (b) The mountain linnet (Linota flavirostris). [Prov. Eng.]

Twit"lark` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The meadow pipit. [Prov. Eng.]

Twit"ter (?), n. [From Twit.] One who twits, or reproaches; an upbraider.

Twit"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Twittered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Twittering.] [OE. twiteren; of imitative origin; cf. G. zwitschern, OHG. zwizzir&?;n, D. kwetteren, Sw. qwitra, Dan. quiddre. Cf. Titter.] 1. To make a succession of small, tremulous, intermitted noises.

> The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed.

Gray.

2. To make the sound of a half-suppressed laugh; to titter; to giggle. J. Fletcher.

3. [Perhaps influenced by twitch.] To have a slight trembling of the nerves; to be excited or agitated.

Twit"ter, v. t. To utter with a twitter. Cowper.

Twit"ter, n. 1. The act of twittering; a small, tremulous, intermitted noise, as that made by a swallow.

2. A half-suppressed laugh; a fit of laughter partially restrained; a titter; a giggle. Hudibras.

3. A slight trembling or agitation of the nerves.

Twit"ter*ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, twitters.

2. A slight nervous excitement or agitation, such as is caused by desire, expectation, or suspense.

> A widow, who had a twittering towards a second husband, took a gossiping companion to manage the job.

L'Estrange.

Twit"ting*ly (?), adv. In a twitting manner; with upbraiding.

Twit"tle-twat`tle (?), n. [See Twattle.] Tattle; gabble. L'Estrange.

'Twixt (?). An abbreviation of Betwixt, used in poetry, or in colloquial language.

'Twixt"-brain` (?), n. (Anat.) The thalamen&?;cephalon.

Two (t), a. [OE. two, twa, properly fem. & neut., twei, twein, tweien, properly masc. (whence E. twain), AS. tw, fem. & neut., twgen, masc., t, neut.; akin to OFries. twne, masc., tw, fem. & neut., OS. twne, masc., tw, fem., tw, neut., D. twee, OHG. zwne, zw, zwei, G. zwei, Icel. tveir, tvær, tvau, Sw. två, Dan. to, Goth. twai, tws, twa; Lith. du, Russ. dva, Ir. & Gael. da, W. dau, dwy, L. duo, Gr. dy`o, Skr. dva. √300. Cf. Balance, Barouche, Between, Bi- , Combine, Deuce two in cards, Double, Doubt, Dozen, Dual, Duet, Dyad, Twain, Twelve, Twenty, Twice, Twilight, Twig, Twine, n., Twist.] One and one; twice one. "Two great lights." Gen. i. 16. "Two black clouds." Milton.

Two is often joined with other words, forming compounds signifying divided into, consisting of, or having, two parts, divisions, organs, or the like; as two-bladed, two-celled, two-eared, two- flowered, twohand, two-headed, two-horse, two- leafed or two-leaved, two-legged, two-lobed, two-masted, two-named, two-part, two-petaled, two-pronged, two-seeded, two-sided, two-story, two-stringed, two-foothed, two-valved, two- winged, and the like.

One or two, a phrase often used indefinitely for a small number.

Two (?), n. 1. The sum of one and one; the number next greater than one, and next less than three; two units or objects.

2. A symbol representing two units, as 2, II., or ii.

In two, asunder; into parts; in halves; in twain; as, cut in two.

Two"-cap`suled (?), a. (Bot.) Having two distinct capsules; bicapsular.

Two"-cleft` (?), a. (Bot.) Divided about half way from the border to the base into two segments; bifid.

Two"-deck`er (?), n. A vessel of war carrying guns on two decks.

Two"-edged` (?), a. Having two edges, or edges on both sides; as, a two-edged sword.

Two"fold` (?), a. [Cf. Twifold.] Double; duplicate; multiplied by two; as, a twofold nature; a twofold sense; a twofold argument.

Two"fold`, adv. In a double degree; doubly.

Two"-foot` (?), a. Measuring two feet; two feet long, thick, or wide; as, a two-foot rule.

Two"-forked` (?), a. Divided into two parts, somewhat after the manner of a fork; dichotomous.

Two"-hand` (?), a. Employing two hands; as, the two-hand alphabet. See Dactylology.

Two"-hand`ed (?), a. 1. Having two hands; — often used as an epithet equivalent to large, stout, strong, or powerful. "Two-handed sway." Milton.

2. Used with both hands; as, a two-handed sword.

> That two-handed engine [the sword].

Milton.

3. Using either hand equally well; ambidextrous.

Two"-lipped` (?), a. 1. Having two lips.

2. (Bot.) Divided in such a manner as to resemble the two lips when the mouth is more or less open; bilabiate.

Two"-part`ed (-pärt`d), a. (Bot.) Divided from the border to the base into two distinct parts; bipartite.

Two"pence (?; 277), n. A small coin, and money of account, in England, equivalent to two pennies, — minted to a fixed annual amount, for almsgiving by the sovereign on Maundy Thursday.

Two"pen*ny (?), a. Of the value of twopence.

Two"-ply` (?), a. 1. Consisting of two thicknesses, as cloth; double.

2. Woven double, as cloth or carpeting, by incorporating two sets of warp thread and two of weft.

Two"-ranked` (?), a. (Bot.) Alternately disposed on exactly opposite sides of the stem so as to from two ranks; distichous.

Two"-sid`ed (?), a. 1. Having two sides only; hence, double-faced; hypocritical.

2. (Biol.) Symmetrical.

Two"-tongued` (?), a. Double-tongued; deceitful. Sandys.

Twy"blade` (?), n. See Twayblade.

Ty"-all` (?), n. Something serving to tie or secure. [Obs.] Latimer.

Ty"burn tick`et (?). [So called in allusion to Tyburn, formerly a place of execution in England.] (O. Eng. Law) A certificate given to one who prosecutes a felon to conviction, exempting him from certain parish and ward offices.

Ty*chon"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Tycho Brahe, or his system of astronomy.

Ty*coon" (t`kn"), n. [Chinese tai-kun great prince.] The title by which the shogun, or former commander in chief of the Japanese army, was known to foreigners.

Ty"dy (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Tidy.

Tye (?), n. 1. A knot; a tie. [R.] See Tie.

2. (Naut.) A chain or rope, one end of which passes through the mast, and is made fast to the center of a yard; the other end is attached to a tackle, by means of which the yard is hoisted or lowered.

3. (Mining) A trough for washing ores. Knight.

Tye, v. t. See Tie, the proper orthography.

Ty"er (?), n. One who ties, or unites. [R.]

Ty*foon" (?), n. See Typhoon.

Ty"ger (?), n. (Zoöl.) A tiger. [Obs.]

Ty"ing (?), p. pr. of Tie.

Ty"ing, n. (Mining) The act or process of washing ores in a buddle.

Tyke (?), n. See 2d Tike.

||Ty"la*rus (?), n.; pl. Tylari (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ty`lh a cushion.] (Zoöl.) One of the pads on the under surface of the toes of birds.

<! p. 1558 !>

Ty"ler (t"lr), n. See 2d Tiler.

||Ty*lop"o*da (t*lp"*d), n. pl. [NL., from ty`lh a cushion + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of ungulates comprising the camels.

||Ty*lo"sis (?), n.; pl. Tyloses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ty`los a lump, knot.] (Bot.) An intrusion of one vegetable cell into the cavity of another, sometimes forming there an irregular mass of cells. Goodale.

Tym"bal (?), n. [F. timbale, Sp. timbal; cf. atabal; probably of Arabic origin. Cf. Atabal, Timbrel.] A kind of kettledrum. [Written also trimbal.]

> A tymbal's sound were better than my voice.

Prior.

Tymp (?), n. [Cf. Tympan.] (Blast Furnace) A hollow water-cooled iron casting in the upper part of the archway in which the dam stands.

Tym"pan (?), n. [F., fr. tympanum a kettledrum, a panel of a door. See Tympanum, and cf. Tymp.] 1. A drum. [Obs.]

2. (Arch.) A panel; a tympanum.

3. (Print.) A frame covered with parchment or cloth, on which the blank sheets are put, in order to be laid on the form to be impressed.

Tympan sheet (Print.), a sheet of paper of the same size as that to be printed, pasted on the tympan, and serving as a guide in laying the sheets evenly for printing. W. Savage.

Tym"pa*nal (?), n. Tympanic.

Tym*pan"ic (?; 277), a. [See Tympanum.] 1. Like a tympanum or drum; acting like a drumhead; as, a tympanic membrane.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the tympanum.

Tympanic bone (Anat.), a bone of the skull which incloses a part of the tympanum and supports the tympanic membrane. — Tympanic membrane. (Anat.) See the Note under Ear.

Tym*pan"ic, n. (Anat.) The tympanic bone.

Tym"pa*nist (?), n. [L. tympaniste, Gr. &?;.] One who beats a drum. [R.]

||Tym`pa*ni"tes (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a kettledrum.] (Med.) A flatulent distention of the belly; tympany.

Tym`pa*nit"ic (?), a. [L. tympaniticus one afflicted with tympanites.] (Med.) Of, pertaining to, or affected with, tympanites.

Tym`pa*ni"tis (?), n. [NL. See Tympanum, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lining membrane of the middle ear.

Tym"pa*nize (?), v. i. [L. tympanizare to beat a drum, Gr. &?;.] To drum. [R.] Coles.

Tym"pa*nize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Tympanized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tympanizing (?).] To stretch, as a skin over the head of a drum; to make into a drum or drumhead, or cause to act or sound like a drum. [Obs.] "Tympanized, as other saints of God were." Oley.

||Tym"pa*no (?), n.; pl. Tympani (#). [It. timpano. See Tympanum.] (Mus.) A kettledrum; — chiefly used in the plural to denote the kettledrums of an orchestra. See Kettledrum. [Written also timpano.]

Tym"pa*no- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the tympanum; as in tympanohyal, tympano- Eustachian.

Tym`pa*no*hy"al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the tympanum and the hyoidean arch. — n. The proximal segment in the hyoidean arch, becoming a part of the styloid process of the temporal bone in adult man.

Tym"pa*num (?), n.; pl. E. Tympanums (#), L. Tympana (#). [L., a kettledrum, a drum or wheel in machines, the triangular area in a pediment, the panel of a door, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; to strike, beat. See Type, and cf. Timbrel.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The ear drum, or middle ear. Sometimes applied incorrectly to the tympanic membrane. See Ear. (b) A chamber in the anterior part of the syrinx of birds.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the naked, inflatable air sacs on the neck of the prairie chicken and other species of grouse.

3. (Arch.) (a) The recessed face of a pediment within the frame made by the upper and lower cornices, being usually a triangular space or table. (b) The space within an arch, and above a lintel or a subordinate arch, spanning the opening below the arch.

4. (Mech.) A drum-shaped wheel with spirally curved partitions by which water is raised to the axis when the wheel revolves with the lower part of the circumference submerged, — used for raising water, as for irrigation.

Tym"pa*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a kettledrum. See Tympanites.] 1. (Med.) A flatulent distention of the belly; tympanites. Fuller.

2. Hence, inflation; conceit; bombast; turgidness. "Thine 's a tympany of sense." Dryden.

> A plethoric a tautologic tympany of sentence.

De Quincey.

Tynd (?), v. t. [See Tine to shut in.] To shut; to close. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Tyne (?), v. t. [Icel. t&?;na.] To lose. [Obs. or Scot.] "His bliss gan he tyne." Piers Plowman. Sir W. Scott.

Tyne, v. i. To become lost; to perish. [Obs.] Spenser.

Tyne, n. [See Tine a prong.] (Zoöl.) A prong or point of an antler.

Tyne, n. [See Teen, n.] Anxiety; tine. [Obs.] "With labor and long tyne." Spenser.

Ty"ny (?), a. [See Tiny.] Small; tiny. [Obs.]

Typ"al (?), a. Relating to a type or types; belonging to types; serving as a type; typical. Owen.

-type (?). [See Type, n.] A combining form signifying impressed form; stamp; print; type; typical form; representative; as in stereotype phototype, ferrotype, monotype.

Type (?), n. [F. type; cf. It. tipo, from L. typus a figure, image, a form, type, character, Gr. &?; the mark of a blow, impression, form of character, model, from the root of &?; to beat, strike; cf. Skr. tup to hurt.]

1. The mark or impression of something; stamp; impressed sign; emblem.

> The faith they have in tennis, and tall stockings,
> Short blistered breeches, and those types of travel.

Shak.

2. Form or character impressed; style; semblance.

> Thy father bears the type of king of Naples.

Shak.

3. A figure or representation of something to come; a token; a sign; a symbol; — correlative to antitype.

> A type is no longer a type when the thing typified comes to be actually exhibited.

South.

4. That which possesses or exemplifies characteristic qualities; the representative. Specifically: (a) (Biol.) A general form or structure common to a number of individuals; hence, the ideal representation of a species, genus, or other group, combining the essential characteristics; an animal or plant possessing or exemplifying the essential characteristics of a species, genus, or other group. Also, a group or division of animals having a certain typical or characteristic structure of body maintained within the group.

> Since the time of Cuvier and Baer . . . the whole animal kingdom has been universally held to be divisible into a small number of main divisions or types.

Haeckel.

(b) (Fine Arts) The original object, or class of objects, scene, face, or conception, which becomes the subject of a copy; esp., the design on the face of a medal or a coin.

(c) (Chem.) A simple compound, used as a mode or pattern to which other compounds are conveniently regarded as being related, and from which they may be actually or theoretically derived.

The fundamental types used to express the simplest and most essential chemical relations are hydrochloric acid, HCl; water, H2O; ammonia, NH3; and methane, CH4.

5. (Typog.) (a) A raised letter, figure, accent, or other character, cast in metal or cut in wood, used in printing. (b) Such letters or characters, in general, or the whole quantity of them used in printing, spoken of collectively; any number or mass of such letters or characters, however disposed.

Type are mostly made by casting type metal in a mold, though some of the larger sizes are made from maple, mahogany, or boxwood. In the cut, a is the body; b, the face, or part from which the impression is taken; c, the shoulder, or top of the body; d, the nick (sometimes two or more are made), designed to assist the compositor in distinguishing the bottom of the face from the top; e, the groove made in the process of finishing, — each type as cast having attached to the bottom of the body a jet, or small piece of metal (formed by the surplus metal poured into the mold), which, when broken off, leaves a roughness that requires to be removed. The fine lines at the top and bottom of a letter are technically called ceriphs, and when part of the face projects over the body, as in the letter f, the projection is called a kern.

The type which compose an ordinary book font consist of Roman CAPITALS, small capitals, and lower-case letters, and Italic CAPITALS and lower-case letters, with accompanying figures, points, and reference marks, — in all about two hundred characters. Including the various modern styles of fancy type, some three or four hundred varieties of face are made. Besides the ordinary Roman and Italic, some of the most important of the varieties are —

The smallest body in common use is diamond; then follow in order of size, pearl, agate, nonpareil, minion, brevier, bourgeois (or two-line diamond), long primer (or two-line pearl), small pica (or two-line agate), pica (or two-line nonpareil), English (or two-line minion), Columbian (or two-line brevier), great primer (two-line bourgeois), paragon (or two-line long primer), double small pica (or two-line small pica), double pica (or two-line pica), double English (or two-line English), double great primer (or two-line great primer), double paragon (or two-line paragon), canon (or two-line double pica). Above this, the sizes are called five-line pica, six-line pica, seven-line pica, and so on, being made mostly of wood. The following alphabets show the different sizes up to great primer.

The foregoing account is conformed to the designations made use of by American type founders, but is substantially correct for England. Agate, however, is called ruby, in England, where, also, a size intermediate between nonpareil and minion is employed, called emerald.

Point system of type bodies (Type Founding), a system adopted by the type founders of the United States by which the various sizes of type have been so modified and changed that each size bears an exact proportional relation to every other size. The system is a modification of a French system, and is based on the pica body. This pica body is divided into twelfths, which are termed "points," and every type body consist of a given number of these points. Many of the type founders indicate the new sizes of type by the number of points, and the old names are gradually being done away with. By the point system type founders cast type of a uniform size and height, whereas formerly fonts of pica or other type made by different founders would often vary slightly so that they could not be used together. There are no type in actual use corresponding to the smaller theoretical sizes of the point system. In some cases, as in that of ruby, the term used designates a different size from that heretofore so called.

Type founder, one who casts or manufacture type. — Type foundry, Type foundery, a place for the manufacture of type. — Type metal, an alloy used in making type, stereotype plates, etc., and in backing up electrotype plates. It consists essentially of lead and antimony, often with a little tin, nickel, or copper. — Type wheel, a wheel having raised letters or characters on its periphery, and used in typewriters, printing telegraphs, etc. — Unity of type (Biol.), that fundamental agreement in structure which is seen in organic beings of the same class, and is quite independent of their habits of life. Darwin.

Type (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Typed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Typing.] 1. To represent by a type, model, or symbol beforehand; to prefigure. [R.] White (Johnson).

2. To furnish an expression or copy of; to represent; to typify. [R.]

> Let us type them now in our own lives.

Tennyson.

Type"set`ter (?), n. One who, or that which, sets type; a compositor; a machine for setting type.

Type"set`ting, n. The act or art of setting type.

Type"write` (?), v. t. & i. To write with a typewriter. [Recent]

Type"writ`er (?), n. 1. An instrument for writing by means of type, a typewheel, or the like, in which the operator makes use of a sort of keyboard, in order to obtain printed impressions of the characters upon paper.

2. One who uses such an instrument.

Type"writ`ing, n. The act or art of using a typewriter; also, a print made with a typewriter.

||Typh*li"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; blind, closed (as applied to the cæcum) + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the cæcum.

Typh"lo*sole (?), n. [Gr. &?; blind + &?; channel.] (Zoöl.) A fold of the wall which projects into the cavity of the intestine in bivalve mollusks, certain annelids, starfishes, and some other animals.

Ty*pho"ë*an (?), a. [L. Typhoius, from Typhoeus, Gr. &?;, &?;.] Of or pertaining to Typhoeus (t*f"s), the fabled giant of Greek mythology, having a hundred heads; resembling Typhoeus.

Sometimes incorrectly written and pronounced Ty- phœ\'b6an (&?;), or Ty-phe\'b6 an.

Ty"phoid (?), a. [Typhus + - oid: cf. F. typhoïde, Gr. &?;. See Typhus.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to typhus; resembling typhus; of a low grade like typhus; as, typhoid symptoms.

Typhoid fever, a disease formerly confounded with typhus, but essentially different from the latter. It is characterized by fever, lasting usually three or more weeks, diarrhæa with evacuations resembling pea soup in appearance, and prostration and muscular debility, gradually increasing and often becoming profound at the acme of the disease. Its local lesions are a scanty eruption of spots, resembling flea bites, on the belly, enlargement of the spleen, and ulceration of the intestines over the areas occupied by Peyer's glands. The virus, or contagion, of this fever is supposed to be a microscopic vegetable organism, or bacterium. Called also enteric fever. See Peyer's glands. — Typhoid state, a condition common to many diseases, characterized by profound prostration and other symptoms resembling those of typhus.

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Ty`pho*ma*la"ri*al (?), a. (Med.) Pertaining to typhoid fever and malaria; as, typhomalarial fever, a form of fever having symptoms both of malarial and typhoid fever.

Ty`pho*ma"ni*a (?), n. [NL. See Typhus, and Mania.] (Med.) A low delirium common in typhus fever.

Ty"phon (?), n. [Gr. &?;, and &?;. See Typhoon.] (Class. Mythol.) 1. According to Hesiod, the son of Typhoeus, and father of the winds, but later identified with him.

By modern writers, Typhon is identified with the Egyptian Set, who represents physical evil. Encyc. Brit.

2. A violent whirlwind; a typhoon. [Obs.]

> The circling typhon whirled from point to point.

Thomson.

Ty*phoon" (?), n. [Earlier tuffoon, tuffon, Pg. tufão, Ar. tufn a violent storm; probably fr. Gr. tyfw^n, tyfw^s, a violent whirlwind, that rushes upward from the earth, whirling clouds of dust (cf. Typhus); or perhaps from Chin. t'ai-fung a cyclonic wind.] A violent whirlwind; specifically, a violent whirlwind occurring in the Chinese seas.

||Ty"phos (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Typhus. [Obs.]

Ty`pho*tox"in (?), n. [Typhoid + - toxic.] (Physiol. Chem.) A basic substance, C7H17NO2, formed from the growth of the typhoid bacillus on meat pulp. It induces in small animals lethargic conditions with liquid dejecta.

Ty"phous (?), a. [Cf. F. typheux.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to typhus; of the nature of typhus.

Ty"phus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; smoke, cloud, stupor arising from fever; akin to &?; to smoke, Skr. dh&?;pa smoke.] (Med.) A contagious continued fever lasting from two to three weeks, attended with great prostration and cerebral disorder, and marked by a copious eruption of red spots upon the body. Also called jail fever, famine fever, putrid fever, spottled fever, etc. See Jail fever, under Jail.

Typ"ic (?), a. Typical. "Typic shades." Boyle.

Typ"ic*al (?), a. [L. typicus, Gr. &?;, from &?; type: cf. F. typique. See Type.] 1. Of the nature of a type; representing something by a form, model, or resemblance; emblematic; prefigurative.

> The Levitical priesthood was only typical of the Christian.

Atterbury.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Combining or exhibiting the essential characteristics of a group; as, a typical genus.

— Typ"ic*al*ly, adv. — Typ"ic*al*ness, n.

Typ`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. The act of typifying, or representing by a figure.

Typ"i*fi`er (?), n. One who, or that which, typifies. Bp. Warburton.

Typ"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Typified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Typifying.] [Type + -fy.] To represent by an image, form, model, or resemblance.

> Our Savior was typified, indeed, by the goat that was slain, and the scapegoat in the wilderness.

Sir T. Browne.

Ty"po (?), n. [An abbreviation of typographer.] A compositor. [Colloq.]

Typ"o*cos`my (?), n. [Gr. &?; type + &?; the world.] A representation of the world. [R.]

Ty*pog"ra*pher (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. typographe. See Typography.] A printer. T. Warton.

{ Ty`po*graph"ic (?; 277), Ty`po*graph"ic*al (?; 277), } a. [Cf. F. typographique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the act or act of representing by types or symbols; emblematic; figurative; typical. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. Of or pertaining to typography or printing; as, the typographic art.

— Ty`po*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Ty*pog"ra*phy (?), n. [Type + - graphy: cf. F. typographie.] 1. The act or art of expressing by means of types or symbols; emblematical or hieroglyphic representation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. The art of printing with types; the use of types to produce impressions on paper, vellum, etc.

Typ"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; image, type + -lite: cf. F. typolithe.] (Min.) A stone or fossil which has on it impressions or figures of plants and animals.

Ty*pol"o*gy (?), n. [Type + - logy.] 1. (Theol.) A discourse or treatise on types.

2. (Theol.) The doctrine of types.

||Ty*poth"e*tæ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. E. type + Gr. &?; to put, set.] Printers; — used in the name of an association of the master printers of the United States and Canada, called The United Typothetæ of America.

Ty"ran (?), n. [See Tyrant.] A tyrant. [Obs.]

> Lordly love is such a tyran fell.

Spenser.

Ty"ran*ness (?), n. A female tyrant. [Obs.] "That proud tyranness." Spenser. Akenside.

{ Ty*ran"nic (?; 277), Ty*ran"nic*al (?), } a. [L. tyrannicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. tyrannique. See Tyrant.] Of or pertaining to a tyrant; suiting a tyrant; unjustly severe in government; absolute; imperious; despotic; cruel; arbitrary; as, a tyrannical prince; a tyrannical master; tyrannical government. "A power tyrannical." Shak.

> Our sects a more tyrannic power assume.

Roscommon.

> The oppressor ruled tyrannic where he durst.

Pope.

— Ty*ran"nic*al*ly, adv. — Ty*ran"nic*al*ness, .

Ty*ran"ni*ci`dal (?), a. Of or pertaining to tyrannicide, or the murder of a tyrant. Booth.

Ty*ran"ni*ci`de (?), n. [L. tyrannicidium the killing of a tyrant, tyrannicida the killer of a tyrant; tyrannus a tyrant + caedere to kill: cf. F. tyrannicide.] 1. The act of killing a tyrant. Hume.

2. One who kills a tyrant.

Tyr"an*nish (?), a. Like a tyrant; tyrannical. [Obs.] "The proud tyrannish Roman." Gower.

Tyr"an*nize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Tyrannized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Tyrannizing (?).] [Cf. F. tyranniser, Gr. &?; to take the part of tyrants.] To act the tyrant; to exercise arbitrary power; to rule with unjust and oppressive severity; to exercise power others not permitted by law or required by justice, or with a severity not necessary to the ends of justice and government; as, a prince will often tyrannize over his subjects; masters sometimes tyrannize over their servants or apprentices.

Tyr"an*nize, v. t. To subject to arbitrary, oppressive, or tyrannical treatment; to oppress.

Tyr"an*nous (?), a. Tyrannical; arbitrary; unjustly severe; despotic. Sir P. Sidney. — Tyr"an*nous*ly, adv.

Tyr"an*ny (?), n. [OE. tirannye, OF. tirannie, F. tyrannie; cf. It. tirannia; Gr. &?;, &?;, L. tyrannis. See Tyrant.] 1. The government or authority of a tyrant; a country governed by an absolute ruler; hence, arbitrary or despotic exercise of power; exercise of power over subjects and others with a rigor not authorized by law or justice, or not requisite for the purposes of government.

> "Sir," would he [Seneca] say, "an emperor mote need
> Be virtuous and hate tyranny."

Chaucer.

2. Cruel government or discipline; as, the tyranny of a schoolmaster.

3. Severity; rigor; inclemency.

> The tyranny of the open night's too rough
> For nature to endure.

Shak.

Tyr"ant (?), n. [OE. tirant, tiraunt, tyraunt, OF. tiran, tirant (probably from confusion with the p. pr. of verbs), F. tyran, L. tyrannus, Gr. &?;, originally, an absolute sovereign, but afterwards, a severe or cruel ruler.] 1. An absolute ruler; a sovereign unrestrained by law or constitution; a usurper of sovereignty.

Free governments [in Greece] having superseded the old hereditary sovereignties (basilei^ai), all who obtained absolute power in a state were called ty\rannoi, tyrants, or rather despots; — for the term rather regards the irregular way in which the power was gained, whether force or fraud, than the way in which it was exercised, being applied to the mild Pisistratus, but not to the despotic kings of Persia. However, the word soon came to imply reproach, and was then used like our tyrant. Liddell & Scott.

2. Specifically, a monarch, or other ruler or master, who uses power to oppress his subjects; a person who exercises unlawful authority, or lawful authority in an unlawful manner; one who by taxation, injustice, or cruel punishment, or the demand of unreasonable services, imposes burdens and hardships on those under his control, which law and humanity do not authorize, or which the purposes of government do not require; a cruel master; an oppressor. "This false tyrant, this Nero." Chaucer.

> Love, to a yielding heart, is a king, but to a resisting, is a tyrant.

Sir P. Sidney.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of American clamatorial birds belonging to the family Tyrannidæ; — called also tyrant bird.

These birds are noted for their irritability and pugnacity, and for the courage with which they attack rapacious birds far exceeding them in size and strength. They are mostly plain-colored birds, but often have a bright-colored crown patch. A few species, as the scissorstail, are handsomely colored. The kingbird and pewee are familiar examples.

Tyrant flycatcher (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of tyrants which have a flattened bill, toothed at the tip, and resemble the true flycatchers in habits. The Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax Acadicus) and the vermilion flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubineus) are examples. — Tyrant shrike (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of American tyrants of the genus Tyrannus having a strong toothed bill and resembling the strikes in habits. The kingbird is an example.

Ty"rant (?), v. i. To act like a tyrant; to play the tyrant; to tyrannical. [Obs.] Fuller.

Tyre (?), [Tamil tayir.] Curdled milk. [India]

Tyre, n. & v. Attire. See 2d and 3d Tire. [Obs.]

Tyre, v. i. To prey. See 4th Tire. [Obs.]

Tyr"i*an (?), a. [L. Tyrius, from Tyrus Tyre, Gr. &?;.] 1. Of or pertaining to Tyre or its people.

2. Being of the color called Tyrian purple.

> The bright-eyed perch with fins of Tyrian dye.

Pope.

Tyrian purple, or Tyrian dye, a celebrated purple dye prepared in ancient Tyre from several mollusks, especially Ianthina, Murex, and Purpura. See the Note under Purple, n., 1, and Purple of mollusca, under Purple, n.

Tyr"i*an, n. [L. Tyrius.] A native of Tyre.

Ty"ro (?), n.; pl. Tyros (#). [L. tiro a newlylevied soldier, a beginner.] A beginner in learning; one who is in the rudiments of any branch of study; a person imperfectly acquainted with a subject; a novice. [Written also tiro.]

> The management of tyros of eighteen
> Is difficult.

Cowper.

Ty"ro*cin*y (?), n. [L. tirocinium first service or trial, fr. tiro. See Tyro.] The state of being a tyro, or beginner; apprenticeship. [Obs.] Blount.

Tyr"o*lite (?), n. [From Tyrol, where it occurs.] (Min.) A translucent mineral of a green color and pearly or vitreous luster. It is a hydrous arseniate of copper.

Ty"ro*nism (?), n. The state of being a tyro, or beginner. [Written also tironism.]

Tyr"o*sin (?), n. [Gr. &?; cheese.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance present in small amount in the pancreas and spleen, and formed in large quantity from the decomposition of proteid matter by various means, — as by pancreatic digestion, by putrefaction as of cheese, by the action of boiling acids, etc. Chemically, it consists of oxyphenol and amidopropionic acid, and by decomposition yields oxybenzoic acid, or some other benzol derivative. [Written also tyrosine.]

Tyr`o*tox"i*con (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; cheese + &?;. See Toxic.] (Physiol. Chem.) A ptomaine discovered by Vaughan in putrid cheese and other dairy products, and producing symptoms similar to cholera infantum. Chemically, it appears to be related to, or identical with, diazobenzol.

Tyr`o*tox"ine (?), n. Same as Tyrotoxicon.

Ty"son*ite (?), n. [After S. T. Tyson.] (Min.) A fluoride of the cerium metals occurring in hexagonal crystals of a pale yellow color. Cf. Fluocerite.

Ty"stie (?), n. [Cf. Icel. þeisti, Norw. teiste.] (Zoöl.) The black guillemot. [Prov. Eng.]

Tythe (?), n. See Tithe.

Tyth"ing (?), n. See Tithing.

Tzar (?), n. The emperor of Russia. See Czar.

{ Tza*ri"na (?), Tza*rit"za (?), } n. The empress of Russia. See Czarina.

Tzet"ze (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Tsetse.

<! p. 1560 !>

U.

U (), the twenty-first letter of the English alphabet, is a cursive form of the letter V, with which it was formerly used interchangeably, both letters being then used both as vowels and consonants. U and V are now, however, differentiated, U being used only as a vowel or semivowel, and V only as a consonant. The true primary vowel sound of U, in Anglo-Saxon, was the sound which it still retains in most of the languages of Europe, that of long oo, as in tool, and short oo, as in wood, answering to the French ou in tour. Etymologically U is most closely related to o, y (vowel), w, and v; as in two, duet, dyad, twice; top, tuft; sop, sup; auspice, aviary. See V, also O and Y.

See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 130-144.

Ua*ka"ri (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Ouakari.

U"ber*ous (?), a. [L. uber.] Fruitful; copious; abundant; plentiful. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

U"ber*ty (?), n. [L. ubertas.] Fruitfulness; copiousness; abundance; plenty. [Obs.] Florio.

{ U`bi*ca"tion (?), U*bi"e*ty (?), } n. [NL. ubicatio, ubietas, fr. L. ubi where.] The quality or state of being in a place; local relation; position or location; whereness. [R.] Glanvill.

U`bi*qua"ri*an (?), a. Ubiquitous. [R.]

{ U"bi*quist (?), U*biq`ui*ta"ri*an (?), } n. [L. ubique everywhere: cf. F. ubiquiste, ubiquitaire. See Ubiquity.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a school of Lutheran divines which held that the body of Christ is present everywhere, and especially in the eucharist, in virtue of his omnipresence. Called also ubiquitist, and ubiquitary.

U*biq"ui*ta*ri*ness (?), n. Quality or state of being ubiquitary, or ubiquitous. [R.] Fuller.

U*biq"ui*ta*ry (?), a. [L. ubique everywhere. See Ubiquitarian.] Ubiquitous. Howell.

U*biq"ui*ta*ry, n.; pl. Ubiquitaries (&?;). 1. One who exists everywhere. B. Jonson.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) A ubiquist. Bp. Hall.

U*biq"ui*tist (?), n. Same as Ubiquist.

U*biq"ui*tous (?), a. [See Ubiquity.] Existing or being everywhere, or in all places, at the same time; omnipresent. — U*biq"ui*tous*ly, adv.

> In this sense is he ubiquitous.

R. D. Hitchcock.

U*biq"ui*ty (?), n. [L. ubique everywhere, fr. ubi where, perhaps for cubi, quobi (cf. alicubi anywhere), and if so akin to E. who: cf. F. ubiquité.] 1. Existence everywhere, or in places, at the same time; omnipresence; as, the ubiquity of God is not disputed by those who admit his existence.

> The arms of Rome . . . were impeded by . . . the wide spaces to be traversed and the ubiquity of the enemy.

C. Merivale.

2. (Theol.) The doctrine, as formulated by Luther, that Christ's glorified body is omnipresent.

U"chees (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians belonging to the Creek confederation.

Uck`e*wal"list (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of rigid Anabaptists, which originated in 1637, and whose tenets were essentially the same as those of the Mennonists. In addition, however, they held that Judas and the murderers of Christ were saved. So called from the founder of the sect, Ucke Wallis, a native of Friesland. Eadie.

U"dal ("dal), n. [Icel. ðal allodium, an hereditary estate; akin to Sw. odal allodial, Dan. odel.] In Shetland and Orkney, a freehold; property held by udal, or allodial, right.

U"dal, a. Allodial; — a term used in Finland, Shetland, and Orkney. See Allodial. Burrill.

{ U"dal*er (?), U"dal*man (?), } n. In the Shetland and Orkney Islands, one who holds property by udal, or allodial, right. Sir W. Scott.

Ud"der (?), n. [OE. uddir, AS. der; akin to D. uijer, G. euter, OHG. tar, tiro, Icel. jgr, Sw. jufver, jur, Dan. yver, L. uber, Gr. o"y^qar, Skr. dhar. √216. Cf. Exuberant.] 1. (Anat.) The glandular organ in which milk is secreted and stored; — popularly called the bag in cows and other quadrupeds. See Mamma.

> A lioness, with udders all drawn dry.

Shak.

2. One of the breasts of a woman. [R.]

> Yon Juno of majestic size,
> With cowlike udders, and with oxlike eyes.

Pope.

Ud"dered (?), a. Having an udder or udders.

Ud"der*less, a. 1. Destitute or deprived of an udder.

2. Hence, without mother's milk; motherless; as, udderless lambs. [Poetic] Keats.

U*dom"e*ter (?), n. [L. udus wet, moist + -meter.] (Meteor.) A rain gauge.

Ugh (), interj. An exclamation expressive of disgust, horror, or recoil. Its utterance is usually accompanied by a shudder.

Ug"le*some (g"'l*sm), a. [√3. See Ugly.] Ugly. [Obs.] "Such an uglesome countenance." Latimer.

Ug"li*fy (?), v. t. [Ugly + - fy.] To disfigure; to make ugly. [R.] Mad. D'Arblay.

Ug"li*ly, adv. In an ugly manner; with deformity.

Ug"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being ugly.

Ug"ly (?), a. [Compar. Uglier (?); superl. Ugliest.] [Icel. uggligr fearful, dreadful; uggr fear (akin to ugga to fear) + -ligr (akin to E. -ly, like). &?;&?;. Cf. Awe.] 1. Offensive to the sight; contrary to beauty; being of disagreeable or loathsome aspect; unsightly; repulsive; deformed.

> The ugly view of his deformed crimes.

Spenser.

> Like the toad, ugly and venomous.

Shak.

> O, I have passed a miserable night,
> So full of ugly sights, of ghastly dreams.

Shak.

2. Ill-natured; crossgrained; quarrelsome; as, an ugly temper; to feel ugly. [Colloq. U. S.]

3. Unpleasant; disagreeable; likely to cause trouble or loss; as, an ugly rumor; an ugly customer. [Colloq.]

Ug"ly (?), n. A shade for the face, projecting from the bonnet. [Colloq. Eng.] C. Kingsley.

Ug"ly, v. t. To make ugly. [R.] Richardson.

U"gri*an (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A Mongolian race, ancestors of the Finns. [Written also Uigrian.]

Ug"some (?), a. [&?;&?;. See Ugly.] Ugly; offensive; loathsome. [Obs.] — Ug"some*ness, n. [Obs.] "The horror and ugsomeness of death." Latimer.

Uh"lan (?), n. [G. uhlan, Pol. ulan, hulan, from Turk. ogln a youth, lad; of Tartar origin.] [Written also ulan, and formerly hulan.] 1. One of a certain description of militia among the Tartars.

2. (Mil.) One of a kind of light cavalry of Tartaric origin, first introduced into European armies in Poland. They are armed with lances, pistols, and sabers, and are employed chiefly as skirmishers.

||U*in`ta*the"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Uinta, the Indian name of the region where the animals were discovered + Gr. qhri`on beast.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of large Eocene ungulates allied to Dinoceras. This name is sometimes used for nearly all the known species of the group. See Dinoceras.

U*kase" (?), n. [F., fr. Russ. ukas'; pref. u- + kazate to show, to say.] In Russia, a published proclamation or imperial order, having the force of law.

U"lan (?), n. See Uhlan.

U*lar"bu*rong (?), n. [From the native Malay name.] (Zoöl.) A large East Indian nocturnal tree snake (Dipsas dendrophila). It is not venomous.

Ul"cer (?), n. [F. ulcère, L. ulcus, gen. ulceris, akin to Gr. &?;.] 1. (Med.) A solution of continuity in any of the soft parts of the body, discharging purulent matter, found on a surface, especially one of the natural surfaces of the body, and originating generally in a constitutional disorder; a sore discharging pus. It is distinguished from an abscess, which has its beginning, at least, in the depth of the tissues.

2. Fig.: Anything that festers and corrupts like an open sore; a vice in character.

Cold ulcer (Med.), an ulcer on a finger or toe, due to deficient circulation and nutrition. In such cases the extremities are cold.

Ul"cer, v. t. To ulcerate. [R.] Fuller.

Ul"cer*a*ble (?), a. Capable of ulcerating.

Ul"cer*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ulcerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ulcerating.] [L. ulceratus, p. p. of ulcerare, fr. ulcus ulcer.] To be formed into an ulcer; to become ulcerous.

Ul"cer*ate, v. t. To affect with, or as with, an ulcer or ulcers. Harvey.

Ul"cer*a`ted (?), a. Affected with, or as with, an ulcer or ulcers; as, an ulcerated sore throat.

Ul`cer*a"tion (?), n. [L. ulceratio: cf. F. ulcération.] (Med.) The process of forming an ulcer, or of becoming ulcerous; the state of being ulcerated; also, an ulcer.

Ul"cer*a*tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to ulcers; as, an ulcerative process.

Ul"cered (?), a. Ulcerous; ulcerated.

Ul"cer*ous (?), a. [L. ulcerous: cf. F. ulcéreux.] 1. Having the nature or character of an ulcer; discharging purulent or other matter. R. Browning.

2. Affected with an ulcer or ulcers; ulcerated.

> It will but skin and film the ulcerous place.

Shak.

— Ul"cer*ous*ly, adv. — Ul"cer*ous*ness, n.

{ Ul"cus*cle (?), Ul*cus"cule (?), } n. [L. ulcusculum, dim. of ulcus. See Ulcer.] A little ulcer. [R.]

U"le (?), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) A Mexican and Central American tree (Castilloa elastica and C. Markhamiana) related to the breadfruit tree. Its milky juice contains caoutchouc. Called also ule tree.

U*le"ma (?), n. [Ar. 'ulem the wise or learned men, pl. of 'lim wise, learned, fr. alima to know.] A college or corporation in Turkey composed of the hierarchy, namely, the imams, or ministers of religion, the muftis, or doctors of law, and the cadis, or administrators of justice.

U"lex*ite (?), n. [After a German chemist.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in white rounded crystalline masses. It is a hydrous borate of lime and soda.

{ U*lig"i*nose` (?), U*lig"i*nous (?), } a. [L. uliginosus, fr. uligo, -inis, moisture, fr. uvere to be moist.] Muddy; oozy; slimy; also, growing in muddy places. [R.] Woodward.

Ul"lage (?; 48), n. [OF. eullage, ovillage, the filling up of a cask, fr. ouillier, oillier, euillier, to fill a wine cask; properly, to add oil to prevent evaporation, as to a flask that is nearly full, fr. OF. oile oil. See Oil.] (Com.) The amount which a vessel, as a cask, of liquor lacks of being full; wantage; deficiency.

Ul"let (?), n. [Cf. OF. hullote, E. howlet.] (Zoöl.) A European owl (Syrnium aluco) of a tawny color; — called also uluia.

Ull"mann*ite (?), n. [So named after J. C. Ullman, a German chemist.] (Min.) A brittle mineral of a steel-gray color and metallic luster, containing antimony, arsenic, sulphur, and nickel.

Ul*lu"co (?), n. (Bot.) See Melluc&?;o.

Ul*ma"ceous (?), a. [L. ulmus an elm.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a suborder of urticaceous plants, of which the elm is the type.

Ul"mate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of ulmic acid.

Ul"mic (?), a. [L. ulmus an elm: cf. F. ulmique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to ulmin; designating an acid obtained from ulmin.

Ul"min (?), n. [L. ulmus an elm: cf. F. ulmine.] (Chem.) A brown amorphous substance found in decaying vegetation. Cf. Humin. [Formerly written ulmine.]

||Ul"mus (?), n. [L., an elm.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including the elm.

||Ul"na (?), n. [L., the elbow. See Ell.] 1. (Anat.) The postaxial bone of the forearm, or branchium, corresponding to the fibula of the hind limb. See Radius.

2. (O. Eng. Law) An ell; also, a yard. Burrill.

Ul"nage (?), n. [See Ulna, and cf. Alnage.] (Old Eng. Law) Measurement by the ell; alnage.

Ul"nar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ulna, or the elbow; as, the ulnar nerve.

||Ul*na"re (?), n.; pl. Ulnaria (#). [NL. See Ulna.] (Anat.) One of the bones or cartilages of the carpus, which articulates with the ulna and corresponds to the cuneiform in man.

||U`lo*den"dron (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, for &?; whole + &?; tree.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil trees.

||U`lo*na"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of insects nearly equivalent to the true Orthoptera.

U*lot"ri*chan (?), a. (Anthropol.) Of or pertaining to the Ulotrichi. — n. One of the Ulotrichi.

||U*lot"ri*chi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, woolly-haired; &?; woolly + &?;, &?;, hair.] (Anthropol.) The division of mankind which embraces the races having woolly or crispy hair. Cf. Leiotrichi.

U*lot"ri*chous (?), a. (Anthropol.) Having woolly or crispy hair; — opposed to leiotrichous.

Ul"ster (?), n. A long, loose overcoat, worn by men and women, originally made of frieze from Ulster, Ireland.

Ul*te"ri*or (?), a. [L., comp. of ultra, ultro, beyond, on the other side, properly cases of an old adjective, formed with a comparative suffix, which is akin to OL. uls beyond, L. olim formerly, hereafter, orig., at that time, ille that, OL. olle, ollus. Cf. Outrage.] 1. Situated beyond, or on the farther side; thither; - - correlative with hither.

2. Further; remoter; more distant; succeeding; as, ulterior demands or propositions; ulterior views; what ulterior measures will be adopted is uncertain.

Ulterior object or aim, an object or aim beyond that which is avowed.

Ul*te"ri*or, n. Ulterior side or part. [R.] Coleridge.

Ul*te"ri*or*ly, adv. More distantly or remotely.

||Ul"ti*ma (?), a. [L., fem. ultimus last.] Most remote; furthest; final; last.

Ultima ratio [L.], the last reason or argument; the last resort. — Ultima Thule. [L.] See Thule.

Ul"ti*ma, n. [L., fem. of ultimus last.] (Gram. & Pros.) The last syllable of a word.

Ul"ti*mate (?), a. [LL. ultimatus last, extreme, fr. L. ultimare to come to an end, fr. ultimus the farthest, last, superl. from the same source as ulterior. See Ulterior, and cf. Ultimatum.] 1. Farthest; most remote in space or time; extreme; last; final.

> My harbor, and my ultimate repose.

Milton.

> Many actions apt to procure fame are not conductive to this our ultimate happiness.

Addison.

2. Last in a train of progression or consequences; tended toward by all that precedes; arrived at, as the last result; final.

> Those ultimate truths and those universal laws of thought which we can not rationally contradict.

Coleridge.

3. Incapable of further analysis; incapable of further division or separation; constituent; elemental; as, an ultimate constituent of matter.

Ultimate analysis (Chem.), organic analysis. See under Organic. — Ultimate belief. See under Belief. — Ultimate ratio (Math.), the limiting value of a ratio, or that toward which a series tends, and which it does not pass.

Syn. — Final; conclusive. See Final.

Ul"ti*mate (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Ultimated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ultimating.] 1. To come or bring to an end; to eventuate; to end. [R.]

2. To come or bring into use or practice. [R.]

Ul"ti*mate*ly (?), adv. As a final consequence; at last; in the end; as, afflictions often tend to correct immoral habits, and ultimately prove blessings.

Ul`ti*ma"tion (?), n. State of being ultimate; that which is ultimate, or final; ultimatum. [R.] Swift.

Ul`ti*ma"tum (?), n.; pl. E. Ultimatums (#), L. Ultimata (#). [NL. See Ultimate.] A final proposition, concession, or condition; especially, the final propositions, conditions, or terms, offered by either of the parties in a diplomatic negotiation; the most favorable terms a negotiator can offer, the rejection of which usually puts an end to the hesitation.

<! p. 1561 !>

Ul"time (?), a. Ultimate; final. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ul*tim"i*ty (?), n. [LL. ultimatus extremity, fr. L. ultimus the last.] The last stage or consequence; finality. [Obs.] Bacon.

||Ul"ti*mo. [L. ultimo (mense) in the last month.] In the month immediately preceding the present; as, on the 1st ultimo; — usually abbreviated to ult. Cf. Proximo.

Ul"tion (?), n. [L. ultio.] The act of taking vengeance; revenge. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ul"tra- (?), a. A prefix from the Latin ultra beyond (see Ulterior), having in composition the signification beyond, on the other side, chiefly when joined with words expressing relations of place; as, ultramarine, ultramontane, ultramundane, ultratropical, etc. In other relations it has the sense of excessively, exceedingly, beyond what is common, natural, right, or proper; as, ultraconservative; ultrademocratic, ultradespotic, ultraliberal, ultraradical, etc.

Ul"tra, a. [See Ultra-.] Going beyond others, or beyond due limit; extreme; fanatical; uncompromising; as, an ultra reformer; ultra measures.

Ul"tra, n. One who advocates extreme measures; an ultraist; an extremist; a radical. Brougham.

Ul"trage (?), n. Outrage. [Obs.]

Ul"tra*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. ultraïsme. See Ultra-.] The principles of those who advocate extreme measures, as radical reform, and the like. Dr. H. More.

Ul"tra*ist, n. One who pushes a principle or measure to extremes; an extremist; a radical; an ultra.

Ul`tra*ma*rine" (?), a. [Pref. ultra- + marine.] Situated or being beyond the sea. Burke.

Ul`tra*ma*rine", n. [Cf. Sp. ultramarino. So called because the lapis lazuli was originally brought from beyond the sea, — from Asia.] (Chem.) A blue pigment formerly obtained by powdering lapis lazuli, but now produced in large quantities by fusing together silica, alumina, soda, and sulphur, thus forming a glass, colored blue by the sodium polysulphides made in the fusion. Also used adjectively.

Green ultramarine, a green pigment obtained as a first product in the manufacture of ultramarine, into which it is changed by subsequent treatment. — Ultramarine ash or ashes (Paint.), a pigment which is the residuum of lapis lazuli after the ultramarine has been extracted. It was used by the old masters as a middle or neutral tint for flesh, skies, and draperies, being of a purer and tenderer gray that produced by the mixture of more positive colors. Fairholt.

Ul`tra*mon"tane (?), [LL. ultramontanus; L. ultra beyond + montanus belonging to a mountain, from mons, montis, mountain: cf. F. ultramontain, It. ultramontano. See Ultra-, and Mountain.] Being beyond the mountains; specifically, being beyond the Alps, in respect to the one who speaks.

This term was first applied, somewhat contemptuously, by the Italians, to the nations north of the Alps, especially the Germans and French, their painters, jurists, etc. At a later period, the French and Germans applied it to the Italians. It is now more particularly used in respect to religious matters; and ultramontane doctrines, when spoken of north of the Alps, denote the extreme views of the pope's rights and supremacy maintained by Bellarmin and other Italian writers.

Ul`tra*mon"tane, n. 1. One who resides beyond the mountains, especially beyond the Alps; a foreigner.

2. One who maintains extreme views favoring the pope's supremacy. See Ultramontanism.

Ul`tra*mon"ta*nism (?), n. [Cf. F. ultramontanisme.] The principles of those within the Roman Catholic Church who maintain extreme views favoring the pope's supremacy; - - so used by those living north of the Alps in reference to the Italians; - - rarely used in an opposite sense, as referring to the views of those living north of the Alps and opposed to the papal claims. Cf. Gallicanism.

Ul`tra*mon"ta*nist (?), n. One who upholds ultramontanism.

Ul`tra*mun"dane (?), a. [L. ultramundanus. See Ultra-, and Mundane.] Being beyond the world, or beyond the limits of our system. Boyle.

Ul`tra*red" (?), a. [Pref. ultra- + red.] (Physics) Situated beyond or below the red rays; as, the ultrated rays of the spectrum, which are less refrangible than the red.

Ul`tra*trop"ic*al (?), a. [Pref. ultra- + tropical.] Situated beyond, or outside of, the tropics; extratropical; also, having an excessively tropical temperature; warmer than the tropics.

Ul`tra*vi"o*let (?), a. [Pref. ultra- + violet.] (Physics) Lying outside the visible spectrum at its violet end; — said of rays more refrangible than the extreme violet rays of the spectrum.

||Ul`tra vi"res (?), [Law Latin, from L. prep. ultra beyond + vires, pl. of. vis strength.] Beyond power; transcending authority; — a phrase used frequently in relation to acts or enactments by corporations in excess of their chartered or statutory rights.

Ul`tra*zo*di"a*cal (?), a. [Pref. ultra- + zodiacal.] (Astron.) Outside the zodiac; being in that part of the heavens that is more than eight degrees from the ecliptic; as, ultrazodiacal planets, that is, those planets which in part of their orbits go beyond the zodiac.

Ul*tro"ne*ous (?), a. [L. ultroneus, from ultro to the further side, on his part, of one's own accord. See Ultra-.] Spontaneous; voluntary. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. — Ul*tro"ne*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] — Ul*tro"ne*ous*ness, n. [Obs.]

||Ul"u*la (?), n. [L., a screech owl.] (Zoöl.) A genus of owls including the great gray owl (Ulula cinerea) of Arctic America, and other similar species. See Illust. of Owl.

Ul"u*lant (?), a. Howling; wailing.

Ul"u*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ululated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ululating.] [L. ululatus, p. p. of ululare to howl, yell, shriek.] To howl, as a dog or a wolf; to wail; as, ululating jackals. Sir T. Herbert.

Ul`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. ululatio.] A howling, as of a dog or wolf; a wailing.

> He may fright others with his ululation.

Wither.

||Ul"va (?), n. [L., sedge.] (Bot.) A genus of thin papery bright green seaweeds including the kinds called sea lettuce.

Um"be (?), prep. [AS. ymbe; akin to OHG. umbi, G. um. Cf. Amb-.] About. [Obs.] Layamon.

Um"be*cast` (?), v. i. [Umbe + cast.] To cast about; to consider; to ponder. [Obs.] Sir T. Malory.

Um"bel (?), n. [L. umbella a little shadow, umbrella, dim. of umbra shade. See Umbrella.] (Bot.) A kind of flower cluster in which the flower stalks radiate from a common point, as in the carrot and milkweed. It is simple or compound; in the latter case, each peduncle bears another little umbel, called umbellet, or umbellule.

Um"bel*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an umbel; having the form of an umbel.

{ Um"bel*late (?), Um"bel*la`ted (?), } a. [NL. umbellatus.] (Bot.) Bearing umbels; pertaining to an umbel; umbel-like; as, umbellate plants or flowers.

Um"bel*let (?), n. (Bot.) A small or partial umbel; an umbellule.

Um*bel"lic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, certain umbelliferous plants; as, umbellic acid.

Umbellic acid. (Chem.) (a) Anisic acid. [Obs.] (b) A yellow powder obtained from umbelliferone.

Um*bel"li*fer (?), n. [NL. See Umbelliferous.] (Bot.) A plant producing an umbel or umbels.

Um`bel*lif"er*one (?), n. (Chem.) A tasteless white crystalline substance, C9H6O3, found in the bark of a certain plant (Daphne Mezereum), and also obtained by the distillation of certain gums from the Umbelliferæ, as galbanum, asafetida, etc. It is analogous to coumarin. Called also hydroxy- coumarin.

Um`bel*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Umbel + -ferous: cf. F. ombillifère.] (Bot.) (a) Producing umbels. (b) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Umbelliferæ) of plants, of which the parsley, carrot, parsnip, and fennel are well-known examples.

||Um*bel`lu*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL. Umbellule.] (Zoöl.) A genus of deep-sea alcyonaria consisting of a cluster of large flowerlike polyps situated at the summit of a long, slender stem which stands upright in the mud, supported by a bulbous base.

Um"bel*lule (?), n. [NL. umbellula, dim. of umbella: cf. F. ombellule.] (Bot.) An umbellet.

Um"ber (?), n. [F. ombre ocherous ore of iron, terre d'ombre, It. terra d'ombra, literally, earth of shadow or shade, L. umbra shadow, shade. Cf. Umber, 3 & 4, Umbrage.] 1. (Paint.) A brown or reddish pigment used in both oil and water colors, obtained from certain natural clays variously colored by the oxides of iron and manganese. It is commonly heated or burned before being used, and is then called burnt umber; when not heated, it is called raw umber. See Burnt umber, below.

2. An umbrere. [Obs.]

3. [F. ombre, umbre, L. umbra.] (Zoöl.) See Grayling, 1.

4. [Cf. NL. scopus umbretta, F. ombrette; probably fr. L. umbra shade, in allusion to its dark brown color. See Umber a pigment.] (Zoöl.) An African wading bird (Scopus umbretta) allied to the storks and herons. It is dull dusky brown, and has a large occipital crest. Called also umbrette, umbre, and umber bird.

Burnt umber (Paint.), a pigment made by burning raw umber, which is changed by this process from an olive brown to a bright reddish brown. — Cologne, or German, umber, a brown pigment obtained from lignite. See Cologne earth.

Um"ber, a. Of or pertaining to umber; resembling umber; olive-brown; dark brown; dark; dusky.

> Their harps are of the umber shade
> That hides the blush of waking day.

J. R. Drake.

Um"ber, v. t. To color with umber; to shade or darken; as, to umber over one's face. B. Jonson.

Um"ber*y (?), a. Of or pertaining to umber; like umber; as, umbery gold.

Um*bil"ic (?), n. [From L. umbilicus: cf. F. ombilic. See Navel.] 1. The navel; the center. [Obs.] "The umbilic of the world." Sir T. Herbert.

2. (Geom.) An umbilicus. See Umbilicus, 5 (b).

Um*bil"ic (?), a. (Anat.) See Umbilical, 1.

Um*bil"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. ombilical. See Umbilic, n.] 1. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to an umbilicus, or umbilical cord; umbilic.

2. Pertaining to the center; central. [R.] De Foe.

Umbilical cord. (a) (Anat.) The cord which connects the fetus with the placenta, and contains the arteries and the vein through which blood circulates between the fetus and the placenta; the navel-string. (b) (Bot.) The little stem by which the seeds are attached to the placenta; — called also funicular cord. — Umbilical hernia (Med.), hernia of the bowels at the umbilicus. — Umbilical point (Geom.), an umbilicus. See Umbilicus, 5. — Umbilical region (Anat.), the middle region of the abdomen, bounded above by the epigastric region, below by the hypogastric region, and on the sides by the lumbar regions. — Umbilical vesicle (Anat.), a saccular appendage of the developing embryo, containing the nutritive and unsegmented part of the ovum; the yolk sac. See Illust. in Appendix.

{ Um*bil"i*cate (?), Um*bil"i*ca`ted (?), } a. [L. umbilicatus. See Umbilic.] (a) Depressed in the middle, like a navel, as a flower, fruit, or leaf; navel-shaped; having an umbilicus; as, an umbilicated smallpox vesicle. (b) (Bot.) Supported by a stalk at the central point.

Um*bil"i*ca"tion (?), n. A slight, navel-like depression, or dimpling, of the center of a rounded body; as, the umbilication of a smallpox vesicle; also, the condition of being umbilicated.

||Um`bi*li"cus (?), n. [L. See Umbilic.] 1. (Anat.) The depression, or mark, in the median line of the abdomen, which indicates the point where the umbilical cord separated from the fetus; the navel.

2. (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) An ornamented or painted ball or boss fastened at each end of the stick on which manuscripts were rolled. Dr. W. Smith.

3. (Bot.) The hilum.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) A depression or opening in the center of the base of many spiral shells. (b) Either one of the two apertures in the calamus of a feather.

5. (Geom.) (a) One of foci of an ellipse, or other curve. [Obs.] (b) A point of a surface at which the curvatures of the normal sections are all equal to each other. A sphere may be osculatory to the surface in every direction at an umbilicus. Called also umbilic.

Um"ble pie` (?). A pie made of umbles. See To eat humble pie, under Humble.

Um"bles (?), n. pl. [See Nombles.] The entrails and coarser parts of a deer; hence, sometimes, entrails, in general. [Written also humbles.] Johnson.

||Um"bo (?), n.; pl. L. Umbones (#), E. Umbos (#). [L.] 1. The boss of a shield, at or near the middle, and usually projecting, sometimes in a sharp spike.

2. A boss, or rounded elevation, or a corresponding depression, in a palate, disk, or membrane; as, the umbo in the integument of the larvæ of echinoderms or in the tympanic membrane of the ear.

3. (Zoöl.) One of the lateral prominence just above the hinge of a bivalve shell.

{ Um"bo*nate (?), Um"bo*na`ted (?), } a. [NL. umbonatus. See Umbo.] Having a conical or rounded projection or protuberance, like a boss.

||Um"bra (?), n.; pl. Umbræ (#). [L., a shadow.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The conical shadow projected from a planet or satellite, on the side opposite to the sun, within which a spectator could see no portion of the sun's disk; — used in contradistinction from penumbra. See Penumbra. (b) The central dark portion, or nucleus, of a sun spot. (c) The fainter part of a sun spot; — now more commonly called penumbra.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of sciænoid food fishes of the genus Umbrina, especially the Mediterranean species (U. cirrhosa), which is highly esteemed as a market fish; — called also ombre, and umbrine.

Umbra tree (Bot.), a tree (Phytolacca diocia) of the same genus as pokeweed. It is native of South America, but is now grown in southern Europe. It has large dark leaves, and a somber aspect. The juice of its berries is used for coloring wine. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

Um*brac`u*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. umbraculum umbrella (dim. of umbra shade) + -ferous.] (Bot.) Bearing something like an open umbrella.

Um*brac`u*li*form (?), a. [L. umbraculum any thing that furnishes shade, a bower, umbrella (dim. of umbra a shade) + -form.] Having the form of anything that serves to shade, as a tree top, an umbrella, and the like; specifically (Bot.), having the form of an umbrella; umbrella- shaped.

<! p. 1562 !>

Um"brage (?; 48), n. [F. ombrage shade, suspicion, umbrage, L. umbraticus belonging to shade, fr. umbra a shade. Cf. Umber, Umbratic.] 1. Shade; shadow; obscurity; hence, that which affords a shade, as a screen of trees or foliage.

> Where highest woods, impenetrable
> To star or sunlight, spread their umbrage broad.

Milton.

2. Shadowy resemblance; shadow. [Obs.]

> The opinion carries no show of truth nor umbrage of reason on its side.

Woodward.

3. The feeling of being overshadowed; jealousy of another, as standing in one's light or way; hence, suspicion of injury or wrong; offense; resentment.

> Which gave umbrage to wiser than myself.

Evelyn.

> Persons who feel most umbrage from the overshadowing aristocracy.

Sir W. Scott.

Um*bra"geous (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. ombraqeux shy, skittish, suspicious, in OF. also, shady. See Umbrage.] 1. Forming or affording a shade; shady; shaded; as, umbrageous trees or foliage.

> Umbrageous grots and caves
> Of cool recess, o'er which the mantling vine
> Lays forth her purple grape.

Milton.

2. Not easily perceived, as if from being darkened or shaded; obscure. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

3. Feeling jealousy or umbrage; taking, or disposed to take, umbrage; suspicious. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton. — Um*bra"geous*ly, adv. — Um*bra"geous*ness, n.

Um"brate (?), v. t. [L. umbratus, p. p. of umbrare to shade, fr. umbra a shade.] To shade; to shadow; to foreshadow. [Obs.]

{ Um*brat"ic (?), Um*brat"ic*al (?), } a. [L. umbraticus, from umbra shade. See Umbrage.] Of or pertaining to the shade or darkness; shadowy; unreal; secluded; retired. [R.] B. Jonson.

Um"bra*tile (?), a. [L. umbraticus, fr. umbra shade.] Umbratic. [R.] B. Jonson.

Um*bra"tious (?), a. [L. umbra a shade. Cf. Umbrageous.] Suspicious; captious; disposed to take umbrage. [Obs. & R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Um"bre (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Umber.

Um*brel" (?), n. An umbrella. [Obs. or Colloq.]

> Each of them besides bore their umbrels.

Shelton.

Um*brel"la (?), n. [It. umbrella, fr. ombra a shade, L. umbra; cf. L. umbella a sunshade, a parasol. Cf. Umbel, Umbrage.] 1. A shade, screen, or guard, carried in the hand for sheltering the person from the rays of the sun, or from rain or snow. It is formed of silk, cotton, or other fabric, extended on strips of whalebone, steel, or other elastic material, inserted, or fastened to, a rod or stick by means of pivots or hinges, in such a way as to allow of being opened and closed with ease. See Parasol.

> Underneath the umbrella's oily shed.

Gay.

2. (Zoöl.) The umbrellalike disk, or swimming bell, of a jellyfish.

3. (Zoöl.) Any marine tectibranchiate gastropod of the genus Umbrella, having an umbrella-shaped shell; — called also umbrella shell.

Umbrella ant (Zoöl.), the sauba ant; - - so called because it carries bits of leaves over its back when foraging. Called also parasol ant. — Umbrella bird (Zoöl.), a South American bird (Cephalopterus ornatus) of the family Cotingidæ. It is black, with a large handsome crest consisting of a mass of soft, glossy blue feathers curved outward at the tips. It also has a cervical plume consisting of a long, cylindrical dermal process covered with soft hairy feathers. Called also dragoon bird. — Umbrella leaf (Bot.), an American perennial herb (Dyphylleia cymosa), having very large peltate and lobed radical leaves. — Umbrella shell. (Zoöl.) See Umbrella, 3. — Umbrella tree (Bot.), a kind of magnolia (M. Umbrella) with the large leaves arranged in umbrellalike clusters at the ends of the branches. It is a native of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky. Other plants in various countries are called by this name, especially a kind of screw pine (Pandanus odoratissimus).

{ Um*brere, Um*briere } (?), n. [F. ombre a shade, L. umbra; cf. F. ombrelle a sunshade, OF. also ombrière. See Umbrella.] In ancient armor, a visor, or projection like the peak of a cap, to which a face guard was sometimes attached. This was sometimes fixed, and sometimes moved freely upon the helmet and could be raised like the beaver. Called also umber, and umbril. [Obs.]

> But only vented up her umbriere.

Spenser.

Um*brette" (?), n. [F. ombrette.] (Zoöl.) See Umber, 4.

Um*brif"er*ous (?), a. [L. umbrifer; umbra a shade + ferre to bear.] Casting or making a shade; umbrageous. — Um*brif"er*ous*ly (#), adv.

Um"bril (?), n. A umbrere. [Obs.]

Um"brine (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Umbra, 2.

Um"brose` (?), a. [L. umbrosus, fr. umbra a shade.] Shady; umbrageous. [Obs.]

Um*bros"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being umbrose; shadiness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Um*ho"fo (?), n. (Zoöl.) An African two-horned rhinoceros (Atelodus, or Rhinoceros, simus); — called also chukuru, and white rhinoceros.

||Um"laut (?), n. [G., from um about + laut sound.] (Philol.) The euphonic modification of a root vowel sound by the influence of a, u, or especially i, in the syllable which formerly followed.

It is peculiar to the Teutonic languages, and was common in Anglo-Saxon. In German the umlauted vowels resulting from a, o, u, followed by old i, are written ä, ö, ü, or ae, oe, ue; as, männer or maenner, men, from mann, man. Examples of forms resulting from umlaut in English are geese pl. of goose, men pl. of man, etc.

Um"laut*ed, a. (Philol.) Having the umlaut; as, umlauted vowels.

> There is so natural connection between umlauted forms and plurality.

Earle.

Um"pi*rage (?; 48), n. [From Umpire.] 1. The office of an umpire; the power, right, or authority of an umpire to decide.

> The mind umpirage of the federal Union.

E. Everett.

2. The act of umpiring; arbitrament. Bp. Hall.

Um"pire (?), n. [OE. nompere, nounpere (also impier, fr. F. impair uneven), fr. OF. nomper uneven, F. non-pair; hence the meaning, uneven, i. e., third person; non not + OF. per even, equal, peer, F. pair; cf. L. impar uneven, unequal. See Non-, and Peer, n.]

1. A person to whose sole decision a controversy or question between parties is referred; especially, one chosen to see that the rules of a game, as cricket, baseball, or the like, are strictly observed.

> A man, in questions of this kind, is able to be a skillful umpire between himself and others.

Barrow.

2. (Law) A third person, who is to decide a controversy or question submitted to arbitrators in case of their disagreement. Blackstone.

Syn. — Judge; arbitrator; referee. See Judge.

Um"pire, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Umpired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Umpiring.] 1. To decide as umpire; to arbitrate; to settle, as a dispute.

> Judges appointed to umpire the matter in contest between them, and to decide where the right lies.

South.

2. To perform the duties of umpire in or for; as, to umpire a game. [Colloq.]

Um"pire, v. i. To act as umpire or arbitrator.

Um"pire*ship, n. Umpirage; arbitrament. Jewel.

Um"press (?), n. Female umpire. [R.] Marston.

Um"quhile (?), adv. [Cf. OF. umwhile for a time. See While.] Some time ago; formerly. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. — a. Former. [Scot.]

Un-. [OE. un-, on-, the unaccented form of the accented prefix and- (cf. Answer); akin to D. ont-, G. ent-, OHG. int-, Goth. and-. See Anti-.] An inseparable verbal prefix or particle. It is prefixed: (a) To verbs to express the contrary, and not the simple negative, of the action of the verb to which it is prefixed; as in uncoil, undo, unfold. (b) To nouns to form verbs expressing privation of the thing, quality, or state expressed by the noun, or separation from it; as in unchild, unsex. Sometimes particles and participial adjectives formed with this prefix coincide in form with compounds of the negative prefix un- (see 2d Un-); as in undone (from undo), meaning unfastened, ruined; and undone (from 2d un- and done) meaning not done, not finished. Un- is sometimes used with an intensive force merely; as in unloose.

Compounds of this prefix are given in full in their proper order in the Vocabulary.

Un-. [OE. & AS. un-; akin to OFries. un-, D. on-, OS., OHG., & G. un-, Icel. -, - , Sw. o-, Dan. u-, W. an-, L. in-, Gr. &?;, &?;, Skr. an-, a-. √193. Cf. A- not In- not, No, adv.] An inseparable prefix, or particle, signifying not; in-; non-. In- is prefixed mostly to words of Latin origin, or else to words formed by Latin suffixes; un- is of much wider application, and is attached at will to almost any adjective, or participle used adjectively, or adverb, from which it may be desired to form a corresponding negative adjective or adverb, and is also, but less freely, prefixed to nouns. Un- sometimes has merely an intensive force; as in unmerciless, unremorseless.

I. Un- is prefixed to adjectives, or to words used adjectively. Specifically: —

(a) To adjectives, to denote the absence of the quality designated by the adjective; as, —

(b) To past particles, or to adjectives formed after the analogy of past particles, to indicate the absence of the condition or state expressed by them; as, —

    Unabolishable

    Unabsolvable

    Unabsurd

    Unabundant

    Unaccordant

    Unadoptable

    Unadventurous

    Unaffable

    Unaffectionate

    Unafraid

    Unalliable

    Unallowablew

    Unalterable

    Unambiguous

    Unambitious

    Unamendable

    Un-American

    Unamusive

    Unangular

    Unanxious

    Unapocryphal

    Unapostolic

    Unapparent

    Unappeasable

    Unapplausive

    Unappreciable

    Unapprehensible

    Unapprehensive

    Unapproachable

    Unartificial

    Unartistic

    Unassailable

    Unattainable

    Unattentive

    Unauthentic

    Unavailable

    Unbailable

    Unbearable

    Unbeautiful

    Unbeliefful

    Unbelievable

    Unbeneficial

    Unbenevolent

    Unblamable

    Unblemishable

    Unblissful

    Unboastful

    Unbold

    Unbookish

    Unbounteous

    Unbribable

    Unbrotherly

    Unburdensome

    Unbusinesslike

    Unbusy

    Uncandid

    Uncanonical

    Uncaptious

    Uncareful

    Uncelestial

    Unceremonious

    Unchallengeable

    Unchangeable

    Unchary

    Unchastisable

    Uncheerful

    Uncheery

    Unchildish

    Unchivalrous

    Uncholeri

    Unchristianlike

    Uncircumspect

    Uncivic

    Unclassible

    Unclassic

    Unclassical

    Uncleanly

    Unclear

    Unclerical

    Unclerklike

    Unclose

    Uncloudy

    Unclubbable

    Uncoagulable

    Uncogitable

    Uncollectible

    Uncomic

    Uncommendable

    Uncommercial

    Uncommunicable

    Uncommunicative

    Uncompact

    Uncompanionable

    Uncompassionate

    Uncompellable

    Uncompetitive

    Uncomplaisant

    Uncompliant
    Uncomplimentary

    Unconcealable

    Unconcurrent

    Unconditionate

    Unconfinable

    Unconfutable

    Uncongealable

    Uncongenial

    Unconjugal

    Unconjunctive

    Unconquerable

    Unconsecrate

    Uncontainable

    Uncontaminate

    Uncontradictable

    Uncontrite

    Unconvenable

    Unconventional

    Unconversable

    Unconversant

    Unconvertible

    Uncoquettish

    Uncordial

    Uncorpulent

    Uncorrespondent

    Uncorruptible

    Uncorruptive

    Uncostly

    Uncounselable

    Uncountable

    Uncounterfeit

    Uncourteous

    Uncourtierlike

    Uncourtly

    Uncrafty

    Uncreatable

    Uncritical

    Uncrystalline

    Uncultivable

    Uncurious

    Uncustomary

    Undangerous

    Undaughterly

    Undead

    Unddeceivable

    Undecidable

    Undecipherable

    Undeclinable

    Undecomposable

    Undefinable

    Undelectable

    Undeliberate

    Undelightful

    Undeliverable

    Undemocratic

    Undemonstrable

    Undemonstrative

    Undeniable

    Underogatory

    Undescendible

    Undescribable

    Undesirable

    Undesirous

    Undescribable

    Undevout

    Undiaphonous

    Undiligent

    Undiminishable

    Undiscernible

    Undisciplinable

    Undiscordant

    Undiscoverable

    Undissolvable

    Undistinguishable

    Undividable

    Undivine

    Undomestic

    Undoubtful

    Undrainable

    Undramatic

    Undrinkable

    Undurable

    Unduteous

    Undutiful

    Unearnest

    Uneatable

    Unecclesiastical

    Unedible

    Unelaborate

    Unelective

    Unelusive

    Unemotional

    Unemphatic

    Unemployable

    Unendurable

    Un-English

    Unentire

    Unenviable

    Unenvious

    Unepiscopal

    Unequible

    Unerrable

    Unescapable

    Unevangelical

    Uneventful

    Unevident

    Unexact

    Unexaminable

    Unexceptionable

    Unexclusive

    Unexemplary

    Unexempt

    Unexhaustible

    Unexistent

    Unexpectable

    Unexpectant

    Unexplainable

    Unexpress

    Unexpressible

    Unexpugnable

    Unextinct

    Unfactious

    Unfadable

    Unfain

    Unfamiliar

    Unfamous

    Unfashionable

    Unfast

    Unfatherly

    Unfathomable

    Unfaulty

    Unfearful

    Unfeasible

    Unf

    Unfelicitous

    Unfelt

    Unfeminine

    Unfermentable

    Unfestival

    Unfine

    Unfleshy

    Unfluent

    Unforcible

    Unfordable

    Unforeknowable

    Unforeseeable

    Unforgetful

    Unforgivable

    Unformal

    Unframable

    Unfraternal

    Unfriable

    Unfrightful

    Unfrustrable

    Unfull

    Ungainable

    Ungainful

    Ungallant

    Ungenial

    Ungenteel

    Ungentle

    Ungentlemanlike

    Ungentlemanly

    Ungeometrical

    Unghostly

    Unglad

    Ungodlike

    Ungood

    Ungoodly

    Ungorgeous

    Ungrammatical

    Ungrave

    Unguidable

    Unguilty

    Unhabile

    Unhabitable

    Unhale

    Unhandy

    Unhardy

    Unharmful

    Unhasty

    Unhazardous

    Unhealable

    Unhealthful

    Unhealthy

    Unheavenly

    Unheedful

    Unhelpful

    Unheritable

    Unhigh
    Unhonorable
    Unhopeful
    Unhostile
    Unhurt
    Unhhurtful
    Unhygienic
    Unideal
    Unidle
    Unillusory
    Unimaginable
    Unimaginative
    Unimmortal
    Unimplicit
    Unimportant
    Unimpressible
    Unimpressionable
    Unimprovable
    Unipugnable
    Unincidental
    Unincrasable
    Unindifferent
    Unindulgent
    Unindustrious
    Uninflammable
    Uninfluential
    Uningenious
    Uningenuous
    Uninhabitable
    Uninjurious
    Uninquisitive
    Uninstructive
    Unintelligent
    Unintelligible
    Unintentional
    Uninteresting
    Uninterpretable
    Uninventive
    Uninvestigable
    Unjealous
    Unjoyful
    Unjoyous
    Unjustifiable
    Unkingly
    Unknightly
    Unknotty
    Unknowable
    Unlaborious
    Unladylike
    Unlevel
    Unlibidinous
    Unlightsome
    Unlimber
    Unlineal
    Unlogical
    Unlordly
    Unlosable
    Unlovable
    Unlucent
    Unluminous
    Unlustrous
    Unlusty
    Unmaidenly
    Unmakable
    Unmalleable
    Unmanageable
    Unmanful
    Unmanlike
    Unmanly
    Unmarketable
    Unmarriable
    Unmarriageable
    Unmarvelous
    Unmasculine
    Unmatchable
    Unmatronlike
    Unmeek
    Unmeet
    Unmelodious
    Unmendable
    Unmentionable
    Unmercenary
    Unmerciable
    Unmeritable
    Unmerry
    Unmetaphorical
    Unmighty
    Unmild
    Unmilitary
    Unmindful
    Unmingleable
    Unmiraculous
    Unmiry
    Unmitigable
    Unmodifiable
    Unmodish
    Unmoist
    Unmonkish
    Unmotherly
    Unmuscular
    Unmusical
    Unmysterious
    Unnamable
    Unnative
    Unnavigable
    Unneedful
    Unnegotiable
    Unniggard
    Unnoble
    Unobjectionable

<! p. 1563 !>

—— and the like.

<! p. 1564 !>

(c) To present particles which come from intransitive verbs, or are themselves employed as adjectives, to mark the absence of the activity, disposition, or condition implied by the participle; as, -

—— and the like.

The above classes of words are unlimited in extent, and such compounds may be formed by any writer or speaker at will from almost all the adjectives or participles in the language, excepting those which have a recognized and usual negative correspondent with the prefix -in. No attempt will be made, therefore, to define them all in this Dictionary; many will be omitted from its Vocabulary which are negations of the simple word, and are readily explained by prefixing a not to the latter. Derivatives of these words in -ly and -ness will also, for the most part, be omitted for the same or similar reasons.

There will be inserted as separate articles with definitions, the following: —

1. Those which have acquired an opposed or contrary, instead of a merely negative, meaning; as, unfriendly, ungraceful, unpalatable, unquiet, and the like; or else an intensive sense more than a prefixed not would express; as, unending, unparalleled, undisciplined, undoubted, unsafe, and the like.

2. Those which have the value of independent words, inasmuch as the simple words are either not used at all, or are rarely, or at least much less frequently, used; as, unavoidable, unconscionable, undeniable, unspeakable, unprecedented, unruly, and the like; or inasmuch as they are used in a different sense from the usual meaning of the primitive, or especially in one of the significations of the latter; as, unaccountable, unalloyed, unbelieving, unpretending, unreserved, and the like; or inasmuch as they are so frequently and familiarly used that they are hardly felt to be of negative origin; as, uncertain, uneven, and the like.

3. Those which are anomalous, provincial, or, for some other reason, not desirable to be used, and are so indicated; as, unpure for impure, unsatisfaction for dissatisfaction, unexpressible for inexpressible, and the like.

II. Un- is prefixed to nouns to express the absence of, or the contrary of, that which the noun signifies; as, unbelief, unfaith, unhealth, unrest, untruth, and the like.

Compounds of this last class are given in full in their proper order in the Vocabulary.

Un`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Inability. [Obs.]

Un*a"ble (?), a. Not able; not having sufficient strength, means, knowledge, skill, or the like; impotent' weak; helpless; incapable; — now usually followed by an infinitive or an adverbial phrase; as, unable for work; unable to bear fatigue.

> Sapless age and weak unable limbs.

Shak.

Un*a"bled (?), a. Disabled. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Un*a"ble*ness (?), n. Inability. [Obs.] Hales.

U"na boat` (?). (Naut.) The English name for a catboat; — so called because Una was the name of the first boat of this kind taken to England. D. Kemp.

Un`a*bridged" (?), a. Not abridged, or shortened; full; complete; entire; whole.

Un`ab*sorb"a*ble (?), a. Not absorbable; specifically (Physiol.), not capable of absorption; unable to pass by osmosis into the circulating blood; as, the unabsorbable portion of food.

Un`ac*cept`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being unacceptable; unacceptableness.

Un`ac*cept"a*ble (?), a. Not acceptable; not pleasing; not welcome; unpleasant; disagreeable; displeasing; offensive. — Un`ac*cept"a*ble*ness, n. — Un`ac*cept"a*bly, adv.

Un`ac*cess"i*ble (?), a. Inaccessible. Herbert.

Un`ac*com"plished (?), a. Not accomplished or performed; unfinished; also, deficient in accomplishment; unrefined.

Un`ac*com"plish*ment (?), n. The state of being unaccomplished. [Obs.] Milton.

Un`ac*count`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being unaccountable.

Un`ac*count"a*ble (?), a. 1. Not accountable or responsible; free from control. South.

2. Not to be accounted for; inexplicable; not consonant with reason or rule; strange; mysterious.

— Un`ac*count"a*ble*ness}, n. — Un`ac*count"a*bly, adv.

<! p. 1565 !>

Un*ac"cu*rate (?), a. Inaccurate. Boyle.

Un*ac"cu*rate*ness, n. Inaccuracy. Boyle.

Un`ac*cus"tomed (?), a. 1. Not used; not habituated; unfamiliar; unused; — which to.

> Chastened as a bullock unaccustomed to yoke.

Jer. xxxi. 18.

2. Not usual; uncommon; strange; new.

> What unaccustomed cause procures her hither?

Shak.

Un`ac*quaint"ance (?), n. The quality or state of being unacquainted; want of acquaintance; ignorance.

> He was then in happy unacquaintance with everything connected with that obnoxious cavity.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Un`ac*quaint"ed, a. 1. Not acquainted. Cowper.

2. Not usual; unfamiliar; strange. [Obs.]

> And the unacquainted light began to fear.

Spenser.

Un`ac*quaint"ed*ness, n. Unacquaintance. Whiston.

Un*ac"tive, a. Inactive; listless. [R.]

> While other animals unactive range.

Milton.

Un*ac"tive, v. t. [1st pref. un- + active; or from unactive, a.] To render inactive or listless. [Obs.] Fuller.

Un*ac"tive*ness, n. Inactivity. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

{ Un`ad*mis"si*ble (?), Un`ad*mit"ta*ble (?), } a. Inadmissible. [R.]

{ Un`a*dul"ter*ate (?), Un`a*dul"ter*a`ted (?), } a. Not adulterated; pure. "Unadulterate air." Cowper. — Un`a*dul"ter*ate*ly, adv.

Un`ad*vis"a*ble (?), a. Not advisable; inadvisable; inexpedient. Lowth. — Un`ad*vis"a*bly, adv.

Un`ad*vised" (?), a. 1. Not prudent; not discreet; ill advised. Shak.

2. Done without due consideration; wanton; rash; inconsiderate; as, an unadvised proceeding.

— Un`ad*vis"ed*ly (#), adv. — Un`ad*vis"ed*ness, n.

Un`af*fect"ed (?), a. 1. Not affected or moved; destitute of affection or emotion; uninfluenced.

> A poor, cold, unspirited, unmannered,
> Unhonest, unaffected, undone fool.

J. Fletcher.

2. Free from affectation; plain; simple; natural; real; sincere; genuine; as, unaffected sorrow.

— Un`af*fect"ed*ly, adv. — Un`af*fect"ed*ness, n.

Un`a*filed" (?), a. Undefiled. [Obs.] Gower.

Un`a*gree"a*ble (?), a. 1. Disagreeable.

2. Not agreeing or consistent; unsuitable. Shak.

— Un`a*gree"a*ble*ness, n. — Un`a*gree"a*bly, adv.

Un*aid"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being aided. "Her unaidable estate." Shak.

Un*al"ien*a*ble (?), a. Inalienable; as, unalienable rights. Swift. — Un*al"ien*a*bly, adv.

U"nal*ist (?), n. [L. unus one.] (Eccl.) An ecclesiastical who holds but one benefice; — distinguished from pluralist. [Eng.] V. Knox.

Un`al*lied" (?), a. Not allied; having no ally; having no connection or relation; as, unallied species or genera.

Un`al*loyed" (?), a. Not alloyed; not reduced by foreign admixture; unmixed; unqualified; pure; as, unalloyed metals; unalloyed happiness.

> I enjoyed unalloyed satisfaction in his company.

Mitford.

Un*almsed" (?), a. Not having received alms. [Obs. & R.] Pollock.

Un*am`bi*gu"i*ty (?), n. Absence of ambiguity; clearness; perspicuity.

Un`am*bi"tion (?), n. The absence of ambition. [R.] F. W. Newman.

Un*a`mi*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being unamiable; moroseness.

Un*a"mi*a*ble (?), a. Not amiable; morose; ill-natured; repulsive. — Un*a"mi*a*bly, adv.

Un*an"chor (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + anchor.] To loose from the anchor, as a ship. De Quincey.

Un`a*neled" (?), a. Not aneled; not having received extreme unction. Shak.

U*nan"i*mate (?), a. [See Unanimous.] Unanimous. [Obs.]

U`na*nim"i*ty (?), n. [L. unanimitas: cf. F. unanimité.] The quality or state of being unanimous.

U*nan"i*mous (?), a. [L. unanimus, unanimus; unus one + animus mind: cf. F. unanime. See Unit, and Animate.] 1. Being of one mind; agreeing in opinion, design, or determination; consentient; not discordant or dissentient; harmonious; as, the assembly was unanimous; the members of the council were unanimous. "Both in one faith unanimous." Milton.

2. Formed with unanimity; indicating unanimity; having the agreement and consent of all; agreed upon without the opposition or contradiction of any; as, a unanimous opinion; a unanimous vote.

— U*nan"i*mous*ly, adv. — U*nan"i*mous*ness, n.

Un*an`swer*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being unanswerable; unanswerableness.

Un*an"swer*a*ble (?), a. Not answerable; irrefutable; conclusive; decisive; as, he have an unanswerable argument. — Un*an"swer*a*ble*ness, n. — Un*an"swer*a*bly, adv.

Un*an"swered (?), a. 1. Not answered; not replied; as, an unanswered letter.

2. Not refuted; as, an unanswered argument.

3. Not responded to in kind; unrequited; as, unanswered affection.

Un`ap*palled" (?), a. Not appalled; not frightened; dauntless; undaunted. Milton.

Un`ap*par"el (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + apparel.] To divest of clothing; to strip. [Obs.] Donne.

Un`ap*peal"a*ble, a. 1. Not appealable; that can not be carried to a higher tribunal by appeal; as, an unappealable suit or action.

2. Not to be appealed from; — said of a judge or a judgment that can not be overruled.

> The infallible, unappealable Judge [God].

South.

> We submitted to a galling yet unappealable necessity.

Shelley.

— Un`ap*peal"a*bly, adv.

Un`ap*pli"a*ble (?), a. Inapplicable. Milton.

Un*ap"pli*ca*ble (?), a. Inapplicable.

Un`ap*pro"pri*ate (?), a. [Pref. un- not + appropriate, a.] 1. Inappropriate; unsuitable.

2. Not appropriated. Bp. Warburton.

Un`ap*pro"pri*ate (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + appropriate, v. t.] To take from private possession; to restore to the possession or right of all; as, to unappropriate a monopoly. [R.] Milton.

Un`ap*pro"pri*a`ted (?), a. [Pref. un- not + appropriated.] 1. Not specially appropriate; having not special application. J. Warton.

2. Not granted to any person, corporation, or the like, to the exclusion of others; as, unappropriated lands.

3. Not granted for, or applied to, any specific purpose; as, the unappropriated moneys in the treasury.

Un`ap*proved" (?), a. 1. Not approved.

2. Not proved. [Obs.]

Un*apt" (?), a. 1. Inapt; slow; dull. Bacon.

2. Unsuitable; unfit; inappropriate. Macaulay.

3. Not accustomed and not likely; not disposed.

> I am a soldier and unapt to weep.

Shak.

— Un*apt"ly, adv. — Un*apt"ness, n.

Un`a*quit" (?), a. [See Un- not, and Acquit.] Unrequited. [R. & Obs.] Gower.

Un*ar"gued (?), a. 1. Not argued or debated.

2. Not argued against; undisputed. [Obs.] Milton.

3. Not censured. [A Latinism. Obs.] B. Jonson.

Un*arm" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + arm.] To disarm. Sir T. Browne.

Un*arm", v. i. To puff off, or lay down, one's arms or armor. "I'll unarm again." Shak.

Un*armed" (?), a. [Pref. un- not + armed.]

1. Not armed or armored; having no arms or weapons.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Having no hard and sharp projections, as spines, prickles, spurs, claws, etc.

Un*art"ed (?), a. 1. Ignorant of the arts. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

2. Not artificial; plain; simple. [Obs.] Feltham.

Un*art"ful (?), a. Lacking art or skill; artless. Congreve. — Un*art"ful*ly, adv. Swift. Burke.

Un`ar*tis"tic (?), a. Inartistic.

Un`a*scried" (?), a. Not descried. [Obs.]

Un`a*served" (?), a. Not served. [Obs.]

Un`as*sum"ing (?), a. Not assuming; not bold or forward; not arrogant or presuming; humble; modest; retiring; as, an unassuming youth; unassuming manners.

Un`as*sured" (?), a. 1. Not assured; not bold or confident.

2. Not to be trusted. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. Not insured against loss; as, unassured goods.

Un`a*ton"a*ble (?), a. 1. Not capable of being brought into harmony; irreconcilable. "Unatonable matrimony." [Obs.] Milton.

2. Incapable of being atoned for; inexpiable.

Un`at*tached" (?), a. 1. Not attached; not adhering; having no engagement; free.

2. (Mil.) Not assigned to any company or regiment.

3. (Law) Not taken or arrested. R. Junius.

Un`at*ten"tive (?), a. Inattentive; careless.

Un`at*tire" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + altire.] To divest of attire; to undress.

U*nau" (?), n. [Brazilian.] (Zoöl.) The two-toed sloth (Cholopus didactylus), native of South America. It is about two feet long. Its color is a uniform grayish brown, sometimes with a reddish tint.

Un*au"di*enced (?), a. Not given an audience; not received or heard.

Un`aus*pi"cious (?), a. Inauspicious. Rowe.

Un*au"thor*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + authorize.] To disown the authority of; to repudiate.

Un`a*void"a*ble (?), a. 1. Not avoidable; incapable of being shunned or prevented; inevitable; necessary; as, unavoidable troubles.

2. (Law) Not voidable; incapable of being made null or void. Blackstone.

Unavoidable hemorrhage (Med.), hemorrhage produced by the afterbirth, or placenta, being situated over the mouth of the womb so as to require detachment before the child can be born.

— Un`a*void"a*ble*ness, n. — Un`a*void"a*bly, adv.

Un`a*void"ed, a. 1. Not avoided or shunned. Shak.

2. Unavoidable; inevitable. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Un`a*ware" (?), a. Not aware; not noticing; giving no heed; thoughtless; inattentive. Swift.

Un`a*ware", adv. Unawares. [Poetic] Dryden.

Un`a*wares" (?), adv. Without design or preparation; suddenly; without premeditation, unexpectedly. "Mercies lighting unawares." J. H. Newman.

> Lest unawares we lose
> This our high place, our sanctuary, our hill.

Milton.

At unaware, or At unawares, unexpectedly; by surprise.

> He breaks at unawares upon our walks.

Dryden.

> So we met
> In this old sleepy town an at unaware.

R. Browning.

Un*backed" (?), a. 1. Never mounted by a rider; unbroken. "Unbacked colts." Shak.

2. Not supported or encouraged; not countenanced; unaided. Daniel.

Un*bag" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bag.] To pour, or take, or let go, out of a bag or bags.

Un*bal"anced (?), a. [In senses 1 and 2, pref. un- not + balanced; in sense 3, 1st pref. un- + balance.] 1. Not balanced; not in equipoise; having no counterpoise, or having insufficient counterpoise.

> Let Earth unbalanced from her orbit fly.

Pope.

2. (Com.) Not adjusted; not settled; not brought to an equality of debt and credit; as, an unbalanced account; unbalanced books.

3. Being, or being thrown, out of equilibrium; hence, disordered or deranged in sense; unsteady; unsound; as, an unbalanced mind. Pope.

Un*bal"last (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + ballast.] To free from ballast; to discharge ballast from. Totten.

Un*bal"last, a. Not ballasted. [Obs. & R.] Addison.

Un*bal"last*ed, a. 1. [Properly p. p. unballast.] Freed from ballast; having discharged ballast.

2. [Pref. un- not + ballasted.] Not furnished with ballast; not kept steady by ballast; unsteady; as, unballasted vessels; unballasted wits.

> Unballasted by any sufficient weight of plan.

De Quincey.

Un*ban"ed (?), a. [1st un- + band + -ed.] Wanting a band or string; unfastened. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*bank" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bank.] To remove a bank from; to open by, or as if by, the removal of a bank. H. Taylor.

Un*bar" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bar.] To remove a bar or bars from; to unbolt; to open; as, to unbar a gate. Heber.

Un*barbed" (?), a. 1. Not shaven. [Obs.]

2. Destitute of bards, or of reversed points, hairs, or plumes; as, an unbarded feather.

Un*bark" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bark rind.] To deprive of the bark; to decorticate; to strip; as, to unbark a tree. Bacon.

Un*bark", v. t. [1st pref. un- + bark the vessel.] To cause to disembark; to land. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

Un*bar"rel (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + barrel.] To remove or release from a barrel or barrels.

Un*bar`ri*cade" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + barricade.] To unbolt; to unbar; to open.

> You shall not unbarricade the door.

J. Webster (1623).

Un*bar`ri*ca"doed (?), a. Not obstructed by barricades; open; as, unbarricadoed streets. Burke.

Un*bash"ful (?), a. Not bashful or modest; bold; impudent; shameless. Shak.

Un*bay" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bay to dam.] To free from the restraint of anything that surrounds or incloses; to let loose; to open. [Obs.]

> I ought . . . to unbay the current of my passion.

Norris.

Un*be" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + be.] To cause not to be; to cause to be another. [Obs. & R.]

> How oft, with danger of the field beset,
> Or with home mutinies, would he unbe
> Himself!

Old Pay.

Un*bear" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bear to support.] To remove or loose the bearing rein of (a horse).

Un*beat" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + beast.] To deliver from the form or nature of a beast.

Un`be*come" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + become.] To misbecome. [Obs.] Bp. Sherlock.

Un`be*com"ing (?), a. [Pref. un- not + becoming.] Not becoming; unsuitable; unfit; indecorous; improper.

> My grief lets unbecoming speeches fall.

Dryden.

— Un`be*com"ing*ly, adv. — Un`be*com"ing*ness, n.

Un*bed" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bed.] To raise or rouse from bed.

> Eels unbed themselves and stir at the noise of thunder.

Wa&?;ton.

Un`be*dinned" (?), a. Not filled with din.

Un`be*fool" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + befool.] To deliver from the state of a fool; to awaken the mind of; to undeceive.

Un`be*get" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + beget.] To deprive of existence. Dryden.

Un`be*gilt" (?), a. Not gilded; hence, not rewarded with gold.

{ Un`be*got" (?), Un`be*got"ten (?), } a. [Pref. un- not + begot, begotten.] Not begot; not yet generated; also, having never been generated; self-existent; eternal.

Un`be*guile" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbeguiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Unbeguiling.] [1st pref. un- + beguile.] To set free from the influence of guile; to undeceive. "Then unbeguile thyself." Donne.

Un`be*gun" (?), a. Not yet begun; also, existing without a beginning.

Un`be*hove"ly (?), a. Not behooving or becoming; unseemly. [Obs. & R.] Gower.

Un*be"ing (?), a. Not existing. [Obs.] "Beings yet unbeing." Sir T. Browne.

Un`be*known" (?), a. Not known; unknown. [Colloq.]

Un`be*lief" (?), n. [Pref. un- not + belief: cf. AS. ungeleáfa.] 1. The withholding of belief; doubt; incredulity; skepticism.

2. Disbelief; especially, disbelief of divine revelation, or in a divine providence or scheme of redemption.

> Blind unbelief is sure to err,
> And scan his work in vain.

Cowper.

Syn. — See Disbelief.

Un`be*lieved" (?), a. Not believed; disbelieved.

Un`be*liev"er (?), n. 1. One who does not believe; an incredulous person; a doubter; a skeptic.

2. A disbeliever; especially, one who does not believe that the Bible is a divine revelation, and holds that Christ was neither a divine nor a supernatural person; an infidel; a freethinker.

Syn. — See Infidel.

Un`be*liev"ing, a. 1. Not believing; incredulous; doubting; distrusting; skeptical.

<! p. 1566 !>

2. Believing the thing alleged no to be true; disbelieving; especially, believing that Bible is not a divine revelation, or that Christ was not a divine or a supernatural person. "Unbelieving Jews." Acts xiv. 2.

— Un`be*liev"ing*ly (#), adv. — — Un`be*liev"ing*ness, n.

Un*belt" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + belt.] To remove or loose the belt of; to ungird.

Un*bend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbent (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Unbending.] [1st pref. un- + bend.] 1. To free from flexure; to make, or allow to become, straight; to loosen; as, to unbend a bow.

2. A remit from a strain or from exertion; to set at ease for a time; to relax; as, to unbend the mind from study or care.

> You do unbend your noble strength.

Shak.

3. (Naut.) (a) To unfasten, as sails, from the spars or stays to which they are attached for use. (b) To cast loose or untie, as a rope.

Un*bend", v. i. 1. To cease to be bent; to become straight or relaxed.

2. To relax in exertion, attention, severity, or the like; hence, to indulge in mirth or amusement.

Un*bend"ing, a. [In senses 1, 2, and 3, pref. un- not + bending; in sense 4, properly p. pr. unbend.]

1. Not bending; not suffering flexure; not yielding to pressure; stiff; — applied to material things.

> Flies o'er unbending corn, and skims along the main.

Pope.

2. Unyielding in will; not subject to persuasion or influence; inflexible; resolute; — applied to persons.

3. Unyielding in nature; unchangeable; fixed; — applied to abstract ideas; as, unbending truths.

4. Devoted to relaxation or amusement. [R.]

> It may entertain your lordships at an unbending hour.

Rowe.

— Un*bend"ing*ly, adv. — Un*bend"ing*ness, n.

Un`be*nev"o*lence (?), n. Absence or want of benevolence; ill will.

Un`be*nign" (?), a. Not benign; malignant.

Un`be*numb" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + benumb.] To relieve of numbness; to restore sensation to.

Un`be*reav"en (?), a. Unbereft. [R.]

Un`be*reft" (?), a. Not bereft; not taken away.

Un`be*seem" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + beseem.] To be unbecoming or unsuitable to; to misbecome.

Un`be*seem"ing, a. [Pref. un- not + beseeming.] Unbecoming; not befitting. — Un`be*seem"ing*ly, adv. — Un`be*seem"ing*ness, n.

Un`be*speak" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bespeak.] To unsay; hence, to annul or cancel. [Obs.] Pepys.

Un`be*think" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bethink.] To change the mind of (one's self). [Obs.]

Un`be*ware" (?), adv. Unawares. [Obs.] Bale.

Un`be*witch" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bewitch.] To free from a spell; to disenchant. [R.] South.

Un*bi"as (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bias.] To free from bias or prejudice. Swift.

Un*bi"ased (?), a. [Pref. un- + biased.] Free from bias or prejudice; unprejudiced; impartial. — Un*bi"ased*ness, n.

{ Un*bid" (?), Un*bid"den (?), } a. 1. Not bidden; not commanded.

> Thorns also and thistles it shall bring thee forth
> Unbid; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field.

Milton.

2. Uninvited; as, unbidden guests. Shak.

3. Being without a prayer. [Obs.] Spenser.

Un*bind" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbound (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Unbinding.] [AS. unbindan. See Un-, and Bind.] To remove a band from; to set free from shackles or fastenings; to unite; to unfasten; to loose; as, unbind your fillets; to unbind a prisoner's arms; to unbind a load.

Un*bish"op (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bishop.] To deprive, as a city, of a bishop; to deprive, as a clergyman, of episcopal dignity or rights. [R.] "Then he unbishops himself." Milton.

Un*bit" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Unbitting.] [1st pref. un- + bit.] (Naut.) To remove the turns of (a rope or cable) from the bits; as, to unbit a cable. Totten.

Un*blem"ished (?), a. Not blemished; pure; spotless; as, an unblemished reputation or life. Addison.

Un*bless" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bless.] To deprive of blessings; to make wretched. [Obs.] Shak.

{ Un*blessed", Un*blest } (?), a. [Pref. un- not + blessed, blest.] Not blest; excluded from benediction; hence, accursed; wretched. "Unblessed enchanter." Milton.

Un*blest"ful (?), a. Unblessed. [R.] Sylvester.

Un*blind" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + blind.] To free from blindness; to give or restore sight to; to open the eyes of. [R.] J. Webster (1607).

Un*blind"fold` (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + blindfold.] To free from that which blindfolds. Spenser.

Un*blood"y (?), a. Not bloody. Dryden.

Unbloody sacrifice. (a) A sacrifice in which no victim is slain. (b) (R. C. Ch.) The Mass.

Un*blush"ing (?), a. Not blushing; shameless. — Un*blush"ing*ly, adv.

Un*bod"y (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + body.] To free from the body; to disembody.

> Her soul unbodied of the burdenous corse.

Spenser.

Un*bod"y, v. i. To leave the body; to be disembodied; — said of the soul or spirit. [R.] Chaucer.

Un*bolt" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bolt.] To remove a bolt from; to unfasten; to unbar; to open. "He shall unbolt the gates." Shak.

Un*bolt", v. i. To explain or unfold a matter; to make a revelation. [Obs.] "I will unbolt to you." Shak.

Un*bone" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bone.]

1. To deprive of bones, as meat; to bone.

2. To twist about, as if boneless. [R.] Milton.

Un*bon"net (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bonnet.] To take a bonnet from; to take off one's bonnet; to uncover; as, to unbonnet one's head. Sir W. Scott.

Un*booked" (?), a. Not written in a book; unrecorded. "UnbookedEnglish life." Masson.

Un*boot" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + boot.] To take off the boots from.

Un*born" (?), a. Not born; no yet brought into life; being still to appear; future.

> Some unborn sorrow, ripe in fortune's womb.

Shak.

> See future sons, and daughters yet unborn.

Pope.

Un*bor"rowed (?), a. Not borrowed; being one's own; native; original.

Un*bos"om (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbosomed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Unbosoming.] [1st pref. un- + bosom.] To disclose freely; to reveal in confidence, as secrets; to confess; — often used reflexively; as, to unbosom one's self. Milton.

Un*bos"om*er (?), n. One who unbosoms, or discloses. [R.] "An unbosomer of secrets." Thackeray.

Un*bot"tomed (?), a. 1. [1st pref. un- + bottom + -ed.] Deprived of a bottom.

2. [Pref. un- not + bottomed.] Having no bottom; bottomless. Milton.

Un*bound" (?), imp. & p. p. of Unbind.

Un*bound"a*bly (?), adv. Infinitely. [Obs.]

> I am . . . unboundably beholding to you.

J. Webster (1607).

Un*bound"ed, a. Having no bound or limit; as, unbounded space; an, unbounded ambition. Addison. — Un*bound"ed*ly, adv. — Un*bound"ed*ness, n.

Un*bow" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bow.] To unbend. [R.] Fuller.

Un*bowed" (?), a. [Pref. un- not + bowed.] Not bent or arched; not bowed down. Byron.

Un*bow"el (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unboweled (?) or Unbowelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Unboweling or Unbowelling.] [1st pref. un- + bowel.] To deprive of the entrails; to disembowel. Dr. H. More.

Un*box" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + box.] To remove from a box or boxes.

Un*boy" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + boy.] To divest of the traits of a boy. [R.] Clarendon.

Un*brace" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + brace.] To free from tension; to relax; to loose; as, to unbrace a drum; to unbrace the nerves. Spenser.

Un*braid" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + braid.] To separate the strands of; to undo, as a braid; to unravel; to disentangle.

Un*breast" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + breast.] To disclose, or lay open; to unbosom. [Obs.] P. Fletcher,

Un*breathed" (?), a. 1. Not breathed.

2. Not exercised; unpracticed. [Obs.] "Their unbreathed memories." Shak.

Un*bred" (?), a. 1. Not begotten; unborn. [Obs.] "Thou age unbred." Shak.

2. Not taught or trained; — with to. Dryden.

3. Not well-bred; ill-bred. [Obs.] Locke.

Un*breech" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unbreeched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Unbreching.] [1st pref. un- + breech.] 1. To remove the breeches of; to divest or strip of breeches. Shak.

2. (Gun.) To free the breech of, as a cannon, from its fastenings or coverings. Pennant.

Un*brewed" (?), a. Not made by brewing; unmixed; pure; genuine. [R.] Young.

Un*bri"dle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bridle.] To free from the bridle; to set loose.

Un*bri"dled (?), a. [Pref. un- not + bridled.] Loosed from the bridle, or as from the bridle; hence, unrestrained; licentious; violent; as, unbridled passions. "Unbridled boldness." B. Jonson.

> Lands deluged by unbridled floods.

Wordsworth.

— Un*bri"dled*ness, n. Abp. Leighton.

Un*bro"ken (?), a. Not broken; continuous; unsubdued; as, an unbroken colt.

Un*buc"kle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + buckle.] To loose the buckles of; to unfasten; as, to unbuckle a shoe. "Unbuckle anon thy purse." Chaucer.

Un*build (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + build.] To demolish; to raze. "To unbuild the city." Shak.

Un*bun"dle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bundle.] To release, as from a bundle; to disclose.

Un*bung" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bung.] To remove the bung from; as, to unbung a cask.

Un*bur"den (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + burden.] 1. To relieve from a burden.

2. To throw off, as a burden; to unload.

Un*bur"i*a*ble (?), a. Not ready or not proper to be buried. Tennyson.

Un*bur"row (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + burrow.] To force from a burrow; to unearth.

Un*bur"then (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + burthen.] To unburden; to unload.

Un*bur"y (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + bury.] To disinter; to exhume; fig., to disclose.

Un*bus"ied (?), a. Not required to work; unemployed; not busy. [R.]

> These unbusied persons can continue in this playing idleness till it become a toil.

Bp. Rainbow

Un*but"ton (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + button.] To loose the buttons of; to unfasten.

Un*bux"om (?), a. Disobedient. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. — Un*bux"om*ly, adv. [Obs.] — Un*bux"om*ness, n. [Obs.]

Un*cage" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cage.] To loose, or release, from, or as from, a cage.

Un*called"-for` (?), a. Not called for; not required or needed; improper; gratuitous; wanton.

Un*calm" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + calm.] To disturb; to disquiet. Dryden.

Un*camp" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + camp.] To break up the camp of; to dislodge from camp. [R.]

> If they could but now uncamp their enemies.

Milton.

Un*can"ny (?), a. Not canny; unsafe; strange; weird; ghostly. Sir W. Scott. — Un*can"ni*ness, n. G. Eliot.

Un*can"on*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + canonize.] 1. To deprive of canonical authority.

2. To reduce from the rank of a canonized saint.

Un*cap" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cap.] To remove a cap or cover from.

Un*ca"pa*ble (?), a. Incapable. [Obs.] "Uncapable of conviction." Locke.

Un*cape" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cape.] To remove a cap or cape from. [Obs.]

Un*cap"per (?), n. An instrument for removing an explode cap from a cartridge shell.

Un*car"di*nal (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cardinal.] To degrade from the cardinalship.

Un*cared" (?), a. Not cared for; not heeded; — with for.

Un*car"nate (?), a. Not fleshy; specifically, not made flesh; not incarnate. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Un*car"nate (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + carnate.] To divest of flesh.

Un*cart" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cart.] To take from, or set free from, a cart; to unload.

Un*case" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + case.]

1. To take out of a case or covering; to remove a case or covering from; to uncover. L'Estrange.

2. To strip; to flay. [Obs.]

3. (Mil.) To display, or spread to view, as a flag, or the colors of a military body.

Un*cas"tle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + castle.] To take a castle from; to turn out of a castle.

Un*caused" (?), a. Having no antecedent cause; uncreated; self-existent; eternal. A. Baxter.

Un*cau"te*lous (?), a. Incautious. [Obs.]

Un*cau"tious (?), a. Incautious.

Un*cau"tious*ly, adv. Incautiously.

Unce (?), n. [L. uncus hook.] A claw. [Obs.]

Unce, n. [L. uncia ounce. See Ounce a weight.] An ounce; a small portion. [Obs.] "By unces hung his locks." Chaucer.

Un*ceas"a*ble (?), a. Not capable of being ended; unceasing. [R.]

{ Un*cen"ter, Un*cen"tre } (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + center.] To throw from its center.

Un*cen"tu*ry (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + century.] To remove from its actual century. [R.]

> It has first to uncentury itself.

H. Drummond.

Un*cer"tain (?), a. [Pref. un- + certain. Cf. Incertain.] 1. Not certain; not having certain knowledge; not assured in mind; distrustful. Chaucer.

> Man, without the protection of a superior Being, . . . is uncertain of everything that he hopes for.

Tillotson.

2. Irresolute; inconsonant; variable; untrustworthy; as, an uncertain person; an uncertain breeze.

> O woman! in our hours of ease,
> Uncertain, coy, and hard to please!

Sir W. Scott.

3. Questionable; equivocal; indefinite; problematical. "The fashion of uncertain evils." Milton.

> From certain dangers to uncertain praise.

Dryden.

4. Not sure; liable to fall or err; fallible.

> Soon bent his bow, uncertain in his aim.

Dryden.

> Whistling slings dismissed the uncertain stone.

Gay.

Syn. — See Precarious.

Un*cer"tain, v. t. [1st pref. un- + certain; or fr. uncertain, a.] To make uncertain. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Un*cer"tain*ly, adv. In an uncertain manner.

Un*cer"tain*ty (?), n.; pl. Uncertainties (&?;).

1. The quality or state of being uncertain.

2. That which is uncertain; something unknown.

> Our shepherd's case is every man's case that quits a moral certainty for an uncertainty.

L'Estrange.

Un*ces"sant (?), a. Incessant. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. — Un*ces"sant*ly, adv. [Obs.]

Un*chain" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + chain.] To free from chains or slavery; to let loose. Prior.

Un*chan"cy (?), a. [Pref un- + Scot. chancy fortunate, safe.] 1. Happening at a bad time; unseasonable; inconvenient. A. Trollope.

2. Ill-fated; unlucky. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

3. Unsafe to meddle with; dangerous. [Scot.]

Un*chap"lain (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + chaplain.] To remove from a chaplaincy.

Un*charge" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + charge.]

1. To free from a charge or load; to unload. Wyclif.

2. To free from an accusation; to make no charge against; to acquit. Shak.

Un*char"i*ot (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + chariot.] To throw out of a chariot. Pope.

Un*char"i*ta*ble (?), a. Not charitable; contrary to charity; severe in judging; harsh; censorious; as, uncharitable opinions or zeal. Addison. — Un*char"i*ta*ble*ness, n. — Un*char"i*ta*bly, adv.

Un*char"i*ty (?), n. Uncharitableness. Tennyson.

> 'T were much uncharity in you.

J. Webster.

Un*charm" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + charm.] To release from a charm, fascination, or secret power; to disenchant. Beau. & Fl.

Un*char"nel (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Uncharneled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Uncharneling.] [1st pref. un- + charnel.] To remove from a charnel house; to raise from the grave; to exhume. Byron.

Un*chaste" (?), a. Not chaste; not continent; lewd. — Un*chaste"ly, adv. — Un*chaste"ness, n.

Un*chas"ti*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being unchaste; lewdness; incontinence.

Un*check"a*ble (?), a. Not capable of being checked or stopped. [R.]

Un*child" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + child.]

1. To bereave of children; to make childless. Shak.

2. To make unlike a child; to divest of the characteristics of a child. Bp. Hall.

Un*chris"ten (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + christen.] To render unchristian. [Obs. & R.] Milton.

<! p. 1567 !>

Un*chris"tened (?), a. [Pref. un- not + christened.] Not christened; as, an unchristened child.

Un*chris"tian (?), a. [Pref. un- not + Christian.] 1. Not Christian; not converted to the Christian faith; infidel.

2. Contrary to Christianity; not like or becoming a Christian; as, unchristian conduct.

Un*chris"tian, v. t. [1st pref. un- + Christian.] To make unchristian. [Obs.] South.

Un*chris"tian*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + Christianize.] To turn from the Christian faith; to cause to abandon the belief and profession of Christianity.

Un*chris"tian*ly, a. Unchristian. Milton.

Un*chris"tian*ly, adv. In an unchristian manner.

Un*chris"tian*ness, n. The quality or state of being unchristian. [R.] Eikon Basilike.

Un*church" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + church.] 1. To expel, or cause to separate, from a church; to excommunicate. Sir M. Hale.

2. To deprive of the character, privileges, and authority of a church. South.

||Un"ci*a (?), n.; pl. Unciæ (#). [L. See Ounce a measure of weight.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A twelfth part, as of the Roman as; an ounce.

2. (Alg.) A numerical coefficient in any particular case of the binomial theorem. [Obs.]

Un"cial (?), a. [L. uncialis amounting to the twelfth part of a pound or a foot, from uncia the twelfth part of a pound or of a foot, an ounce, an inch: cf. F. oncial. See Inch a measure.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, a certain style of letters used in ancient manuscripts, esp. in Greek and Latin manuscripts. The letters are somewhat rounded, and the upstrokes and downstrokes usually have a slight inclination. These letters were used as early as the 1st century b. c., and were seldom used after the 10th century a. d., being superseded by the cursive style.

Un"cial, n. An uncial letter.

||Un`ci*a"tim (?), adv. [L.] Ounce by ounce.

Un"ci*form (?), a. [L. uncus a hook + -form.] Having the shape of a hook; being of a curved or hooked from; hooklike.

Unciform bone (Anat.), a bone of the carpus at the bases of the fourth and fifth metacarpals; the hamatum.

Un"ci*form, n. (Anat.) The unciform bone. See Illust. of Perissodactyla.

||Un`ci*na"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. uncinus a hook.] (Zoöl.) A division of marine chætopod annelids which are furnished with uncini, as the serpulas and sabellas.

Un"ci*nate (?), a. [L. uncinatus, from uncinus a hook, from uncus a hook.] Hooked; bent at the tip in the form of a hook; as, an uncinate process.

||Un`ci*na"tum (?), n. [NL., from L. uncinatus hooked.] (Anat.) The unciform bone.

||Un*ci"nus (?), n.; pl. Uncini (#). [L., a hook.] (Zoöl.) One of the peculiar minute chitinous hooks found in large numbers in the tori of tubicolous annelids belonging to the Uncinata.

Un*ci"pher (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cipher.] To decipher; as, to uncipher a letter. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Un*cir"cum*cised (?), n. Not circumcised; hence, not of the Israelites. "This uncircumcised Philistine." 1 Sam. xvii. 26.

Un*cir`cum*ci"sion (?), n. 1. The absence or want of circumcision.

2. (Script.) People not circumcised; the Gentiles.

Un*cir`cum*stand"tial (?), a. 1. Not circumstantial; not entering into minute particulars.

2. Not important; not pertinent; trivial. [Obs.]

Un*cit"y (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + city.] To deprive of the rank or rights of a city. [Obs.]

Un*civ"il (?), a. 1. Not civilized; savage; barbarous; uncivilized.

> Men can not enjoy the rights of an uncivil and of a civil state together.

Burke.

2. Not civil; not complaisant; discourteous; impolite; rude; unpolished; as, uncivil behavior.

Un`ci*vil"i*ty (?), n. Incivility. [Obs.]

Un*civ`i*li*za"tion (?), n. The state of being uncivilized; savagery or barbarism. [R.]

Un*civ"i*lized (?), a. 1. Not civilized; not reclaimed from savage life; rude; barbarous; savage; as, the uncivilized inhabitants of Central Africa.

2. Not civil; coarse; clownish. [R.] Addison.

Un*civ"il*ty, adv. In an uncivil manner.

Un*clasp" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + clasp.] To loose the clasp of; to open, as something that is fastened, or as with, a clasp; as, to unclasp a book; to unclasp one's heart.

Un"cle (?), n. [OE. uncle, OF. oncle, uncle, F. oncle, fr. L. avunculus a maternal uncle, dim. of avus a grandfather; akin to Lith. avynas uncle, Goth. aw&?; grandmother, Icel. i great grandfather.] 1. The brother of one's father or mother; also applied to an aunt's husband; — the correlative of aunt in sex, and of nephew and niece in relationship.

2. A pawnbroker. [Slang] Thackeray.

My uncle, a pawnbroker. [Slang] — Uncle Sam, a humorous appellation given to the United States Government. See Uncle Sam, in Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.

Un*clean" (?), a. [AS. uncl&?;ne. See Unnot, and Clean.] 1. Not clean; foul; dirty; filthy.

2. Ceremonially impure; needing ritual cleansing.

> He that toucheth the dead body of any man shall be unclean seven days.

Num. xix. 11.

3. Morally impure. "Adultery of the heart, consisting of inordinate and unclean affections." Perkins.

— Un*clean"ly, adv. — Un*clean"ness, n.

Unclean animals (Script.), those which the Israelites were forbidden to use for food. — Unclean spirit (Script.), a wicked spirit; a demon. Mark i. 27.

Un*cleans"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being cleansed or cleaned.

Un*clench" (?), v. t. Same as Unclinch.

Un"cle*ship (?), n. The office or position of an uncle. Lamb.

Un*clew" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + clew.] To unwind, unfold, or untie; hence, to undo; to ruin. Shak.

Un*clinch" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + clinch.] To cause to be no longer clinched; to open; as, to unclinch the fist. [Written also unclench.]

Un*cling" (?), v. i. [1st pref. un- + cling.] To cease from clinging or adhering. [Obs.] Milton.

Un*cloak" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cloak.] To remove a cloak or cover from; to deprive of a cloak or cover; to unmask; to reveal.

Un*cloak", v. i. To remove, or take off, one's cloak.

Un*clog", v. t. [1st pref. un- + clog.] To disencumber of a clog, or of difficulties and obstructions; to free from encumbrances; to set at liberty. Shak.

Un*clois"ter (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cloister.] To release from a cloister, or from confinement or seclusion; to set free; to liberate.

Un*close" (?), v. t. & i. [1st pref. un- + close.] 1. To open; to separate the parts of; as, to unclose a letter; to unclose one's eyes.

2. To disclose; to lay open; to reveal.

Un*closed" (?), a. [Pref. un- not + closed.]

1. Not separated by inclosures; open. Clarendon.

2. Not finished; not concluded. [R.] Madison.

3. Not closed; not sealed; open. Byron.

Un*clothe" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + clothe.] To strip of clothes or covering; to make naked. I. Watts.

> [We] do groan being burdened; not for that we would be unclothed, but clothed upon.

2 Cor. v. 4.

Un*clothed" (?), a. 1. [Properly p. p. of unclothe.] Divested or stripped of clothing. Byron.

2. [Pref. un- not + clothed.] Not yet clothed; wanting clothes; naked.

— Un*cloth"ed*ly (#), adv. [Obs.] Bacon.

Un*cloud" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cloud.] To free from clouds; to unvail; to clear from obscurity, gloom, sorrow, or the like. Beau. & Fl.

Un*clue" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + clue.] To unwind; to untangle.

Un*clutch" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + clutch.]

1. To open, as something closely shut. "Unclutch his griping hand." Dr. H. More.

2. (Mech.) To disengage, as a clutch.

Un"co (?), a. [Scot. The same word as E. uncouth.] Unknown; strange, or foreign; unusual, or surprising; distant in manner; reserved. [Scot.]

Un"co, adv. In a high degree; to a great extent; greatly; very. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Un"co, n. A strange thing or person. [Scot.]

Un*coach" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + coach.] To detach or loose from a coach. [Obs.] Chapman.

Un*cock" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cock.] 1. To let down the cock of, as a firearm.

2. To deprive of its cocked shape, as a hat, etc.

3. To open or spread from a cock or heap, as hay.

Un*cof"fle (?; 115), v. t. [1st pref. un- + coffle.] To release from a coffle.

Un*coif" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + coif.] To deprive of the coif or cap. Young.

Un*coil" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + coil.] To unwind or open, as a coil of rope. Derham.

Un*coined" (?), a. 1. Not coined, or minted; as, uncoined silver. Locke.

2. Not fabricated; not artificial or counterfeit; natural. "Plain and uncoined constancy." Shak.

Un*colt" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + colt.] To unhorse. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

Un`com*bine" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + combine.] To separate, as substances in combination; to release from combination or union. [R.] Daniel.

Un`come*at"a*ble (?), a. Not to be come at, or reached; inaccessible. [Colloq.] Addison.

> My honor is infallible and uncomeatable.

Congreve.

Un*come"ly (?), a. Not comely. — adv. In an uncomely manner. 1 Cor. vii. 36.

Un*com"fort*a*ble (?), a. 1. Feeling discomfort; uneasy; as, to be uncomfortable on account of one's position.

2. Causing discomfort; disagreeable; unpleasant; as, an uncomfortable seat or situation.

> The most dead, uncomfortable time of the year.

Addison.

— Un*com"fort*a*ble*ness, n. — Un*com"fort*a*bly, adv.

Un*com"mon (?), a. Not common; unusual; infrequent; rare; hence, remarkable; strange; as, an uncommon season; an uncommon degree of cold or heat; uncommon courage.

Syn. — Rare; scarce; infrequent; unwonted.

— Un*com"mon*ly, adv. — Un*com"mon*ness, n.

Un`com*plete" (?), a. Incomplete. Pope.

Un*com`pre*hend (?), v. t. [1st un- + comprehend.] To fail to comprehend. [R.] Daniel.

Un*com`pre*hen"sive (?), a. 1. Unable to comprehend.

> Narrow-spirited, uncomprehensive zealots.

South.

2. Incomprehensible. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*com"pro*mi`sing (?), a. Not admitting of compromise; making no truce or concessions; obstinate; unyielding; inflexible. — Un*com"pro*mi`sing*ly, adv.

Un`con*ceiv"a*ble (?), a. Inconceivable. [Obs.] Locke. — Un`con*ceiv"a*ble*ness, n. [Obs.] — Un`con*ceiv"a*bly, adv. [Obs.]

Un`con*cern" (?), n. Want of concern; absence of anxiety; freedom from solicitude; indifference.

> A listless unconcern,
> Cold, and averting from our neighbor's good.

Thomson.

Un`con*cerned" (?), a. Not concerned; not anxious or solicitous; easy in mind; carelessly secure; indifferent; as, to be unconcerned at what has happened; to be unconcerned about the future. — Un`con*cern"ed*ly (#), adv. — Un`con*cern"ed*ness, n.

> Happy mortals, unconcerned for more.

Dryden.

Un`con*cern"ing, a. Not interesting of affecting; insignificant; not belonging to one. [Obs.] Addison.

Un`con*cern"ment (?), n. The state of being unconcerned, or of having no share or concern; unconcernedness. [Obs.] South.

{ Un`con*clud"ent (?), Un`con*clud"ing (?), } a. Inconclusive. [Obs.] Locke.

— Un`con*clud"ing*ness, n. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Un`con*clu"sive (?), a. Inconclusive. [Obs.]

Un`con*di"tion*al (?), a. Not conditional limited, or conditioned; made without condition; absolute; unreserved; as, an unconditional surrender.

> O, pass not, Lord, an absolute decree,
> Or bind thy sentence unconditional.

Dryden.

— Un`con*di"tion*al*ly, adv.

Un`con*di"tioned (?), a. 1. Not conditioned or subject to conditions; unconditional.

2. (Metaph.) Not subject to condition or limitations; infinite; absolute; hence, inconceivable; incogitable. Sir W. Hamilton.

The unconditioned (Metaph.), all that which is inconceivable and beyond the realm of reason; whatever is inconceivable under logical forms or relations.

Un*con"fi*dence (?), n. Absence of confidence; uncertainty; doubt.

Un`con*form" (?), a. Unlike. [Obs.]

> Not unconform to other shining globes.

Milton.

Un`con*form`a*bil"i*ty, n. 1. The quality or state of being unconformable; unconformableness.

2. (Geol.) Want of parallelism between one series of strata and another, especially when due to a disturbance of the position of the earlier strata before the latter were deposited.

Un`con*form"a*ble (?), a. 1. Not conformable; not agreeable; not conforming.

> Moral evil is an action unconformable to it [the rule of our duty].

I. Watts.

2. (Geol.) Not conformable; not lying in a parallel position; as, unconformable strata.

— Un`con*form"a*ble*ness, n. — Un`con*form"a*bly, adv.

Un`con*form"ist, n. A nonconformist. [Obs.]

Un`con*form"i*ty, n. 1. Want of conformity; incongruity; inconsistency. South.

2. (Geol.) Want of parallelism between strata in contact.

With some authors unconformity is equivalent to unconformability; but it is often used more broadly, for example, to include the case when the parallelism of strata once conformable has been disturbed by faulting and the like.

Un`con*found" (?), v. t. [1st un- + confound.] To free from a state of confusion, or of being confounded. Milton.

Un`con*found"ed (?), a. [Pref. un- not + confounded.] Not confounded. Bp. Warburton.

Un`con*geal" (?), v. i. [1st un- + congeal.] To thaw; to become liquid again. Tennyson.

Un*con"ning (?), a. Not knowing; ignorant. [Obs.] Chaucer. — n. Ignorance. [Obs.]

Un*con"quer*a*ble (?), a. Not conquerable; indomitable. — Un*con"quer*a*bly, adv.

Un*con"scion*a*ble (?), a. 1. Not conscionable; not conforming to reason; unreasonable; exceeding the limits of any reasonable claim or expectation; inordinate; as, an unconscionable person or demand; unconscionable size.

> Which use of reason, most reasonless and unconscionable, is the utmost that any tyrant ever pretended.

Milton.

> His giantship is gone somewhat crestfallen,
> Stalking with less unconscionable strides.

Milton.

2. Not guided by, or conformed to, conscience. [Obs.]

> Ungenerous as well as unconscionable practices.

South.

— Un*con"scion*a*ble*ness, n. — Un*con"scion*a*bly, adv.

Un*con"scious (?), a. 1. Not conscious; having no consciousness or power of mental perception; without cerebral appreciation; hence, not knowing or regarding; ignorant; as, an unconscious man. Cowper.

2. Not known or apprehended by consciousness; as, an unconscious cerebration. "Unconscious causes." Blackmore.

3. Having no knowledge by experience; — followed by of; as, a mule unconscious of the yoke. Pope.

— Un*con"scious-ly, adv. — Un*con"scious*ness, n.

<! p. 1568 !>

Un*con"se*crate (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + consecrate.] To render not sacred; to deprive of sanctity; to desecrate. [Obs.] South.

Un*con`se*quen"tial (?), a. Inconsequential. Johnson.

Un`con*sid"er*ate (?), a. Inconsiderate; heedless; careless. [Obs.] Daniel. — Un`con*sid"er*ate*ness, n. [Obs.] Hales.

Un`con*sid"ered (?), a. Not considered or attended to; not regarded; inconsiderable; trifling.

> A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles.

Shak.

Un*con"so*nant (?), a. Incongruous; inconsistent. "A thing unconsonant." Hooker.

Un`con*spic"u*ous (?), a. Inconspicuous. [R.] Ed. Rev.

Un*con"stan*cy (?), n. Inconstancy. [Obs.] "The unconstancy of the foundation." Fuller.

Un*con"stant (?), a. Not constant; inconstant; fickle; changeable. [Obs.] Shak. — Un*con"stant*ly, adv. [Obs.] — Un*con"stant*ness, n. [Obs.]

Un*con`sti*tu"tion*al (?), a. Not constitutional; not according to, or consistent with, the terms of a constitution of government; contrary to the constitution; as, an unconstitutional law, or act of an officer. Burke. — Un*con`sti*tu"tion*al"i*ty (#), n. — Un*con`sti*tu"tion*al-ly (#), adv.

Un`con*straint" (?), n. Freedom from constraint; ease. Felton.

Un`con*sum"mate (?), a. Not consummated; not accomplished. [Obs.] Dryden.

Un`con*test"a*ble (?), a. Incontestable.

Un*con"ti*nent (?), a. Not continent; incontinent. Wyclif (2 Tim. iii. 3).

Un`con*trol"la*ble (?), a. 1. Incapable of being controlled; ungovernable; irresistible; as, an uncontrollable temper; uncontrollable events.

2. Indisputable; irrefragable; as, an uncontrollable maxim; an uncontrollable title. [R.] Swift.

— Un`con*trol"la*ble*ness, n. — Un`con*trol"la*bly, adv.

Un*con`tro*ver"so*ry (?), a. Not involving controversy. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Un*con`tro*ver"ti*ble (?), a. Incontrovertible.

Un*con`tro*ver"ti*bly, adv. Incontrovertibly.

Un`con*ven"ient (?), a. Inconvenient. Bale. — Un`con*ven"ient*ly, adv. Udall.

Un`con*ver"sion (?), n. The state of being unconverted; impenitence. [R.]

Un`con*vert"ed (?), a. 1. Not converted or exchanged.

2. Not changed in opinion, or from one faith to another. Specifically: —

(a) Not persuaded of the truth of the Christian religion; heathenish. Hooker.

(b) Unregenerate; sinful; impenitent. Baxter.

Un*cord" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cord.] To release from cords; to loosen the cord or cords of; to unfasten or unbind; as, to uncord a package.

Un*cork" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cork.] To draw the cork from; as, to uncork a bottle.

Un`cor*rect" (?), a. Incorrect. Dryden.

Un*cor"ri*gi*ble (?), a. Incorrigible; not capable of correction. [Obs.]

Un`cor*rupt" (?), a. Incorrupt.

Un`cor*rupt"i*ble (?), a. Incorruptible. "The glory of the uncorruptible God." Rom. i. 23.

Un`cor*rup"tion (?), n. Incorruption.

Un*cou"ple (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + couple.] To loose, as dogs, from their couples; also, to set loose; to disconnect; to disjoin; as, to uncouple railroad cars.

Un*cou"ple, v. i. To roam at liberty. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*court"li*ness (?), n. Absence of courtliness; rudeness; rusticity. Addison.

Un"cous (?), a. [L. uncus hooked, as n., a hook.] Hooklike; hooked. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Un*couth" (?), a. [OE. uncouth, AS. unc&?;&?; unknown, strange: un- (see Un- not) + c&?;&?; known, p. p. of cunnan to know. See Can to be able, and cf. Unco, Unked.] 1. Unknown. [Obs.] "This uncouth errand." Milton.

> To leave the good that I had in hand,
> In hope of better that was uncouth.

Spenser.

2. Uncommon; rare; exquisite; elegant. [Obs.]

> Harness . . . so uncouth and so rish.

Chaucer.

3. Unfamiliar; strange; hence, mysterious; dreadful; also, odd; awkward; boorish; as, uncouth manners. "Uncouth in guise and gesture." I. Taylor.

> I am surprised with an uncouth fear.

Shak.

> Thus sang the uncouth swain.

Milton.

Syn. — See Awkward.

— Un*couth"ly, adv. — Un*couth"ness, n.

Un*cov"e*na*ble (?), a. Not covenable; inconvenient. [Obs.] Wyclif (1 Tim. iv. 7).

Un*cov"e*nant*ed (?), a. 1. Not covenanted; not granted or entered into under a covenant, agreement, or contract. Bp. Horsley.

2. Not having joined in a league, or assented to a covenant or agreement, as to the Solemn League and Covenant of the Scottish people in the times of the Stuarts.

> In Scotland a few fanatical nonjurors may have grudged their allegiance to an uncovenanted king.

Sir T. E. May.

3. (Theol.) Not having entered into relationship with God through the appointed means of grace; also, not promised or assured by the divine promises or conditions; as, uncovenanted mercies.

Un*cov"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Uncovered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Uncovering.] [1st pref. un- + cover.] 1. To take the cover from; to divest of covering; as, to uncover a box, bed, house, or the like; to uncover one's body.

2. To show openly; to disclose; to reveal. "To uncover his perjury to the oath of his coronation." Milton.

3. To divest of the hat or cap; to bare the head of; as, to uncover one's head; to uncover one's self.

Un*cov"er (?), v. i. 1. To take off the hat or cap; to bare the head in token of respect.

> We are forced to uncover after them.

Addison.

2. To remove the covers from dishes, or the like.

> Uncover, dogs, and lap.

Shak.

Un*cowl" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + cowl.] To divest or deprive of a cowl. Pope.

Un`cre*ate" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + create.] To deprive of existence; to annihilate.

> Who can uncreate thee, thou shalt know.

Milton.

Un`cre*ate" (?), a. [Pref. un- + create, a.] Uncreated; self-existent. Book of Common Prayer.

Un`cre*at"ed, a. [In sense 1, properly p. p. of uncreate; in senses 2 and 3, pref. un- + created.]

1. Deprived of existence; annihilated. Beau. & Fl.

2. Not yet created; as, misery uncreated. Milton.

3. Not existing by creation; self-existent; eternal; as, God is an uncreated being. Locke.

Un`cre*at"ed*ness, n. The quality or state of being uncreated.

Un*cred"i*ble (?), a. Incredible. Bacon.

Un*cred"it (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + credit.] To cause to be disbelieved; to discredit. [Obs.] Fuller.

Un*cred"it*a*ble (?), a. Discreditable. [Obs.]

Un*crown" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + crown.] To deprive of a crown; to take the crown from; hence, to discrown; to dethrone.

> He hath done me wrong,
> And therefore I'll uncrown him ere't be long.

Shak.

Un*crud"ded (?), a. [See Un- not, and Curd.] Not cruddled, or curdled. [Obs.]

> Her breast like to a bowl of cream uncrudded.

Spenser.

Unc"tion (?), n. [OE. unccioun, uncioun, OF. oncion, onction, F. onction, fr. L. unctio, fr. ungere, unctum, to anoint. See Unguent.] 1. The act of anointing, smearing, or rubbing with an unguent, oil, or ointment, especially for medical purposes, or as a symbol of consecration; as, mercurial unction.

> To be heir, and to be king
> By sacred unction, thy deserved right.

Milton.

2. That which is used for anointing; an unguent; an ointment; hence, anything soothing or lenitive.

> The king himself the sacred unction made.

Dryden.

> Lay not that flattering unction to your soul.

Shak.

3. Divine or sanctifying grace. [R.]

4. That quality in language, address, or the like, which excites emotion; especially, strong devotion; religious fervor and tenderness; sometimes, a simulated, factitious, or unnatural fervor.

> The delightful equivoque and unction of the passage in Farquhar.

Hazlitt.

> The mention of thy glory
> Is unction to the breast.

Neale (Rhythm of St. Bernard).

Extreme unction (R. C. Ch. & Gr. Ch.), the sacrament of anointing in the last hours; the application of consecrated oil by a priest to all the senses, that is, to eyes, ears, nostrils, etc., of a person when in danger of death from illness, — done for remission of sins. [James v. 14, 15.]

Unc"tious (?), a. Unctuous. [Obs.]

Unc`tu*os"i*ty (?; 135), n. [Cf. F. onctuosité.] Quality or state of being unctuous. Sir T. Browne.

Unc"tu*ous (?; 135), a. [F. onctueux, LL. unctuosus, fr. L. unctus anointment, fr. ungere, unctum, to anoint. See Unguent.] 1. Of the nature or quality of an unguent or ointment; fatty; oily; greasy. "The unctuous cheese." Longfellow.

2. Having a smooth, greasy feel, as certain minerals.

3. Bland; suave; also, tender; fervid; as, an unctuous speech; sometimes, insincerely suave or fervid.

— Unc"tu*ous*ly, adv. — Unc"tu*ous*ness, n.

Un*cul"pa*ble (?), a. Inculpable; not blameworthy. [R.] Hooker.

Un*cult" (?), a. [Pref. un- not + L. cultus, p. p. of colere to cultivate. Cf. Incult.] Not cultivated; rude; illiterate. [Obs.]

Un*cul"ture (?; 135), n. Want of culture. "Idleness, ill husbandry . . . unculture." Bp. Hall.

Un*cun"ning (?), a. Ignorant. [Obs.]

> I am young and uncunning, as thou wost [knowest].

Chaucer.

Un*cun"ning*ly, adv. Ignorantly. [Obs.]

Un*cun"ning*ness, n. Ignorance. [Obs.]

Un*cur"a*ble (?), a. Incurable.

Un*cur"a*bly, adv. In an uncurable manner.

Un*curb"a*ble (?), a. Not capable of being curbed. Shak.

Un*curl" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + curl.] To loose from curls, or ringlets; to straighten out, as anything curled or curly.

> He sheaths his paw, uncurls his angry mane.

Dryden.

Un*curl", v. i. To become uncurled, or straight.

Un*cur"rent (?), a. Not current. Specifically: Not passing in common payment; not receivable at par or full value; as, uncurrent notes. Shak.

Un*curse" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + curse.] To free from a curse or an execration. Shak.

Un*cur"tain (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + curtain.] To remove a curtain from; to reveal. Moore.

||Un"cus (?), n.; pl. Unci (#). [L.] (Zoöl.) A hook or claw.

Un*cus"tom*a*ble (?), a. Not customable, or subject to custom duties.

Un*cus"tomed (?), a. Uncustomable; also, not having paid duty or customs. Smollett.

Un*cut" (?), a. 1. Not cut; not separated or divided by cutting or otherwise; — said especially of books, periodicals, and the like, when the leaves have not been separated by trimming in binding.

2. Not ground, or otherwise cut, into a certain shape; as, an uncut diamond.

Uncut velvet,a fabric woven like velvet, but with the loops of the warp threads uncut.

Un*cuth" (?), a. Unknown; strange. [Obs.] — n. A stranger. [Obs.]

Un*cy"pher (?), v. t. See Uncipher.

Un*dam" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + dam.] To free from a dam, mound, or other obstruction. Dryden.

Un*damp"ned (?), a. Uncondemned. [Obs.] Wyclif (Acts xvi. 37).

Un"da*ted (?), a. [L. undatus, p. p. of undare to rise in waves, to wave, to undulate, fr. unda a wave. See Undulate.] (Bot.) Rising and falling in waves toward the margin, as a leaf; waved.

Un*dat"ed (?), a. [Pref. un- + dated.] Not dated; having no date; of unknown age; as, an undated letter.

Un*daunt"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being daunted; intrepid; fearless; indomitable. Bp. Hall.

Un*daunt"ed (?), a. Not daunted; not subdued or depressed by fear. Shak.

Syn. — Bold; fearless; brave; courageous; intrepid.

— Un*daunt"ed*ly, adv. — Un*daunt"ed*ness, n.

Un"dé (?), a. [F. ondé.] (Her.) Waving or wavy; — applied to ordinaries, or division lines.

Un*dead"ly (?), a. Not subject to death; immortal. [Obs.] — Un*dead"li*ness, n. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*deaf" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + deaf.] To free from deafness; to cause to hear. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*dec"a*gon (?), n. [L. undecim eleven + Gr. &?; an angle.] (Geom.) A figure having eleven angles and eleven sides.

Un"de*cane (?), n. [L. undecim eleven.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C11H24, of the methane series, found in petroleum; — so called from its containing eleven carbon atoms in the molecule.

Un`de*ceive" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + deceive.] To cause to be no longer deceived; to free from deception, fraud, fallacy, or mistake. South.

Un*de"cen*cy (?), n. Indecency. [Obs.] "Decency and undecency." Jer. Taylor.

Un`de*cen"na*ry (?), a. [L. undecim eleven (unus one + decem ten) + -ennary as in decennary. Cf. Undecennial.] Occurring once in every period of eleven years; undecennial.

> An undecennary account laid before Parliament.

E. Stiles.

Un`de*cen"ni*al (?), a. [See Undecennary, and cf. Decennial.] Occurring or observed every eleventh year; belonging to, or continuing, a period of eleven years; undecennary; as, an undecennial festival.

Un*de"cent (?), a. Indecent. [Obs.]

Un`de*cide" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + decide.] To reverse or recant, as a previous decision.

Un`de*ci"sive (?), a. Indecisive. [R.] Glanvill.

Un*deck" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + deck.] To divest of ornaments. Shak.

Un*decked (?), a. 1. Not decked; unadorned.

> [Eve] undecked, save with herself, more lovely fair.

Milton.

2. Not having a deck; as, an undecked vessel.

Un`de*col"ic (?), a. [Undecylenic + propiolic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C11H18O2, of the propiolic acid series, obtained indirectly from undecylenic acid as a white crystalline substance.

Un`de*creed" (?), a. 1. [Pref. un- not + decreed.] Not decreed.

2. [1st pref. un- + decree.] Reversed or nullified by decree, as something previously decreed.

Un"de*cyl (?), n. [Undecane + - yl.] (Chem.) The radical regarded as characteristic of undecylic acid.

Un*dec`y*len"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid C11H20O2, homologous with acrylic acid, and obtained as a white crystalline substance by the distillation of castor oil.

Un`de*cyl"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Related to, derived from, or containing, undecyl; specifically, designating that member of the fatty acids which corresponds to undecane, and is obtained as a white crystalline substance, C11H22O2.

Un*deed"ed (?), a. 1. Not deeded or transferred by deed; as, undeeded land.

2. Not made famous by any great action. [Obs.] Shak.

Un`de*fat"i*ga*ble (?), a. Indefatigable. [Obs.] "Undefatigable pains." Camden.

Un`de*fea"si*ble (?), a. Indefeasible. [Obs.]

Un`de*fine" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + define.] To make indefinite; to obliterate or confuse the definition or limitations of.

Un*de"i*fy (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + deify.] To degrade from the state of deity; to deprive of the character or qualities of a god; to deprive of the reverence due to a god. Addison.

Un`de*ni"a*ble (?), a. 1. Not deniable; incapable of denial; palpably true; indisputable; obvious; as, undeniable evidence.

2. Unobjectionable; unquestionably excellent; as, a person of undeniable connections. [Colloq.] G. Eliot.

Un`de*ni"a*bly, adv. In an undeniable manner.

Un`de*part"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being parted; inseparable. [Obs.] Chaucer. Wyclif.

Un"der (?), prep. [AS. under, prep. & adv.; akin to OFries. under, OS. undar, D. onder, G. unter, OHG. untar, Icel. undir, Sw. & Dan. under, Goth. undar, L. infra below, inferior lower, Skr. adhas below. √201. Cf. Inferior.] 1. Below or lower, in place or position, with the idea of being covered; lower than; beneath; — opposed to over; as, he stood under a tree; the carriage is under cover; a cellar extends under the whole house.

> Fruit put in bottles, and the bottles let down into wells under water, will keep long.

Bacon.

> Be gathered now, ye waters under heaven,
> Into one place.

Milton.

2. Hence, in many figurative uses which may be classified as follows; —

(a) Denoting relation to some thing or person that is superior, weighs upon, oppresses, bows down, governs, directs, influences powerfully, or the like, in a relation of subjection, subordination, obligation, liability, or the like; as, to travel under a heavy load; to live under extreme oppression; to have fortitude under the evils of life; to have patience under pain, or under misfortunes; to behave like a Christian under reproaches and injuries; under the pains and penalties of the law; the condition under which one enters upon an office; under the necessity of obeying the laws; under vows of chastity.

<! p. 1569 !>

> Both Jews and Gentiles . . . are all under sin.

Rom. iii. 9.

> That led the embattled seraphim to war
> Under thy conduct.

Milton.

> Who have their provand
> Only for bearing burdens, and sore blows
> For sinking under them.

Shak.

(b) Denoting relation to something that exceeds in rank or degree, in number, size, weight, age, or the like; in a relation of the less to the greater, of inferiority, or of falling short.

> Three sons he dying left under age.

Spenser.

> Medicines take effect sometimes under, and sometimes above, the natural proportion of their virtue.

Hooker.

> There are several hundred parishes in England under twenty pounds a year.

Swift.

> It was too great an honor for any man under a duke.

Addison.

Hence, it sometimes means at, with, or for, less than; as, he would not sell the horse under sixty dollars.

> Several young men could never leave the pulpit under half a dozen conceits.

Swift.

(c) Denoting relation to something that comprehends or includes, that represents or designates, that furnishes a cover, pretext, pretense, or the like; as, he betrayed him under the guise of friendship; Morpheus is represented under the figure of a boy asleep.

> A crew who, under names of old renown . . . abused
> Fanatic Egypt.

Milton.

> Mr. Duke may be mentioned under the double capacity of a poet and a divine.

Felton.

> Under this head may come in the several contests and wars betwixt popes and the secular princes.

C. Leslie.

(d) Less specifically, denoting the relation of being subject, of undergoing regard, treatment, or the like; as, a bill under discussion.

> Abject and lost, lay these, covering the flood,
> Under amazement of their hideous change.

Milton.

Under arms. (Mil.) (a) Drawn up fully armed and equipped. (b) Enrolled for military service; as, the state has a million men under arms. — Under canvas. (a) (Naut.) Moved or propelled by sails; — said of any vessel with her sail set, but especially of a steamer using her sails only, as distinguished from one under steam. Under steam and canvas signifies that a vessel is using both means of propulsion. (b) (Mil.) Provided with, or sheltered in, tents. — Under fire, exposed to an enemy's fire; taking part in a battle or general engagement. — Under foot. See under Foot, n. — Under ground, below the surface of the ground. - - Under one's signature, with one's signature or name subscribed; attested or confirmed by one's signature. Cf. the second Note under Over, prep. — Under sail. (Naut.) (a) With anchor up, and under the influence of sails; moved by sails; in motion. (b) With sails set, though the anchor is down. (c) Same as Under canvas (a), above. Totten. — Under sentence, having had one's sentence pronounced. — Under the breath, with low voice; very softly. — Under the lee (Naut.), to the leeward; as, under the lee of the land. — Under the rose. See under Rose, n. — Under water, below the surface of the water. — Under way, or Under weigh (Naut.), in a condition to make progress; having started.

Un"der (?), adv. In a lower, subject, or subordinate condition; in subjection; — used chiefly in a few idiomatic phrases; as, to bring under, to reduce to subjection; to subdue; to keep under, to keep in subjection; to control; to go under, to be unsuccessful; to fail.

> I keep under my body, and bring it into subjection.

1 Cor. ix. 27.

> The minstrel fell, but the foeman's chain
> Could not bring his proud soul under.

Moore.

Under is often used in composition with a verb to indicate lowness or inferiority in position or degree, in the act named by the verb; as, to underline; to undermine; to underprop.

Un"der, a. Lower in position, intensity, rank, or degree; subject; subordinate; — generally in composition with a noun, and written with or without the hyphen; as, an undercurrent; undertone; underdose; under-garment; underofficer; undersheriff.

Under covert (Zoöl.), one of the feathers situated beneath the bases of the quills in the wings and tail of a bird. See Illust. under Bird.

Un`der*act" (?), v. t. To perform inefficiently, as a play; to act feebly.

Un"der*ac`tion (?), n. Subordinate action; a minor action incidental or subsidiary to the main story; an episode.

> The least episodes or underactions . . . are parts necessary or convenient to carry on the main design.

Dryden.

Un"der*ac`tor (?), n. A subordinate actor.

Un"der-age` (?), a. Not having arrived at adult age, or at years of discretion; hence, raw; green; immature; boyish; childish. [Obs.]

> I myself have loved a lady, and pursued her with a great deal of under-age protestation.

J. Webster.

Un"der*a`gent (?), n. A subordinate agent.

Un`der*aid" (?), v. t. To aid clandestinely. [Obs.]

Un"der-arm (?), a. (Cricket) Done (as bowling) with the arm not raised above the elbow, that is, not swung far out from the body; underhand. Cf. Over-arm and Round- Arm.

Un"der*back` (?), n. (Brewing) A vessel which receives the wort as it flows from the mashing tub.

Un`der*bear" (?), v. t. [AS. underberan. See Under, and Bear to support.] 1. To support; to endure. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To line; to guard; to face; as, cloth of gold underborne with blue tinsel. [Obs.] Shak.

Un"der*bear`er (?), n. One who supports or sustains; especially, at a funeral, one of those who bear the copse, as distinguished from a bearer, or pallbearer, who helps to hold up the pall.

Un`der*bid" (?), v. t. To bid less than, as when a contract or service is offered to the lowest bidder; to offer to contract, sell, or do for a less price than.

Un`der*bind" (?), v. t. To bind beneath. Fairfax.

Un"der*board` (?), adv. Under the board, or table; hence, secretly; unfairly; underhand. See the Note under Aboveboard.

Un`der*brace (?), v. t. To brace, fasten, or bind underneath or below. Cowper.

Un"der*branch` (?), n. 1. A lower branch.

2. A twig or branchlet. [Obs.] Spenser.

Un"der*bred` (?), a. Not thoroughly bred; ill-bred; as, an underbred fellow. Goldsmith.

Un"der*brush` (?), n. Shrubs, small trees, and the like, in a wood or forest, growing beneath large trees; undergrowth.

Un"der*build`er (?), n. A subordinate or assistant builder.

> An underbuilder in the house of God.

Jer. Taylor.

Un"der*build`ing, n. Same as Substruction.

Un`der*buy" (?), v. t. To buy at less than the real value or worth; to buy cheaper than. [R.] J. Fletcher.

Un`der*cast" (?), v. t. To cast under or beneath.

Un`der*cham"ber*lain (?), n. A deputy chamberlain of the exchequer.

Un`der*chant"er (?), n. Same as Subchanter.

Un"der*chaps` (?), n. pl. The lower chaps or jaw. Paley.

Un`der*charge" (?), v. t. 1. To charge below or under; to charge less than is usual or suitable fro; as, to undercharge goods or services.

2. To put too small a charge into; as, to undercharge a gun.

Undercharged mine (Mil.), a mine whose crater is not as wide at top as it is deep. W. P. Craighill.

Un"der*charge` (?), n. A charge that is less than is usual or suitable.

Un"der*clay` (?), n. (Geol.) A stratum of clay lying beneath a coal bed, often containing the roots of coal plants, especially the Stigmaria.

Un"der*cliff` (?), n. A subordinate cliff on a shore, consisting of material that has fallen from the higher cliff above.

Un"der*clothes` (?), n. pl. Clothes worn under others, especially those worn next the skin for warmth.

Un"der*cloth`ing (?), n. Same as Underclothes.

Un"der*coat` (?), n. 1. A coat worn under another; a light coat, as distinguished from an overcoat, or a greatcoat.

2. A growth of short hair or fur partially concealed by a longer growth; as, a dog's undercoat.

Un"der*con`duct (?), n. A lower conduit; a subterranean conduit. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Un`der*con*sump"tion (?), n. (Polit. Econ.) Consumption of less than is produced; consumption of less than the usual amount. F. A. Walk&?;r.

Un"der*craft` (?), n. A sly trick or device; as, an undercraft of authors. [R.] Sterne.

Un`der*creep" (?), v. i. To creep secretly or privily. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un`der*crest" (?), v. t. To support as a crest; to bear. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

Un"der*croft (?), n. [Under + Prov. E. croft a vault; cf. OD. krochte crypt, and E. crypt.] (Arch.) A subterranean room of any kind; esp., one under a church (see Crypt), or one used as a chapel or for any sacred purpose.

Un`der*cry" (?), v. i. To cry aloud. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un"der*cur`rent (?), n. 1. A current below the surface of water, sometimes flowing in a contrary direction to that on the surface. Totten.

2. Hence, figuratively, a tendency of feeling, opinion, or the like, in a direction contrary to what is publicly shown; an unseen influence or tendency; as, a strong undercurrent of sentiment in favor of a prisoner.

> All the while there was a busy undercurrent in her.

G. Eliot.

Un"der*cur`rent, a. Running beneath the surface; hidden. [R.] "Undercurrent woe." Tennyson.

Un"der*cut` (?), n. The lower or under side of a sirloin of beef; the fillet.

Un`der*cut" (?), v. t. To cut away, as the side of an object, so as to leave an overhanging portion.

Un"der*deal`ing (?), n. Crafty, unfair, or underhand dealing; unfair practice; trickery. Milton.

Un`der*delve" (?), v. t. To delve under. [Obs.]

Un`der*dig" (?), v. t. To dig under or beneath; to undermine. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un`der*ditch" (?), v. t. To dig an underground ditches in, so as to drain the surface; to underdrain; as, to underditch a field or a farm.

Un`der*do" (?), v. i. To do less than is requisite or proper; — opposed to overdo. Grew.

Un`der*do", v. t. To do less thoroughly than is requisite; specifically, to cook insufficiently; as, to underdo the meat; — opposed to overdo.

Un"der*do`er (?), n. One who underdoes; a shirk.

Un`der*dolv"en (?), obs. p. p. of Underdelve.

Un"der*dose` (?), n. A dose which is less than required; a small or insufficient dose.

Un`der*dose" (?), v. t. & i. To give an underdose or underdoses to; to practice giving insufficient doses.

Un"der*drain` (?), n. An underground drain or trench with openings through which the water may percolate from the soil or ground above.

Un`der*drain" (?), v. t. To drain by forming an underdrain or underdrains in; as, to underdrain land.

Un`der*dressed" (?), a. Not dresses enough.

Un`der*es"ti*mate (?), v. t. To set to&?; low a value on; to estimate below the truth.

Un`der*es"ti*mate (?), n. The act of underestimating; too low an estimate.

Un"der*fac`tion (?), n. A subordinate party or faction.

Un"der*fac`ul*ty (?), n. An inferior or subordinate faculty.

Un"der*farm`er (?), n. An assistant farmer.

Un`der*feed" (?), v. t. To feed with too little food; to supply with an insufficient quantity of food.

Un"der*fel`low (?), n. An underling &?;&?; mean, low fellow. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

Un"der*fill`ing (?), n. The filling below or beneath; the under part of a building. Sir H. Wotton.

Un`der*fol"low (?), v. t. To follow closely or immediately after. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un`der*fong" (?), v. t. [AS. underfongen, p. p. of underf&?;n to undertake; under under + f&?;n to take. See Fang to seize.] 1. To undertake; to take in hand; to receive. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Rom. of R.

2. To insnare; to circumvent. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. To sustain; to support; to guard. Nash.

Un`der*foot" (?), adv. Under the feet; underneath; below. See Under foot, under Foot, n.

Un`der*foot", a. Low; base; abject; trodden down.

Un"der*fringe` (?), n. A lower fringe; a fringe underneath something.

> Broad-faced, with underfringe of russet beard.

Tennyson.

Un`der*fur"nish (?), v. t. To supply with less than enough; to furnish insufficiently. Collier.

Un`der*fur"row (?), v. t. To cover as under a furrow; to plow in; as, to underfurrow seed or manure.

Un"der-gar`ment (?), n. A garment worn below another.

Un`der*get" (?), v. t. To get under or beneath; also, to understand. [Obs.] R. of Gloucester.

Un`der*gird" (?), v. t. To blind below; to gird round the bottom.

> They used helps, undergirding the ship.

Acts xxvii. 17.

Un"der*glaze` (?), a. Applied under the glaze, that is, before the glaze, that is, before the glaze is put on; fitted to be so applied; — said of colors in porcelain painting.

Un`der*go" (?), v. t. [imp. Underwent (?); p. p. Undergone (?; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Undergoing.] [AS. undergn. See Under, and Go.] 1. To go or move below or under. [Obs.]

2. To be subjected to; to bear up against; to pass through; to endure; to suffer; to sustain; as, to undergo toil and fatigue; to undergo pain, grief, or anxiety; to undergothe operation of amputation; food in the stomach undergoes the process of digestion.

> Certain to undergo like doom.

Milton.

3. To be the bearer of; to possess. [Obs.]

> Their virtues else, be they as pure as grace,
> As infinite as man may undergo.

Shak.

4. To undertake; to engage in; to hazard. [Obs.]

> I have moved already
> Some certain of the noblest-minded Romans
> To undergo with me an enterprise.

Shak.

5. To be subject or amenable to; to underlie. [Obs.]

> Claudio undergoes my challenge.

Shak.

Un"der*god` (?), n. A lower or inferio&?; god; a subordinate deity; a demigod.

Un`der*gore" (?), v. t. To gore underneath.

Un"der*gown` (?), n. A gown worn under another, or under some other article of dress.

> An undergown and kirtle of pale sea-green silk.

Sir W. Scott.

Un`der*grad"u*ate (?), n. A member of a university or a college who has not taken his first degree; a student in any school who has not completed his course.

Un`der*grad"u*ate, a. Of or pertaining to an undergraduate, or the body of undergraduates.

Un`der*grad"u*ate*ship, n. The position or condition of an undergraduate.

Un`der*groan (?), v. t. To groan beneath. [Obs.]

> Earth undergroaned their high-raised feet.

Chapman.

Un"der*ground` (?), n. The place or space beneath the surface of the ground; subterranean space.

> A spirit raised from depth of underground.

Shak.

Un"der*ground`, a. 1. Being below the surface of the ground; as, an underground story or apartment.

2. Done or occurring out of sight; secret. [Colloq.]

Underground railroad or railway. See under Railroad.

Un"der*ground`, adv. Beneath the surface of the earth.

Un"der*grove` (?), n. A grove of shrubs or low trees under taller ones. Wordsworth.

Un`der*grow" (?), v. i. To grow to an inferior, or less than the usual, size or height. Wyclif.

Un`der*grow", a. Undergrown. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un`der*grown" (?), a. Of small stature; not grown to a full height or size.

Un"der*growth` (?), n. That which grows under trees; specifically, shrubs or small trees growing among large trees. Milton.

Un`der*grub" (?), v. t. To undermine. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Un"der*hand` (?), a. 1. Secret; clandestine; hence, mean; unfair; fraudulent. Addison.

2. (Baseball, Cricket, etc.) Done, as pitching, with the hand lower than the shoulder, or, as bowling, with the hand lower than elbow.

Un"der*hand` (?), adv. 1. By secret means; in a clandestine manner; hence, by fraud; unfairly.

> Such mean revenge, committed underhand.

Dryden.

> Baillie Macwheeble provided Janet, underhand, with meal for their maintenance.

Sir W. Scott.

2. (Baseball, Cricket, etc.) In an underhand manner; — said of pitching or bowling.

Un"der*hand`ed, a. 1. Underhand; clandestine.

<! p. 1570 !>

2. Insufficiently provided with hands or workers; short-handed; sparsely populated.

> Norway . . . might defy the world, . . . but it is much underhanded now.

Coleridge.

Un"der*hand`ed*ly (?), adv. In an underhand manner.

Un`der*hang" (?), v. t. & i. To hang under or down; to suspend. Holland.

Un"der*hang`man (?), n. An assistant or deputy hangman. Shak.

Un"der*head` (?), n. A blockhead, or stupid person; a dunderhead. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Un`der*heave" (?), v. i. To heave or lift from below. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un`der*hew" (?), v. t. To hew less than is usual or proper; specifically, to hew, as a piece of timber which should be square, in such a manner that it appears to contain a greater number of cubic feet than it really does contain. Haldeman.

Un`der*hon"est (?), a. Not entirely honest. [R.] "We think him overproud and underhonest." Shak.

Un`der*hung" (?), a. 1. (Carp.) Resting on a track at the bottom, instead of being suspended; — said of a sliding door. Forney.

2. Having the lower jaw projecting. T. Hughes.

Un"der*jaw` (?), n. The lower jaw. Paley.

Un`der*join" (?), v. t. To join below or beneath; to subjoin. Wyclif.

Un`der*keep" (?), v. t. To keep under, or in subjection; to suppress. [Obs.] Spenser.

Un"der*keep`er (?), n. A subordinate keeper or guardian. Gray.

Un"der*kind` (?), n. An inferior kind. Dryden.

Un"der*king`dom (?), n. A subordinate or dependent kingdom. Tennyson.

Un"der*la`bor*er (?), n. An assistant or subordinate laborer. Locke.

Un`der*laid" (?), a. Laid or placed underneath; also, having something laid or lying underneath.

Un`der*lay" (?), v. t. [AS. underlecgan. See Under, and Lay, v. t.] 1. To lay beneath; to put under.

2. To raise or support by something laid under; as, to underlay a cut, plate, or the like, for printing. See Underlay, n., 2.

3. To put a tap on (a shoe). [Prov. Eng.]

Un`der*lay", v. i. (Mining) To incline from the vertical; to hade; — said of a vein, fault, or lode.

Un"der*lay` (?), n. 1. (Mining) The inclination of a vein, fault, or lode from the vertical; a hade; — called also underlie.

2. (Print.) A thickness of paper, pasteboard, or the like, placed under a cut, or stereotype plate, or under type, in the from, to bring it, or any part of it, to the proper height; also, something placed back of a part of the tympan, so as to secure the right impression.

Un"der*lay`er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, underlays or is underlaid; a lower layer.

2. (Mining) A perpendicular shaft sunk to cut the lode at any required depth. Weale.

Un"der*leaf` (?), n. A prolific sort of apple, good for cider. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Un"der*lease (?), n. (Law) A lease granted by a tenant or lessee; especially, a lease granted by one who is himself a lessee for years, for any fewer or less number of years than he himself holds; a sublease. Burrill.

Un`der*let" (?), v. t. 1. To let below the value.

> All my farms were underlet.

Smollett.

2. To let or lease at second hand; to sublet.

Un"der*let`ter (?), n. A tenant or lessee who grants a lease to another.

Un`der*lie" (?), v. t. [AS. underlicgan. See Under, and Lie to be prostrate.] 1. To lie under; to rest beneath; to be situated under; as, a stratum of clay underlies the surface gravel.

2. To be at the basis of; to form the foundation of; to support; as, a doctrine underlying a theory.

3. To be subject or amenable to. [R.]

> The knight of Ivanhoe . . . underlies the challenge of Brian der Bois Guilbert.

Sir W. Scott.

Un`der*lie", v. i. To lie below or under.

Un"der*lie` (?), n. See Underlay, n., 1.

Un`der*line" (?), v. t. 1. To mark a line below, as words; to underscore.

2. To influence secretly. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Un"der*ling (?), n. [Under + - ling.] An inferior person or agent; a subordinate; hence, a mean, sorry fellow. Milton.

> he fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,
> But in ourselves, that we are underlings.

Shak.

Un"der*lip` (?), n. The lower lip.

Un"der*lock` (?), n. A lock of wool hanging under the belly of a sheep.

Un"der*lock`er (?), n. (Mining) A person who inspects a mine daily; — called also underviewer.

Un`der*ly"ing (?), a. Lying under or beneath; hence, fundamental; as, the underlying strata of a locality; underlying principles.

Un`der*manned" (?), a. (Naut.) Insufficiently furnished with men; short-handed.

Un"der*mast`ed (?), a. (Naut.) Having masts smaller than the usual dimension; — said of vessels. Totten.

Un"der*mas`ter (?), n. A master subordinate to the principal master; an assistant master.

Un"der*match` (?), n. One who is not a match for another. Fuller.

Un"der*meal` (?), n. [AS. under under + m&?;l part or portion; cf. AS. underm&?;l midday. See Under, Meal a part, and cf. Undern.] 1. The inferior, or after, part of the day; the afternoon. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> In undermeals and in mornings.

Chaucer.

2. Hence, something occurring or done in the afternoon; esp., an afternoon meal; supper; also, an afternoon nap; a siesta. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> Another great supper, or undermeal, was made ready for them, coming home from ditching and plowing.

Withals (1608).

> I think I am furnished with Cattern [Catharine] pears for one undermeal.

B. Jonson.

> In a narrower limit than the forty years' undermeal of the seven sleepers.

Nash.

Un`der*mine" (?), v. t. 1. To excavate the earth beneath, or the part of, especially for the purpose of causing to fall or be overthrown; to form a mine under; to sap; as, to undermine a wall.

> A vast rock undermined from one end to the other, and a highway running through it.

Addison.

2. Fig.: To remove the foundation or support of by clandestine means; to ruin in an underhand way; as, to undermine reputation; to undermine the constitution of the state.

> He should be warned who are like to undermine him.

Locke.

Un`der*min"er (?), n. One who undermines.

Un`der*min"is*ter (?), v. t. To serve, or minister to, in a subordinate relation. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un`der*min"is*try (?), n. A subordinate or inferior ministry. Jer. Taylor.

Un"der*mirth` (?), n. Suppressed or concealed mirth. [Obs.] The Coronation.

Un`der*mon"eyed (?), a. Bribed. [R.] Fuller.

Un"der*most (?), a. [From Under; cf. Aftermost.] Lowest, as in place, rank, or condition. Addison.

Un"dern (?), n. [AS. undern; akin to OS. undorn, OHG. untarn, untorn, Icel. undorn mid afternoon, mid forenoon, Goth. undaúrnimats the midday meal. Cf. Undermeal, Undertime.] The time between; the time between sunrise and noon; specifically, the third hour of the day, or nine o'clock in the morning, according to ancient reckoning; hence, mealtime, because formerly the principal meal was eaten at that hour; also, later, the afternoon; the time between dinner and supper. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> Betwixt undern and noon was the field all won.

R. of Brunne.

> In a bed of worts still he lay
> Till it was past undern of the day.

Chaucer.

Un`der*neath" (?), adv. [OE. undirnepe. See Under, and Beneath.] Beneath; below; in a lower place; under; as, a channel underneath the soil.

> Or sullen mole, that runneth underneath.

Milton.

Un`der*neath", prep. Under; beneath; below.

> Underneath this stone lie
> As much beauty as could die.

B. Jonson.

Un`der*nice"ness (?), n. A want of niceness; indelicacy; impropriety.

Un`der*nime" (?), v. t. [imp. Undernom (?).] [OE. undernimen. See Under, and Nim.] 1. To receive; to perceive. [Obs.]

> He the savor undernom
> Which that the roses and the lilies cast.

Chaucer.

2. To reprove; to reprehend. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Un"der*of`fi*cer (?), n. A subordinate officer.

Un"der*part` (?), n. A subordinate part.

> It should be lightened with underparts of mirth.

Dryden.

Un`der*pay" (?), v. t. To pay inadequately.

Un`der*peep" (?), v. t. To peep under. "The flame . . . would underpeep her lids." [R.] Shak.

Un`der*peer" (?), v. t. To peer under. [R.]

Un`der*peo"pled (?), a. Not fully peopled.

Un`der*pight" (?), imp. of Underpitch.

Un`der*pin" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Underpinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Underpinning.] 1. To lay stones, masonry, etc., under, as the sills of a building, on which it is to rest.

2. To support by some solid foundation; to place something underneath for support.

Un"der*pin`ning (?), n. 1. The act of one who underpins; the act of supporting by stones, masonry, or the like.

2. (Arch.) (a) That by which a building is underpinned; the material and construction used for support, introduced beneath a wall already constructed. (b) The foundation, esp. of a frame house. [Local, U. S.]

Un`der*pitch" (?), v. t. [imp. Underpight.] [OE. underpicchen. See Under, and Pitch to throw, fix.] To fill underneath; to stuff. [Obs.]

> He drank and well his girdle underpight.

Chaucer.

Un`der*play" (?), v. i. 1. To play in a subordinate, or in an inferior manner; to underact a part.

2. (Card Playing) To play a low card when holding a high one, in the hope of a future advantage.

Un"der*play` (?), n. (Card Playing) The act of underplaying.

Un"der*plot` (?), n. 1. A series of events in a play, proceeding collaterally with the main story, and subservient to it. Dryden.

2. A clandestine scheme; a trick. Addison.

Un`der*poise" (?), v. t. To weigh, estimate, or rate below desert; to undervalue. [R.] Marston.

Un"der*pos*sess`or (?), n. One who possesses or holds anything subject to the superior of another. Jer. Taylor.

Un`der*praise" (?), v. t. To praise below desert.

Un`der*prize" (?), v. t. To undervalue; to underestimate. Shak.

Un`der*pro*duc"tion (?), n. (Polit. Econ.) The production of less than is demanded or of less than the usual supply. F. A. Walker.

Un"der*proof` (?), a. Containing less alcohol than proof spirit. See Proof spirit, under Spirit.

Un`der*prop" (?), v. t. To prop from beneath; to put a prop under; to support; to uphold.

> Underprop the head that bears the crown.

Fenton.

Un`der*pro*por"tioned (?), a. Of inadequate or inferior proportions; small; poor.

> Scanty and underproportioned returns of civility.

Collier.

Un"der*prop`per (?), n. One who, or that which, underprops or supports.

Un`der*pull" (?), v. i. To exert one's influence secretly. [Obs.] Ld. North.

Un"der*pull`er (?), n. One who underpulls. [Obs.]

Un`der*put" (?), v. t. To put or send under. [Obs.]

Un`der*rate" (?), v. t. To rate too low; to rate below the value; to undervalue. Burke.

Un"der*rate` (?), n. A price less than the value; as, to sell a thing at an underrate. Cowley.

Un`der*reck"on (?), v. t. To reckon below what is right or proper; to underrate. Bp. Hall.

Un`der*run" (?), v. t. To run or pass under; especially (Naut.), to pass along and under, as a cable, for the purpose of taking it in, or of examining it.

The cable passes over the bows and stern of the boat used, while the men haul the boat along by pulling upon the cable. Totten.

To underrun a tackle (Naut.), to separate its parts and put them in order.

Un`der*sail" (?), v. i. To sail alongshore. [Obs.]

Un"der*sailed` (?), a. Inadequately equipped with sails. [Obs.]

Un`der*sat"u*ra`ted (?), a. Not fully saturated; imperfectly saturated.

Un`der*say" (?), v. t. To say by way of derogation or contradiction. [Obs.] Spenser.

Un`der*score" (?), v. t. To draw a mark or line under; to underline. J. Tucker.

Un`der*sec"re*ta*ry (?), n. A secretary who is subordinate to the chief secretary; an assistant secretary; as, an undersecretary of the Treasury.

Un`der*sell" (?), v. t. To sell the same articles at a lower price than; to sell cheaper than.

Un"der*serv`ant (?), n. An inferior servant.

Un`der*set" (?), v. t. To prop or support. Bacon.

Un"der*set` (?), n. (Naut.) Undercurrent.

Un"der*set`ter (?), n. One who, or that which, undersets or supports; a prop; a support; a pedestal.

Un"der*set`ting (?), n. Something set or built under as a support; a pedestal. Sir H. Wotton.

Un"der*shap`en (?), a. Under the usual shape or size; small; dwarfish. [Poetic]

> His dwarf, a vicious undershapen thing.

Tennyson.

Un"der*sher`iff (?), n. A sheriff's deputy.

Un"der*sher`iff*ry (?), n. Undershrievalty. [Obs.]

Un"der*shirt` (?), n. A shirt worn next the skin, under another shirt; — called also undervest.

Un`der*shoot" (?), v. t. To shoot short of (a mark).

Un"der*shot` (?), a. 1. (Zoöl.) Having the lower incisor teeth projecting beyond the upper ones, as in the bulldog.

2. Moved by water passing beneath; — said of a water wheel, and opposed to overshot; as, an undershot wheel.

Un"der*shriev"al*ty (?), n. The office or position of an undersheriff.

Un"der*shrieve` (?), n. (Bot.) A low shrub; a woody plant of low stature.

Un"der*shrub`, a. Partly shrublike.

Un"der*shut` (?), a. Closed from beneath.

Undershut valve (Mach.), a valve which shuts by being lifted against a seat facing downward. Knight.

Un"der*side` (?), n. The lower or lowest side of anything. Paley.

Un`der*sign" (?), v. t. To write one's name at the foot or end of, as a letter or any legal instrument.

The undersigned, the person whose name is signed, or the persons whose names are signed, at the end of a document; the subscriber or subscribers.

Un"der*sized` (?), a. Of a size less than is common.

Un"der*skink`er (?), n. Undertapster. [Obs.]

Un"der*skirt` (?), n. A petticoat; the foundation skirt of a draped dress.

Un"der*sky` (?), n. The lower region of the sky.

> Floating about the undersky.

Tennyson.

Un"der*sleeve` (?), n. A sleeve of an under-garment; a sleeve worn under another,

Un"der*soil` (?), n. The soil beneath the surface; understratum; subsoil.

Un`der*sold" (?), p. p. of Undersell.

Un"der*song` (?), n. 1. The burden of a song; the chorus; the refrain. Dryden.

2. Accompanying strain; subordinate and underlying meaning; accompaniment; undertone.

> In the very [poetry] there often an undersong of sense which none beside the poetic mind . . . can comprehend.

Landor.

Un"der*sparred` (?), a. (Naut.) Having spars smaller than the usual dimension; — said of vessels.

Un`der*spend" (?), v. t. To spend less than.

Un"der*sphere` (?), n. 1. A sphere which is smaller than, and in its movements subject to, another; a satellite.

2. An inferior sphere, or field of action.

Un`der*spore" (?), v. t. To raise with a spar, or piece of wood, used as a lever. [Obs.]

> Give me a staff that I may underspore.

Chaucer.

Un"der*stair` (?), a. Of or pertaining to the kitchen, or the servants' quarters; hence, subordinate; menial. [Obs.]

Un"der*stairs` (?), n. The basement or cellar.

<! p. 1571 !>

Un`der*stand" (n`dr*stnd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Understood (?), and Archaic Understanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Understanding.] [OE. understanden, AS. understandan, literally, to stand under; cf. AS. forstandan to understand, G. verstehen. The development of sense is not clear. See Under, and Stand.] 1. To have just and adequate ideas of; to apprehended the meaning or intention of; to have knowledge of; to comprehend; to know; as, to understand a problem in Euclid; to understand a proposition or a declaration; the court understands the advocate or his argument; to understand the sacred oracles; to understand a nod or a wink.

> Speaketh [i. e., speak thou] so plain at this time, I you pray,
> That we may understande what ye say.

Chaucer.

> I understand not what you mean by this.

Shak.

> Understood not all was but a show.

Milton.

> A tongue not understanded of the people.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

2. To be apprised, or have information, of; to learn; to be informed of; to hear; as, I understand that Congress has passed the bill.

3. To recognize or hold as being or signifying; to suppose to mean; to interpret; to explain.

> The most learned interpreters understood the words of sin, and not of Abel.

Locke.

4. To mean without expressing; to imply tacitly; to take for granted; to assume.

> War, then, war,
> Open or understood, must be resolved.

Milton.

5. To stand under; to support. [Jocose & R.] Shak.

To give one to understand, to cause one to know. — To make one's self understood, to make one's meaning clear.

Un`der*stand", v. i. 1. To have the use of the intellectual faculties; to be an intelligent being.

> Imparadised in you, in whom alone
> I understand, and grow, and see.

Donne.

2. To be informed; to have or receive knowledge.

> I came to Jerusalem, and understood of the evil that Eliashib did for Tobiah.

Neh. xiii. 7.

Un`der*stand"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being understood; intelligible. Chillingworth.

Un`der*stand"er (?), n. One who understands, or knows by experience. [R.] Dryden.

Un`der*stand"ing, a. Knowing; intelligent; skillful; as, he is an understanding man.

Un`der*stand"ing, n. 1. The act of one who understands a thing, in any sense of the verb; knowledge; discernment; comprehension; interpretation; explanation.

2. An agreement of opinion or feeling; adjustment of differences; harmony; anything mutually understood or agreed upon; as, to come to an understanding with another.

> He hoped the loyalty of his subjects would concur with him in the preserving of a good understanding between him and his people.

Clarendon.

3. The power to understand; the intellectual faculty; the intelligence; the rational powers collectively conceived an designated; the higher capacities of the intellect; the power to distinguish truth from falsehood, and to adapt means to ends.

> There is a spirit in man; and the inspiration of the Almighty them understanding.

Job xxxii. 8.

> The power of perception is that which we call the understanding. Perception, which we make the act of the understanding, is of three sorts: 1. The perception of ideas in our mind; 2. The perception of the signification of signs; 3. The perception of the connection or repugnancy, agreement or disagreement, that there is between any of our ideas. All these are attributed to the understanding, or perceptive power, though it be the two latter only that use allows us to say we understand.

Locke.

> In its wider acceptation, understanding is the entire power of perceiving an conceiving, exclusive of the sensibility: the power of dealing with the impressions of sense, and composing them into wholes, according to a law of unity; and in its most comprehensive meaning it includes even simple apprehension.

Coleridge.

4. Specifically, the discursive faculty; the faculty of knowing by the medium or use of general conceptions or relations. In this sense it is contrasted with, and distinguished from, the reason.

> I use the term understanding, not for the noetic faculty, intellect proper, or place of principles, but for the dianoetic or discursive faculty in its widest signification, for the faculty of relations or comparisons; and thus in the meaning in which "verstand" is now employed by the Germans.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Syn. — Sense; intelligence; perception. See Sense.

Un`der*stand"ing*ly, adv. In an understanding manner; intelligibly; with full knowledge or comprehension; intelligently; as, to vote upon a question understandingly; to act or judge understandingly.

> The gospel may be neglected, but in can not be understandingly disbelieved.

J. Hawes.

Un`der*state" (?), v. t. To state or represent less strongly than may be done truthfully.

Un"der*state`ment (?), n. The act of understating, or the condition of being understated; that which is understated; a statement below the truth.

Un`der*stock" (?), v. t. To supply insufficiently with stock. A. Smith.

Un`der*stood" (?), imp. & p. p. of Understand.

Un"der*strap`per (?), n. A petty fellow; an inferior agent; an underling.

> This was going to the fountain head at once, not applying to the understrappers.

Goldsmith.

Un"der*strap`ping, a. Becoming an understrapper; subservient. [R.] Sterne.

Un"der*stra`tum (?), n.; pl. L. Understrata (&?;), E. Understratums (&?;). The layer, or stratum, of earth on which the mold, or soil, rests; subsoil.

Un`der*stroke" (?), v. t. To underline or underscore. Swift.

Un"der*stud`y (?), v. t. & i. (Theater) To study, as another actor's part, in order to be his substitute in an emergency; to study another actor's part.

Un"der*stud`y, n. One who studies another's part with a view to assuming it in an emergency.

Un"der*suit` (?), n. A suit worn under another suit; a suit of underclothes.

Un`der*tak"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being undertaken; practicable.

Un`der*take" (?), v. t. [imp. Undertook (?); p. p. Undertaken (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Undertaking.] [Under + take.] 1. To take upon one's self; to engage in; to enter upon; to take in hand; to begin to perform; to set about; to attempt.

> To second, or oppose, or undertake
> The perilous attempt.

Milton.

2. Specifically, to take upon one's self solemnly or expressly; to lay one's self under obligation, or to enter into stipulations, to perform or to execute; to covenant; to contract.

> I 'll undertake to land them on our coast.

Shak.

3. Hence, to guarantee; to promise; to affirm.

> And he was not right fat, I undertake.

Dryden.

> And those two counties I will undertake
> Your grace shall well and quietly enjoiy.

Shak.

> I dare undertake they will not lose their labor.

Woodward.

4. To assume, as a character. [Obs.] Shak.

5. To engage with; to attack. [Obs.]

> It is not fit your lordship should undertake every companion that you give offense to.

Shak.

6. To have knowledge of; to hear. [Obs.] Spenser.

7. To take or have the charge of. [Obs.] "Who undertakes you to your end." Shak.

> Keep well those that ye undertake.

Chaucer.

Un`der*take", v. i. 1. To take upon one's self, or assume, any business, duty, or province.

> O Lord, I am oppressed; undertake for me.

Isa. xxxviii. 14.

2. To venture; to hazard. [Obs.]

> It is the cowish terror of his spirit
> That dare not undertake.

Shak.

3. To give a promise or guarantee; to be surety.

> But on mine honor dare I undertake
> For good lord Titus' innocence in all.

Shak.

Un`der*tak"er (?), n. 1. One who undertakes; one who engages in any project or business. Beau. & Fl.

2. One who stipulates or covenants to perform any work for another; a contractor.

> To sign deputations for undertakes to furnish their proportions of saltpeter.

Evelyn.

> In come some other undertakes, and promise us the same or greater wonders.

South.

3. Specifically, one who takes the charge and management of funerals.

Un`der*tak"ing, n. 1. The act of one who undertakes, or engages in, any project or business. Hakluyt.

2. That which is undertaken; any business, work, or project which a person engages in, or attempts to perform; an enterprise.

3. Specifically, the business of an undertaker, or the management of funerals.

4. A promise or pledge; a guarantee. A. Trollope.

Un`der*tap"ster (?), n. Assistant to a tapster.

Un"der*taxed` (?), a. Taxed too little, or at a lower rate than others.

Un"der*ten`an*cy (?), n. Tenancy or tenure under a tenant or lessee; the tenure of an undertenant.

Un"der*ten`ant (?), n. The tenant of a tenant; one who holds lands or tenements of a tenant or lessee.

Un"der**thing` (?), n. Something that is inferior and of little worth. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

{ Un"der*tide` (?), Un"der*time` (?), } n. [Under + tide, time. Cf. Undern.] The under or after part of the day; undermeal; evening. [Obs.]

> He, coming home at undertime, there found
> The fairest creature that he ever saw.

Spenser.

Un"der*tone` (?), n. A low or subdued tone or utterance; a tone less loud than usual.

Un`der*took" (?), imp. of Undertake.

Un"der*tow` (?), n. (Naut.) The current that sets seaward near the bottom when waves are breaking upon the shore.

Un"der*treas`ur*er (?), n. An assistant treasurer.

Un`der*turn (?), v. t. To turn upside down; to subvert; to upset. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un`der*val`u*a"tion (?), n. The act of undervaluing; a rate or value not equal to the real worth.

Un`der*val"ue (?), v. t. 1. To value, rate, or estimate below the real worth; to depreciate.

2. To esteem lightly; to treat as of little worth; to hold in mean estimation; to despise.

> In comparison of it I undervalued all ensigns of authority.

Atterbury.

> I write not this with the least intention to undervalue the other parts of poetry.

Dryden.

Un`der*val"ue, n. A low rate or price; a price less than the real worth; undervaluation. Milton.

Un"der*val"u*er (?), n. One who undervalues.

Un"der*verse` (?), n. The lower or second verse. [Obs.]

Un"der*vest` (?), n. An undershirt.

Un"der*view`er (?), n. See Underlooker.

Un"der*wear` (?), n. That which is worn under the outside clothing; underclothes.

Un`der*ween" (?), v. t. To undervalue. [Obs.]

Un`der*went" (?), imp. of Undergo.

Un"der*wing` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) One of the posterior wings of an insect.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of noctuid moths belonging to Catocala and allied genera, in which the hind wings are banded with red and black or other conspicuous colors. Many of the species are called red underwing.

Un"der*wit`ted (?), a. Weak in intellect; half-witted; silly. [R.] Bp. Kennet.

Un"der*wood` (?), n. Small trees and bushes that grow among large trees; coppice; underbrush; — formerly used in the plural.

> Shrubs and underwoods look well enough while they grow within the shade of oaks and cedars.

Addison.

Un`der*work" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Underworked (?) or Underwrought (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Underworking.] 1. To injure by working secretly; to destroy or overthrow by clandestine measure; to undermine.

> But thou from loving England art so far,
> That thou hast underwrought his lawful king.

Shak.

2. To expend too little work upon; as, to underwork a painting. Dryden.

3. To do like work at a less price than; as, one mason may underwork another.

Un`der*work", v. i. 1. To work or operate in secret or clandestinely. B. Jonson.

2. To do less work than is proper or suitable.

3. To do work for a less price than current rates.

Un"der*work` (?), n. Inferior or subordinate work; petty business. Addison.

Un"der*work`er (?), n. 1. One who underworks.

2. An inferior or subordinate workman. Waterland.

Un"der*world` (?), n. 1. The lower of inferior world; the world which is under the heavens; the earth.

> That overspreads (with such a reverence)
> This underworld.

Daniel.

2. The mythological place of departed souls; Hades.

3. The portion of the world which is below the horizon; the opposite side of the world; the antipodes. [R.]

> Fresh as the first beam glittering on a sail,
> That brings our friends up from the underworld.

Tennyson.

4. The inferior part of mankind. [R.] Atterbury.

Un`der*write" (?), v. t. [imp. Underwrote (?), Obs. Underwrit (&?;); p. p. Underwritten (?), Obs. Underwrit; p. pr. & vb. n. Underwriting.] 1. To write under something else; to subscribe.

> What addition and change I have made I have here underwritten.

Bp. Sanderson.

2. To subscribe one's name to for insurance, especially for marine insurance; to write one's name under, or set one's name to, as a policy of insurance, for the purpose of becoming answerable for loss or damage, on consideration of receiving a certain premium per cent; as, individuals, as well as companies, may underwrite policies of insurance. B. Jonson.

> The broker who procures the insurance ought not, by underwriting the policy, to deprive the parties of his unbiased testimony.

Marshall.

Un`der*write", v. i. To practice the business of insuring; to take a risk of insurance on a vessel or the like.

Un"der*writ`er (?), n. One who underwrites his name to the conditions of an insurance policy, especially of a marine policy; an insurer.

Un"der*writ`ing, n. The business of an underwriter,

Un`der*yoke" (?), v. t. To subject to the yoke; to make subject. Wyclif.

Un`de*serve" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + deserve.] To fail to deserve. [Obs.] Milton.

Un`de*serv"er (?), n. One of no merit; one who is nor deserving or worthy. [Obs.] Shak.

Un`de*sign"ing (?), a. Having no artful, ulterior, or fraudulent purpose; sincere; artless; simple.

Un`de*stroy"a*ble (?), a. Indestructible.

Un`de*ter"mi*na*ble (?), a. Not determinable; indeterminable. Locke.

Un`de*ter"mi*nate (?), a. Nor determinate; not settled or certain; indeterminate. South. — Un`de*ter"mi*nate*ness, n. Dr. H. More.

Un`de*ter`mi*na"tion (?), n. Indetermination. Sir M. Hale.

Un*dev"il (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + devil.] To free from possession by a devil or evil spirit; to exorcise. [Obs.]

> They boy having gotten a habit of counterfeiting . . . would not be undeviled by all their exorcisms.

Fuller.

Un`de*vo"tion (?), n. Absence or want of devotion.

Un*did" (?), imp. of Undo.

Un*dif`fer*en"ti*a`ted (?), a. Not differentiated; specifically (Biol.), homogenous, or nearly so; — said especially of young or embryonic tissues which have not yet undergone differentiation (see Differentiation, 3), that is, which show no visible separation into their different structural parts.

Un*dig"e*nous (?), a. [L. unda a wave + -genous.] Generated by water. [R.] Kirwan.

Un`di*gest"i*ble (?), a. Indigestible.

Un*dight" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + dight.] To put off; to lay aside, as a garment. [Obs.] Spenser.

Un*digne" (?), a. Unworthy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*dine" (?), n. [G. undine, or F. ondin, ondine, from L. unda a wave, water.] One of a class of fabled female water spirits who might receive a human soul by intermarrying with a mortal.

Un*di"o*cesed (?), a. Unprovided with a diocese; having no diocese. Milton.

Un`di*rect" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + direct, v. t.] To misdirect; to mislead. [Obs.]

> who make false fires to undirect seamen in a tempest.

Fuller.

Un`di*rect", a. [Pref. un- not + direct.] Indirect.

Un`di*rect"ed, a. [In senses 1 and 2, pref. un- not + directed; in sense 3 properly p. p. of undirect.] 1. Not directed; not guided; left without direction.

2. Not addressed; not superscribed, as a letter.

3. Misdirected; misled; led astray. [R.]

Un`di*rect"ly (?), adv. Indirectly. Strype.

Un`dis*cern"ing (?), n. Want of discernment. [R.] Spectator.

<! p. 1572 !>

Un`dis*close" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + disclose.] To keep close or secret. [Obs.] Daniel.

Un`dis*creet" (?), a. Indiscreet. Chaucer.

— Un`dis*creet"ly, adv. — — Un`dis*creet"ness.

— Un`dis*cre"tion (#), n. Indiscretion.

Un`dis*pen"sa*ble (?), a. 1. Indispensable.

2. Unavoidable; inevitable. [Obs.] Fuller.

3. Not to be freed by dispensation. [Obs.]

Un`dis*pensed" (?), a. 1. Not dispensed.

2. Not freed by dispensation. [R.] Tooker.

Un`dis*pos"ed*ness (?), n. Indisposition; disinclination.

Un*dis"pu*ta*ble (?), a. Indisputable. Addison. — Un*dis"pu*ta*ble*ness, n.

Un`dis*tinc"tive (?), a. Making no distinctions; not discriminating; impartial.

> As undistinctive Death will come here one day.

Dickens.

Un`dis*tinct"ly (?), adv. Indistinctly.

Un`di*vid"ed (?), a. 1. Not divided; not separated or disunited; unbroken; whole; continuous; as, plains undivided by rivers or mountains.

2. Not set off, as a share in a firm; not made actually separate by division; as, a partner, owning one half in a firm, is said to own an undivided half so long as the business continues and his share is not set off to him.

3. Not directed or given to more than one object; as, undivided attention or affection. Shak.

4. (Bot.) Not lobed, cleft, or branched; entire.

Un`di*vid"u*al (?), a. Indivisible. [Obs.]

> True courage and courtesy are undividual companions.

Fuller.

Un`di*vis"i*ble (?), a. Indivisible.

Un*do" (?), v. t. [AS. und&?;n. See 1st Un-, and Do to perform.] 1. To reverse, as what has been done; to annul; to bring to naught.

> What's done can not be undone.

Shak.

> To-morrow, ere the setting sun,
> She 'd all undo that she had done.

Swift.

2. To loose; to open; to take to piece; to unfasten; to untie; hence, to unravel; to solve; as, to undo a knot; to undo a puzzling question; to undo a riddle. Tennyson.

> Pray you, undo this button.

Shak.

> She took the spindle, and undoing the thread gradually, measured it.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To bring to poverty; to impoverish; to ruin, as in reputation, morals, hopes, or the like; as, many are undone by unavoidable losses, but more undo themselves by vices and dissipation, or by indolence.

> That quaffing and drinking will undo you,

Shak.

Un*dock" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + dock.] (Naut.) To take out of dock; as, to undock a ship.

Un*do"er (?), n. One who undoes anything; especially, one who ruins another.

Un*do"ing, n. 1. The reversal of what has been done.

2. Ruin. "The utter undoing of some." Hooker.

Un`do*mes"ti*cate (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + domesticate.] To make wild or roving.

Un*done" (?), p. p. of Undo.

Un*done", a. [Pref. un- not + done.] Not done or performed; neglected.

Un*dou"ble (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + double.] To unfold, or render single.

Un*doubt"a*ble (?), a. Indubitable.

Un*doubt"ed, a. Not doubted; not called in question; indubitable; indisputable; as, undoubted proof; undoubted hero. — Un*doubt"ed*ly, adv.

Un*drape" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + drape.] To strip of drapery; to uncover or unveil.

Un*draw" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + draw.] To draw aside or open; to draw back.

> Angels undrew the curtain of the throne.

Young.

{ Un*dreamed" (?), Un*dreamt" (?), } a. Not dreamed, or dreamed of; not th&?;ught of; not imagined; — often followed by of.

> Unpathed waters, undreamed shores.

Shak.

Un*dress" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + dress.]

1. To divest of clothes; to strip.

2. To divest of ornaments to disrobe.

3. (Med.) To take the dressing, or covering, from; as, to undress a wound.

Un"dress (?), n. 1. A loose, negligent dress; ordinary dress, as distinguished from full dress.

2. (Mil. & Naval) An authorized habitual dress of officers and soldiers, but not full-dress uniform.

Undress parade (Mil.), a substitute for dress parade, allowed in bad weather, the companies forming without arms, and the ceremony being shortened.

Un*du"bi*ta*ble (?), a. Indubitable; as, an undubitable principle. [Obs.] Locke.

Un*due" (?), a. 1. Not due; not yet owing; as, an undue debt, note, or bond.

2. Not right; not lawful or legal; improper; as, an undue proceeding. Bacon.

3. Not agreeable to a rule or standard, or to duty; disproportioned; excessive; immoderate; inordinate; as, an undue attachment to forms; an undue rigor in the execution of law.

Undue influence (Law), any improper or wrongful constraint, machination, or urgency of persuasion, by which one's will is overcome and he is induced to do or forbear an act which he would not do, or would do, if left to act freely. Abbott.

Un*due"ness, n. The quality of being undue.

Un*duke" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + duke.] To deprive of dukedom. Swift.

Un"du*lant (?), a. Undulating. [R.]

Un"du*la*ry (?), a. [See Undulate.] Moving like waves; undulatory. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Un"du*late (?), a. [L. undulatus undulated, wavy, a dim. from unda a wave; cf. AS. &?;&?;, Icel. unnr; perhaps akin to E. water. Cf. Abound, Inundate, Redound, Surround.] Same as Undulated.

Un"du*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Undulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Undulating.] To cause to move backward and forward, or up and down, in undulations or waves; to cause to vibrate.

> Breath vocalized, that is, vibrated and undulated.

Holder.

Un"du*late, v. i. To move in, or have, undulations or waves; to vibrate; to wave; as, undulating air.

Un"du*la`ted (?), a. 1. Resembling, or in the nature of, waves; having a wavy surface; undulatory.

2. (Bot.) Waved obtusely up and down, near the margin, as a leaf or corolla; wavy.

3. (Zoöl.) Formed with elevations and depressions resembling waves; having wavelike color markings; as, an undulated shell.

Un"du*la`ting, a. Rising and falling like waves; resembling wave form or motion; undulatory; rolling; wavy; as, an undulating medium; undulating ground. — Un"du*la`ting*ly. adv.

Un`du*la"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. ondulation.] 1. The act of undulating; a waving motion or vibration; as, the undulations of a fluid, of water, or of air; the undulations of sound.

2. A wavy appearance or outline; waviness. Evelyn.

3. (Mus.) (a) The tremulous tone produced by a peculiar pressure of the finger on a string, as of a violin. (b) The pulsation caused by the vibrating together of two tones not quite in unison; — called also beat.

4. (Physics) A motion to and fro, up and down, or from side to side, in any fluid or elastic medium, propagated continuously among its particles, but with no translation of the particles themselves in the direction of the propagation of the wave; a wave motion; a vibration.

Un`du*la"tion*ist, n. One who advocates the undulatory theory of light. Whewell.

Un"du*la*tive (?), a. Consisting in, or accompanied by, undulations; undulatory.

Un"du*la*to*ry (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. ondulatoire.] Moving in the manner of undulations, or waves; resembling the motion of waves, which successively rise or swell rise or swell and fall; pertaining to a propagated alternating motion, similar to that of waves.

Undulatory theory, or Wave theory (of light) (Opt.), that theory which regards its various phenomena as due to undulations in an ethereal medium, propagated from the radiant with immense, but measurable, velocities, and producing different impressions on the retina according to their amplitude and frequency, the sensation of brightness depending on the former, that of color on the latter. The undulations are supposed to take place, not in the direction of propagation, as in the air waves constituting sound, but transversely, and the various phenomena of refraction, polarization, interference, etc., are attributable to the different affections of these undulations in different circumstances of propagation. It is computed that the frequency of the undulations corresponding to the several colors of the spectrum ranges from 458 millions of millions per second for the extreme red ray, to 727 millions of millions for the extreme violet, and their lengths for the same colors, from the thirty-eight thousandth to the sixty thousandth part of an inch. The theory of ethereal undulations is applicable not only to the phenomena of light, but also to those of heat.

Un*dull" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + dull.] To remove the dullness of; to clear. [Obs.] Whitlock.

Un"du*lous (?), a. Undulating; undulatory.

Un*du"ly (?), adv. In an undue manner.

Un*dump"ish (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + dumpish.] To relieve from the dumps. [Obs.] Fuller.

Un*dust" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + dust.] To free from dust. [Obs.]

Un*dwell"a*ble (?), a. Uninhabitable. [Obs.] "A land undwellable." Wyclif.

Un*dwelt" (?), a. Not lived (in); — with in.

Un*dy"ing (?), a. Not dying; imperishable; unending; immortal; as, the undying souls of men.

Un*eared" (?), a. Not eared, or plowed. Shak.

Un*earned" (?), a. Not earned; not gained by labor or service.

Unearned increment (Polit. Econ.), a increase in the value of land due to no labor or expenditure on the part of the owner, but to natural causes, such as the increase of population, the growth of a town in the vicinity, or the like. Some hold that this should belong to the nation.

Un*earth" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unearthed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Unearthing.] [1st pref. un- + earth.] To drive or draw from the earth; hence, to uncover; to bring out from concealment; to bring to light; to disclose; as, to unearth a secret.

> To unearth the roof of an old tree.

Wordsworth.

Un*earth"ly, a. Not terrestrial; supernatural; preternatural; hence, weird; appalling; terrific; as, an unearthly sight or sound. — Un*earth"li*ness (#), n.

Un*ease" (?), n. Want of ease; uneasiness. [Obs.]

Un*eas"i*ly (?), adv. In an easy manner.

Un*eas"i*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being uneasy; restlessness; disquietude; anxiety.

2. The quality of making uneasy; discomfort; as, the uneasiness of the road. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Un*eas"y (?), a. 1. Not easy; difficult. [R.]

> Things . . . so uneasy to be satisfactorily understood.

Boyle.

> The road will be uneasy to find.

Sir W. Scott.

2. Restless; disturbed by pain, anxiety, or the like; disquieted; perturbed.

> The soul, uneasy and confined from home,
> Rests and expatiates in a life to come.

Pope.

3. Not easy in manner; constrained; stiff; awkward; not graceful; as, an uneasy deportment.

4. Occasioning want of ease; constraining; cramping; disagreeable; unpleasing. "His uneasy station." Milton.

> A sour, untractable nature makes him uneasy to those who approach him.

Addison.

Un*eath" (?), a. [AS. uneá&?;e; un- not + eá&?;&?; easily, easy; akin to OS. &?;&?;i easy, OHG. &?;di.] Not easy; difficult; hard. [Obs.]

> Who he was, uneath was to descry.

Spenser.

Un*eath", adv. Not easily; hardly; scarcely. [Obs.]

> Uneath may she endure the flinty streets.

Shak.

Un*edge" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + edge.] To deprive of the edge; to blunt. J. Fletcher.

Un`e*fec"tu*al (?), a. Ineffectual. "His uneffectual fire." Shak.

Un`e*las"tic (?), a. Not elastic; inelastic.

Un`e*las*tic"i*ty (?), n. Inelasticity.

Un*el"e*gant (?), a. Inelegant.

Un*el"i*gi*ble (?), a. Ineligible. Rogers.

Un`em*bar"rassed (?), a. Not embarrassed. Specifically: —

(a) Not perplexed in mind; not confused; as, the speaker appeared unembarrassed.

(b) Free from pecuniary difficulties or encumbrances; as, he and his property are unembarrassed.

(c) Free from perplexing connection; as, the question comes into court unembarrassed with irrelevant matter.

Un`em*bar"rass*ment (?), n. Freedom from embarrassment.

Un`em*bod"ied (?), a. 1. Free from a corporeal body; disembodied; as, unembodied spirits. Byron.

2. Not embodied; not collected into a body; not yet organized; as, unembodied militia.

Un`em*pir"ic*al*ly (?), adv. Not empirically; without experiment or experience.

Un`em*ployed" (?), a. 1. Not employed in manual or other labor; having no regular work.

2. Not invested or used; as, unemployed capital.

Un`en*cum"ber (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + encumber.] To free from incumbrance; to disencumber.

Un*end"ly (?), a. [Pref. un- not + end + -ly.] Unending; endless. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Un`en*tan"gle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + entangle.] To disentangle.

Un*e"qual (?), a. [Cf. Inequal.] 1. Not equal; not matched; not of the same size, length, breadth, quantity, strength, talents, acquirements, age, station, or the like; as, the fingers are of unequal length; peers and commoners are unequal in rank.

2. Ill balanced or matched; disproportioned; hence, not equitable; partial; unjust; unfair.

> Against unequal arms to fight in pain.

Milton.

> Jerome, a very unequal relator of the opinion of his adversaries.

John Worthington.

> To punish me for what you make me do
> Seems much unequal.

Shak.

3. Not uniform; not equable; irregular; uneven; as, unequal pulsations; an unequal poem.

4. Not adequate or sufficient; inferior; as, the man was unequal to the emergency; the timber was unequal to the sudden strain.

5. (Bot.) Not having the two sides or the parts symmetrical.

Un*e"qual*a*ble (?), a. Not capable of being equaled or paralleled. [Obs.] Boyle.

Un*e"qualed (?), a. Not equaled; unmatched; unparalleled; unrivaled; exceeding; surpassing; — in a good or bad sense; as, unequaled excellence; unequaled ingratitude or baseness. [Written also unequalled.]

Un*e"qual*ly (?), adv. In an unequal manner.

Unequally pinnate (Bot.), pinnate, but with an odd number of leaflets.

Un*e"qual*ness, n. The quality or state of being unequal; inequality; unevenness. Jer. Taylor.

Un*eq"ui*ta*ble (?), a. Inequitable.

Un*eq"ui*ty (?), n. Want of equity or uprightness; injustice; wickedness; iniquity. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un`e*quiv"o*cal (?), a. Not equivocal; not doubtful; not ambiguous; evident; sincere; plain; as, unequivocal evidence; unequivocal words. — Un`e*quiv"o*cal*ly, adv. — Un`e*quiv"o*cal*ness, n.

Un*err"ing (?), a. Committing no mistake; incapable or error or failure certain; sure; unfailing; as, the unerring wisdom of God.

> Hissing in air the unerring weapon flew.

Dryden.

Un*err"ing*ly, adv. In an unerring manner.

Un`es*sen"tial (?), a. 1. Not essential; not of prime importance; not indispensable; unimportant. Addison.

2. Void of essence, or real being. [R.] Milton.

Un`es*sen"tial, n. Something not constituting essence, or something which is not of absolute necessity; as, forms are among the unessentials of religion.

Un`es*sen"tial*ly, adv. In an unessential manner.

Un`es*tab"lish (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + establish.] To disestablish. [R.]

> The Parliament demanded of the king to unestablish that prelatical government.

Milton.

{ Un*eth" (n*th"), Un*ethes" (?) }, adv. With difficulty; scarcely. See Uneath. [Written also unethe, unneth, unnethe, unnethes, etc.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*e"ven (?), a. [AS. unefen. See Un- not, and Even, a.] 1. Not even; not level; not uniform; rough; as, an uneven road or way; uneven ground.

2. Not equal; not of equal length.

> Hebrew verse consists of uneven feet.

Peacham.

3. Not divisible by two without a remainder; odd; - - said of numbers; as, 3, 7, and 11 are uneven numbers.

Un*e"ven*ly, adv. — Un*e"ven*ness, n.

Un*ev"i*ta*ble (?), a. Inevitable. [Obs.]

Un`ex*act" (?), a. Not exact; inexact.

Un`ex*am"pled (?), a. Having no example or similar case; being without precedent; unprecedented; unparalleled. "A revolution . . . unexampled for grandeur of results." De Quincey.

Un`ex*cep"tion*a*ble (?), a. Not liable to any exception or objection; unobjectionable; faultless; good; excellent; as, a man of most unexceptionable character. — Un`ex*cep"tion*a*ble*ness (#), n. — Un`ex*cep"tion*a*bly, adv.

<! p. 1573 !>

> Chesterfield is an unexceptionable witness.

Macaulay.

Un`ex*cept"ive (?), a. Not exceptive; not including, admitting, or being, an exception.

Un`ex*cus"a*ble (?), a. Inexcusable. Hayward. — Un`ex*cus"a*ble*ness, n.

Un`ex*haust"i*ble (?), a. Inexhaustible.

Un*ex`pec*ta"tion (?), n. Absence of expectation; want of foresight. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Un`ex*pect"ed (?), a. Not expected; coming without warning; sudden. — Un`ex*pect"ed*ly, adv. — Un`ex*pect"ed*ness, n.

Un`ex*pe"di*ent (?), a. Inexpedient. [Obs.]

Un`ex*pen"sive (?), a. Inexpensive. Milton.

Un`ex*pe"ri*ence (?), n. Inexperience. [Obs.]

Un`ex*pe"ri*enced (?), a. 1. Not experienced; being without experience; inexperienced. Swift.

2. Untried; — applied to things. Cheyne.

Un`ex*pe"ri*ent (?), a. Inexperienced. [Obs.]

Un`ex*pert" (?), a. Not expert; inexpert. Milton.

Un`ex*pert"ly, adv. In an unexpert manner.

Un`ex*press"i*ble (?), a. Inexpressible. Tillotson. — Un`ex*press"i*bly, adv.

Un`ex*press"ive (?), a. 1. Not expressive; not having the power of utterance; inexpressive.

2. Incapable of being expressed; inexpressible; unutterable; ineffable. [Obs.]

> Run, run, Orlando; carve on every tree
> The fair, the chaste and unexpressive she.

Shak.

— Un`ex*press"ive*ly, adv.

Un`ex*tin"guish*a*ble (?), a. Inextinguishable. — Un`ex*tin"guish*a*bly, adv.

Un*ex"tri*ca*ble (?), a. Not extricable; inextricable. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Un*face" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + face.] To remove the face or cover from; to unmask; to expose.

Un*fail"a*ble (?), a. Infallible. [Obs.] "This unfailable word of truth." Bp. Hall.

Un*fail"ing, a. Not failing; not liable to fail; inexhaustible; certain; sure. Dryden. — Un*fail"ing*ly, adv. — Un*fail"ing*ness, n.

Un*fair" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + fair.] To deprive of fairness or beauty. [R.] Shak.

Un*fair", a. [AS. unfæger unlovely. See Un- not, and Fair, a.] Not fair; not honest; not impartial; disingenuous; using or involving trick or artifice; dishonest; unjust; unequal.

> You come, like an unfair merchant, to charge me with being in your debt.

Swift.

— Un*fair"ly, adv — Un*fair"ness, n.

Un*faith" (?), n. Absence or want of faith; faithlessness; distrust; unbelief. [R.]

> Faith and unfaith can ne'er be equal powers:
> Unfaith in aught is want of faith in all.

Tennyson.

Un*faith"ful (?), a. 1. Not faithful; not observant of promises, vows, allegiance, or duty; violating trust or confidence; treacherous; perfidious; as, an unfaithful subject; an unfaithful agent or servant.

> My feet, through wine, unfaithful to their weight.

Pope.

> His honor rooted in dishonor stood,
> And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.

Tennyson.

2. Not possessing faith; infidel. [R.] Milton.

— Un*faith"ful*ly, adv. — Un*faith"ful*ness, n.

Un*fal"ca*ted (?), a. 1. Not falcated, or hooked.

2. Having no deductions; not curtailed, or shortened; undiminished. [R.] Swift.

Un*fal"li*ble (?), a. Infallible. Shak.

Un*fas"ten (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + fasten.] To loose; to unfix; to unbind; to untie.

Un*fa"thered (?), a. 1. Having no father; fatherless; hence, born contrary to nature. Shak.

2. Having no acknowledged father; hence, illegitimate; spurious; bastard.

Un*fa"vor*a*ble (?), a. Not favorable; not propitious; adverse; contrary; discouraging. — Un*fa"vor*a*ble*ness, n. — Un*fa"vor*a*bly, adv.

Un*feath"er (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + feather.] To deprive of feathers; to strip. [R.]

Un*fea"tured (?; 135), a. Wanting regular features; deformed. "Visage rough, deformed, unfeatured, and a skin of buff." Dryden.

Un*feat"y (?), a. [Un- not + feat, a.] Not feat; not dexterous; unskillful; clumsy. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Un*feel"ing (?), a. 1. Destitute of feeling; void of sensibility; insensible; insensate.

2. Without kind feelings; cruel; hard- hearted.

> To each his sufferings: all are men,
> Condemned alike to groan;
> The tender for another's pain,
> Th' unfeeling for his own.

Gray.

— Un*feel"ing*ly, adv. — Un*feel"ing*ness, n.

Un*feigned" (?), a. Not feigned; not counterfeit; not hypocritical; real; sincere; genuine; as, unfeigned piety; unfeigned love to man. "Good faith unfeigned." Chaucer. — Un*feign"ed*ly (#), adv. — Un*feign"ed*ness, n.

Un*fel"low (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + fellow.] To prevent from being a fellow or companion; to separate from one's fellows; to dissever.

> Death quite unfellows us.

Mrs. Browning.

Un*fel"lowed (?), a. [Pref. un- + fellowed.] Being without a fellow; unmatched; unmated. Shak.

Un*fence" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + fence.] To strip of a fence; to remove a fence from.

Un*fer"tile (?), a. Not fertile; infertile; barren. — Un*fer"tile*ness, n.

Un*fest"lich (?), a. Unfit for a feast; hence, jaded; worn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*fet"ter (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + fetter.] To loose from fetters or from restraint; to unchain; to unshackle; to liberate; as, to unfetter the mind.

Un*feu"dal*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + feudalize.] To free from feudal customs or character; to make not feudal. Carlyle.

Un*file" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + file.] To remove from a file or record.

Un*filed" (?), a. [Pref. un- not + filed, p. p. of file to defile.] Not defiled; pure. [Obs.] Surrey.

Un*fil"ial (?), a. Unsuitable to a son or a daughter; undutiful; not becoming a child. — Un*fil"ial*ly, adv.

Un*fin"ished (?), a. Not finished, not brought to an end; imperfect; incomplete; left in the rough; wanting the last hand or touch; as, an unfinished house; an unfinished picture; an unfinished iron casting.

Un*firm" (?), a. Infirm. [R.] Dryden.

Un*firm"ness, n. Infirmness. [R.]

Un*fit" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + fit.] To make unsuitable or incompetent; to deprive of the strength, skill, or proper qualities for anything; to disable; to incapacitate; to disqualify; as, sickness unfits a man for labor; sin unfits us for the society of holy beings.

Un*fit", a. [Pref. un- + fit.] Not fit; unsuitable. — Un*fit"ly, adv. — Un*fit"ness, n.

Un*fix" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + fix.] 1. To loosen from a fastening; to detach from anything that holds; to unsettle; as, to unfix a bayonet; to unfix the mind or affections.

2. To make fluid; to dissolve. [R.]

> The mountain stands; nor can the rising sun
> Unfix her frosts.

Dryden.

Un*fledged" (?), a. Not fledged; not feathered; hence, not fully developed; immature. Dryden.

Un*flesh" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + flesh.] To deprive of flesh; to reduce a skeleton. "Unfleshed humanity." Wordsworth.

Un*flesh"ly (?), a. Not pertaining to the flesh; spiritual.

Un*flex"i*ble (?), a. Inflexible.

Un*flinch"ing (?), a. Not flinching or shrinking; unyielding. — Un*flinch"ing*ly, adv.

Un*flow"er (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + flower.] To strip of flowers. [R.] G. Fletcher.

Un*fold" (?), v. t. [AS. unfealdan. See 1st Un-, and Fold, v. t.] 1. To open the folds of; to expand; to spread out; as, to unfold a tablecloth.

> Unfold thy forehead gathered into frowns.

Herbert.

2. To open, as anything covered or close; to lay open to view or contemplation; to bring out in all the details, or by successive development; to display; to disclose; to reveal; to elucidate; to explain; as, to unfold one's designs; to unfold the principles of a science.

> Unfold the passion of my love.

Shak.

3. To release from a fold or pen; as, to unfold sheep.

Un*fold", v. i. To open; to expand; to become disclosed or developed.

> The wind blows cold
> While the morning doth unfold.

J. Fletcher.

Un*fold"er (?), n. One who, or that which, unfolds.

Un*fold"ment (?), n. The acct of unfolding, or the state of being unfolded.

> The extreme unfoldment of the instinctive powers.

C. Morris.

Un*fool" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + fool.] To restore from folly, or from being a fool. [Obs.] Shak.

Un`fore*see" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + foresee.] To fail to foresee. Bp. Hacket.

Un`fore*see"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being foreseen. South.

Un*fore"skinned (?), a. [1st pref. un- + foreskin + -ed.] Deprived of the foreskin; circumcised. [R.] Milton.

Un`for*get"ta*ble (?), a. Not forgettable; enduring in memory.

> Pungent and unforgettable truths.

Emerson.

Un*form" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + form.] To decompose, or resolve into parts; to destroy the form of; to unmake. [R.] Good.

Un*formed" (?), a. [In sense 1 properly p. p. of un form; in senses 2 and 3 pref. un- not + formed.]

1. Decomposed, or resolved into parts; having the form destroyed.

2. Not formed; not arranged into regular shape, order, or relations; shapeless; amorphous.

3. (Biol.) Unorganized; without definite shape or structure; as, an unformed, or unorganized, ferment.

Unformed stars (Astron.), stars not grouped into any constellation; informed stars. See Sporades.

Un*for"tu*nate (?), a. Not fortunate; unsuccessful; not prosperous; unlucky; attended with misfortune; unhappy; as, an unfortunate adventure; an unfortunate man; an unfortunate commander; unfortunate business. — n. An unfortunate person. Hood.

— Un*for"tu*nate*ly, adv. — Un*for"tu*nate*ness, n.

Un*found"ed (?), a. 1. Not founded; not built or established. Milton.

2. Having no foundation; baseless; vain; idle; as, unfounded expectations. Paley.

Un*frame" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + frame.] To take apart, or destroy the frame of. Dryden.

Un*fran"gi*ble (?), a. Infrangible. [Obs.] "Impassible and unfrangible." Jer. Taylor.

Un*frank"a*ble (?), a. Not frankable; incapable of being sent free by public conveyance.

Un*fraught" (?), a. 1. [Pref. un- not + fraught.] Not fraught; not burdened.

2. [1st pref. un- + fraught.] Removed, as a burden; unloaded. P. Fletcher.

Un*free" (?), a. Not free; held in bondage.

> There had always been a slave class, a class of the unfree, among the English as among all German peoples.

J. R. Green

Un*freeze" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + freeze.] To thaw. [Obs.]

Un*fre"quen*cy (?), n. Infrequency.

Un*fre"quent (&?;), a. [Pref. un- not + frequent.] Infrequent. J. H. Newman. — Un*fre"quent*ly adv.

Un`fre*quent" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + frequent.] To cease to frequent. [Obs.]

> They quit their thefts and unfrequent the fields.

J. Philips.

Un`fre*quent"ed, a. [Pref. un- + frequented.] Rarely visited; seldom or never resorted to by human beings; as, an unfrequented place or forest. Addison.

Un*fret" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + fret.] To smooth after being fretted. [Obs.]

Un*friend" (?), n. One not a friend; an enemy. [R.] Carlyle.

Un*friend"ed, a. Wanting friends; not befriended; not countenanced or supported. Goldsmith.

> If Richard indeed does come back, it must be alone, unfollowed, unfriended.

Sir W. Scott.

Un*friend"ly, a. 1. Not friendly; not kind or benevolent; hostile; as, an unfriendly neighbor.

2. Not favorable; not adapted to promote or support any object; as, weather unfriendly to health.

— Un*friend"li*ness (#), n.

Un*friend"ship, n. The state or quality of being unfriendly; unfriendliness; enmity.

> An act of unfriendship to my sovereign person.

Sir W. Scott.

Un*frock" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + frock.] To deprive or divest or a frock; specifically, to deprive of priestly character or privilege; as, to unfrock a priest.

Un*fruit"ful (?), a. Not producing fruit or offspring; unproductive; infertile; barren; sterile; as, an unfruitful tree or animal; unfruitful soil; an unfruitful life or effort. — Un*fruit"ful*ly, adv. — Un*fruit"ful*ness, n.

Un*fumed" (?), a. Not exposed to fumes; not fumigated. Milton.

Un*furl" (?), v. t. & i. [1st pref. un- + furl.] To loose from a furled state; to unfold; to expand; to open or spread; as, to unfurl sails; to unfurl a flag.

Un*fur"nish (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + furnish.] To strip of furniture; to divest; to strip.

Un*fu"si*ble (?), a. Infusible. [R.]

Un*gain" (?), a. [OE. ungein. See Ungainly.] Ungainly; clumsy; awkward; also, troublesome; inconvenient. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Beau. & Pl.

Un*gain"li*ness, n. The state or quality of being ungainly; awkwardness.

Un*gain"ly, a. [OE. ungeinliche, adv., fr. ungein inconvenient; un- + Icel. gegn ready, serviceable; adv., against, opposite. See Un- not, and Gain, a., Again.]

1. Not gainly; not expert or dexterous; clumsy; awkward; uncouth; as, an ungainly strut in walking.

> His ungainly figure and eccentric manners.

Macaulay.

2. Unsuitable; unprofitable. [Obs.] Hammond.

Un*gain"ly, adv. In an ungainly manner.

Un*gear" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + gear.] To strip of gear; to unharness; to throw out of gear.

Un*geld" (?), n. [Pref. un- not + geld payment.] (Anglo-Sax. Law) A person so far out of the protection of the law, that if he were murdered, no geld, or fine, should be paid, or composition made by him that killed him. Cowell. Burrill.

Un*gen"er*ous (?), a. Not generous; illiberal; ignoble; unkind; dishonorable.

> The victor never will impose on Cato
> Ungenerous terms.

Addison.

Un*gen"er*ous*ly, adv. In an ungenerous manner.

Un*gen"i*tured (?), a. [Pref. un- not + geniture.] Destitute of genitals; impotent. [R.] Shak.

Un*gen"tle (?), a. Not gentle; lacking good breeding or delicacy; harsh.

> Vicious, ungentle, foolish, blunt, unkind.

Shak.

> That ungentle flavor which distinguishes nearly all our native and uncultivated grapes.

Hawthorne.

— Un*gen"tle*ness, n. — Un*gen"tly (#), adv.

Un*get" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + get.] To cause to be unbegotten or unborn, or as if unbegotten or unborn. [R.]

> I 'll disown you, I 'll disinherit you, I 'll unget you.

Sheridan.

Un*gift"ed (?), a. Being without gifts, especially native gifts or endowments. Cowper.

Un*gird" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + gird.] To loose the girdle or band of; to unbind; to unload.

> He ungirded his camels.

Gen. xxiv. 32.

Un*give" (?), v. t. & i. [1st pref. un- (intensive) + give.] To yield; to relax; to give way. [Obs.]

Ung"ka (?), n. (Zoöl.) The siamang; — called also ungka ape.

Ung"ka-pu`ti (?), n. (Zoöl.) The agile gibbon; — called also ungka-pati, and ungka- etam. See Gibbon.

Un*glaze" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + glaze.] To strip of glass; to remove the glazing, or glass, from, as a window.

Un*glo"ri*fy (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + glorify.] To deprive of glory. [R.] I. Watts.

Un*glo"ri*ous (?), a. Inglorious. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*glove" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + glove.] To take off the glove or gloves of; as, to unglove the hand. Beau. & Fl.

Un*glue" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + glue.] To separate, part, or open, as anything fastened with glue.

> She stretches, gapes, unglues her eyes,
> And asks if it be time to rise.

Swift.

Un*god" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + god.] 1. To deprive of divinity; to undeify. [R.] Donne.

2. To cause to recognize no god; to deprive of a god; to make atheistical. [R.] Dryden.

Un*god"ly, a. 1. Not godly; not having regard for God; disobedient to God; wicked; impious; sinful.

2. Polluted by sin or wickedness.

> The hours of this ungodly day.

Shak.

— Un*god"li*ly (#), adv. — Un*god"li*ness, n.

<! p. 1574 !>

Un*gored" (?), a. [Pref. un- + gore blood.] Not stained with gore; not bloodied. Sylvester.

Un*gored" (?), a. [Pref. un- + gored, p. p. of 3d gore.] Not gored or pierced.

{ Un*got" (?), Un*got"ten (?), } a. 1. Not gotten; not acquired.

2. Not begotten. [Obs. or Poetic] "His loins yet full of ungot princes." Waller.

Un*gov"ern*a*ble (?), a. Not governable; not capable of being governed, ruled, or restrained; licentious; wild; unbridled; as, ungovernable passions. — Un*gov"ern*a*bly, adv. Goldsmith.

Un*gown" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + gown.] To strip of a gown; to unfrock.

Un*gowned" (?), a. 1. [1 st pref. un- + gown.] Stripped of a gown; unfrocked.

2. [Pref. un- not + gowned.] Not having, or not wearing, a gown.

Un*grace"ful (?), a. Not graceful; not marked with ease and dignity; deficient in beauty and elegance; inelegant; awkward; as, ungraceful manners; ungraceful speech.

> The other oak remaining a blackened and ungraceful trunk.

Sir W. Scott.

— Un*grace"ful*ly, adv. — Un*grace"ful*ness, n.

Un*gra"cious (?), a. 1. Not gracious; showing no grace or kindness; being without good will; unfeeling. Shak.

2. Having no grace; graceless; wicked. [Obs.] Shak.

3. Not well received; offensive; unpleasing; unacceptable; not favored.

> Anything of grace toward the Irish rebels was as ungracious at Oxford as at London.

Clarendon.

— Un*gra"cious*ly, adv. — Un*gra"cious*ness, n.

Un*grate" (?), a. Displeasing; ungrateful; ingrate. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Un*grate"ful (?), a. 1. Not grateful; not thankful for favors; making no returns, or making ill return for kindness, attention, etc.; ingrateful. South.

2. Unpleasing; unacceptable; disagreeable; as, harsh sounds are ungrateful to the ear.

— Un*grate"ful*ly, adv. — Un*grate"ful*ness, n.

Un*grave" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + grave.] To raise or remove from the grave; to disinter; to untomb; to exhume. [Obs.] Fuller.

Un"gual (?), a. [L. unguis a nail, claw, hoof.]

1. Of or pertaining to a nail, claw, talon, or hoof, or resembling one.

2. Having a nail, claw, or hoof attached; — said of certain bones of the feet.

Un*guard" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + guard.] To deprive of a guard; to leave unprotected. [R.] Sterne.

Un"gue*al (?), a. [Cf. F. onguéal. See Ungual.] Ungual.

Un"guent (?; 277), n. [L. unguentum, from unguere, ungere, to anoint: cf. F. onguent. See Ointment, and cf. Unction, Unctuous.] A lubricant or salve for sores, burns, or the like; an ointment. Cowper.

An unguent is stiffer than a liniment, but softer than a cerate.

Un"guen*ta*ry (?), a. [L. unguentarius.] Like an unguent, or partaking of its qualities.

Un*guen"tous (?), a. Unguentary.

Un*guest"like (?), adv. In a manner not becoming to a guest. [R.] Milton.

Un"guic*al (?), a. [L. unguis a nail or claw. Cf. Ungual.] Ungual.

Un*guic"u*lar (?), a. [L. unguiculus, dim. of unguis a nail.] Of or pertaining to a claw or a nail; ungual.

||Un*guic`u*la"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. unguiculus a finger nail.] (Zoöl.) An extensive division of Mammalia including those having claws or nails, as distinguished from the hoofed animals (Ungulata).

Un*guic"u*late (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Unguiculata.

{ Un*guic"u*late, Un*guic"u*la`ted (?), } a. 1. Furnished with nails, claws, or hooks; clawed. See the Note under Nail, n., 1.

2. (Bot.) Furnished with a claw, or a narrow stalklike base, as the petals of a carnation.

Un*guif"er*ous (?), a. [L. unguis nail or claw + -ferous.] Producing, having, or supporting nails or claws.

Un"gui*form (?), a. [L. unguis a nail or claw + -form.] Having the form of a claw or claws.

Un"gui*nous (?), a. [L. unguinosus, fr. unguen, -inis, fat, ointment.] Consisting of, or resembling, fat or oil; oily; unctuous; oleaginous.

||Un"guis (?), n.; pl. Ungues (#). [L., nail, claw, or hoof.] 1. The nail, claw, talon, or hoof of a finger, toe, or other appendage.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the terminal hooks on the foot of an insect.

3. (Bot.) The slender base of a petal in some flowers; a claw; called also ungula.

||Un"gu*la (?), n.; pl. Ungulæ (#). [L., a claw, hoof, from unguis a nail, claw, hoof.] 1. A hoof, claw, or talon.

2. (Geom.) A section or part of a cylinder, cone, or other solid of revolution, cut off by a plane oblique to the base; — so called from its resemblance to the hoof of a horse.

3. (Bot.) Same as Unguis, 3.

Spherical ungula (Geom.), a part of a sphere bounded by two planes intersecting in a diameter and by a line of the surface of the sphere.

Un"gu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a hoof, claw, or talon; ungual.

||Un`gu*la"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. ungula hoof.] (Zoöl.) An extensive group of mammals including all those that have hoofs. It comprises the Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla.

Un"gu*late (?), a. [L. ungulatus. See Ungula.] 1. Shaped like a hoof.

2. (Zoöl.) Furnished with hoofs. See the Note under Nail, n., 1.

Un"gu*late, n. (Zoöl.) Any hoofed quadruped; one of the Ungulata.

Un"guled (?), a. [L. ungula a claw.] (Her.) Hoofed, or bearing hoofs; — used only when these are of a tincture different from the body.

Un"gu*li*grade (?), a. [L. ungula hoof + gradi to walk.] (Zoöl.) Having, or walking on, hoofs.

Un"gu*lous (?), a. [See Ungula.] (Zoöl.) Same as Ungulate.

Un*hair" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hair.] To deprive of hair, or of hairs; as, to unhair hides for leather.

> I 'll unhair thy head.

Shak.

Un*hal"low (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hallow.] To profane; to desecrate.

> The vanity unhallows the virtue.

L'Estrange.

Un*hal"lowed (?), a. [Pref. un- not + hallowed.] Not consecrated; hence, profane; unholy; impious; wicked.

> In the cause of truth, no unhallowed violence . . . is either necessary or admissible.

E. D. Griffin.

Un*hand" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hand.] To loose from the hand; to let go.

> Hold off! unhand me, gray beard loon!
> Eftsoons his hand dropped he.

Coleridge.

Un*hand"some (?), a. 1. Not handsome; not beautiful; ungraceful; not comely or pleasing; plain; homely.

> Were she other than she is, she were unhandsome.

Shak.

> I can not admit that there is anything unhandsome or irregular . . . in the globe.

Woodward.

2. Wanting noble or amiable qualities; dishonorable; illiberal; low; disingenuous; mean; indecorous; as, unhandsome conduct, treatment, or imputations. "Unhandsome pleasures." J. Fletcher.

3. Unhandy; clumsy; awkward; inconvenient. [Obs.]

> The ships were unwieldy and unhandsome.

Holland.

> A narrow, straight path by the water's side, very unhandsome for an army to pass that way, though they found not a man to keep the passage.

Sir T. North.

— Un*hand"some*ly, adv. — Un*hand"some*ness, n.

Un*hand"y (?), a. Clumsy; awkward; as, an Unhandy man.

Un*hang" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hang.]

1. To divest or strip of hangings; to remove the hangings, as a room.

2. To remove (something hanging or swinging) from that which supports it; as, to unhang a gate.

Un*hap" (?), n. Ill luck; misfortune. [Obs.] "The cause of her unhap." Sir P. Sidney.

Un*hap"pied (?), a. Made unhappy. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*hap"py (?), a. 1. Not happy or fortunate; unfortunate; unlucky; as, affairs have taken an unhappy turn.

2. In a degree miserable or wretched; not happy; sad; sorrowful; as, children render their parents unhappy by misconduct.

3. Marked by infelicity; evil; calamitous; as, an unhappy day. "The unhappy morn." Milton.

4. Mischievous; wanton; wicked. [Obs.] Shak.

— Un*hap"pi*ly (#), adv. — Un*hap"pi*ness, n.

Un*har"bor (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + harbor.] To drive from harbor or shelter.

Un*har"bored (?), a. [Pref. un- not + harbored.] 1. Having no harbor or shelter; unprotected.

2. Affording no harbor or shelter. "Unharbored heaths." [Obs.] Milton.

Un`har*mo"ni*ous (?), a. Inharmonious; unsymmetrical; also, unmusical; discordant. Swift. — Un`har*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv.

Un*har"ness (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + harness.] 1. To strip of harness; to loose from harness or gear; as, to unharness horses or oxen. Cowper.

2. To disarm; to divest of armor. Holinshed.

Un*hasp" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hasp.] To unloose the hasp of; to unclose.

Un*hat" (?), v. t. & i. [1 st pref. un- + hat.] To take off the hat of; to remove one's hat, especially as a mark of respect. H. Spenser.

Un*head" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + head.]

1. To take out the head of; as, to unhead a cask.

2. To decapitate; to behead. [Obs.] T. Brown.

Un*heal" (?), n. [Pref. un- not + heal health.] Misfortune; calamity; sickness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*heal", v. t. To uncover. See Unhele. [Obs.]

Un"health (?), n. Unsoundness; disease.

Un*heard" (?), a. 1. Not heard; not perceived by the ear; as, words unheard by those present.

2. Not granted an audience or a hearing; not allowed to speak; not having made a defense, or stated one's side of a question; disregarded; unheeded; as, to condem&?; a man unheard.

> What pangs I feel, unpitied and unheard!

Dryden.

3. Not known to fame; not illustrious or celebrated; obscure.

> Nor was his name unheard or unadored.

Milton.

Unheard of. (a) Not heard of; of which there are no tidings. (b) Unknown to fame; obscure. Glanvill.

Un*heard"-of (?), a. New; unprecedented; unparalleled. Swift.

Un*heart" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + heart.] To cause to lose heart; to dishearten. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*heed"y (?), a. Incautious; precipitate; heedless. [Obs.] Milton.

Un*heired" (?), a. Destitute of an heir.

> To leave him utterly unheired.

Chapman.

Un*hele" (?), n. Same as Unheal, n. [Obs.]

Un*hele", v. t. [AS. unhelian. See 1st Un-, and Hele to cover.] To uncover. [Obs.] Spenser. Marston.

Un*helm" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + helm.] To deprive of the helm or helmet. Sir W. Scott.

Un*helmed" (?), a. 1. [Properly p. p. of unhelm.] Divested or deprived of the helm or helmet.

2. [Pref. un- not + helm.] Not wearing a helmet; without a helmet. Sir W. Scott.

Un*hel"met (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + helmet.] To deprive of the helmet. Sir W. Scott.

Un*hide" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hide.] To bring out from concealment; to discover. [Obs.] P. Fletcher.

Un*hinge" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hinge.]

1. To take from the hinges; as, to unhinge a door.

2. To displace; to unfix by violence. Blackmore.

3. To render unstable or wavering; to unsettle; as, to unhinge one's mind or opinions; to unhinge the nerves.

> Why should I then unhinge my brains, ruin my mind?

South.

> His sufferings, nay the revolutions of his fate, had not in the least unhinged his mind.

Walpole.

Un*hinge"ment (?), n. The act unhinging, or the state of being unhinged.

Un*hitch" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hitch.] To free from being hitched, or as if from being hitched; to unfasten; to loose; as, to unhitch a horse, or a trace.

Un*hive" (?), v. t. v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hive.]

1. To drive or remove from a hive.

2. To deprive of habitation or shelter, as a crowd.

Un*hoard" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hoard.] To take or steal from a hoard; to pilfer. Milton.

Un*hold" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hold.] To cease to hold; to unhand; to release. [Obs.] Otway.

Un*ho"ly (?), a. Not holy; unhallowed; not consecrated; hence, profane; wicked; impious. — Un*ho"li*ly (#), adv. — Un*ho"li*ness, n.

Un*hon"est (?), a. Dishonest; dishonorable. Ascham. — Un*hon"est*ly, adv. Udall.

Un*hood" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hood.] To remove a hood or disguise from. Quarterly Rev.

Un*hook" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hook.] To loose from a hook; to undo or open by loosening or unfastening the hooks of; as, to unhook a fish; to unhook a dress.

Un*hoop" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + hoop.] To strip or deprive of hoops; to take away the hoops of.

Un*hoped" (?), a. Not hoped or expected. "With unhoped success." Dryden.

> Blessings of friends, which to my door
> Unasked, unhoped, have come.

J. N. Newman.

Un*hoped"-for (?), a. Unhoped; unexpected.

Un*horse" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + horse.] To throw from a horse; to cause to dismount; also, to take a horse or horses from; as, to unhorse a rider; to unhorse a carriage. Cowper.

Un*hosed" (?), a. Without hose.

Un*hos"pi*ta*ble (?), a. Inhospitable.

Un*house" (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + house.] To drive from a house or habitation; to dislodge; hence, to deprive of shelter.

Un*housed" (?), a. 1. [Properly p. p. of unhouse.] Driven from a house; deprived of shelter.

2. [Pref. un- + housed.] Not provided with a house or shelter; houseless; homeless.

Un*hou"seled (?), a. Not having received the sacrament. [Obs.] [Written also unhouselled.]

> To die like the houseless dog on yonder common, unshriven and unhouseled.

Sir W. Scott.

Un*hu"man (?), a. Not human; inhuman.

Un*hu"man*ize (?), v. t. [1 st pref. un- + humanize.] To render inhuman or barbarous. J. Barlow.

Un*husked" (?), a. 1. [Pref. un- not + husked.] Not husked; having the husk on.

2. [1 st pref. un- + husk, n.] Having the husk removed; without husk. Bp. Hall.

U"ni- (?). [L. unus one. See One.] A prefix signifying one, once; as in uniaxial, unicellular.

{ U"ni*at (?), U"ni*ate (?), } n. (Eccl.) A member of the Greek Church, who nevertheless acknowledges the supremacy of the Pope of Rome; one of the United Greeks. Also used adjectively.

U`ni*ax"al (?), a. [Uni + axal.] Uniaxial. — U`ni*ax"al*ly, adv.

U`ni*ax"i*al (?), a. [Uni + axial.] 1. (Crystallog.) Having but one optic axis, or line of no double refraction.

In uniaxial crystals, the optic axis has the direction of the vertical crystallographic axis. All tetragonal and hexagonal crystals are uniaxial.

2. (Biol.) Having only one axis; developing along a single line or plane; — opposed to multiaxial.

U`ni*ax"i*al*ly, adv. In a uniaxial manner.

U`ni*bran"chi*ate (?), a. [Uni- + branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Having but one gill, as certain molluscs.

<! p. 1575 !>

U`ni*cam"e*ral (?), a. [Uni- + L. camera vault.] Having, or consisting of, a single chamber; — said of a legislative assembly. [R.] F. Lieber.

U`ni*cap"su*lar (?). [Uni- + capsular: cf. F. unicapsulaire.] (Bot.) Having but one capsule to each flower.

U`ni*car"i*na`ted (?), a. [Uni- + carinated.] Having one ridge or keel. Craig.

U"ni*celled` (?), a. [Uni- + cell.] (Biol.) Unicellular.

U`ni*cel"lu*lar (?), a. [Uni- + cellular.] Having, or consisting of, but a single cell; as, a unicellular organism.

U`ni*cen"tral (?), a. [Uni- + central.] (Biol.) Having a single center of growth.

Unicentral development, that form of development which takes place primarily around a single central point, as in the lowest of unicellular organisms.

U*nic"i*ty (?), n. [L. unicus single. See Unique.] The condition of being united; quality of the unique; unification.

> Not unity, but what the schoolmen call unicity.

De Quincey.

> The unicity we strive not to express, for that is impossible, but to designate by the nearest analogy.

Coleridge.

U`ni*cli"nal (?), a. [Uni- + Gr. &?; to incline.] (Geol.) See Nonoclinal.

U`ni*col"or*ous (?), a. [Uni- + color.] (Zoöl.) Having the surface of a uniform color.

U"ni*corn (?), n. [OE. unicorne, F. unicorne, L. unicornis one-horned, having a single horn; unus one + cornu a horn; cf. L. unicornuus a unicorn. See One, and Horn.] 1. A fabulous animal with one horn; the monoceros; — often represented in heraldry as a supporter.

2. A two-horned animal of some unknown kind, so called in the Authorized Version of the Scriptures.

> Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow?

Job xxxix. 10.

The unicorn mentioned in the Scripture was probably the urus. See the Note under Reem.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any large beetle having a hornlike prominence on the head or prothorax. (b) The larva of a unicorn moth.

4. (Zoöl.) The kamichi; — called also unicorn bird.

5. (Mil.) A howitzer. [Obs.]

Fossil unicorn, or Fossil unicorn's horn (Med.), a substance formerly of great repute in medicine; — named from having been supposed to be the bone or the horn of the unicorn. — Unicorn fish, Unicorn whale (Zoöl.), the narwhal. — Unicorn moth (Zoöl.), a notodontian moth (Cœlodasys unicornis) whose caterpillar has a prominent horn on its back; — called also unicorn prominent. — Unicorn root (Bot.), a name of two North American plants, the yellow-flowered colicroot (Aletris farinosa) and the blazing star (Chamælirium luteum). Both are used in medicine. — Unicorn shell (Zoöl.), any one of several species of marine gastropods having a prominent spine on the lip of the shell. Most of them belong to the genera Monoceros and Leucozonia.

U`ni*cor"nous (?), a. [See Unicorn.] (Zoöl.) Having but a single horn; — said of certain insects. "Unicornous beetles." Sir T. Browne.

U`ni*cos"tate (?), a. [Uni- + costate.] (Bot.) Having a single rib or strong nerve running upward from the base; — said of a leaf.

U`ni*cur"sal (?), a. [Uni- + L. currere, cursum, to run.] (Geom.) That can be passed over in a single course; — said of a curve when the coördinates of the point on the curve can be expressed as rational algebraic functions of a single parameter θ.

As θ varies minus infinity to plus infinity, to each value of θ there corresponds one, and only one, point of the curve, while to each point on the curve there corresponds one, and only one, value of θ. Straight lines, conic sections, curves of the third order with a nodal point, curves of the fourth order with three double points, etc., are unicursal.

Un`i*de"aed (?), a. Having no ideas; senseless; frivolous. "Unideaed girls." Mrs. Hemans.

> He [Bacon] received the unideaed page [Villiers] into his intimacy.

Lord Campbell.

Un`i*de"al (?), a. 1. Not ideal; real; unimaginative.

2. Unideaed. [R.] Johnson.

Un`i*di*men"sion*al (?), a. [Uni- + dimensional.] (Math.) Having but one dimension. See Dimension.

U`ni*fa"cial (?), a. [Uni- + facial.] Having but one front surface; as, some foliaceous corals are unifacial, the polyp mouths being confined to one surface.

U*nif"ic (?), a. Making one or unity; unifying.

U`ni*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [See Unify.] The act of unifying, or the state of being unified.

> Unification with God was the final aim of the Neoplatonicians.

Fleming.

U"ni*fi`er (?), n. One who, or that which, unifies; as, a natural law is a unifier of phenomena.

U`ni*fi"lar (?), a. [Uni- + L. filum a thread.] Having only one thread; involving the use of only one thread, wire, fiber, or the like; as, unifilar suspension.

Unifilar magnetometer (Physics), an instrument which consists of a magnetic bar suspended at its center of gravity by a long thread, constituting a delicate means for accurately measuring magnetic intensities, also for determining declinations of the magnetic needle.

U`ni*fla*gel"late (?), a. [Uni- + flagellate.] (Biol.) Having but one flagellum; as, uniflagellate organisms.

U`ni*flo"rous (?), a. [Uni- + L. flos, floris, a flower: cf. F. uniflore.] (Bot.) Bearing one flower only; as, a uniflorous peduncle.

U`ni*fol"li*ate (?), a. [Uni- + foliate.] (Bot.) Having only one leaf.

U`ni*fol"li*late (?), a. [Uni- + foliolate.] (Bot.) Having only one leaflet, as the leaves of the orange tree.

U"ni*form (?), a. [L. uniformis; unus one + forma from: cf. F. uniforme.]

1. Having always the same form, manner, or degree; not varying or variable; unchanging; consistent; equable; homogenous; as, the dress of the Asiatics has been uniform from early ages; the temperature is uniform; a stratum of uniform clay. Whewell.

2. Of the same form with others; agreeing with each other; conforming to one rule or mode; consonant.

> The only doubt is . . . how far churches are bound to be uniform in their ceremonies.

Hooker.

Uniform matter, that which is all of the same kind and texture; homogenous matter. — Uniform motion, the motion of a body when it passes over equal spaces in equal times; equable motion. Hutton.

U"ni*form, n. [F. uniforme. See Uniform, a.] A dress of a particular style or fashion worn by persons in the same service or order by means of which they have a distinctive appearance; as, the uniform of the artillery, of the police, of the Freemasons, etc.

> There are many things which, a soldier will do in his plain clothes which he scorns to do in his uniform.

F. W. Robertson.

In full uniform (Mil.), wearing the whole of the prescribed uniform, with ornaments, badges of rank, sash, side arms, etc. — Uniform sword, an officer's sword of the regulation pattern prescribed for the army or navy.

U"ni*form, v. t. 1. To clothe with a uniform; as, to uniform a company of soldiers.

2. To make conformable. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

U`ni*form"al (?), a. Uniform. [Obs.] Herrick.

U"ni*form`ism (?), n. [From Uniform.] (Geol.) The doctrine of uniformity in the geological history of the earth; — in part equivalent to uniformitarianism, but also used, more broadly, as opposed to catastrophism.

U`ni*form`i*ta"ri*an (?), a. (Geol.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the view or doctrine that existing causes, acting in the same manner and with essentially the same intensity as at the present time, are sufficient to account for all geological changes.

U`ni*form`i*ta"ri*an, n. (Geol.) One who accepts uniformitarianism, or the uniformitarian doctrine.

U`ni*form`i*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. (Geol.) The uniformitarian doctrine.

U`ni*form"i*ty (?), n. [L. uniformitas: cf. F. uniformité.] 1. The quality or state of being uniform; freedom from variation or difference; resemblance to itself at all times; sameness of action, effect, etc., under like conditions; even tenor; as, the uniformity of design in a poem; the uniformity of nature.

2. Consistency; sameness; as, the uniformity of a man's opinions.

3. Similitude between the parts of a whole; as, the uniformity of sides in a regular figure; beauty is said to consist in uniformity with variety.

4. Continued or unvaried sameness or likeness.

5. Conformity to a pattern or rule; resemblance, consonance, or agreement; as, the uniformity of different churches in ceremonies or rites.

Act of Uniformity (Eng. Hist.), an act of Parliament, passed in 1661, prescribing the form of public prayers, administration of sacraments, and other rites of the Established Church of England. Its provisions were modified by the "Act of Uniformity Amendment Act," of 1872.

U"ni*form`ly (?), adv. In a uniform manner; without variation or diversity; by a regular, constant, or common ratio of change; with even tenor; as, a temper uniformly mild.

To vary uniformly (Math.), to vary with the ratio of the corresponding increments constant; — said of two dependent quantities with regard to each other.

U"ni*from`ness, n. The quality or state of being uniform; uniformity.

U"ni*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Unifying (?).] [Uni- + -fy: cf. F. unifier.] To cause to be one; to make into a unit; to unite; to view as one.

> A comprehensive or unifying act of the judging faculty.

De Quincey.

> Perception is thus a unifying act.

Sir W. Hamilton.

U`ni*gen"i*ture (?), n. [L. unigenitus only-begotten; unus one + gignere, genitum, to beget.] The state of being the only begotten. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

U*nig"e*nous (?), a. [L. unigena; unus one + genere, gignere, to beget.] (Biol.) Being of one kind; being of the same genus.

U*nij"u*gate (?), a. [Uni- + L. jugum yoke, pair: cf. L. unijugus having one yoke.] (Bot.) Having but one pair of leaflets; — said of a pinnate leaf.

U`ni*la"bi*ate (?), a. [Uni- + labiate.] (Bot.) Having one lip only; as, a unilabiate corolla.

U`ni*lat"er*al (?), a. [Uni- + lateral: cf. F. unilatéral.] 1. Being on one side only; affecting but one side; one-sided.

2. (Biol.) Pertaining to one side; one- sided; as, a unilateral raceme, in which the flowers grow only on one side of a common axis, or are all turned to one side.

Unilateral contract (Law), a contract or engagement requiring future action only by one party.

U`ni*lit"er*al (?), a. [Uni- + literal.] Consisting of one letter only; as, a uniliteral word or sign.

U`ni*lo"bar (?), a. [Uni- + lobar.] Consisting of a single lobe.

U`ni*loc"u*lar (?), a. [Uni- + locular: cf. F. uniloculaire.] (Biol.) Having one cell or cavity only; as, a unilocular capsule or shell.

Un*im"i*ta*ble (?), a. Inimitable. [Obs.]

Un`im*pair"a*ble (?), a. That can not be impaired. Hakewill.

Un`im*peach"a*ble (?), a. Not impeachable; not to be called in question; exempt from liability to accusation; free from stain, guilt, or fault; irreproachable; blameless; as, an unimpeachable reputation; unimpeachable testimony. Burke. — Un`im*peach"a*ble*ness, n. — Un`im*peach"a*bly, adv.

Un*im"pli*cate (?), a. Not implicated. "Unimplicate in folly." R. Browning.

Un`im*por"tance (?), n. Want of importance; triviality. Johnson.

Un`im*proved" (?), a. 1. Not improved; not made better or wiser; not advanced in knowledge, manners, or excellence.

2. Not used; not employed; especially, not used or employed for a valuable purpose; as, unimproved opportunities; unimproved blessings. Cowper.

3. Not tilled, cultivated, or built upon; yielding no revenue; as, unimproved land or soil.

U`ni*mus"cu*lar (?), a. [Uni- muscular.] (Zoöl.) Having only one adductor muscle, and one muscular impression on each valve, as the oyster; monomyarian.

Un`in*cum"bered (?), a. 1. Not incumbered; not burdened.

2. (Law) Free from any temporary estate or interest, or from mortgage, or other charge or debt; as, an estate unincumbered with dower.

Un`in*frin"gi*ble (?), a. That may not be infringed; as, an uninfringible monopoly.

Un`in*tel"li*gence (?), n. Absence or lack of intelligence; unwisdom; ignorance. Bp. Hall.

Un*in"ter*essed (?), a. Uninterested; unaffected. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Un*in"ter*est*ed (?), a. 1. Not interested; not having any interest or property in; having nothing at stake; as, to be uninterested in any business.

2. Not having the mind or the passions engaged; as, uninterested in a discourse or narration.

Un*in`ter*mis"sion (?), n. Want or failure of intermission. [R.] Bp. Parker.

U`ni*nu"cle*a`ted (?), a. [Uni- + nucleated.] (Biol.) Possessed of but a single nucleus; as, a uninucleated cell.

U"ni*o (?), n. [NL., fr. L. unio unity, union, a single large pearl. See Union.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of fresh-water mussels belonging to Unio and many allied genera.

U`ni*oc"u*lar (?), a. [Uni- + ocular.] Of, pertaining to, or seated in, one eye; monocular.

Un"ion (?; 277), n. [F., from L. unio oneness, union, a single large pearl, a kind of onion, fr. unus one. See One, and cf. Onion, Unit.] 1. The act of uniting or joining two or more things into one, or the state of being united or joined; junction; coalition; combination.

Union differs from connection, as it implies that the bodies are in contact, without an inter&?;ening body; whereas things may be connected by the in&?;&?;&?;vention of a third body, as by a cord or chain.

2. Agreement and conjunction of mind, spirit, will, affections, or the like; harmony; concord.

3. That which is united, or made one; something formed by a combination or coalition of parts or members; a confederation; a consolidated body; a league; as, the weavers have formed a union; trades unions have become very numerous; the United States of America are often called the Union. A. Hamilton.

4. A textile fabric composed of two or more materials, as cotton, silk, wool, etc., woven together.

5. A large, fine pearl. [Obs.]

> If they [pearls] be white, great, round, smooth, and weighty . . . our dainties and delicates here at Rome . . . call them unions, as a man would say "singular," and by themselves alone.

Holland.

> In the cup an union shall he throw,
> Richer than that which four successive kings
> In Denmark's crown have worn.

Shak.

6. A device emblematic of union, used on a national flag or ensign, sometimes, as in the military standard of Great Britain, covering the whole field; sometimes, as in the flag of the United States, and the English naval and marine flag, occupying the upper inner corner, the rest of the flag being called the fly. Also, a flag having such a device; especially, the flag of Great Britain.

The union of the United States ensign is a cluster of white stars, denoting the union of the States, and, properly, equal in number to that of the States, displayed on a blue field; the fly being composed of alternate stripes of red and white. The union of the British ensign is the three crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick in combination, denoting the union of England, Scotland and Ireland, displayed on a blue field in the national banner used on shore, on a red, white, or blue field in naval ensigns, and with a white border or fly in the merchant service.

<! p. 1576 !>

7. (Mach.) A joint or other connection uniting parts of machinery, or the like, as the elastic pipe of a tender connecting it with the feed pipe of a locomotive engine; especially, a pipe fitting for connecting pipes, or pipes and fittings, in such a way as to facilitate disconnection.

8. (Brewing) A cask suspended on trunnions, in which fermentation is carried on.

Hypostatic union (Theol.) See under Hypostatic. — Latin union. See under Latin. — Legislative Union (Eng. Hist.), the union of Great Britain and Ireland, which took place Jan. 1, 1801. — Union, or Act of Union (Eng. Hist.), the act by which Scotland was united to England, or by which the two kingdoms were incorporated into one, in 1707. — Union by the first, or second, intention. (Surg.) See To heal by the first, or second, intention, under Intention. — Union down (Naut.), a signal of distress at sea made by reversing the flag, or turning its union downward. — Union jack. (Naut.) See Jack, n., 10. — Union joint. (Mech.) (a) A joint formed by means of a union. (b) A piece of pipe made in the form of the letter T.

Syn. — Unity; junction; connection; concord; alliance; coalition; combination; confederacy. — Union, Unity. Union is the act of bringing two or more things together so as to make but one, or the state of being united into one. Unity is a state of simple oneness, either of essence, as the unity of God, or of action, feeling, etc., as unity of design, of affection, etc. Thus, we may speak of effecting a union of interests which shall result in a unity of labor and interest in securing a given object.

> One kingdom, joy, and union without end.

Milton.

> [Man] is to . . . beget
> Like of his like, his image multiplied.
> In unity defective; which requires
> Collateral love, and dearest amity.

Milton.

Un"ion*ism (?), n. 1. The sentiment of attachment to a federal union, especially to the federal union of the United States.

2. The principles, or the system, of combination among workmen engaged in the same occupation or trade.

Un"ion*ist, n. 1. One who advocates or promotes union; especially a loyal supporter of a federal union, as that of the United States.

2. A member or supporter of a trades union.

Un`ion*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to union or unionists; tending to promote or preserve union.

U`ni*o"vu*late (?), a. [Uni- + ovulate.] (Bot.) Containing but one ovule.

||U*nip"a*ra (?), n. [NL. See Uniparous.] A woman who has borne one child.

U*nip"a*rous (?), a. [Uni- + L. parere to bring forth.] 1. (Zoöl.) Producing but one egg or young at a time.

2. (Bot.) Producing but one axis of inflorescence; — said of the scorpioid cyme.

U"ni*ped (?), a. [Uni- + L. pes, pedis, foot.] Having only one foot. Wright.

U"ni*per"son*al (?), a. [Uni- + personal.]

1. Existing as one, and only one, person; as, a unipersonal God.

2. (Gram.) Used in only one person, especially only in the third person, as some verbs; impersonal.

U`ni*per"so*nal*ist, n. (Theol.) One who believes that the Deity is unipersonal.

U*niph"o*nous (?), a. [Uni- + Gr. &?; sound.] Having but one sound, as the drum. [R.]

U*nip"li*cate (?), a. [Uni- + plicate.] Having, or consisting of, but one fold.

U`ni*po"lar (?), a. [Uni- + polar.] 1. (Physics) Having, or acting by means of, one pole only.

2. (Anat.) Having but one pole or process; - - applied to those ganglionic nerve cells which have but one radiating process; — opposed to multipolar.

Unipolar induction (Elec.), induction, as in a conducting circuit, by only one pole of a magnet. — Unipolar stimulation (Physiol.), the simulation sometimes produced when one electrode of an induction apparatus is applied to a nerve; — called also unipolar induction action. Du Bois-Reymond.

U*nique" (?), a. [F. unique; cf. It. unico; from L. unicus, from unus one. See One.] Being without a like or equal; unmatched; unequaled; unparalleled; single in kind or excellence; sole. — U*nique"ly, adv. — U*nique"ness, n.

U*nique", n. A thing without a like; something unequaled or unparalleled. [R.]

> The phenix, the unique pf birds.

De Quincey.

U*niq"ui*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being unique; uniqueness. [R.] Walpole.

U`ni*ra"di*a`ted (?), a. [Uni- + radiated.] Having but one ray.

U`ni*ra"mous (?), a. [Uni- + L. ramus branch.] (Biol.) Having but one branch.

U`ni*sep"tate (?), a. [Uni- + septate.] (Bot.) Having but one septum, or partition; — said of two-celled fruits, such as the silicles of cruciferous plants.

U`ni*se"ri*al (?), a. [Uni- + serial.] Having only one row or series.

U`ni*se"ri*ate (?), a. [Uni- + seriate.] Having one line or series; uniserial. — U`ni*se"ri*ate*ly, adv.

U`ni*sex"u*al (?), a. [Uni- + sexual: cf. F. unisexuel.] (Biol.) Having one sex only, as plants which have the male and female flowers on separate individuals, or animals in which the sexes are in separate individuals; diœcious; — distinguished from bisexual, or hermaphrodite. See Diœcious.

U`ni*sil"i*cate (?), n. [Uni- + silicate.] (Min.) A salt of orthosilicic acid, H4SiO4; — so called because the ratio of the oxygen atoms united to the basic metals and silicon respectively is 1:1; for example, Mg2SiO4 or 2MgO.SiO2.

U"ni*son (?; 277), n. [LL. unisonus having the same sound; L. unus one + sonus a sound: cf. F. unisson, It. unisono. See One, and Sound a noise.] 1. Harmony; agreement; concord; union.

2. (Mus.) Identity in pitch; coincidence of sounds proceeding from an equality in the number of vibrations made in a given time by two or more sonorous bodies. Parts played or sung in octaves are also said to be in unison, or in octaves.

If two cords of the same substance have equal length, thickness, and tension, they are said to be in unison, and their sounds will be in unison. Sounds of very different qualities and force may be in unison, as the sound of a bell may be in unison with a sound of a flute. Unison, then, consists in identity of pitch alone, irrespective of quality of sound, or timbre, whether of instruments or of human voices. A piece or passage is said to be sung or played in unison when all the voices or instruments perform the same part, in which sense unison is contradistinguished from harmony.

3. A single, unvaried. [R.] Pope.

In unison, in agreement; agreeing in tone; in concord.

U"ni*son (?; 277), a. [Cf. It. unisono. See Unison, n.] 1. Sounding alone. [Obs.]

> [sounds] intermixed with voice,
> Choral or unison.

Milton.

2. (Mus.) Sounded alike in pitch; unisonant; unisonous; as, unison passages, in which two or more parts unite in coincident sound.

U*nis"o*nal (?), a. Being in unison; unisonant. — U*nis"o*nal*ly, adv.

U*nis"o*nance (?), n. [See Unisonant.] Accordance of sounds; unison.

U*nis"o*nant (?), a. [Uni- + sonant. See Unison.] Being in unison; having the same degree of gravity or acuteness; sounded alike in pitch.

U*nis"o*nous (?), a. [See Unison.] Being in unison; unisonant. Busby.

U"nit (?), n. [Abbrev. from unity.] 1. A single thing or person.

2. (Arith.) The least whole number; one.

> Units are the integral parts of any large number.

I. Watts.

3. A gold coin of the reign of James I., of the value of twenty shillings. Camden.

4. Any determinate amount or quantity (as of length, time, heat, value) adopted as a standard of measurement for other amounts or quantities of the same kind.

5. (Math.) A single thing, as a magnitude or number, regarded as an undivided whole.

Abstract unit, the unit of numeration; one taken in the abstract; the number represented by 1. The term is used in distinction from concrete, or determinate, unit, that is, a unit in which the kind of thing is expressed; a unit of measure or value; as 1 foot, 1 dollar, 1 pound, and the like. — Complex unit (Theory of Numbers), an imaginary number of the form a + b-1, when a2 + b2 = 1. — Duodecimal unit, a unit in the scale of numbers increasing or decreasing by twelves. — Fractional unit, the unit of a fraction; the reciprocal of the denominator; thus, ¼ is the unit of the fraction ¾. — Integral unit, the unit of integral numbers, or 1. — Physical unit, a value or magnitude conventionally adopted as a unit or standard in physical measurements. The various physical units are usually based on given units of length, mass, and time, and on the density or other properties of some substance, for example, water. See Dyne, Erg, Farad, Ohm, Poundal, etc. — Unit deme (Biol.), a unit of the inferior order or orders of individuality. — Unit jar (Elec.), a small, insulated Leyden jar, placed between the electrical machine and a larger jar or battery, so as to announce, by its repeated discharges, the amount of electricity passed into the larger jar. — Unit of heat (Physics), a determinate quantity of heat adopted as a unit of measure; a thermal unit (see under Thermal). Water is the substance generally employed, the unit being one gram or one pound, and the temperature interval one degree of the Centigrade or Fahrenheit scale. When referred to the gram, it is called the gram degree. The British unit of heat, or thermal unit, used by engineers in England and in the United States, is the quantity of heat necessary to raise one pound of pure water at and near its temperature of greatest density (39.1° Fahr.) through one degree of the Fahrenheit scale. Rankine. — Unit of illumination, the light of a sperm candle burning 120 grains per hour. Standard gas, burning at the rate of five cubic feet per hour, must have an illuminating power equal to that of fourteen such candles. — Unit of measure (as of length, surface, volume, dry measure, liquid measure, money, weight, time, and the like), in general, a determinate quantity or magnitude of the kind designated, taken as a standard of comparison for others of the same kind, in assigning to them numerical values, as 1 foot, 1 yard, 1 mile, 1 square foot, 1 square yard, 1 cubic foot, 1 peck, 1 bushel, 1 gallon, 1 cent, 1 ounce, 1 pound, 1 hour, and the like; more specifically, the fundamental unit adopted in any system of weights, measures, or money, by which its several denominations are regulated, and which is itself defined by comparison with some known magnitude, either natural or empirical, as, in the United States, the dollar for money, the pound avoirdupois for weight, the yard for length, the gallon of 8.3389 pounds avoirdupois of water at 39.8° Fahr. (about 231 cubic inches) for liquid measure, etc.; in Great Britain, the pound sterling, the pound troy, the yard, or part of the length of a second's pendulum at London, the gallon of 277.274 cubic inches, etc.; in the metric system, the meter, the liter, the gram, etc. — Unit of power. (Mach.) See Horse power. — Unit of resistance. (Elec.) See Resistance, n., 4, and Ohm. — Unit of work (Physics), the amount of work done by a unit force acting through a unit distance, or the amount required to lift a unit weight through a unit distance against gravitation. See Erg, Foot Pound, Kilogrammeter. — Unit stress (Mech. Physics), stress per unit of area; intensity of stress. It is expressed in ounces, pounds, tons, etc., per square inch, square foot, or square yard, etc., or in atmospheres, or inches of mercury or water, or the like.

U*nit"a*ble (?), a. Capable of union by growth or otherwise. Owen.

U`ni*ta"ri*an (?), n. [Cf. F. unitaire, unitairien, NL. unitarius. See Unity.] 1. (Theol.) One who denies the doctrine of the Trinity, believing that God exists only in one person; a unipersonalist; also, one of a denomination of Christians holding this belief.

2. One who rejects the principle of dualism.

3. A monotheist. [R.] Fleming.

U`ni*ta"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Unitarians, or their doctrines.

U`ni*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. unitairianisme.] The doctrines of Unitarians.

U`ni*ta"ri*an*ize (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Unitarianized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Unitarianizing (?).] To change or turn to Unitarian views.

U"nit*a*ry (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a unit or units; relating to unity; as, the unitary method in arithmetic.

2. Of the nature of a unit; not divided; united.

Unitary theory (Chem.), the modern theory that the molecules of all complete compounds are units, whose parts are bound together in definite structure, with mutual and reciprocal influence on each other, and are not mere aggregations of more or less complex groups; — distinguished from the dualistic theory.

U*nite" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. United; p. pr. & vb. n. Uniting.] [L. unitus, p. p. of unire to unite, from unus one. See One.] 1. To put together so as to make one; to join, as two or more constituents, to form a whole; to combine; to connect; to join; to cause to adhere; as, to unite bricks by mortar; to unite iron bars by welding; to unite two armies.

2. Hence, to join by a legal or moral bond, as families by marriage, nations by treaty, men by opinions; to join in interest, affection, fellowship, or the like; to cause to agree; to harmonize; to associate; to attach.

> Under his great vicegerent reign abide,
> United as one individual soul.

Milton.

> The king proposed nothing more than to unite his kingdom in one form of worship.

Clarendon.

Syn. — To add; join; annex; attach. See Add.

U*nite", v. i. 1. To become one; to be cemented or consolidated; to combine, as by adhesion or mixture; to coalesce; to grow together.

2. To join in an act; to concur; to act in concert; as, all parties united in signing the petition.

U*nite", a. [L. unitus, p. p. See Unite, v. t.] United; joint; as, unite consent. [Obs.] J. Webster.

U*nit"ed, a. Combined; joined; made one.

United Brethren. (Eccl.) See Moravian, n. — United flowers (Bot.), flowers which have the stamens and pistils in the same flower. — The United Kingdom, Great Britain and Ireland; — so named since January 1, 1801, when the Legislative Union went into operation. — United Greeks (Eccl.), those members of the Greek Church who acknowledge the supremacy of the pope; — called also uniats.

U*nit"ed*ly, adv. In an united manner. Dryden.

U*nit"er (?), n. One who, or that which, unites.

U*nit"er*a*ble (?), a. Not iterable; incapable of being repeated. [Obs.] "To play away an uniterable life." Sir T. Browne.

U*ni"tion (?), n. [LL. unitio, from L. unire. See Unite,v. t.] The act of uniting, or the state of being united; junction. [Obs.] Wiseman.

U"ni*tive (?), a. [LL. unitivus: cf. F. unitif.] Having the power of uniting; causing, or tending to produce, union. Jer. Taylor.

U"ni*tive*ly, adv. In a unitive manner. Cudworth.

U"nit*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unitized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Unitizing (?).] To reduce to a unit, or one whole; to form into a unit; to unify.

U"ni*tude (?), n. Unity. [R.] H. Spenser.

U"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Unities (#). [OE. unite, F. unité, L. unitas, from unus one. See One, and cf. Unit.] 1. The state of being one; oneness.

> Whatever we can consider as one thing suggests to the understanding the idea of unity.

Locks.

Unity is affirmed of a simple substance or indivisible monad, or of several particles or parts so intimately and closely united as to constitute a separate body or thing. See the Synonyms under Union.

2. Concord; harmony; conjunction; agreement; uniformity; as, a unity of proofs; unity of doctrine.

> Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity!

Ps. cxxxiii. 1.

3. (Math.) Any definite quantity, or aggregate of quantities or magnitudes taken as one, or for which 1 is made to stand in calculation; thus, in a table of natural sines, the radius of the circle is regarded as unity.

The number 1, when it is not applied to any particular thing, is generally called unity.

4. (Poetry & Rhet.) In dramatic composition, one of the principles by which a uniform tenor of story and propriety of representation are preserved; conformity in a composition to these; in oratory, discourse, etc., the due subordination and reference of every part to the development of the leading idea or the eastablishment of the main proposition.

In the Greek drama, the three unities required were those of action, of time, and of place; that is, that there should be but one main plot; that the time supposed should not exceed twenty-four hours; and that the place of the action before the spectators should be one and the same throughout the piece.

5. (Fine Arts & Mus.) Such a combination of parts as to constitute a whole, or a kind of symmetry of style and character.

6. (Law) The peculiar characteristics of an estate held by several in joint tenancy.

The properties of it are derived from its unity, which is fourfold; unity of interest, unity of title, unity of time, and unity of possession; in other words, joint tenants have one and the same interest, accruing by one and the same conveyance, commencing at the same time, and held by one and the same undivided possession. Unity of possession is also a joint possession of two rights in the same thing by several titles, as when a man, having a lease of land, afterward buys the fee simple, or, having an easement in the land of another, buys the servient estate.

<! p. 1577 !>

At unity, at one. — Unity of type. (Biol.) See under Type.

Syn. — Union; oneness; junction; concord; harmony. See Union.

U*niv"a*lence (?), n. (Chem.) The quality or state of being univalent.

U*niv"a*lent (?), a. [Uni- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of one; capable of combining with, or of being substituted for, one atom of hydrogen; monovalent; — said of certain atoms and radicals.

U"ni*valve (?), n. [Uni- + valve: cf. F. univalve.] (Zoöl.) A shell consisting of one valve only; a mollusk whose shell is composed of a single piece, as the snails and conchs.

Most univalves are spiral and are the shells of gastropods, but many belong to cephalopods and pteropods. A large number of univalves belonging to the gastropods are conical, cup-shaped, or shieldlike, as the limpets.

{ U"ni*valve (?), U"ni*valved (?), } a. [Cf. F. univalve.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Having one valve; as, a univalve shell or pericarp.

||U`ni*val"vi*a (&?;), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Gastropoda.

U`ni*val"vu*lar (?), a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Same as Univalve, a.

U`ni*ver"sal (?), a. [L. universalis: cf. F. universel, OF. also universal. See Universe.] 1. Of or pertaining to the universe; extending to, including, or affecting, the whole number, quantity, or space; unlimited; general; all-reaching; all-pervading; as, universal ruin; universal good; universal benevolence or benefice. "Anointed universal King." Milton.

> The universal cause
> Acts not by partial, but by general laws.

Pope.

> This universal frame began.

Dryden.

Universal and its derivatives are used in common discourse for general and its derivatives. See General.

2. Constituting or considered as a whole; total; entire; whole; as, the universal world. Shak.

> At which the universal host up dent
> A shout that tore Hell's concave.

Milton.

3. (Mech.) Adapted or adaptable to all or to various uses, shapes, sizes, etc.; as, a universal milling machine.

4. (Logic) Forming the whole of a genus; relatively unlimited in extension; affirmed or denied of the whole of a subject; as, a universal proposition; — opposed to particular; e. g. (universal affirmative) All men are animals; (universal negative) No men are omniscient.

Universal chuck (Mach.), a chuck, as for a lathe, having jaws which can be moved simultaneously so as to grasp objects of various sizes. — Universal church, the whole church of God in the world; the catholic church. See the Note under Catholic, a., 1. — Universal coupling. (Mach.) Same as Universal joint, below. — Universal dial, a dial by which the hour may be found in any part of the world, or under any elevation of the pole. — Universal instrument (Astron.), a species of altitude and azimuth instrument, the peculiarity of which is, that the object end of the telescope is placed at right angles to the eye end, with a prism of total reflection at the angle, and the eye end constitutes a portion of the horizontal axis of the instrument, having the eyepiece at the pivot and in the center of the altitude circle, so that the eye has convenient access to both at the same time. — Universal joint (Mach.), a contrivance used for joining two shafts or parts of a machine endwise, so that the one may give rotary motion to the other when forming an angle with it, or may move freely in all directions with respect to the other, as by means of a cross connecting the forked ends of the two shafts (Fig. 1). Since this joint can not act when the angle of the shafts is less than 140°, a double joint of the same kind is sometimes used for giving rotary motion at angles less than 140° (Fig. 2). — Universal umbel (Bot.), a primary or general umbel; the first or largest set of rays in a compound umbel; — opposed to partial umbel. A universal involucre is not unfrequently placed at the foot of a universal umbel.

Syn. — General; all; whole; total. See General.

U`ni*ver"sal, n. 1. The whole; the general system of the universe; the universe. [Obs.]

> Plato calleth God the cause and original, the nature and reason, of the universal.

Sir W. Raleigh.

2. (Logic) (a) A general abstract conception, so called from being universally applicable to, or predicable of, each individual or species contained under it. (b) A universal proposition. See Universal, a., 4.

U`ni*ver*sa"li*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Universalism; Universalist. [R.]

U`ni*ver"sal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. universalisme.] (Theol.) The doctrine or belief that all men will be saved, or made happy, in the future state.

U`ni*ver"sal*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. universaliste.]

1. (Theol.) One who believes in Universalism; one of a denomination of Christians holding this faith.

2. One who affects to understand all the particulars in statements or propositions. [Obs.] Bentley.

U`ni*ver"sal*ist (?), a. Of or pertaining to Unversalists of their doctrines.

U`ni*ver`sal*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the whole; universal.

U`ni*ver*sal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Universalties (#). [Cf. F. universalité.] The quality or state of being universal; unlimited extension or application; generality; — distinguished from particularity; as, the unversality of a proposition; the unversality of sin; the unversality of the Deluge.

U`ni*ver"sal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Universalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Universalizing (?).] [Cf. F. universaliser.] To make universal; to generalize. Coleridge.

U`ni*ver"sal*ly, adv. In a universal manner; without exception; as, God's laws are universally binding on his creatures.

U`ni*ver"sal*ness, n. The quality or state of being universal; universality.

U"ni*verse (?), n. [L. universum, from universus universal; unus one + vertere, versum, to turn, that is, turned into one, combined into one whole; cf. F. univers. See One, and Verse.] All created things viewed as constituting one system or whole; the whole body of things, or of phenomena; the &?; &?; of the Greeks, the mundus of the Latins; the world; creation.

> How may I
> Adore thee, Author of this universe
> And all this good to man!

Milton.

U`ni*ver"si*ty (?), n.; pl. Universities (#). [OE. universite, L. universitas all together, the whole, the universe, a number of persons associated into one body, a society, corporation, fr. universus all together, universal: cf. F. université. See Universe.] 1. The universe; the whole. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

2. An association, society, guild, or corporation, esp. one capable of having and acquiring property. [Obs.]

> The universities, or corporate bodies, at Rome were very numerous. There were corporations of bakers, farmers of the revenue, scribes, and others.

Eng. Cyc.

3. An institution organized and incorporated for the purpose of imparting instruction, examining students, and otherwise promoting education in the higher branches of literature, science, art, etc., empowered to confer degrees in the several arts and faculties, as in theology, law, medicine, music, etc. A university may exist without having any college connected with it, or it may consist of but one college, or it may comprise an assemblage of colleges established in any place, with professors for instructing students in the sciences and other branches of learning.

> The present universities of Europe were, originally, the greater part of them, ecclesiastical corporations, instituted for the education of churchmen . . . What was taught in the greater part of those universities was suitable to the end of their institutions, either theology or something that was merely preparatory to theology.

A. Smith.

From the Roman words universitas, collegium, corpus, are derived the terms university, college, and corporation, of modern languages; and though these words have obtained modified significations in modern times, so as to be indifferently applicable to the same things, they all agree in retaining the fundamental signification of the terms, whatever may have been added to them. There is now no university, college, or corporation, which is not a juristical person in the sense above explained [see def. 2, above]; wherever these words are applied to any association of persons not stamped with this mark, it is an abuse of terms. Eng. Cyc.

U`ni*ver`so*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to universology.

U`ni*ver*sol"o*gist (?), n. One who is versed in universology.

U`ni*ver*sol"o*gy (?), n. [Universe + -logy.] The science of the universe, and the relations which it involves.

U*niv"o*ca*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being univocal. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

U*niv"o*cal (?), a. [L. univocus; unus one + vox, vocis, a voice, word. See One, and Voice.] 1. Having one meaning only; — contrasted with equivocal.

2. Having unison of sound, as the octave in music. See Unison, n., 2.

3. Having always the same drift or tenor; uniform; certain; regular. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

4. Unequivocal; indubitable. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

U*niv"o*cal, n. 1. (Aristotelian Logic) A generic term, or a term applicable in the same sense to all the species it embraces.

2. A word having but one meaning.

U*niv"o*cal*ly, adv. In a univocal manner; in one term; in one sense; not equivocally.

> How is sin univocally distinguished into venial and mortal, if the venial be not sin?

Bp. Hall.

U*niv`o*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. univocation.] Agreement of name and meaning. [Obs.] Whiston.

Un*join" (?), v. t. [1st un- + join.] To disjoin.

Un*joint" (?), v. t. [1st un- + joint.] To disjoint.

Un*joint"ed, a. [Properly p. p. of unjoint.] 1. Disjointed; unconnected; hence, incoherent. Shak.

2. [Pref. un- + jointed.] Having no joint or articulation; as, an unjointed stem.

Un*just" (?), a. 1. Acting contrary to the standard of right; not animated or controlled by justice; false; dishonest; as, an unjust man or judge.

2. Contrary to justice and right; prompted by a spirit of injustice; wrongful; as, an unjust sentence; an unjust demand; an unjust accusation.

— Un*just"ly, adv. — Un*just"ness, n.

Un*jus"tice (?), n. Want of justice; injustice. [Obs.] Hales.

Un"kard (?), a. See Unked. [Prov. Eng.]

||Un"ke (?), n. [G. unke.] (Zoöl.) A European aquatic toad (Bombinator igneus). Its back is dark; its belly is marked with crimson. Called also feuerkröte.

Un"ked (?), a. [Corrupted fr. uncouth, or OE. unkid; un- + p. p. of AS. cðan to make known, fr. cð known. See Uncouth.] 1. Odd; strange; ugly; old; uncouth. [Prov. Eng.]

2. Lonely; dreary; unkard. [Prov. Eng.]

> Weston is sadly unked without you.

Cowper.

Un*kemmed" (?), a. Unkempt. [Obs.]

Un*kempt" (?; 215), a. [Pref. un- not + kempt, p. p. of kemb.] 1. Not combed; disheveled; as, an urchin with unkempt hair.

2. Fig.; Not smoothed; unpolished; rough.

> My rhymes be rugged and unkempt.

Spenser.

Un*ken"nel (?), v. t. [1st un- + kennel.]

1. To drive from a kennel or hole; as, to unkennel a fox.

2. Fig.: To discover; to disclose. Shak.

Un*kent" (?), a. [Un- knot + ken to know.] Unknown; strange. [Obs. or Scot.] W. Browne.

Un*keth" (?), a. Uncouth. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Un*kind" (?), a. [See Kin kindred.] Having no race or kindred; childless. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

Un*kind", a. 1. Not kind; contrary to nature, or the law of kind or kindred; unnatural. [Obs.] "Such unkind abominations." Chaucer.

2. Wanting in kindness, sympathy, benevolence, gratitude, or the like; cruel; harsh; unjust; ungrateful.

> He is unkind that recompenseth not; but he is most unkind that forgetteth.

Sir T. Elyot.

— Un*kind"ly, adv. — Un*kind"ness, n.

Un*kind"li*ness (?), n. Unkindness. Tennyson.

Un*kind"ly, a. 1. Not kindly; unkind; ungracious.

2. Unnatural; contrary to nature. [Obs.] "Unkindly crime." Spenser.

3. Unfavorable; annoying; malignant. Milton.

Un*kin"dred (?), a. Not kindred; not of the same kin. [Obs.] Rowe. — Un*kin"dred*ly, a.

Un*king" (?), v. t. [1st un- + king.] To cause to cease to be a king. [R.]

> Shall his condescension, therefore, unking him?

South.

Un*king"ship, n. The quality or condition of being unkinged; abolition of monarchy. [Obs.]

> Unkingship was proclaimed, and his majesty's statues thrown down.

Evelyn.

Un*kiss" (?), v. t. [1st un- + king.] To cancel or annul what was done or sealed by a kiss; to cancel by a kiss. [Obs.]

> Let me unkiss the oath 'twixt thee and me.

Shak.

Un"kle (?), n. See Uncle. [Obs.]

Un*knight" (?), v. t. [1st un- + knight.] To deprive of knighthood. Fuller.

Un*knit" (?), v. t. [1st un- + knit.] To undo or unravel what is knitted together.

> Fie, fie! unknit that threatening unkind brow.

Shak.

Un*knot" (?), v. t. [1st un- + knot.] To free from knots; to untie.

Un*know" (?), v. t. [1st un- + know.]

1. To cease to know; to lose the knowledge of. [Obs.]

2. To fail of knowing; to be ignorant of. [Obs.]

Un*know", a. [See Un- not, Know.] Unknown. [Obs.] "French of Paris was to her unknow." Chaucer.

Un*knowl"edged (?), a. Not acknowledged or recognized. [Obs.]

> For which bounty to us lent
> Of him unknowledged or unsent.

B. Jonson.

Un*known" (?), a. Not known; not apprehended. — Un*known"ness, n. [R.] Camden.

Un*la"bored (?), a. 1. Not produced by labor or toil. "Unlabored harvests." Dryden.

2. Not cultivated; untitled; as, an unlabored field.

3. Not laboriously produced, or not evincing labor; as, an unlabored style or work. Tickell.

Un*lace" (?), v. t. [1st un- + lace.]

1. To loose by undoing a lacing; as, to unlace a shoe.

2. To loose the dress of; to undress; hence, to expose; to disgrace.

> What's the matter,
> That you unlace your reputation thus?

Shak.

3. (Naut.) To loose, and take off, as a bonnet from a sail, or to cast off, as any lacing in any part of the rigging of a vessel. Totten.

Un*lade" v. t. [1st un- + lade.] 1. To take the load from; to take out the cargo of; as, to unlade a ship or a wagon.

> The venturous merchant . . .
> Shall here unlade him and depart no more.

Dryden.

2. To unload; to remove, or to have removed, as a load or a burden; to discharge.

> There the ship was to unlade her burden.

Acts. xxi. 3.

Un*laid" (?), a. 1. Not laid or placed; not fixed. Hooker.

2. Not allayed; not pacified; not laid finally to rest. [R.] "Stubborn, unlaid ghost." Milton.

3. Not laid out, as a corpse. [R.] B. Jonson.

Unlaid paper. See Laid paper, under Laid.

Un*land" (?), v. t. [1st un- + land.] To deprive of lands.

Un*lap" (?), v. t. [1st un- + lap.] To unfold. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*lash" (?), v. t. [1st un- + lash.] (Naut.) To loose, as that which is lashed or tied down.

Un*latch" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Unlatched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Unlatching.] [1st un- + latch.] To open or loose by lifting the latch; as, to unlatch a door.

Un*laugh" (?), v. t. [1st un- + laugh.] To recall, as former laughter. [Obs. & R.] Sir T. More.

Un*law" (?), v. t. [1st un- + law.] 1. To deprive of the authority or character of law. [Obs.]

2. To put beyond protection of law; to outlaw. [Obs.]

3. (Scots Law) To impose a fine upon; to fine.

<! p. 1578 !>

Un*law" (?), n. [Pref. un- + law.] (Scots Law) (a) Any transgression or offense against the law. (b) A fine imposed as a penalty for violation of the law.

Un*lawed" (?), a. [Pref. un- + lawed, p. p. of lawe.] Not having the claws and balls of the forefeet cut off; — said of dogs.

Un*law"ful (?), a. Not lawful; contrary to law. — Un*law"ful*ly, adv. — Un*law"ful*ness, n.

Unlawful assembly. (Law) See under Assembly.

Un*law"like` (?), a. Not according to law; being or done in violation of law; unlawful. Milton.

Un*lay" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + lay.] (Naut.) To untwist; as, to unlay a rope.

Un*learn" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + learn.]

1. To forget, as what has been learned; to lose from memory; also, to learn the contrary of.

> I had learned nothing right; I had to unlearn everything.

Milner.

2. To fail to learn. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Un*learn"ed, a. [Pref. un- + learned.] 1. Not learned; untaught; uneducated; ignorant; illiterate.

2. Not gained by study; not known.

3. Not exhibiting learning; as, unlearned verses.

— Un*learn"ed*ly, adv. — Un*learn"ed*ness, n.

Un*leash" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + leash.] To free from a leash, or as from a leash; to let go; to release; as, to unleash dogs.

Un*leav"ened (?), a. Not leavened; containing no leaven; as, unleavened bread.

Un*less" (?), conj. [Formerly, onles, onlesse, onlesse that, that is, in less, in a less case. See On, and Less.] Upon any less condition than (the fact or thing stated in the sentence or clause which follows); if not; supposing that not; if it be not; were it not that; except; as, we shall fail unless we are industrious.

By the omission of the verb in the dependent clause, unless was frequently used prepositionally, — a construction common in Shakespeare and still employed colloquially.

> Here nothing breeds unless the nightly owl.

Shak.

Un*licked" (?), a. Not licked; hence, not properly formed; ungainly. Cf. To lick into shape, under Lick, v. Shak.

Un*like" (?), a. 1. Not like; dissimilar; diverse; having no resemblance; as, the cases are unlike.

2. Not likely; improbable; unlikely. [Obsoles.]

Unlike quantities (Math.), quantities expressed by letters which are different or of different powers, as a, b, c, a2, a3, xn, and the like. — Unlike signs (Math.), the signs plus (+) and minus (- ).

Un*like"li*hood (?), n. Absence of likelihood.

Un*like"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being unlikely.

Un*like"ly, a. 1. Not likely; improbable; not to be reasonably expected; as, an unlikely event; the thing you mention is very unlikely.

2. Not holding out a prospect of success; likely to fail; unpromising; as, unlikely means. Hooker.

3. Not such as to inspire liking; unattractive; disagreeable. [Obs.] "The unlikely eld of me." Chaucer.

Un*like"ly, adv. In an unlikely manner.

Un*lik"en (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + liken.] To make unlike; to dissimilate. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*like"ness, n. The quality or state of being unlike; want of resemblance; dissimilarity. Tennyson.

Un*lim"ber (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + limber.] (Mil.) To detach the limber from; as, to unlimber a gun.

Un*lim"it*a*ble (?), a. Illimitable. Locke.

Un*lim"it*ed, a. 1. Not limited; having no bounds; boundless; as, an unlimited expanse of ocean.

2. Undefined; indefinite; not bounded by proper exceptions; as, unlimited terms. "Nothing doth more prevail than unlimited generalities." Hooker.

3. Unconfined; not restrained; unrestricted.

> Ascribe not unto God such an unlimited exercise of mercy as may destroy his justice.

Rogers.

Unlimited problem (Math.), a problem which is capable of an infinite number of solutions. — Unlimited pump, a kind of deep-well pump placed at the level of the water, and operated from above ground.

— Un*lim"it*ed*ly, adv. — Un*lim"it*ed*ness, n.

Un*line" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + line.] To take the lining out of; hence, to empty; as, to unline one's purse.

Un*link" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + link.] To separate or undo, as links; to uncoil; to unfasten. Shak.

Un*liq"ui*da`ted (?), a. Not liquidated; not exactly ascertained; not adjusted or settled.

Unliquidated damages (Law), penalties or damages not ascertained in money. Burrill.

Un*liq"uored (?), a. 1. Not moistened or wet with liquor; dry. "Unliquored coach." Bp. Hall.

2. Not in liquor; not intoxicated; sober.

> Like an unliquored Silenus.

Milton.

Un*live" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + live.] To &?;&?;ve in a contrary manner, as a life; to live in a manner contrary to. [R.] Glanvill.

Un*lived" (?), a. [See 1st pref. Un-, and Life, Live.] Bereft or deprived of life. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*load" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + load.] 1. To take the load from; to discharge of a load or cargo; to disburden; as, to unload a ship; to unload a beast.

2. Hence, to relieve from anything onerous.

3. To discharge or remove, as a load or a burden; as, to unload the cargo of a vessel.

4. To draw the charge from; as, to unload a gun.

5. To sell in large quantities, as stock; to get rid of. [Brokers' Cant, U. S.]

Un*load", v. i. To perform the act of unloading anything; as, let unload now.

Un*load"er (?), n. One who, or that which, unloads; a device for unloading, as hay from a wagon.

Un*lo"ca*ted (?), a. 1. Not located or placed; not fixed in a place.

2. Not surveyed, or designated by marks, limits, or boundaries, as appropriated to some individual, company, or corporation; as, unlocated lands.

Un*lock" (?), v. t. [Cf. AS. unl&?;can. See 1st Un-, and Lock, v. t.] 1. To unfasten, as what is locked; as, to unlock a door or a chest.

2. To open, in general; to lay open; to undo.

> Unlock your springs, and open all your shades.

Pope.

> [Lord] unlock the spell of sin.

J. H. Newman.

Un*lodge" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + lodge.] To dislodge; to deprive of lodgment. Carew.

Un*look" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + look.] To recall or retract, as a look. [R.] Richardson.

Un*looked" (?), a. [Pref. un- not + looked.] Not observed or foreseen; unexpected; — generally with for. "Unlooked success." Denham.

> She comes unlooked for, if she comes at all.

Pope.

Un*looked"-for (?), a. Not looked for; unexpected; as, an unlooked-for event.

Un*loose" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- (intensive) + loose.] To make loose; to loosen; to set free. Shak.

Un*loose", v. i. To become unfastened; to lose all connection or union.

Un*loos"en (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- (intensive) + loosen.] To loosen; to unloose.

Un*lord" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + lord.] To deprive of the rank or position of a lord. Milton.

Un*lord"ed, a. 1. [Properly p. p. of unlord.] Deprived of the rank of a lord.

2. [Pref. un- + lorded.] Not raised to the rank of a lord. Milton.

Un*love" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + love.] To cease to love; to hate. [Obs.]

Un*love"ly (?), a. Not lovely; not amiable; possessing qualities that excite dislike; disagreeable; displeasing; unpleasant. — Un*love"li*ness (#), n.

Un*luck"i*ly (?), adv. In an unlucky manner.

Un*luck"i*ness, n. Quality or state of being unlucky.

Un*luck"y (?), a. 1. Not lucky; not successful; unfortunate; ill-fated; unhappy; as, an unlucky man; an unlucky adventure; an unlucky throw of dice; an unlucky game.

This word is properly applied to incidents in which failure results from chance or fortuity, as in games of hazard, rather than from lack or feebleness of effort.

2. Bringing bad luck; ill-omened; inauspicious.

> Haunt me not with that unlucky face.

Dryden.

3. Mischievous; as, an unlucky wag. [Colloq.]

Un*lust" (?), n. Listlessness; disinclination. [Obs.] "Idleness and unlust." Chaucer.

Un*lute" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + lute.] To separate, as things cemented or luted; to take the lute or the clay from. Boyle.

Un*made" (?), a. 1. [Pref. un- not + made.] Not yet made or formed; as, an unmade grave. Shak.

2. [Properly p. p. of unmake.] Deprived of form, character, etc.; disunited.

Un*mag"is*trate (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + magistrate.] To divest of the office or authority of a magistrate. [Obs.] Milton.

Un*maid"en (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + maiden.] To ravish; to deflower. [Obs.]

Un*make" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + make.] To destroy the form and qualities of; to deprive of being; to uncreate.

> God does not make or unmake things to try experiments.

T. Burnet.

Un*man" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + man.]

1. To deprive of the distinctive qualities of a human being, as reason, or the like. [R.] South.

2. To emasculate; to deprive of virility.

3. To deprive of the courage and fortitude of a man; to break or subdue the manly spirit in; to cause to despond; to dishearten; to make womanish.

> Let's not unman each other.

Byron.

4. To deprive of men; as, to unman a ship.

Un*man"a*cle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + manacle.] To free from manacles. Tennyson.

Un*man"hood (?), n. Absence or lack of manhood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*manned" (?), a. 1. [Properly p. p. of unman.] Deprived of manly qualities; deficient in vigor, strength, courage, etc.; weak; effeminate.

2. [Pref. un- not + man + -ed.] (Falconry) Not tamed; not made familiar with, or subject to, man; — also used figuratively. [Obs.]

> Hood my unmanned blood bating in my cheeks
> With thy black mantle.

Shak.

3. [Pref. un- not + manned.] Not furnished with men; as, an unmanned ship.

Un*man"ner*ly (?), a. Not mannerly; ill- bred; rude. — adv. Uncivilly; rudely. - - Un*man"ner*li*ness (#), n.

Un*man"tle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + mantle.] To divest of a mantle; to uncover.

> Nay, she said, but I will unmantle you.

Sir W. Scott.

Un*mar"ry (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + marry.] To annul the marriage of; to divorce. Milton.

Un*mar"tyr (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + martyr.] To degrade from the rank of a martyr. [Obs.] Fuller.

Un*mas"cu*late (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + masculate.] To emasculate. [Obs.] Fuller.

Un*mask" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + mask.] To strip of a mask or disguise; to lay open; to expose.

Un*mask", v. i. To put off a mask. Shak.

Un*mas"ter*a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being mastered or subdued. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Un`ma*te"ri*al (?), a. Not material; immaterial. [Obs.] Daniel.

Un*mean"ing (?), a. 1. Having no meaning or signification; as, unmeaning words.

2. Not indicating intelligence or sense; senseless; expressionless; as, an unmeaning face.

> There pride sits blazoned on the unmeaning brow.

Trumbull.

— Un*mean"ing*ly, adv. — Un*mean"ing*ness, n.

Un*meant" (?), a. Not meant or intended; unintentional. Dryden.

Un*meas"ur*a*ble (?), a. Immeasurable. Swift. — Un*meas"ur*a*ble*ness, n. — Un*meas"ur*a*bly, adv.

Un*mech"an*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + mechanize.]

1. To undo the mechanism of; to unmake; as, to unmechanize a structure. [Obs.] Sterne.

Un*mech"an*ized (?), a. [Pref. un- + mechanized.] Not mechanized. Paley.

Un*meet" (?), a. Not meet or fit; not proper; unbecoming; unsuitable; — usually followed by for. "Unmeet for a wife." Tennyson.

> And all unmeet our carpet floors.

Emerson.

— Un*meet"ly, adv. — Un*meet"ness, n.

Un*mem"ber (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + member.] To deprive of membership, as in a church.

Un*men"tion*a*bles (?), n. pl. The breeches; trousers. [Jocose]

Un*mer"chant*a*ble (?), a. (Com.) Not merchantable; not fit for market; being of a kind, quality, or quantity that is unsalable. McElrath.

Un*mer"cied (?), a. [Pref. un- not + mercy.] Unmerciful; merciless. [Obs.] Drayton.

Un*mer"ci*ful (?), a. Not merciful; indisposed to mercy or grace; cruel; inhuman; merciless; unkind. — Un*mer"ci*ful*ly, adv. — Un*mer"ci*ful*ness, n.

Un*mer"ci*less, a. [Pref. un- (intensive) + merciless.] Utterly merciless. [Obs.] Joye.

Un*mew" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + mew to confine.] To release from confinement or restraint. Keats.

Un*min"gle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + mingle.] To separate, as things mixed. Bacon.

Un`mis*tak"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being mistaken or misunderstood; clear; plain; obvious; evident. — Un`mis*tak"a*bly, adv.

{ Un*mi"ter, Un*mi"tre (?) }, v. t. [1st pref. un- + miter.] To deprive of a miter; to depose or degrade from the rank of a bishop. Milton.

{ Un*mold", Un*mould" } (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + mold.] To change the form of; to reduce from any form. "Unmolding reason's mintage." Milton.

Un*mon"eyed (?), a. Destitute of money; not rich. [Written also unmonied.] Shenstone.

Un`mo*nop"o*lize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + monopolize.] To recover or release from the state of being monopolized. [R.]

> Unmonopolizing the rewards of learning and industry.

Milton.

Un*moor" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + moor.] (Naut.) (a) To cause to ride with one anchor less than before, after having been moored by two or more anchors. (b) To loose from anchorage. See Moor, v. t.

Un*moor", v. i. To weigh anchor. Sir W. Scott.

Un*mor"al (?), a. Having no moral perception, quality, or relation; involving no idea of morality; — distinguished from both moral and immoral. — Un`mo*ral"i*ty (#), n.

Un*mor"al*ized (?), a. Not restrained or tutored by morality. Norris.

Un*mor"rised (?), a. Not arrayed in the dress of a morris dancer. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Un*mor"tise (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + mortise.] To loosen, unfix, or separate, as things mortised together. Tennyson.

Un`-Mo*sa"ic (?), a. Not according to Moses; unlike Moses or his works.

> By this reckoning Moses should be most un Mosaic.

Milton.

Un*moth"ered (?), [1st pref. un- + mother.] Deprived of a mother; motherless.

Un*mov"a*ble (?), a. Immovable. "Steadfast, unmovable." 1 Cor. xv. 58. Locke.

Un*mov"a*bly, adv. Immovably. [R.] J. Ellis.

Un*moved" (?), a. Not moved; fixed; firm; unshaken; calm; apathetic. — Un*mov"ed*ly, adv.

Un*muf"fle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + muffle.]

1. To take a covering from, as the face; to uncover.

2. To remove the muffling of, as a drum.

Un*mu"ta*ble (?), a. Immutable. [Obs.]

Un*muz"zle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + muzzle.] To loose from a muzzle; to remove a muzzle from.

Un*nail" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + nail.] To remove the nails from; to unfasten by removing nails.

Un*napped" (?), a. Finished without a nap.

> I did not attempt her with a threadbare name,
> Unnapped with meritorious actions.

Beau. & Fl.

Un*nat"u*ral (?; 135), a. Not natural; contrary, or not conforming, to the order of nature; being without natural traits; as, unnatural crimes.

Syn. — See Factitious.

— Un*nat"u*ral*ly, adv. — Un*nat"u*ral*ness, n.

Un*nat"u*ral*ize (?), v. t. To make unnatural. [R.] Hales.

Un*na"ture (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + nature.] To change the nature of; to invest with a different or contrary nature. [Obs.]

> A right heavenly nature, indeed, as if were unnaturing them, doth so bridle them [the elements].

Sir P. Sidney.

Un*na"ture, n. [Pref. un- not + nature.] The contrary of nature; that which is unnatural. [R.]

> So as to be rather unnature, after all, than nature.

H. Bushnell.

Un*near" (?), prep. Not near; not close to; at a distance from. [Obs.] Davies (Muse's Sacrifice).

Un*nec"es*sa*ry (?), a. Not necessary; not required under the circumstances; unless; needless; as, unnecessary labor, care, or rigor. — Un*nec"es*sa*ri*ly (#), adv. — Un*nec"es*sa*ri*ness, n.

<! p. 1579 !>

Un`ne*ces"si*ty (?), n. The state of being unnecessary; something unnecessary. [Obs.]

Un*neigh"bored (?), a. Being without neigbors. Cowper.

Un*neigh"bor*ly (?), a. Not neighborly; distant; reserved; solitary; exclusive. — adv. Not in a neighborly manner. Shak.

Un*nerv"ate (?), a. Enervate. [Obs.]

Un*nerve" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + nerve.] To deprive of nerve, force, or strength; to weaken; to enfeeble; as, to unnerve the arm.

> Unequal match'd, . . .
> The unnerved father falls.

Shak.

Un*nest (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + nest.] To eject from a nest; to unnestle. [R.] T. Adams.

Un*nes"tle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + nestle.] Same as Unnest. [R.]

{ Un*nethe" (?), Un*nethes" (?), } adv. With difficulty. See Uneath. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*no"ble (?), a. Ignoble. Shak.

Un*no"bly, adv. Ignobly. J. Fletcher.

Un*nooked" (?), a. Without nooks and corners; guileless. [Obs.] "Unnooked simplicity." Marston.

Un*no"ti*fy (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + notify.] To retract or withdraw a notice of. Walpole.

Un*num"bered (?), a. Not numbered; not counted or estimated; innumerable. Dryden.

Un*nu"mer*a*ble (?), a. Innumerable. [Obs.] "An unnumerable multitude." Udall.

Un*nun" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + nun.] To remove from condition of being a nun. [R.]

> Many did quickly unnun and disfriar themselves.

Fuller.

Un`o*be"di*ence (?), n. Disobedience. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un`o*be"di*ent (?), a. Disobedient. [Obs.] Milton.

Un`ob*serv"ance (?), n. Want or neglect of observance; inobservance. Whitlock.

Un`ob*tru"sive (?), a. Not obtrusive; not presuming; modest. — Un`ob*tru"sive*ly, adv. — Un`ob*tru"sive*ness, n.

Un`of*fen"sive (?), a. Inoffensive.

Un*of"ten (?; 115), adv. Not often. [Obs.]

Un*oil" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + oil.] To remove the oil from. Dryden.

Un*op"er*a*tive (?), a. Producing no effect; inoperative. [Obs.] South.

Un`o*per"cu*la`ted (?), a. Destitute of an operculum, or cover.

Un*or"der (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + order.] To countermand an order for. [R.]

Un*or"der*ly, a. Disorderly. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Un*or"di*nate (?), a. Disorderly; irregular; inordinate. [R.] — Un*or"di*nate*ly, adv. [R.]

Un*or"gan*ized (?), a. Not organized; being without organic structure; specifically (Biol.), not having the different tissues and organs characteristic of living organisms, nor the power of growth and development; as, the unorganized ferments. See the Note under Ferment, n., 1.

Un`o*rig"i*na`ted (?), a. 1. Not originated; existing from all eternity. F. W. Newman.

2. Not yet caused to be, or to be made; as, possible inventions still unoriginated.

Un`o*rig"i*nate*ly (?), adv. Without origin.

Un*os"si*fied (?), a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a bony structure.

Un*owed" (?), a. 1. Ownerless. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Not owed; as, to pay money unowed.

Un*own"ed (?), a. [Pref. un- not + (sense 1) owned possessed, and (sense 2) owned granted, acknowledged.]

1. Not owned; having no owner. Milton.

2. Not acknowledged; not avowed. Gay.

Un*pack" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pack.]

1. To separate and remove, as things packed; to open and remove the contents of; as, to unpack a trunk.

2. To relieve of a pack or burden. [R.] Shak.

Un*pack"er (?), n. One who unpacks.

Un*pa"gan*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + paganize.] To cause to cease to be pagan; to divest of pagan character. [R.] Cudworth.

Un*paint" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + paint.] To remove the paint from; to efface, as a painting. Parnell.

Un*paired (?), a. Not paired; not suited or matched.

> And minds unpaired had better think alone.

Crabbe.

Un*palped" (?), a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a palp.

Un*pan"nel (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pannel.] To take the saddle off; to unsaddle. [Obs.] Jervas.

Un*par"a*dise (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + paradise.] To deprive of happiness like that of paradise; to render unhappy. [R.] Young.

Un*par"a*goned (?), a. Having no paragon or equal; matchless; peerless. [R.]

> Your unparagoned mistress is dead.

Shak.

Un*par"al*leled (?), a. Having no parallel, or equal; unequaled; unmatched.

> The unparalleled perseverance of the armies of the United States, under every suffering and discouragement, was little short of a miracle.

Washington.

Un*parched" (?), a. [Pref. un- not (intensive) parched.] Dried up; withered by heat. [Obs.] "My tongue . . . unparched." Crashaw.

Un*par"ent*ed (?), a. Having no parent, or no acknowledged parent. [R.]

Un*par`lia*men"ta*ry (?), a. Not parliamentary; contrary to the practice of parliamentary bodies. — Un*par`lia*men"ta*ri*ness (#), n.

Un*par"tial (?), a. Impartial. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson. — Un*par"tial*ly, adv. [Obs.] Hooker.

Un*pass"a*ble (?), a. Impassable. E. A. Freeman. — Un*pass"a*ble*ness, n. Evelyn.

Un*pas"sion*ate (?), a. Not passionate; dispassionate. — Un*pas"sion*ate*ly, adv.

Un*pas"tor (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pastor.] To cause to be no longer pastor; to deprive of pastorship. [R.] Fuller.

Un*pathed" (?), a. Not having a path. Shak.

Un*path"wayed` (?), a. Pathless. [R.] "The smooth, unpathwayed plain." Wordsworth.

Un*pa"tience (?), n. Impatience. [Obs.]

Un*pa"tient (?), a. Impatient. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*paved" (?), a. 1. Not paved; not furnished with a pavement. Hakewill.

2. Castrated. [Obs.] "Unpaved eunuch." Shak.

Un*pay" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pay.] To undo, take back, or annul, as a payment. Shak.

Un*peace" (?), n. Absence or lack of peace. [Obs.] Testament of Love.

Un*ped"i*greed (?), a. Not distinguished by a pedigree. [R.] Pollok.

Un*peeled (?), a. 1. [1st pref. un- (intensive) + peel.] Thoroughly stripped; pillaged. [Obs.] Shak.

2. [Pref. un- not + peeled.] Not peeled.

Un*peer"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of having a peer, or equal.

Un*peered (?), a. Having no peer; unequaled; unparalleled. "Unpeered excellence." Marston.

Un*peg" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + peg.] To remove a peg or pegs from; to unfasten; to open. Shak.

Un*pen" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pen.] To release from a pen or from confinement. "If a man unpens another's water." Blackstone.

Un*pen"e*tra*ble (?), a. Impenetrable.

Un*pen"i*tent (?), a. Impenitent. Sandys.

Un*peo"ple (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + people.] To deprive of inhabitants; to depopulate. Shak.

Un`per*e"gal (?), a. [Pref. un- not + peregal.] Unequal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*per"fect (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + perfect.] To mar or destroy the perfection of. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Un*per"fect (?), a. [Pref. un- + perfect.] Imperfect. [Obs.] Holland. — Un*per"fect*ly, adv. [Obs.] Hales. — Un*per"fect*ness, n. [Obs.]

Un`per*fec"tion (?), n. Want of perfection; imperfection. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*per"ish*a*ble (?), a. Imperishable.

Un*per"ish*a*bly, adv. Imperishably.

Un`per*plex" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + perplex.] To free from perplexity. [R.] Donne.

Un`per*sua"sion (?), n. The state of not being persuaded; disbelief; doubt. [R.] Abp. Leighton.

Un`per*vert (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pervert.] To free from perversion; to deliver from being perverted; to reconvert. [Obs.]

Un`phi*los"o*phize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + philosophize.] To degrade from the character of a philosopher. [R.] Pope.

Un*pick (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- (intensive) + pick.] To pick out; to undo by picking.

Un*picked" (?), a. [Properly p. p. of unpick.] Picked out; picked open.

2. [Pref. un- not + picked.] Not picked. Milton.

Un*pin" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pin.] To loose from pins; to remove the pins from; to unfasten; as, to unpin a frock; to unpin a frame.

Un*pin"ion (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pinion.] To loose from pinions or manacles; to free from restraint. Goldsmith.

Un*pit"ied (?), a. 1. Not pitied.

2. Pitiless; merciless. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*pi"tious (?), a. 1. Impious; wicked. [Obs.] "The life of the unpitous." Wyclif (Prov. xv. 8).

2. Destitute of pity; pitiless. [Obs.] Chaucer.

— Un*pi"tous*ly, adv. [Obs.] — Un*pi"tous*ness, n. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*pi"tous*ty (?), n. Impiety. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*pit"y (?), n. Want of piety. [Obs.]

Un*pla"ca*ble (?), a. Implacable. [Obs.]

Un*placed" (?), a. Not placed.

Un*plaid" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + plaid.] To deprive of a plaid.

Un*plained" (?), a. Not deplored or bewailed; unlamented. [Obs.] Spenser.

Un*plat" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + plat.] To take out the folds or twists of, as something previously platted; to unfold; to unwreathe.

Un*plau"sive (?), a. Not approving; disapproving. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*plead"ed (?), a. 1. Not used as a plea; not urged; as, an unpleaded excuse.

2. Not supported by pleas; undefended; as, an unpleaded suit.

Un*pleas"ant (?), a. Not pleasant; not amiable or agreeable; displeasing; offensive. — Un*pleas"ant*ly, adv. — Un*pleas"ant*ness, n.

Un*pleas"ant*ry (?), n.; pl. Unpleasantries (&?;).

1. Want of pleasantry. [R.]

2. A state of disagreement; a falling out. Thackeray.

Un*pleas"ive (?), a. Unpleasant. [Obs.] "An unpleasive passion." Bp. Hall.

Un*pleat" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pleat.] To remove the plaits of; to smooth. W. Browne.

Un*plight" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + plight.] To unfold; to lay open; to explain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*plumb" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + plumb.] To deprive of lead, as of a leaden coffin. [R.] Burke.

Un*plume" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + plume.] To strip of plumes or feathers; hence, to humiliate.

Un*poised" (?), a. 1. Not poised or balanced.

2. Not poised or weighed; hence, regardless of consequences; unhesitating. [Obs.] Marston.

Un*poi"son (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + poison.] To remove or expel poison from. [Obs.] South.

Un*pol"i*cied (?), a. 1. Not having civil polity, or a regular form of government.

2. Impolitic; imprudent. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*pol"ish (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + polish.] To deprive of polish; to make impolite.

Un`po*lite" (?), a. Not polite; impolite; rude. — Un`po*lite"ly, adv. — Un`po*lite"ness, n.

Un*pol"i*tic (?), a. Impolitic; imprudent.

Un*polled" (?), a. Not polled. Specifically: (a) Not enumerated or registered; as, an unpolled vote or voter. (b) Not plundered. [Obs.] "Unpoll'd Arabian wealth." Fanshawe.

Un*pope" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pope.] 1. To divest of the character, office, or authority of a pope.

2. To deprive of a pope. [Obs.]

> Rome will never so far unpope herself as to part with her pretended supremacy.

Fuller.

Un*por"tu*nate (?), a. Importunate; troublesome with requests. [Obs.] Golden Boke.

Un*por"tu*ous (?), a. Having no ports. [Obs.] "An unportuous coast." Burke.

Un`pos*sess" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + possess.] To be without, or to resign, possession of. [Obs.]

Un*pos`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. Impossibility. [R.] "Utter unpossibility." Poe.

Un*pos"si*ble (?), a. Impossible. [R.]

Un*pow"er (?), n. Want of power; weakness. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Un*pow"er*ful (?), a. Not powerful; weak. Cowley.

Un*prac"ti*ca*ble (?), a. Impracticable; not feasible.

Un*prac"ti*cal (?), a. Not practical; impractical. "Unpractical questions." H. James.

> I like him none the less for being unpractical.

Lowell.

Un*praise" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + praise.] To withhold praise from; to deprive of praise. [R.]

Un*pray (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pray.] To revoke or annul by prayer, as something previously prayed for. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Un*pray"a*ble (?), a. Not to be influenced or moved by prayers; obdurate. [R.] Wyclif.

Un*prayed" (?), a. [With for.] Not prayed for. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Un*preach" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + preach.] To undo or overthrow by preaching. [R.] De Foe.

Un*prec"e*dent*ed (?), a. Having no precedent or example; not preceded by a like case; not having the authority of prior example; novel; new; unexampled. — Un*prec"e*dent*ed*ly, adv.

Un`pre*dict" (?), v. i. [1st pref. un- + predict.] To retract or falsify a previous prediction. Milton.

Un*prej"u*diced (?), a. 1. Not prejudiced; free from undue bias or prepossession; not preoccupied by opinion; impartial; as, an unprejudiced mind; an unprejudiced judge.

2. Not warped or biased by prejudice; as, an unprejudiced judgment.

— Un*prej"u*diced*ness, n. V. Knox.

Un*prel"a*ted (?), a. [1st pref. un- + prelate.] Deposed from the office of prelate.

Un`pre*vent"ed (?), a. 1. Not prevented or hindered; as, unprevented sorrows. Shak.

2. Not preceded by anything. [Obs.] Milton.

Un*priced" (?), a. Not priced; being without a fixed or certain value; also, priceless. "Amethyst unpriced." Neale (Rhythm of St. Bernard).

Un*priest" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + priest.] To deprive of priesthood; to unfrock. [R.] Milton.

Un*prince" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + prince.] To deprive of the character or authority of a prince; to divest of principality of sovereignty. [R.] Swift.

Un*prin"ci*ple (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + principle.] To destroy the moral principles of. [R.]

Un*prin"ci*pled (?), a. [Pref. un- not + principled.] Being without principles; especially, being without right moral principles; also, characterized by absence of principle. — Un*prin"ci*pled*ness, n.

Un*pris"on (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + prison.] To take or deliver from prison.

Un*priz"a*ble (?), a. 1. Not prized or valued; being without value. [Obs.]

2. Invaluable; being beyond estimation. [Obs.]

Un*prob"a*bly (?), adv. [Pref. un- not + probably.] Improbably.

Un*prob"a*bly, adv. [Un- + L. probabilis approvable, fr. probare to approve. Cf. Probable.] In a manner not to be approved of; improperly. [Obs. & R.]

> To diminish, by the authority of wise and knowing men, things unjustly and unprobably crept in.

Strype.

Un`pro*fi"cien*cy (?), n. Want of proficiency or improvement. Bp. Hall.

Un*prof"it (?), n. Want of profit; unprofitableness. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*prof"it*ed, a. Profitless. [R.] Shak.

Un*prom"ise (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + promise.] To revoke or annul, as a promise. Chapman.

Un*prop" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + prop.] To remove a prop or props from; to deprive of support.

Un*prop"er (?), a. Not proper or peculiar; improper. [Obs.] — Un*prop"er*ly, adv. [Obs.]

Un*pros"e*lyte (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + proselyte.] To convert or recover from the state of a proselyte. Fuller.

Un*prot"es*tant*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + protestantize.] To render other than Protestant; to cause to change from Protestantism to some other form of religion; to deprive of some Protestant feature or characteristic.

> The attempt to unprotestantize the Church of England.

Froude.

Un`pro*vide (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + provide.] To deprive of necessary provision; to unfurnish.

> Lest her . . . beauty unprovide my mind again.

Shak.

Un*prov"i*dent (?), a. Improvident. [Obs.] "Who for thyself art so unprovident." Shak.

Un*pru"dence (?), n. Imprudence. [Obs.]

<! p. 1580 !>

Un*pru"dent (?), a. Imprudent. [Obs.]

Un`pru*den"tial (?), a. Imprudent. [Obs.] "The most unwise and unprudential act." Milton.

Un*puck"er (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + pucker.] To smooth away the puckers or wrinkles of.

Un*pure" (?), a. Not pure; impure.

— Un*pure"ly, adv. — Un*pure"ness, n.

Un*pursed" (?), a. [1st pref. un- + purse + -ed.]

1. Robbed of a purse, or of money. [R.] Pollock.

2. Taken from the purse; expended. [Obs.] Gower.

Un*qual"i*fy (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + quality.] To disqualify; to unfit. Swift.

Un*qual"i*tied (?), a. [1st pref. un- + quality.] Deprived of the usual faculties. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*queen" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + queen.] To divest of the rank or authority of queen. Shak.

Un*ques"tion*a*ble (?), a. 1. Not questionable; as, an unquestionable title.

2. Not inviting questions or conversation. [R.] Shak.

— Un*ques"tion*a*bly, adv.

Un*ques"tioned (?), a. 1. Not called in question; not doubted.

2. Not interrogated; having no questions asked; not examined or examined into. Shak.

> She muttering prayers, as holy rites she meant,
> Through the divided crowd unquestioned went.

Dryden.

3. Indisputable; not to be opposed or impugned.

> Their unquestioned pleasures must be served.

B. Jonson.

Un*quick" (?), a. Not quick. [R.] Daniel.

Un*qui"et (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + quiet.] To disquiet. [Obs.] Ld. Herbert.

Un*qui"et, a. [Pref. un- + quiet.] Not quiet; restless; uneasy; agitated; disturbed. — Un*qui"et*ly, adv. — Un*qui"et*ness, n.

Un*qui"e*tude (?), n. Uneasiness; inquietude.

Un*rav"el (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- (intensive) + ravel.]

1. To disentangle; to disengage or separate the threads of; as, to unravel a stocking.

2. Hence, to clear from complication or difficulty; to unfold; to solve; as, to unravel a plot.

3. To separate the connected or united parts of; to throw into disorder; to confuse. "Art shall be conjured for it, and nature all unraveled." Dryden.

Un*rav"el, v. i. To become unraveled, in any sense.

Un*rav"el*ment (?), n. The act of unraveling, or the state of being unraveled.

Un*ra"zored (?), a. Not shaven. [R.] Milton.

Un*read" (?), a. 1. Not read or perused; as, an unread book. Hooker.

2. Not versed in literature; illiterate. Dryden.

Un*read"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being unready.

Un*read"y (?), a. 1. Not ready or prepared; not prompt; slow; awkward; clumsy. Dryden.

> Nor need the unready virgin strike her breast.

Keble.

2. Not dressed; undressed. [Obs.]

Un*read"y, v. t. [1st pref. un- + ready.] To undress. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Un*re"al (?), a. Not real; unsubstantial; fanciful; ideal.

Un`re*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being unreal; want of reality.

Un*re"al*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + realize.] To make unreal; to idealize.

> His fancy . . . unrealizes everything at a touch.

Lowell.

Un*re"al*ly, adv. In an unreal manner; ideally.

Un*rea"son (?), n. [Pref. un- not + reason.] Want of reason; unreasonableness; absurdity.

Abbot of Unreason. See Abbot of Misrule, under Abbot.

Un*rea"son, v. t. [1st pref. un- + reason.] To undo, disprove, or refute by reasoning. [Obs.]

> To unreason the equity of God's proceedings.

South.

Un*rea"son*a*ble (?), a. Not reasonable; irrational; immoderate; exorbitant. — Un*rea"son*a*ble*ness, n. — Un*rea"son*a*bly, adv.

Un*rea"soned (?), a. Not supported by reason; unreasonable. "Unreasoned habits." Burke.

Un*reave" (?), v. t. [See Unreeve.] To unwind; to disentangle; to loose. [Obs.] Spenser.

Un*reaved" (?), a. [See Un- not, and, for -reaved, cf. Rive, and AS. reófan to break.] Not torn, split, or parted; not torn to pieces. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Un`re*buk"a*ble (?), a. Not deserving rebuke or censure; blameless. 1 Tim. vi. 14.

Un`re*cur"ing (?), a. Incurable. [Obs.] "Some unrecuring wound." Shak.

Un`re*deemed" (?), a. Not redeemed.

Un*reeve" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + reeve, v. t.] (Naut.) To withdraw, or take out, as a rope from a block, thimble, or the like.

Un*ref`or*ma"tion (?), n. Want of reformation; state of being unreformed. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Un`re*gen"er*a*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being unregenerate. Glanvill.

{ Un`re*gen"er*ate (?), Un`re*gen"er*a`ted (?), } a. Not regenerated; not renewed in heart; remaining or being at enmity with God.

Un`re*gen`er*a"tion (?), n. Unregeneracy.

Un*rein" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + rein.] To loosen the reins of; to remove restraint from. Addison.

Un`re*lent"ing (?), a. Not relenting; unyielding; rigid; hard; stern; cruel. — Un`re*lent"ing*ly, adv. — Un`re*lent"ing*ness, n.

Un`re*li"a*ble (?), a. Not reliable; untrustworthy. See Reliable. — Un`re*li"a*ble*ness, n.

> Alcibiades . . . was too unsteady, and (according to Mr. Coleridge's coinage) "unreliable;" or perhaps, in more correct English, too "unrelyuponable."

De Quincey.

Un`re*li"gious (?), a. Irreligious. Wordsworth.

Un`re*mem"brance (?), n. Want of remembrance; forgetfulness. I. Watts.

Un`re*mit"ting (?), a. Not remitting; incessant; continued; persevering; as, unremitting exertions. Cowper. — Un`re*mit"ting*ly, adv. — Un`re*mit"ting*ness, n.

Un`re*morse"less (?), a. [Pref. un- not (intensive) + remorseless.] Utterly remorseless. [Obs. & R.] "Unremorseless death." Cowley.

Un`re*pent"ance (?), n. Impenitence. [R.]

Un`re*priev"a*ble (?), a. Not capable of being reprieved. Shak.

Un`re*proach"a*ble (?), a. Not liable to be reproached; irreproachable.

Un`re*proved (?), a. 1. Not reproved. Sandys.

2. Not having incurred reproof, blameless. [Obs.]

> In unreproved pleasures free.

Milton.

Un*rep"u*ta*ble (?), a. Disreputable.

Un`re*serve" (?), n. Absence of reverse; frankness; freedom of communication. T. Warton.

Un`re*served" (?), a. Not reserved; not kept back; not withheld in part; unrestrained. — Un`re*serv"ed*ly (#), adv. — Un`re*serv"ed*ness, n.

Un`re*sist"ance (?), n. Nonresistance; passive submission; irresistance. Bp. Hall.

Un`re*sist"ed, a. 1. Not resisted; unopposed. Bentley.

2. Resistless; as, unresisted fate. [R.] Pope.

Un`re*sist"i*ble (?), a. Irresistible. W. Temple.

Un`re*spect" (?), n. Disrespect. [Obs.] "Unrespect of her toil." Bp. Hall.

Un`re*spon"si*ble (?), a. Irresponsible. Fuller. — Un`re*spon"si*ble*ness, n.

Un*rest" (?), n. Want of rest or repose; unquietness; sleeplessness; uneasiness; disquietude.

> Is this, quoth she, the cause of your unrest!

Chaucer.

> Can calm despair and wild unrest
> Be tenants of a single breast?

Tennyson.

Un`re*straint" (?), n. Freedom from restraint; freedom; liberty; license.

Un*rest"y (?), a. Causing unrest; disquieting; as, unresty sorrows. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*rev"e*nued (?), a. Not furnished with a revenue. [R.] Milton.

Un*rev"er*ence (?), n. Absence or lack of reverence; irreverence. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*rev"er*end (?), a. 1. Not reverend.

2. Disrespectful; irreverent. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*rev"er*ent (?), a. Irreverent. [R.] Shak.

Un*rev"er*ent*ly, adv. Irreverently. [R.] B. Jonson.

Un*rid"dle (?), v. t. & i. [1st pref. un- + riddle.] To read the riddle of; to solve or explain; as, to unriddle an enigma or a mystery. Macaulay.

> And where you can't unriddle, learn to trust.

Parnell.

Un*rid"dler (?), n. One who unriddles. Lovelace.

Un*rig" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + rig.] (Naut.) To strip of rigging; as, to unrig a ship. Totten.

Un*right" (?), a. [AS. unriht. See Un- not, and Right.] Not right; wrong. [Obs.] Gower.

Un*right", n. A wrong. [Obs.]

> Nor did I you never unright.

Chaucer.

Un*right" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + right.] To cause (something right) to become wrong. [Obs.] Gower.

Un*right"eous (?), a. [OE. unrightwise, AS. unrihtws. See Un- not, and Righteous.]

1. Not righteous; evil; wicked; sinful; as, an unrighteous man.

2. Contrary to law and equity; unjust; as, an unrighteous decree or sentence.

— Un*right"eous*ly, adv. — Un*right"eous*ness, n.

Un*right"wise` (?), a. Unrighteous. [Obs.] Wyclif. — Un*right"wise`ly, adv. [Obs.]

Un*ringed" (?), a. Not having a ring, as in the nose. "Pigs unringed." Hudibras.

Un*ri"ot*ed (?), a. Free from rioting. [Obs.] "A chaste, unrioted house." May (Lucan).

Un*rip" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- (intensive) + rip.] To rip; to cut open. Bacon.

Un*ripe" (?), a. 1. Not ripe; as, unripe fruit.

2. Developing too early; premature. Sir P. Sidney.

Un*ripe"ness, n. Quality or state of being unripe.

Un*ri"valed (?), a. Having no rival; without a competitor; peerless. [Spelt also unrivalled.] Pope.

Un*riv"et (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + rivet.] To take out, or loose, the rivets of; as, to unrivet boiler plates.

Un*robe" (?), v. t. & i. [1st pref. un- + robe.] To disrobe; to undress; to take off the robes.

Un*roll" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + roll.] [Written also unrol.]

1. To open, as what is rolled or convolved; as, to unroll cloth; to unroll a banner.

2. To display; to reveal. Dryden.

3. To remove from a roll or register, as a name.

> If I make not this cheat bring out another . . . let me be unrolled and my name put in the book of virtue!

Shak.

Un-Ro"man*ized (?), a. 1. Not subjected to Roman arms or customs. J. Whitaker.

2. (Eccl.) Not subjected to the principles or usages of the Roman Catholic Church.

Un*roof" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + roof.] To strip off the roof or covering of, as a house. Shak.

Un*roofed" (?), a. 1. [Properly p. p. of unroof.] Stripped of a roof, or similar covering.

> Broken carriages, dead horses, unroofed cottages, all indicated the movements.

Sir W. Scott.

2. [Pref. un- not + roofed.] Not yet roofed.

Un*roost" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + roost.] To drive from the roost. Shak.

Un*root" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + root.] To tear up by the roots; to eradicate; to uproot.

Un*root", v. i. To be torn up by the roots. Beau. & Fl.

Un*rude" (?), a. [Pref. un- + rude. In sense 2 un- is intensive.]

1. Not rude; polished. Herrick.

2. Excessively rude. [Obs. & R.] "See how the unrude rascal backbites him." B. Jonson.

Un*ruf"fle (?), v. i. [1st pref. un- + ruffle.] To cease from being ruffled or agitated. Dryden.

Un*ruf"fled (?), a. [Pref. un- not + ruffled.] Not ruffled or agitated; smooth; calm; tranquil; quiet.

> Calm and unruffled as a summer's sea.

Addison.

{ Un*ru"in*ate (?), Un*ru"in*a`ted (?), } a. Not ruined or destroyed. [Obs.] "Unruinated towers." Bp. Hall.

Un*ruled" (?), a. 1. Not governed or controlled. "Unruled and undirected." Spenser.

2. Not ruled or marked with lines; as, unruled paper.

Un*rul"i*ment (?), n. Unruliness. [Obs.] "Breaking forth with rude unruliment." Spenser.

Un*rul"i*ness, n. Quality or state unruly.

Un*rul"y (?), a. [Compar. Unrulier (&?;), superl. Unruliest.] [Pref. un- not + rule. Cf. Ruly.] Not submissive to rule; disregarding restraint; disposed to violate; turbulent; ungovernable; refractory; as, an unruly boy; unruly boy; unruly conduct.

> But the tongue can no man tame; it is an unruly evil, full of deadly poison.

James iii. 8.

Un*rum"ple (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + rumple.] To free from rumples; to spread or lay even,

Un*sac"ra*ment (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sacrament.] To deprive of sacramental character or efficacy; as, to unsacrament the rite of baptism. [Obs.]

Un*sad" (?), a. [AS. unsæd unsated, insatiable. See Un- not, and Sad.] Unsteady; fickle. [Obs.]

> O, stormy people, unsad and ever untrue.

Chaucer.

Un*sad"den (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sadden.] To relieve from sadness; to cheer. [R.] Whitlock.

Un*sad"dle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + saddle.]

1. To strip of a saddle; to take the saddle from, as a horse.

2. To throw from the saddle; to unhorse.

Un*sad"ness, n. [From Unsad.] Infirmity; weakness. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*safe"ty (?), n. The quality or state of being in peril; absence of safety; insecurity. Bacon.

Un*saint" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + saint.] To deprive of saintship; to deny sanctity to. [R.] South.

Un*saint"ly, a. Unbecoming to a saint. Gauden.

Un*sal"a*ble (?), a. Not salable; unmerchantable. — n. That which can not be sold. Byron.

Un*sanc`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. Absence or lack of sanctification. Shak.

Un*sa`ti*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Quality of being unsatiable; insatiability. [Obs.]

Un*sa"ti*a*ble (?), a. Insatiable. [Obs.] Hooker. — Un*sa"ti*a*ble*ness, n. [Obs.] — Un*sa"ti*a*bly, adv. [Obs.]

Un*sa"ti*ate (?), a. Insatiate. Dr. H. More.

Un*sat`is*fac"tion (?), n. Dissatisfaction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Un*sat"u*ra`ted (?), a. 1. Capable of absorbing or dissolving to a greater degree; as, an unsaturated solution.

2. (Chem.) Capable of taking up, or of uniting with, certain other elements or compounds, without the elimination of any side product; thus, aldehyde, ethylene, and ammonia are unsaturated.

Un*sat`u*ra"tion (?), n. The quality or state of being unsaturated.

Un*say (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + say.] To recant or recall, as what has been said; to refract; to take back again; to make as if not said.

> You can say and unsay things at pleasure.

Goldsmith.

Un*scale" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + scale.] To divest of scales; to remove scales from.

> [An eagle] purging and unscaling her long-abused sight at the fountain itself of heavenly radiance.

Milton.

Un*scap"a*ble (?), a. Not be escaped; inevitable. [Obs.] Wyclif.

{ Un*scep"tered, Un*scep"tred } (?), a. 1. [Pref. un- not + sceptered.] Having no scepter.

2. [1st pref. un- + scepter.] Deprived of a scepter.

Un*sci"ence (?), n. Want of science or knowledge; ignorance. [Obs.]

> If that any wight ween a thing to be otherwise than it is, it is not only unscience, but it is deceivable opinion.

Chaucer.

Un*screw" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + screw.] To draw the screws from; to loose from screws; to loosen or withdraw (anything, as a screw) by turning it.

Un*scru"pu*lous (?), a. Not scrupulous; unprincipled. — Un*scru"pu*lous*ly, adv. — Un*scru"pu*lous*ness, n.

Un*scru"ta*ble (?), a. Inscrutable. [R.]

Un*scutch"eoned (?), a. Destitute of an escutcheon. [R.] Pollock.

Un*seal" (n*sl"), v. t. [1st pref. un- + seal.] 1. To break or remove the seal of; to open, as what is sealed; as, to unseal a letter.

> Unable to unseal his lips beyond the width of a quarter of an inch.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To disclose, as a secret. [Obs.] The Coronation.

Un*seam (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + seam.] To open the seam or seams of; to rip; to cut; to cut open. Shak.

Un*search"a*ble (?), a. Not searchable; inscrutable; hidden; mysterious.

> The counsels of God are to us unsearchable.

Rogers.

— Un*search"a*ble*ness, n. — Un*search"a*bly, adv.

Un*sea"son (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + season.]

1. To make unseasoned; to deprive of seasoning.

2. To strike unseasonably; to affect disagreeably or unfavorably. [Obs.]

> Why do I send this rustic madrigal,
> That may thy tuneful ear unseason quite?

Spenser.

Un*sea"son*a*ble (?), a. Not seasonable; being, done, or occurring out of the proper season; ill-timed; untimely; too early or too late; as, he called at an unseasonable hour; unseasonable advice; unseasonable frosts; unseasonable food. — Un*sea"son*a*ble*ness, n. — Un*sea"son*a*bly, adv.

Un*sea"soned (?), a. 1. Not seasoned.

2. Untimely; ill-timed. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*seat" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + seat.]

1. To throw from one's seat; to deprive of a seat. Cowper.

2. Specifically, to deprive of the right to sit in a legislative body, as for fraud in election. Macaulay.

<! p. 1581 !>

Un*sec"ond*ed (?), a. 1. Not seconded; not supported, aided, or assisted; as, the motion was unseconded; the attempt was unseconded.

2. Not exemplified a second time. [Obs.] "Strange and unseconded shapes of worms." Sir T. Browne.

Un*se"cret (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + secret.] To disclose; to divulge. [Obs.] Bacon.

Un*se"cret, a. [Pref. un- not + secret.] Not secret; not close; not trusty; indiscreet. [Obs.] "We are unsecret to ourselves." Shak.

Un*sec"u*lar*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + secularize.] To cause to become not secular; to detach from secular things; to alienate from the world.

Un`se*cure" (?), a. Insecure. [R.] Milton.

Un*seel" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + seel.] To open, as the eyes of a hawk that have been seeled; hence, to give light to; to enlighten. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Un*seem" (?), v. i. [1st pref. un- + seem.] Not to seem. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*seem"ing, a. Unbeseeming; not fit or becoming.

Un*seem"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being unseemly; unbecomingness. Udall.

Un*seem"ly, a. Not seemly; unbecoming; indecent.

> An unseemly outbreak of temper.

Hawthorne.

Un*seem"ly, adv. In an unseemly manner.

Un*seen" (?), a. 1. Not seen or discovered.

2. Unskilled; inexperienced. [Obs.] Clarendon.

Un*sel"dom (?), adv. Not seldom; frequently. [R.]

Un*se"ly (?), a. [AS. uns&?;lig. See Un- not, and Silly.] Not blessed or happy; wretched; unfortunate. [Written also unsilly.] [Obs.] Chaucer. — Un*se"li*ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*sem"i*nared (?), a. [See 1st Un-, and Semen.] Deprived of virility, or seminal energy; made a eunuch. [Obs.]

Un*sensed (?), a. Wanting a distinct meaning; having no certain signification. [R.] Puller.

Un*sen"si*ble (?), a. Insensible. [Obs.]

Un*sen"su*al*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sensualize.] To elevate from the domain of the senses; to purify. Coleridge.

Un*sep"a*ra*ble (?), a. Inseparable. [Obs.] "In love unseparable." Shak.

Un*serv"ice (?), n. Neglect of duty; idleness; indolence. [Obs.] Massinger.

Un*set" (?), a. Not set; not fixed or appointed.

Un*set"tle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + settle.] To move or loosen from a settled position or state; to unfix; to displace; to disorder; to confuse.

Un*set"tle, v. i. To become unsettled or unfixed; to be disordered. Shak.

Un*set"tled*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being unsettled.

Un*set"tle*ment (?), n. The act of unsettling, or state of being unsettled; disturbance. J. H. Newman.

Un*sev"en (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + seven.] To render other than seven; to make to be no longer seven. [Obs. & R.] "To unseven the sacraments of the church of Rome." Fuller.

Un*sew" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sew.] To undo, as something sewn, or something inclosed by sewing; to rip apart; to take out the stitches of.

Un*sex" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Unsexed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Unsexing.] [1st pref. un- + sex.] To deprive of sex, or of qualities becoming to one's sex; esp., to make unfeminine in character, manners, duties, or the like; as, to unsex a woman.

Un*sex"u*al (?), a. Not sexual; not proper or peculiar to one of the sexes. De Quincey.

Un*shac"kle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + shackle.] To loose from shackles or bonds; to set free from restraint; to unfetter. Addison.

Un*shak"a*ble (?), a. Not capable of being shaken; firm; fixed. Shak. J. S. Mill.

Un*shaked" (?), a. Unshaken. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*shale" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + shale.] To strip the shale, or husk, from; to uncover. [Obs.]

> I will not unshale the jest before it be ripe.

Marston.

Un*shape (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + shape.] To deprive of shape, or of proper shape; to disorder; to confound; to derange. [R.] Shak.

{ Un*shaped" (?), Un*shap"en (?), } a. [Pref. un- not + shaped, shapen.] Not shaped; shapeless; misshapen; deformed; ugly.

Un*sheathe" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sheath.] To deprive of a sheath; to draw from the sheath or scabbard, as a sword.

To unsheathe the sword, to make war.

Un*shed" (?), a. 1. Not parted or divided, as the hair. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Not spilt, or made to flow, as blood or tears. Milton.

Un*shell" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + shell.] To strip the shell from; to take out of the shell; to hatch.

Un*shelve" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + shelve.] To remove from, or as from, a shelf.

Un*shent (?), a. Not shent; not disgraced; blameless. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Un*sher"iff (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sheriff.] To depose from the office of sheriff. [R.]

Un*shet" (?), v. t. To unshut. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*shift"a*ble (?), a. 1. That may &?;ot be shifted.

2. Shiftless; helpless. [Obs.]

Un*ship" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + ship.]

1. To take out of a ship or vessel; as, to unship goods.

2. (Naut.) To remove or detach, as any part or implement, from its proper position or connection when in use; as, to unship an oar; to unship capstan bars; to unship the tiller.

Un*ship"ment (?), n. The act of unshipping, or the state of being unshipped; displacement.

Un*shot" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + shot.] To remove the shot from, as from a shotted gun; to unload.

Un*shot", a. [Pref. un- + shot.] Not hit by a shot; also, not discharged or fired off.

Un*shout" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + shout.] To recall what is done by shouting. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*shroud" (&?;), v. t. [1st pref. un- + shroud.] To remove the shroud from; to uncover. P. Fletcher.

Un*shrubbed" (?), a. Being without shrubs.

Un*shut" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + shut.] To open, or throw open. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*shut"ter (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + shutter.] To open or remove the shutters of. T. Hughes.

Un*sight" (?), a. Doing or done without sight; not seeing or examining. [Colloq.]

Unsight unseen, a colloquial phrase, denoting unseeing unseen, or unseen repeated; as, to buy a thing unsight unseen, that is, without seeing it.

> For to subscribe, unsight, unseen,
> To a new church discipline.

Hudibras.

> There was a great confluence of chapmen, that resorted from every part, with a design to purchase, which they were to do "unsight unseen."

Spectator.

Un*sight"a*ble (?), a. Invisible. [Obs.]

Un*sight"ed, a. 1. Not sighted, or seen. Suckling.

2. (Gun.) Not aimed by means of a sight; also, not furnished with a sight, or with a properly adjusted sight; as, to shoot and unsighted rife or cannon.

Un`sig*nif"i*cant (?), a. Insignificant. [Obs.] Holland.

Un*sil"ly (?), a. See Unsely. [Obs.]

Un`sim*plic"i*ty (?), n. Absence of simplicity; artfulness. C. Kingsley.

Un*sin" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sin.] To deprive of sinfulness, as a sin; to make sinless. [Obs.] Feltham.

Un`sin*cere" (?), a. Not sincere or pure; insincere. [Obs.] Dryden. — Un`sin*cere"ness, n. [Obs.]

Un`sin*cer"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being unsincere or impure; insincerity. [Obs.] Boyle.

Un*sin"ew (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sinew.] To deprive of sinews or of strength. [R.] Dryden.

Un*sis"ter (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sister.] To separate, as sisters; to disjoin. [Poetic & R.] Tennyson.

Un*sis"ter*ly, a. Not sisterly. Richardson.

Un*sist"ing (?), a. Unresisting. [Obs.] "The unsisting postern." Shak.

Un*sit"ting (?), a. Not sitting well; unbecoming. [Obs.] "Unsitting words." Sir T. More.

Un*skill" (?), n. Want of skill; ignorance; unskillfulness. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Un*skill"ful (?), a. [Spelt also unskilful.]

1. Not skillful; inexperienced; awkward; bungling; as, an unskillful surgeon or mechanic; an unskillful logician.

2. Lacking discernment; injudicious; ignorant.

> Though it make the unskillful laugh, can not but make the judicious grieve.

Shak.

— Un*skill"ful*ly, adv. — Un*skill"ful*ness, n.

Un*slacked" (?), a. Not slacked; unslaked; as, unslacked lime.

Un*slaked" (?), a. Not slaked; unslacked; as, an unslaked thirst; unslaked lime.

Un*sling" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sling.] (Naut.) To take off the slings of, as a yard, a cask, or the like; to release from the slings. Totten.

Un*sluice" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sluice.] To sluice; to open the sluice or sluices of; to let flow; to discharge. Dryden.

Un*so`cia*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being unsociable; unsociableness.

Un*so"cia*ble (?), a. Not sociable; not inclined to society; averse to companionship or conversation; solitary; reserved; as, an unsociable person or temper. — Un*so"cia*ble*ness, n. — Un*so"cia*bly, adv.

Un*sock"et (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + socket.] To loose or take from a socket.

Un*soft" (?; 115), a. Not soft; hard; coarse; rough. [Obs.] "Bristles of his beard unsoft." Chaucer.

Un*soft", adv. [AS. uns&?;fte. See Un- not, and Soft.] Not softly. [Obs.]

> Great climbers fall unsoft.

Spenser.

Un*sol"der (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + solder.] To separate or disunite, as what has been soldered; hence, to divide; to sunder. [Formerly written also unsoder.] Tennyson.

Un*sol"diered (?; 106), a. Not equipped like a soldier; unsoldierlike. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Un*sol"em*nize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + solemnize.] To divest of solemnity.

Un*so"na*ble (?), a. [Pref. un- + L. sonabilis sounding, from sonare to sound.] Incapable of being sounded. [Obs.]

Un*son"sy (?), a. [See Un- not, and Soncy.] Not soncy (sonsy); not fortunate. [Scot.]

Un*soot" (?), a. [AS. unsw&?;te. See Un- not, and Sweet.] Not sweet. [Obs.] Spenser.

{ Un`so*phis"ti*cate (?), Un`so*phis"ti*ca`ted (?), } a. Not sophisticated; pure; innocent; genuine.

— Un`so*phis"ti*ca`ted*ness, n.

Un*sor"rowed (?), a. Not sorrowed for; unlamented. Beau. & Fl.

Un*sort"ed (?), a. 1. Not sorted; not classified; as, a lot of unsorted goods.

2. Not well selected; ill-chosen.

> The purpose you undertake is dangerous; the friends you named uncertain; the time itself unsorted.

Shak.

Un*soul" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + soul.] To deprive of soul, spirit, or principle. [R.] Shelton.

Un*sound" (?), a. Not sound; not whole; not solid; defective; infirm; diseased.

— Un*sound"ly, adv. — Un*sound"ness, n.

Un*spar" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + spar.] To take the spars, stakes, or bars from. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Un*spar"ing (?), a. [Pref. un- not + sparing, p. pr. of spare.]

1. Not sparing; not parsimonious; liberal; profuse. Burke.

2. Not merciful or forgiving. [R.] Milton.

— Un*spar"ing*ly (#), adv. — Un*spar"ing*ness, n.

Un*speak" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + speak.] To retract, as what has been spoken; to recant; to unsay. [R.] Shak.

Un*speak"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. un- not + speakable.] Not speakable; incapable of being uttered or adequately described; inexpressible; unutterable; ineffable; as, unspeakable grief or rage. — Un*speak"a*bly, adv.

> Ye rejoice with joy unspeakable and full of glory.

1 Pet. i. 8.

Un*spe"cial*ized (?), a. Not specialized; specifically (Biol.), not adapted, or set apart, for any particular purpose or function; as, an unspecialized unicellular organism. W. K. Brooks.

Un*sped" (?), a. Not performed; not dispatched. [Obs.] Garth.

Un*spell" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + spell.] To break the power of (a spell); to release (a person) from the influence of a spell; to disenchant. [R.]

> Such practices as these, . . .
> The more judicious Israelites unspelled.

Dryden.

Un*sphere" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sphere.] To remove, as a planet, from its sphere or orb. Shak.

Un*spike" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + spike.] To remove a spike from, as from the vent of a cannon.

Un*spilt" (?), a. Not spilt or wasted; not shed.

Un*spin" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + spin.] To untwist, as something spun.

Un*spir"it (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + spirit.] To dispirit. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Un*spir"it*al*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + spiritualize.] To deprive of spiritually. South.

Un*spleened" (?), a. [1st pref. un- + spleen.] Deprived of a spleen.

Un*spot"ted (?), a. Not spotted; free from spot or stain; especially, free from moral stain; unblemished; immaculate; as, an unspotted reputation. — Un*spot"ted*ness, n.

Un*squire" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + squire.] To divest of the title or privilege of an esquire. Swift.

Un*sta"ble (?), a. [Cf. Instable.] Not stable; not firm, fixed, or constant; subject to change or overthrow. — Un*sta"ble*ness, n. Chaucer.

Unstable equilibrium. See Stable equilibrium, under Stable.

Un*stack" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + stack.] To remove, or take away, from a stack; to remove, as something constituting a stack.

Un*starch" (?), v. t. [Pref. un- + starch.] To free from starch; to make limp or pliable.

Un*state" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + state.] To deprive of state or dignity. [R.]

> High-battled Cæsar will unstate his happiness.

Shak.

Un*steel" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + steel.] To disarm; to soften. Richardson.

Un*step" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + step.] (Naut.) To remove, as a mast, from its step.

Un*stick" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + stick.] To release, as one thing stuck to another. Richardson.

Un*still" (?), a. [AS. unstille. See Un- not, and Still, a.] Not still; restless. [R.]

Un*sting" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sting.] To disarm of a sting; to remove the sting of. [R.] "Elegant dissertations on virtue and vice . . . will not unsting calamity." J. M. Mason.

Un*stitch" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + stitch.] To open by picking out stitches; to take out, or undo, the stitches of; as, to unstitch a seam. Collier.

Un*stock" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + stock.]

1. To deprive of a stock; to remove the stock from; to loose from that which fixes, or holds fast.

2. To remove from the stocks, as a ship.

Un*stock"inged (?), a. 1. [Pref. un- not + stocking.] Destitute of stockings. Sir W. Scott.

2. [1st pref. un- + stocking.] Deprived of stockings.

Un*stop" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + stop.]

1. To take the stopple or stopper from; as, to unstop a bottle or a cask.

2. To free from any obstruction; to open.

Un*strain" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + strain.] To relieve from a strain; to relax. B. Jonson.

Un*strained" (?), a. [Pref. un- not + strain.] 1. Not strained; not cleared or purified by straining; as, unstrained oil or milk.

2. Not forced; easy; natural; as, a unstrained deduction or inference. Hakewill.

Un*strat"i*fied (?), a. (Geol.) Not stratified; — applied to massive rocks, as granite, porphyry, etc., and also to deposits of loose material, as the glacial till, which occur in masses without layers or strata.

Un*strength" (?), n. Want of strength; weakness; feebleness. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*stri"a*ted (?), a. (Nat. Hist.) Nonstriated; unstriped.

Un*string" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + string.]

1. To deprive of a string or strings; also, to take from a string; as, to unstring beads.

2. To loosen the string or strings of; as, to unstring a harp or a bow.

3. To relax the tension of; to loosen. "His garland they unstring." Dryden. Used also figuratively; as, his nerves were unstrung by fear.

Un*striped" (?), a. 1. Not striped.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Without marks or striations; nonstriated; as, unstriped muscle fibers.

Un*stud"ied (?), a. 1. Not studied; not acquired by study; unlabored; natural.

2. Not skilled; unversed; — followed by in.

3. Not spent in study. [Obs.] "To cloak the defects of their unstudied years." Milton.

<! p. 1582 !>

Un`sub*stan"tial (?), a. Lacking in matter or substance; visionary; chimerical.

Un`sub*stan"tial*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + substantialize.] To make unsubstantial. [R.]

Un`sub*stan`ti*a"tion (?), n. [1st pref. un- + substantiation.] A divesting of substantiality.

Un`suc*ceed"a*ble (?), a. Not able or likely to succeed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Un`suc*cess" (?), n. Want of success; failure; misfortune. Prof. Wilson.

Un`suc*cess"ful (?), a. Not successful; not producing the desired event; not fortunate; meeting with, or resulting in, failure; unlucky; unhappy. — Un`suc*cess"ful*ly, adv. — Un`suc*cess"ful*ness, n.

Un*suf"fer*a*ble (?), a. Insufferable. [Obs.] Hooker. — Un*suf"fer*a*bly, adv. [Obs.]

Un*suf"fer*ing, n. Inability or incapability of enduring, or of being endured. [Obs.] Wyclif.

{ Un`suf*fi"cience (?), Un`suf*fi"cien*cy (?), } n. Insufficiency. [Obs.] Hooker.

Un`suf*fi"cient (?), a. Insufficient. [Obs.]

Un*suit" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + suit.] Not to suit; to be unfit for. [Obs.] Quarles.

Un`sup*port"a*ble (?), a. Insupportable; unendurable. — Un`sup*port"a*ble*ness, n. Bp. Wilkins. — Un`sup*port"a*bly, adv.

Un*sured" (?), a. Not made sure. [Obs.]

> Thy now unsured assurance to the crown.

Shak.

Un*sure"ty (?), n. Want of surety; uncertainty; insecurity; doubt. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Un`sur*mount"a*ble (?), a. Insurmountable. Locke.

Un`sus*pi"cion (?), n. The quality or state of being unsuspecting. Dickens.

Un*swad"dle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + swaddle.] To take a swaddle from; to unswathe.

Un*swathe" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + swathe.] To take a swathe from; to relieve from a bandage; to unswaddle. Addison.

Un*sway"a*ble (?), a. Not capable of being swayed. Shak.

Un*swear" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + swear.] To recant or recall, as an oath; to recall after having sworn; to abjure. J. Fletcher.

Un*swear", v. i. To recall an oath. Spenser.

Un*sweat" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + sweat.] To relieve from perspiration; to ease or cool after exercise or toil. [R.] Milton.

Un*swell" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + swell.] To sink from a swollen state; to subside. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un`sym*met"ric*al (?), a. 1. Wanting in symmetry, or due proportion pf parts.

2. (Biol.) Not symmetrical; being without symmetry, as the parts of a flower when similar parts are of different size and shape, or when the parts of successive circles differ in number. See Symmetry.

3. (Chem.) Being without symmetry of chemical structure or relation; as, an unsymmetrical carbon atom.

Unsymmetrical carbon atom (Chem.), one which is united at once to four different atoms or radicals. This condition usually occasions physical isomerism, with the attendant action on polarized light.

Un`sym*met"ric*al*ly, adv. Not symmetrically.

Un*sym"pa*thy (?), n. Absence or lack of sympathy.

Un*tack" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tack.] To separate, as what is tacked; to disjoin; to release.

> being untacked from honest cares.

Barrow.

Un*tac"kle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tackle.] To unbitch; to unharness. [Colloq.] Tusser.

Un*talked" (?), a. Not talked; not mentioned; — often with of. Shak.

Un*tan`gi*bil"i*ty (?), n. Intangibility.

Un*tan"gi*ble (?), a. Intangible. [R.]

Un*tan"gi*bly, adv. Intangibly. [R.]

Un*tan"gle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tangle.] To loose from tangles or intricacy; to disentangle; to resolve; as, to untangle thread.

> Untangle but this cruel chain.

Prior.

Un*tap"pice (?), v. i. [1st pref. un- + tappice.] to come out of concealment. [Obs.] Massinger.

Un*taste" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + taste.] To deprive of a taste for a thing. [R.] Daniel.

Un*teach" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + teach.]

1. To cause to forget, or to lose from memory, or to disbelieve what has been taught.

> Experience will unteach us.

Sir T. Browne.

> One breast laid open were a school
> Which would unteach mankind the lust to shine or rule.

Byron.

2. To cause to be forgotten; as, to unteach what has been learned. Dryden.

Un*team" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + team.] To unyoke a team from. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Un*tem"per (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + temper.] To deprive of temper, or of the proper degree of temper; to make soft.

Un*tem"per*ate (?), a. Intemperate. [Obs.]

Un*tem"per*ate*ly, adv. Intemperately. [Obs.]

Un*tempt"er (?; 215), n. One who does not tempt, or is not a tempter. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*ten"ant (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tenant.] To remove a tenant from. [R.] Coleridge.

Un*tent" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tent.] To bring out of a tent. [R.] Shak.

Un*tent"ed, a. [Pref. un- not + tent a covering.] Having no tent or tents, as a soldier or a field.

Un*tent"ed, a. [Pref. un- not + tented, p. p. of tent to probe.] Not tended; not dressed. See 4th Tent.

> The untented woundings of a father's curse
> Pierce every sense about thee!

Shak.

Un*thank" (?), n. [AS. unpank. See Un- not, Thank.] No thanks; ill will; misfortune. [Obs.]

> Unthank come on his head that bound him so.

Chaucer.

Un*think" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + think.] To recall or take back, as something thought. Shak.

Un*think"er (?), n. [Pref. un- + thinker.] A person who does not think, or does not think wisely.

Un*think"ing, a. 1. Not thinking; not heedful; thoughtless; inconsiderate; as, unthinking youth.

2. Not indicating thought or reflection; thoughtless.

> With earnest eyes, and round unthinking face,
> He first the snuffbox opened, then the case.

Pope.

— Un*think"ing*ly, adv. — Un*think"ing*ness, n.

Un*thread" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + thread.]

1. To draw or take out a thread from; as, to unthread a needle.

2. To deprive of ligaments; to loose the ligaments of.

> He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints.

Milton.

3. To make one's way through; to traverse; as, to unthread a devious path. De Quincey.

Un"thrift` (?), n. 1. Want of thrift; unthriftiness; prodigality.

2. An unthrifty person. [Obs.] Dryden.

Un*thrift" (?), a. Unthrifty. [Obs.]

Un*thrift"ful*ly (?), adv. Not thriftily. [Obs.] "Unthriftfully spent." Sir J. Cheke.

{ Un*thrift"i*head (?), Un*thrift"i*hood (?) }, n. Unthriftiness. [Obs.] Spenser.

Un*thrift"i*ly (?), adv. 1. Not thriftily.

2. Improperly; unbecomingly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*thrift"i*ness, n. The quality or state or being unthrifty; profuseness; lavishness. Udall.

Un*thrift"y (?), a. Not thrifty; profuse. Spenser.

Un*throne" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + throne.] To remove from, or as from, a throne; to dethrone. Milton.

Un*ti"dy (?), a. 1. Unseasonable; untimely. [Obs.] "Untidy tales." Piers Plowman.

2. Not tidy or neat; slovenly.

— Un*ti"di*ly (#), adv. — Un*ti"di*ness, n.

Un*tie" (?), v. t. [AS. untgan. See 1st Un-, and Tie, v. t.]

1. To loosen, as something interlaced or knotted; to disengage the parts of; as, to untie a knot.

> Sacharissa's captive fain
> Would untie his iron chain.

Waller.

> Her snakes untied, sulphurous waters drink.

Pope.

2. To free from fastening or from restraint; to let loose; to unbind.

> Though you untie the winds, and let them fight
> Against the churches.

Shak.

> All the evils of an untied tongue we put upon the accounts of drunkenness.

Jer. Taylor.

3. To resolve; to unfold; to clear.

> They quicken sloth, perplexities untie.

Denham.

Un*tie", v. i. To become untied or loosed.

Un*tight"en (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tighten.] To make less tight or tense; to loosen.

Un*til" (?), prep. [OE. until, ontil; un- (as in unto) + til till; cf. Dan. indtil, Sw. intill. See Unto, and Till, prep.]

1. To; unto; towards; — used of material objects. Chaucer.

> Taverners until them told the same.

Piers Plowman.

> He roused himself full blithe, and hastened them until.

Spenser.

2. To; up to; till; before; — used of time; as, he staid until evening; he will not come back until the end of the month.

> He and his sons were priests to the tribe of Dan until the day of the captivity.

Judg. xviii. 30.

In contracts and like documents until is construed as exclusive of the date mentioned unless it was the manifest intent of the parties to include it.

Un*til", conj. As far as; to the place or degree that; especially, up to the time that; till. See Till, conj.

> In open prospect nothing bounds our eye,
> Until the earth seems joined unto the sky.

Dryden.

> But the rest of the dead lives not again until the thousand years were finished.

Rev. xx. 5.

Un*tile" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tile.] To take the tiles from; to uncover by removing the tiles.

Un*time" (?), n. An unseasonable time. [Obs.]

> A man shall not eat in untime.

Chaucer.

Un*time"li*ness (?), n. Unseasonableness.

Un*time"ly, a. Not timely; done or happening at an unnatural, unusual, or improper time; unseasonable; premature; inopportune; as, untimely frosts; untimely remarks; an untimely death.

Un*time"ly, adv. Out of the natural or usual time; inopportunely; prematurely; unseasonably. "Let them know . . . what's untimely done." Shak.

Un*time"ous (?), a. Untimely. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Un*time"ous*ly, adv. Untimely; unseasonably. [R.]

Un*tithed" (?), a. Not subjected tithes.

Un*ti"tled (?), a. 1. Not titled; having no title, or appellation of dignity or distinction. Spenser.

2. Being without title or right; not entitled. Shak.

Un"to (?), prep. [OE. unto; un- (only in unto, until) unto, as far as + to to; this un- is akin to AS. &?;&?; until, OFries. und OS. und until, conj. (cf. OS. unt&?; unto, OHG. unzi), Goth. und unto, until. See To, and cf. Until.]

1. To; — now used only in antiquated, formal, or scriptural style. See To.

2. Until; till. [Obs.] "He shall abide it unto the death of the priest." Num. xxxv. 25.

Un"to, conj. Until; till. [Obs.] "Unto this year be gone." Chaucer.

Un*told" (?), a. 1. Not told; not related; not revealed; as, untold secrets.

2. Not numbered or counted; as, untold money.

Un*tol"er*a*ble (?), a. Intolerable. [Obs.]

Un*tomb" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tomb.] To take from the tomb; to exhume; to disinter. Fuller.

Un*tongue (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tongue.] To deprive of a tongue, or of voice. [Obs.] Fuller.

Un*tooth" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tooth.] To take out the teeth of. Cowper.

Un*to"ward (?), prep. [Unto + - ward.] Toward. [Obs.] Gower.

Un*to"ward (?), a. [Pref. un- not + toward.]

1. Froward; perverse. "Save yourselves from this untoward generation." Acts ii. 40.

2. Awkward; ungraceful. "Untoward words." Creech. "Untoward manner." Swift.

3. Inconvenient; troublesome; vexatious; unlucky; unfortunate; as, an untoward wind or accident.

— Un*to"ward*ly, adv. — Un*to"ward*ness, n.

Un*to"ward*ly, a. Perverse; froward; untoward. "Untowardly tricks and vices." Locke.

Un*trad"ed (?), a. 1. Not dealt with in trade; not visited for purposes of trade. [Obs.] Hakluyt

2. Unpracticed; inexperienced. [Obs.] Udall.

3. Not traded in or bartered; hence, not hackneyed; unusual; not common. Shak.

Un*trained" (?), a. 1. Not trained. Shak.

2. Not trainable; indocile. [Obs.] Herbert.

Un*tram"meled (?), a. Not hampered or impeded; free. [Written also untrammelled.]

Un*trav"eled (?), a. [Written also untravelled.]

1. Not traveled; not trodden by passengers; as, an untraveled forest.

2. Having never visited foreign countries; not having gained knowledge or experience by travel; as, an untraveled Englishman. Addison.

Un*tread" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tread.] To tread back; to retrace. Shak.

Un*treas"ure (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + treasure.] To bring forth or give up, as things previously treasured. "The quaintness with which he untreasured, as by rote, the stores of his memory." J. Mitford.

Un*treas"ured (?), a. 1. [Properly p. p. of untreasure.] Deprived of treasure. [Obs.] Shak.

2. [Pref. un- not + treasured.] Not treasured; not kept as treasure.

Un*treat"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being treated; not practicable. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Un*trenched" (?), a. Being without trenches; whole; intact. [Obs.]

Un*tressed" (?), a. Not tied up in tresses; unarranged; — said of the hair. Chaucer.

Un*trow"a*ble (?), a. Incredible. [Obs.] "Untrowable fairness." Wyclif.

Un*true" (?), a. 1. Not true; false; contrary to the fact; as, the story is untrue.

2. Not faithful; inconstant; false; disloyal. Chaucer.

Un*true, adv. Untruly. [Obs. or Poetic] Chaucer.

Un*tru"ism (?), n. Something not true; a false statement. [Recent & R.] A. Trollope.

Un*trunked" (?), a. [1st pref. un- + trunk.] Separated from its trunk or stock. [Obs.]

Un*truss" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + truss.] To loose from a truss, or as from a truss; to untie or unfasten; to let out; to undress. [R.] Dryden.

{ Un*truss" (?), Un*truss"er (?), } n. One who untrussed persons for the purpose of flogging them; a public whipper. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Un*trust" (?), n. Distrust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*trust"ful (?), a. 1. Not trustful or trusting.

2. Not to be trusted; not trusty. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Un*truth" (?), n. 1. The quality of being untrue; contrariety to truth; want of veracity; also, treachery; faithlessness; disloyalty. Chaucer.

2. That which is untrue; a false assertion; a falsehood; a lie; also, an act of treachery or disloyalty. Shak.

Syn. — Lie; falsehood. See Lie.

Un*truth"ful (?), a. Not truthful; unveracious; contrary to the truth or the fact. — Un*truth"ful*ly, adv. — Un*truth"ful*ness, n.

Un*tuck" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tuck.] To unfold or undo, as a tuck; to release from a tuck or fold.

Un*tune" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + tune.] To make incapable of harmony, or of harmonious action; to put out of tune. Shak.

Un*turn" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + turn.] To turn in a reserve way, especially so as to open something; as, to unturn a key. Keats.

Un*turned" (?), a. [Pref. un- + turned.] Not turned; not revolved or reversed.

To leave no stone unturned, to leave nothing untried for accomplishing one's purpose.

> [He] left unturned no stone
> To make my guilt appear, and hide his own.

Dryden.

Un*twain" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + twain.] To rend in twain; to tear in two. [Obs.] Skelton.

Un*twine" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + twine.] To untwist; to separate, as that which is twined or twisted; to disentangle; to untie.

> It requires a long and powerful counter sympathy in a nation to untwine the ties of custom which bind a people to the established and the old.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Un*twine", v. i. To become untwined. Milton.

Un*twirl" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + twirl.] To untwist; to undo. Ash.

Un*twist" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + twist.]

1. To separate and open, as twisted threads; to turn back, as that which is twisted; to untwine.

> If one of the twines of the twist do untwist,
> The twine that untwisteth, untwisteth the twist.

Wallis.

2. To untie; to open; to disentangle. Milton.

Un*ty" (?), v. t. To untie. [Archaic] Young.

Un*us"age (?; 48), n. Want or lack of usage. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*used" (?), a. 1. Not used; as, an unused book; an unused apartment.

2. Not habituated; unaccustomed.

> Unused to bend, impatient of control.

Thomson.

Un*u"su*al (?), a. Not usual; uncommon; rare; as, an unusual season; a person of unusual grace or erudition. — Un*u"su*al*ly, adv. — Un*u"su*al*ness, n.

Un*u`su*al"i*ty (?), n. Unusualness. Poe.

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Un*ut"ter*a*ble (?), a. Not utterable; incapable of being spoken or voiced; inexpressible; ineffable; unspeakable; as, unutterable anguish.

> Sighed and looked unutterable things.

Thomson.

— Un*ut"ter*a*ble*ness, n. — Un*ut"ter*a*bly, adv.

Un*vail" (?), v. t. & i. See Unveil.

Un*val"u*a*ble (?), a. 1. Invaluable; being beyond price. [Obs.] South.

2. Not valuable; having little value. [R.] T. Adams.

Un*val"ued (?), a. 1. Not valued; not appraised; hence, not considered; disregarded; valueless; as, an unvalued estate. "Unvalued persons." Shak.

2. Having inestimable value; invaluable. [Obs.]

> The golden apples of unvalued price.

Spenser.

Un*va"ri*a*ble (?), a. Invariable. Donne.

Un*veil" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + veil.] To remove a veil from; to divest of a veil; to uncover; to disclose to view; to reveal; as, she unveiled her face.

Un*veil", v. i. To remove a veil; to reveal one's self.

Un*veil"er (?), n. One who removes a veil.

Un`ve*rac"i*ty (?), n. Want of veracity; untruthfulness; as, unveracity of heart. Carlyle.

Un*ves"sel (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + vessel.] To cause to be no longer a vessel; to empty. [Obs.] Ford.

Un*vi"car (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + vicar.] To deprive of the position or office a vicar. [R.] Strype.

Un*vi"o*la*ble (?), a. Inviolable.

Un*vis"ard (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + vizard.] To take the vizard or mask from; to unmask. [Written also unvizard.] [Obs.] Milton.

Un*vis"i*ble (?), a. Invisible. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*vis"i*bly, adv. Invisibly. [Obs.]

Un*vi"ti*a`ted (?), a. Not vitiated; pure.

Un*vol"un*ta*ry (?), a. Involuntary. [Obs.] Fuller.

Un*vote" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + vote.] To reverse or annul by vote, as a former vote. [R.] Bp, Burnet.

Un*vow"eled (?), a. Having no vowel sounds or signs. [Written also unvowelled.] Skinner.

Un*vul"gar*ize (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + vulgarize.] To divest of vulgarity; to make to be not vulgar. Lamb.

Un*vul"ner*a*ble (?), a. Invulnerable. [Obs.]

Un*ware" (?), a. [AS. unwær unwary. See Un- not, and Wary.]

1. Unaware; not foreseeing; being off one's guard. [Obs.] Chaucer. Fairfax.

2. Happening unexpectedly; unforeseen. [Obs.]

> The unware woe of harm that cometh behind.

Chaucer.

— Un*ware"ly, adv. [Obs.] — Un*ware"ness, n. [Obs.]

Un*wares" (?), adv. Unawares; unexpectedly; — sometimes preceded by at. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Un*wa"ri*ly (?), adv. In an unwary manner.

Un*wa"ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being unwary; carelessness; heedlessness.

Un*warm" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + warm.] To lose warmth; to grow cold. [R.]

Un*warp" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + warp.] To restore from a warped state; to cause to be linger warped.

Un*warped" (?), a. [Pref. un- not + warped.] Not warped; hence, not biased; impartial.

Un*war"rant*a*ble (?), a. Not warrantable; indefensible; not vindicable; not justifiable; illegal; unjust; improper. — Un*war"rant*a*ble*ness, n. — Un*war"rant*a*bly, adv.

Un*war"rant*ed, a. Not warranted; being without warrant, authority, or guaranty; unwarrantable.

Un*wa"ry (?), a. [Cf. Unware.]

1. Not vigilant against danger; not wary or cautious; unguarded; precipitate; heedless; careless.

2. Unexpected; unforeseen; unware. [Obs.] Spenser.

Un*washed" (?), a. Not washed or cleansed; filthy; unclean.

Un*wash"en (?), a. Not washed. [Archaic] "To eat with unwashen hands." Matt. xv. 20.

Un*wayed" (?), a. 1. Not used to travel; as, colts that are unwayed. [Obs.] Suckling.

2. Having no ways or roads; pathless. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*wea"ried (?), a. Not wearied; not fatigued or tired; hence, persistent; not tiring or wearying; indefatigable. — Un*wea"ried*ly, adv. — Un*wea"ried*ness, n.

Un*wea"ry (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + weary.] To cause to cease being weary; to refresh. [Obs.] Dryden.

Un*weave" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + weave.] To unfold; to undo; to ravel, as what has been woven.

Un*wedge"a*ble (?), a. Not to be split with wedges. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*weet"ing (?), a. [See Un- not, and Weet, Wit.] Unwitting. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

— Un*weet"ing*ly, adv. [Obs.] Milton.

Un*weighed" (?), a. Not weighed; not pondered or considered; as, an unweighed statement.

Un*weigh"ing (?), a. Not weighing or pondering; inconsiderate. Shak.

{ Un*weld" (?), Un*weld"y (?) }, a. Unwieldy; unmanageable; clumsy. [Obs.]

> Our old limbs move [may] well be unweld.

Chaucer.

Un*well" (?), a. 1. Not well; indisposed; not in good health; somewhat ill; ailing.

2. (Med.) Specifically, ill from menstruation; affected with, or having, catamenial; menstruant.

This word was formerly regarded as an Americanism, but is now in common use among all who speak the English language.

Un*well"ness, n. Quality or state of being unwell.

Un*wemmed" (?), a. Not blemished; undefiled; pure. [Obs.] Wyclif.

> With body clean and with unwemmed thought.

Chaucer.

Un*whole" (?), a. [AS. unhl. See Un- not, and Whole.] Not whole; unsound. [Obs.]

Un*wield"y (?), a. Not easily wielded or carried; unmanageable; bulky; ponderous. "A fat, unwieldy body of fifty-eight years old." Clarendon.

— Un*wield"i*ly (#), adv. — Un*wield"i*ness, n.

Un*wild" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + wild.] To tame; to subdue. [Obs. & R.] Sylvester.

Un*will" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + will.] To annul or reverse by an act of the will. Longfellow.

Un*willed" (?), a. [1st pref. un- + will.] Deprived of the faculty of will or volition. Mrs. Browning.

Un*will"ing (?), a. Not willing; loath; disinclined; reluctant; as, an unwilling servant.

> And drop at last, but in unwilling ears,
> This saving counsel, "Keep your piece nine years."

Pope.

— Un*will"ing*ly, adv. — Un*will"ing*ness, n.

Un*wind" (?), v. t. [AS. unwindan. See 1st Un-, and Wind to coil.]

1. To wind off; to loose or separate, as what or convolved; to untwist; to untwine; as, to unwind thread; to unwind a ball of yarn.

2. To disentangle. [Obs.] Hooker.

Un*wind", v. i. To be or become unwound; to be capable of being unwound or untwisted.

Un*wis"dom (?), n. Want of wisdom; unwise conduct or action; folly; simplicity; ignorance.

> Sumptuary laws are among the exploded fallacies which we have outgrown, and we smile at the unwisdom which could except to regulate private habits and manners by statute.

J. A. Froude.

Un*wise" (?), a. [AS. unws. See Un- not, and Wise, a.] Not wise; defective in wisdom; injudicious; indiscreet; foolish; as, an unwise man; unwise kings; unwise measures.

Un*wise"ly, adv. [AS. unwslice.] In an unwise manner; foolishly.

Un*wish" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + wish.] To wish not to be; to destroy by wishing. [Obs.]

> Now thou hast unwished five thousand men.

Shak.

Un*wist" (?), a. 1. Not known; unknown. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

2. Not knowing; unwitting. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*wit" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + wit.] To deprive of wit. [Obs.] Shak.

Un*wit", n. [Pref. un- not + wit.] Want of wit or understanding; ignorance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*witch" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + witch.] To free from a witch or witches; to fee from witchcraft. [R.] B. Jonson.

Un*wit"ting (?), a. Not knowing; unconscious; ignorant. — Un*wit"ting*ly, adv.

Un*wom"an (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + woman.] To deprive of the qualities of a woman; to unsex. [R.] R. Browning.

Un*won"der (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + wonder.] To divest of the quality of wonder or mystery; to interpret; to explain. [R.] Fuller.

Un*wont" (n*wnt"), a. Unwonted; unused; unaccustomed. [Archaic] Sir W. Scott.

Un*wont"ed (n*wnt"d), a. 1. Not wonted; unaccustomed; unused; not made familiar by practice; as, a child unwonted to strangers. Milton.

2. Uncommon; unusual; infrequent; rare; as, unwonted changes. "Unwonted lights." Byron.

— Un*wont"ed*ly, adv. — Un*wont"ed*ness, n.

Un*work" (n*wûk"), v. t. [1st pref. un- + work.] To undo or destroy, as work previously done.

Un*world"ly (?), a. Not worldly; spiritual; holy. Hawthorne. — Un*world"li*ness (#), n.

Un*wormed" (?), a. Not wormed; not having had the worm, or lytta, under the tongue cut out; — said of a dog.

Un*wor"ship (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + worship.] To deprive of worship or due honor; to dishonor. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Un*wor"ship, n. [Pref. un- not + worship.] Lack of worship or respect; dishonor. [Obs.] Gower.

Un*worth" (n*wûth"), a. [AS. unweorð.] Unworthy. [Obs.] Milton.

Un*worth", n. Unworthiness. [R.] Carlyle.

Un*wor"thy (?), a. Not worthy; wanting merit, value, or fitness; undeserving; worthless; unbecoming; — often with of. — Un*wor"thi*ly (#), adv. — Un*wor"thi*ness, n.

Un*wrap" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + wrap.] To open or undo, as what is wrapped or folded. Chaucer.

Un*wray" (?), v. t. See Unwrie. [Obs.]

Un*wreathe" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + wreathe.] To untwist, uncoil, or untwine, as anything wreathed.

Un*wrie" (?), v. t. [AS. onwreón; on- (see 1st Un-) + wreón to cover.] To uncover. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Un*wrin"kle (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + wrinkle.] To reduce from a wrinkled state; to smooth.

Un*write" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + write.] To cancel, as what is written; to erase. Milton.

Un*writ"ten (?), a. 1. Not written; not reduced to writing; oral; as, unwritten agreements.

2. Containing no writing; blank; as, unwritten paper.

Unwritten doctrines (Theol.), such doctrines as have been handed down by word of mouth; oral or traditional doctrines. — Unwritten law. [Cf. L. lex non scripta.] That part of the law of England and of the United States which is not derived from express legislative enactment, or at least from any enactment now extant and in force as such. This law is now generally contained in the reports of judicial decisions. See Common law, under Common. — Unwritten laws, such laws as have been handed down by tradition or in song. Such were the laws of the early nations of Europe.

Un*wro"ken (?), a. [See Un- not, and Wreak.] Not revenged; unavenged. [Obs.] Surrey.

Un*yoke" (?), v. t. [1st pref. un- + yoke.]

1. To loose or free from a yoke. "Like youthful steers unyoked, they take their courses." Shak.

2. To part; to disjoin; to disconnect. Shak.

Un*yoked" (?), a. [In sense 1 pref. un- not + yoked; in senses 2 and 3 properly p. p. of unyoke.]

1. Not yet yoked; not having worn the yoke.

2. Freed or loosed from a yoke.

3. Licentious; unrestrained. [R.] Shak.

Un*yold"en (?), a. Not yielded. [Obs.] "[By] force . . . is he taken unyolden." Sir T. Browne.

Un*zoned" (?), a. Not zoned; not bound with a girdle; as, an unzoned bosom. Prior.

Up (p), adv. [AS. up, upp, p; akin to OFries. up, op, D. op, OS. p, OHG. f, G. auf, Icel. & Sw. upp, Dan. op, Goth. iup, and probably to E. over. See Over.]

1. Aloft; on high; in a direction contrary to that of gravity; toward or in a higher place or position; above; — the opposite of down.

> But up or down,
> By center or eccentric, hard to tell.

Milton.

2. Hence, in many derived uses, specifically: —

(a) From a lower to a higher position, literally or figuratively; as, from a recumbent or sitting position; from the mouth, toward the source, of a river; from a dependent or inferior condition; from concealment; from younger age; from a quiet state, or the like; — used with verbs of motion expressed or implied.

> But they presumed to go up unto the hilltop.

Num. xiv. 44.

> I am afflicted and ready to die from my youth up.

Ps. lxxxviii. 15.

> Up rose the sun, and up rose Emelye.

Chaucer.

> We have wrought ourselves up into this degree of Christian indifference.

Atterbury.

(b) In a higher place or position, literally or figuratively; in the state of having arisen; in an upright, or nearly upright, position; standing; mounted on a horse; in a condition of elevation, prominence, advance, proficiency, excitement, insurrection, or the like; — used with verbs of rest, situation, condition, and the like; as, to be up on a hill; the lid of the box was up; prices are up.

> And when the sun was up, they were scorched.

Matt. xiii. 6.

> Those that were up themselves kept others low.

Spenser.

> Helen was up — was she?

Shak.

> Rebels there are up,
> And put the Englishmen unto the sword.

Shak.

> His name was up through all the adjoining provinces, even to Italy and Rome; many desiring to see who he was that could withstand so many years the Roman puissance.

Milton.

> Thou hast fired me; my soul's up in arms.

Dryden.

> Grief and passion are like floods raised in little brooks by a sudden rain; they are quickly up.

Dryden.

> A general whisper ran among the country people, that Sir Roger was up.

Addison.

> Let us, then, be up and doing,
> With a heart for any fate.

Longfellow.

(c) To or in a position of equal advance or equality; not short of, back of, less advanced than, away from, or the like; — usually followed by to or with; as, to be up to the chin in water; to come up with one's companions; to come up with the enemy; to live up to engagements.

> As a boar was whetting his teeth, up comes a fox to him.

L'Estrange.

(d) To or in a state of completion; completely; wholly; quite; as, in the phrases to eat up; to drink up; to burn up; to sum up; etc.; to shut up the eyes or the mouth; to sew up a rent.

Some phrases of this kind are now obsolete; as, to spend up (Prov. xxi. 20); to kill up (B. Jonson).

(e) Aside, so as not to be in use; as, to lay up riches; put up your weapons.

Up is used elliptically for get up, rouse up, etc., expressing a command or exhortation. "Up, and let us be going." Judg. xix. 28.

> Up, up, my friend! and quit your books,
> Or surely you 'll grow double.

Wordsworth.

It is all up with him, it is all over with him; he is lost. — The time is up, the allotted time is past. — To be up in, to be informed about; to be versed in. "Anxious that their sons should be well up in the superstitions of two thousand years ago." H. Spencer. — To be up to. (a) To be equal to, or prepared for; as, he is up to the business, or the emergency. [Colloq.] (b) To be engaged in; to purpose, with the idea of doing ill or mischief; as, I don't know what he's up to. [Colloq.] — To blow up. (a) To inflate; to distend. (b) To destroy by an explosion from beneath. (c) To explode; as, the boiler blew up. (d) To reprove angrily; to scold. [Slang] — To bring up. See under Bring, v. t. — To come up with. See under Come, v. i. — To cut up. See under Cut, v. t. & i. — To draw up. See under Draw, v. t. — To grow up, to grow to maturity. — Up anchor (Naut.), the order to man the windlass preparatory to hauling up the anchor. — Up and down. (a) First up, and then down; from one state or position to another. See under Down, adv.

> Fortune . . . led him up and down.

Chaucer.

(b) (Naut.) Vertical; perpendicular; — said of the cable when the anchor is under, or nearly under, the hawse hole, and the cable is taut. Totten. — Up helm (Naut.), the order given to move the tiller toward the upper, or windward, side of a vessel. — Up to snuff. See under Snuff. [Slang] — What is up? What is going on? [Slang]

Up, prep. 1. From a lower to a higher place on, upon, or along; at a higher situation upon; at the top of.

> In going up a hill, the knees will be most weary; in going down, the thihgs.

Bacon.

2. From the coast towards the interior of, as a country; from the mouth towards the source of, as a stream; as, to journey up the country; to sail up the Hudson.

3. Upon. [Obs.] "Up pain of death." Chaucer.

Up, n. The state of being up or above; a state of elevation, prosperity, or the like; — rarely occurring except in the phrase ups and downs. [Colloq.]

Ups and downs, alternate states of elevation and depression, or of prosperity and the contrary. [Colloq.]

> They had their ups and downs of fortune.

Thackeray.

Up, a. Inclining up; tending or going up; upward; as, an up look; an up grade; the up train.

U"pas ("ps), n. [Malay phn-pas; phn a tree + pas poison.]

1. (Bot.) A tree (Antiaris toxicaria) of the Breadfruit family, common in the forests of Java and the neighboring islands. Its secretions are poisonous, and it has been fabulously reported that the atmosphere about it is deleterious. Called also bohun upas.

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2. A virulent poison used in Java and the adjacent islands for poisoning arrows. One kind, upas antiar, is derived from the upas tree (Antiaris toxicaria). Upas tieute is prepared from a climbing plant (Strychnos Tieute).

Up*bar" (?), v. t. 1. To fasten with a bar. [R.]

2. To remove the bar or bards of, as a gate; to under. [Obs.] Spenser.

Up*bear" (?), v. t. To bear up; to raise aloft; to support in an elevated situation; to sustain. Spenser.

> One short sigh of breath, upbore
> Even to the seat of God.

Milton.

> A monstrous wave upbore
> The chief, and dashed him on the craggy shore.

Pope.

Up*bind" (?), v. t. To bind up. [R.] Collins.

Up*blow", v. t. To inflate. [Obs.] Spenser.

Up*blow", v. i. To blow up; as, the wind upblows from the sea. [Obs.] Spenser.

Up*braid" (p*brd"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Upbraided; p. pr. & vb. n. Upbraiding.] [OE. upbreiden; AS. upp up + bregdan to draw, twist, weave, or the kindred Icel. bregða to draw, brandish, braid, deviate from, change, break off, upbraid. See Up, and Braid, v. t.]

1. To charge with something wrong or disgraceful; to reproach; to cast something in the teeth of; — followed by with or for, and formerly of, before the thing imputed.

> And upbraided them with their unbelief.

Mark xvi. 14.

> Vet do not
> Upbraid us our distress.

Shak.

2. To reprove severely; to rebuke; to chide.

> Then began he to upbraid the cities wherein most of his mighty works were done.

Matt. xi. 20

> How much doth thy kindness upbraid my wickedness!

Sir P. Sidney.

3. To treat with contempt. [Obs.] Spenser.

4. To object or urge as a matter of reproach; to cast up; — with to before the person. [Obs.] Bacon.

Syn. — To reproach; blame; censure; condemn.

Up*braid", v. i. To utter upbraidings. Pope.

Up*braid", n. The act of reproaching; contumely. [Obs.] " Foul upbraid." Spenser.

Up*break" (p*brk"), v. i. To break upwards; to force away or passage to the surface.

Up"break` (p"brk`), n. A breaking upward or bursting forth; an upburst. Mrs. Browning.

Up*breathe" (p*br"), v. i. To breathe up or out; to exhale. [Obs.] Marston.

Up*breed" (p*brd"), v. t. To rear, or bring up; to nurse. "Upbred in a foreign country." Holinshed.

Up*brought" (?), a. Brought up; educated. [Obs.] Spenser.

Up*buoy"ance (?), n. The act of buoying up; uplifting. [R.] Coleridge.

Up"burst` (?), n. The act of bursting upwards; a breaking through to the surface; an upbreak or uprush; as, an upburst of molten matter.

Up"cast` (?), a. Cast up; thrown upward; as, with upcast eyes. Addison.

Up"cast` (?), n. 1. (Bowling) A cast; a throw. Shak.

2. (Mining.) The ventilating shaft of a mine out of which the air passes after having circulated through the mine; — distinguished from the downcast. Called also upcast pit, and upcast shaft.

3. An upset, as from a carriage. [Scot.]

4. A taunt; a reproach. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Up*cast" (?), v. t. 1. To cast or throw up; to turn upward. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To taunt; to reproach; to upbraid. [Scot.]

Up"caught` (?), a. Seized or caught up. " She bears upcaught a mariner away." Cowper.

Up*cheer" (?), v. t. To cheer up. Spenser.

Up*climb" (?), v. t. & i. To climb up; to ascend.

> Upclomb the shadowy pine above the woven copse.

Tennyson.

Up*coil" (?), v. t. & i. To coil up; to make into a coil, or to be made into a coil.

Up"coun`try (?), adv. In an upcountry direction; as, to live upcountry. [Colloq.]

Up"coun`try, a. Living or situated remote from the seacoast; as, an upcountry residence. [Colloq.] — n. The interior of the country. [Colloq.]

Up*curl" (?), v. t. To curl up. [R.] Tennyson.

Up*dive" (?), v. i. To spring upward; to rise. [R.] Davies (Microcosmos).

Up*draw" (?), v. t. To draw up. [R.] Milton.

Up*end" (?), v. t. To end up; to set on end, as a cask.

U`pey*gan" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The borele.

Up*fill" (?), v. t. To fill up. [Obs.]

Up*flow" (?), v. i. To flow or stream up. Southey.

Up*flung" (?), a. Flung or thrown up.

Up*gath"er (?), v. t. To gather up; to contract; to draw together. [Obs.]

> Himself he close upgathered more and more.

Spenser.

Up*gaze" (?), v. i. To gaze upward. Byron.

Up*give" (?), v. t. To give up or out. [Obs.]

Up*grow" (?), v. i. To grow up. [R.] Milton.

Up"growth` (?), n. The process or result of growing up; progress; development.

> The new and mighty upgrowth of poetry in Italy.

J. R. Green.

Up"gush` (?), n. A gushing upward. Hawthorne.

Up*gush" (?), v. i. To gush upward.

Up*haf" (?), obs. imp. of Upheave. Chaucer.

Up"hand` (?), a. Lifted by the hand, or by both hands; as, the uphand sledge. [R.] Moxon.

Up*hang" (?), v. t. To hang up. Spenser.

Up*hasp" (?), v. t. To hasp or faster up; to close; as, sleep uphasps the eyes. [R.] Stanyhurst.

Up"heaped` (?), a. Piled up; accumulated.

> God, which shall repay all with upheaped measure.

Udall.

Up*heav"al (?), n. The act of upheaving, or the state of being upheaved; esp., an elevation of a portion of the earth's crust. Lubbock.

Up*heave", v. t. To heave or lift up from beneath; to raise. Milton.

Up*held" (?), imp. & p. p. of Uphold.

Up"her (?), n. (Arch.) A fir pole of from four to seven inches diameter, and twenty to forty feet long, sometimes roughly hewn, used for scaffoldings, and sometimes for slight and common roofs, for which use it is split. [Spelt also ufer.] [Eng.] Gwilt.

Up*hill" (?), adv. Upwards on, or as on, a hillside; as, to walk uphill.

Up"hill` (?), a. 1. Ascending; going up; as, an uphill road.

2. Attended with labor; difficult; as, uphill work.

Up*hilt" (?), v. t. To thrust in up to the hilt; as, to uphilt one's sword into an enemy. [R.] Stanyhurst.

Up*hoard" (?), v. t. To hoard up. [Obs.] Shak.

Up*hold" (?), v. t. 1. To hold up; to lift on high; to elevate.

> The mournful train with groans, and hands upheld.
> Besought his pity.

Dryden.

2. To keep erect; to support; to sustain; to keep from falling; to maintain.

> Honor shall uphold the humble in spirit.

Prov. xxix 3.

> Faulconbridge,
> In spite of spite, alone upholds the day.

Shak.

3. To aid by approval or encouragement; to countenance; as, to uphold a person in wrongdoing.

Up*hold"er (?), n. [Up + holder. Cf. Upholsterer.]

1. A broker or auctioneer; a tradesman. [Obs.]

2. An undertaker, or provider for funerals. [Obs.]

> The upholder, rueful harbinger of death.

Gay.

3. An upholsterer. [Obs.]

4. One who, or that which, upholds; a supporter; a defender; a sustainer.

Up*hol"ster (?), v. t. [See Upholsterer.] To furnish (rooms, carriages, bedsteads, chairs, etc.) with hangings, coverings, cushions, etc.; to adorn with furnishings in cloth, velvet, silk, etc.; as, to upholster a couch; to upholster a room with curtains.

Up*hol"ster, n. 1. A broker. [Obs.] Caxton.

2. An upholsterer. [Obs.] Strype.

Up*hol"ster*er (?), n. [A substitution for older upholder, in OE., broker, tradesman, and formerly also written upholster, upholdster. See Upholder, and - ster.] One who provides hangings, coverings, cushions, curtains, and the like; one who upholsters.

Upholsterer bee. (Zoöl.) See Poppy bee, under Poppy.

Up*hol"ster*y (?), n. The articles or goods supplied by upholsterers; the business or work of an upholsterer.

U"phroe (?), n. (Naut.) Same as Euphroe.

Up"land (?), n. 1. High land; ground elevated above the meadows and intervals which lie on the banks of rivers, near the sea, or between hills; land which is generally dry; — opposed to lowland, meadow, marsh, swamp, interval, and the like.

2. The country, as distinguished from the neighborhood of towns. [Obs.]

Up"land, a. 1. Of or pertaining to uplands; being on upland; high in situation; as, upland inhabitants; upland pasturage.

> Sometimes, with secure delight
> The upland hamlets will invite.

Milton.

2. Pertaining to the country, as distinguished from the neighborhood of towns; rustic; rude; unpolished. [Obs.] " The race of upland giants." Chapman.

Upland moccasin. (Zoöl.) See Moccasin. — Upland sandpiper, or Upland plover (Zoöl.), a large American sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) much valued as a game bird. Unlike most sandpipers, it frequents fields and uplands. Called also Bartramian sandpiper, Bartram's tattler, field plover, grass plover, highland plover, hillbird, humility, prairie plover, prairie pigeon, prairie snipe, papabote, quaily, and uplander. — Upland sumach (Bot.), a North American shrub of the genus Rhus (Rhus glabra), used in tanning and dyeing.

Up"land*er (?), n. 1. One dwelling in the upland; hence, a countryman; a rustic. [Obs.]

2. (Zoöl.) The upland sandpiper. [Local, U. S.]

Up*land"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to uplands; dwelling on high lands. [Obs.] Chapman.

2. Rude; rustic; unpolished; uncivilized. [Obs.]

> His presence made the rudest peasant melt,
> That in the wild, uplandish country dwelt.

Marlowe.

Up*lay" (?), v. t. To hoard. [Obs.] Donne.

Up*lead" (?), v. t. To lead upward. [Obs.]

Up*lean" (?), v. i. To lean or incline upon anything. [Obs.] Spenser.

Up*lift" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Uplifting.] To lift or raise aloft; to raise; to elevate; as, to uplift the arm; to uplift a rock. Cowper.

> Satan, talking to his nearest mate,
> With head uplift above the wave, and eyes
> That sparkling blazed.

Milton.

Up"lift` (?), n. (Geol.) A raising or upheaval of strata so as to disturb their regularity and uniformity, and to occasion folds, dislocations, and the like.

Up"-line` (?), n. (Railroad) A line or track leading from the provinces toward the metropolis or a principal terminus; the track upon which up-trains run. See Up- train. [Eng.]

Up*lock" (?), v. t. To lock up. [Obs.] Shak.

Up*look" (?), v. i. To look or gaze up. [Obs.]

Up"most` (?), a. [Cf. Uppermost.] Highest; topmost; uppermost. Spenser. Dryden.

U`po*ko*ro"ro (?), n. [From the native Maori name.] (Zoöl.) An edible fresh-water New Zealand fish (Prototroctes oxyrhynchus) of the family Haplochitonidæ. In general appearance and habits, it resembles the northern lake whitefishes and trout. Called also grayling.

Up*on" (?), prep.[AS. uppan, uppon; upp up + on, an, on. See Up, and On.] On; — used in all the senses of that word, with which it is interchangeable. "Upon an hill of flowers." Chaucer.

> Our host upon his stirrups stood anon.

Chaucer.

> Thou shalt take of the blood that is upon the altar.

Ex. xxix. 21.

> The Philistines be upon thee, Samson.

Judg. xvi. 9.

> As I did stand my watch upon the hill.

Shak.

> He made a great difference between people that did rebel upon wantonness, and them that did rebel upon want.

Bacon.

> This advantage we lost upon the invention of firearms.

Addison.

> Upon the whole, it will be necessary to avoid that perpetual repetition of the same epithets which we find in Homer.

Pope.

> He had abandoned the frontiers, retiring upon Glasgow.

Sir. W. Scott.

> Philip swore upon the Evangelists to abstain from aggression in my absence.

Landor.

Upon conveys a more distinct notion that on carries with it of something that literally or metaphorically bears or supports. It is less employed than it used to be, on having for the most part taken its place. Some expressions formed with it belong only to old style; as, upon pity they were taken away; that is, in consequence of pity: upon the rate of thirty thousand; that is, amounting to the rate: to die upon the hand; that is, by means of the hand: he had a garment upon; that is, upon himself: the time is coming fast upon; that is, upon the present time. By the omission of its object, upon acquires an adverbial sense, as in the last two examples.

To assure upon (Law), to promise; to undertake. — To come upon. See under Come. — To take upon, to assume.

Up*pent` (?), a. A Pent up; confined. [Obs.]

Up"per (?), a.; comp. of Up. Being further up, literally or figuratively; higher in place, position, rank, dignity, or the like; superior; as, the upper lip; the upper side of a thing; the upper house of a legislature.

The upper hand, the superiority; the advantage. See To have the upper hand, under Hand. Jowett (Thucyd.). — Upper Bench (Eng. Hist.), the name of the highest court of common law (formerly King's Bench) during the Commonwealth. — Upper case, the top one of a pair of compositor's cases. See the Note under 1st Case, n., 3. — Upper covert (Zoöl.), one of the coverts situated above the bases of the tail quills. — Upper deck (Naut.), the topmost deck of any vessel; the spar deck. — Upper leather, the leather for the vamps and quarters of shoes. — Upper strake (Naut.), the strake next to the deck, usually of hard wood, and heavier than the other strakes. — Upper ten thousand, or (abbreviated) Upper ten, the ten thousand, more or less, who are highest in position or wealth; the upper class; the aristocracy. [Colloq.] — Upper topsail (Naut.), the upper half of a double topsail. — Upper works (Naut.), all those parts of the hull of a vessel that are properly above water. — Upper world. (a) The atmosphere. (b) Heaven. (c) This world; the earth; — in distinction from the underworld.

Up"per, n. The upper leather for a shoe; a vamp.

Up"per*most` (?), a. [From Up, Upper; formed like aftermost. Cf. Upmost.] Highest in place, position, rank, power, or the like; upmost; supreme.

> Whatever faction happens to be uppermost.

Swift.

Up`per*ten"dom (?), n. [Upper ten + -dom.] The highest class in society; the upper ten. See Upper ten, under Upper. [Colloq.]

Up*pile" (?), v. t. To pile, or heap, up. Southey.

Up"pish (?), a. [From Up.] Proud; arrogant; assuming; putting on airs of superiority. [Colloq.] T. Brown. — Up"pish*ly, adv. [Colloq.] — Up"pish*ness, n. [Colloq.]

Up*plight" (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Uppluck.

Up*pluck" (?), v. t. To pull or pluck up. [Obs.]

Up*pricked" (?), a. Upraised; erect; — said of the ears of an animal. Mason.

Up*prop" (?), v. t. To prop up. Donne.

Up*raise" (?), v. t. To raise; to lift up.

Up*rear" (?), v. t. To raise; to erect. Byron.

Up*ridged" (?), a. Raised up in a ridge or ridges; as, a billow upridged. Cowper.

Up"right` (?), a. [AS. upright, uppriht. See Up, and Right, a.] 1. In an erect position or posture; perpendicular; vertical, or nearly vertical; pointing upward; as, an upright tree.

> With chattering teeth, and bristling hair upright.

Dryden.

> All have their ears upright.

Spenser.

2. Morally erect; having rectitude; honest; just; as, a man upright in all his ways.

> And that man [Job] was perfect and upright.

Job i. 1.

3. Conformable to moral rectitude.

> Conscience rewards upright conduct with pleasure.

J. M. Mason.

4. Stretched out face upward; flat on the back. [Obs.] " He lay upright." Chaucer.

Upright drill (Mach.), a drilling machine having the spindle vertical.

This word and its derivatives are usually pronounced in prose with the accent on the first syllable. But they are frequently pronounced with the accent on the second in poetry, and the accent on either syllable is admissible.

Up"right`, n. Something standing upright, as a piece of timber in a building. See Illust. of Frame.

Up*right"eous*ly (?), adv. [See Righteous.] In an upright or just manner. [Obs.] Shak.

<! p. 1585 !>

Up"right`ly (?), adv. In an upright manner.

Up"right`ness (?), n. the quality or state of being upright.

Up*rise" (?), v. i. 1. To rise; to get up; to appear from below the horizon. "Uprose the sun." Cowley.

> Uprose the virgin with the morning light.

Pope.

2. To have an upward direction or inclination.

> Uprose the mystic mountain range.

Tennyson.

Up*rise", n. The act of rising; appearance above the horizon; rising. [R.]

> Did ever raven sing so like a lark,
> That gives sweet tidings of the sun's uprise?

Shak.

Up*ris"ing, n. 1. Act of rising; also, a steep place; an ascent. "The steep uprising of the hill." Shak.

2. An insurrection; a popular revolt. J. P. Peters.

Up*rist" (?), n. Uprising. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Up*rist", obs. imp. of Uprise. Uprose. Chaucer.

> Nor dim nor red, like God's own head
> The glorious sun uprist.

Coleridge.

Up"roar (?), n. [D. oproer; akin to G. aufruhr, Dan. oprör, Sw. uppror; D. op up + roeren to stir; akin to AS. hr&?;ran to stir, hr&?;r stirring, active, G. rühren to stir, OHG. ruoren, Icel. hræra, Dan. röre, Sw. röra. Cf. Rearmouse.] [In verse, sometimes accented on the second syllable.] Great tumult; violent disturbance and noise; noisy confusion; bustle and clamor.

> But the Jews which believed not, . . . set all the city on an uproar.

Acts xvii. 5.

Up*roar" (?), v. t. To throw into uproar or confusion. [Obs.] "Uproar the universal peace." Shak.

Up*roar", v. i. To make an uproar. [R.] Carlyle.

Up*roar"i*ous (?), a. Making, or accompanied by, uproar, or noise and tumult; as, uproarious merriment.

— Up*roar"i*ous*ly, adv. — Up*roar"i*ous*ness, n.

Up*roll" (?), v. t. To roll up. Milton.

Up*root" (?), v. t. To root up; to tear up by the roots, or as if by the roots; to remove utterly; to eradicate; to extirpate.

> Trees uprooted left their place.

Dryden.

> At his command the uprooted hills retired.

Milton.

Up*rouse" (?), v. t. To rouse up; to rouse from sleep; to awake; to arouse. Shak.

Up*run" (?), v. i. To run up; to ascend.

> The young sun
> That in the Ram is four degrees uprun.

Chaucer.

> [A son] of matchless might, who, like a thriving plant,
> Upran to manhood.

Cowper.

Up*rush" (?), v. i. To rush upward. Southey.

Up"rush` (?), n. Act of rushing upward; an upbreak or upburst; as, an uprush of lava. R. A. Proctor.

Up`sar*o"kas (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) See Crows.

Up*seek" (?), v. i. To seek or strain upward. "Upseeking eyes suffused with . . . tears." Southey.

Up*send" (?), v. t. To send, cast, or throw up.

> As when some island situate afar . . .
> Upsends a smoke to heaven.

Cowper.

Up*set" (?), v. t. 1. To set up; to put upright. [Obs.] "With sail on mast upset." R. of Brunne.

2. (a) To thicken and shorten, as a heated piece of iron, by hammering on the end. (b) To shorten (a tire) in the process of resetting, originally by cutting it and hammering on the ends.

3. To overturn, overthrow, or overset; as, to upset a carriage; to upset an argument. "Determined somehow to upset the situation." Mrs. Humphry Ward.

4. To disturb the self-possession of; to disorder the nerves of; to make ill; as, the fright upset her. [Colloq.]

Up*set", v. i. To become upset.

Up"set` (?), a. Set up; fixed; determined; — used chiefly or only in the phrase upset price; that is, the price fixed upon as the minimum for property offered in a public sale, or, in an auction, the price at which property is set up or started by the auctioneer, and the lowest price at which it will be sold.

> After a solemn pause, Mr. Glossin offered the upset price for the lands and barony of Ellangowan.

Sir W. Scott.

Up"set`, n. The act of upsetting, or the state of being upset; an overturn; as, the wagon had an upset.

Up*set"ting (?), a. Conceited; assuming; as, an upsetting fellow. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Up*shoot" (?), v. i. To shoot upward. "Trees upshooting high." Spenser.

Up"shot` (?), n. [Up + shot, equivalent to scot share, reckoning. Cf. the phrase to cast up an account.] Final issue; conclusion; the sum and substance; the end; the result; the consummation.

> I can not pursue with any safety this sport to the upshot.

Shak.

> We account it frailty that threescore years and ten make the upshot of man's pleasurable existence.

De Quincey.

Up"side` (?), n. The upper side; the part that is uppermost.

To be upsides with, to be even with. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott. T. Hughes. — Upside down. [Perhaps a corruption of OE. up so down, literally, up as down.] With the upper part undermost; hence, in confusion; in complete disorder; topsy-turvy. Shak.

> These that have turned the world upside down are come hither also.

Acts xvii. 6.

Up"si*down` (?), adv. See Upsodown. [Obs. or Colloq.] Spenser.

Up"sit`ting (?), n. A sitting up of a woman after her confinement, to receive and entertain her friends. [Obs.]

> To invite your lady's upsitting.

Beau. & Fl.

Up*skip` (?), n. An upstart. [Obs.] Latimer.

Up*snatch" (?), v. t. To snatch up. [R.]

Up*soar" (?), v. i. To soar or mount up. Pope.

Up"so*down` (?), adv. [Up + so as + down.] Upside down. [Obs. or Colloq.] Wyclif.

> In man's sin is every manner order or ordinance turned upsodown.

Chaucer.

Up*spear" (?), v. i. To grow or shoot up like a spear; as, upspearing grass. [R.] Cowper.

Up*spring" (?), v. i. To spring up. Tennyson.

Up"spring` (?), n. 1. An upstart. [Obs.] "The swaggering upspring." Shak.

2. A spring or leap into the air. [R.] Chapman.

Up"spurn`er (?), n. A spurner or contemner; a despiser; a scoffer. [Obs.] Joye.

Up*stairs" (?), adv. Up the stairs; in or toward an upper story.

Up"stairs` (?), a. Being above stairs; as, an upstairs room.

Up*stand" (?), v. i. To stand up; to be erected; to rise. Spenser. Milton.

> At once upstood the monarch, and upstood
> The wise Ulysses.

Cowper.

Up*stare" (?), v. i. To stare or stand upward; hence, to be uplifted or conspicuous. "Rearing fiercely their upstaring crests." Spenser.

Up*start" (?), v. i. To start or spring up suddenly. Spenser. Tennyson.

Up"start` (?), n. 1. One who has risen suddenly, as from low life to wealth, power, or honor; a parvenu. Bacon.

2. (Bot.) The meadow saffron. Dr. Prior.

Up"start`, a. Suddenly raised to prominence or consequence. "A race of upstart creatures." Milton.

Up*stay" (?), v. t. To sustain; to support. [Obs.] "His massy spear upstayed." Milton.

Up*stert"e (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Upstart.

Up"stir` (?), n. Insurrection; commotion; disturbance. [Obs.] Sir J. Cheke.

Up*stream" (?), adv. Toward the higher part of a stream; against the current.

Up*street" (?), adv. Toward the higher part of a street; as, to walk upstreet. G. W. Gable.

Up"stroke` (?), n. An upward stroke, especially the stroke, or line, made by a writing instrument when moving upward, or from the body of the writer, or a line corresponding to the part of a letter thus made.

> Some upstroke of an Alpha and Omega.

Mrs. Browning.

Up"sun` (?), n. (Scots Law) The time during which the sun is up, or above the horizon; the time between sunrise and sunset.

Up*swarm" (?), v. i. & i. To rise, or cause to rise, in a swarm or swarms. [R.] Shak. Cowper.

Up*sway" (?), v. t. To sway or swing aloft; as, to upsway a club. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Up*swell" (?), v. i. To swell or rise up.

Up"sy*tur"vy (?), adv. [Cf. Upside down, under Upside, and Topsy-turvy.] Upside down; topsy-turvy. [Obs.] Robert Greene.

Up"tails` all" (?). 1. An old game at cards. [Obs.]

2. Revelers; roysterers. [Obs.] Decker.

3. Revelry; confusion; frolic. [Obs.] Herrick.

Up*take" (?), v. t. To take into the hand; to take up; to help. [Obs.] Wyclif. Spenser.

Up"take` (?), n. (Steam Boilers)

1. The pipe leading upward from the smoke box of a steam boiler to the chimney, or smokestack; a flue leading upward.

2. Understanding; apprehension. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Up*tear" (?), v. t. To tear up. Milton.

Up*throw" (?), v. t. To throw up. Drayton.

Up"throw` (?), n. (Mining) See Throw, n., 9.

Up*thun"der (?), v. i. To send up a noise like thunder. [R.] Coleridge.

Up*tie" (?), v. t. To tie up. Spenser.

Up*till" (?), prep. To; against. [Obs. & R.]

> She, poor bird, as all forlorn,
> Leaned her breast uptill a thorn.

Shak.

Up*town" (?), adv. To or in the upper part of a town; as, to go uptown. [Colloq. U. S.]

Up"town` (?), a. Situated in, or belonging to, the upper part of a town or city; as, a uptown street, shop, etc.; uptown society. [Colloq. U. S.]

Up*trace" (?), v. t. To trace up or out.

Up*train" (?), v. t. To train up; to educate. [Obs.] "Daughters which were well uptrained." Spenser.

Up"-train` (?). 1. A train going in the direction of the metropolis or the main terminus. [Eng.]

2. A train going in the direction conventionally called up. [U. S.]

Up*turn" (?), v. t. To turn up; to direct upward; to throw up; as, to upturn the ground in plowing. "A sea of upturned faces." D. Webster.

> So scented the grim feature, and upturned
> His nostril wide into the murky air.

Milton.

U"pu*pa (?; 277), n. [L., the hoopoe.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds which includes the common hoopoe.

Up*waft" (?), v. t. To waft upward. Cowper.

{ Up"ward (?), Up"wards (?), } adv. [AS. upweardes. See Up-, and -wards.]

1. In a direction from lower to higher; toward a higher place; in a course toward the source or origin; — opposed to downward; as, to tend or roll upward. I. Watts.

> Looking inward, we are stricken dumb; looking upward, we speak and prevail.

Hooker.

2. In the upper parts; above.

> Dagon his name, sea monster, upward man,
> And down ward fish.

Milton.

3. Yet more; indefinitely more; above; over.

> From twenty years old and upward.

Num. i. 3.

Upward of, or Upwards of, more than; above.

> I have been your wife in this obedience
> Upward of twenty years.

Shak.

Up"ward, a. [AS. upweard. See Up, and -ward.] Directed toward a higher place; as, with upward eye; with upward course.

Up"ward, n. The upper part; the top. [Obs.]

> From the extremest upward of thy head.

Shak.

Up*whirl" (?), v. t. & i. To rise upward in a whirl; to raise upward with a whirling motion.

Up*wind" (?), v. t. To wind up. Spenser.

Up*wreath" (?), v. i. To rise with a curling motion; to curl upward, as smoke. Longfellow.

Up*yat" (?), obs. imp. of Upgive. Chaucer.

{ Ur (?), Ure }, n. (Zoöl.) The urus.

||U"ra*chus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; urine + &?; to hold.] (Anat.) A cord or band of fibrous tissue extending from the bladder to the umbilicus.

||U*ræ"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; urine + &?; blood.] (Med.) Accumulation in the blood of the principles of the urine, producing dangerous disease.

U*ræ"mic (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to uræmia; as, uræmic convulsions.

||U*ræ"um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; &?;, fr. &?; of the tail; cf. L. uraeus, adj.] (Zoöl.) The posterior half of an animal.

U"ral (?), a. Pertaining to, or designating, the Urals, a mountain range between Europe and Asia.

U"ral-Al*ta"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Urals and the Altai; as the Ural-Altaic, or Turanian, languages.

U"ra*li (?), n. [See Wourali.] See Curare.

{ U*ra"li*an (?), U*ral"ic (?), } a. Of or relating to the Ural Mountains.

U"ral*ite (?), n. [So called because first observed in the Ural Mountains.] (Min.) Amphibole resulting from the alternation of pyroxene by paramorphism. It is not uncommon in massive eruptive rocks.

U`ral*i`ti*za"tion (?), n. (Geol.) The change of pyroxene to amphibole by paramorphism.

U*ram"il (?), n. (Chem.) Murexan.

U"ra*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of uranic acid.

U*ra"ni*a (?), n. [L., from Gr. &?;, i. e., the Heavenly, fr. &?; heavenly, fr. &?; heaven.]

1. (Class. Myth.) One of the nine Muses, daughter of Zeus by Mnemosyne, and patron of astronomy.

2. (Zoöl.) A genus of large, brilliantly colored moths native of the West Indies and South America. Their bright colored and tailed hind wings and their diurnal flight cause them to closely resemble butterflies.

U*ra"ni*an (?), a. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the planet Uranus; as, the Uranian year.

U*ran"ic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the heavens; celestial; astronomical.

> On I know not what telluric or uranic principles.

Carlyle.

2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, resembling, or containing uranium; specifically, designating those compounds in which uranium has a valence relatively higher than in uranous compounds.

U"ra*nin (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaline salt of fluorescein, obtained as a brownish red substance, which is used as a dye; — so called from the peculiar yellowish green fluorescence (resembling that of uranium glass) of its solutions. See Fluorescein.

U*ran"i*nite (?), n. (Min.) A mineral consisting chiefly of uranium oxide with some lead, thorium, etc., occurring in black octahedrons, also in masses with a pitchlike luster; pitchblende.

U`ra*nis"co*plas`ty (?), n. [Gr. &?; top of a tent, plate (fr. &?; sky) + -plasty.] (Surg.) The process of forming an artificial palate.

{ U`ra*nis*cor"a*phy, U`ra*nis*cor"rha*phy } (?), n. [Gr. &?; the top of a tent, the palate (fr. &?; sky) + &?; a seam.] (Surg.) Suture of the palate. See Staphyloraphy.

U"ra*nite (?), n. [Cf. G. uranit, F. uranite.] (Min.) A general term for the uranium phosphates, autunite, or lime uranite, and torbernite, or copper uranite.

U`ra*nit"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to uranium; containing uranium.

U*ra"ni*um (?), n. [NL., from Uranus the planet. See Uranus.] (Chem.) An element of the chromium group, found in certain rare minerals, as pitchblende, uranite, etc., and reduced as a heavy, hard, nickel-white metal which is quite permanent. Its yellow oxide is used to impart to glass a delicate greenish- yellow tint which is accompanied by a strong fluorescence, and its black oxide is used as a pigment in porcelain painting. Symbol U. Atomic weight 239.

Uranium was discovered in the state of an oxide by Klaproth in 1789, and so named in honor of Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus in 1781.

{ U"ran-o`cher, U"ran-o`chre } (?), n. [Cf. F. uranochre.] (Min.) (a) A yellow, earthy incrustation, consisting essentially of the oxide of uranium, but more or less impure.

{ U`ra*no*graph"ic (?), U`ra*no*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to uranography; as, an uranographic treatise.

U`ra*nog"ra*phist (?), n. One practiced in uranography.

U`ra*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; heaven + &?; to write.] A description or plan of the heavens and the heavenly bodies; the construction of celestial maps, globes, etc.; uranology.

U*ran"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; heaven + - lite.] A meteorite or aërolite. [Obs.] Hutton.

U`ra*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; heaven + - logy.] A discourse or treatise on the heavens and the heavenly bodies; the study of the heavens; uranography.

||U`ra*nom`e*tri"a (?), n. [NL.] A uranometry.

U`ra*nom"e*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; heaven + - metry.] (Astron.) A chart or catalogue of fixed stars, especially of stars visible to the naked eye.

U"ra*no*plas`ty (?), n. [See Uraniscoplasty.] (Surg.) The plastic operation for closing a fissure in the hard palate.

U`ra*nos"co*py (?), n. [Gr. &?; + - scopy.] Observation of the heavens or heavenly bodies.

U`ra*no"so- (&?;), a. (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) from uranium; — used in naming certain complex compounds; as in uranoso-uranic oxide, uranoso-uranic sulphate.

<! p. 1586 !>

U"ra*nous ("r*ns), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, uranium; designating those compounds in which uranium has a lower valence as contrasted with the uranic compounds.

U"ra*nus (-ns), n. [L. Uranus, Gr. O'yrano`s Uranus, o'yrano`s heaven, sky. Cf. Uranium.]

1. (Gr. Myth.) The son or husband of Gaia (Earth), and father of Chronos (Time) and the Titans.

2. (Astron.) One of the primary planets. It is about 1,800,000,000 miles from the sun, about 36,000 miles in diameter, and its period of revolution round the sun is nearly 84 of our years.

This planet has also been called Herschel, from Sir William Herschel, who discovered it in 1781, and who named it Georgium Sidus, in honor of George III., then King of England.

U*ran"-u*tan` (?), (Zoöl.) The orang- utang

U"ra*nyl (?), n. [Uranium + - yl.] (Chem.) The radical UO2, conveniently regarded as a residue of many uranium compounds.

U*ra"o (?), n. [Sp.] (Min.) See Trona.

{ U*ra"re (?), U*ra"ri }, n. See Curare.

U"rate (?), n. [Cf. F. urate.] (Physiol. Chem.) A salt of uric acid; as, sodium urate; ammonium urate.

U*rat"ic (?), (Physiol. Chem.) Of or containing urates; as, uratic calculi.

Ur"ban (?), a. [L. urbanus belonging to the &?;ity or town, refined, polished, fr. urbs, urbis, a city: cf. F. urbain. Cf. Urbane.]

1. Of or belonging to a city or town; as, an urban population.

2. Belonging to, or suiting, those living in a city; cultivated; polite; urbane; as, urban manners.

Urban servitude. See Predial servitude, under Servitude.

Ur*bane" (?), a. [See Urban.] Courteous in manners; polite; refined; elegant.

Ur"ban*iste (?), n. (Bot.) A large and delicious pear or Flemish origin.

Ur*ban"i*ty (?), n. [L. urbanitas; cf. F. urbanité.]

1. The quality or state of being urbane; civility or courtesy of manners; politeness; refinement.

> The marquis did the honors of his house with the urbanity of his country.

W. Irving.

2. Polite wit; facetiousness. [Obs.] Dryden.

> Raillery in the sauce of civil entertainment; and without some such tincture of urbanity, good humor falters.

L'Estrange.

Syn. — Politeness; suavity; affability; courtesy.

Ur"ban*ize (?), v. t. To render urban, or urbane; to refine; to polish. Howell.

||Ur*bic"o*læ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. urbs, urbis, a city + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) An extensive family of butterflies, including those known as skippers (Hesperiadæ).

Ur*bic"o*lous (?), a. Of or pertaining to a city; urban. [R.]

Ur"ce*o*lar (û"s**lr), a. Urceolate.

Ur"ce*o*late (?), a. [L. urceolus, dim. of urceus a pitcher or waterpot.] (Nat. Hist.) Shaped like a pitcher or urn; swelling below, and contracted at the orifice, as a calyx or corolla.

Ur"ce*ole (?), n. [See Urceolate.] (R. C. Ch.) A vessel for water for washing the hands; also, one to hold wine or water.

||Ur*ce"o*lus (?), n.; pl. Urceoli (#). [L., a little pitcher.] (Bot.) Any urn-shaped organ of a plant.

Ur"chin (û"chn), n. [OE. urchon, irchon, a hedgehog, OF. ireçon, eriçon, heriçon, herichon, F. hérisson, a derivative fr. L. ericius, from er a hedgehog, for her; akin to Gr. chh`r. Cf. Herisson.]

1. (Zoöl.) A hedgehog.

2. (Zoöl.) A sea urchin. See Sea urchin.

3. A mischievous elf supposed sometimes to take the form a hedgehog. "We 'll dress [them] like urchins, ouphes, and fairies." Shak.

4. A pert or roguish child; — now commonly used only of a boy.

> And the urchins that stand with their thievish eyes
> Forever on watch ran off each with a prize.

W. Howitt.

> You did indeed dissemble, you urchin you; but where's the girl that won't dissemble for an husband?

Goldsmith.

5. One of a pair in a series of small card cylinders, arranged around a carding drum; — so called from its fancied resemblance to the hedgehog. Knight.

Urchin fish (Zoöl.), a diodon.

Ur"chin, a. Rough; pricking; piercing. [R.] "Helping all urchin blasts." Milton.

Ur"chon (?), n. (Zoöl.) The urchin, or hedgehog.

Ur"du (?), n. [Hind. urd.] The language more generally called Hindustanee.

Ure (?), n. [OE. ure, OF. oevre, ovre, ouvre, work, F. œuvre, L. opera. See Opera, Operate, and cf. Inure, Manure.] Use; practice; exercise. [Obs.] Fuller.

> Let us be sure of this, to put the best in ure
> That lies in us.

Chapman.

Ure, v. t. To use; to exercise; to inure; to accustom by practice. [Obs.]

> The French soldiers . . . from their youth have been practiced and ured in feats of arms.

Sir T. More.

U"re*a (?), a. [NL. See Urine.] (Physiol. Chem.) A very soluble crystalline body which is the chief constituent of the urine in mammals and some other animals. It is also present in small quantity in blood, serous fluids, lymph, the liver, etc.

It is the main product of the regressive metamorphosis (katabolism) of proteid matter in the body, and is excreted daily to the amount of about 500 grains by a man of average weight. Chemically it is carbamide, CO(NH2)2, and when heated with strong acids or alkalies is decomposed into carbonic acid and ammonia. It unites with acids to form salts, as nitrate of urea, and it can be made synthetically from ammonium cyanate, with which it is isomeric.

Urea ferment, a soluble ferment formed by certain bacteria, which, however, yield the ferment from the body of their cells only after they have been killed by alcohol. It causes urea to take up water and decompose into carbonic acid and ammonia. Many different bacteria possess this property, especially Bacterium ureæ and Micrococcus ureæ, which are found abundantly in urines undergoing alkaline fermentation.

U"re*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to urea; containing, or consisting of, urea; as, ureal deposits.

U`re*am"e*ter (?), n. [Urea + - meter.] (Physiol. Chem.) An apparatus for the determination of the amount of urea in urine, in which the nitrogen evolved by the action of certain reagents, on a given volume of urine, is collected and measured, and the urea calculated accordingly.

U`re*chi"tin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from the leaves of a certain plant (Urechitis suberecta) as a bitter white crystalline substance.

U`re*chi*tox"in (?), n. [Urechitin + toxic + -in.] (Chem.) A poisonous glucoside found accompanying urechitin, and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance.

||U*re"do (?), n. [L., a blast, blight, a burning itch, fr. urere to burn, to scorch.]

1. (Bot.) One of the stages in the life history of certain rusts (Uredinales), regarded at one time as a distinct genus. It is a summer stage preceding the teleutospore, or winter stage. See Uredinales, in the Supplement.

2. (Med.) Nettle rash. See Urticaria.

U*re"do*spore (?), n. (Bot.) The thin-walled summer spore which is produced during the so-called Uredo stage of certain rusts. See (in the Supplement) Uredinales, Heterœcious, etc.

U"re*ide (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of the many complex derivatives of urea; thus, hydantoin, and, in an extended dense, guanidine, caffeine, et., are ureides. [Written also ureid.]

-u*ret (?). A suffix with the same meaning as -ide. See -ide. [Obs.]

||U*re"ter (?; 277), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;. See Urine.] (Anat.) The duct which conveys the urine from the kidney to the bladder or cloaca. There are two ureters, one for each kidney.

||U*re`ter*i"tis (?), n. [NL. See Ureter, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the ureter. Dunglison.

U*reth"ane (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, NH2.CO.OC2H5, produced by the action of ammonia on ethyl carbonate. It is used somewhat in medicine as a hypnotic. By extension, any one of the series of related substances of which urethane proper is the type.

||U*re"thra (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;. See Urine.] (Anat.) The canal by which the urine is conducted from the bladder and discharged.

U*re"thral (?), a. Of or pertaining to the urethra.

Urethral fever (Med.), fever occurring as a consequence of operations upon the urethra.

||U`re*thri"tis (?), n. [NL. See Urethra, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the urethra.

U*re"thro*plas`ty (?), n. [Urethra + -plasty.] (Surg.) An operation for the repair of an injury or a defect in the walls of the urethra. — U*re`thro*plas"tic (#), a.

U*re"thro*scope (?), n. [Urethra + -scope.] (Med.) An instrument for viewing the interior of the urethra.

U`re*thros"co*py (?), n. (Med.) Examination of the urethra by means of the urethroscope.

U*re"thro*tome (?), n. [Urethra + Gr. &?; to cut.] An instrument for cutting a urethral stricture.

U`re*throt"o*my (?), n. [Urethra + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Surg.) An incision of the urethra, esp. incision for relief of urethral stricture.

U*ret"ic (?), a. [L. ureticus, Gr. &?;. See Urine.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to the urine; diuretic; urinary; as, uretic medicine.

Urge (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Urged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Urging (?).] [L. urgere; akin to E. wreak. See Wreak, v. t.]

1. To press; to push; to drive; to impel; to force onward.

> Through the thick deserts headlong urged his flight.

Pope.

2. To press the mind or will of; to ply with motives, arguments, persuasion, or importunity.

> My brother never
> Did urge me in his act; I did inquire it.

Shak.

3. To provoke; to exasperate. [R.]

> Urge not my father's anger.

Shak.

4. To press hard upon; to follow closely

> Heir urges heir, like wave impelling wave.

Pope.

5. To present in an urgent manner; to press upon attention; to insist upon; as, to urge an argument; to urge the necessity of a case.

6. To treat with forcible means; to take severe or violent measures with; as, to urge an ore with intense heat.

Syn. — To animate; incite; impel; instigate; stimulate; encourage.

Urge (?), v. i. 1. To press onward or forward. [R.]

2. To be pressing in argument; to insist; to persist.

Ur"gence (?), n. Urgency. [Obs.]

Ur"gen*cy (?), n. [Cf. F. urgence.] The quality or condition of being urgent; insistence; pressure; as, the urgency of a demand or an occasion.

Ur"gent (?), a. [L. urgens, p. pr. of urgere: cf. F. urgent. See Urge.] Urging; pressing; besetting; plying, with importunity; calling for immediate attention; instantly important. "The urgent hour." Shak.

> Some urgent cause to ordain the contrary.

Hooker.

> The Egyptians were urgent upon the people that they might send them out of the land in haste.

Ex. xii. 33.

Ur"gent*ly, adv. In an urgent manner.

Ur"ger (?), n. One who urges. Beau. & Fl.

U"ric (?), a. [Gr. &?; urine: cf. F. urique. See Urine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Of or pertaining to urine; obtained from urine; as, uric acid.

Uric acid, a crystalline body, present in small quantity in the urine of man and most mammals. Combined in the form of urate of ammonia, it is the chief constituent of the urine of birds and reptiles, forming the white part. Traces of it are also found in the various organs of the body. It is likewise a common constituent, either as the free acid or as a urate, of urinary or renal calculi and of the so- called gouty concretions. From acid urines, uric acid is frequently deposited, on standing in a cool place, in the form of a reddish yellow sediment, nearly always crystalline. Chemically, it is composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, C5H4N4O3, and by decomposition yields urea, among other products. It can be made synthetically by heating together urea and glycocoll. It was formerly called also lithic acid, in allusion to its occurrence in stone, or calculus.

||U"rim (?), n. [Heb. &?;rm, pl. of &?;r, fire &?;r light.] A part or decoration of the breastplate of the high priest among the ancient Jews, by which Jehovah revealed his will on certain occasions. Its nature has been the subject of conflicting conjectures.

> Thou shall put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and the Thummim.

Ex. xxviii. 30.

> And when Saul inquired of the Lord, the Lord answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

1 Sam. xxviii. 6.

Professor Plumptre supposes the Urim to have been a clear and colorless stone set in the breastplate of the high priest as a symbol of light, answering to the mystic scarab in the pectoral plate of the ancient Egyptian priests, and that the Thummim was an image corresponding to that worn by the priestly judges of Egypt as a symbol of truth and purity of motive. By gazing steadfastly on these, he may have been thrown into a mysterious, half ecstatic state, akin to hypnotism, in which he lost all personal consciousness, and received a spiritual illumination and insight.

U"ri*nal (?), n. [L. urinal, fr. urina urine: cf. F. urinal.]

1. A vessel for holding urine; especially, a bottle or tube for holding urine for inspection.

2. A place or convenience for urinating purposes.

U`ri*na"ri*um (?), n. [LL. urinarium.] (Agric.) A reservoir for urine, etc., for manure.

U"ri*na*ry (?), a. [L. urina urine: cf. F. urinaire.]

1. Of or pertaining to the urine; as, the urinary bladder; urinary excretions.

2. Resembling, or being of the nature of, urine.

Urinary calculus (Med.), a concretion composed of some one or more crystalline constituents of the urine, liable to be found in any portion of the urinary passages or in the pelvis of the kidney. — Urinary pigments, (Physiol. Chem.), certain colored substances, urochrome, or urobilin, uroerythrin, etc., present in the urine together with indican, a colorless substance which by oxidation is convertible into colored bodies.

U"ri*na*ry, n. A urinarium; also, a urinal.

U"ri*nate (?), v. i. [LL. urinare.] To discharge urine; to make water.

U`ri*na"tion (?), n. The act or process of voiding urine; micturition.

U"ri*na*tive (?), a. Provoking the flow of urine; uretic; diuretic. [R.] Bacon.

U"ri*na`tor (?), n. [L., from urinari to plunge under water, to dive.] One who dives under water in search of something, as for pearls; a diver. [R.] Ray.

U"rine (?), n. [F. urine, L. urina; akin to urinari to plunge under water, to dive, Gr. &?; urine; cf. Skr. vr water, Icel. &?;r drizzling rain, AS. wær the sea.] (Physiol.) In mammals, a fluid excretion from the kidneys; in birds and reptiles, a solid or semisolid excretion.

In man, the urine is a clear, transparent fluid of an amber color and peculiar odor, with an average density of 1.02. The average amount excreted in 24 hours is from 40 to 60 ounces (about 1,200 cubic centimeters). Chemically, the urine is mainly an aqueous solution of urea, salt (sodium chloride), and uric acid, together with some hippuric acid and peculiar pigments. It usually has an acid reaction, owing to the presence of acid phosphates of soda or free uric acid. Normally, it contains about 960 parts of water to 40 parts of solid matter, and the daily average excretion is 35 grams (540 grains) of urea, 0.75 gram (11 grains) of uric acid, and 16.5 grams (260 grains) of salt. Abnormally, it may contain sugar as in diabetes, albumen as in Bright's disease, bile pigments as in jaundice, or abnormal quantities of some one or more of the normal constituents.

U"rine, v. i. To urinate. [Obs.] Bacon.

U`ri*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Urine + - ferous.] Bearing or conveying urine; as, uriniferous tubules.

U`ri*nip"a*rous (?), a. [Urine + L. parere to produce: cf. F. urinipare.] (Physiol.) Producing or preparing urine; as, the uriniparous tubes in the cortical portion of the kidney.

U`ri*no*gen"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the urinary and genital organs; genitourinary; urogenital; as, the urinogenital canal.

U`ri*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Urine + - meter.] A small hydrometer for determining the specific gravity of urine.

U`ri*nom"e*try (?), n. The estimation of the specific gravity of urine by the urinometer.

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{ U"ri*nose (?), U"ri*nous (?), } a. [Cf. F. urineux. See Urine.] Of or pertaining to urine, or partaking of its qualities; having the character or odor of urine; similar to urine. Arbuthnot.

U"rite (?), n. [Gr. &?; tail.] (Zoöl.) One of the segments of the abdomen or post-abdomen of arthropods.

U"rith (?), n. The bindings of a hedge. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Urn (?), n. [OE. urne, L. urna; perhaps fr. urere to burn, and sop called as being made of burnt clay (cf. East): cf. F. urne.]

1. A vessel of various forms, usually a vase furnished with a foot or pedestal, employed for different purposes, as for holding liquids, for ornamental uses, for preserving the ashes of the dead after cremation, and anciently for holding lots to be drawn.

> A rustic, digging in the ground by Padua, found an urn, or earthen pot, in which there was another urn.

Bp. Wilkins.

> His scattered limbs with my dead body burn,
> And once more join us in the pious urn.

Dryden.

2. Fig.: Any place of burial; the grave.

> Or lay these bones in an unworthy urn,
> Tombless, with no remembrance over them.

Shak.

3. (Rom. Antiq.) A measure of capacity for liquids, containing about three gallons and a haft, wine measure. It was haft the amphora, and four times the congius.

4. (Bot.) A hollow body shaped like an urn, in which the spores of mosses are contained; a spore case; a theca.

5. A tea urn. See under Tea.

Urn mosses (Bot.), the order of true mosses; — so called because the capsules of many kinds are urn- shaped.

Urn, v. t. To inclose in, or as in, an urn; to inurn.

> When horror universal shall descend,
> And heaven's dark concave urn all human race.

Young.

Urn"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to an urn; effected by an urn or urns. "Urnal interments." Sir T. Browne.

Urn"ful (?), n.; pl. Urnfuls (&?;). As much as an urn will hold; enough to fill an urn.

Urn"-shaped` (?), a. Having the shape of an urn; as, the urn-shaped capsules of some mosses.

U"ro- (?). A combining form fr. Gr. o'y^ron, urine.

U"ro-. A combining form from Gr. o'yra`, the tail, the caudal extremity.

U`ro*bi"lin (?), n. [1st uro- + bile + -in.] (Physiol. Chem.) A yellow pigment identical with hydrobilirubin, abundant in the highly colored urine of fever, and also present in normal urine. See Urochrome.

U"ro*cele (?), n. [1st uro + Gr. &?; tumor.] (Med.) A morbid swelling of the scrotum due to extravasation of urine into it.

||U`ro*cer"a*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; tail + &?;, &?;, horn.] (Zoöl.) A division of boring Hymenoptera, including Tremex and allied genera. See Illust. of Horntail.

U"ro*chord (?), n. [2d uro- + chord.] (Zoöl.) The central axis or cord in the tail of larval ascidians and of certain adult tunicates. [Written also urocord.]

||U`ro*chor"da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Urochord.] (Zoöl.) Same as Tunicata.

U`ro*chor"dal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Urochorda.

U"ro*chrome (?), n. [1st uro- + Gr. &?; color.] (Physiol. Chem.) A yellow urinary pigment, considered by Thudichum as the only pigment present in normal urine. It is regarded by Maly as identical with urobilin.

U"rochs (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Aurochs.

U"ro*cord (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Urochord.

U"ro*cyst (?), n. [1st uro- + cyst.] (Anat.) The urinary bladder.

||U`ro*de"la (?), n. pl. [NL.; Gr. &?; tail + &?; visible.] (Zoöl.) An order of amphibians having the tail well developed and often long. It comprises the salamanders, tritons, and allied animals.

U"ro*dele (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Urodela.

U`ro*de"li*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Urodela. — n. One of the Urodela.

U`ro*e*ryth"rin (?), n. [See 1st Uro-, and Erythrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A reddish urinary pigment, considered as the substance which gives to the urine of rheumatism its characteristic color. It also causes the red color often seen in deposits of urates.

U`ro*gas"tric (?), a. [2d uro- + gastric.] (Zoöl.) Behind the stomach; — said of two lobes of the carapace of certain crustaceans.

U`ro*gen"i*tal (?), a. [1st uro- + genital.] (Anat.) Same as Urinogenital.

U`ro*glau"cin (?), n. [1st uro- + L. glaucus bright.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body identical with indigo blue, occasionally found in the urine in degeneration of the kidneys. It is readily formed by oxidation or decomposition of indican.

U`ro*hæm"a*tin (?), n. [1st uro- + hæmatin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Urinary hæmatin; — applied to the normal coloring matter of the urine, on the supposition that it is formed either directly or indirectly (through bilirubin) from the hæmatin of the blood. See Urochrome, and Urobilin.

U`ro*hy"al (?), a. [2d uro- + the Gr. letter .] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to one or more median and posterior elements in the hyoidean arch of fishes. — n. A urohyal bone or cartilage.

U*rol"o*gy (?), n. [1st uro- + - logy.] (Med.) See Uronology.

U"ro*mere (?), n. [2d uro- + - mere.] (Zoöl.) Any one of the abdominal segments of an arthropod.

U`ro*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; urine + - logy.] (Med.) That part of medicine which treats of urine. Dunglison.

U"ro*pod (?), n. [2d uro- + - pod.] (Zoöl.) Any one of the abdominal appendages of a crustacean, especially one of the posterior ones, which are often larger than the rest, and different in structure, and are used chiefly in locomotion. See Illust. of Crustacea, and Stomapoda.

U*rop"o*dal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a uropod.

U`ro*po*et"ic (?), a. [1st uro- + Gr. &?; to make.]

1. (Med.) Producing, or favoring the production of, urine.

2. (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a system of organs which eliminate nitrogenous waste matter from the blood of certain invertebrates.

U`ro*pyg"i*al (?), a. [See Uropygium.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the uropygium, or prominence at the base of the tail feathers, in birds.

Uropygial gland, a peculiar sebaceous gland at the base of the tail feathers in most birds. It secretes an oily fluid which is spread over the feathers by preening.

||U`ro*pyg"i*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, (corrupted form) &?;; &?; the end of the os sacrum + &?; rump.] (Anat.) The prominence at the posterior extremity of a bird's body, which supports the feathers of the tail; the rump; — sometimes called pope's nose.

U`ro*sa"cral (?), a. [2d uro- + sacral.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the caudal and sacral parts of the vertebral column; as, the urosacral vertebræ of birds.

U*ros"co*py (?), n. [1st uro- + - scopy: cf. F. uroscopie.] The diagnosis of diseases by inspection of urine. Sir T. Browne.

U"ro*some (?), n. [2d uro- + - some body.] (Zoöl.) The abdomen, or post-abdomen, of arthropods.

U"ro*stege (?), n. [2d uro- + Gr. &?; roof.] (Zoöl.) One of the plates on the under side of the tail of a serpent.

||U*ros"te*on (?), n.; pl. L. Urostea (#), E. Urosteons (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the tail + &?; a bone.] (Anat.) A median ossification back of the lophosteon in the sternum of some birds.

U`ro*ster"nite (?), n. [2d uro- + sternum.] (Zoöl.) The sternal, or under piece, of any one of the uromeres of insects and other arthropods.

U"ro*style (?), n. [2d uro- + Gr. &?; a pillar.] (Anat.) A styliform process forming the posterior extremity of the vertebral column in some fishes and amphibians.

U"rox (?), n. [See Aurochs, and cf. Urus.] (Zoöl.) The aurochs.

U*rox"a*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of uroxanic acid.

U`rox*an"ic (?), a. [Uric + alloxan.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C5H8N4O6, which is obtained, as a white crystalline substance, by the slow oxidation of uric acid in alkaline solution.

U`ro*xan"thin (?), n. [1st uro- + xanthin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Indican.

Ur*rho"din (?), n. [1st uro- + Gr. &?; a rose.] (Physiol. Chem.) Indigo red, a product of the decomposition, or oxidation, of indican. It is sometimes found in the sediment of pathological urines. It is soluble in ether or alcohol, giving the solution a beautiful red color. Also called indigrubin.

Ur"ry (?), n. [Cf. Gael. uir, uireach, mold, clay.] A sort of blue or black clay lying near a vein of coal.

Ur"sa (?), n. [L. ursa a she-bear, also, a constellation, fem. of ursus a bear. Cf. Arctic.] (Astron.) Either one of the Bears. See the Phrases below.

Ursa Major [L.], the Great Bear, one of the most conspicuous of the northern constellations. It is situated near the pole, and contains the stars which form the Dipper, or Charles's Wain, two of which are the Pointers, or stars which point towards the North Star. — Ursa Minor [L.], the Little Bear, the constellation nearest the north pole. It contains the north star, or polestar, which is situated in the extremity of the tail.

Ur"sal (?), n. (Zoöl.) The ursine seal. See the Note under 1st Seal.

Ur"si*form (?), a. [L. ursus, ursa, a bear + -form.] Having the shape of a bear.

Ur"sine (?), a. [L. ursinus, from ursus a bear. See Ursa.] Of or pertaining to a bear; resembling a bear.

Ursine baboon. (Zoöl.) See Chacma. — Ursine dasyure (Zoöl.), the Tasmanian devil. — Ursine howler (Zoöl.), the araguato. See Illust. under Howler. — Ursine seal. (Zoöl.) See Sea bear, and the Note under 1st Seal.

Ur"son (?), n. [Cf. Urchin.] (Zoöl.) The Canada porcupine. See Porcupine.

Ur"suk (?), n. (Zoöl.) The bearded seal.

Ur"su*la (?), n. (Zoöl.) A beautiful North American butterfly (Basilarchia, or Limenitis, astyanax). Its wings are nearly black with red and blue spots and blotches. Called also red-spotted purple.

Ur"su*line (?), n. [Cf. F. ursuline.] (R. C. Ch.) One of an order of nuns founded by St. Angela Merici, at Brescia, in Italy, about the year 1537, and so called from St. Ursula, under whose protection it was placed. The order was introduced into Canada as early as 1639, and into the United States in 1727. The members are devoted entirely to education.

Ur"su*line, a. Of or pertaining to St. Ursula, or the order of Ursulines; as, the Ursuline nuns.

||Ur"sus (?), n. [L., a bear.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Carnivora including the common bears.

||Ur*ti"ca (?), n. [L., a nettle.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the common nettles. See Nettle, n.

Ur`ti*ca"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Urticaceæ) of plants, of which the nettle is the type. The order includes also the hop, the elm, the mulberry, the fig, and many other plants.

Ur"tic*al (?), a. Resembling nettles; — said of several natural orders allied to urticaceous plants.

||Ur`ti*ca"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Urtica.] (Med.) The nettle rash, a disease characterized by a transient eruption of red pimples and of wheals, accompanied with a burning or stinging sensation and with itching; uredo.

Ur"ti*cate (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Urticated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Urticating.] To sting with, or as with, nettles; to irritate; to annoy. G. A. Sala.

Ur`ti*ca"tion (?), n. (Med.) The act or process of whipping or stinging with nettles; — sometimes used in the treatment of paralysis.

U*ru*bu" (?), n. [Cf. Pg. urubú a certain Brazilian bird.] (Zoöl.) The black vulture (Catharista atrata). It ranges from the Southern United States to South America. See Vulture.

||U"rus (?), n. [L.; of Teutonic origin. See Aurochs.] (Zoöl.) A very large, powerful, and savage extinct bovine animal (Bos urus or primigenius) anciently abundant in Europe. It appears to have still existed in the time of Julius Cæsar. It had very large horns, and was hardly capable of domestication. Called also, ur, ure, and tur.

Ur"va (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The crab-eating ichneumon (Herpestes urva), native of India. The fur is black, annulated with white at the tip of each hair, and a white streak extends from the mouth to the shoulder.

Us (?), pron. [OE. us, AS. &?;s; akin to OFries. & OS. &?;s, D. ons, G. uns, Icel. & Sw. oss, Dan. os, Goth. uns, L. nos we, us, Gr. &?; we, Skr. nas us. &?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. Nostrum, Our.] The persons speaking, regarded as an object; ourselves; — the objective case of we. See We. "Tell us a tale." Chaucer.

> Give us this day our daily bread.

Matt. vi. 11.

Us"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being used.

Us"age (?), n. [F. usage, LL. usaticum. See Use.]

1. The act of using; mode of using or treating; treatment; conduct with respect to a person or a thing; as, good usage; ill usage; hard usage.

> My brother
> Is prisoner to the bishop here, at whose hands
> He hath good usage and great liberty.

Shak.

2. Manners; conduct; behavior. [Obs.]

> A gentle nymph was found,
> Hight Astery, excelling all the crew
> In courteous usage.

Spenser.

3. Long-continued practice; customary mode of procedure; custom; habitual use; method. Chaucer.

> It has now been, during many years, the grave and decorous
> usage of Parliaments to hear, in respectful silence, all expressions, acceptable or unacceptable, which are uttered from the throne.

Macaulay.

4. Customary use or employment, as of a word or phrase in a particular sense or signification.

5. Experience. [Obs.]

> In eld [old age] is both wisdom and usage.

Chaucer.

Syn. — Custom; use; habit. — Usage, Custom. These words, as here compared, agree in expressing the idea of habitual practice; but a custom is not necessarily a usage. A custom may belong to many, or to a single individual. A usage properly belongs to the great body of a people. Hence, we speak of usage, not of custom, as the law of language. Again, a custom is merely that which has been often repeated, so as to have become, in a good degree, established. A usage must be both often repeated and of long standing. Hence, we speak of a "hew custom," but not of a "new usage." Thus, also, the "customs of society" is not so strong an expression as the "usages of society." "Custom, a greater power than nature, seldom fails to make them worship." Locke. "Of things once received and confirmed by use, long usage is a law sufficient." Hooker. In law, the words usage and custom are often used interchangeably, but the word custom also has a technical and restricted sense. See Custom, n., 3.

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Us"a*ger (?), n. [F. usager.] One who has the use of anything in trust for another. [Obs.] Daniel.

Us"ance (?), n. [F. See Use, v. t.]

1. Use; usage; employment. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Custom; practice; usage. [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer.

3. Interest paid for money; usury. [Obs.] Shak.

4. (Com.) The time, fixed variously by the usage between different countries, when a bill of exchange is payable; as, a bill drawn on London at one usance, or at double usance.

Us"ant (?), a. [OF.] Using; accustomed. [Obs.] "Usant for to steal." Chaucer.

{ Us"begs (?), Us"beks (?), } n. pl. (Ethnol.) A Turkish tribe which about the close of the 15th century conquered, and settled in, that part of Asia now called Turkestan. [Written also Uzbecks, and Uzbeks.]

Use (?), n. [OE. us use, usage, L. usus, from uti, p. p. usus, to use. See Use, v. t.]

1. The act of employing anything, or of applying it to one's service; the state of being so employed or applied; application; employment; conversion to some purpose; as, the use of a pen in writing; his machines are in general use.

> Books can never teach the use of books.

Bacon.

> This Davy serves you for good uses.

Shak.

> When he framed
> All things to man's delightful use.

Milton.

2. Occasion or need to employ; necessity; as, to have no further use for a book. Shak.

3. Yielding of service; advantage derived; capability of being used; usefulness; utility.

> God made two great lights, great for their use
> To man.

Milton.

> 'T is use alone that sanctifies expense.

Pope.

4. Continued or repeated practice; customary employment; usage; custom; manner; habit.

> Let later age that noble use envy.

Spenser.

> How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable,
> Seem to me all the uses of this world!

Shak.

5. Common occurrence; ordinary experience. [R.]

> O Cæsar! these things are beyond all use.

Shak.

6. (Eccl.) The special form of ritual adopted for use in any diocese; as, the Sarum, or Canterbury, use; the Hereford use; the York use; the Roman use; etc.

> From henceforth all the whole realm shall have but one use.

Pref. to Book of Common Prayer.

7. The premium paid for the possession and employment of borrowed money; interest; usury. [Obs.]

> Thou art more obliged to pay duty and tribute, use and principal, to him.

Jer. Taylor.

8. [In this sense probably a corruption of OF. oes, fr. L. opus need, business, employment, work. Cf. Operate.] (Law) The benefit or profit of lands and tenements. Use imports a trust and confidence reposed in a man for the holding of lands. He to whose use or benefit the trust is intended shall enjoy the profits. An estate is granted and limited to A for the use of B.

9. (Forging) A stab of iron welded to the side of a forging, as a shaft, near the end, and afterward drawn down, by hammering, so as to lengthen the forging.

Contingent, or Springing, use (Law), a use to come into operation on a future uncertain event. — In use. (a) In employment; in customary practice observance. (b) In heat; — said especially of mares. J. H. Walsh. — Of no use, useless; of no advantage. — Of use, useful; of advantage; profitable. — Out of use, not in employment. — Resulting use (Law), a use, which, being limited by the deed, expires or can not vest, and results or returns to him who raised it, after such expiration. — Secondary, or Shifting, use, a use which, though executed, may change from one to another by circumstances. Blackstone. — Statute of uses (Eng. Law), the stat. 27 Henry VIII., cap. 10, which transfers uses into possession, or which unites the use and possession. — To make use of, To put to use, to employ; to derive service from; to use.

Use (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Used (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Using.] [OE. usen, F. user to use, use up, wear out, LL. usare to use, from L. uti, p. p. usus, to use, OL. oeti, oesus; of uncertain origin. Cf. Utility.]

1. To make use of; to convert to one's service; to avail one's self of; to employ; to put a purpose; as, to use a plow; to use a chair; to use time; to use flour for food; to use water for irrigation.

> Launcelot Gobbo, use your legs.

Shak.

> Some other means I have which may be used.

Milton.

2. To behave toward; to act with regard to; to treat; as, to use a beast cruelly. "I will use him well." Shak.

> How wouldst thou use me now?

Milton.

> Cato has used me ill.

Addison.

3. To practice customarily; to make a practice of; as, to use diligence in business.

> Use hospitality one to another.

1 Pet. iv. 9.

4. To accustom; to habituate; to render familiar by practice; to inure; — employed chiefly in the passive participle; as, men used to cold and hunger; soldiers used to hardships and danger.

> I am so used in the fire to blow.

Chaucer.

> Thou with thy compeers,
> Used to the yoke, draw'st his triumphant wheels.

Milton.

To use one's self, to behave. [Obs.] "Pray, forgive me, if I have used myself unmannerly." Shak. — To use up. (a) To consume or exhaust by using; to leave nothing of; as, to use up the supplies. (b) To exhaust; to tire out; to leave no capacity of force or use in; to overthrow; as, he was used up by fatigue. [Colloq.]

Syn. — Employ. — Use, Employ. We use a thing, or make use of it, when we derive from it some enjoyment or service. We employ it when we turn that service into a particular channel. We use words to express our general meaning; we employ certain technical terms in reference to a given subject. To make use of, implies passivity in the thing; as, to make use of a pen; and hence there is often a material difference between the two words when applied to persons. To speak of "making use of another" generally implies a degrading idea, as if we had used him as a tool; while employ has no such sense. A confidential friend is employed to negotiate; an inferior agent is made use of on an intrigue.

> I would, my son, that thou wouldst use the power
> Which thy discretion gives thee, to control
> And manage all.

Cowper.

> To study nature will thy time employ:
> Knowledge and innocence are perfect joy.

Dryden.

Use (?), v. i. 1. To be wont or accustomed; to be in the habit or practice; as, he used to ride daily; — now disused in the present tense, perhaps because of the similarity in sound, between "use to," and "used to."

> They use to place him that shall be their captain on a stone.

Spenser.

> Fears use to be represented in an imaginary.

Bacon.

> Thus we use to say, it is the room that smokes, when indeed it is the fire in the room.

South.

> Now Moses used to take the tent and to pitch it without the camp.

Ex. xxxiii. 7 (Rev. Ver.)

2. To be accustomed to go; to frequent; to inhabit; to dwell; — sometimes followed by of. [Obs.] "Where never foot did use." Spenser.

> He useth every day to a merchant's house.

B. Jonson.

> Ye valleys low, where the mild whispers use
> Of shades, and wanton winds, and gushing brooks.

Milton.

Use"ful (?), a. Full of use, advantage, or profit; producing, or having power to produce, good; serviceable for any end or object; helpful toward advancing any purpose; beneficial; profitable; advantageous; as, vessels and instruments useful in a family; books useful for improvement; useful knowledge; useful arts.

> To what can I useful!

Milton.

Use"ful*ly, adv. In a useful manner.

Use"ful*ness, n. The quality or state of being useful; utility; serviceableness; advantage. Addison.

Syn. — Utility; value; profit. See Utility.

Use"less, a. Having, or being of, no use; unserviceable; producing no good end; answering no valuable purpose; not advancing the end proposed; unprofitable; ineffectual; as, a useless garment; useless pity.

> Not to sit idle with so great a gift
> Useless, and thence ridiculous.

Milton.

Syn. — Fruitless; ineffectual. — Useless, Fruitless, Ineffectual. We speak of an attempt, effort, etc., as being useless when there are in it inherent difficulties which forbid the hope of success, as fruitless when it fails, not from any such difficulties, but from some unexpected hindrance arising to frustrate it; as, the design was rendered fruitless by the death of its projector. Ineffectual nearly resembles fruitless, but implies a failure of a less hopeless character; as, after several ineffectual efforts, I at last succeeded.

> Useless are all words
> Till you have writ "performance" with your swords.
> The other is for waiving.

Beau. & Fl.

> Waiving all searches into antiquity, in relation to this controversy, as being either needless or fruitless.

Waterland.

> Even our blessed Savior's preaching, who spake as never man spake, was ineffectual to many.

Bp. Stillingfleet.

— Use"less*ly, adv. — Use"less*ness, n.

Us"er (?), n. 1. One who uses. Shak.

2. (Law) Enjoyment of property; use. Mozley & W.

Ush"er (?), n. [OE. ussher, uschere, OF. ussier, uisser, oissier, hussier, huissier, fr. L. ostiarius a doorkeeper, fr. ostium a door, entrance, fr. os mouth. See Oral, and cf. Ostiary.]

1. An officer or servant who has the care of the door of a court, hall, chamber, or the like; hence, an officer whose business it is to introduce strangers, or to walk before a person of rank. Also, one who escorts persons to seats in a church, theater, etc. "The ushers and the squires." Chaucer.

> These are the ushers of Marcius.

Shak.

There are various officers of this kind attached to the royal household in England, including the gentleman usher of the black rod, who attends in the House of Peers during the sessions of Parliament, and twelve or more gentlemen ushers. See Black rod.

2. An under teacher, or assistant master, in a school.

Ush"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ushered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ushering.] To introduce or escort, as an usher, forerunner, or harbinger; to forerun; — sometimes followed by in or forth; as, to usher in a stranger; to usher forth the guests; to usher a visitor into the room.

> The stars that usher evening rose.

Milton.

> The Examiner was ushered into the world by a letter, setting forth the great genius of the author.

Addison.

Ush"er*ance (?), n. The act of ushering, or the state of being ushered in. [Obs.] Shaftesbury.

Ush"er*dom (?), n. The office or position of an usher; ushership; also, ushers, collectively. [R.]

Ush"er*less, a. Destitute of an usher. Marston.

Ush"er*ship, n. The office of an usher; usherdom.

Us"i*ta*tive (?), a. [L. usitari to use often.] Denoting usual or customary action. "The usitative aorist." Alford.

||Us"ne*a (?), n. [NL., from Ar. usnah moss.] (Bot.) A genus of lichens, most of the species of which have long, gray, pendulous, and finely branched fronds. Usnea barbata is the common bearded lichen which grows on branches of trees in northern forests.

Us"nic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex acid obtained, as a yellow crystalline substance, from certain genera of lichens (Usnea, Parmelia, etc.).

Us"que*baugh (?), n. [Ir. or Gael. uisge beatha, literally, water of life; uisge water + beatha life; akin to Gr. bi`os life. See Quick, a., and cf. Whisky.]

1. A compound distilled spirit made in Ireland and Scotland; whisky.

> The Scottish returns being vested in grouse, white hares, pickled salmon, and usquebaugh.

Sir W. Scott.

2. A liquor compounded of brandy, or other strong spirit, raisins, cinnamon and other spices. Brande & C.

Us`self" (?), n. pl. Ourselves. [Obs.] Wyclif. Piers Plowman. Chaucer.

Us"tion (?), n. [L. ustio, fr. urere, ustum, to burn: cf. F. ustion.] The act of burning, or the state of being burned. [R.] Johnson.

Us*to"ri*ous (?), a. [L. urere, ustum, to burn.] Having the quality of burning. [R.] I. Watts.

Us"tu*late (?), a. [L. ustulatus, p. p. of ustulare to scorch, urere to burn.] Blackened as if burned.

Us`tu*la"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. ustulation.]

1. The act of burning or searing. [R.] Sir W. Petty.

2. (Old Chem.) The operation of expelling one substance from another by heat, as sulphur or arsenic from ores, in a muffle.

3. (Pharm.) (a) The roasting or drying of moist substances so as prepare them for pulverizing. (b) The burning of wine.

4. Lascivious passion; concupiscence. [Obs.]

> It is not certain that they took the better part when they chose ustulation before marriage, expressly against the apostle.

Jer. Taylor.

U"su*al (?), a. [L. usualis, from usus use: cf. F. usuel. See Use, n.] Such as is in common use; such as occurs in ordinary practice, or in the ordinary course of events; customary; ordinary; habitual; common.

> Consultation with oracles was a thing very usual and frequent in their times.

Hooker.

> We can make friends of these usual enemies.

Baxter.

— U"su*al*ly, adv. — U"su*al*ness, n.

U`su*cap"tion (?; 277), n. [L. usucapere, usucaptum, to acquire by long use; usu (ablative of usus use) + capere to take: cf. usucapio usucaption.] (Roman Law) The acquisition of the title or right to property by the uninterrupted possession of it for a certain term prescribed by law; — the same as prescription in common law.

U"su*fruct (?; 277), n. [L. usufructus, ususfructus, usus et fructus; usus use + fructus fruit.] (Law) The right of using and enjoying the profits of an estate or other thing belonging to another, without impairing the substance. Burrill.

U`su*fruc"tu*a*ry (?), n. [L. usufructuarius.] (Law) A person who has the use of property and reaps the profits of it. Wharton.

U`su*fruc"tu*a*ry, a. (Law) Of or pertaining to a usufruct; having the nature of a usufruct.

> The ordinary graces bequeathed by Christ to his church, as the usufructuary property of all its members.

Coleridge.

{ U`su*ra"ri*ous (?), U"su*ra*ry (?), } a. [L. usurarius that serves for use, that pays interest. See Usurer.] Usurious. [Obs.] "Usurarious contracts." Jer. Taylor. Bp. Hall.

U"sure (?; 115), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Usured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Usuring.] [Cf. OF. usurer, LL. usurare.] To practice usury; to charge unlawful interest. [Obs.] "The usuringb senate." Shak.

> I usured not ne to me usured any man.

Wyclif (Jer. xv. 10).

U"sure (?), n. [F.] Usury. [Obs.] Wyclif.

> Foul usure and lucre of villainy.

Chaucer.

U"su*rer (?), n. [F. usurier, LL. usurarius. See Usury, and cf. Usurarious.]

1. One who lends money and takes interest for it; a money lender. [Obs.]

> If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as a usurer, neither shalt thou lay upon him usury.

Ex. xxii. 25.

2. One who lends money at a rate of interest beyond that established by law; one who exacts an exorbitant rate of interest for the use of money.

> He was wont to call me usurer.

Shak.

U*su"ri*ous (?; 277), a. [From Usury.]

1. Practicing usury; taking illegal or exorbitant interest for the use of money; as, a usurious person.

2. Partaking of usury; containing or involving usury; as, a usurious contract.

— U*su"ri*ous*ly, adv. — U*su"ri*ous*ness, n.

U*surp" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Usurped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Usurping.] [L. usurpare, usurpatum, to make use of, enjoy, get possession of, usurp; the first part of usurpare is akin to usus use (see Use, n.): cf. F. usurper.] To seize, and hold in possession, by force, or without right; as, to usurp a throne; to usurp the prerogatives of the crown; to usurp power; to usurp the right of a patron is to oust or dispossess him.

> Alack, thou dost usurp authority.

Shak.

> Another revolution, to get rid of this illegitimate and usurped government, would of course be perfectly justifiable.

Burke.

Usurp is applied to seizure and use of office, functions, powers, rights, etc.; it is not applied to common dispossession of private property.

Syn. — To arrogate; assume; appropriate.

U*surp", v. i. To commit forcible seizure of place, power, functions, or the like, without right; to commit unjust encroachments; to be, or act as, a usurper.

> The parish churches on which the Presbyterians and fanatics had usurped.

Evelyn.

> And now the Spirits of the Mind
> Are busy with poor Peter Bell;
> Upon the rights of visual sense
> Usurping, with a prevalence
> More terrible than magic spell.

Wordsworth.

U*surp"ant (?), a. [L. usurpans, p. pr.] Usurping; encroaching. [Obs.] Gauden.

U`sur*pa"tion (?), n. [L. usurpatio &?; making use, usurpation: cf. F. usurpation.]

1. The act of usurping, or of seizing and enjoying; an authorized, arbitrary assumption and exercise of power, especially an infringing on the rights of others; specifically, the illegal seizure of sovereign power; — commonly used with of, also used with on or upon; as, the usurpation of a throne; the usurpation of the supreme power.

<! p. 1589 !>

> He contrived their destruction, with the usurpation of the regal dignity upon him.

Sir T. More.

> A law [of a State] which is a usurpation upon the general government.

O. Ellsworth.

> Manifest usurpation on the rights of other States.

D. Webster.

Usurpation, in a peculiar sense, formerly denoted the absolute ouster and dispossession of the patron of a church, by a stranger presenting a clerk to a vacant benefice, who us thereupon admitted and instituted.

2. Use; usage; custom. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

U*surp"a*to*ry (?), a. [L. usurpatorius.] Marked by usurpation; usurping. [R.]

U*surp"a*ture (?), n. Usurpation. [R.] "Beneath man's usurpature." R. Browning.

U*surp"er (?), n. One who usurps; especially, one who seizes illegally on sovereign power; as, the usurper of a throne, of power, or of the rights of a patron.

> A crown will not want pretenders to claim it, not usurpers, if their power serves them, to possess it.

South.

U*surp"ing*ly, adv. In a usurping manner.

U"su*ry (?), n. [OE. usurie, usure, F. usure, L. usura use, usury, interest, fr. uti, p. p. usus, to use. See Use, v. t.]

1. A premium or increase paid, or stipulated to be paid, for a loan, as of money; interest. [Obs. or Archaic]

> Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of anything that is lent upon usury.

Deut. xxiii. 19.

> Thou oughtest therefore to have put my money to the exchanges, and then at my coming I should have received mine own with usury.

Matt. xxv. 27.

> What he borrows from the ancients, he repays with usury of &?;&?;is own.

Dryden.

2. The practice of taking interest. [Obs.]

> Usury . . . bringeth the treasure of a realm or state into a few &?;&?;nds.

Bacon.

3. (Law) Interest in excess of a legal rate charged to a borrower for the use of money.

The practice of requiring in repayment of money lent anything more than the amount lent, was formerly thought to be a great moral wrong, and the greater, the more was taken. Now it is not deemed more wrong to take pay for the use of money than for the use of a house, or a horse, or any other property. But the lingering influence of the former opinion, together with the fact that the nature of money makes it easier for the lender to oppress the borrower, has caused nearly all Christian nations to fix by law the rate of compensation for the use of money. Of late years, however, the opinion that money should be borrowed and repaid, or bought and sold, upon whatever terms the parties should agree to, like any other property, has gained ground everywhere. Am. Cyc.

Ut (?), n. (Min.) The first note in Guido's musical scale, now usually superseded by do. See Solmization.

U"tas (?), n. [OF. huitieves, witieves, witaves, oitieves, pl. of huitieve, witieve, etc., eighth, L. octavus. See Octave, n.] [Written also utis.]

1. (O. Eng. Law) The eighth day after any term or feast; the octave; as, the utas of St. Michael. Cowell.

> The marriage was celebrated and Canterbury, and in the utas of St. Hilary next ensuing she was crowned.

Holinshed.

2. Hence, festivity; merriment. [Obs.] Shak.

U*ten"sil (?; 277), n. [F. utensile, ustensile, L. utensile, fr. utensilis that may be used, fit for use, fr. uti, p. p. usus, to use. See Use, v. t.] That which is used; an instrument; an implement; especially, an instrument or vessel used in a kitchen, or in domestic and farming business.

> Wagons fraught with utensils of war.

Milton.

U"ter*ine (?; 277), a. [L. uterinus born of the same mother, from uterus womb: cf. F. utérin.]

1. Of or instrument to the uterus, or womb.

2. Born of the same mother, but by a different father.

> Walter Pope, uterine brother to Dr. Joh. Wilki&?;&?;.

Wood.

U`te*ro*ges*ta"tion (?), n. [Uterus + gestation.] Gestation in the womb from conception to birth; pregnancy. Pritchard.

U`te*ro*vag"i*nal (?), n. [Uterus + vaginal.] Pertaining to both the uterus and the vagina.

U"te*rus (?), n. [L.] 1. (Anat.) The organ of a female mammal in which the young are developed previous to birth; the womb.

The uterus is simply an enlargement of the oviduct, and in the lower mammals there is one on each side, but in the higher forms the two become more or less completely united into one. In many male mammals there is a small vesicle, opening into the urinogenital canal, which corresponds to the uterus of the female and is called the male uterus, or [NL.] uterus masculinus.

2. (Zoöl.) A receptacle, or pouch, connected with the oviducts of many invertebrates in which the eggs are retained until they hatch or until the embryos develop more or less. See Illust. of Hermaphrodite in Append.

Utes (?), n. pl.; sing. Ute. (Ethnol.) An extensive tribe of North American Indians of the Shoshone stock, inhabiting Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and adjacent regions. They are subdivided into several subordinate tribes, some of which are among the most degraded of North American Indians.

U"ti*a (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Any species of large West Indian rodents of the genus Capromys, or Utia. In general appearance and habits they resemble rats, but they are as large as rabbits.

U"ti*ca (?), a. [So called from Utica, in New York.] (Geol.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a subdivision of the Trenton Period of the Lower Silurian, characterized in the State of New York by beds of shale.

U"tile (?), a. [L. utilis, fr. uti to use: cf. F. utile. See Use, v. t.] Profitable; useful. [Obs.]

U*til`i*ta"ri*an (?), a. [See Utility.]

1. Of or pertaining to utility; consisting in utility; &?;iming at utility as distinguished from beauty, ornament, etc.; sometimes, reproachfully, evincing, or characterized by, a regard for utility of a lower kind, or marked by a sordid spirit; as, utilitarian narrowness; a utilitarian indifference to art.

2. Of or pertaining to utilitarianism; supporting utilitarianism; as, the utilitarian view of morality; the Utilitarian Society. J. S. Mill.

U*til`i*ta"ri*an (?), n. One who holds the doctrine of utilitarianism.

> The utilitarians are for merging all the particular virtues into one, and would substitute in their place the greatest usefulness, as the alone principle to which every question respecting the morality of actions should be referred.

Chalmers.

> But what is a utilitarian? Simply one who prefers the useful to the useless; and who does not?

Sir W. Hamilton.

U*til`i*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. 1. The doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the end and aim of all social and political institutions. Bentham.

2. The doctrine that virtue is founded in utility, or that virtue is defined and enforced by its tendency to promote the highest happiness of the universe. J. S. Mill.

3. The doctrine that utility is the sole standard of morality, so that the rectitude of an action is determined by its usefulness.

U*til"i*ty (?), n. [OE. utilite, F. utilité, L. utilitas, fr. utilis useful. See Utile.]

1. The quality or state of being useful; usefulness; production of good; profitableness to some valuable end; as, the utility of manure upon land; the utility of the sciences; the utility of medicines.

> The utility of the enterprises was, however, so great and obvious that all opposition proved useless.

Macaulay.

2. (Polit. Econ.) Adaptation to satisfy the desires or wants; intrinsic value. See Note under Value, 2.

> Value in use is utility, and nothing else, and in political economy should be called by that name and no other.

F. A. Walker.

3. Happiness; the greatest good, or happiness, of the greatest number, — the foundation of utilitarianism. J. S. Mill.

Syn. — Usefulness; advantageous; benefit; profit; avail; service. — Utility, Usefulness. Usefulness has an Anglo-Saxon prefix, utility is Latin; and hence the former is used chiefly of things in the concrete, while the latter is employed more in a general and abstract sense. Thus, we speak of the utility of an invention, and the usefulness of the thing invented; of the utility of an institution, and the usefulness of an individual. So beauty and utility (not usefulness) are brought into comparison. Still, the words are often used interchangeably.

U"til*i`za*ble (?), a. Capable of being utilized; as, the utilizable products of the gas works.

U`til*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. utilization.] The act of utilizing, or the state of being utilized.

U"til*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Utilized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Utilizing (?).] [Cf. F. utiliser.] To make useful; to turn to profitable account or use; to make use of; as, to utilize the whole power of a machine; to utilize one's opportunities.

> In former ages, the mile-long corridors, with their numerous alcoves, might have been utilized as . . . dungeons.

Hawthorne.

||U`ti pos`si*de"tis (?). [L., as you possess.]

1. (Internat. Law) The basis or principle of a treaty which leaves belligerents mutually in possession of what they have acquired by their arms during the war. Brande & C.

2. (Roman Law) A species of interdict granted to one who was in possession of an immovable thing, in order that he might be declared the legal possessor. Burrill.

U"tis (?), n. See Utas. [Obs.]

Ut"la*ry (?), n. Outlawry. [Obs.] Camden.

Ut"most` (?), a. [OE. utmeste, utemest, AS. &?;temest, a superlative fr. &?;te out. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Out, and cf. Aftermost, Outmost, Uttermost.]

1. Situated at the farthest point or extremity; farthest out; most distant; extreme; as, the utmost limits of the land; the utmost extent of human knowledge. Spenser.

> We coasted within two leagues of Antibes, which is the utmost town in France.

Evelyn.

> Betwixt two thieves I spend my utmost breath.

Herbert.

2. Being in the greatest or highest degree, quantity, number, or the like; greatest; as, the utmost assiduity; the utmost harmony; the utmost misery or happiness.

> He shall answer . . . to his utmost peril.

Shak.

> Six or seven thousand is their utmost power.

Shak.

Ut"most`, n. The most that can be; the farthest limit; the greatest power, degree, or effort; as, he has done his utmost; try your utmost.

> We have tried the utmost of our friends.

Shak.

U*to"pi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. not + &?; a place.]

1. An imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called Utopia, as enjoying the greatest perfection in politics, laws, and the like. See Utopia, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.

2. Hence, any place or state of ideal perfection.

U*to"pi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Utopia; resembling Utopia; hence, ideal; chimerical; fanciful; founded upon, or involving, imaginary perfections; as, Utopian projects; Utopian happiness.

U*to"pi*an, n. An inhabitant of Utopia; hence, one who believes in the perfectibility of human society; a visionary; an idealist; an optimist. Hooker.

U*to"pi*an*ism (?), n. The ideas, views, aims, etc., of a Utopian; impracticable schemes of human perfection; optimism.

U*to"pi*an*ist, n. An Utopian; an optimist.

U*to"pic*al (?), a. Utopian; ideal. [Obs.] "Utopical perfection." Bp. Hall.

U*to"pist (?), n. A Utopian.

U"tra*quist (?), n. [L. uterque, fem. utraque, both.] One who receives the eucharist in both kinds; esp., one of a body of Hussites who in the 15th century fought for the right to do this. Called also Calixtines.

U"tri*cle (?), n. [L. utriculus a little womb, a calycle, dim. of uter, utris, a bag or bottle made of an animal's hide: cf. F. utricule.]

1. A little sac or vesicle, as the air cell of fucus, or seaweed.

2. (Physiol.) A microscopic cell in the structure of an egg, animal, or plant.

3. (Bot.) A small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of goosefoot. Gray.

4. (Anat.) A utriculus.

U*tric"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. utriculaire.]

1. Of or pertaining to a utricle, or utriculus; containing, or furnished with, a utricle or utricles; utriculate; as, a utricular plant.

2. Resembling a utricle or bag, whether large or minute; — said especially with reference to the condition of certain substances, as sulphur, selenium, etc., when condensed from the vaporous state and deposited upon cold bodies, in which case they assume the form of small globules filled with liquid.

||U*tric`u*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) A genus of aquatic flowering plants, in which the submersed leaves bear many little utricles, or ascidia. See Ascidium,

U*tric"u*late (?), a. Resembling a bladder; swollen like a bladder; inflated; utricular. Dana.

U*tric"u*loid (?), a. [L. utriculus a little womb, a calycle + -oid.] Resembling a bladder; utricular; utriculate. Dana.

U*tric"u*lus (?), n. [L., a little womb or matrix, a calycle.] (Anat.) A little sac, or bag; a utricle; especially, a part of the membranous labyrinth of the ear. See the Note under Ear.

U"tro- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the uterus; as in utro-ovarian.

Ut"ter (?), a. [OE. utter, originally the same word as outer. See Out, and cf. Outer, Utmost.]

1. Outer. "Thine utter eyen." Chaucer. [Obs.] "By him a shirt and utter mantle laid." Chapman.

> As doth an hidden moth
> The inner garment fret, not th' utter touch.

Spenser.

2. Situated on the outside, or extreme limit; remote from the center; outer. [Obs.]

> Through utter and through middle darkness borne.

Milton.

> The very utter part pf Saint Adelmes point is five miles from Sandwich.

Holinshed.

3. Complete; perfect; total; entire; absolute; as, utter ruin; utter darkness.

> They . . . are utter strangers to all those anxious thoughts which disquiet mankind.

Atterbury.

4. Peremptory; unconditional; unqualified; final; as, an utter refusal or denial. Clarendon.

Utter bar (Law), the whole body of junior barristers. See Outer bar, under 1st Outer. [Eng.] — Utter barrister (Law), one recently admitted as barrister, who is accustomed to plead without, or outside, the bar, as distinguished from the benchers, who are sometimes permitted to plead within the bar. [Eng.] Cowell.

Ut"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Uttered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Uttering.] [OE. outren, freq. of outen to utter, put out, AS. tian to put out, eject, fr. t out. √198. See Out, and cf. Utter, a.]

1. To put forth or out; to reach out. [Obs.]

> How bragly [proudly] it begins to bud,
> And utter his tender head.

Spenser.

2. To dispose of in trade; to sell or vend. [Obs.]

> Such mortal drugs I have, but Mantua's law
> Is death to any he that utters them.

Shak.

> They bring it home, and utter it commonly by the name of Newfoundland fish.

Abp. Abbot.

3. hence, to put in circulation, as money; to put off, as currency; to cause to pass in trade; — often used, specifically, of the issue of counterfeit notes or coins, forged or fraudulent documents, and the like; as, to utter coin or bank notes.

> The whole kingdom should continue in a firm resolution never to receive or utter this fatal coin.

Swift.

4. To give public expression to; to disclose; to publish; to speak; to pronounce. "Sweet as from blest, uttering joy." Milton.

> The words I utter
> Let none think flattery, for they 'll find 'em truth.

Shak.

> And the last words he uttered called me cruel.

Addison.

Syn. — To deliver; give forth; issue; liberate; discharge; pronounce. See Deliver.

Ut"ter*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being uttered.

Ut"ter*ance (?), n. 1. The act of uttering. Specifically: —

(a) Sale by offering to the public. [Obs.] Bacon.

(b) Putting in circulation; as, the utterance of false coin, or of forged notes.

(c) Vocal expression; articulation; speech.

> At length gave utterance to these words.

Milton.

2. Power or style of speaking; as, a good utterance.

> They . . . began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance.

Acts ii. 4.

> O, how unlike
> To that large utterance of the early gods!

Keats.

Ut"ter*ance, n. [F. outrance. See Outrance.] The last extremity; the end; death; outrance. [Obs.]

> Annibal forced those captives whom he had taken of our men to skirmish one against another to the utterance.

Holland.

Ut"ter*er (?), n. One who utters. Spenser.

Ut"ter*est, obs. superl. of Utter. Uttermost.

> To the utterest proof of her courage.

Chaucer.

Ut"ter*less, a. Incapable of being uttered. [Obs.]

> A clamoring debate of utterless things.

Milton.

Ut"ter*ly, adv. In an utter manner; to the full extent; fully; totally; as, utterly ruined; it is utterly vain.

Ut"ter*more` (?), a. [Cf. Uttermost.] Further; outer; utter. [Obs. & R.] Holland.

Ut"ter*most (?), a. [From Utter, a.; cf. Utmost, and Outermost.] Extreme; utmost; being; in the farthest, greatest, or highest degree; as, the uttermost extent or end. "In this uttermost distress." Milton.

<! p. 1590 !>

Ut"ter*most` (?), n. The utmost; the highest or greatest degree; the farthest extent. Tennyson.

> Wherefore he is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him.

Heb. vii. 25.

> He cannot have sufficient honor done unto him; but the uttermost we can do, we must.

Hooker.

Ut"ter*ness, n. The quality or state of being utter, or extreme; extremity; utmost; uttermost. [R.]

||U"va (?), n. [L., a grape.] (Bot.) A small pulpy or juicy fruit containing several seeds and having a thin skin, as a grape.

U"vate (?), n. [L. uva grape.] A conserve made of grapes.

||U`va-ur"si (?), n. [NL., fr. L. uva grape + ursus bear.] (Bot.) The bearberry.

||U"ve*a (?), n. [NL., fr. L. uva grape.] (Anat.) The posterior pigmented layer of the iris; — sometimes applied to the whole iris together with the choroid coat.

U"ve*ous (?), a. [See Uvea.] Resembling a grape.

U"vic (?), a. [L. uva grape.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, grapes; specifically, designating an organic acid, C7H8O3 (also called pyrotritartaric acid), obtained as a white crystalline substance by the decomposition of tartaric and pyrotartaric acids.

U*vit"ic (?), a. [From L. uva a grape. So called because it may be produced indirectly from tartaric acid, which is found in the grape.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, CH3C6H3(CO2H)2, obtained as a white crystalline substance by the partial oxidation of mesitylene; — called also mesitic acid.

U`vi*ton"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by the action of ammonia on pyrotartaric acid.

U"vrou (?), n. See Euphroe.

||U"vu*la (?), n. [NL., dim of L. uva a grape, the uvula.] (Anat.) The pendent fleshy lobe in the middle of the posterior border of the soft palate.

The term is also applied to a somewhat similar lobe on the under side of the cerebellum and to another on the inner surface of the neck of the bladder.

U"vu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a uvula.

U"vu*la*tome (?), n. [Uvula + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Surg.) An instrument for removing the uvula.

U`vu*lat"o*my (?), n. (Surg.) The operation of removing the uvula.

U*wa"ro*wite (?), n. (Min.) Ouvarovite.

Ux*o"ri*al (?), a. [See Uxorious.] Dotingly fond of, or servilely submissive to, a wife; uxorious; also, becoming a wife; pertaining to a wife. [R.]

> The speech [of Zipporah, Ex. iv. 25] is not a speech of reproach or indignation, but of uxorial endearment.

Geddes.

Ux*or"i*ci`dal (?), a. Of or pertaining to uxoricide; tending to uxoricide.

Ux*or"i*cide (?), n. [L. uxor wife + caedere to kill.]

1. The murder of a wife by her husband.

2. One who murders his wife.

Ux*o"ri*ous (?), a. [L. uxorius, fr. uxor a wife.] Excessively fond of, or submissive to, a wife; being a dependent husband. "Uxorious magistrates." Milton.

> How wouldst thou insult,
> When I must live uxorious to thy will
> In perfect thraldom!

Milton.

— Uxo*o"ri*ous*ly, adv. — Ux*o"ri*ous*ness, n.

||U"ze*ma (?), n. A Burman measure of twelve miles.

V.

V (v). 1. V, the twenty-second letter of the English alphabet, is a vocal consonant. V and U are only varieties of the same character, U being the cursive form, while V is better adapted for engraving, as in stone. The two letters were formerly used indiscriminately, and till a comparatively recent date words containing them were often classed together in dictionaries and other books of reference (see U). The letter V is from the Latin alphabet, where it was used both as a consonant (about like English w) and as a vowel. The Latin derives it from it from a form (V) of the Greek vowel (see Y), this Greek letter being either from the same Semitic letter as the digamma F (see F), or else added by the Greeks to the alphabet which they took from the Semitic. Etymologically v is most nearly related to u, w, f, b, p; as in vine, wine; avoirdupois, habit, have; safe, save; trover, troubadour, trope. See U, F, etc.

See Guide to Pronunciation, § 265; also §§ 155, 169, 178-179, etc.

2. As a numeral, V stands for five, in English and Latin.

Vaag"mer (?), n. [Icel. vgmeri a kind of flounder, literally, wave mare.] (Zoöl.) The dealfish. [Written also vaagmær, and vaagmar.]

Va"can*cy (?), n.; pl. Vacancies (#). [Cf. F. vacance.]

1. The quality or state of being vacant; emptiness; hence, freedom from employment; intermission; leisure; idleness; listlessness.

> All dispositions to idleness or vacancy, even before they are habits, are dangerous.

Sir H. Wotton.

2. That which is vacant. Specifically: —

(a) Empty space; vacuity; vacuum.

> How is't with you,
> That you do bend your eye on vacancy?

Shak.

(b) An open or unoccupied space between bodies or things; an interruption of continuity; chasm; gap; as, a vacancy between buildings; a vacancy between sentences or thoughts.

(c) Unemployed time; interval of leisure; time of intermission; vacation.

> Time lost partly in too oft idle vacancies given both to schools and universities.

Milton.

> No interim, not a minute's vacancy.

Shak.

> Those little vacancies from toil are sweet.

Dryden.

(d) A place or post unfilled; an unoccupied office; as, a vacancy in the senate, in a school, etc.

Va"cant (?), a. [F., fr. L. vacans, -antis, p. pr. of vacare to be empty, to be free or unoccupied, to have leisure, also vocare; akin to vacuus empty, and probably to E. void. Cf. Evacuate, Void, a.]

1. Deprived of contents; not filled; empty; as, a vacant room.

> Stuffs out his vacant garments with his form.

Shak.

> Being of those virtues vacant.

Shak.

> There is no fireside, howsoe'er defended,
> But has one vacant chair.

Longfellow.

2. Unengaged with business or care; unemployed; unoccupied; disengaged; free; as, vacant hours.

> Religion is the interest of all; but philosophy of those . . . at leisure, and vacant from the affairs of the world.

Dr. H. More.

> There was not a minute of the day which he left vacant.

Bp. Fell.

3. Not filled or occupied by an incumbent, possessor, or officer; as, a vacant throne; a vacant parish.

> Special dignities which vacant lie
> For thy best use and wearing.

Shak.

4. Empty of thought; thoughtless; not occupied with study or reflection; as, a vacant mind.

> The duke had a pleasant and vacant face.

Sir H. Wotton.

> When on my couch I lie
> In vacant or in pensive mood.

Wordsworth.

5. (Law) Abandoned; having no heir, possessor, claimant, or occupier; as, a vacant estate. Bouvier.

Vacant succession (Law), one that is claimed by no person, or where all the heirs are unknown, or where all the known heirs to it have renounced it. Burrill.

Syn. — Empty; void; devoid; free; unemployed; disengaged; unincumbered; uncrowded; idle. — Vacant, Empty. A thing is empty when there is nothing in it; as, an empty room, or an empty noddle. Vacant adds the idea of having been previously filled, or intended to be filled or occupied; as, a vacant seat at table; a vacant office; vacant hours. When we speak of a vacant look or a vacant mind, we imply the absence of the intelligence naturally to be expected there.

Va"cant*ly (?), adv. In a vacant manner; inanely.

Va"cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vacated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vacating.] [L. vacare, vacatum, to be empty. See Vacant.] 1. To make vacant; to leave empty; to cease from filling or occupying; as, it was resolved by Parliament that James had vacated the throne of England; the tenant vacated the house.

2. To annul; to make void; to deprive of force; to make of no authority or validity; as, to vacate a commission or a charter; to vacate proceedings in a cause.

> That after act vacating the authority of the precedent.

Eikon Basilike.

> The necessity of observing the Jewish Sabbath was Vacated by the apostolical institution of the Lord's Day.

R. Nelson.

3. To defeat; to put an end to. [R.]

> He vacates my revenge.

Dryden.

Va*ca"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. vacatio a being free from a duty, service, etc., fr. vacare. See Vacate.]

1. The act of vacating; a making void or of no force; as, the vacation of an office or a charter.

2. Intermission of a stated employment, procedure, or office; a period of intermission; rest; leisure.

> It was not in his nature, however, at least till years had chastened it, to take any vacation from controversy.

Palfrey.

Hence, specifically: -

(a) (Law) Intermission of judicial proceedings; the space of time between the end of one term and the beginning of the next; nonterm; recess. "With lawyers in the vacation." Shak.

(b) The intermission of the regular studies and exercises of an educational institution between terms; holidays; as, the spring vacation.

(c) The time when an office is vacant; esp. (Eccl.), the time when a see, or other spiritual dignity, is vacant.

Vac"ca*ry (?), n. [LL. vaccarium, from L. vacca cow. Cf. Vachery.] A cow house, dairy house, or cow pasture. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Wright.

||Vac*ci"na (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Vaccinia.

Vac"ci*nal (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to vaccinia or vaccination.

Vac"ci*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vaccinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vaccinating.] [See Vaccine.] To inoculate with the cowpox by means of a virus, called vaccine, taken either directly or indirectly from cows.

Vac`ci*na"tion (?), n. The act, art, or practice of vaccinating, or inoculating with the cowpox, in order to prevent or mitigate an attack of smallpox. Cf. Inoculation.

In recent use, vaccination sometimes includes inoculation with any virus as a preventive measure; as, vaccination of cholera.

Vac"ci*na`tor (?), n. One who, or that which, vaccinates.

Vac"cine (?), a. [L. vaccinus, fr. vacca a cow; cf. Skr. vc to bellow, to groan.] Of or pertaining to cows; pertaining to, derived from, or caused by, vaccinia; as, vaccine virus; the vaccine disease. — n. The virus of vaccinia used in vaccination.

||Vac*cin"i*a (?), n. [NL. See Vaccine.] (Med.) Cowpox; vaccina. See Cowpox.

Vac"ci*nist (?), n. A vaccinator.

||Vac*cin"i*um (?), n. [L., the blueberry, or whortleberry.] (Bot.) A genus of ericaceous shrubs including the various kinds of blueberries and the true cranberries.

||Va`cher" (?), n. [F., from vache a cow. Cf. Vaquero.] A keeper of stock or cattle; a herdsman. [Southwestern U. S.] Bartlett.

Vach"er*y (?), n. [F. vacherie, from vache a cow, L. vacca. Cf. Vaccary.]

1. An inclosure for cows.

2. A dairy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Prompt. Parv.

Vac"il*lan*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being vacillant, or wavering. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Vac"il*lant (?), a. [L. vacillans, p. pr. of vacillare: cf. F. vacillant. See Vacillate.] Vacillating; wavering; fluctuating; irresolute.

Vac"il*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vacillated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vacillating.] [L. vacillare, vacillatum; cf. Skr. vañc.]

1. To move one way and the other; to reel or stagger; to waver.

> [A spheroid] is always liable to shift and vacillatefrom one axis to another.

Paley.

2. To fluctuate in mind or opinion; to be unsteady or inconstant; to waver.

Syn. — See Fluctuate.

Vac"il*la`ting (?), a. Inclined to fluctuate; wavering. Tennyson. — Vac"il*la`ting*ly, adv.

Vac`il*la"tion (?), n. [L. vacillatio: cf. F. vacillation.]

1. The act of vacillating; a moving one way and the other; a wavering.

> His vacillations, or an alternation of knowledge and doubt.

Jer. Taylor.

Vac"il*la*to*ry (?), a. Inclined to vacillate; wavering; irresolute. Hawthorne.

Vac"u*ate (?), v. t. [L. vacuatus, p. p. of vacuare to empty, from vacuus empty. See Vacant.] To make void, or empty. [R.]

Vac`u*a"tion (?), n. The act of emptying; evacuation. [R.]

Vac"u*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. vacuiste.] One who holds the doctrine that the space between the bodies of the universe, or the molecules and atoms of matter., is a vacuum; — opposed to plenist.

Va*cu"i*ty (?), n. [L. vacuitas. See Vacuous.]

1. The quality or state of being vacuous, or not filled; emptiness; vacancy; as, vacuity of mind; vacuity of countenance.

> Hunger is such a state of vacuity as to require a fresh supply of aliment.

Arbuthnot.

2. Space unfilled or unoccupied, or occupied with an invisible fluid only; emptiness; void; vacuum.

> A vacuity is interspersed among the particles of matter.

Bentley.

> God . . . alone can answer all our longings and fill every vacuity of our soul.

Rogers.

3. Want of reality; inanity; nihility. [R.]

> Their expectations will meet with vacuity.

Glanvill.

||Va*cu"na (?), n. [L. vacuus unoccupied.] (Rom. Myth.) The goddess of rural leisure, to whom the husbandmen sacrificed at the close of the harvest. She was especially honored by the Sabines.

Vac"u*o*la`ted (?), a. (Biol.) Full of vacuoles, or small air cavities; as, vacuolated cells.

Vac"u*o*la"tion (?), n. (Biol.) Formation into, or multiplication of, vacuoles.

Vac"u*ole (?), n. [L. vacuus empty: cf. F. vacuole.] (Biol.) A small air cell, or globular space, in the interior of organic cells, either containing air, or a pellucid watery liquid, or some special chemical secretions of the cell protoplasm.

Contractile vacuole. (Zoöl.) See under Contractile, and see Illusts. of Infusoria, and Lobosa. — Food vacuole. (Zoöl.) See under Food, and see Illust. of Infusoria.

Vac"u*ous (?), a. [L. vacuus. See Vacant.] Empty; unfilled; void; vacant.

> Boundless the deep, because I am who fill
> Infinitude; nor vacuous the space.

Milton.

> That the few may lead selfish and vacuous days.

J. Morley.

Vac"u*ous*ness, n. The quality or state of being vacuous; emptiness; vacuity. W. Montagu.

Vac"u*um (?), n.; pl. E. Vacuums (#), L. Vacua (#). [L., fr. vacuus empty. See Vacuous.] 1. (Physics) A space entirely devoid of matter (called also, by way of distinction, absolute vacuum); hence, in a more general sense, a space, as the interior of a closed vessel, which has been exhausted to a high or the highest degree by an air pump or other artificial means; as, water boils at a reduced temperature in a vacuum.

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2. The condition of rarefaction, or reduction of pressure below that of the atmosphere, in a vessel, as the condenser of a steam engine, which is nearly exhausted of air or steam, etc.; as, a vacuum of 26 inches of mercury, or 13 pounds per square inch.

Vacuum brake, a kind of continuous brake operated by exhausting the air from some appliance under each car, and so causing the pressure of the atmosphere to apply the brakes. — Vacuum pan (Technol.), a kind of large closed metallic retort used in sugar making for boiling down sirup. It is so connected with an exhausting apparatus that a partial vacuum is formed within. This allows the evaporation and concentration to take place at a lower atmospheric pressure and hence also at a lower temperature, which largely obviates the danger of burning the sugar, and shortens the process. — Vacuum pump. Same as Pulsometer, 1. — Vacuum tube (Phys.), a glass tube provided with platinum electrodes and exhausted, for the passage of the electrical discharge; a Geissler tube. — Vacuum valve, a safety valve opening inward to admit air to a vessel in which the pressure is less than that of the atmosphere, in order to prevent collapse. — Torricellian vacuum. See under Torricellian.

||Va*dan"tes (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. vadans, p. pr. of vadare to wade, to ford.] (Zoöl.) An extensive artificial group of birds including the wading, swimming, and cursorial birds.

Vade (?), v. i. [For fade.] To fade; hence, to vanish. [Obs.] " Summer leaves all vaded." Shak.

> They into dust shall vade.

Spenser.

Va`de me"cum (?). [L., go with me.] A book or other thing that a person carries with him as a constant companion; a manual; a handbook.

Vad"i*mo*ny (?), n. [L. vadimonium.] (Law) A bond or pledge for appearance before a judge on a certain day. [Obs.]

||Va"di*um (?), n. [LL., from L. vas, vadis, bail.] (Law) Pledge; security; bail. See Mortgage.

Vadium vivum [LL.] (Law), a living pledge, which exists where an estate is granted until a debt is paid out of its proceeds.

Vae (?), n. See Voe. [Scot.]

Va"frous (?), a. [L. vafer.] Crafty; cunning; sly; as, vafrous tricks. [Obs.] Feltham.

Vag"a*bond (?), a. [F., fr. L. vagabundus, from vagari to stroll about, from vagus strolling. See Vague.] 1. Moving from place to place without a settled habitation; wandering. "Vagabond exile." Shak.

2. Floating about without any certain direction; driven to and fro.

> To heaven their prayers
> Flew up, nor missed the way, by envious winds
> Blown vagabond or frustrate.

Milton.

3. Being a vagabond; strolling and idle or vicious.

Vag"a*bond, n. One who wanders from place to place, having no fixed dwelling, or not abiding in it, and usually without the means of honest livelihood; a vagrant; a tramp; hence, a worthless person; a rascal.

> A fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be.

Gen. iv. 12.

In English and American law, vagabond is used in bad sense, denoting one who is without a home; a strolling, idle, worthless person. Vagabonds are described in old English statutes as "such as wake on the night and sleep on the day, and haunt customable taverns and alehouses, and routs about; and no man wot from whence they came, nor whither they go." In American law, the term vagrant is employed in the same sense. Cf Rogue, n., 1. Burrill. Bouvier.

Vag"a*bond, v. i. To play the vagabond; to wander like a vagabond; to stroll.

> On every part my vagabonding sight
> Did cast, and drown mine eyes in sweet delight.

Drummond.

Vag"a*bond`age (?), n. [Cf. F. vagabondage.] The condition of a vagabond; a state or habit of wandering about in idleness; vagrancy.

Vag"a*bond`ism (?), n. Vagabondage.

Vag"a*bond`ize (?), v. i. To play the vagabond; to wander about in idleness.

Vag"a*bond`ry (?), n. Vagabondage.

Va"gal (?), a. [See Vagus.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the vagus, or pneumogastric nerves; pneumogastric.

Va"gan*cy (?), n. [From L. vagans, p. pr. See Vagantes.] A wandering; vagrancy. [Obs.]

> A thousand vagancies of glory and desight.

Milton.

||Va*gan"tes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. vagans, p. pr. of vagari to stroll or wander.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of spiders, comprising some of those which take their prey in a web, but which also frequently run with agility, and chase and seize their prey.

Va*ga"ri*ous (?), a. Given to, or characterized by, vagaries; capricious; whimsical; crochety.

Va*ga"ry (?), n.; pl. Vagaries (#). [L. vagari to stroll about. See Vague.]

1. A wandering or strolling. [Obs.]

2. Hence, a wandering of the thoughts; a wild or fanciful freak; a whim; a whimsical purpose. "The vagaries of a child." Spectator.

> They changed their minds,
> Flew off, and into strange vagaries fell.

Milton.

Va"gi*ent (?), a. [L. vagiens, p. pr. of vagire to cry like a young child.] Crying like a child. [Obs.]

Va*gi"na (?), n.; pl. Vaginæ (#). [L. vagina a scabbard or sheath.]

1. (Anat.) (a) A sheath; a theca; as, the vagina of the portal vein. (b) Specifically, the canal which leads from the uterus to the external orifice if the genital canal, or to the cloaca.

2. (Zoöl.) The terminal part of the oviduct in insects and various other invertebrates. See Illust., of Spermatheca.

3. (Bot.) The basal expansion of certain leaves, which inwraps the stem; a sheath.

4. (Arch.) The shaft of a terminus, from which the bust of figure seems to issue or arise.

Vag"i*nal (?), a. [Cf. F. vaginal.]

1. Of or pertaining to a vagina; resembling a vagina, or sheath; thecal; as, a vaginal synovial membrane; the vaginal process of the temporal bone.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the vagina of the genital canal; as, the vaginal artery.

Vag"i*nant (?), a. [Cf. F. vaginant. See Vagina.] Serving to in invest, or sheathe; sheathing.

Vaginant leaf (Bot.), a leaf investing the stem or branch by its base, which has the form of a tube.

{ Vag"i*nate (?), Vag"i*na`ted (?), } a. [See Vagina.] Invested with, or as if with, a sheath; as, a vaginate stem, or one invested by the tubular base of a leaf.

||Vag`i*na"ti (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of birds comprising the sheathbills.

Vag`i*ner*vose" (?), a. [L. vagus wandering + E. nervose.] (Bot.) Having the nerves, or veins, placed in apparent disorder.

||Vag`i*nic"o*la (?), n. [NL., from L. vagina sheath + colere to in habit.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Infusoria which form minute vaselike or tubular cases in which they dwell.

||Vag`i*nis"mus (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) A painful spasmodic contraction of the vagina, often rendering copulation impossible.

||Vag`i*ni"tis (?), n. [NL. See Vagina, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the vagina, or the genital canal, usually of its mucous living membrane.

||Vag`i*no*pen"nous (?), a. [L. vagina a sheath + penna a feather, pl. pennae a wing.] (Zoöl.) Having elytra; sheath-winged. [R.]

||Va*gin"u*la (?), n. [L., dim. of vagina sheath.] (Bot.) (a) A little sheath, as that about the base of the pedicel of most mosses. (b) One of the tubular florets in composite flowers. Henslow.

Vag"i*nule (?), n. (Bot.) A vaginula.

Vag"is*sate (?), v. i. [L. vagari to stroll or wander.] To caper or frolic. [Obs.]

Va"gous (?), a. [L. vagus. See Vague.] Wandering; unsettled. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

Va"gran*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being a vagrant; a wandering without a settled home; an unsettled condition; vagabondism.

> Threatened away into banishment and vagrancy.

Barrow.

Va"grant (?), a. [Probably fr. OF. waucrant, wacrant, p. p. of waucrer, wacrer, walcrer, to wander (probably of Teutonic origin), but influenced by F. vagant, p. pr. of vaguer to stray, L. vagari. Cf. Vagary.]

1. Moving without certain direction; wandering; erratic; unsettled.

> That beauteous Emma vagrant courses took.

Prior.

> While leading this vagrant and miserable life, Johnson fell in live.

Macaulay.

2. Wandering from place to place without any settled habitation; as, a vagrant beggar.

Va"grant, n. One who strolls from place to place; one who has no settled habitation; an idle wanderer; a sturdy beggar; an incorrigible rogue; a vagabond.

> Vagrants and outlaws shall offend thy view.

Prior.

Va"grant*ly, adv. In a vagrant manner.

Va"grant*ness, n. State of being vagrant; vagrancy.

Vague (vg), a. [Compar. Vaguer (vg"r); superl. Vaguest.] [F. vague, or L. vagus. See Vague, v. i.]

1. Wandering; vagrant; vagabond. [Archaic] "To set upon the vague villains." Hayward.

> She danced along with vague, regardless eyes.

Keats.

2. Unsettled; unfixed; undetermined; indefinite; ambiguous; as, a vague idea; a vague proposition.

> This faith is neither a mere fantasy of future glory, nor a vague ebullition of feeling.

I. Taylor.

> The poet turned away, and gave himself up to a sort of vague revery, which he called thought.

Hawthorne.

3. Proceeding from no known authority; unauthenticated; uncertain; flying; as, a vague report.

> Some legend strange and vague.

Longfellow.

Vague year. See Sothiac year, under Sothiac.

Syn. — Unsettled; indefinite; unfixed; ill-defined; ambiguous; hazy; loose; lax; uncertain.

Vague, n. [Cf. F. vague.] An indefinite expanse. [R.]

> The gray vague of unsympathizing sea.

Lowell.

Vague, v. i. [F. vaguer, L. vagari, fr. vagus roaming.] To wander; to roam; to stray. [Obs.] "[The soul] doth vague and wander." Holland.

Vague, n. A wandering; a vagary. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Vague"ly, adv. In a vague manner.

> What he vaguely hinted at, but dared not speak.

Hawthorne.

Vague"ness, n. The quality or state of being vague.

||Va"gus (?), a. [L., wandering.] (Anat.) Wandering; — applied especially to the pneumogastric nerve. — n. The vagus, ore pneumogastric, nerve.

Vail (?), n. & v. t. Same as Veil.

Vail, n. [Aphetic form of avail, n.]

1. Avails; profit; return; proceeds. [Obs.]

> My house is as were the cave where the young outlaw hoards the stolen vails of his occupation.

Chapman.

2. An unexpected gain or acquisition; a casual advantage or benefit; a windfall. [Obs.]

3. Money given to servants by visitors; a gratuity; — usually in the plural. [Written also vale.] Dryden.

Vail, v. t. [Aphetic form of avale. See Avale, Vale.] [Written also vale, and veil.] 1. To let fail; to allow or cause to sink. [Obs.]

> Vail your regard
> Upon a wronged, I would fain have said, a maid!

Shak.

2. To lower, or take off, in token of inferiority, reverence, submission, or the like.

> France must vail her lofty-plumed crest!

Shak.

> Without vailing his bonnet or testifying any reverence for the alleged sanctity of the relic.

Sir. W. Scott.

Vail (?), v. i. To yield or recede; to give place; to show respect by yielding, uncovering, or the like. [Written also vale, and veil.] [Obs.]

> Thy convenience must vail to thy neighbor's necessity.

South.

Vail, n. Submission; decline; descent. [Obs.]

Vail"er (?), n. One who vails. [Obs.] Overbury.

Vai"mure (?), n. An outer, or exterior. wall. See Vauntmure. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

Vain (?), a. [Compar. Vainer (?); superl. Vainest.] [F. vain, L. vanus empty, void, vain. Cf. Vanish, Vanity, Vaunt to boast.]

1. Having no real substance, value, or importance; empty; void; worthless; unsatisfying. "Thy vain excuse." Shak.

> Every man walketh in a vain show.

Ps. xxxix. 6.

> Let no man deceive you with vain words.

Eph. v. 6.

> Vain pomp, and glory of this world, I hate ye!

Shak.

> Vain visdom all, and false philosophy.

Milton.

2. Destitute of forge or efficacy; effecting no purpose; fruitless; ineffectual; as, vain toil; a vain attempt.

> Bring no more vain oblations.

Isa. i. 13.

> Vain is the force of man
> To crush the pillars which the pile sustain.

Dryden.

3. Proud of petty things, or of trifling attainments; having a high opinion of one's own accomplishments with slight reason; conceited; puffed up; inflated.

> But wilt thou know, O vain man, that faith apart from works is barren?

James ii. 20 (Rev. Ver.).

> The minstrels played on every side,
> Vain of their art.

Dryden.

4. Showy; ostentatious.

> Load some vain church with old theatric state.

Pope.

Syn. — Empty; worthless; fruitless; ineffectual; idle; unreal; shadowy; showy; ostentatious; light; inconstant; deceitful; delusive; unimportant; trifling.

Vain, n. Vanity; emptiness; — now used only in the phrase in vain.

For vain. See In vain. [Obs.] Shak. — In vain, to no purpose; without effect; ineffectually. " In vain doth valor bleed." Milton. " In vain they do worship me." Matt. xv. 9. — To take the name of God in vain, to use the name of God with levity or profaneness.

Vain`glo"ri*ous (?), a. Feeling or indicating vainglory; elated by vanity; boastful. "Arrogant and vainglorious expression." Sir M. Hale. — Vain`glo"ri*ous*ly, adv. — Vain`glo"ri*ous*ness, n.

Vain`glo"ry (?), n. [Vain + glory.] Excessive vanity excited by one's own performances; empty pride; undue elation of mind; vain show; boastfulness.

> He had nothing of vainglory.

Bacon.

> The man's undone forever; for if Hector break not his neck i' the combat, he'll break't himself in vainglory.

Shak.

Vain"ly (?), adv. In a vain manner; in vain.

Vain"ness, n. The quality or state of being vain.

Vair (?), n. [F. vair, from OF. vair, a., L. varius various, variegated. See Various, and cf. Menivel.] The skin of the squirrel, much used in the fourteenth century as fur for garments, and frequently mentioned by writers of that period in describing the costly dresses of kings, nobles, and prelates. It is represented in heraldry by a series of small shields placed close together, and alternately white and blue. Fairholt.

> No vair or ermine decked his garment.

Sir W. Scott.

Counter vair (Her.), a fur resembling vair, except in the arrangement of the patches or figures.

Vair"y (?), a. [F. vairé. See Vair, n.] (Her.) Charged with vair; variegated with shield-shaped figures. See Vair.

Vaish"na*va (vsh"n*v), n. [Skr. vaishava.] (Hindu Myth.) A worshiper of the god Vishnu in any of his incarnations.

Vaish"na*vism (?), n. The worship of Vishnu.

||Vais"ya (?), n. [Skr. vaiçya.] The third of the four great original castes among the Hindus, now either extinct or partially represented by the mercantile class of Banyas. See the Note under Caste, 1.

Vai"vode (?), n. [Cf. F. vayvode. See Waywode.] See Waywode.

||Va*keel" (?), n. [Ar. wakl.] A native attorney or agent; also, an ambassador. [India]

Val"ance (?), n. [Perhaps fr. OF. avalant descending, hanging down, p. pr. of avaler to go down, let down, descent (cf. Avalanche); but probably from the town of Valence in France.]

1. Hanging drapery for a bed, couch, window, or the like, especially that which hangs around a bedstead, from the bed to the floor. [Written also valence.]

> Valance of Venice gold in needlework.

Shak.

2. The drooping edging of the lid of a trunk. which covers the joint when the lid is closed.

Val"ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Valanced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Valancing (?).] To furnish with a valance; to decorate with hangings or drapery.

> His old fringed chair valanced around with party- colored worsted bobs.

Sterne.

Vale (?), n. [OE. val, F. val, L. vallis; perhaps akin to Gr. &?; low ground, marsh meadow. Cf. Avalanche, Vail to lower, Valley.] A tract of low ground, or of land between hills; a valley. " Make me a cottage in the vale." Tennyson.

> Beyond this vale of tears there is a life above.

Montgomery.

> In those fair vales, by nature formed to please.

Harte.

Vale is more commonly used in poetry, and valley in prose and common discourse.

Syn. — Valley; dingle; dell; dale.

Vale, n. See 2d Vail, 3.

Val`e*dic"tion (?), n. [L., valedicere, valedictum, to say farewell; vale farewell (imperative of valere to be strong or well) + dicere to say. See Valiant, Diction.] A farewell; a bidding farewell. Donne.

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Val`e*dic*to"ri*an (?), n. One who pronounces a valedictory address; especially, in American colleges, the student who pronounces the valedictory of the graduating class at the annual commencement, usually the student who ranks first in scholarship.

Val`e*dic"to*ry (?), a. Bidding farewell; suitable or designed for an occasion of leave-taking; as, a valedictory oration.

Val`e*dic"to*ry, n.; pl. Valedictories (&?;). A valedictory oration or address spoken at commencement in American colleges or seminaries by one of the graduating class, usually by the leading scholar.

Va"lence (?), n. [From L. valens, - entis, p. pr. of valere to have power, to be strong. See Valiant.] (Chem.) The degree of combining power of an atom (or radical) as shown by the number of atoms of hydrogen (or of other monads, as chlorine, sodium, etc.) with which it will combine, or for which it can be substituted, or with which it can be compared; thus, an atom of hydrogen is a monad, and has a valence of one; the atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon are respectively dyads, triads, and tetrads, and have a valence respectively of two, three, and four.

The valence of certain elements varies in different compounds. Valence in degree may extend as high as seven or eight, as in the cases of iodine and osmium respectively. The doctrine of valence has been of fundamental importance in distinguishing the equivalence from the atomic weight, and is an essential factor in explaining the chemical structures of compounds.

Va*len"ci*a (?), n. [Perhaps fr. Valence in France.] A kind of woven fabric for waistcoats, having the weft of wool and the warp of silk or cotton. [Written also valentia.]

Va*len`ci*ennes" lace" (?). [F.; — so called after the town of Valenciennes.] A rich kind of lace made at Valenciennes, in France. Each piece is made throughout, ground and pattern, by the same person and with the same thread, the pattern being worked in the net.

Val"en*cy (?), n.; pl. Valencies (&?;). (Chem.) (a) See Valence. (b) A unit of combining power; a so-called bond of affinity.

Va*len"ti*a (?), n. See Valencia.

Val"en*tine (?), n. 1. A sweetheart chosen on St. Valentine's Day.

2. A letter containing professions of love, or a missive of a sentimental, comic, or burlesque character, sent on St. Valentine's Day.

St. Valentine's Day, a day sacred to St. Valentine; the 14th of February. It was a very old notion, alluded to by Shakespeare, that on this day birds begin to mate. Hence, perhaps, arose the custom of sending love tokens at that time.

Val`en*tin"i*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a school of Judaizing Gnostics in the second century; — so called from Valentinus, the founder.

Val`er*am"ide (?), n. [Valeric + amide.] (Chem.) The acid amide derivative of valeric acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance.

Val"er*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of valeric acid.

Va*le"ri*an (?), n. [LL. valeriana, perhaps from some person named Valerius, or fr. L. valere to be strong. powerful, on account of its medicinal virtues: cf. F. valériane.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Valeriana. The root of the officinal valerian (V. officinalis) has a strong smell, and is much used in medicine as an antispasmodic.

Greek valerian (Bot.), a plant (Polemonium cæruleum) with blue or white flowers, and leaves resembling those of the officinal valerian.

Va*le`ri*an*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of a natural order (Valerianaccæ) of which the valerian is the type. The order includes also the corn salads and the oriental spikenard.

Va*le"ri*an*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A valerate.

Va*le`ri*an"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Performance to, or obtained from, valerian root; specifically, designating an acid which is usually called valeric acid.

Va*ler"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Valerianic; specifically, designating any one of three metameric acids, of which the typical one (called also inactive valeric acid), C4H9CO2H, is obtained from valerian root and other sources, as a corrosive, mobile, oily liquid, having a strong acid taste, and an odor of old cheese.

Active valeric acid, a metameric variety which turns the plane of polarization to the right, although formed by the oxidation of a levorotatory amyl alcohol.

Va*ler"i*dine (?), n. (Chem.) A base, C10H19N, produced by heating valeric aldehyde with ammonia. It is probably related to the conine alkaloids.

Val"er*in (?), n. [Valeric + glycerin.] (Chem.) A salt of valeric acid with glycerin, occurring in butter, dolphin oil., and forming an forming an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant odor.

Va*ler"i*trine (?), n. [Valeric + iropine + -ine.] (Chem.) A base, C15H27N, produced together with valeridine, which it resembles.

Val"er*o-. (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) indicating derivation from, or relation to, valerian or some of its products, as valeric acid; as in valerolactone, a colorless oily liquid produced as the anhydride of an hydroxy valeric acid.

Val"er*one (?), n. (Chem.) A ketone of valeric acid obtained as an oily liquid.

Val"er*yl (?), n. [Valeric + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical C5H9O, regarded as the essential nucleus of certain valeric acid derivatives.

Val`er*yl*ene (?), n. (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon, C5H8; — called also pentine.

Val"et (?; 277), n. [F. valet, OF. vallet, varlet, vaslet. See Varlet, and Vassal.]

1. A male waiting servant; a servant who attends on gentleman's person; a body servant.

2. (Man.) A kind of goad or stick with a point of iron.

||Valet de chambre (&?;) [F.], a body servant, or personal attendant.

Val`e*tu`di*na"ri*an (?), a. [L. valetudinarius, from valetudo state of health, health, ill health, fr. valere to be strong or well: cf. F. valétudinaire. See Valiant.] Of infirm health; seeking to recover health; sickly; weakly; infirm.

> My feeble health and valetudinarian stomach.

Coleridge.

> The virtue which the world wants is a healthful virtue, not a valetudinarian virtue.

Macaulay.

Val`e*tu`di*na"ri*an, n. A person of a weak or sickly constitution; one who is seeking to recover health.

> Valetudinarians must live where they can command and scold.

Swift.

Val`e*tu`di*na"ri*an*ism (?), n. The condition of a valetudinarian; a state of feeble health; infirmity.

Val`e*tu"di*na*ry (?), a. Infirm; sickly; valetudinarian. — Val`e*tu"di*na*ri*ness, n.

> It renders the habit of society dangerously.

Burke.

Val`e*tu"di*na*ry, n. A valetudinarian.

Val`e*tu"di*nous (?), a. Valetudinarian. [Obs.] "The valetudinous condition of King Edward." Fuller.

Val*hal"la (?), n. [Icel. valhöll, literally, hall of the slain; valr the slain (akin to AS. wæl, OHG. wal battlefield, wuol defeat, slaughter, AS. wl pestilence) + höll a royal hall. See Hall, and cf. Walhalla.] [Written also walhalla.]

1. (Scand. Myth.) The palace of immortality, inhabited by the souls of heroes slain in battle.

2. Fig.: A hall or temple adorned with statues and memorials of a nation's heroes; specifically, the Pantheon near Ratisbon, in Bavaria, consecrated to the illustrious dead of all Germany.

{ Val"iance (?), Val"ian*cy (?), } n. [Cf. F. vaillance. See Valiant.] The quality or state of being valiant; bravery; valor. [Obs.] "His doughty valiance." Spenser.

Val"iant (?), a. [OE. valiant, F. vaillant, OF. vaillant, valant, originally p. pr. of OF. & F. valoir to be worth, L. valere to be strong. See Wield, and cf. Avail, Convalesce, Equivalent, Prevail, Valid.]

1. Vigorous in body; strong; powerful; as, a valiant fencer. [Obs.] Walton.

2. Intrepid in danger; courageous; brave.

> A valiant and most expert gentleman.

Shak.

> And Saul said to David . . . be thou valiant for me, and fight the Lord's battles.

1 Sam. xviii. 17.

3. Performed with valor or bravery; heroic. "Thou bearest the highest name for valiant acts." Milton.

> [The saints] have made such valiant confessions.

J. H. Newman.

— Val"iant*ly, adv. — Val"iant*ness, n.

Val"id (?), a. [F. valide, F. validus strong, from valere to be strong. See Valiant.]

1. Strong; powerful; efficient. [Obs.] "Perhaps more valid arms . . . may serve to better us." Milton.

2. Having sufficient strength or force; founded in truth; capable of being justified, defended, or supported; not weak or defective; sound; good; efficacious; as, a valid argument; a valid objection.

> An answer that is open to no valid exception.

I. Taylor.

3. (Law) Having legal strength or force; executed with the proper formalities; incapable of being rightfully overthrown or set aside; as, a valid deed; a valid covenant; a valid instrument of any kind; a valid claim or title; a valid marriage.

Syn. — Prevalent; available; efficacious; just; good; weighty; sufficient; sound; well-grounded.

Val"i*date (?), v. t. [See Valid.] To confirm; to render valid; to give legal force to.

> The chamber of deputies . . . refusing to validate at once the election of an official candidate.

London Spectator.

Val`i*da"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. validation.] The act of giving validity. [R.] Knowles.

Va*lid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. validité, L. validitas strength.]

1. The quality or state of being valid; strength; force; especially, power to convince; justness; soundness; as, the validity of an argument or proof; the validity of an objection.

2. (Law) Legal strength, force, or authority; that quality of a thing which renders it supportable in law, or equity; as, the validity of a will; the validity of a contract, claim, or title.

3. Value. [Obs.] "Rich validity." Shak.

Val"id*ly (?), adv. In a valid manner; so as to be valid.

Val"id*ness, n. The quality or state of being valid.

Val"inch (?), n. [Cf. F. avaler to let down, drink up. Cf. Avalanche.] A tube for drawing liquors from a cask by the bunghole. [Written also velinche.]

Va*lise" (?), n. [F. valise; cf. It. valigia, Sp. balija, LL. valisia, valesia; of uncertain origin, perhaps through (assumed) LL. vidulitia, from L. vidulus a leathern trunk; a knapsack.] A small sack or case, usually of leather, but sometimes of other material, for containing the clothes, toilet articles, etc., of a traveler; a traveling bag; a portmanteau.

Val*kyr"i*a (?), n. [Icel. valkyrja (akin to AS. wælcyrie); valr the slain + kjsa to choose. See Valhalla, and Choose.] (Scand. Myth.) One of the maidens of Odin, represented as awful and beautiful, who presided over battle and marked out those who were to be slain, and who also ministered at the feasts of heroes in Valhalla. [Written also Valkyr, and Walkyr.]

Val*kyr"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Valkyrias; hence, relating to battle. "Ourself have often tried Valkyrian hymns." Tennyson.

Val*lan"cy (?), n. [From Valance.] A large wig that shades the face. [Obs.]

Val"lar (?), a. [L. vallaris.] Of or pertaining to a rampart.

Vallar crown (Rom. Antiq.), a circular gold crown with palisades, bestowed upon the soldier who first surmounted the rampart and broke into the enemy's camp.

Val"lar, n. A vallar crown.

Val"la*ry (?), a. Same as Vallar.

Val*la"tion (?), n. [L. vallatio, fr. vallare to surround with a rampart, fr. vallum rampart. See Wall, n.] A rampart or intrenchment.

Val"la*to*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to a vallation; used for a vallation; as, vallatory reads. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

||Val*lec"u*la (?), n.; pl. Valleculæ (#). [NL., dim. fr. L. vallis, valles, a valley.]

1. (Anat.) A groove; a fossa; as, the vallecula, or fossa, which separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum.

2. (Bot.) One of the grooves, or hollows, between the ribs of the fruit of umbelliferous plants.

Val`let's pills" (?). [From Dr. Vallet of Paris.] (Med.) Pills containing sulphate of iron and carbonate of sodium, mixed with saccharine matter; — called also Vallet's mass.

Val"ley (?), n.; pl. Valleys (#). [OE. vale, valeie, OF. valée, valede, F. vallée, LL. vallata, L. vallis, valles. See Vale.]

1. The space inclosed between ranges of hills or mountains; the strip of land at the bottom of the depressions intersecting a country, including usually the bed of a stream, with frequently broad alluvial plains on one or both sides of the stream. Also used figuratively.

> The valley of the shadow of death.

Ps. xxiii. 4.

> Sweet interchange
> Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.

Milton.

Deep and narrow valleys with abrupt sides are usually the results of erosion by water, and are called gorges, ravines, cañons, gulches, etc.

2. (Arch.) (a) The place of meeting of two slopes of a roof, which have their plates running in different directions, and form on the plan a reëntrant angle. (b) The depression formed by the meeting of two slopes on a flat roof.

Valley board (Arch.), a board for the reception of the lead gutter in the valley of a roof. The valley board and lead gutter are not usual in the United States. — Valley rafter, or Valley piece (Arch.), the rafter which supports the valley. — Valley roof (Arch.), a roof having one or more valleys. See Valley, 2, above.

||Val"lum (?), n.; pl. L. Valla (#), E. Vallums (#). [L. See Wall.] (Rom. Antiq.) A rampart; a wall, as in a fortification.

Va*lo"ni*a (?), n. [It. vallonia, vallonea, fr. NGr. balania`, balanidia`, the holm oak, bala`ni, balani`di, an acorn, Gr. ba`lanos.]

1. The acorn cup of two kinds of oak (Quercus macrolepis, and Q. vallonea) found in Eastern Europe. It contains abundance of tannin, and is much used by tanners and dyers.

2. [Perhaps named from its resemblance to an acorn.] (Bot.) A genus of marine green algæ, in which the whole frond consists of a single oval or cylindrical cell, often an inch in length.

Val"or (?), n. [OE. valour, OF. valor, valur, valour, F. valeur, LL. valor, fr. L. valere to be strong, or worth. See Valiant.] [Written also valour.]

1. Value; worth. [Obs.] "The valor of a penny." Sir T. More.

2. Strength of mind in regard to danger; that quality which enables a man to encounter danger with firmness; personal bravery; courage; prowess; intrepidity.

> For contemplation he and valor formed.

Milton.

> When valor preys on reason,
> It eats the sword it fights with.

Shak.

> Fear to do base, unworthy things is valor.

B. Jonson.

3. A brave man; a man of valor. [R.] Ld. Lytton.

Syn. — Courage; heroism; bravery; gallantry; boldness; fearlessness. See Courage, and Heroism.

Val"or*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. valeureux, LL. valorosus.] Possessing or exhibiting valor; brave; courageous; valiant; intrepid. — Val"or*ous*ly, adv.

Val*sal"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Valsalva, an Italian anatomist of the 17th century.

Valsalvian experiment (Med.), the process of inflating the middle ear by closing the mouth and nostrils, and blowing so as to puff out the cheeks.

Val"u*a*ble (?), a. 1. Having value or worth; possessing qualities which are useful and esteemed; precious; costly; as, a valuable horse; valuable land; a valuable cargo.

2. Worthy; estimable; deserving esteem; as, a valuable friend; a valuable companion.

Valuable consideration (Law), an equivalent or compensation having value given for a thing purchased, as money, marriage, services, etc. Blackstone. Bouvier.

Val"u*a*ble, n. A precious possession; a thing of value, especially a small thing, as an article of jewelry; — used mostly in the plural.

> The food and valuables they offer to the gods.

Tylor.

Val"u*a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being valuable.

Val"u*a*bly, adv. So as to be of value.

Val`u*a"tion (?), n. 1. The act of valuing, or of estimating value or worth; the act of setting a price; estimation; appraisement; as, a valuation of lands for the purpose of taxation.

2. Value set upon a thing; estimated value or worth; as, the goods sold for more than their valuation.

> Since of your lives you set
> So slight a valuation.

Shak.

Val"u*a`tor (?), n. One who assesses, or sets a value on, anything; an appraiser. Swift.

Val"ue (?), n. [OF. value, fr. valoir, p. p. valu, to be worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, to be worth. See Valiant.] 1. The property or aggregate properties of a thing by which it is rendered useful or desirable, or the degree of such property or sum of properties; worth; excellence; utility; importance.

<! p. 1593 !>

> Ye are all physicians of no value.

Job xiii. 4.

> Ye are of more value than many sparrows.

Matt. x. 31.

> Cæsar is well acquainted with your virtue,
> And therefore sets this value on your life.

Addison.

> Before events shall have decided on the value of the measures.

Marshall.

2. (Trade & Polit. Econ.) Worth estimated by any standard of purchasing power, especially by the market price, or the amount of money agreed upon as an equivalent to the utility and cost of anything.

> An article may be possessed of the highest degree of utility, or power to minister to our wants and enjoyments, and may be universally made use of, without possessing exchangeable value.

M'Culloch.

> Value is the power to command commodities generally.

A. L. Chapin (Johnson's Cys.).

> Value is the generic term which expresses power in exchange.

F. A. Walker.

> His design was not to pay him the value of his pictures, because they were above any price.

Dryden.

In political economy, value is often distinguished as intrinsic and exchangeable. Intrinsic value is the same as utility or adaptation to satisfy the desires or wants of men. Exchangeable value is that in an article or product which disposes individuals to give for it some quantity of labor, or some other article or product obtainable by labor; as, pure air has an intrinsic value, but generally not an exchangeable value.

3. Precise signification; import; as, the value of a word; the value of a legal instrument Mitford.

4. Esteem; regard. Dryden.

> My relation to the person was so near, and my value for him so great

Bp. Burnet.

5. (Mus.) The relative length or duration of a tone or note, answering to quantity in prosody; thus, a quarter note [&?;] has the value of two eighth notes [&?;].

6. In an artistical composition, the character of any one part in its relation to other parts and to the whole; — often used in the plural; as, the values are well given, or well maintained.

7. Valor. [Written also valew.] [Obs.] Spenser.

Value received, a phrase usually employed in a bill of exchange or a promissory note, to denote that a consideration has been given for it. Bouvier.

Val"ue (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Valued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Valuing.]

1. To estimate the value, or worth, of; to rate at a certain price; to appraise; to reckon with respect to number, power, importance, etc.

> The mind doth value every moment.

Bacon.

> The queen is valued thirty thousand strong.

Shak.

> The king must take it ill,
> That he's so slightly valued in his messenger.

Shak.

> Neither of them valued their promises according to rules of honor or integrity.

Clarendon.

2. To rate highly; to have in high esteem; to hold in respect and estimation; to appreciate; to prize; as, to value one for his works or his virtues.

> Which of the dukes he values most.

Shak.

3. To raise to estimation; to cause to have value, either real or apparent; to enhance in value. [Obs.]

> Some value themselves to their country by jealousies of the crown.

Sir W. Temple.

4. To be worth; to be equal to in value. [Obs.]

> The peace between the French and us not values
> The cost that did conclude it.

Shak.

Syn. — To compute; rate; appraise; esteem; respect; regard; estimate; prize; appreciate.

Val"ued (?), a. Highly regarded; esteemed; prized; as, a valued contributor; a valued friend.

Valued policy. See under Policy.

Val"ue*less, a. Being of no value; having no worth.

Val"u*er (?), n. One who values; an appraiser.

Val"ure (?), n. Value. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Val"va*sor (?), n. (Feud. Law) See Vavasor.

||Val*va"ta (?), n. [NL.; cf. L. valvatus having folding doors. See Valve.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small spiral fresh-water gastropods having an operculum.

Valv"ate (?), a. [L. valvatus having folding doors.]

1. Resembling, or serving as, a valve; consisting of, or opening by, a valve or valves; valvular.

2. (Bot.) (a) Meeting at the edges without overlapping; — said of the sepals or the petals of flowers in æstivation, and of leaves in vernation. (b) Opening as if by doors or valves, as most kinds of capsules and some anthers.

Valve (?), n. [L. valva the leaf, fold, or valve of a door: cf. F. valve.]

1. A door; especially, one of a pair of folding doors, or one of the leaves of such a door.

> Swift through the valves the visionary fair
> Repassed.

Pope.

> Heavily closed, . . . the valves of the barn doors.

Longfellow.

2. A lid, plug, or cover, applied to an aperture so that by its movement, as by swinging, lifting and falling, sliding, turning, or the like, it will open or close the aperture to permit or prevent passage, as of a fluid.

A valve may act automatically so as to be opened by the effort of a fluid to pass in one direction, and closed by the effort to pass in the other direction, as a clack valve; or it may be opened or closed by hand or by mechanism, as a screw valve, or a slide valve.

3. (Anat.) One or more membranous partitions, flaps, or folds, which permit the passage of the contents of a vessel or cavity in one direction, but stop or retard the flow in the opposite direction; as, the ileocolic, mitral, and semilunar valves.

4. (Bot.) (a) One of the pieces into which a capsule naturally separates when it bursts. (b) One of the two similar portions of the shell of a diatom. (c) A small portion of certain anthers, which opens like a trapdoor to allow the pollen to escape, as in the barberry.

5. (Zoöl.) One of the pieces or divisions of bivalve or multivalve shells.

Air valve, Ball valve, Check valve, etc. See under Air. Ball, Check, etc. — Double-beat valve, a kind of balance valve usually consisting of a movable, open-ended, turban-shaped shell provided with two faces of nearly equal diameters, one above another, which rest upon two corresponding seats when the valve is closed. — Equilibrium valve. (a) A balance valve. See under Balance. (b) A valve for permitting air, steam, water, etc., to pass into or out of a chamber so as to establish or maintain equal pressure within and without. — Valve chest (Mach.), a chamber in which a valve works; especially (Steam Engine), the steam chest; — called in England valve box, and valve casing. See Steam chest, under Steam. — Valve face (Mach.), that part of the surface of a valve which comes in contact with the valve seat. — Valve gear, or Valve motion (Steam Engine), the system of parts by which motion is given to the valve or valves for the distribution of steam in the cylinder. For an illustration of one form of valve gear, see Link motion. — Valve seat. (Mach.) (a) The fixed surface on which a valve rests or against which it presses. (b) A part or piece on which such a surface is formed. — Valve stem (Mach.), a rod attached to a valve, for moving it. — Valve yoke (Mach.), a strap embracing a slide valve and connecting it to the valve stem.

Valved (?), a. Having a valve or valve; valvate.

Valve"let (?), n. A little valve; a valvule; especially, one of the pieces which compose the outer covering of a pericarp.

Valve"-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any fresh-water gastropod of the genus Valvata.

||Val"vu*la (?), n.; pl. Valvulæ (#). [NL., dim. fr. L. valva fold, valve of a door.] (Anat.) A little valve or fold; a valvelet; a valvule.

Valv"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. valvulaire.]

1. Of or pertaining to a valve or valves; specifically (Med.), of or pertaining to the valves of the heart; as, valvular disease.

2. Containing valves; serving as a valve; opening by valves; valvate; as, a valvular capsule.

Valv"ule (?), n. [Cf. F. valvule.]

1. A little valve; a valvelet.

2. (Zoöl.) A small valvelike process.

Val"yl*ene (?), n. [Valerian + - yl.] (Chem.) A volatile liquid hydrocarbon, C5H6, related to ethylene and acetylene, but possessing the property of unsaturation in the third degree. It is the only known member of a distinct series of compounds. It has a garlic odor.

Vam"brace (?), n. [See Vantbrass.] (Anc. Armor) The piece designed to protect the arm from the elbow to the wrist.

Va*mose" (?), v. i. & t. [Sp. vamos let us go.] To depart quickly; to depart from. [Written also vamos, and vamoose.] [Slang, Eng. & U. S.]

Vamp (?), v. i. To advance; to travel. [Obs.]

Vamp, n. [OE. vampe, vaumpe, vauntpe, F. avantpied the forefoot, vamp; anat before, fore + pied foot, L. pes. See Advance, Van of an army, and Foot.]

1. The part of a boot or shoe above the sole and welt, and in front of the ankle seam; an upper.

2. Any piece added to an old thing to give it a new appearance. See Vamp, v. t.

Vamp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vamped (?; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Vamping.] To provide, as a shoe, with new upper leather; hence, to piece, as any old thing, with a new part; to repair; to patch; — often followed by up.

> I had never much hopes of your vamped play.

Swift.

Vamp"er (?), n. One who vamps; one who pieces an old thing with something new; a cobbler.

Vamp"er, v. i. [Cf. Vaunt.] To swagger; to make an ostentatious show. [Prov. eng. & Scot.] Jamieson.

Vam"pire (?), n. [F. vampire (cf. It. vampiro, G. & D. vampir), fr. Servian vampir.] [Written also vampyre.]

1. A blood-sucking ghost; a soul of a dead person superstitiously believed to come from the grave and wander about by night sucking the blood of persons asleep, thus causing their death. This superstition is now prevalent in parts of Eastern Europe, and was especially current in Hungary about the year 1730.

> The persons who turn vampires are generally wizards, witches, suicides, and persons who have come to a violent end, or have been cursed by their parents or by the church,

Encyc. Brit.

2. Fig.: One who lives by preying on others; an extortioner; a bloodsucker.

3. (Zoöl.) Either one of two or more species of South American blood-sucking bats belonging to the genera Desmodus and Diphylla. These bats are destitute of molar teeth, but have strong, sharp cutting incisors with which they make punctured wounds from which they suck the blood of horses, cattle, and other animals, as well as man, chiefly during sleep. They have a cæcal appendage to the stomach, in which the blood with which they gorge themselves is stored.

4. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of harmless tropical American bats of the genus Vampyrus, especially V. spectrum. These bats feed upon insects and fruit, but were formerly erroneously supposed to suck the blood of man and animals. Called also false vampire.

Vampire bat (Zoöl.), a vampire, 3.

Vam"pir*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. vampirisme.]

1. Belief in the existence of vampires.

2. The actions of a vampire; the practice of bloodsucking.

3. Fig.: The practice of extortion. Carlyle.

Vam"plate` (?), n. [F. avant fore, fore + E. plate.] A round of iron on the shaft of a tilting spear, to protect the hand. [Written also vamplet.]

Va"mure (?), n. See Vauntmure. [Obs.]

Van (?), n. [Abbrev. fr. vanguard.] The front of an army; the first line or leading column; also, the front line or foremost division of a fleet, either in sailing or in battle.

> Standards and gonfalons, twixt van and rear,
> Stream in the air.

Milton.

Van, n. [Cornish.] (Mining) A shovel used in cleansing ore.

Van, v. t. (Mining) To wash or cleanse, as a small portion of ore, on a shovel. Raymond.

Van, n. [Abbreviated from caravan.]

1. A light wagon, either covered or open, used by tradesmen and others fore the transportation of goods. [Eng.]

2. A large covered wagon for moving furniture, etc., also for conveying wild beasts, etc., for exhibition.

3. A close railway car for baggage. See the Note under Car, 2. [Eng.]

Van, n. [L. vannus a van, or fan for winnowing grain: cf. F. van. Cf. Fan, Van a wing Winnow.]

1. A fan or other contrivance, as a sieve, for winnowing grain.

2. [OF. vanne, F. vanneau beam feather (cf. It. vanno a wing) fr. L. vannus. See Etymology above.] A wing with which the air is beaten. [Archaic] "[/Angels] on the air plumy vans received him. " Milton.

> He wheeled in air, and stretched his vans in vain;
> His vans no longer could his flight sustain.

Dryden.

Van, v. t. [Cf. F. vanner to winnow, to fan. See Van a winnowing machine.] To fan, or to cleanse by fanning; to winnow. [Obs.] Bacon.

Van"a*date (?), n. [Cf. F. vanadate.] (Chem.) A salt of vanadic acid. [Formerly also vanadiate.]

Va*nad"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, vanadium; containing vanadium; specifically distinguished those compounds in which vanadium has a relatively higher valence as contrasted with the vanadious compounds; as, vanadic oxide.

Vanadic acid (Chem.), an acid analogous to phosphoric acid, not known in the free state but forming a well-known series of salts.

Va*nad"i*nite (?), n. (Min.) A mineral occurring in yellowish, and ruby-red hexagonal crystals. It consist of lead vanadate with a small proportion of lead chloride.

Va*na"di*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, vanadium; specifically, designating those compounds in which vanadium has a lower valence as contrasted with the vanadic compounds; as, vanadious acid. [Sometimes written also vanadous.]

Van"a*dite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of vanadious acid, analogous to a nitrite or a phosphite.

Va*na"di*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Icel. Vanads, a surname of the Scandinavian goddess Freya.] (Chem.) A rare element of the nitrogen-phosphorus group, found combined, in vanadates, in certain minerals, and reduced as an infusible, grayish-white metallic powder. It is intermediate between the metals and the non-metals, having both basic and acid properties. Symbol V (or Vd, rarely). Atomic weight 51.2.

Van"a*dous (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to vanadium; obtained from vanadium; — said of an acid containing one equivalent of vanadium and two of oxygen.

Van"a*dyl (?), n. [Vanadium + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical VO, regarded as a characterized residue of certain vanadium compounds.

Van"-cou`ri*er (?), n. [F. avant- courrier. See Avant, Van of an army, and Courier, and cf. Avant-courier, Vaunt-courier.] One sent in advance; an avant-courier; a precursor.

Van"dal (?), n. [L. Vandalus, Vandalius; of Teutonic origin, and probably originally signifying, a wanderer. Cf. Wander.]

1. (Anc. Hist.) One of a Teutonic race, formerly dwelling on the south shore of the Baltic, the most barbarous and fierce of the northern nations that plundered Rome in the 5th century, notorious for destroying the monuments of art and literature.

2. Hence, one who willfully destroys or defaces any work of art or literature.

> The Vandals of our isle,
> Sworn foes to sense and law.

Cowper.

{ Van"dal (?), Van*dal"ic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the Vandals; resembling the Vandals in barbarism and destructiveness.

Van"dal*ism (?), n. The spirit or conduct of the Vandals; ferocious cruelty; hostility to the arts and literature, or willful destruction or defacement of their monuments.

Van*dyke" (vn*dk"), a. Of or pertaining to the style of Vandyke the painter; used or represented by Vandyke. "His Vandyke dress." Macaulay. [Written also Vandyck.]

Vandyke brown (Paint.), a pigment of a deep semitransparent brown color, supposed to be the color used by Vandyke in his pictures. — Vandyke collar or cape, a broad collar or cape of linen and lace with a deep pointed or scalloped edge, worn lying on the shoulders; — so called from its appearance in pictures by Vandyke. — Vandyke edge, an edge having ornamental triangular points.

Van*dyke", n. A picture by Vandyke. Also, a Vandyke collar, or a Vandyke edge. [Written also Vandyck.]

Van*dyke", v. t. fit or furnish with a Vandyke; to form with points or scallops like a Vandyke. [R.] [Written also Vandyck.]

Vane (?), n. [OE. & E. Prov. E. fane weathercock, banner, AS. fana a banner, flag; akin to D. vaan, G. fahne, OHG. fano cloth, gund fano flag, Icel. fni, Sw. fana, Dan. fane, Goth. fana cloth, L. pannus, and perhaps to Gr.&?; a web, &?; a bobbin, spool. Cf. Fanon, Pane a compartment, panel.]

<! p. 1594 !>

1. A contrivance attached to some elevated object for the purpose of showing which way the wind blows; a weathercock. It is usually a plate or strip of metal, or slip of wood, often cut into some fanciful form, and placed upon a perpendicular axis around which it moves freely.

> Aye undiscreet, and changing as a vane.

Chaucer.

2. Any flat, extended surface attached to an axis and moved by the wind; as, the vane of a windmill; hence, a similar fixture of any form moved in or by water, air, or other fluid; as, the vane of a screw propeller, a fan blower, an anemometer, etc.

3. (Zoöl.) The rhachis and web of a feather taken together.

4. One of the sights of a compass, quadrant, etc.

Vane of a leveling staff. (Surv.) Same as Target, 3.

||Van*es"sa (?), n. [Probably from Swift's poem of Cadenus and Vanessa. See Vanessa, in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of handsomely colored butterflies belonging to Vanessa and allied genera. Many of these species have the edges of the wings irregularly scalloped.

Van*es"si*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) A vanessa.

Van"fess` (?), n. [F. avant- fossé; avant before + fossé ditch. Cf. Fosse.] (Fort.) A ditch on the outside of the counterscarp, usually full of water.

Vang (?), n. [D. vangen to catch, seize. See Fang.] (Naut.) A rope to steady the peak of a gaff.

Van"glo (?), n. (Bot.) Benne (Sesamum orientale); also, its seeds; — so called in the West Indies.

Van"guard` (?), n. [For vantguard, avantguard, F. avant-garde; avant before, fore + garde guard. See Avant, Ab-,Ante-, and Guard, and cf. Advance, Vamp, Van of an army, Vaward.] (Mil.) The troops who march in front of an army; the advance guard; the van.

Va*nil"la (?), n. [NL., fr. Sp. vainilla, dim. of Sp. vaina a sheath, a pod, L. vagina; because its grains, or seeds, are contained in little pods.]

1. (Bot.) A genus of climbing orchidaceous plants, natives of tropical America.

2. The long podlike capsules of Vanilla planifolia, and V. claviculata, remarkable for their delicate and agreeable odor, for the volatile, odoriferous oil extracted from them; also, the flavoring extract made from the capsules, extensively used in confectionery, perfumery, etc.

As a medicine, vanilla is supposed to possess powers analogous to valerian, while, at the same time, it is far more grateful.

Cuban vanilla, a sweet-scented West Indian composite shrub (Eupatorium Dalea). — Vanilla bean, the long capsule of the vanilla plant. — Vanilla grass. Same as Holy grass, under Holy.

Va*nil"late (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of vanillic acid.

Va*nil"lic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, vanilla or vanillin; resembling vanillin; specifically, designating an alcohol and an acid respectively, vanillin being the intermediate aldehyde.

Va*nil"lin (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline aldehyde having a burning taste and characteristic odor of vanilla. It is extracted from vanilla pods, and is also obtained by the decomposition of coniferin, and by the oxidation of eugenol.

Va*nil"loes (?), n. pl. An inferior kind of vanilla, the pods of Vanilla Pompona.

Va*nil"lyl (?), n. [Vanillic + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical characteristic of vanillic alcohol.

Va*nil"o*quence (?), n. [L. vaniloquentia; vanus vain + loquentia talk, loqui to speak.] Vain or foolish talk. [Obs.]

Van"ish (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vanished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vanishing.] [OE. vanissen, OF. vanir (in comp.): cf. OF. envanir, esvanir, esvanuïr, F. s'évanouir; fr. L. vanus empty, vain; cf. L. vanescere, evanescere, to vanish. See Vain, and cf. Evanescent,-ish.]

1. To pass from a visible to an invisible state; to go out of sight; to disappear; to fade; as, vapor vanishes from the sight by being dissipated; a ship vanishes from the sight of spectators on land.

> The horse vanished . . . out of sight.

Chaucer.

> Go; vanish into air; away!

Shak.

> The champions vanished from their posts with the speed of lightning.

Sir W. Scott.

> Gliding from the twilight past to vanish among realities.

Hawthorne.

2. To be annihilated or lost; to pass away. "All these delights will vanish." Milton.

Van"ish (?), n. (Phon.) The brief terminal part of vowel or vocal element, differing more or less in quality from the main part; as, a as in ale ordinarily ends with a vanish of i as in ill, o as in old with a vanish of oo as in foot. Rush.

The vanish is included by Mr. Bell under the general term glide.

Van"ish*ing (?), a. & n. from Vanish, v.

Vanishing fraction (Math.), a fraction which reduces to the form for a particular value of the variable which enters it, usually in consequence of the existence of a common factor in both terms of the fraction, which factor becomes 0 for this particular value of the variable. Math. Dict. — Vanishing line (Persp.), the intersection of the parallel of any original plane and picture; one of the lines converging to the vanishing point. — Vanishing point (Persp.), the point to which all parallel lines in the same plane tend in the representation. Gwilt. — Vanishing stress (Phon.), stress of voice upon the closing portion of a syllable. Rush.

Van"ish*ment (?), n. A vanishing. [Obs.]

Van"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Vanities (#). [OE. vanite, vanité, L. vanitas, fr. vanus empty, vain. See Vain.]

1. The quality or state of being vain; want of substance to satisfy desire; emptiness; unsubstantialness; unrealness; falsity.

> Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all is vanity.

Eccl. i. 2.

> Here I may well show the vanity of that which is reported in the story of Walsingham.

Sir J. Davies.

2. An inflation of mind upon slight grounds; empty pride inspired by an overweening conceit of one's personal attainments or decorations; an excessive desire for notice or approval; pride; ostentation; conceit.

> The exquisitely sensitive vanity of Garrick was galled.

Macaulay.

3. That which is vain; anything empty, visionary, unreal, or unsubstantial; fruitless desire or effort; trifling labor productive of no good; empty pleasure; vain pursuit; idle show; unsubstantial enjoyment.

> Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher.

Eccl. i. 2.

> Vanity possesseth many who are desirous to know the certainty of things to come.

Sir P. Sidney.

> [Sin] with vanity had filled the works of men.

Milton.

> Think not, when woman's transient breath is fled,
> That all her vanities at once are dead;
> Succeeding vanities she still regards.

Pope.

4. One of the established characters in the old moralities and puppet shows. See Morality, n., 5.

> You . . . take vanity the puppet's part.

Shak.

Syn. — Egotism; pride; emptiness; worthlessness; self- sufficiency. See Egotism, and Pride.

Van"jas (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Australian pied crow shrike (Strepera graculina). It is glossy bluish black, with the under tail coverts and the tips and bases of the tail feathers white.

Van"ner (?), n. (Mining) A machine for concentrating ore. See Frue vanner.

Van"ner hawk` (?). The kestrel. [Prov. Eng.]

Van"ning, n. (Mining) A process by which ores are washed on a shovel, or in a vanner.

Van"quish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vanquished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vanquishing.] [OE. venquishen, venquissen, venkisen,F. vaincre, pret. vainquis, OF. veintre, pret. venqui, venquis (cf. an OF. infin. vainquir), fr. L. vincere; akin to AS. wg war, battle, wgant a warrior, wgan to fight, Icel. vg battle, Goth. weihan to fight, contend. Cf. Convince, Evict, Invincible, Victor.]

1. To conquer, overcome, or subdue in battle, as an enemy. Hakluyt.

> They . . . Vanquished the rebels in all encounters.

Clarendon.

2. Hence, to defeat in any contest; to get the better of; to put down; to refute.

> This bold assertion has been fully vanquished in a late reply to the Bishop of Meaux's treatise.

Atterbury.

> For e'en though vanquished, he could argue still.

Goldsmith.

Syn. — To conquer; surmount; overcome; confute; silence. See Conquer.

Van"quish, n. (Far.) A disease in sheep, in which they pine away. [Written also vinquish.]

Van"quish*a*ble (?), a. That may be vanquished.

Van"quish*er (?), n. One who, or that which, vanquishes. Milton.

Van"quish*ment (?), n. The act of vanquishing, or the state of being vanquished. Bp. Hall.

Van"sire (?), n. [The native name: cf. F. vansire.] (Zoöl.) An ichneumon (Herpestes galera) native of Southern Africa and Madagascar. It is reddish brown or dark brown, grizzled with white. Called also vondsira, and marsh ichneumon.

Vant (?), v. i. See Vaunt. [Obs.]

Van"tage (vn"tj; 48), n. [Aphetic form of OE. avantage, fr. F. avantage. See Advantage.]

1. superior or more favorable situation or opportunity; gain; profit; advantage. [R.]

> O happy vantage of a kneeling knee!

Shak.

2. (Lawn Tennis) The first point after deuce.

When the server wins this point, it is called vantage in; when the receiver, or striker out, wins, it is called vantage out.

To have at vantage, to have the advantage of; to be in a more favorable condition than. "He had them at vantage, being tired and harassed with a long march." Bacon. — Vantage ground, superiority of state or place; the place or condition which gives one an advantage over another. "The vantage ground of truth. Bacon.

> It is these things that give him his actual standing, and it is from this vantage ground that he looks around him.

I. Taylor.

Van"tage, v. t. To profit; to aid. [Obs.] Spenser.

{ Vant"brace (?), Vant"brass (?), } n. [F. avant fore + bras arm: cf. F. brassard armor for the arm, brace, forearm. Cf. Vambrace.] (Anc. Armor) Armor for the arm; vambrace. Milton.

{ Vant"-cou`ri*er (?), n. } An avant- courier. See Van-courier. [Obs.] Holland.

Van"ward (?), a. Being on, or towards, the van, or front. "The vanward frontier." De Quincey.

Vap (vp), n. [See Vapid.] That which is vapid, insipid, or lifeless; especially, the lifeless part of liquor or wine. [Obs.]

> In vain it is to wash a goblet, if you mean to put into it nothing but the dead lees and vap of wine.

Jer. Taylor.

Vap"id (?), a. [L. vapidus having lost its lire and spirit, vapid; akin to vappa vapid wine, vapor vapor. See Vapor.] Having lost its life and spirit; dead; spiritless; insipid; flat; dull; unanimated; as, vapid beer; a vapid speech; a vapid state of the blood.

> A cheap, bloodless reformation, a guiltless liberty, appear flat and vapid to their taste.

Burke.

— Vap"id*ly (#), adv. — Vap"id*ness, n.

Va*pid"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being vapid; vapidness.

Va"por (?), n. [OE. vapour, OF. vapour, vapor, vapeur, F. vapeur, L. vapor; probably for cvapor, and akin to Gr. &?; smoke, &?; to breathe forth, Lith. kvepti to breathe, smell, Russ. kopote fine soot. Cf. Vapid.] [Written also vapour.]

1. (Physics) Any substance in the gaseous, or aëriform, state, the condition of which is ordinarily that of a liquid or solid.

The term vapor is sometimes used in a more extended sense, as identical with gas; and the difference between the two is not so much one of kind as of degree, the latter being applied to all permanently elastic fluids except atmospheric air, the former to those elastic fluids which lose that condition at ordinary temperatures. The atmosphere contains more or less vapor of water, a portion of which, on a reduction of temperature, becomes condensed into liquid water in the form of rain or dew. The vapor of water produced by boiling, especially in its economic relations, is called steam.

> Vapor is any substance in the gaseous condition at the maximum of density consistent with that condition. This is the strict and proper meaning of the word vapor.

Nichol.

2. In a loose and popular sense, any visible diffused substance floating in the atmosphere and impairing its transparency, as smoke, fog, etc.

> The vapour which that fro the earth glood [glided].

Chaucer.

> Fire and hail; snow and vapors; stormy wind fulfilling his word.

Ps. cxlviii. 8.

3. Wind; flatulence. [Obs.] Bacon.

4. Something unsubstantial, fleeting, or transitory; unreal fancy; vain imagination; idle talk; boasting.

> For what is your life? It is even a vapor, that appeareth for a little time, and then vanisheth away.

James iv. 14.

5. pl. An old name for hypochondria, or melancholy; the blues. "A fit of vapors." Pope.

6. (Pharm.) A medicinal agent designed for administration in the form of inhaled vapor. Brit. Pharm.

Vapor bath. (a) A bath in vapor; the application of vapor to the body, or part of it, in a close place; also, the place itself. (b) (Chem.) A small metallic drying oven, usually of copper, for drying and heating filter papers, precipitates, etc.; — called also air bath. A modified form is provided with a jacket in the outside partition for holding water, or other volatile liquid, by which the temperature may be limited exactly to the required degree. — Vapor burner, a burner for burning a vaporized hydrocarbon. — Vapor density (Chem.), the relative weight of gases and vapors as compared with some specific standard, usually hydrogen, but sometimes air. The vapor density of gases and vaporizable substances as compared with hydrogen, when multiplied by two, or when compared with air and multiplied by 28.8, gives the molecular weight. — Vapor engine, an engine worked by the expansive force of a vapor, esp. a vapor other than steam.

Va"por, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vapored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vaporing.] [From Vapor, n.: cf. L. vaporare.] [Written also vapour.]

1. To pass off in fumes, or as a moist, floating substance, whether visible or invisible, to steam; to be exhaled; to evaporate.

2. To emit vapor or fumes. [R.]

> Running waters vapor not so much as standing waters.

Bacon.

3. To talk idly; to boast or vaunt; to brag.

> Poets used to vapor much after this manner.

Milton.

> We vapor and say, By this time Matthews has beaten them.

Walpole.

Va"por, v. t. To send off in vapor, or as if in vapor; as, to vapor away a heated fluid. [Written also vapour.]

> He'd laugh to see one throw his heart away,
> Another, sighing, vapor forth his soul.

B. Jonson.

Vap`o*ra*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being vaporable.

Vap"o*ra*ble (?), a. Capable of being converted into vapor by the agency of heat; vaporizable.

Vap"o*rate (?), v. i. [L. vaporare, vaporatum. See Vapor.] To emit vapor; to evaporate. [R.]

Vap`o*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. vaporation, L. vaporatio.] The act or process of converting into vapor, or of passing off in vapor; evaporation. [R.]

Va"pored (?), a. 1. Wet with vapors; moist.

2. Affected with the vapors. See Vapor, n., 5.

Va"por*er (?), n. One who vapors; a braggart.

Vaporer moth. (Zoöl.) See Orgyia.

Vap`o*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. vaporifer; vapor + ferre to bear.] Conveying or producing vapor.

Vap`o*rif"ic (?), a. [L. vapor vapor + facere to make.] (Chem.) Producing vapor; tending to pass, or to cause to pass, into vapor; thus, volatile fluids are vaporific; heat is a vaporific agent.

Va*por"i*form (?), a. Existing in a vaporous form or state; as, steam is a vaporiform substance.

Vap`o*rim"e*ter (?), n. [Vapor + - meter.] An instrument for measuring the volume or the tension of any vapor; specifically, an instrument of this sort used as an alcoholometer in testing spirituous liquors.

Va"por*ing (?), a. Talking idly; boasting; vaunting. — Va"por*ing*ly, adv.

Va"por*ish, a. 1. Full of vapors; vaporous.

2. Hypochondriacal; affected by hysterics; splenetic; peevish; humorsome.

> Pallas grew vap'rish once and odd.

Pope.

Vap"o*ri`za*ble (?; 110), a. Capable of being vaporized into vapor.

Vap`o*ri*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. vaporisation.] The act or process of vaporizing, or the state of being converted into vapor; the artificial formation of vapor; specifically, the conversion of water into steam, as in a steam boiler.

<! p. 1595 !>

Vap"o*rize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vaporized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vaporizing (?).] [Cf. F. vaporiser.] To convert into vapor, as by the application of heat, whether naturally or artificially.

Vaporizing surface. (Steam Boilers) See Evaporating surface, under Evaporate, v. t.

Vap"o*rize, v. i. To pass off in vapor.

Vap"o*ri`zer (?), n. One who, or that which, vaporizes, or converts into vapor.

Va"por*ose` (?), a. Full of vapor; vaporous.

Va"por*ous (?), a. [L. vaporosus: cf. vaporeux.]

1. Having the form or nature of vapor. Holland.

2. Full of vapors or exhalations. Shak.

> The warmer and more vaporous air of the valleys.

Derham.

3. Producing vapors; hence, windy; flatulent. Bacon.

> The food which is most vaporous and perspirable is the most easily digested.

Arbuthnot.

4. Unreal; unsubstantial; vain; whimsical.

> Such vaporous speculations were inevitable.

Carlyle.

Va"por*ous*ness, n. The quality of being vaporous.

Va"por*y (?), a. 1. Full of vapors; vaporous.

2. Hypochondriacal; splenetic; peevish.

Vap`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. vapulare to be &?;ogged.] The act of beating or whipping. [Obs.]

||Va*que"ro (?), n. [Sp., cowherd, fr. vaca a cow, L. vacca. Cf. Vacher.] One who has charge of cattle, horses, etc.; a herdsman. [Southwestern U. S.]

||Va"ra (?), n. [Sp. See 1st Vare.] A Spanish measure of length equal to about one yard. The vara now in use equals 33.385 inches. Johnson's Cyc.

Va"ran (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The monitor. See Monitor, 3.

Va*ran"gi*an (?), n. One of the Northmen who founded a dynasty in Russia in the 9th century; also, one of the Northmen composing, at a later date, the imperial bodyguard at Constantinople.

||Va*ra"nus (?), n. [NL., fr. Ar. waran, waral; cf. F. varan, from the Arabic.] (Zoöl.) A genus of very large lizards native of Asia and Africa. It includes the monitors. See Monitor, 3.

Vare (?), n. [Sp. vara staff, wand, L. vara forked pole.] A wand or staff of authority or justice. [Obs.]

> His hand a vare of justice did uphold.

Dryden.

Vare, n. (Zoöl.) A weasel. [Prov. Eng.]

Vare widgeon (Zoöl.), a female or young male of the smew; a weasel duck; — so called from the resemblance of the head to that of a vare, or weasel. [Prov. Eng.]

Var"ec (?), n. [F. varech; of Teutonic origin. See Wrack seaweed, wreck.] The calcined ashes of any coarse seaweed used for the manufacture of soda and iodine; also, the seaweed itself; fucus; wrack.

||Va"ri (?), n. [Cf. F. vari.] (Zoöl.) The ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta) of Madagascar. Its long tail is annulated with black and white.

Va`ri*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. variabilité.]

1. The quality or state of being variable; variableness.

2. (Biol.) The power possessed by living organisms, both animal and vegetable, of adapting themselves to modifications or changes in their environment, thus possibly giving rise to ultimate variation of structure or function.

Va"ri*a*ble (?), a. [L. variabilis: cf. F. variable.]

1. Having the capacity of varying or changing; capable of alternation in any manner; changeable; as, variable winds or seasons; a variable quantity.

2. Liable to vary; too susceptible of change; mutable; fickle; unsteady; inconstant; as, the affections of men are variable; passions are variable.

> Lest that thy love prove likewise variable.

Shak.

> His heart, I know, how variable and vain!

Milton.

Variable exhaust (Steam Eng.), a blast pipe with an adjustable opening. — Variable quantity (Math.), a variable. — Variable stars (Astron.), fixed stars which vary in their brightness, usually in more or less uniform periods.

Syn. — Changeable; mutable; fickle; wavering; unsteady; versatile; inconstant.

Va"ri*a*ble, n. 1. That which is variable; that which varies, or is subject to change.

2. (Math.) A quantity which may increase or decrease; a quantity which admits of an infinite number of values in the same expression; a variable quantity; as, in the equation x2 - y2 = R2, x and y are variables.

3. (Naut.) (a) A shifting wind, or one that varies in force. (b) pl. Those parts of the sea where a steady wind is not expected, especially the parts between the trade-wind belts.

Independent variable (Math.), that one of two or more variables, connected with each other in any way whatever, to which changes are supposed to be given at will. Thus, in the equation x2 - y2 = R2, if arbitrary changes are supposed to be given to x, then x is the independent variable, and y is called a function of x. There may be two or more independent variables in an equation or problem. Cf. Dependent variable, under Dependent.

Va"ri*a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being variable; variability. James i. 17.

Va"ri*a*bly, adv. In a variable manner.

Va"ri*ance (?), n. [L. variantia.]

1. The quality or state of being variant; change of condition; variation.

2. Difference that produce dispute or controversy; disagreement; dissension; discord; dispute; quarrel.

> That which is the strength of their amity shall prove the immediate author of their variance.

Shak.

3. (Law) A disagreement or difference between two parts of the same legal proceeding, which, to be effectual, ought to agree, — as between the writ and the declaration, or between the allegation and the proof. Bouvier.

A variance, in disagreement; in a state of dissension or controversy; at enmity. "What cause brought him so soon at variance with himself?" Milton.

Va"ri*ant (?), a. [L. varians, p. pr. of variare to change: cf. F. variant. See Vary.]

1. Varying in from, character, or the like; variable; different; diverse.

2. Changeable; changing; fickle. [Obs.]

> He is variant, he abit [abides] nowhere.

Chaucer.

Va"ri*ant (?), n. [Cf. F. variante.] Something which differs in form from another thing, though really the same; as, a variant from a type in natural history; a variant of a story or a word.

Va"ri*ate (?), v. t. & i. [L. variatus, p. p. of variare. See Vary.] To alter; to make different; to vary.

Va`ri*a"tion (?), n. [OE. variatioun, F. variation, L. variatio. See Vary.]

1. The act of varying; a partial change in the form, position, state, or qualities of a thing; modification; alternation; mutation; diversity; deviation; as, a variation of color in different lights; a variation in size; variation of language.

> The essences of things are conceived not capable of any such variation.

Locke.

2. Extent to which a thing varies; amount of departure from a position or state; amount or rate of change.

3. (Gram.) Change of termination of words, as in declension, conjugation, derivation, etc.

4. (Mus.) Repetition of a theme or melody with fanciful embellishments or modifications, in time, tune, or harmony, or sometimes change of key; the presentation of a musical thought in new and varied aspects, yet so that the essential features of the original shall still preserve their identity.

5. (Alg.) One of the different arrangements which can be made of any number of quantities taking a certain number of them together.

Annual variation (Astron.), the yearly change in the right ascension or declination of a star, produced by the combined effects of the precession of the equinoxes and the proper motion of the star. — Calculus of variations. See under Calculus. — Variation compass. See under Compass. — Variation of the moon (Astron.), an inequality of the moon's motion, depending on the angular distance of the moon from the sun. It is greater at the octants, and zero at the quadratures. — Variation of the needle (Geog. & Naut.), the angle included between the true and magnetic meridians of a place; the deviation of the direction of a magnetic needle from the true north and south line; — called also declination of the needle.

Syn. — Change; vicissitude; variety; deviation.

Var`i*cel"la (?), n. [NL., dim. of LL. variola smallpox.] (Med.) Chicken pox.

||Var"i*ces (?), n. pl. See Varix.

Va*ric"i*form (?), a. [Varix + - form.] (Med.) Resembling a varix.

Var"i*co*cele (?), n. [Varix a dilated vein + Gr. &?; tumor: cf. F. varicocèle.] (Med.) A varicose enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord; also, a like enlargement of the veins of the scrotum.

Var"i*cose` (?; 277), a. [L. varicosus, from varix, -icis, a dilated vein; cf. varus bent, stretched, crooked.]

1. Irregularly swollen or enlarged; affected with, or containing, varices, or varicosities; of or pertaining to varices, or varicosities; as, a varicose nerve fiber; a varicose vein; varicose ulcers.

2. (Med.) Intended for the treatment of varicose veins; — said of elastic stockings, bandages. and the like.

Var`i*cos"i*ty (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being varicose.

2. An enlargement or swelling in a vessel, fiber, or the like; a varix; as, the varicosities of nerve fibers.

Var"i*cous (?), a. Varicose. [Obs.]

Va"ried (?), a. Changed; altered; various; diversified; as, a varied experience; varied interests; varied scenery. — Va"ried*ly, adv.

> The varied fields of science, ever new.

Cowper.

Va"ri*e*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Variegated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Variegating.] [L. variegatus, p. p. of variegare to variegate; varius various + agere to move, make. See Various, and Agent.] To diversify in external appearance; to mark with different colors; to dapple; to streak; as, to variegate a floor with marble of different colors.

> The shells are filled with a white spar, which variegates and adds to the beauty of the stone.

Woodward.

Va"ri*e*ga`ted (?), a. Having marks or patches of different colors; as, variegated leaves, or flowers.

> Ladies like variegated tulips show.

Pope.

Va`ri*e*ga"tion (?), n. The act of variegating or diversifying, or the state of being diversified, by different colors; diversity of colors.

Va"ri*er (?), n. [From Vary.] A wanderer; one who strays in search of variety. [Poetic]

> Pious variers from the church.

Tennyson.

Va*ri"e*tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a variety; characterizing a variety; constituting a variety, in distinction from an individual or species.

> Perplexed in determining what differences to consider as specific, and what as varietal.

Darwin.

||Va*ri"e*tas (?), n. [L.] A variety; — used in giving scientific names, and often abbreviated to var.

Va*ri"e*ty (?), n.; pl. Varieties (#). [L. varietas: cf. F. variété. See Various.]

1. The quality or state of being various; intermixture or succession of different things; diversity; multifariousness.

> Variety is nothing else but a continued novelty.

South.

> The variety of colors depends upon the composition of light.

Sir I. Newton.

> For earth this variety from heaven.

Milton.

> There is a variety in the tempers of good men.

Atterbury.

2. That which is various. Specifically: —

(a) A number or collection of different things; a varied assortment; as, a variety of cottons and silks.

> He . . . wants more time to do that variety of good which his soul thirsts after.

Law.

(b) Something varying or differing from others of the same general kind; one of a number of things that are akin; a sort; as, varieties of wood, land, rocks, etc.

(c) (Biol.) An individual, or group of individuals, of a species differing from the rest in some one or more of the characteristics typical of the species, and capable either of perpetuating itself for a period, or of being perpetuated by artificial means; hence, a subdivision, or peculiar form, of a species.

Varieties usually differ from species in that any two, however unlike, will generally propagate indefinitely (unless they are in their nature unfertile, as some varieties of rose and other cultivated plants); in being a result of climate, food, or other extrinsic conditions or influences, but generally by a sudden, rather than a gradual, development; and in tending in many cases to lose their distinctive peculiarities when the individuals are left to a state of nature, and especially if restored to the conditions that are natural to typical individuals of the species. Many varieties of domesticated animals and of cultivated plants have been directly produced by man.

(d) In inorganic nature, one of those forms in which a species may occur, which differ in minor characteristics of structure, color, purity of composition, etc.

These may be viewed as variations from the typical species in its most perfect and purest form, or, as is more commonly the case, all the forms, including the latter, may rank as Varieties. Thus, the sapphire is a blue variety, and the ruby a red variety, of corundum; again, calcite has many Varieties differing in form and structure, as Iceland spar, dogtooth spar, satin spar, and also others characterized by the presence of small quantities of magnesia, iron, manganese, etc. Still again, there are Varieties of granite differing in structure, as graphic granite, porphyritic granite, and other Varieties differing in composition, as albitic granite, hornblendic, or syenitic, granite, etc.

Geographical variety (Biol.), a variety of any species which is coincident with a geographical region, and is usually dependent upon, or caused by, peculiarities of climate. — Variety hybrid (Biol.), a cross between two individuals of different varieties of the same species; a mongrel.

Syn. — Diversity; difference; kind. — Variety, Diversity. A man has a variety of employments when he does many things which are not a mere repetition of the same act; he has a diversity of employments when the several acts performed are unlike each other, that is, diverse. In most cases, where there is variety there will be more or less of diversity, but not always. One who sells railroad tickets performs a great variety of acts in a day, while there is but little diversity in his employment.

> All sorts are here that all the earth yields!
> Variety without end.

Milton.

> But see in all corporeal nature's scene,
> What changes, what diversities, have been!

Blackmore.

Va"ri*form (?), a. [L. varius various + -form.] Having different shapes or forms.

Va"ri*formed (?), a. Formed with different shapes; having various forms; variform.

Va"ri*fy (?), v. t. [L. varius various + -fly.] To make different; to vary; to variegate. [R.] Sylvester.

Va*ri"o*la (?), n. [LL., fr. L. varius various. See Various.] (Med.) The smallpox.

Va*ri"o*lar (?), a. (Med.) Variolous.

Va`ri*o*la"tion (?), n. (Med.) Inoculation with smallpox.

Va`ri*ol"ic (?), a. (Med.) Variolous.

Va"ri*o*lite (?), n. [L. varius various + -lite: cf. F. variolite.] (Geol.) A kind of diorite or diabase containing imbedded whitish spherules, which give the rock a spotted appearance.

Va`ri*o*lit"ic (?), a. [From Variola.]

1. Thickly marked with small, round specks; spotted.

2. (Geol.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, variolite.

Va"ri*o*loid (?; 277), a. [Variola + -oid: cf. F. varioloïde.] (Med.) Resembling smallpox; pertaining to the disease called varioloid.

Va"ri*o*loid, n. [Cf. F. varioloïde. See Varioloid, a.] (Med.) The smallpox as modified by previous inoculation or vaccination.

It is almost always a milder disease than smallpox, and this circumstance, with its shorter duration, exhibits the salutary effects of previous vaccination or inoculation. Dunglison.

Va*ri"o*lous (?), a. [LL. variolosus, fr. variola the smallpox: cf. F. varioleux.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to the smallpox; having pits, or sunken impressions, like those of the smallpox; variolar; variolic.

||Va`ri*o"rum (?), a. [L., abbrev. fr. cum notis variorum with notes of various persons.] Containing notes by different persons; — applied to a publication; as, a variorum edition of a book.

Va"ri*ous (?), a. [L. varius. Cf. Vair.]

1. Different; diverse; several; manifold; as, men of various names; various occupations; various colors.

> So many and so various laws are given.

Milton.

> A wit as various, gay, grave, sage, or wild.

Byron.

2. Changeable; uncertain; inconstant; variable.

> A man so various, that he seemed to be
> Not one, but all mankind's epitome.

Dryden.

> The names of mixed modes . . . are very various.

Locke.

3. Variegated; diversified; not monotonous.

> A happy rural seat of various view.

Milton.

Va"ri*ous*ly, adv. In various or different ways.

Var"is*cite (?), n. [So called from Variscia in Germany.] (Min.) An apple-green mineral occurring in reniform masses. It is a hydrous phosphate of alumina.

Va*risse" (?), n. [Cf. F. varice varix. Cf. Varix.] (Far.) An imperfection on the inside of the hind leg in horses, different from a curb, but at the same height, and frequently injuring the sale of the animal by growing to an unsightly size. Craig.

||Va"rix (?), n.; pl. Varices (#). [L.]

1. (Med.) A uneven, permanent dilatation of a vein.

Varices are owing to local retardation of the venous circulation, and in some cases to relaxation of the parietes of the veins. They are very common in the superficial veins of the lower limbs. Dunglison.

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2. (Zoöl.) One of the prominent ridges or ribs extending across each of the whorls of certain univalve shells.

The varices usually indicate stages of growth, each one showing a former position of the outer lip of the aperture.

||Vark (?), n. [D. varken a pig.] (Zoöl.) The bush hog, or boshvark.

Var"let (?), n. [OF. varlet, vaslet, vallet, servant, young man, young noble, dim of vassal. See Vassal, and cf. Valet.]

1. A servant, especially to a knight; an attendant; a valet; a footman. [Obs.] Spenser. Tusser.

2. Hence, a low fellow; a scoundrel; a rascal; as, an impudent varlet.

> What a brazen-faced varlet art thou !

Shak.

3. In a pack of playing cards, the court card now called the knave, or jack. [Obs.]

Var"let*ry (?), n. [Cf. OF. valeterie the young unmarried nobles.] The rabble; the crowd; the mob.

> Shall they hoist me up,
> And show me to the shouting varletry
> Of censuring Rome.

Shak.

Var"nish (?), n. [OE. vernish, F. vernis, LL. vernicium; akin to F. vernir to varnish, fr. (assumed) LL. vitrinire to glaze, from LL. vitrinus glassy, fr. L. vitrum glass. See Vitreous.]

1. A viscid liquid, consisting of a solution of resinous matter in an oil or a volatile liquid, laid on work with a brush, or otherwise. When applied the varnish soon dries, either by evaporation or chemical action, and the resinous part forms thus a smooth, hard surface, with a beautiful gloss, capable of resisting, to a greater or less degree, the influences of air and moisture.

According to the sorts of solvents employed, the ordinary kinds of varnish are divided into three classes: spirit, turpentine, and oil varnishes. Encyc. Brit

2. That which resembles varnish, either naturally or artificially; a glossy appearance.

> The varnish of the holly and ivy.

Macaulay.

3. An artificial covering to give a fair appearance to any act or conduct; outside show; gloss.

> And set a double varnish on the fame
> The Frenchman gave you.

Shak.

Varnish tree (Bot.), a tree or shrub from the juice or resin of which varnish is made, as some species of the genus Rhus, especially R. vernicifera of Japan. The black varnish of Burmah is obtained from the Melanorrhœa usitatissima, a tall East Indian tree of the Cashew family. See Copal, and Mastic.

Var"nish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Varnished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Varnishing.] [Cf. F. vernir, vernisser. See Varnish, n.]

1. To lay varnish on; to cover with a liquid which produces, when dry, a hard, glossy surface; as, to varnish a table; to varnish a painting.

2. To cover or conceal with something that gives a fair appearance; to give a fair coloring to by words; to gloss over; to palliate; as, to varnish guilt. "Beauty doth varnish age." Shak.

> Close ambition, varnished o'er with zeal.

Milton.

> Cato's voice was ne'er employed
> To clear the guilty and to varnish crimes.

Addison.

Var"nish*er (?), n. 1. One who varnishes; one whose occupation is to varnish.

2. One who disguises or palliates; one who gives a fair external appearance. Pope.

Var"nish*ing, n. The act of laying on varnish; also, materials for varnish.

Var"ta*bed (?), n. [Armen., a doctor, master, preceptor.] (Eccl.) A doctor or teacher in the Armenian church. Members of this order of ecclesiastics frequently have charge of dioceses, with episcopal functions.

||Va*ru"na (v*r"n), n. [Skr. Varua.] (Hindu Myth.) The god of the waters; the Indian Neptune. He is regarded as regent of the west, and lord of punishment, and is represented as riding on a sea monster, holding in his hand a snaky cord or noose with which to bind offenders, under water.

Var"vel (?), n. [F. vervelle.] In falconry, one of the rings secured to the ends of the jesses. [Written also vervel.]

Var"veled (?), a. Having varvels, or rings. [Written also varvelled, and vervelled.]

In heraldry, when the jesses attached to the legs of hawks hang loose, or have pendent ends with rings at the tips, the blazon is a hawk (or a hawk's leg) jessed and varveled.

Va"ry (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Varied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Varying.] [OE. varien, F. varier, L. variare, fr. varius various. See Various, and cf. Variate.]

1. To change the aspect of; to alter in form, appearance, substance, position, or the like; to make different by a partial change; to modify; as, to vary the properties, proportions, or nature of a thing; to vary a posture or an attitude; to vary one's dress or opinions.

> Shall we vary our device at will,
> Even as new occasion appears?

Spenser.

2. To change to something else; to transmute; to exchange; to alternate.

> Gods, that never change their state,
> Vary oft their love and hate.

Waller.

> We are to vary the customs according to the time and country where the scene of action lies.

Dryden.

3. To make of different kinds; to make different from one another; to diversity; to variegate.

> God hath varied their inclinations.

Sir T. Browne.

> God hath here
> Varied his bounty so with new delights.

Milton.

4. (Mus.) To embellish; to change fancifully; to present under new aspects, as of form, key, measure, etc. See Variation, 4.

Va"ry (?), v. i. 1. To alter, or be altered, in any manner; to suffer a partial change; to become different; to be modified; as, colors vary in different lights.

> That each from other differs, first confess;
> Next, that he varies from himself no less.

Pope.

2. To differ, or be different; to be unlike or diverse; as, the laws of France vary from those of England.

3. To alter or change in succession; to alternate; as, one mathematical quantity varies inversely as another.

> While fear and anger, with alternate grace,
> Pant in her breast, and vary in her face.

Addison.

4. To deviate; to depart; to swerve; — followed by from; as, to vary from the law, or from reason. Locke.

5. To disagree; to be at variance or in dissension; as, men vary in opinion.

> The rich jewel which we vary for.

Webster (1623).

Va"ry, n. Alteration; change. [Obs.] Shak.

Va"ry*ing, a. & n. from Vary.

Varying hare (Zoöl.), any hare or rabbit which becomes white in winter, especially the common hare of the Northern United States and Canada.

||Vas (?), n.; pl. Vasa (#). [L., a vessel. See Vase.] (Anat.) A vessel; a duct.

||Vas deferens; pl. Vasa deferentia. [L. vas vessel + deferens carrying down.] (Anat.) The excretory duct of a testicle; a spermatic duct.

Vas"cu*lar (?), a. [L. vasculum a small vessel, dim. of vas vessel: cf. F. vasculaire. See Vase, and cf. Vessel.]

1. (Biol.) (a) Consisting of, or containing, vessels as an essential part of a structure; full of vessels; specifically (Bot.), pertaining to, or containing, special ducts, or tubes, for the circulation of sap. (b) Operating by means of, or made up of an arrangement of, vessels; as, the vascular system in animals, including the arteries, veins, capillaries, lacteals, etc. (c) Of or pertaining to the vessels of animal and vegetable bodies; as, the vascular functions.

2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the higher division of plants, that is, the phænogamous plants, all of which are vascular, in distinction from the cryptogams, which to a large extent are cellular only.

Vascular plants (Bot.), plants composed in part of vascular tissue, as all flowering plants and the higher cryptogamous plants, or those of the class Pteridophyta. Cf. Cellular plants, Cellular. — Vascular system (Bot.), the body of associated ducts and woody fiber; the fibrovascular part of plants. — Vascular tissue (Bot.), vegetable tissue composed partly of ducts, or sap tubes. — Water vascular system (Zoöl.), a system of vessels in annelids, nemerteans, and many other invertebrates, containing a circulating fluid analogous to blood, but not of the same composition. In annelids the fluid which they contain is usually red, but in some it is green, in others yellow, or whitish.

Vas`cu*lar"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Vascularities (&?;). (Biol.) The quality or state of being vascular.

Vas"cu*lose` (?), n. (Bot.) One of the substances of which vegetable tissue is composed, differing from cellulose in its solubility in certain media.

||Vas"cu*lum (?), n.; pl. Vascula (#). [L., a small vessel.] 1. (Bot.) Same as Ascidium, n., 1.

2. A tin box, commonly cylindrical or flattened, used in collecting plants.

Vase (vs or väz; 277), n. [F. vase; cf. Sp. & It. vaso; fr. L. vas, vasum. Cf. Vascular, Vessel.] 1. A vessel adapted for various domestic purposes, and anciently for sacrificial uses; especially, a vessel of antique or elegant pattern used for ornament; as, a porcelain vase; a gold vase; a Grecian vase. See Illust. of Portland vase, under Portland.

> No chargers then were wrought in burnished gold,
> Nor silver vases took the forming mold.

Pope.

2. (Arch.) (a) A vessel similar to that described in the first definition above, or the representation of one in a solid block of stone, or the like, used for an ornament, as on a terrace or in a garden. See Illust. of Niche. (b) The body, or naked ground, of the Corinthian and Composite capital; — called also tambour, and drum.

Until the time of Walker (1791), vase was made to rhyme with base,, case, etc., and it is still commonly so pronounced in the United States. Walker made it to rhyme with phrase, maze, etc. Of modern English practice, Mr. A. J. Ellis (1874) says: "Vase has four pronunciations in English: vz, which I most commonly say, is going out of use, väz I hear most frequently, vz very rarely, and vs I only know from Cull's marking. On the analogy of case, however, it should be the regular sound."

3. (Bot.) The calyx of a plant.

Vas"e*line (?), n. [Said by the manufacturer to be derived from G. wasser water + Gr. 'e`laion olive oil.] A yellowish translucent substance, almost odorless and tasteless, obtained as a residue in the purification of crude petroleum, and consisting essentially of a mixture of several of the higher members of the paraffin series. It is used as an unguent, and for various purposes in the arts. See the Note under Petrolatum. [Written also vaselin.]

Vase"-shaped` (?), a. Formed like a vase, or like a common flowerpot.

Vas"i*form (?), a. [L. vas a vessel + -form.] (Biol.) Having the form of a vessel, or duct.

Vasiform tissue (Bot.), tissue containing vessels, or ducts.

Vas`o*con*strict"or (?), a. (Physiol.) Causing constriction of the blood vessels; as, the vasoconstrictor nerves, stimulation of which causes constriction of the blood vessels to which they go. These nerves are also called vasohypertonic.

Vas`o*den"tine (?), n. [L. vas a vessel + E. dentine.] (Anat.) A modified form of dentine, which is permeated by blood capillaries; vascular dentine.

Vas`o*di*lat"or (?), a.[L. vas a vessel + dilator.] (Physiol.) Causing dilation or relaxation of the blood vessels; as, the vasodilator nerves, stimulation of which causes dilation of the blood vessels to which they go. These nerves are also called vaso-inhibitory, and vasohypotonic nerves, since their stimulation causes relaxation and rest.

Vas`o*form"a*tive (?), a. [L. vas a vessel + formative] (Physiol.) Concerned in the development and formation of blood vessels and blood corpuscles; as, the vasoformative cells.

Vas`o-in*hib"i*to*ry (?), a. (Physiol.) See Vasodilator.

Vas`o*mo"tor (?), a. [L. vas a vessel + motor that which moves fr. movere to move.] (Physiol.) Causing movement in the walls of vessels; as, the vasomotor mechanisms; the vasomotor nerves, a system of nerves distributed over the muscular coats of the blood vessels.

Vasomotor center, the chief dominating or general center which supplies all the unstriped muscles of the arterial system with motor nerves, situated in a part of the medulla oblongata; a center of reflex action by the working of which afferent impulses are changed into efferent, — vasomotor impulses leading either to dilation or constriction of the blood vessels.

Vas"sal (?), n. [F., fr. LL. vassallus, vassus; of Celtic origin; cf. W. & Corn. gwas a youth, page, servant, Arm. gwaz a man, a male. Cf. Valet, Varlet, Vavasor.]

1. (Feud. Law) The grantee of a fief, feud, or fee; one who holds land of superior, and who vows fidelity and homage to him; a feudatory; a feudal tenant. Burrill.

2. A subject; a dependent; a servant; a slave. "The vassals of his anger." Milton.

Rear vassal, the vassal of a vassal; an arriere vassal.

Vas"sal, a. Resembling a vassal; slavish; servile.

> The sun and every vassal star.

Keble.

Vas"sal, v. t. To treat as a vassal; to subject to control; to enslave. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Vas"sal*age (?), n. [OE. vassalage, F. vasselage, LL. vassallaticum.]

1. The state of being a vassal, or feudatory.

2. Political servitude; dependence; subjection; slavery; as, the Greeks were held in vassalage by the Turks.

3. A territory held in vassalage. "The Countship of Foix, with six territorial vassalages." Milman.

4. Vassals, collectively; vassalry. [R.] Shak.

5. Valorous service, such as that performed by a vassal; valor; prowess; courage. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Vas"sal*ess, n. A female vassal. [R.] Spenser.

Vas"sal*ry (?), n. The body of vassals. [R.]

Vast (?), a. [Compar. Vaster (?); superl. Vastest.] [L. vastus empty, waste, enormous, immense: cf. F. vaste. See Waste, and cf. Devastate.]

1. Waste; desert; desolate; lonely. [Obs.]

> The empty, vast, and wandering air.

Shak.

2. Of great extent; very spacious or large; also, huge in bulk; immense; enormous; as, the vast ocean; vast mountains; the vast empire of Russia.

> Through the vast and boundless deep.

Milton.

3. Very great in numbers, quantity, or amount; as, a vast army; a vast sum of money.

4. Very great in importance; as, a subject of vast concern.

Syn. — Enormous; huge; immense; mighty.

Vast, n. A waste region; boundless space; immensity. "The watery vast." Pope.

> Michael bid sound
> The archangel trumpet. Through the vast of heaven
> It sounded.

Milton.

Vas*ta"tion (?), n. [L. vastatio, fr. vastare to lay waste, fr. vastus empty, waste.] A laying waste; waste; depopulation; devastation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Vas"tel (?), n. See Wastel. [Obs.] Fuller.

Vas*tid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. OF. vastité, L. vastitas.] Vastness; immensity. [Obs.] "All the world's vastidity." Shak.

Vas"ti*tude (?), n. [L. vastitudo.] 1. Vastness; immense extent. [R.]

2. Destruction; vastation. [Obs.] Joye.

Vast"i*ty (?), n. [L. vastitas.] Vastness. [Obs.]

> The huge vastity of the world.

Holland.

Vast"ly, adv. To a vast extent or degree; very greatly; immensely. Jer. Taylor.

Vast"ness, n. The quality or state of being vast.

Vas"ty (?), a. [From Vast.] Vast; immense. [R.]

> I can call spirits from the vasty deep.

Shak.

||Va"sum (?), n. [L., a vase. See Vase.] (Zoöl.) A genus including several species of large marine gastropods having massive pyriform shells, with conspicuous folds on the columella.

Vat (?), n. [A dialectic form for fat, OE. fat, AS. fæt; akin to D. vat, OS. fat, G. fass, OHG. faz, Icel. & Sw. fat, Dan. fad, Lith. p&?;das a pot, and probably to G. fassen to seize, to contain, OHG. fazz&?;n, D. vatten. Cf. Fat a vat.]

<! p. 1597 !>

1. A large vessel, cistern, or tub, especially one used for holding in an immature state, chemical preparations for dyeing, or for tanning, or for tanning leather, or the like.

> Let him produce his vase and tubs, in opposition to heaps of arms and standards.

Addison.

2. A measure for liquids, and also a dry measure; especially, a liquid measure in Belgium and Holland, corresponding to the hectoliter of the metric system, which contains 22.01 imperial gallons, or 26.4 standard gallons in the United States.

The old Dutch grain vat averaged 0.762 Winchester bushel. The old London coal vat contained 9 bushels. The solid-measurement vat of Amsterdam contains 40 cubic feet; the wine vat, 241.57 imperial gallons, and the vat for olive oil, 225.45 imperial gallons.

3. (Metal.) (a) A wooden tub for washing ores and mineral substances in. (b) A square, hollow place on the back of a calcining furnace, where tin ore is laid to dry.

4. (R. C. Ch.) A vessel for holding holy water.

Vat (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vatted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vatting.] To put or transfer into a vat.

Vat"ful (?), n.; pl. Vatfuls (&?;). As much as a vat will hold; enough to fill a vat.

Vat"ic*al (?), a. [L. vates a prophet.] Of or pertaining to a prophet; prophetical. Bp. Hall.

Vat"i*can (?), n. [L. Vaticanus, mons, or collis, Vaticanus, the Vatican hill, in Rome, on the western bank of the Tiber: cf. F. Vatican, It. Vaticano.] A magnificent assemblage of buildings at Rome, near the church of St. Peter, including the pope's palace, a museum, a library, a famous chapel, etc.

The word is often used to indicate the papal authority.

Thunders of the Vatican, the anathemas, or denunciations, of the pope.

Vat"i*can*ism (?), n. The doctrine of papal supremacy; extreme views in support of the authority of the pope; ultramontanism; — a term used only by persons who are not Roman Catholics.

Vat"i*can*ist, n. One who strongly adheres to the papal authority; an ultramontanist.

Vat"i*cide (?), n. [L. vates a prophet + caedere to kill.] The murder, or the murderer, of a prophet. "The caitiff vaticide." Pope.

Va*tic"i*nal (?), a. [See Vaticinate.] Of or pertaining to prophecy; prophetic. T. Warton.

Va*tic"i*nate (?), v. i. & t. [L. vaticinatus, p. p. of vaticinari to prophesy, fr. vaticinus prophetical, fr. vates a prophet.] To prophesy; to foretell; to practice prediction; to utter prophecies.

Va*tic`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. vaticinatio.] Prediction; prophecy.

> It is not a false utterance; it is a true, though an impetuous, vaticination.

I. Taylor.

Va*tic"i*na`tor (?), n. [L.] One who vaticinates; a prophet.

Vat"i*cine (?), n. [L. vaticinium.] A prediction; a vaticination. [Obs.] Holinshed.

||Vaude"ville (?), n. [F., fr. Vau-de- vire, a village in Normandy, where Olivier Basselin, at the end of the 14th century, composed such songs.] [Written also vaudevil.]

1. A kind of song of a lively character, frequently embodying a satire on some person or event, sung to a familiar air in couplets with a refrain; a street song; a topical song.

2. A theatrical piece, usually a comedy, the dialogue of which is intermingled with light or satirical songs, set to familiar airs.

> The early vaudeville, which is the forerunner of the opera bouffe, was light, graceful, and piquant.

Johnson's Cyc.

||Vau*dois (v*dwä"), n. sing. & pl. [F.] 1. An inhabitant, or the inhabitants, of the Swiss canton of Vaud.

2. A modern name of the Waldenses.

Vau*doux" (?), n. & a. See Voodoo.

Vault (vlt; see Note, below), n. [OE. voute, OF. voute, volte, F. voûte, LL. volta, for voluta, volutio, fr. L. volvere, volutum, to roll, to turn about. See Voluble, and cf. Vault a leap, Volt a turn, Volute.]

1. (Arch.) An arched structure of masonry, forming a ceiling or canopy.

> The long-drawn aisle and fretted vault.

Gray.

2. An arched apartment; especially, a subterranean room, use for storing articles, for a prison, for interment, or the like; a cell; a cellar. "Charnel vaults." Milton.

> The silent vaults of death.

Sandys.

> To banish rats that haunt our vault.

Swift.

3. The canopy of heaven; the sky.

> That heaven's vault should crack.

Shak.

4. [F. volte, It. volta, originally, a turn, and the same word as volta an arch. See the Etymology above.] A leap or bound. Specifically: — (a) (Man.) The bound or leap of a horse; a curvet. (b) A leap by aid of the hands, or of a pole, springboard, or the like.

The l in this word was formerly often suppressed in pronunciation.

Barrel, Cradle, Cylindrical, or Wagon, vault (Arch.), a kind of vault having two parallel abutments, and the same section or profile at all points. It may be rampant, as over a staircase (see Rampant vault, under Rampant), or curved in plan, as around the apse of a church. — Coved vault. (Arch.) See under 1st Cove, v. t. — Groined vault (Arch.), a vault having groins, that is, one in which different cylindrical surfaces intersect one another, as distinguished from a barrel, or wagon, vault. — Rampant vault. (Arch.) See under Rampant. — Ribbed vault (Arch.), a vault differing from others in having solid ribs which bear the weight of the vaulted surface. True Gothic vaults are of this character. — Vault light, a partly glazed plate inserted in a pavement or ceiling to admit light to a vault below.

Vault (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Vaulting.] [OE. vouten, OF. volter, vouter, F. voûter. See Vault an arch.]

1. To form with a vault, or to cover with a vault; to give the shape of an arch to; to arch; as, vault a roof; to vault a passage to a court.

> The shady arch that vaulted the broad green alley.

Sir W. Scott.

2. [See Vault, v. i.] To leap over; esp., to leap over by aid of the hands or a pole; as, to vault a fence.

> I will vault credit, and affect high pleasures.

Webster (1623).

Vault, v. i. [Cf. OF. volter, F. voltiger, It. volt&?;re turn. See Vault, n., 4.]

1. To leap; to bound; to jump; to spring.

> Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself.

Shak.

> Leaning on his lance, he vaulted on a tree.

Dryden.

> Lucan vaulted upon Pegasus with all the heat and intrepidity of youth.

Addison.

2. To exhibit feats of tumbling or leaping; to tumble.

Vault"age (?), n. Vaulted work; also, a vaulted place; an arched cellar. [Obs.] Shak.

Vault"ed, a. 1. Arched; concave; as, a vaulted roof.

2. Covered with an arch, or vault.

3. (Bot.) Arched like the roof of the mouth, as the upper lip of many ringent flowers.

Vault"er (?), n. One who vaults; a leaper; a tumbler. B. Jonson.

Vault"ing, n. 1. The act of constructing vaults; a vaulted construction.

2. Act of one who vaults or leaps.

Vault"y (?), a. Arched; concave. [Obs.] "The vaulty heaven." Shak.

Vaunce (?), v. i. [See Advance.] To advance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Vaunt (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vaunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Vaunting.] [F. vanter, LL. vanitare, fr. L. vanus vain. See Vain.] To boast; to make a vain display of one's own worth, attainments, decorations, or the like; to talk ostentatiously; to brag.

> Pride, which prompts a man to vaunt and overvalue what he is, does incline him to disvalue what he has.

Gov. of Tongue.

Vaunt, v. t. To boast of; to make a vain display of; to display with ostentation.

> Charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up.

1 Cor. xiii. 4.

> My vanquisher, spoiled of his vaunted spoil.

Milton.

Vaunt, n. A vain display of what one is, or has, or has done; ostentation from vanity; a boast; a brag.

> The spirits beneath, whom I seduced
> With other promises and other vaunts.

Milton.

Vaunt, n. [F. avant before, fore. See Avant, Vanguard.] The first part. [Obs.] Shak.

Vaunt, v. t. [See Avant, Advance.] To put forward; to display. [Obs.] "Vaunted spear." Spenser.

> And what so else his person most may vaunt.

Spenser.

Vaunt"-cou`ri*er (?), n. See Van- courier. [Obs.] Shak.

Vaunt"er (?), n. One who vaunts; a boaster.

Vaunt"ful (?), a. Given to vaunting or boasting; vainly ostentatious; boastful; vainglorious.

Vaunt"ing*ly, adv. In a vaunting manner.

Vaunt"mure` (?), n. [F. avant-mur. See Vanguard, and Mure.] (Fort.) A false wall; a work raised in front of the main wall. [Written also vaimure, and vamure.] Camden.

Vauque"lin*ite (?), n. [So called after the French chemist Vauquelin, who died in 1829: cf. F. vauquelinite.] (Min.) Chromate of copper and lead, of various shades of green.

Vaut (?), v. i. To vault; to leap. [Obs.] Spenser.

Vaut, n. A vault; a leap. [Obs.] Spenser.

Vaut"y (?), a. Vaulted. "The haughty vauty welkin." [Obs.] Taylor (1611).

Vav"a*sor (?), n. [OE. vavasour, OF. vavassor, vavassour, F. vavasseur, LL. vavassor, probably contr. from vassus vassorum vassal of the vassals. See Vassal.] (Feud. Law) The vassal or tenant of a baron; one who held under a baron, and who also had tenants under him; one in dignity next to a baron; a title of dignity next to a baron. Burrill. "A worthy vavasour." Chaucer. [Also written vavasour, vavassor, valvasor, etc.]

> Vavasours subdivide again to vassals, exchanging land and cattle, human or otherwise, against fealty.

Motley.

Vav"a*so*ry (?), n. [F. vavassorie.] (Feud. Law) The quality or tenure of the fee held by a vavasor; also, the lands held by a vavasor.

Va"ward` (?), n. [For vanward, equivalent to vanguard. See Vanguard, Ward guard.] The fore part; van. [Obs.]

> Since we have the vaward of the day.

Shak.

Va"za par`rot (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of parrots of the genus Coracopsis, native of Madagascar; — called also vasa parrot.

Ve"a*dar (?), n. The thirteenth, or intercalary, month of the Jewish ecclesiastical calendar, which is added about every third year.

Veal (?), n.[OE. veel, OF. veel, F. veau, L. vitellus, dim. of vitulus a calf; akin to E. wether. See Wether, and cf. Vellum, Vituline.] The flesh of a calf when killed and used for food.

Vec"tion (?), n. [L. vectio, from vehere, vectum, to carry.] Vectitation. [Obs.]

Vec`ti*ta"tion (?), n. [L. vectitatus born&?; about, fr. ve&?;tare, v. intens. fr. vehere, vectum, to carry.] The act of carrying, or state of being carried. [Obs.]

Vec"tor (?), n. [L., a bearer, carrier. fr. vehere, vectum, to carry.] 1. Same as Radius vector.

2. (Math.) A directed quantity, as a straight line, a force, or a velocity. Vectors are said to be equal when their directions are the same their magnitudes equal. Cf. Scalar.

In a triangle, either side is the vector sum of the other two sides taken in proper order; the process finding the vector sum of two or more vectors is vector addition (see under Addition).

Vec"ture (?), n. [L. vectura, from vehere, vectum, to carry. Cf. Vettura, Voiture.] The act of carrying; conveyance; carriage. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ve"da (?; 277), n. [Skr. v&?;da, properly, knowledge, from vid to know. See Wit.] The ancient sacred literature of the Hindus; also, one of the four collections, called Rig-Veda, Yajur-Veda, Sama-Veda, and Atharva-Veda, constituting the most ancient portions of that literature.

The language of the Vedas is usually called Vedic Sanskrit, as distinguished from the later and more settled form called classical Sanskrit.

Ve*dan"ta (?), n. [Skr. V&?;danta.] A system of philosophy among the Hindus, founded on scattered texts of the Vedas, and thence termed the "Anta," or end or substance. Balfour (Cyc. of India.)

Ve*dan"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Vedas.

Ve*dan"tist (?), n. One versed in the doctrines of the Vedantas.

Ve*dette" (?), n. [F. vedette, It. vedetta, for veletta (influenced by vedere to see, L. videre), from It. veglia watch, L. vigilia. See Vigil.] A sentinel, usually on horseback, stationed on the outpost of an army, to watch an enemy and give notice of danger; a vidette.

Ve"dro (?), n. [Russ.] A Russian liquid measure, equal to 3.249 gallons of U. S. standard measure, or 2.706 imperial gallons. McElrath.

Veer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Veered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Veering.] [F. virer (cf. Sp. virar, birar), LL. virare; perhaps fr. L. vibrare to brandish, vibrate (cf. Vibrate); or cf. L. viriae armlets, bracelets, viriola a little bracelet (cf. Ferrule). Cf. Environ.] To change direction; to turn; to shift; as, wind veers to the west or north. "His veering gait." Wordsworth.

> And as he leads, the following navy veers.

Dryden.

> an ordinary community which is hostile or friendly as passion or as interest may veer about.

Burke.

To veer and haul (Naut.), to vary the course or direction; — said of the wind, which veers aft and hauls forward. The wind is also said to veer when it shifts with the sun.

Veer, v. t. To direct to a different course; to turn; to wear; as, to veer, or wear, a vessel.

To veer and haul (Naut.), to pull tight and slacken alternately. Totten. — To veer away or out (Naut.), to let out; to slacken and let run; to pay out; as, to veer away the cable; to veer out a rope.

Veer"ing, a. Shifting. — Veer"ing*ly, adv.

Veer"y (?), n. (Zoöl.) An American thrush (Turdus fuscescens) common in the Northern United States and Canada. It is light tawny brown above. The breast is pale buff, thickly spotted with brown. Called also Wilson's thrush.

> Sometimes I hear the veery's clarion.

Thoreau.

Ve"ga (v"g), n. (Astron.) [Ar. wgi', properly, falling: cf. F. Wéga.] A brilliant star of the first magnitude, the brightest of those constituting the constellation Lyra.

Veg`e*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being vegetable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Veg`e*ta*ble (?), a. [F. végétable growing, capable of growing, formerly also, as a noun, a vegetable, from L. vegetabilis enlivening, from vegetare to enliven, invigorate, quicken, vegetus enlivened, vigorous, active, vegere to quicken, arouse, to be lively, akin to vigere to be lively, to thrive, vigil watchful, awake, and probably to E. wake, v. See Vigil, Wake, v.]

1. Of or pertaining to plants; having the nature of, or produced by, plants; as, a vegetable nature; vegetable growths, juices, etc.

> Blooming ambrosial fruit
> Of vegetable gold.

Milton.

2. Consisting of, or comprising, plants; as, the vegetable kingdom.

Vegetable alkali (Chem.), an alkaloid. — Vegetable brimstone. (Bot.) See Vegetable sulphur, below. — Vegetable butter (Bot.), a name of several kinds of concrete vegetable oil; as that produced by the Indian butter tree, the African shea tree, and the Pentadesma butyracea, a tree of the order Guttiferæ, also African. Still another kind is pressed from the seeds of cocoa (Theobroma). — Vegetable flannel, a textile material, manufactured in Germany from pine-needle wool, a down or fiber obtained from the leaves of the Pinus sylvestris. — Vegetable ivory. See Ivory nut, under Ivory. — Vegetable jelly. See Pectin. — Vegetable kingdom. (Nat. Hist.) See the last Phrase, below. — Vegetable leather. (a) (Bot.) A shrubby West Indian spurge (Euphorbia punicea), with leathery foliage and crimson bracts. (b) See Vegetable leather, under Leather. — Vegetable marrow (Bot.), an egg-shaped gourd, commonly eight to ten inches long. It is noted for the very tender quality of its flesh, and is a favorite culinary vegetable in England. It has been said to be of Persian origin, but is now thought to have been derived from a form of the American pumpkin. — Vegetable oyster (Bot.), the oyster plant. See under Oyster. — Vegetable parchment, papyrine. — Vegetable sheep (Bot.), a white woolly plant (Raoulia eximia) of New Zealand, which grows in the form of large fleecy cushions on the mountains. — Vegetable silk, a cottonlike, fibrous material obtained from the coating of the seeds of a Brazilian tree (Chorisia speciosa). It us used for various purposes, as for stuffing, and the like, but is incapable of being spun on account of a want of cohesion among the fibers. — Vegetable sponge. See 1st Loof. — Vegetable sulphur, the fine highly inflammable spores of the club moss (Lycopodium clavatum); witch. — Vegetable tallow, a substance resembling tallow, obtained from various plants; as, Chinese vegetable tallow, obtained from the seeds of the tallow tree. Indian vegetable tallow is a name sometimes given to piney tallow. — Vegetable wax, a waxy excretion on the leaves or fruits of certain plants, as the bayberry.

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Vegetable kingdom (Nat. Hist.), that primary division of living things which includes all plants. The classes of the vegetable kingdom have been grouped differently by various botanists. The following is one of the best of the many arrangements of the principal subdivisions.

I. Phænogamia (called also Phanerogamia). Plants having distinct flowers and true seeds. { 1. Dicotyledons (called also Exogens). — Seeds with two or more cotyledons. Stems with the pith, woody fiber, and bark concentrically arranged. Divided into two subclasses: Angiosperms, having the woody fiber interspersed with dotted or annular ducts, and the seed contained in a true ovary; Gymnosperms, having few or no ducts in the woody fiber, and the seeds naked. 2. Monocotyledons (called also Endogens). — Seeds with single cotyledon. Stems with slender bundles of woody fiber not concentrically arranged, and with no true bark.}

II. Cryptogamia. Plants without true flowers, and reproduced by minute spores of various kinds, or by simple cell division. { 1. Acrogens. — Plants usually with distinct stems and leaves, existing in two alternate conditions, one of which is nonsexual and sporophoric, the other sexual and oöphoric. Divided into Vascular Acrogens, or Pteridophyta, having the sporophoric plant conspicuous and consisting partly of vascular tissue, as in Ferns, Lycopods, and Equiseta, and Cellular Acrogens, or Bryophyta, having the sexual plant most conspicuous, but destitute of vascular tissue, as in Mosses and Scale Mosses. 2. Thallogens. — Plants without distinct stem and leaves, consisting of a simple or branched mass of cellular tissue, or educed to a single cell. Reproduction effected variously. Divided into Algæ, which contain chlorophyll or its equivalent, and which live upon air and water, and Fungi, which contain no chlorophyll, and live on organic matter. (Lichens are now believed to be fungi parasitic on included algæ.}

Many botanists divide the Phænogamia primarily into Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, and the latter into Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. Others consider Pteridophyta and Bryophyta to be separate classes. Thallogens are variously divided by different writers, and the places for diatoms, slime molds, and stoneworts are altogether uncertain.

For definitions, see these names in the Vocabulary.

Veg"e*ta*ble (?), n. 1. (Biol.) A plant. See Plant.

2. A plant used or cultivated for food for man or domestic animals, as the cabbage, turnip, potato, bean, dandelion, etc.; also, the edible part of such a plant, as prepared for market or the table.

Vegetables and fruits are sometimes loosely distinguished by the usual need of cooking the former for the use of man, while the latter may be eaten raw; but the distinction often fails, as in the case of quinces, barberries, and other fruits, and lettuce, celery, and other vegetables. Tomatoes if cooked are vegetables, if eaten raw are fruits.

Veg"e*tal (?), a. [F. végétal. See Vegetable.]

1. Of or pertaining to vegetables, or the vegetable kingdom; of the nature of a vegetable; vegetable.

> All creatures vegetal, sensible, and rational.

Burton.

2. (Biol.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, that class of vital phenomena, such as digestion, absorption, assimilation, secretion, excretion, circulation, generation, etc., which are common to plants and animals, in distinction from sensation and volition, which are peculiar to animals.

Veg"e*tal, n. [F.] A vegetable. [R.] B. Jonson.

Veg`e*tal"i*ty (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being vegetal, or vegetable. [R.]

2. (Biol.) The quality or state of being vegetal, or exhibiting those physiological phenomena which are common to plants and animals. See Vegetal, a., 2.

Veg`e*ta"ri*an (?), n. One who holds that vegetables and fruits are the only proper food for man. Strict vegetarians eat no meat, eggs, or milk.

Veg`e*ta"ri*an, a. Of or pertaining to vegetarianism; as, a vegetarian diet.

Veg`e*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. The theory or practice of living upon vegetables and fruits.

Veg"e*tate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vegetated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vegetating.] [L. vegetatus, p. p. of vegetare to enliven. See Vegetable.]

1. To grow, as plants, by nutriment imbibed by means of roots and leaves; to start into growth; to sprout; to germinate.

> See dying vegetables life sustain,
> See life dissolving vegetate again.

Pope.

2. Fig.: To lead a live too low for an animate creature; to do nothing but eat and grow. Cowper.

> Persons who . . . would have vegetated stupidly in the places where fortune had fixed them.

Jeffrey.

3. (Med.) To grow exuberantly; to produce fleshy or warty outgrowths; as, a vegetating papule.

Veg`e*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. végétation, L. vegetatio an enlivening. See Vegetable.]

1. The act or process of vegetating, or growing as a plant does; vegetable growth.

2. The sum of vegetable life; vegetables or plants in general; as, luxuriant vegetation.

3. (Med.) An exuberant morbid outgrowth upon any part, especially upon the valves of the heart.

Vegetation of salts (Old Chem.), a crystalline growth of an arborescent form.

Veg"e*ta*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. végétatif.]

1. Growing, or having the power of growing, as plants; capable of vegetating.

2. Having the power to produce growth in plants; as, the vegetative properties of soil.

3. (Biol.) Having relation to growth or nutrition; partaking of simple growth and enlargement of the systems of nutrition, apart from the sensorial or distinctively animal functions; vegetal.

— Veg"e*ta*tive*ly, adv. — Veg"e*ta*tive*ness, n.

Ve*gete" (?), a. [L. vegetus. See Vegetable.] Lively; active; sprightly; vigorous. [Obs.]

> Even her body was made airy and vegete.

Jer. Taylor.

Veg"e*tive (?), a. [See Vegetate, and Vegetative.] Having the nature of a plant; vegetable; as, vegetive life. [R.] Tusser.

Veg"e*tive, n. A vegetable. [Obs.]

> The blest infusions
> That dwell in vegetives, in metals, stones.

Shak.

Veg"e*to-an"i*mal (?), a. (Biol.) Partaking of the nature both of vegetable and animal matter; — a term sometimes applied to vegetable albumen and gluten, from their resemblance to similar animal products.

Veg"e*tous (?), a. [L. vegetus. See Vegete.] Vigorous; lively; active; vegete. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ve"he*mence (?), n. [L. vehementia: cf. F. véhémence.]

1. The quality pr state of being vehement; impetuous force; impetuosity; violence; fury; as, the vehemence.

2. Violent ardor; great heat; animated fervor; as, the vehemence of love, anger, or other passions.

> I . . . tremble at his vehemence of temper.

Addison.

Ve"he*men*cy (?), n. Vehemence. [R.]

> The vehemency of your affection.

Shak.

Ve"he*ment (?), a. [L. vehemens, the first part of which is perhaps akin to vehere to carry, and the second mens mind: cf. F. véhément. Cf. Vehicle, and Mental.]

1. Acting with great force; furious; violent; impetuous; forcible; mighty; as, vehement wind; a vehement torrent; a vehement fire or heat.

2. Very ardent; very eager or urgent; very fervent; passionate; as, a vehement affection or passion. "Vehement instigation." Shak. "Vehement desire." Milton.

Syn. — Furious; violent; raging; impetuous; passionate; ardent; eager; hot; fervid; burning.

Ve"he*ment*ly, adv. In a vehement manner.

Ve"hi*cle (?), n. [L. vehiculum, fr. vehere to carry; akin to E. way, wain. See Way, n., and cf. Convex, Inveigh, Veil, Vex.]

1. That in or on which any person or thing is, or may be, carried, as a coach, carriage, wagon, cart, car, sleigh, bicycle, etc.; a means of conveyance; specifically, a means of conveyance upon land.

2. That which is used as the instrument of conveyance or communication; as, matter is the vehicle of energy.

> A simple style forms the best vehicle of thought to a popular assembly.

Wirt.

3. (Pharm.) A substance in which medicine is taken.

4. (Paint.) Any liquid with which a pigment is applied, including whatever gum, wax, or glutinous or adhesive substance is combined with it.

Water is used in fresco and in water-color painting, the colors being consolidated with gum arabic; size is used in distemper painting. In oil painting, the fixed oils of linseed, nut, and poppy, are used; in encaustic, wax is the vehicle. Fairholt.

Ve"hi*cled (?), a. Conveyed in a vehicle; furnished with a vehicle. M. Green.

Ve*hic"u*lar (?), a. [L. vehicularis: cf. F. véhiculaire.] Of or pertaining to a vehicle; serving as a vehicle; as, a vehicular contrivance.

Ve*hic"u*la*ry (?), a. Vehicular.

Ve*hic"u*late, v. t. & i. To convey by means of a vehicle; to ride in a vehicle. Carlyle.

Ve*hic`u*la"tion (?), n. Movement of vehicles.

Ve*hic"u*la*to*ry (?), a. Vehicular. Carlyle.

Veh"mic (v"mk or v-; 277), a. [G. vehm, fehm, fehme, a secret tribunal of punishment, MHG. veime, veme: cf. F. vehmique.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, certain secret tribunals which flourished in Germany from the end of the 12th century to the middle of the 16th, usurping many of the functions of the government which were too weak to maintain law and order, and inspiring dread in all who came within their jurisdiction. Encyc. Brit.

Veil (vl), n. [OE. veile, OF. veile, F. voile, L. velum a sail, covering, curtain, veil, probably fr. vehere to bear, carry, and thus originally, that which bears the ship on. See Vehicle, and cf. Reveal.] [Written also vail.]

1. Something hung up, or spread out, to intercept the view, and hide an object; a cover; a curtain; esp., a screen, usually of gauze, crape, or similar diaphnous material, to hide or protect the face.

> The veil of the temple was rent in twain.

Matt. xxvii. 51.

> She, as a veil down to the slender waist,
> Her unadornéd golden tresses wore.

Milton.

2. A cover; disguise; a mask; a pretense.

> [I will] pluck the borrowed veil of modesty from the so seeming Mistress Page.

Shak.

3. (Bot.) (a) The calyptra of mosses. (b) A membrane connecting the margin of the pileus of a mushroom with the stalk; — called also velum.

4. (Eccl.) A covering for a person or thing; as, a nun's veil; a paten veil; an altar veil.

5. (Zoöl.) Same as Velum, 3.

To take the veil (Eccl.), to receive or be covered with, a veil, as a nun, in token of retirement from the world; to become a nun.

Veil (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Veiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Veiling.] [Cf. OF. veler, F. voiler, L. velarc. See Veil, n.] [Written also vail.]

1. To throw a veil over; to cover with a veil.

> Her face was veiled; yet to my fancied sight,
> Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shined.

Milton.

2. Fig.: To invest; to cover; to hide; to conceal.

> To keep your great pretenses veiled.

Shak.

Veiled (?), a. Covered by, or as by, a veil; hidden. "Words used to convey a veiled meaning." Earle.

Veil"ing (?), n. A veil; a thin covering; also, material for making veils.

Veil"less, a. Having no veil. Tennyson.

Vein (?), n. [OE. veine, F. veine, L. vena.]

1. (Anat.) One of the vessels which carry blood, either venous or arterial, to the heart. See Artery, 2.

2. (Bot.) One of the similar branches of the framework of a leaf.

3. (Zoöl.) One of the ribs or nervures of the wings of insects. See Venation.

4. (Geol. or Mining) A narrow mass of rock intersecting other rocks, and filling inclined or vertical fissures not corresponding with the stratification; a lode; a dike; — often limited, in the language of miners, to a mineral vein or lode, that is, to a vein which contains useful minerals or ores.

5. A fissure, cleft, or cavity, as in the earth or other substance. "Down to the veins of earth." Milton.

> Let the glass of the prisms be free from veins.

Sir I. Newton.

6. A streak or wave of different color, appearing in wood, and in marble and other stones; variegation.

7. A train of association, thoughts, emotions, or the like; a current; a course.

> He can open a vein of true and noble thinking.

Swift.

8. Peculiar temper or temperament; tendency or turn of mind; a particular disposition or cast of genius; humor; strain; quality; also, manner of speech or action; as, a rich vein of humor; a satirical vein. Shak.

> Certain discoursing wits which are of the same veins.

Bacon.

> Invoke the Muses, and improve my vein.

Waller.

Vein, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Veined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Veining.] To form or mark with veins; to fill or cover with veins. Tennyson.

Vein"al (?), a. Pertaining to veins; venous. [R.]

Veined (?), a. 1. Full of veins; streaked; variegated; as, veined marble. "Veined follies." Ford.

2. (Bot.) Having fibrovascular threads extending throughout the lamina; as, a veined leaf.

Vein"less (?), a. Having no veins; as, a veinless leaf.

Vein"let (?), n. A small vein.

Vein"ous (?), a. Marked with veins; veined; veiny.

> The excellent old gentleman's nails are long and leaden, and his hands lean and veinous.

Dickens.

Vein"stone` (?), n. The nonmetalliferous mineral or rock material which accompanies the ores in a vein, as quartz, calcite, barite, fluor spar, etc.; — called also veinstuff.

Vein"y (?), a. [From Vein: cf. F. veiné.] Full of veins; veinous; veined; as, veiny marble.

Ve"lar (?), a. [See Velum.]

1. Of or pertaining to a velum; esp. (Anat.) of or pertaining to the soft palate.

2. (Phon.) Having the place of articulation on the soft palate; guttural; as, the velar consonants, such as k and hard q.

||Ve*la"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Velaria (#). [L., a covering.] (Zoöl.) The marginal membrane of certain medusæ belonging to the Discophora.

Ve"late (?), a. [L. velatus, p. p. of velare to veil. See Veil.] (Bot.) Having a veil; veiled.

Vele (?), n. A veil. [Obs.] Spenser.

||Ve*lel"la (?), n. [NL., dim. from L. velum a veil, a sail.] (Zoöl.) Any species of oceanic Siphonophora belonging to the genus Velella.

These creatures are brilliantly colored and float at the surface of the sea. They have an oblong, disklike body, supported by a thin chitinous plate, from which rises a thin diagonal crest which acts as a sail. The feeding and reproductive zooids hang down from the under side of the disk.

Ve*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. velifer; velum a sail + ferre to bear.] Carrying or bearing sails. [Obs.] "Veliferous chariots." Evelyn.

<! p. 1599 !>

||Vel"i*ger (?), n. [NL., fr. L. velum a veil + gerere bear.] (Zoöl.) Any larval gastropod or bivalve mollusk in the state when it is furnished with one or two ciliated membranes for swimming.

Vel`i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. velitatio, fr. velitari, velitatus, to skirmish, from veles, - itis, a light-armed soldier.] A dispute or contest; a slight contest; a skirmish. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

> After a short velitation we parted.

Evelyn.

Ve*liv"o*lant (?), a. [L. velivolans; velum a sail + volare to fly.] Flying with sails; passing under full sail. [R.]

Vell (?), n. [Cf. L. vellus the skin of a sheep with the wool on it, a fleece, a hide or pelt, or E. fell a hide.] The salted stomach of a calf, used in making cheese; a rennet bag. [Prov. Eng.]

Vell, v. i. [Cf. Vell, n.] To cut the turf from, as for burning. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Vel*le"i*ty (?), n. [F. velléité (cf. It. velleità), fr. L. velle to will, to be willing.] The lowest degree of desire; imperfect or incomplete volition. Locke.

Vel"let (?), n. Velvet. [Obs.] Spenser.

Vel"li*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vellicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vellicating.] [L. vellicatus, p. p. of vellicare to twitch, fr. vellere to pluck, pull.] To twitch; to cause to twitch convulsively.

> Convulsions, arising from something vellicating a nerve in its extremity, are not very dangerous.

Arbuthnot.

Vel"li*cate, v. i. To move spasmodically; to twitch; as, a nerve vellicates.

Vel`li*ca"tion (?), [L. vellicatio.] 1. The act of twitching, or of causing to twitch.

2. (Med.) A local twitching, or convulsive motion, of a muscular fiber, especially of the face.

Vel"li*ca*tive (?), a. Having the power of vellicating, plucking, or twitching; causing vellication.

||Vel*lon" (?), n. [Sp.] A word occurring in the phrase real vellon. See the Note under Its Real.

Vel"lum (?), n. [OE. velim, F. vélin, fr. L. vitulinus of a calf, fr. vitulus a calf. See Veal.] A fine kind of parchment, usually made from calfskin, and rendered clear and white, — used as for writing upon, and for binding books.

Vellum cloth, a fine kind of cotton fabric, made very transparent, and used as a tracing cloth.

Vel"lum*y (?), a. Resembling vellum.

Vel`o*cim"e*ter (?), n. [L. velox, -ocis, rapid + -meter.] An apparatus for measuring speed, as of machinery or vessels, but especially of projectiles.

Ve*loc"i*pede (?), n. [L. velox, - ocis, swift + pes, pedis, a foot. See Velocity, and Foot.] A light road carriage propelled by the feet of the rider. Originally it was propelled by striking the tips of the toes on the roadway, but commonly now by the action of the feet on a pedal or pedals connected with the axle of one or more of the wheels, and causing their revolution. They are made in many forms, with two, three, or four wheels. See Bicycle, and Tricycle.

Ve*loc"i*pe`dist (?), n. One who rides on a velocipede.

Ve*loc"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Velocities (#). [L. velocitas, from velox, -ocis, swift, quick; perhaps akin to v&?;lare to fly (see Volatile): cf. F. vélocité.]

1. Quickness of motion; swiftness; speed; celerity; rapidity; as, the velocity of wind; the velocity of a planet or comet in its orbit or course; the velocity of a cannon ball; the velocity of light.

In such phrases, velocity is more generally used than celerity. We apply celerity to animals; as, a horse or an ostrich runs with celerity; but bodies moving in the air or in ethereal space move with greater or less velocity, not celerity. This usage is arbitrary, and perhaps not universal.

2. (Mech.) Rate of motion; the relation of motion to time, measured by the number of units of space passed over by a moving body or point in a unit of time, usually the number of feet passed over in a second. See the Note under Speed.

Angular velocity. See under Angular. - - Initial velocity, the velocity of a moving body at starting; especially, the velocity of a projectile as it leaves the mouth of a firearm from which it is discharged. — Relative velocity, the velocity with which a body approaches or recedes from another body, whether both are moving or only one. — Uniform velocity, velocity in which the same number of units of space are described in each successive unit of time. — Variable velocity, velocity in which the space described varies from instant, either increasing or decreasing; — in the former case called accelerated velocity, in the latter, retarded velocity; the acceleration or retardation itself being also either uniform or variable. — Virtual velocity. See under Virtual.

In variable velocity, the velocity, strictly, at any given instant, is the rate of motion at that instant, and is expressed by the units of space, which, if the velocity at that instant were continued uniform during a unit of time, would be described in the unit of time; thus, the velocity of a falling body at a given instant is the number of feet which, if the motion which the body has at that instant were continued uniformly for one second, it would pass through in the second. The scientific sense of velocity differs from the popular sense in being applied to all rates of motion, however slow, while the latter implies more or less rapidity or quickness of motion.

Syn. — Swiftness; celerity; rapidity; fleetness; speed.

Ve*lours" (?), n. [F. See Velure.] One of many textile fabrics having a pile like that of velvet.

Velt"fare (?), n. [See Fieldfare.] (Zoöl.) The fieldfare. [Prov. Eng.]

||Ve"lum (?), n.; pl. Vela (#). [L., an awning, a veil. See Veil.]

1. (Anat.) Curtain or covering; — applied to various membranous partitions, especially to the soft palate. See under Palate.

2. (Bot.) (a) See Veil, n., 3 (b). (b) A thin membrane surrounding the sporocarps of quillworts Isoetes).

3. (Zoöl.) A veil-like organ or part. Especially: (a) The circular membrane that partially incloses the space beneath the umbrella of hydroid medusæ. (b) A delicate funnel-like membrane around the flagellum of certain Infusoria. See Illust. a of Protozoa.

Vel"ure (?), n. [F. velours, OF. velous, from L. villosus hairy. See Velvet.] Velvet. [Obs.] "A woman's crupper of velure." Shak.

Vel`u*ti"na (?), n. [NL. See Velvet.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of marine gastropods belonging to Velutina and allied genera.

Ve*lu"ti*nous (?), a. [It. velluto velvet. See Velvet.] (Bot.) Having the surface covered with a fine and dense silky pubescence; velvety; as, a velutinous leaf.

Vel"verd (?), n. The veltfare. [Prov. Eng.]

Vel`ver*et" (?), n. A kind of velvet having cotton back.

Vel"vet (?), n. [OE. velouette, veluet, velwet; cf. OF. velluau, LL. velluetum, vellutum, It. velluto, Sp. velludo; all fr. (assumed) LL. villutus shaggy, fr L. villus shaggy hair; akin to vellus a fleece, and E. wool. See Wool, and cf. Villous.]

1. A silk fabric, having a short, close nap of erect threads. Inferior qualities are made with a silk pile on a cotton or linen back.

2. The soft and highly vascular deciduous skin which envelops and nourishes the antlers of deer during their rapid growth.

Cotton velvet, an imitation of velvet, made of cotton. — Velvet cork, the best kind of cork bark, supple, elastic, and not woody or porous. — Velvet crab a European crab (Portunus puber). When adult the black carapace is covered with a velvety pile. Called also lady crab, and velvet fiddler. — Velvet dock (Bot.), the common mullein. — Velvet duck. (Zoöl.) (a) A large European sea duck, or scoter (Oidemia fusca). The adult male is glossy, velvety black, with a white speculum on each wing, and a white patch behind each eye. (b) The American whitewinged scoter. See Scoter. — Velvet flower (Bot.), love-lies-bleeding. See under Love. — Velvet grass (Bot.), a tall grass (Holcus lanatus) with velvety stem and leaves; — called also soft grass. — Velvet runner (Zoöl.), the water rail; — so called from its quiet, stealthy manner of running. [Prov. Eng.] — Velvet scoter. (Zoöl.) Same as Velvet duck, above. — Velvet sponge. (Zoöl.) See under Sponge.

Vel"vet, a. Made of velvet; soft and delicate, like velvet; velvety. " The cowslip's velvet head." Milton.

Vel"vet, v. i. To pain velvet. [R.] Peacham.

Vel"vet, v. t. To make like, or cover with, velvet. [R.]

Vel"vet*breast` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The goosander. [Local, U. S.]

Vel`vet*een" (?), n. [Cf. F. velvetine. See Velvet.] A kind of cloth, usually cotton, made in imitation of velvet; cotton velvet.

Vel"vet*ing (?), n. The fine shag or nap of velvet; a piece of velvet; velvet goods.

Vel"vet*leaf` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to several plants which have soft, velvety leaves, as the Abutilon Avicennæ, the Cissampelos Pareira, and the Lavatera arborea, and even the common mullein.

Vel"vet*y (?), a. Made of velvet, or like velvet; soft; smooth; delicate.

||Ve"na (?), n.; pl. Venæ (#). [L. See Vein.] A vein.

Vena cava; pl. Venæ cavæ. [L., literally, hollow vein.] (Anat.) Any one of the great systemic veins connected directly with the heart.— Vena contracta. [L., literally, contracted vein.] (Hydraulics) The contracted portion of a liquid jet at and near the orifice from which it issues. — Vena portæ; pl. VenÆ portæ. [L., literally, vein of the entrance.] (Anat.) The portal vein of the liver. See under Portal.

Ve*na"da (?), N. [Cf. Sp. venado a does, stag.] (Zoöl.) The pudu.

Ve"nal (?), a. [L. vena a vein.] Of or pertaining to veins; venous; as, venal blood. [R.]

Ve"nal, a. [L. venalis, from venus sale; akin to Gr. &?; price, Skr. vasna: cf. F. vénal.] Capable of being bought or obtained for money or other valuable consideration; made matter of trade or barter; held for sale; salable; mercenary; purchasable; hireling; as, venal services. " Paid court to venal beauties." Macaulay.

> The venal cry and prepared vote of a passive senate.

Burke.

Syn. — Mercenary; hireling; vendible. — Venal, Mercenary. One is mercenary who is either actually a hireling (as, mercenary soldiers, a mercenary judge, etc.), or is governed by a sordid love of gain; hence, we speak of mercenary motives, a mercenary marriage, etc. Venal goes further, and supposes either an actual purchase, or a readiness to be purchased, which places a person or thing wholly in the power of the purchaser; as, a venal press. Brissot played ingeniously on the latter word in his celebrated saying, " My pen is venal that it may not be mercenary," meaning that he wrote books, and sold them to the publishers, in order to avoid the necessity of being the hireling of any political party.

> Thus needy wits a vile revenue made,
> And verse became a mercenary trade.

Dryden.

> This verse be thine, my friend, nor thou refuse
> This, from no venal or ungrateful muse.

Pope.

Ve*nal"i*ty (?), n. [L. venalitas: cf. F. vénalité.] The quality or state of being venal, or purchasable; mercenariness; prostitution of talents, offices, or services, for money or reward; as, the venality of a corrupt court; the venality of an official.

> Complaints of Roman venality became louder.

Milton.

Ve"nal*ly (?), adv. In a venal manner.

||Ve*nan"tes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. venans, p. pr. of venari to hunt.] (Zoöl.) The hunting spiders, which run after, or leap upon, their prey.

Ven"a*ry (?), a. [LL. venarius, fr. L. venari, p. p. venatus, to hunt.] Of or, pertaining to hunting.

{Ve*nat"ic (?), Ve*nat"ic*al (?), } a. [L. venaticus, fr. venatus hunting, fr. venari, p. p. venatus, to hunt.] Of or pertaining to hunting; used in hunting. [R.] " Venatical pleasure." Howell.

Ve*nat"i*ca (?), n. See Vinatico.

Ve*na"tion (?), n. [L. vena a vein.] The arrangement or system of veins, as in the wing of an insect, or in the leaves of a plant. See Illust. in Appendix.

Ve*na"tion, n. [L. venatio, fr. venari, p. p. venatus, to hunt. See Venison.] The act or art of hunting, or the state of being hunted. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ven`a*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. venatorius.] Or or pertaining to hunting; venatic. [R.]

Vend (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vended; p. pr. & vb. n. Vending.] [F. vendre, L. vendere, from venum dare; venus sale + dare to give. See 2d Venal, Date, time.] To transfer to another person for a pecuniary equivalent; to make an object of trade; to dispose of by sale; to sell; as, to vend goods; to vend vegetables.

Vend differs from barter. We vend for money; we barter for commodities. Vend is used chiefly of wares, merchandise, or other small articles, not of lands and tenements.

Vend, n. 1. The act of vending or selling; a sale.

2. The total sales of coal from a colliery. [Eng.]

Ven"dace (?), n. (Zoöl.) A European lake whitefish (Coregonus Willughbii, or C. Vandesius) native of certain lakes in Scotland and England. It is regarded as a delicate food fish. Called also vendis.

Vend*ee" (?), n. The person to whom a thing is vended, or sold; — the correlative of vendor.

||Ven`dé`miaire" (?), n. [F., fr. L. vindemia vintage.] The first month of the French republican calendar, dating from September 22, 1792.

This calendar was substituted for the ordinary calendar, dating from the Christian era, by a decree of the National Convention in 1793. The 22d of September, 1792, which had been fixed upon as the day of the foundation of the republic, was also the date of the new calendar. In this calendar, the year, which began at midnight of the day of the autumnal equinox, was divided into twelve months of thirty days, with five additional days for festivals, and every fourth year six. Each month was divided into three decades of ten days each, the week being abolished. The names of the months in their order were, Vendémiaire, Brumaire, Frimaire Nivose, Pluviose, Ventose, Germinal, Floréal, Prairial, Messidor, Thermidor (sometimes called Fervidor), and Fructidor. This calendar was abolished December 31, 1805, and the ordinary one restored January 1, 1806.

Vend"er (?), n. [From Vend: cf. F. vendeur, OF. vendeor. Cf. Vendor.] One who vends; one who transfers the exclusive right of possessing a thing, either his own, or that of another as his agent, for a price or pecuniary equivalent; a seller; a vendor.

||Ven*det"ta (?), n. [It.] A blood feud; private revenge for the murder of a kinsman.

Vend`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being vendible, or salable.

Vend"i*ble (?), a. [L. vendibilis: cf. OF. vendible, F. vendable.] Capable of being vended, or sold; that may be sold; salable.

> The regulating of prices of things vendible.

Bacon.

Vendible differs from marketable; the latter signifies proper or fit for market, according to the laws or customs of a place. Vendible has no reference to such legal fitness.

Vend"i*ble, n. Something to be sold, or offered for sale. — Vend"i*ble*ness, n. - - Vend"i*bly, adv.

Ven"di*tate (?), v. t. [See Venditation.] To cry up. as if for sale; to blazon. [Obs.] Holland.

Ven`di*ta"tion (?), n. [L. venditatio, fr. venditare, venditatum, to offer again and again for sale, v. freq. of vendere. See Vend.] The act of setting forth ostentatiously; a boastful display. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ven*di"tion (?), n. [L. venditio: cf. F. vendition.] The act of vending, or selling; sale.

<! p. 1600 !>

Vend"or (?), n. [See Vender.] A vender; a seller; the correlative of vendee.

Vends (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) See Wends.

Ven*due" (?), n. [OF. vendue, from F. vendre, p. p. vendu, vendue, to sell.] A public sale of anything, by outcry, to the highest bidder; an auction. [Obsoles.]

Vendue master, one who is authorized to sell any property by vendue; an auctioneer. [Obsoles.]

Ve*neer" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Veneered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Veneering.] [G. furnieren, fourniren, fr. F. fournir to furnish. See Furnish.] To overlay or plate with a thin layer of wood or other material for outer finish or decoration; as, to veneer a piece of furniture with mahogany. Used also figuratively.

> As a rogue in grain
> Veneered with sanctimonious theory.

Tennyson.

Ve*neer", n. [Cf. G. furnier or fournier. See Veneer, v. t.] A thin leaf or layer of a more valuable or beautiful material for overlaying an inferior one, especially such a thin leaf of wood to be glued to a cheaper wood; hence, external show; gloss; false pretense.

Veneer moth (Zoöl.), any moth of the genus Chilo; — so called because the mottled colors resemble those of veneering.

Ve*neer"ing, n. 1. The act or art of one who veneers.

2. Thin wood or other material used as a veneer.

Ve*nef"ic*al (?), a. [L. veneficus.] Veneficial. [Obs.] "Venefical instruments." B. Jonson.

Ven"e*fice (?), n. [L. veneficium, fr. veneficus poisoning; venenum poison + facere to make: cf. F. vénéfice.] The act or practice of poisoning. [Obs.]

{ Ven`e*fi"cial (?), Ven`e*fi"cious (?), } a. Acting by poison; used in poisoning or in sorcery. [Obs.] "An old veneficious practice." Sir T. Browne. — Ven`e*fi"cious*ly, adv. [Obs.]

Ven"e*mous (?), a. Venomous. [Obs.]

Ven"e*nate (?), v. t. [L. veneatus, p. p. venenare to poison, from venenum poison. Cf. Venom.] To poison; to infect with poison. [R.] Harvey.

Ven"e*nate (?), a. Poisoned. Woodward.

Ven`e*na"tion (?), n. 1. The act of poisoning.

2. Poison; venom. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ve*nene" (?), a. Poisonous; venomous. [Obs.]

Ven"e*nose` (?), a. [L. venenosus, fr. venenum poison. Cf. Venomous.] Poisonous. [Obs.]

Ven`er*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being venerable; venerableness. Dr. H. More.

Ven"er*a*ble (?), a. [L. venerabilis: cf. F. vénérable.] 1. Capable of being venerated; worthy of veneration or reverence; deserving of honor and respect; — generally implying an advanced age; as, a venerable magistrate; a venerable parent.

> He was a man of eternal self-sacrifice, and that is always venerable.

De Quincey.

> Venerable men! you have come down to us from a former generation.

D. Webster.

2. Rendered sacred by religious or other associations; that should be regarded with awe and treated with reverence; as, the venerable walls of a temple or a church.

This word is employed in the Church of England as a title for an archdeacon. In the Roman Catholic Church, venerable is applied to those who have attained to the lowest of the three recognized degrees of sanctity, but are not among the beatified, nor the canonized.

— Ven"er*a*ble*ness, n. — Ven"er*a*bly, adv.

||Ven`e*ra"ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Venus.] (Zoöl.) An extensive tribe of bivalve mollusks of which the genus Venus is the type. The shells are usually oval, or somewhat heartshaped, with a conspicuous lunule. See Venus.

Ven"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Venerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Venerating.] [L. veneratus, p. p. of venerari to venerate; akin to Venus Venus, Skr. van to like, to wish, and E. winsome. See Winsome.] To regard with reverential respect; to honor with mingled respect and awe; to reverence; to revere; as, we venerate parents and elders.

> And seemed to venerate the sacred shade.

Dryden.

> I do not know a man more to be venerated for uprightness of heart and loftiness of genius.

Sir W. Scott.

Syn. — To reverence; revere; adore; respect.

Ven`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. veneratio: cf. F. vénération.] The act of venerating, or the state of being venerated; the highest degree of respect and reverence; respect mingled with awe; a feeling or sentimental excited by the dignity, wisdom, or superiority of a person, by sacredness of character, by consecration to sacred services, or by hallowed associations.

> We find a secret awe and veneration for one who moves about us in regular and illustrious course of virtue.

Addison.

Syn. — Awe; reverence; respect. See Reverence.

Ven"er*a`tor (?), n. [L.] One who venerates. Jer. Taylor

Ve*ne"re*al (?), a. [L. venereus, venerius, fr. Venus, Veneris, Venus, the goddess of love. See Venerate.] 1. Of or pertaining to venery, or sexual love; relating to sexual intercourse.

> Into the snare I fell
> Of fair, fallacious looks, venereal trains,
> Softened with pleasure and voluptuous life.

Milton.

2. (Med.) (a) Arising from sexual intercourse; as, a venereal disease; venereal virus or poison. (b) Adapted to the cure of venereal diseases; as, venereal medicines.

3. Adapted to excite venereal desire; aphrodisiac.

4. Consisting of, or pertaining to, copper, formerly called by chemists Venus. [Obs.] Boyle.

Ve*ne"re*al, n. (Med.) The venereal disease; syphilis.

Ve*ne"re*an (?), a. [Cf. F. vénérien.] Devoted to the offices of Venus, or love; venereal. [Obs.] "I am all venerean in feeling." Chaucer.

Ve*ne"re*ous (?), a. [L. venereus.] 1. Venereal; exciting lust; aphrodisiac. [Obs.]

2. Lustful; lascivious; libidinous. [R.] Derham.

Ven"er*ous (?), a. Venereous. [Obs.] Burton.

Ven"er*y (?), n. [L. Venus, Veneris, the goddess of love.] Sexual love; sexual intercourse; coition.

> Contentment, without the pleasure of lawful venery, is continence; of unlawful, chastity.

Grew.

Ven"er*y, n. [OE. venerie, F. vénerie, fr. OF. vener to hunt, L. venari. See Venison.] The art, act, or practice of hunting; the sports of the chase. "Beasts of venery and fishes." Sir T. Browne.

> I love hunting and venery.

Chaucer.

Ve`ne*sec"tion (?), n. [NL. venaesectio; L. vena vein + sectio section.] (Med.) The act or operation of opening a vein for letting blood; bloodletting; phlebotomy.

Ve*ne"tian (?), a. [Cf. It. Veneziano, L. Venetianus.] Of or pertaining to Venice in Italy.

Venetian blind, a blind for windows, doors, etc., made of thin slats, either fixed at a certain angle in the shutter, or movable, and in the latter case so disposed as to overlap each other when close, and to show a series of open spaces for the admission of air and light when in other positions. — Venetian carpet, an inexpensive carpet, used for passages and stairs, having a woolen warp which conceals the weft; the pattern is therefore commonly made up of simple stripes. — Venetian chalk, a white compact or steatite, used for marking on cloth, etc. — Venetian door (Arch.), a door having long, narrow windows or panes of glass on the sides. — Venetian glass, a kind of glass made by the Venetians, for decorative purposes, by the combination of pieces of glass of different colors fused together and wrought into various ornamental patterns. — Venetian red, a brownish red color, prepared from sulphate of iron; — called also scarlet ocher. — Venetian soap. See Castile soap, under Soap. — Venetian sumac (Bot.), a South European tree (Rhus Cotinus) which yields the yellow dyewood called fustet; — also called smoke tree. — Venetian window (Arch.), a window consisting of a main window with an arched head, having on each side a long and narrow window with a square head.

Ve*ne"tian, n. A native or inhabitant of Venice.

Ven"ew (?), n. [F. venue, lit., an arrival, from venir, p. p. venu, venue, to come. See Venue.] A bout, or turn, as at fencing; a thrust; a hit; a veney. [Obs.] Fuller.

Ven"ey (?; 277), n. [Cf. Venew or Visne.] A bout; a thrust; a venew. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

> Three veneys for a dish of stewed prunes.

Shak.

Venge (?), v. t. [F. venger. See Vengeance.] To avenge; to punish; to revenge. [Obs.] See Avenge, and Revenge. Chaucer. "To venge me, as I may." Shak.

Venge"a*ble (?), a. Revengeful; deserving revenge. [Obs.] Spenser. — Venge"a*bly, adv. [Obs.]

Venge"ance (?), n. [F. vengeance, fr. venger to avenge, L. vindicare to lay claim to, defend, avenge, fr. vindex a claimant, defender, avenger, the first part of which is of uncertain origin, and the last part akin to dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Avenge, Revenge, Vindicate.] 1. Punishment inflicted in return for an injury or an offense; retribution; — often, in a bad sense, passionate or unrestrained revenge.

> To me belongeth vengeance and recompense.

Deut. xxxii. 35.

> To execute fierce vengeance on his foes.

Milton.

2. Harm; mischief. [Obs.] Shak.

What a vengeance, or What the vengeance, what! — emphatically. [Obs.] "But what a vengeance makes thee fly!" Hudibras. "What the vengeance! Could he not speak 'em fair?" Shak. — With a vengeance, with great violence; as, to strike with a vengeance. [Colloq.]

Venge"ance*ly, adv. Extremely; excessively. [Obs.] "He loves that vengeancely." Beau. & Fl.

Venge"ful (?), a. Vindictive; retributive; revengeful. "Vengeful ire." Milton. — Venge"ful*ly, adv.

Venge"ment (?), n. [OF. vengement.] Avengement; penal retribution; vengeance. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ven"ger (?), n. An avenger. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ve"ni*a*ble (?), a. [L. veniabilis, fr. venia forgiveness, pardon.] Venial; pardonable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. — Ve"ni*a*bly, adv. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ve"ni*al (?), a. [OF. venial, F. véniel, L. venialis, from venia forgiveness, pardon, grace, favor, kindness; akin to venerari to venerate. See Venerate.] 1. Capable of being forgiven; not heinous; excusable; pardonable; as, a venial fault or transgression.

> So they do nothing, 't is a venial slip.

Shak.

2. Allowed; permitted. [Obs.] "Permitting him the while venial discourse unblamed." Milton.

Venial sin (R. C. Theol.), a sin which weakens, but does not wholly destroy, sanctifying grace, as do mortal, or deadly, sins.

— Ve"ni*al*ly, adv. — Ve"ni*al*ness, n. Bp. Hall.

Ve`ni*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being venial; venialness. Jer. Taylor.

||Ve*ni"re fa"ci*as (?). [L., make, or cause, to come.] (Law) (a) A judicial writ or precept directed to the sheriff, requiring him to cause a certain number of qualified persons to appear in court at a specified time, to serve as jurors in said court. (b) A writ in the nature of a summons to cause the party indicted on a penal statute to appear. Called also venire.

Ven"i*son (?; 277), n. [OE. veneison, veneson, venison, OF. veneison, F. venaison, L. venatio hunting, the chase, game, fr. venari, p. p. venatus, to hunt; perhaps akin to OHG. weidin&?;n, weidenen, to pasture, to hunt, G. weide pasturage. Cf. Gain to acquire, Venation.] 1. Beasts of the chase. [Obs.] Fabyan.

2. Formerly, the flesh of any of the edible beasts of the chase, also of game birds; now, the flesh of animals of the deer kind exclusively.

||Ve*ni"te (?), n. [L., come, imperative 2d person pl. So called from its opening word in the Latin version.] (Eccl.) The 95th Psalm, which is said or sung regularly in the public worship of many churches. Also, a musical composition adapted to this Psalm.

Ven"om (?), n. [OE. venim, OF. venim, F. venin, L. veneum. Cf. Venenate.] 1. Matter fatal or injurious to life; poison; particularly, the poisonous, the poisonous matter which certain animals, such as serpents, scorpions, bees, etc., secrete in a state of health, and communicate by thing or stinging.

> Or hurtful worm with cankered venom bites.

Milton.

2. Spite; malice; malignity; evil quality. Chaucer. "The venom of such looks." Shak.

Syn. — Venom; virus; bane. See Poison.

Ven"om, v. t. [OE. venimen, OF. venimer, L. venenare. See Venom, n.] To infect with venom; to envenom; to poison. [R.] "Venomed vengeance." Shak.

Ven"om*ous (?), a. [OE. venemous, venimous, F. venimeux, L. venenosus, fr. venenum poison. See Venom, and cf. Venenose.] 1. Full of venom; noxious to animal life; poisonous; as, the bite of a serpent may be venomous.

2. (Zoöl.) Having a poison gland or glands for the secretion of venom, as certain serpents and insects.

3. Noxious; mischievous; malignant; spiteful; as, a venomous progeny; a venomous writer.

Venomous snake (Zoöl.), any serpent which has poison glands and fangs, whether dangerous to man or not. These serpents constitute two tribes, the viperine serpents, or Solenoglypha, and the cobralike serpents, or Proteroglypha. The former have perforated, erectile fangs situated in the front part of the upper jaw, and are without ordinary teeth behind the fangs; the latter have permanently erect and grooved fangs, with ordinary maxillary teeth behind them.

— Ven"om*ous*ly, adv. — Ven"om*ous*ness, n.

Ve*nose" (?), a. [See Venous.] Having numerous or conspicuous veins; veiny; as, a venose frond.

Ve*nos"i*ty (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being venous.

2. (Med.) A condition in which the circulation is retarded, and the entire mass of blood is less oxygenated than it normally is.

Ven"ous (?), a. [L. venosus, from vena a vein. See Vein.] 1. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a vein or veins; as, the venous circulation of the blood.

2. Contained in the veins, or having the same qualities as if contained in the veins, that is, having a dark bluish color and containing an insufficient amount of oxygen so as no longer to be fit for oxygenating the tissues; — said of the blood, and opposed to arterial.

3. Marked with veins; veined; as, a venous leaf.

Venous leaf (Bot.), a leaf having vessels branching, or variously divided, over its surface. — Venous hum (Med.), a humming sound, or bruit, heard during auscultation of the veins of the neck in anæmia. — Venous pulse (Physiol.), the pulse, or rhythmic contraction, sometimes seen in a vein, as in the neck, when there is an obstruction to the passage of blood from the auricles to the ventricles, or when there is an abnormal rigidity in the walls of the greater vessels. There is normally no pulse in a vein.

Vent (?), n. [F. vente, fr. L. vendere, -itum, to sell; perh. confused with E. vent an opening. See Vend.] Sale; opportunity to sell; market. [Obs.] Shelton.

> There is no vent for any commodity but of wool.

Sir W. Temple.

Vent, v. t. To sell; to vend. [Obs.]

> Therefore did those nations vent such spice.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Vent, n. [Sp. venta a poor inn, sale, market. See Vent sale.] A baiting place; an inn. [Obs.]

Vent, v. i. [Cf. F. venter to blow, vent wind (see Ventilate); but prob influenced by E. vent an opening.] To snuff; to breathe or puff out; to snort. [Obs.] Spenser.

Vent (?), n. [OE. fent, fente, a slit, F. fente a slit, cleft, fissure, from fendre to split, L. findere; but probably confused with F. vent wind, L. ventus. See Fissure, and cf. Vent to snuff.] 1. A small aperture; a hole or passage for air or any fluid to escape; as, the vent of a cask; the vent of a mold; a volcanic vent.

> Look, how thy wounds do bleed at many vents.

Shak.

> Long't was doubtful, both so closely pent,
> Which first should issue from the narrow vent.

Pope.

2. Specifically: —

(a) (Zoöl.) The anal opening of certain invertebrates and fishes; also, the external cloacal opening of reptiles, birds, amphibians, and many fishes.

(b) (Gun.) The opening at the breech of a firearm, through which fire is communicated to the powder of the charge; touchhole.

(c) (Steam Boilers) Sectional area of the passage for gases divided by the length of the same passage in feet.

3. Fig.: Opportunity of escape or passage from confinement or privacy; outlet.

4. Emission; escape; passage to notice or expression; publication; utterance.

> Without the vent of words.

Milton.

> Thou didst make tolerable vent of thy travel.

Shak.

To give vent to, to suffer to escape; to let out; to pour forth; as, to give vent to anger. — To take vent, to escape; to be made public. [R.] — Vent feather (Zoöl.), one of the anal, or crissal, feathers of a bird. — Vent field (Gun.), a flat raised surface around a vent. — Vent piece. (Gun.) (a) A bush. See 4th Bush, n., 2. (b) A breech block.

Vent, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vented; p. pr. & vb. n. Venting.] 1. To let out at a vent, or small aperture; to give passage or outlet to.

2. To suffer to escape from confinement; to let out; to utter; to pour forth; as, to vent passion or complaint.

> The queen of heaven did thus her fury vent.

Dryden.

3. To utter; to report; to publish. [Obs.]

> By mixing somewhat true to vent more lies.

Milton.

> Thou hast framed and vented very curious orations.

Barrow.

4. To scent, as a hound. [Obs.] Turbervile.

5. To furnish with a vent; to make a vent in; as, to vent. a mold.

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Vent"age (?), n. A small hole, as the stop in a flute; a vent. Shak.

Vent"ail (?), n. [OF. ventaille, F. ventail. See Ventilate, and cf. Aventail.] That part of a helmet which is intended for the admission of air, — sometimes in the visor. Spenser.

> Her ventail up so high that he descried
> Her goodly visage and her beauty's pride.

Fairfax.

Vent"er (?), n. One who vents; one who utters, reports, or publishes. [R.] Barrow.

||Vent"er (?), n. [L.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The belly; the abdomen; — sometimes applied to any large cavity containing viscera. (b) The uterus, or womb. (c) A belly, or protuberant part; a broad surface; as, the venter of a muscle; the venter, or anterior surface, of the scapula.

2. (Zoöl.) The lower part of the abdomen in insects.

3. (Rom. & O. E. Law) A pregnant woman; a mother; as, A has a son B by one venter, and a daughter C by another venter; children by different venters.

Vent"hole (?), n. A touchhole; a vent.

Ven"ti*duct (?), n. [L. ventus wind + ductus a leading, conduit, fr. ducere, ductum, to lead.] A passage for wind or air; a passage or pipe for ventilating apartments. Gwilt.

Ven"ti*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ventilated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ventilating.] [L. ventilatus, p. p. of ventilare to toss, brandish in the air, to fan, to winnow, from ventus wind; akin to E. wind. See Wind rushing air.] 1. To open and expose to the free passage of air; to supply with fresh air, and remove impure air from; to air; as, to ventilate a room; to ventilate a cellar; to ventilate a mine.

2. To provide with a vent, or escape, for air, gas, etc.; as, to ventilate a mold, or a water-wheel bucket.

3. To change or renew, as the air of a room. Harvey.

4. To winnow; to fan; as, to ventilate wheat.

5. To sift and examine; to bring out, and subject to penetrating scrutiny; to expose to examination and discussion; as, to ventilate questions of policy. Ayliffe.

6. To give vent; to utter; to make public.

> Macaulay took occasion to ventilate one of those starling, but not very profound, paradoxes.

J. C. Shairp.

Ven`ti*la"tion (?), n. [L. ventilatio: cf. F. ventilation.] 1. The act of ventilating, or the state of being ventilated; the art or process of replacing foul air by that which is pure, in any inclosed place, as a house, a church, a mine, etc.; free exposure to air.

> Insuring, for the laboring man, better ventilation.

F. W. Robertson.

2. The act of refrigerating, or cooling; refrigeration; as, ventilation of the blood. [Obs.] Harvey.

3. The act of fanning, or winnowing, for the purpose of separating chaff and dust from the grain.

4. The act of sifting, and bringing out to view or examination; free discussion; public exposure.

> The ventilation of these points diffused them to the knowledge of the world.

Bp. Hall.

5. The act of giving vent or expression. "Ventilation of his thoughts." Sir H. Wotton.

Ven"ti*la*tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to ventilation; adapted to secure ventilation; ventilating; as, ventilative apparatus.

Ven"ti*la`tor (?), n. [Cf. F. ventilateur, L. ventilator a winnower.] A contrivance for effecting ventilation; especially, a contrivance or machine for drawing off or expelling foul or stagnant air from any place or apartment, or for introducing that which is fresh and pure.

Ven*tose" (?), n. A ventouse. [Obs.] Holland.

Ven*tose", a. [L. ventosus windy. See Ventilate.] Windy; flatulent. Richardson (Dict.).

||Ven`tose" (?), n. [F. ventôse. See Ventose, a.] The sixth month of the calendar adopted by the first French republic. It began February 19, and ended March 20. See Vend&?;miaire.

Ven*tos"i*ty (?), n. [L. ventositas: cf. F. ventosité. See Ventose, n.] Quality or state of being ventose; windiness; hence, vainglory; pride. Bacon.

Ven"touse (?), n. [F.] A cupping glass. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ven"touse, v. t. & i. To cup; to use a cupping glass. [Obs.] [Written also ventuse.] Chaucer.

Ven"trad (?), adv. [L. venter belly + ad to.] (Anat.) Toward the ventral side; on the ventral side; ventrally; — opposed to dorsad.

Ven"tral (?), a. [L. ventralis, fr. venter the belly; perhaps akin to G. wanst: cf. F. ventral.] 1. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or situated near, the belly, or ventral side, of an animal or of one of its parts; hemal; abdominal; as, the ventral fin of a fish; the ventral root of a spinal nerve; — opposed to dorsal.

2. (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to that surface of a carpel, petal, etc., which faces toward the center of a flower. (b) Of or pertaining to the lower side or surface of a creeping moss or other low flowerless plant. Opposed to dorsal.

Ventral fins (Zoöl.), the posterior pair of fins of a fish. They are often situated beneath the belly, but sometimes beneath the throat. — Ventral segment. (Acoustics) See Loop, n., 5.

Ven"tri*cle (?), n. [L. ventriculus the stomach, a ventricle, dim. of venter the belly: cf. F. ventricule. See Ventral.] 1. (Anat.) A cavity, or one of the cavities, of an organ, as of the larynx or the brain; specifically, the posterior chamber, or one of the two posterior chambers, of the heart, which receives the blood from the auricle and forces it out from the heart. See Heart.

The principal ventricles of the brain are the fourth in the medulla, the third in the midbrain, the first and second, or lateral, ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres, all of which are connected with each other, and the fifth, or pseudocœle, situated between the hemispheres, in front of, or above, the fornix, and entirely disconnected with the other cavities. See Brain, and Cœlia.

2. The stomach. [Obs.]

> Whether I will or not, while I live, my heart beats, and my ventricle digests what is in it.

Sir M. Hale.

3. Fig.: Any cavity, or hollow place, in which any function may be conceived of as operating.

> These [ideas] are begot on the ventricle of memory.

Shak.

{ Ven"tri*cose` (?), Ven"tri*cous (?), } a. [NL. ventricosus, fr. L. venter belly.] (Nat. Hist.) Swelling out on one side or unequally; bellied; ventricular; as, a ventricose corolla.

Ventricose shell. (Zoöl.) (a) A spiral shell having the body whorls rounded or swollen in the middle. (b) A bivalve shell in which the valves are strongly convex.

Ven*tric"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. ventriculaire.] Of or pertaining to a ventricle; bellied.

||Ven*tric"u*lite (?), n. [See Ventriculus.] (Paleon.) Any one of numerous species of siliceous fossil sponges belonging to Ventriculites and allied genera, characteristic of the Cretaceous period.

Many of them were shaped like vases, others like mushrooms. They belong to the hexactinellids, and are allied to the Venus's basket of modern seas.

Ven*tric"u*lous (?), a. [L. ventriculosus of the belly.] Somewhat distended in the middle; ventricular.

||Ven*tric"u*lus (?), n.; pl. Ventriculi (#). [L., belly, dim. fr. venter belly.] (Zoöl.) (a) One of the stomachs of certain insects. (b) The body cavity of a sponge.

Ven`tri*lo*cu"tion (?), n. [See Ventriloquous.] Ventriloquism.

Ven`tri*lo"qui*al (?), a. Ventriloquous.

Ven*tril"o*quism (?), n. [See Ventriloquous.] The act, art, or practice of speaking in such a manner that the voice appears to come, not from the person speaking, but from some other source, as from the opposite side of the room, from the cellar, etc.

Ven*tril"o*quist (?), n. One who practices, or is skilled in, ventriloquism.

Ventriloquist monkey (Zoöl.), the onappo; — so called from the character of its cry.

Ven*tril"o*quize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ventriloquized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ventriloquizing .] To practice ventriloquism; to speak like a ventriloquist.

Ven*tril"o*quous (?), a. [L. ventriloquus a ventriloquist; venter the belly + loqui, p. p. locutus, to speak. See Ventral, and Loquacious.] Of or pertaining to a ventriloquist or ventriloquism.

Ven*tril"o*quy (?), n. [Cf. F. ventriloquie.] Same as Ventriloquism.

||Ven`tri*mes"on (?), n. [NL. See Venter, and Meson.] (Anat.) See Meson.

Ven"tro- (&?;). [L. venter belly.] A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the abdomen; also, connection with, relation to, or direction toward, the ventral side; as, ventrolateral; ventro-inguinal.

Ven`tro-in"gui*nal (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining both to the abdomen and groin, or to the abdomen and inguinal canal; as, ventro-inguinal hernia.

Ven"ture (?; 135), n. [Aphetic form of OE. aventure. See Adventure.] 1. An undertaking of chance or danger; the risking of something upon an event which can not be foreseen with certainty; a hazard; a risk; a speculation.

> I, in this venture, double gains pursue.

Dryden.

2. An event that is not, or can not be, foreseen; an accident; chance; hap; contingency; luck. Bacon.

3. The thing put to hazard; a stake; a risk; especially, something sent to sea in trade.

> My ventures are not in one bottom trusted.

Shak.

At a venture, at hazard; without seeing the end or mark; without foreseeing the issue; at random.

> A certain man drew a bow at a venture.

1 Kings xxii. 34.

> A bargain at a venture made.

Hudibras.

The phrase at a venture was originally at aventure, that is, at adventure.

Ven"ture, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ventured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Venturing.] 1. To hazard one's self; to have the courage or presumption to do, undertake, or say something; to dare. Bunyan.

2. To make a venture; to run a hazard or risk; to take the chances.

> Who freights a ship to venture on the seas.

J. Dryden, Jr.

To venture at, or To venture on or upon, to dare to engage in; to attempt without any certainty of success; as, it is rash to venture upon such a project. "When I venture at the comic style." Waller.

Ven"ture, v. t. 1. To expose to hazard; to risk; to hazard; as, to venture one's person in a balloon.

> I am afraid; and yet I'll venture it.

Shak.

2. To put or send on a venture or chance; as, to venture a horse to the West Indies.

3. To confide in; to rely on; to trust. [R.]

> A man would be well enough pleased to buy silks of one whom he would not venture to feel his pulse.

Addison.

Ven"tur*er (?), n. 1. One who ventures, or puts to hazard; an adventurer. Beau. & Fl.

2. A strumpet; a prostitute. [R.] J. Webster (1607).

Ven"ture*some (?), a. Inclined to venture; not loth to run risk or danger; venturous; bold; daring; adventurous; as, a venturesome boy or act. — Ven"ture*some*ly, adv. — Ven"ture*some*ness, n.

Ven"tur*ine (?), n. [Cf. Aventurine.] (Japanning) Gold powder for covering varnished surfaces.

Ven"tur*ous (?), a. [Aphetic form of OE. aventurous. See Adventurous, Venture, n.] Daring; bold; hardy; fearless; venturesome; adveturous; as, a venturous soldier. Spenser.

> This said, he paused not, but with venturous arm
> He plucked, he tasted.

Milton.

— Ven"tur*ous*ly, adv. — Ven"tur*ous*ness, n.

Ven"tuse (?), v. t. & i. See Ventouse. [Obs.]

Ven"ue (?), n. [F. venue a coming, arrival, fr. venir to come, L. venire; hence, in English, the place whither the jury are summoned to come. See Come, and cf. Venew, Veney.] 1. (Law) A neighborhood or near place; the place or county in which anything is alleged to have happened; also, the place where an action is laid.

> The twelve men who are to try the cause must be of the same venue where the demand is made.

Blackstone.

In certain cases, the court has power to change the venue, which is to direct the trial to be had in a different county from that where the venue is laid.

2. A bout; a hit; a turn. See Venew. [R.]

To lay a venue (Law), to allege a place.

Ven"ule (?), n. [L. venula, dim. from vena vein.] A small vein; a veinlet; specifically (Zoöl.), one of the small branches of the veins of the wings in insects.

Ven"u*lose` (?), a. Full of venules, or small veins.

Ve"nus (?), n. [L. Venus, - eris, the goddess of love, the planet Venus.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The goddess of beauty and love, that is, beauty or love deified.

2. (Anat.) One of the planets, the second in order from the sun, its orbit lying between that of Mercury and that of the Earth, at a mean distance from the sun of about 67,000,000 miles. Its diameter is 7,700 miles, and its sidereal period 224.7 days. As the morning star, it was called by the ancients Lucifer; as the evening star, Hesperus.

3. (Alchem.) The metal copper; — probably so designated from the ancient use of the metal in making mirrors, a mirror being still the astronomical symbol of the planet Venus. [Archaic]

4. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Venus or family Veneridæ. Many of these shells are large, and ornamented with beautiful frills; others are smooth, glossy, and handsomely colored. Some of the larger species, as the round clam, or quahog, are valued for food.

Venus's basin (Bot.), the wild teasel; — so called because the connate leaf bases form a kind of receptacle for water, which was formerly gathered for use in the toilet. Also called Venus's bath. — Venus's basket (Zoöl.), an elegant, cornucopia-shaped, hexactinellid sponge (Euplectella speciosa) native of the East Indies. It consists of glassy, transparent, siliceous fibers interwoven and soldered together so as to form a firm network, and has long, slender, divergent anchoring fibers at the base by means of which it stands erect in the soft mud at the bottom of the sea. Called also Venus's flower basket, and Venus's purse. — Venus's comb. (a) (Bot.) Same as Lady's comb. (b) (Zoöl.) A species of Murex (M. tenuispinus). It has a long, tubular canal, with a row of long, slender spines along both of its borders, and rows of similar spines covering the body of the shell. Called also Venus's shell. — Venus's fan (Zoöl.), a common reticulated, fanshaped gorgonia (Gorgonia flabellum) native of Florida and the West Indies. When fresh the color is purple or yellow, or a mixture of the two. — Venus's flytrap. (Bot.) See Flytrap, 2. — Venus's girdle (Zoöl.), a long, flat, ribbonlike, very delicate, transparent and iridescent ctenophore (Cestum Veneris) which swims in the open sea. Its form is due to the enormous development of two spheromeres. See Illust. in Appendix. — Venus's hair (Bot.), a delicate and graceful fern (Adiantum Capillus-Veneris) having a slender, black and shining stem and branches. — Venus's hair stone (Min.), quartz penetrated by acicular crystals of rutile. — Venus's looking-glass (Bot.), an annual plant of the genus Specularia allied to the bellflower; — also called lady's looking-glass. — Venus's navelwort (Bot.), any one of several species of Omphalodes, low boraginaceous herbs with small blue or white flowers. — Venus's pride (Bot.), an old name for Quaker ladies. See under Quaker. — Venus's purse. (Zoöl.) Same as Venus's basket, above. — Venus's shell. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of Cypræa; a cowrie. (b) Same as Venus's comb, above. (c) Same as Venus, 4. — Venus's slipper. (a) (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Cypripedium. See Lady's slipper. (b) (Zoöl.) Any heteropod shell of the genus Carinaria. See Carinaria.

<! p. 1602 !>

Ve*nust" (?), a. [L. venustus, from Venus the goddess of love.] Beautiful. [R.] E. Waterhouse.

Ve*ra"cious (?), a. [L. verax, - acis, fr. verus true. See Very.] 1. Observant of truth; habitually speaking truth; truthful; as, veracious historian.

> The Spirit is most perfectly and absolutely veracious.

Barrow.

2. Characterized by truth; not false; as, a veracious account or narrative.

> The young, ardent soul that enters on this world with heroic purpose, with veracious insight, will find it a mad one.

Carlyle.

Ve*ra"cious*ly, adv. In a veracious manner.

Ve*rac"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. véracité.] The quality or state of being veracious; habitual observance of truth; truthfulness; truth; as, a man of veracity.

Ve*ran"da (?), n. [A word brought by the English from India; of uncertain origin; cf. Skr. vara&?;&?;a, Pg. varanda, Sp. baranda, Malay baranda.] (Arch.) An open, roofed gallery or portico, adjoining a dwelling house, forming an out-of-door sitting room. See Loggia.

> The house was of adobe, low, with a wide veranda on the three sides of the inner court.

Mrs. H. H. Jackson.

Ver`a*tral"bine (?), n. (Chem.) A yellowish amorphous alkaloid extracted from the rootstock of Veratrum album.

Ve*ra"trate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of veratric acid.

||Ve*ra"tri*a (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) Veratrine.

Ve*ra"tric (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, plants of the genus Veratrum.

Veratric acid (Chem.), an acid occurring, together with veratrine, in the root of white hellebore (Veratrum album), and in sabadilla seed; — extracted as a white crystalline substance which is related to protocatechuic acid.

||Ver`a*tri"na (?), n. [NL.] (Chem.) Same as Veratrine.

Ve*ra"trine (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. vératrine. See Veratrum.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid obtained from the root hellebore (Veratrum) and from sabadilla seeds as a white crystalline powder, having an acrid, burning taste. It is sometimes used externally, as in ointments, in the local treatment of neuralgia and rheumatism. Called also veratria, and veratrina.

Ve*ra"trol (?), n. [Veratric + ol.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon obtained by the decomposition of veratric acid, and constituting the dimethyl ether of pyrocatechin.

||Ve*ra"trum (?), n. [L. veratrum hellebore.] (Bot.) A genus of coarse liliaceous herbs having very poisonous qualities.

Veratrum album of Europe, and Veratrum viride of America, are both called hellebore. They grow in wet land, have large, elliptical, plicate leaves in three vertical ranks, and bear panicles of greenish flowers.

Verb (?), n. [F. verbe, L. verbum a word, verb. See Word.] 1. A word; a vocable. [Obs.] South.

2. (Gram.) A word which affirms or predicates something of some person or thing; a part of speech expressing being, action, or the suffering of action.

A verb is a word whereby the chief action of the mind [the assertion or the denial of a proposition] finds expression. Earle.

Active verb, Auxiliary verb, Neuter verb, etc. See Active, Auxiliary, Neuter, etc.

Ver"bal (?), a. [F., fr. L. verbalis. See Verb.] 1. Expressed in words, whether spoken or written, but commonly in spoken words; hence, spoken; oral; not written; as, a verbal contract; verbal testimony.

> Made she no verbal question?

Shak.

> We subjoin an engraving . . . which will give the reader a far better notion of the structure than any verbal description could convey to the mind.

Mayhew.

2. Consisting in, or having to do with, words only; dealing with words rather than with the ideas intended to be conveyed; as, a verbal critic; a verbal change.

> And loses, though but verbal, his reward.

Milton.

> Mere verbal refinements, instead of substantial knowledge.

Whewell.

3. Having word answering to word; word for word; literal; as, a verbal translation.

4. Abounding with words; verbose. [Obs.] Shak.

5. (Gram.) Of or pertaining to a verb; as, a verbal group; derived directly from a verb; as, a verbal noun; used in forming verbs; as, a verbal prefix.

Verbal inspiration. See under Inspiration. — Verbal noun (Gram.), a noun derived directly from a verb or verb stem; a verbal. The term is specifically applied to infinitives, and nouns ending in -ing, esp. to the latter. See Gerund, and -ing, 2. See also, Infinitive mood, under Infinitive.

Ver"bal, n. (Gram.) A noun derived from a verb.

Ver"bal*ism (?), n. Something expressed verbally; a verbal remark or expression.

Ver"bal*ist, n. A literal adherent to, or a minute critic of, words; a literalist.

Ver*bal"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being verbal; mere words; bare literal expression. [R.] "More verbality than matter." Bp. Hall.

Ver`bal*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of verbalizing, or the state of being verbalized.

Ver"bal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Verbalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Verbalizing (?).] [Cf. F. verbaliser.] To convert into a verb; to verbify.

Ver"bal*ize, v. i. To be verbose.

Ver"bal*ly, adv. 1. In a verbal manner; orally.

2. Word for word; verbatim. Dryden.

Ver*ba"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to words; verbal. [R.] Coleridge.

Ver*ba"ri*an, n. One who coins words. [R.]

> Southey gives himself free scope as a verbarian.

Fitzed. Hall.

Ver*ba"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. L. verbum word.] A game in word making. See Logomachy, 2.

||Ver*ba"tim (?), adv. [LL., fr. L. verbum word.] Word for word; in the same words; verbally; as, to tell a story verbatim as another has related it.

Verbatim et literatim [LL.], word for word, and letter for letter.

Ver*be"na (?), n. [L. See Vervain.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants of which several species are extensively cultivated for the great beauty of their flowers; vervain.

Verbena, or vervain, was used by the Greeks, the Romans, and the Druids, in their sacred rites. Brewer.

Essence of verbena, Oil of verbena, a perfume prepared from the lemon verbena; also, a similar perfume properly called grass oil. See Grass oil, under Grass. — Lemon, or Sweet, verbena, a shrubby verbenaceous plant (Lippia citriodora), with narrow leaves which exhale a pleasant, lemonlike fragrance when crushed.

Ver`be*na"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Verbenaceæ) of gamopetalous plants of which Verbena is the type. The order includes also the black and white mangroves, and many plants noted for medicinal use or for beauty of bloom.

Ver"be*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Verbenated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Verbenating.] [L. verbenatus crowned with a wreath of sacred boughs. See Verbena.] To strew with verbena, or vervain, as in ancient sacrifices and rites.

Ver"ber*ate (?), v. t. [L. verberatus, p. p. of verberare to beat, from verber a lash, a whip.] To beat; to strike. [Obs.] "The sound . . . rebounds again and verberates the skies." Mir. for Mag.

Ver`ber*a"tion (?), n. [L. verberatio: cf. F. verbération.] 1. The act of verberating; a beating or striking. Arbuthnot.

2. The impulse of a body; which causes sound. [R.]

Ver"bi*age (?; 48), n. [F. verbiage, from OF. verbe a word. See Verb.] The use of many words without necessity, or with little sense; a superabundance of words; verbosity; wordiness.

> Verbiage may indicate observation, but not thinking.

W. Irving.

> This barren verbiage current among men.

Tennyson.

Verb"i*fy (?), v. t. [Verb + - fy.] To make into a verb; to use as a verb; to verbalize. [R.] Earle.

Ver*bose" (?), a. [L. verbosus, from verbum a word. See Verb.] Abounding in words; using or containing more words than are necessary; tedious by a multiplicity of words; prolix; wordy; as, a verbose speaker; a verbose argument.

> Too verbose in their way of speaking.

Ayliffe.

— Ver*bose"ly, adv. — Ver*bose"ness, n.

Ver*bos"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Verbosities (#). [L. verbositas: cf. F. verbosité.] The quality or state of being verbose; the use of more words than are necessary; prolixity; wordiness; verbiage.

> The worst fault, by far, is the extreme diffuseness and verbosity of his style.

Jeffrey.

Verd (?), n. [See Vert, Verdant.] 1. (Eng. Forest Law) (a) The privilege of cutting green wood within a forest for fuel. (b) The right of pasturing animals in a forest. Burrill.

2. Greenness; freshness. [Obs.] Nares.

Ver"dan*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being verdant.

Ver"dant (?), a. [F. verdoyant, p. pr. of verdoyer to be verdant, to grow green, OF. verdoier, verdeier, fr. verd, vert, green, fr. L. viridis green, fr. virere to be green: cf. OF. verdant verdant, L. viridans, p. pr. of viridare to make green. Cf. Farthingale, Verjuice, Vert.] 1. Covered with growing plants or grass; green; fresh; flourishing; as, verdant fields; a verdant lawn.

> Let the earth
> Put forth the verdant grass.

Milton.

2. Unripe in knowledge or judgment; unsophisticated; raw; green; as, a verdant youth. [Colloq.]

Verd` an*tique" (?). [F. vert antique a kind of marble; verd, vert, green + antique ancient: cf. It. verde antico.] (Min.) (a) A mottled-green serpentine marble. (b) A green porphyry called oriental verd antique.

Ver"dant*ly (?), adv. In a verdant manner.

{ Ver"der*er (?), Ver"der*or (?), } n. [F. verdier, LL. viridarius, fr. L. viridis green.] (Eng. Forest Law) An officer who has the charge of the king's forest, to preserve the vert and venison, keep the assizes, view, receive, and enroll attachments and presentments of all manner of trespasses. Blackstone.

Ver"dict (?), n. [OE. verdit, OF. verdit, veirdit, LL. verdictum, veredictum; L. vere truly (fr. verus true) + dictum a saying, a word, fr. dicere, dictum, to say. See Very, and Dictum.] 1. (Law) The answer of a jury given to the court concerning any matter of fact in any cause, civil or criminal, committed to their examination and determination; the finding or decision of a jury on the matter legally submitted to them in the course of the trial of a cause.

The decision of a judge or referee, upon an issue of fact, is not called a verdict, but a finding, or a finding of fact. Abbott.

2. Decision; judgment; opinion pronounced; as, to be condemned by the verdict of the public.

> These were enormities condemned by the most natural verdict of common humanity.

South.

> Two generations have since confirmed the verdict which was pronounced on that night.

Macaulay.

Ver"di*gris (?), n. [F. vert-de-gris, apparently from verd, vert, green + de of + gris gray, but really a corruption of LL. viride aeris (equivalent to L. aerugo), from L. viridis green + aes, aeris, brass. See Verdant, and 2d Ore.] 1. (Chem.) A green poisonous substance used as a pigment and drug, obtained by the action of acetic acid on copper, and consisting essentially of a complex mixture of several basic copper acetates.

2. The green rust formed on copper. [Colloq.]

This rust is a carbonate of copper, and should not be confounded with true verdigris. U. S. Disp.

Blue verdigris (Chem.), a verdigris having a blue color, used a pigment, etc. — Distilled verdigris (Old Chem.), an acid copper acetate; — so called because the acetic acid used in making it was obtained from distilled vinegar. — Verdigris green, clear bluish green, the color of verdigris.

Ver"di*gris, v. t. To cover, or coat, with verdigris. [R.] "An old verdigrised brass bugle." Hawthorne.

Ver"din (?), n. [Cf. Sp. verdino bright green, F. verdin the yellow-hammer.] (Zoöl.) A small yellow-headed bird (Auriparus flaviceps) of Lower California, allied to the titmice; — called also goldtit.

Ver"dine (?), n. [F. verd, vert, green.] (Chem.) A commercial name for green aniline dye.

Ver"din*gale (?), n. See Farthingale. [Spelled also verdingall.] [Obs.]

Ver"dit (?), n. Verdict. Chaucer.

Ver"di*ter (?), n. [F. vert-de-terre, literally, green of earth.] (Chem.) (a) Verdigris. [Obs.] (b) Either one of two pigments (called blue verditer, and green verditer) which are made by treating copper nitrate with calcium carbonate (in the form of lime, whiting, chalk, etc.) They consist of hydrated copper carbonates analogous to the minerals azurite and malachite.

Verditer blue, a pale greenish blue color, like that of the pigment verditer.

Ver"di*ture (?; 135), n. [Cf. Verditer.] The faintest and palest green.

Ver"doy (?), a. [F. verdoyer to become green. See Verdant.] (Her.) Charged with leaves, fruits, flowers, etc.; — said of a border.

Ver"dure (?), n. [F., fr. L. viridis green. See Verdant.] Green; greenness; freshness of vegetation; as, the verdure of the meadows in June.

> A wide expanse of living verdure, cultivated gardens, shady groves, fertile cornfields, flowed round it like a sea.

Motley.

Ver"dured (?), a. Covered with verdure. Poe.

Ver"dure*less (?), a. Destitute of verdure.

Ver"dur*ous (?), a. Covered with verdure; clothed with the fresh green of vegetation; verdured; verdant; as, verdurous pastures. Milton.

Ver"e*cund (?), a. [L. verecundus, fr. vereri to feel awe.] Rashful; modest. [Obs.]

Ver`e*cun"di*ous (?), a. Verecund. [Obs.] "Verecundious generosity." Sir H. Wotton.

Ver`e*cun"di*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being verecund; modesty. [Obs.]

||Ver`e*til"lum (?), n. [L., dim. of veretrum the private parts.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of club-shaped, compound Alcyonaria belonging to Veretillum and allied genera, of the tribe Pennatulacea. The whole colony can move about as if it were a simple animal.

{ Ver"ga*lien, Ver"ga*loo } (?), n. [Cf. Virgouleuse.] (Bot.) See Virgalieu.

Verge (?), n. [F. verge, L. virga; perhaps akin to E. wisp.] 1. A rod or staff, carried as an emblem of authority; as, the verge, carried before a dean.

2. The stick or wand with which persons were formerly admitted tenants, they holding it in the hand, and swearing fealty to the lord. Such tenants were called tenants by the verge. [Eng.]

3. (Eng. Law) The compass of the court of Marshalsea and the Palace court, within which the lord steward and the marshal of the king's household had special jurisdiction; — so called from the verge, or staff, which the marshal bore.

4. A virgate; a yardland. [Obs.]

5. A border, limit, or boundary of a space; an edge, margin, or brink of something definite in extent.

> Even though we go to the extreme verge of possibility to invent a supposition favorable to it, the theory . . . implies an absurdity.

J. S. Mill.

> But on the horizon's verge descried,
> Hangs, touched with light, one snowy sail.

M. Arnold.

6. A circumference; a circle; a ring.

> The inclusive verge
> Of golden metal that must round my brow.

Shak.

7. (Arch.) (a) The shaft of a column, or a small ornamental shaft. Oxf. Gloss. (b) The edge of the tiling projecting over the gable of a roof. Encyc. Brit.

8. (Horol.) The spindle of a watch balance, especially one with pallets, as in the old vertical escapement. See under Escapement.

9. (Hort.) (a) The edge or outside of a bed or border. (b) A slip of grass adjoining gravel walks, and dividing them from the borders in a parterre.

10. The penis.

11. (Zoöl.) The external male organ of certain mollusks, worms, etc. See Illustration in Appendix.

Syn. — Border; edge; rim; brim; margin; brink.

<! p. 1603 !>

Verge (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Verged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Verging (?).] [L. vergere to bend, turn, incline; cf. Skr. v&?;j to turn.] 1. To border upon; to tend; to incline; to come near; to approach.

2. To tend downward; to bend; to slope; as, a hill verges to the north.

> Our soul, from original instinct, vergeth towards him as its center.

Barrow.

> I find myself verging to that period of life which is to be labor and sorrow.

Swift.

Verge"board` (?), n. [Verge + board. Cf. Bargeboard.] (Arch.) The ornament of woodwork upon the gable of a house, used extensively in the 15th century. It was generally suspended from the edge of the projecting roof (see Verge, n., 4), and in position parallel to the gable wall. Called also bargeboard.

Ver"gen*cy (?), n. 1. The act of verging or approaching; tendency; approach. [R.]

2. (Opt.) The reciprocal of the focal distance of a lens, used as measure of the divergence or convergence of a pencil of rays. [R.] Humphrey Lloyd.

Ver"ger (?), n. [F. verger, from verge a rod. See 1st Verge.] One who carries a verge, or emblem of office. Specifically: —

(a) An attendant upon a dignitary, as on a bishop, a dean, a justice, etc. [Eng.] Strype.

(b) The official who takes care of the interior of a church building.

Ver"ger, n. A garden or orchard. [Obs.]

Ver`get`té" (?), a. [Cf. F. vergeté.] Divided by pallets, or pales; paly. W. Berry.

Ver*gette" (?), n. (Her.) A small pale.

Ve*rid"ic*al (?), a. [L. veridicus; verus true + dicere to say, tell.] Truth-telling; truthful; veracious. [R.] Carlyle.

Ver"i*fi`a*ble (?), a. Capable of being verified; confirmable. Bp. Hall.

Ver`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. vérification.] 1. The act of verifying, or the state of being verified; confirmation; authentication.

2. (Law) (a) Confirmation by evidence. (b) A formal phrase used in concluding a plea.

Verification of an equation (Math.), the operation of testing the equation of a problem, to see whether it expresses truly the conditions of the problem. Davies & Peck. (Math. Dict.)

Ver"i*fi*ca*tive (?), a. Serving to verify; verifying; authenticating; confirming.

Ver"i*fi`er (?), n. One who, or that which, verifies.

Ver"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Verified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Verifying.] [F. vérifier, LL. verificare, from L. verus true + -ficare to make. See Very, and - fy.] 1. To prove to be true or correct; to establish the truth of; to confirm; to substantiate.

> This is verified by a number of examples.

Bacon.

> So shalt thou best fulfill, best verify.
> The prophets old, who sung thy endless reign.

Milton.

2. To confirm or establish the authenticity of by examination or competent evidence; to authenticate; as, to verify a written statement; to verify an account, a pleading, or the like.

> To verify our title with their lives.

Shak.

3. To maintain; to affirm; to support. [Obs.] Shak.

Ve*ril"o*quent (?), a. [L. verus true + loquens speaking.] Speaking truth; truthful. [Obs.]

Ver"i*ly (?), adv. [From Very.] In very truth; beyond doubt or question; in fact; certainly. Bacon.

> Trust in the Lord and do good; so shalt thou dwell in the land, and verily thou shalt be fed.

Ps. xxxvii. 3.

Ver"ine (?), n. [Contr. from veratrine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained as a yellow amorphous substance by the decomposition of veratrine.

Ver`i*sim"i*lar (?), a. [L. verisimilis; verus true + similis like, similar. See Very, and Similar.] Having the appearance of truth; probable; likely. "How verisimilar it looks." Carlyle.

Ver`i*si*mil"i*tude (?), n. [L. verisimilitudo: cf. OF. verisimilitude. See Verisimilar.] The quality or state of being verisimilar; the appearance of truth; probability; likelihood.

> Verisimilitude and opinion are an easy purchase; but true knowledge is dear and difficult.

Glanvill.

> All that gives verisimilitude to a narrative.

Sir. W. Scott.

Ver`i*si*mil"i*ty (?), n. Verisimilitude. [Obs.]

> The verisimility or probable truth.

Sir T. Browne.

Ver`i*sim"i*lous (?), a. Verisimilar. [Obs.]

Ver"i*ta*ble (?), a. [F. véritable. See Verity.] Agreeable to truth or to fact; actual; real; true; genuine. "The veritable Deity." Sir W. Hamilton. — Ver"i*ta*bly, adv.

Ver"i*tas (?), n. [Cf. F. véritas. See Verity.] The Bureau Veritas. See under Bureau.

Ver"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Verities (#). [F. vérité, L. veritas, fr. verus true. See Very.] 1. The quality or state of being true, or real; consonance of a statement, proposition, or other thing, with fact; truth; reality. "The verity of certain words." Shak.

> It is a proposition of eternal verity, that none can govern while he is despised.

South.

2. That which is true; a true assertion or tenet; a truth; a reality.

> Mark what I say, which you shall find
> By every syllable a faithful verity.

Shak.

Ver"juice` (?), n. [OE. vergeous, F. verjus, that is, the juice of green fruits; verd, vert, green + jus juice. See Verdant, and Juice.] 1. The sour juice of crab apples, of green or unripe grapes, apples, etc.; also, an acid liquor made from such juice.

2. Tartness; sourness, as of disposition.

Ver"meil (?), n. [F., vermilion, fr. LL. vermiculus, fr. L. vermiculus a little worm, the coccus Indicus, from vermis a worm. See Worm, and cf. Vermicule.] 1. Vermilion; also, the color of vermilion, a bright, beautiful red. [Poetic & R.]

> In her cheeks the vermeil red did show
> Like roses in a bed of lilies shed.

Spenser.

2. Silver gilt or gilt bronze.

3. A liquid composition applied to a gilded surface to give luster to the gold. Knight.

Ver`me*ol"o*gist (?), n. One who treats of vermes, or worms; a helminthologist.

Ver`me*ol"o*gy (?), n. [L. vermes worms + -logy.] (Zoöl.) A discourse or treatise on worms; that part of zoölogy which treats of worms; helminthology. [R.]

||Ver"mes (?), n. pl. [L. vermes, pl. of vermis a worm.] (Zoöl.) (a) An extensive artificial division of the animal kingdom, including the parasitic worms, or helminths, together with the nemerteans, annelids, and allied groups. By some writers the branchiopods, the bryzoans, and the tunicates are also included. The name was used in a still wider sense by Linnæus and his followers. (b) A more restricted group, comprising only the helminths and closely allied orders.

Ver"me*tid (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of vermetus.

||Ver*me"tus (?), n. [NL., from L. vermis worm.] (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of marine gastropods belonging to Vermetus and allied genera, of the family Vermetidæ. Their shells are regularly spiral when young, but later in life the whorls become separate, and the shell is often irregularly bent and contorted like a worm tube.

Ver`mi*cel"li (?), n. [It., pl. of vermicello, literally, a little worm, dim. of verme a worm, L. vermis. See Worm, and cf. Vermicule, Vermeil.] The flour of a hard and small-grained wheat made into dough, and forced through small cylinders or pipes till it takes a slender, wormlike form, whence the Italian name. When the paste is made in larger tubes, it is called macaroni.

Ver"mi*cide (?), n. [L. vermis a worm + caedere to kill.] A medicine which destroys intestinal worms; a worm killer. Pereira.

Ver*mi"cious (?), a. [L. vermis a worm.] Of or pertaining to worms; wormy.

Ver*mic"u*lar (?), a. [L. vermiculus a little worm, dim. of vermis a worm: cf. F. vermiculaire. See Vermicelli.] Of or pertaining to a worm or worms; resembling a worm; shaped like a worm; especially, resembling the motion or track of a worm; as, the vermicular, or peristaltic, motion of the intestines. See Peristaltic. "A twisted form vermicular." Cowper.

Ver*mic"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vermiculated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vermiculating.] [L. vermiculatus inlaid so as to resemble the tracks of worms, p. p. of vermiculari to be full of worms, vermiculus a little worm. See Vermicular.] To form or work, as by inlaying, with irregular lines or impressions resembling the tracks of worms, or appearing as if formed by the motion of worms.

Ver*mic"u*late (?), a. 1. Wormlike in shape; covered with wormlike elevations; marked with irregular fine lines of color, or with irregular wavy impressed lines like worm tracks; as, a vermiculate nut.

2. Crawling or creeping like a worm; hence, insinuating; sophistical. "Vermiculate questions." Bacon. "Vermiculate logic." R. Choate.

Ver*mic"u*la`ted (?), a. Made or marked with irregular wavy lines or impressions; vermiculate.

Vermiculated work, or Vermicular work (Arch.), rustic work so wrought as to have the appearance of convoluted worms, or of having been eaten into by, or covered with tracks of, worms. Gwilt.

Ver*mic`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. vermiculatio a being worm-eaten.] 1. The act or operation of moving in the manner of a worm; continuation of motion from one part to another; as, the vermiculation, or peristaltic motion, of the intestines.

2. The act of vermiculating, or forming or inlaying so as to resemble the motion, track, or work of a worm.

3. Penetration by worms; the state of being wormeaten.

4. (Zoöl.) A very fine wavy crosswise color marking, or a patch of such markings, as on the feathers of birds.

Ver"mi*cule (?), n. [L. vermiculus, dim. of vermis a worm. See Vermicular.] A small worm or insect larva; also, a wormlike body. [R.] Derham.

Ver*mic"u*lite (?), n. [L. vermiculus, dim. of vermis worm.] (Min.) A group of minerals having, a micaceous structure. They are hydrous silicates, derived generally from the alteration of some kind of mica. So called because the scales, when heated, open out into wormlike forms.

{ Ver*mic"u*lose` (?), Ver*mic"u*lous (?), } a. [L. vermiculosus. See Vermicule.] Containing, or full of, worms; resembling worms.

Ver"mi*form (?), a. [L. vermis a worm + -form.] Resembling a worm in form or motions; vermicular; as, the vermiform process of the cerebellum.

Vermiform appendix (Anat.), a slender blind process of the cæcum in man and some other animals; — called also vermiform appendage, and vermiform process. Small solid bodies, such as grape seeds or cherry stones, sometimes lodge in it, causing serious, or even fatal, inflammation. See Illust. under Digestion.

||Ver`mi*for"mi*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of worms including Phoronis. See Phoronis.

Ver*mif"u*gal (?), a. [L. vermis a worm + fugare to drive away, fr. fugere to flee. See Worm, and Fugitive.] (Med.) Tending to prevent, destroy, or expel, worms or vermin; anthelmintic.

Ver"mi*fuge (?), n. [Cf. F. vermifuge. See Vermifugal.] (Med.) A medicine or substance that expels worms from animal bodies; an anthelmintic.

Ver"mil (?), n. See Vermeil. [Obs.] Spenser.

||Ver`mi*lin"gui*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. vermis worm + lingua tongue.] [Called also Vermilingues.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tribe of edentates comprising the South American ant-eaters. The tongue is long, slender, exsertile, and very flexible, whence the name. (b) A tribe of Old World lizards which comprises the chameleon. They have long, flexible tongues.

Ver*mil"ion (?), n. [F. vermillon. See Vermeil.] 1. (Chem.) A bright red pigment consisting of mercuric sulphide, obtained either from the mineral cinnabar or artificially. It has a fine red color, and is much used in coloring sealing wax, in printing, etc.

The kermes insect has long been used for dyeing red or scarlet. It was formerly known as the worm dye, vermiculus, or vermiculum, and the cloth was called vermiculatia. Hence came the French vermeil for any red dye, and hence the modern name vermilion, although the substance it denotes is very different from the kermes, being a compound of mercury and sulphur. R. Hunt.

2. Hence, a red color like the pigment; a lively and brilliant red; as, cheeks of vermilion.

Ver*mil"ion, v. t. To color with vermilion, or as if with vermilion; to dye red; to cover with a delicate red.

Ver"mi*ly (?), n. Vermeil. [Obs.] Spenser.

Ver"min (?), n. sing. & pl.; used chiefly as plural. [OE. vermine, F. vermine, from L. vermis a worm; cf. LL. vermen a worm, L. verminosus full of worms. See Vermicular, Worm.] 1. An animal, in general. [Obs.]

> Wherein were all manner of fourfooted beasts of the earth, and vermin, and worms, and fowls.

Acts x. 12. (Geneva Bible).

> This crocodile is a mischievous fourfooted beast, a dangerous vermin, used to both elements.

Holland.

2. A noxious or mischievous animal; especially, noxious little animals or insects, collectively, as squirrels, rats, mice, flies, lice, bugs, etc. "Cruel hounds or some foul vermin." Chaucer.

> Great injuries these vermin, mice and rats, do in the field.

Mortimer.

> They disdain such vermin when the mighty boar of the forest . . . is before them.

Burke.

3. Hence, in contempt, noxious human beings.

> You are my prisoners, base vermin.

Hudibras.

Ver"mi*nate (?), v. i. [L. verminare to have worms, fr. vermis a worm.] To breed vermin.

Ver`mi*na"tion (?), n. [L. verminatio the worms, a disease of animals, a crawling, itching pain.] 1. The generation or breeding of vermin. Derham.

2. A griping of the bowels.

Ver"min*ly (?), a. & adv. Resembling vermin; in the manner of vermin. [Obs.] Gauden.

Ver"min*ous (?), a. [L. verminosus, fr. vermis a worm: cf. F. vermineux.] 1. Tending to breed vermin; infested by vermin.

> Some . . . verminous disposition of the body.

Harvey.

2. Caused by, or arising from the presence of, vermin; as, verminous disease.

Ver"min*ous*ly, adv. In a verminous manner.

Ver*mip"a*rous (?), a. [L. vermis a worm + parere to bring forth.] Producing or breeding worms. "Vermiparous animals." Sir T. Browne.

Ver*miv"o*rous (?), a. [L. vermis a worm + vorare to devour: cf. F. vermivore.] (Zoöl.) Devouring worms; feeding on worms; as, vermivorous birds.

Ver"muth (?), n. [F. vermout.] A liqueur made of white wine, absinthe, and various aromatic drugs, used to excite the appetite. [Written also vermouth.]

Ver"na*cle (?), n. See Veronica, 1. [Obs.]

Ver*nac"u*lar (?), a. [L. vernaculus born in one's house, native, fr. verna a slave born in his master's house, a native, probably akin to Skr. vas to dwell, E. was.] Belonging to the country of one's birth; one's own by birth or nature; native; indigenous; — now used chiefly of language; as, English is our vernacular language. "A vernacular disease." Harvey.

> His skill the vernacular dialect of the Celtic tongue.

Fuller.

> Which in our vernacular idiom may be thus interpreted.

Pope.

Ver*nac"u*lar, n. The vernacular language; one's mother tongue; often, the common forms of expression in a particular locality.

Ver*nac"u*lar*ism (?), n. A vernacular idiom.

Ver*nac"u*lar*i*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of making vernacular, or the state of being made vernacular. Fitzed. Hall.

Ver*nac"u*lar*ly (?), adv. In a vernacular manner; in the vernacular. Earle.

Ver*nac"u*lous (?), a. [L. vernaculus. See Vernacular.] 1. Vernacular. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. [L. vernaculi, pl., buffoons, jesters.] Scoffing; scurrilous. [A Latinism. Obs.] "Subject to the petulancy of every vernaculous orator." B. Jonson.

Ver"nage (?), n. [It. vernaccia.] A kind of sweet wine from Italy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ver"nal (?), a. [L. vernalis, fr. vernus vernal, ver spring; akin to Gr. &?;, Skr. vasanta, Icel. vr, and E. Easter, east.] 1. Of or pertaining to the spring; appearing in the spring; as, vernal bloom.

2. Fig.: Belonging to youth, the spring of life.

> When after the long vernal day of life.

Thomson.

> And seems it hard thy vernal years
> Few vernal joys can show?

Keble.

<! p. 1604 !>

Vernal equinox (Astron.), the time when the sun crosses the equator when proceeding northward. — Vernal grass (Bot.), a low, soft grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), producing in the spring narrow spikelike panicles, and noted for the delicious fragrance which it gives to new-mown hay; — also called sweet vernal grass. See Illust. in Appendix. — Vernal signs (Astron.), the signs, Aries, Taurus, and Gemini, in which the sun appears between the vernal equinox and summer solstice.

Ver"nant (?), a. [L. vernans, p. pr. vernare to flourish, from ver spring.] Flourishing, as in spring; vernal. [Obs.] "Vernant flowers." Milton.

Ver"nate (?), v. i. [See Vernant.] To become young again. [Obs.]

Ver*na"tion (?), n. [F. vernation: cf. L. vernatio the sloughing of the skin of snakes.] (Bot.) The arrangement of the leaves within the leaf bud, as regards their folding, coiling, rolling, etc.; prefoliation.

Ver"ni*cle (?), n. A Veronica. See Veronica, 1. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

> A vernicle had he sowed upon his cap.

Chaucer.

Ver"ni*cose` (?), a. [See Varnish.] (Bot.) Having a brilliantly polished surface, as some leaves.

Ver"ni*er (?), n. [So named after the inventor, Pierre Vernier.] A short scale made to slide along the divisions of a graduated instrument, as the limb of a sextant, or the scale of a barometer, for indicating parts of divisions. It is so graduated that a certain convenient number of its divisions are just equal to a certain number, either one less or one more, of the divisions of the instrument, so that parts of a division are determined by observing what line on the vernier coincides with a line on the instrument.

Vernier calipers, Vernier gauge, a gauge with a graduated bar and a sliding jaw bearing a vernier, used for accurate measurements. — Vernier compass, a surveyor's compass with a vernier for the accurate adjustment of the zero point in accordance with magnetic variation. — Vernier transit, a surveyor's transit instrument with a vernier compass.

Ver"nile (?), a. [L. vernilis servile. See Vernacular.] Suiting a salve; servile; obsequious. [R.]

> The example . . . of vernile scurrility.

De Quincey.

Ver*nil"i*ty (?), n. [L. vernilitas.] Fawning or obsequious behavior; servility. [R.] Bailey.

Ver"nine (?), n. [Vernal + - ine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from the shoots of the vetch, red clover, etc., as a white crystalline substance.

Ver"nish (?), n. & v. Varnish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ver"no*nin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from the root of a South African plant of the genus Vernonia, as a deliquescent powder, and used as a mild heart tonic.

||Ver`o*nese" (?), a. [It. Veronese.] Of or pertaining to Verona, in Italy. — n. sing. & pl. A native of Verona; collectively, the people of Verona.

Ve*ron"i*ca (?), n. [LL.; — so called from Veronica, a woman who, according to an old legend, as Christ was carrying the cross, wiped his face with a cloth, which received an impression of his countenance; Veronica is fr. MGr. &?;, fr. Macedonian &?;, for Gr. &?;, literally, carrying off victory, victorious.] 1. A portrait or representation of the face of our Savior on the alleged handkerchief of Saint Veronica, preserved at Rome; hence, a representation of this portrait, or any similar representation of the face of the Savior. Formerly called also Vernacle, and Vernicle.

2. (Bot.) A genus scrophulariaceous plants; the speedwell. See Speedwell.

Several herbaceous species are common in both Europe and America, most of which have small blue flowers. A few shrubby species from New Zealand are sometimes found in cultivation.

Ver"ray (?), a. Very; true. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ver"ray*ment (?), adv. [OF. veraiement. See Very.] Verily; truly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ver"rel (?), n. See Ferrule. [Obs.]

Ver*ric"u*late (?), a. [L. verriculum a net, seine.] (Zoöl.) Having thickset tufts of parallel hairs, bristles, or branches.

Ver*ru"ci*form (?), a. [L. verruca wart + -form.] Shaped like a wart or warts.

Ver"ru*cose` (?), a. [L. verrucosus, fr. verruca a wart.] Covered with wartlike elevations; tuberculate; warty; verrucous; as, a verrucose capsule.

Ver"ru*cous (?), a. Verrucose.

Ver*ru"cu*lose` (?), a. [L. verrucula, dim. of verruca a wart.] Minutely verrucose; as, a verruculose leaf or stalk.

Vers (?), n. sing. & pl. A verse or verses. See Verse. [Obs.] "Ten vers or twelve." Chaucer.

Ver`sa*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being versable. [R.] Sterne

Ver"sa*ble (?), a. [L. versabilis: cf. F. versable. See Versatile.] Capable of being turned. [R.]

Ver"sa*ble*ness, n. Versability. [R.]

Ver"sal (?), a. Universal. [Obs. or Colloq.] Shak.

Ver"sant (?), a. [L. versans, p. pr. versare to turn abound frequently, to turn over in the mind, to meditate. See Versatile.] Familiar; conversant. [R.]

> Men not versant with courts of justice.

Sydney Smith.

Ver"sant, n. [F.] The slope of a side of a mountain chain; hence, the general slope of a country; aspect.

Ver"sa*tile (?), a. [L. versatilis, fr. versare to turn around, v. freq. of vertere: cf. F. versatile. See Verse.] 1. Capable of being turned round. Harte.

2. Liable to be turned in opinion; changeable; variable; unsteady; inconstant; as versatile disposition.

3. Turning with ease from one thing to another; readily applied to a new task, or to various subjects; many-sided; as, versatile genius; a versatile politician.

> Conspicuous among the youths of high promise . . . was the quick and versatile [Charles] Montagu.

Macaulay.

4. (Nat. Hist.) Capable of turning; freely movable; as, a versatile anther, which is fixed at one point to the filament, and hence is very easily turned around; a versatile toe of a bird.

— Ver"sa*tile*ly, adv. — — Ver"sa*tile*ness, n.

Ver`sa*til"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. versatilité.] The quality or state of being versatile; versatileness.

||Vers` de so`cié`té" (?). [F.] See Society verses, under Society.

Verse (?), n. [OE. vers, AS. fers, L. versus a line in writing, and, in poetry, a verse, from vertere, versum, to turn, to turn round; akin to E. worth to become: cf. F. vers. See Worth to become, and cf. Advertise, Averse, Controversy, Convert, Divers, Invert, Obverse, Prose, Suzerain, Vortex.] 1. A line consisting of a certain number of metrical feet (see Foot, n., 9) disposed according to metrical rules.

Verses are of various kinds, as hexameter, pentameter, tetrameter, etc., according to the number of feet in each. A verse of twelve syllables is called an Alexandrine. Two or more verses form a stanza or strophe.

2. Metrical arrangement and language; that which is composed in metrical form; versification; poetry.

> Such prompt eloquence
> Flowed from their lips in prose or numerous verse.

Milton.

> Virtue was taught in verse.

Prior.

> Verse embalms virtue.

Donne.

3. A short division of any composition. Specifically: —

(a) A stanza; a stave; as, a hymn of four verses.

Although this use of verse is common, it is objectionable, because not always distinguishable from the stricter use in the sense of a line.

(b) (Script.) One of the short divisions of the chapters in the Old and New Testaments.

The author of the division of the Old Testament into verses is not ascertained. The New Testament was divided into verses by Robert Stephens [or Estienne], a French printer. This arrangement appeared for the first time in an edition printed at Geneva, in 1551.

(c) (Mus.) A portion of an anthem to be performed by a single voice to each part.

4. A piece of poetry. "This verse be thine." Pope.

Blank verse, poetry in which the lines do not end in rhymes. — Heroic verse. See under Heroic.

Verse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Versed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Versing.] To tell in verse, or poetry. [Obs.]

> Playing on pipes of corn and versing love.

Shak.

Verse, v. i. To make verses; to versify. [Obs.]

> It is not rhyming and versing that maketh a poet.

Sir P. Sidney.

Versed (?), a. [Cf. F. versé, L. versatus, p. p. of versari to turn about frequently, to turn over, to be engaged in a thing, passive of versare. See Versant, a.] Acquainted or familiar, as the result of experience, study, practice, etc.; skilled; practiced.

> Deep versed in books and shallow in himself.

Milton.

> Opinions . . . derived from studying the Scriptures, wherein he was versed beyond any person of his age.

Southey.

> These men were versed in the details of business.

Macaulay.

Versed, a. [L. versus turned, p. p. vertere. See 1st Versed.] (Math.) Turned.

Versed sine. See under Sine, and Illust. of Functions.

Verse"man (?), n. Same as Versemonger. Prior.

Verse"mon`ger (?), n. A writer of verses; especially, a writer of commonplace poetry; a poetaster; a rhymer; — used humorously or in contempt.

Vers"er (?), n. A versifier. B. Jonson.

Vers"et (?), n. [F.] A verse. [Obs.] Milton.

Ver"si*cle (?), n. [L. versiculus, dim. of versus. See Verse.] A little verse; especially, a short verse or text said or sung in public worship by the priest or minister, and followed by a response from the people.

> The psalms were in number fifteen, . . . being digested into versicles.

Strype.

{ Ver"si*col`or (?), Ver"si*col`ored (?), } a. [L. versicolor; versare to change + color color.] Having various colors; changeable in color. "Versicolor, sweet-smelling flowers." Burton.

Ver*sic"u*lar (?), a. [See Versicle.] Of or pertaining to verses; designating distinct divisions of a writing.

Ver`si*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. versificatio: cf. F. versification.] The act, art, or practice, of versifying, or making verses; the construction of poetry; metrical composition.

Ver"si*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [L.] A versifier. [R.] "The best versificator next Virgil." Dryden.

Ver"si*fi`er (?), n. 1. One who versifies, or makes verses; as, not every versifier is a poet. Dryden.

2. One who converts into verse; one who expresses in verse the ideas of another written in prose; as, Dr. Watts was a versifier of the Psalms.

Ver"si*fy (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Versified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Versifying (?).] [OE. versifien, F. versifier, L. versificare; versus a verse + -ficare to make. See Verse, and -fy.] To make verses.

> I'll versify in spite, and do my best.

Dryden.

Ver"si*fy, v. t. 1. To relate or describe in verse; to compose in verse.

> I'll versify the truth, not poetize.

Daniel.

2. To turn into verse; to render into metrical form; as, to versify the Psalms. Chaucer.

Ver"sion (?), n. [F., from L. vertere, versum, to turn, to change, to translate. See Verse.] 1. A change of form, direction, or the like; transformation; conversion; turning.

> The version of air into water.

Bacon.

2. (Med.) A condition of the uterus in which its axis is deflected from its normal position without being bent upon itself. See Anteversion, and Retroversion.

3. The act of translating, or rendering, from one language into another language.

4. A translation; that which is rendered from another language; as, the Common, or Authorized, Version of the Scriptures (see under Authorized); the Septuagint Version of the Old Testament.

5. An account or description from a particular point of view, especially as contrasted with another account; as, he gave another version of the affair.

Ver"sion*ist, n. One who makes or favors a version; a translator. [R.]

Ver"so (?), n. [L. versus, p. p. of vertere to turn: cf. F. verso.] (Print.) The reverse, or left-hand, page of a book or a folded sheet of paper; — opposed to recto.

Ver"sor (?), n. [NL., fr. L. vertere, versus, to turn. See Version.] (Geom.) The turning factor of a quaternion.

The change of one vector into another is considered in quaternions as made up of two operations; 1st, the rotation of the first vector so that it shall be parallel to the second; 2d, the change of length so that the first vector shall be equal to the second. That which expresses in amount and kind the first operation is a versor, and is denoted geometrically by a line at right angles to the plane in which the rotation takes place, the length of this line being proportioned to the amount of rotation. That which expresses the second operation is a tensor. The product of the versor and tensor expresses the total operation, and is called a quaternion. See Quaternion.

Quadrantal versor. See under Quadrantal.

Verst (?), n. [Russ. versta: cf. F. verste.] A Russian measure of length containing 3,500 English feet. [Written also werst.]

Ver"su*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a verse.

||Ver"sus (?), prep. [L., toward, turned in the direction of, from vertere, versum, to turn. See Verse.] Against; as, John Doe versus Richard Roe; — chiefly used in legal language, and abbreviated to v. or vs.

Ver*sute" (?), a. [L. versutus, fr. vertere, versum, to turn.] Crafty; wily; cunning; artful. [R.]

Vert (?), n. [F., green, from L. viridis. See Verdant, and cf. Verd.] 1. (Eng. Forest Law) (a) Everything that grows, and bears a green leaf, within the forest; as, to preserve vert and venison is the duty of the verderer. (b) The right or privilege of cutting growing wood.

2. (Her.) The color green, represented in a drawing or engraving by parallel lines sloping downward toward the right.

Ver"te*ber (?), n. A vertebra. [Obs.]

||Ver"te*bra (?), n.; pl. Vertebræ (#). [L. vertebra, fr. vertere to turn, change. See Verse.]

1. (Anat.) One of the serial segments of the spinal column.

In many fishes the vertebræ are simple cartilaginous disks or short cylinders, but in the higher vertebrates they are composed of many parts, and the vertebræ in different portions of the same column vary very greatly. A well-developed vertebra usually consists of a more or less cylindrical and solid body, or centrum, which is surmounted dorsally by an arch, leaving an opening which forms a part of the canal containing the spinal cord. From this dorsal, or neural, arch spring various processes, or apophyses, which have received special names: a dorsal, or neural, spine, spinous process, or neurapophysis, on the middle of the arch; two anterior and two posterior articular processes, or zygapophyses; and one or two transverse processes on each side. In those vertebræ which bear well-developed ribs, a tubercle near the end of the rib articulates at a tubercular facet on the transverse process (diapophysis), while the end, or head, of the rib articulates at a more ventral capitular facet which is sometimes developed into a second, or ventral, transverse process (parapophysis). In vertebrates with well-developed hind limbs, the spinal column is divided into five regions in each of which the vertebræ are specially designated: those vertebræ in front of, or anterior to, the first vertebra which bears ribs connected with the sternum are cervical; all those which bear ribs and are back of the cervicals are dorsal; the one or more directly supporting the pelvis are sacral and form the sacrum; those between the sacral and dorsal are lumbar; and all those back of the sacral are caudal, or coccygeal. In man there are seven cervical vertebræ, twelve dorsal, five lumbar, five sacral, and usually four, but sometimes five and rarely three, coccygeal.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the central ossicles in each joint of the arms of an ophiuran.

<! p. 1605 !>

Ver"te*bral (?), a. [Cf. F. vertébral.] 1. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a vertebræ, or the vertebral column; spinal; rachidian.

2. Vertebrate.

Ver"te*bral, n. (Zoöl.) A vertebrate. [R.]

Ver"te*bral*ly, adv. (Anat.) At or within a vertebra or vertebræ; — distinguished from interverterbrally.

Ver`te*brar*te"ri*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a vertebræ and an artery; — said of the foramina in the transverse processes of cervical vertebræ and of the canal which they form for the vertebral artery and vein.

||Ver`te*bra"ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) One of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom, comprising all animals that have a backbone composed of bony or cartilaginous vertebræ, together with Amphioxus in which the backbone is represented by a simple undivided notochord. The Vertebrata always have a dorsal, or neural, cavity above the notochord or backbone, and a ventral, or visceral, cavity below it. The subdivisions or classes of Vertebrata are Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces, Marsipobranchia, and Leptocardia.

Ver"te*brate (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Vertebrata.

{ Ver"te*brate (?), Ver"te*bra`ted (?), } a. [L. vertebratus.] 1. (Anat.) Having a backbone, or vertebral column, containing the spinal marrow, as man, quadrupeds, birds, amphibia, and fishes.

2. (Bot.) Contracted at intervals, so as to resemble the spine in animals. Henslow.

3. (Zoöl.) Having movable joints resembling vertebræ; — said of the arms ophiurans.

4. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Vertebrata; — used only in the form vertebrate.

Ver"te*bre (?), n. (Anat.) A vertebra. [Obs.]

Ver"te*bro- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, a vertebra, vertebræ, or vertebral column; as in vertebrocostal.

Ver"te*bro-il"i*ac (?), a. (Anat.) Iliolumbar.

Ver"tex (?), n.; pl. Vertexes (#), L. Vertices (#). [L. vertex, -icis, a whirl, top of the head, top, summit, from vertere to turn. See Verse, and cf. Vortex.] A turning point; the principal or highest point; top; summit; crown; apex. Specifically: —

(a) (Anat.) The top, or crown, of the head.

(b) (Anat.) The zenith, or the point of the heavens directly overhead.

(c) (Math.) The point in any figure opposite to, and farthest from, the base; the terminating point of some particular line or lines in a figure or a curve; the top, or the point opposite the base.

The principal vertex of a conic section is, in the parabola, the vertex of the axis of the curve: in the ellipse, either extremity of either axis, but usually the left-hand vertex of the transverse axis; in the hyperbola, either vertex, but usually the right- hand vertex of the transverse axis.

Vertex of a curve (Math.), the point in which the axis of the curve intersects it. — Vertex of an angle (Math.), the point in which the sides of the angle meet. — Vertex of a solid, or of a surface of revolution (Math.), the point in which the axis pierces the surface.

Ver"ti*cal (?), a. [Cf. F. vertical. See Vertex.]

1. Of or pertaining to the vertex; situated at the vertex, or highest point; directly overhead, or in the zenith; perpendicularly above one.

> Charity . . . is the vertical top of all religion.

Jer. Taylor.

2. Perpendicular to the plane of the horizon; upright; plumb; as, a vertical line.

Vertical angle (Astron. & Geod.), an angle measured on a vertical circle, called an angle of elevation, or altitude, when reckoned from the horizon upward, and of depression when downward below the horizon. — Vertical anthers (Bot.), such anthers as stand erect at the top of the filaments. — Vertical circle (Astron.), an azimuth circle. See under Azimuth. — Vertical drill, an drill. See under Upright. — Vertical fire (Mil.), the fire, as of mortars, at high angles of elevation. — Vertical leaves (Bot.), leaves which present their edges to the earth and the sky, and their faces to the horizon, as in the Australian species of Eucalyptus. — Vertical limb, a graduated arc attached to an instrument, as a theodolite, for measuring vertical angles. — Vertical line. (a) (Dialing) A line perpendicular to the horizon. (b) (Conic Sections) A right line drawn on the vertical plane, and passing through the vertex of the cone. (c) (Surv.) The direction of a plumb line; a line normal to the surface of still water. (d) (Geom., Drawing, etc.) A line parallel to the sides of a page or sheet, in distinction from a horizontal line parallel to the top or bottom. — Vertical plane. (a) (Conic Sections) A plane passing through the vertex of a cone, and through its axis. (b) (Projections) Any plane which passes through a vertical line. (c) (Persp.) The plane passing through the point of sight, and perpendicular to the ground plane, and also to the picture. — Vertical sash, a sash sliding up and down. Cf. French sash, under 3d Sash. — Vertical steam engine, a steam engine having the crank shaft vertically above or below a vertical cylinder.

Ver"ti*cal, n. 1. Vertical position; zenith. [R.]

2. (Math.) A vertical line, plane, or circle.

Prime vertical, Prime vertical dial. See under Prime, a.

Ver`ti*cal"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being vertical; verticalness. [R.]

> The different points of the verticality.

Sir T. Browne.

Ver"ti*cal*ly (?), adv. In a vertical manner, position, or direction; perpendicularly; as, to look down vertically; to raise a thing vertically.

Ver"ti*cal*ness, n. Quality or state of being vertical.

Ver"ti*cil (?), n. [L. verticillus, dim. of vertex a whirl: cf. F. verticille. See Vertex.] (Bot.) A circle either of leaves or flowers about a stem at the same node; a whorl. [Written also verticel.]

Ver`ti*cil*las"ter (?), a. [NL., fr. L. verticillus a whirl + aster a star.] (Bot.) A whorl of flowers apparently of one cluster, but composed of two opposite axillary cymes, as in mint. See Illust. of Whorl.

{ Ver*tic"il*late (?; 277), Ver*tic"il*la`ted (?), } a. [See Verticil.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Arranged in a transverse whorl or whorls like the rays of a wheel; as, verticillate leaves of a plant; a verticillate shell.

||Ver`ti*cil"lus (?), n. [L., a whirl.] (Bot.) A whorl; a verticil.

Ver*tic"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. verticité. See Vertex.] The quality or power of turning; revolution; rotation. [R.] Locke.

> I hardly believe he hath from elder times unknown the verticity of the loadstone.

Sir T. Browne.

Ver"ti*cle (?), n. [L. verticula a joint.] An axis; hinge; a turning point. E. Waterhouse.

Ver*tig"i*nate (?), a. Turned round; giddy. [R.] Coleridge.

Ver*tig"i*nous (?), a. [L. vertiginosus, fr. vertigo a whirling around, giddiness: cf. F. vertigineux. See Vertig&?;&?;.] 1. Turning round; whirling; rotary; revolving; as, vertiginous motion.

> Some vertiginous whirl of fortune.

De Quincey.

2. Affected with vertigo; giddy; dizzy.

> They [the angels] grew vertiginous, and fell from the battlements of heaven.

Jer. Taylor.

— Ver*tig"i*nous*ly, adv. — Ver*tig"i*nous*ness, n.

Ver"ti*go (?; 277), n.; pl. E. Vertigoes (#), L. Vertigines (#). [L., fr. vertere to turn. See Verse.] 1. (Med.) Dizziness or swimming of the head; an affection of the head in which objects, though stationary, appear to move in various directions, and the person affected finds it difficult to maintain an erect posture; giddiness. Quian.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small land snails belonging to the genus Vertigo, having an elongated or conical spiral shell and usually teeth in the aperture.

Ver`ti*lin"e*ar (?), a. [Vertical + linear.] Straight; rectilinear. [R.]

Ver"tu (?), n. 1. Virtue; power. See Virtue. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. See Virtu.

Ver"tu*ous (?), a. Virtuous; powerful. [Obs.] Spenser.

||Ver`u*mon*ta"num (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) An elevation, or crest, in the wall of the urethra where the seminal ducts enter it.

This is sometimes written veru montanum.

Ver"vain (?), n. [OE. verveine, F. verveine, fr. L. verbena, pl. verbenae sacred boughs of laurel, olive, or myrtle, a class of plants; cf. verbenaca vervain. Cf. Verbena.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Verbena.

Vervain mallow (Bot.), a species of mallow (Malva Alcea) with rose-colored flowers.

||Verve, n. [F.] Excitement of imagination such as animates a poet, artist, or musician, in composing or performing; rapture; enthusiasm; spirit; energy.

Ver"vel (?), n. See Varvel.

Ver"vet (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South African monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus, or Lelandii). The upper parts are grayish green, finely specked with black. The cheeks and belly are reddish white.

Ver"y (?), a. [Compar. Verier (?); superl. Veriest.] [OE. verai, verray, OF. verai, vrai, F. vrai, (assumed) LL. veracus, for L. verax true, veracious, fr. verus true; akin to OHG. & OS. wr, G. wahr, D. waar; perhaps originally, that is or exists, and akin to E. was. Cf. Aver, v. t., Veracious, Verdict, Verity.] True; real; actual; veritable.

> Whether thou be my very son Esau or not.

Gen. xxvii. 21.

> He that covereth a transgression seeketh love; but he that repeateth a matter separateth very friends.

Prov. xvii. 9.

> The very essence of truth is plainness and brightness.

Milton.

> I looked on the consideration of public service or public ornament to be real and very justice.

Burke.

Very is sometimes used to make the word with which it is connected emphatic, and may then be paraphrased by same, self- same, itself, and the like. "The very hand, the very words." Shak. "The very rats instinctively have quit it." Shak. "Yea, there where very desolation dwells." Milton. Very is used occasionally in the comparative degree, and more frequently in the superlative. "Was not my lord the verier wag of the two?" Shak. "The veriest hermit in the nation." Pope. "He had spoken the very truth, and transformed it into the veriest falsehood." Hawthorne.

Very Reverend. See the Note under Reverend.

Ver"y (?), adv. In a high degree; to no small extent; exceedingly; excessively; extremely; as, a very great mountain; a very bright sum; a very cold day; the river flows very rapidly; he was very much hurt.

Ves"bi*um (?), n. [NL., from L. Vesuvius, contr. Vesbius, Vesuvius.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of which little is known. It is said by Scacchi to have been extracted from a yellowish incrustation from the cracks of a Vesuvian lava erupted in 1631.

Vese (?), n. [Cf. Frese, n.] Onset; rush; violent draught or wind. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Ve*si"ca (?), n. [L.] A bladder.

Vesica piscis. [L., dish bladder.] (Eccl. Art) A glory, or aureole, of oval shape, or composed of two arcs of circles usually represented as surrounding a divine personage. More rarely, an oval composed of two arcs not representing a glory; a solid oval, etc.

Ves"i*cal (?), a. [L. vesica bladder.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bladder. Dunglison.

Ves"i*cant (?), n. [L. vesica blister: cf. F. vésicant.] (Med.) A vesicatory.

Ves"i*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vesicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vesicating.] [See Vesicant.] (Med.) To raise little bladders or blisters upon; to inflame and separate the cuticle of; to blister. Wiseman.

Ves`i*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. vésication.] (Med.) The process of vesicating, or of raising blisters.

Ves"i*ca*to*ry (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. vésicatoire.] (Med.) Tending, or having power, to raise a blister. — n. A blistering application or plaster; a vesicant; an epispastic.

Ves"i*cle (?), n. [L. vesicula, dim. of vesica a bladder, blister; akin to Skr. vasti bladder: cf. F. vésicule.] A bladderlike vessel; a membranous cavity; a cyst; a cell. Specifically: —

(a) (Bot.) A small bladderlike body in the substance of vegetable, or upon the surface of a leaf.

(b) (Med.) A small, and more or less circular, elevation of the cuticle, containing a clear watery fluid.

(c) (Anat.) A cavity or sac, especially one filled with fluid; as, the umbilical vesicle.

(d) (Zoöl.) A small convex hollow prominence on the surface of a shell or a coral.

(e) (Geol.) A small cavity, nearly spherical in form, and usually of the size of a pea or smaller, such as are common in some volcanic rocks. They are produced by the liberation of watery vapor in the molten mass.

Ves"i*co- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the bladder; as in vesicoprostatic, vesicovaginal.

Ves`i*co*pro*stat"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of a pertaining to the bladder and the prostrate gland.

Ves`i*co*u"ter*ine (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bladder and the uterus.

Ves`i*co*vag"i*nal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bladder and the vagina.

||Ve*sic"u*la (?), n.; pl. Vesiculæ . [L., dim. of vesica.] (Anat. & Med.) A vesicle.

Ve*sic"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. vésiculaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to vesicles; esp., of or pertaining to the air vesicles, or air cells, of the lungs; as, vesicular breathing, or normal breathing, in which the air enters freely the air vesicles of the lungs.

2. Containing, or composed of, vesicles or vesiclelike structures; covered with vesicles or bladders; vesiculate; as, vesicular coral; vesicular lava; a vesicular leaf.

3. Having the form or structure of a vesicle; as, a vesicular body.

Vesicular column (Anat.), a series of nerve cells forming one of the tracts distinguished in the spinal; — also called the ganglionic column. — Vesicular emphysema (Med.), emphysema of the lungs, in which the air vesicles are distended and their walls ruptured. — Vesicular murmur (Med.), the sound, audible on auscultation of the chest, made by the air entering and leaving the air vesicles of the lungs in respiration.

||Ve*sic`u*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Vesicle.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine Bryozoa belonging to Vesicularia and allied genera. They have delicate tubular cells attached in clusters to slender flexible stems.

||Ve*sic`u*la"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Vesicle.] (Zoöl.) The campanularian medusæ.

Ve*sic"u*late (?), a. Bladdery; full of, or covered with, bladders; vesicular.

Ve*sic"u*late (?), v. t. To form vesicles in, as lava.

Ve*sic`u*la"tion (?), n. (Geol.) The state of containing vesicles, or the process by which vesicles are formed.

{ Ve*sic"u*lose` (?), Ve*sic"u*lous (?), } a. [L. vesiculosus: cf. F. vésiculeux.] Bladdery; vesicular; vesiculate; composed of vesicles; covered with vesicles; as, a vesiculose shell.

||Ves"pa (?), n. [L., wasp.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Hymenoptera including the common wasps and hornets.

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Ves"per (?), n. [L., the evening, the evening star, the west; akin to Gr. &?;, &?;, and perhaps to E. west. Cf. Hesperian, Vespers.] The evening star; Hesper; Venus, when seen after sunset; hence, the evening. Shak.

Ves"per, a. Of or pertaining to the evening, or to the service of vespers; as, a vesper hymn; vesper bells.

Vesper sparrow, the grass finch. See under Grass.

Ves"per*al (?), a. Vesper; evening. [R.]

Ves"pers (?), n. pl. [OF. vespres, F. vêpres, LL. vesperae, fr. L. vespera evening. See Vesper, n.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) One of the little hours of the Breviary. (b) The evening song or service.

Sicilian vespers. See under Sicilian, a.

||Ves`per*til"i*o (?), n. [L., a bat.] (Zoöl.) A genus of bats including some of the common small insectivorous species of North America and Europe.

Ves`per*til`i*o"nes (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of bats including the common insectivorous bats of America and Europe, belonging to Vespertilio and allied genera. They lack a nose membrane.

Ves`per*til`i*o"nine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Vespertiliones.

Ves"per*ti`nal (?), a. Vespertine. Lowell.

Ves"per*tine (?), a. [L. vespertinus. See Vesper.] 1. Of or pertaining to the evening; happening or being in the evening. Gray.

2. (Bot.) Blossoming in the evening.

Ves"pi*a*ry (?), n. [L. vespa a wasp.] A nest, or habitation, of insects of the wasp kind.

Ves*pil"lo (?), n.; pl. Vespilloes (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) One who carried out the dead bodies of the poor at night for burial.

> Like vespilloes or grave makers.

Sir T. Browne.

Ves"sel, n. [OF. vessel, veissel, vaissel, vaissiel, F. vascellum, dim. of vasculum, dim. of vas a vessel. Cf. Vascular, Vase.] 1. A hollow or concave utensil for holding anything; a hollow receptacle of any kind, as a hogshead, a barrel, a firkin, a bottle, a kettle, a cup, a bowl, etc.

> [They drank] out of these noble vessels.

Chaucer.

2. A general name for any hollow structure made to float upon the water for purposes of navigation; especially, one that is larger than a common rowboat; as, a war vessel; a passenger vessel.

> [He] began to build a vessel of huge bulk.

Milton.

3. Fig.: A person regarded as receiving or containing something; esp. (Script.), one into whom something is conceived as poured, or in whom something is stored for use; as, vessels of wrath or mercy.

> He is a chosen vessel unto me.

Acts ix. 15.

> [The serpent] fit vessel, fittest imp of fraud, in whom
> To enter.

Milton.

4. (Anat.) Any tube or canal in which the blood or other fluids are contained, secreted, or circulated, as the arteries, veins, lymphatics, etc.

5. (Bot.) A continuous tube formed from superposed large cylindrical or prismatic cells (tracheæ), which have lost their intervening partitions, and are usually marked with dots, pits, rings, or spirals by internal deposition of secondary membranes; a duct.

Acoustic vessels. See under Acoustic. — Weaker vessel, a woman; — now applied humorously. "Giving honor unto the wife, as unto the weaker vessel." 1 Peter iii. 7. "You are the weaker vessel." Shak.

Ves"sel, v. t. To put into a vessel. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ves"sel*ful (?), n.; pl. Vesselfuls (&?;). As much as a vessel will hold; enough to fill a vessel.

{ Ves"ses (?), Ves"sets (?), } n. A kind of worsted; also, a worsted cloth. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Ves"sic*non (?), Ves"sig*non (?), } n. [F. vessigon, fr. L. vesica a bladder, blister.] (Far.) A soft swelling on a horse's leg; a windgall.

Vest (?), n. [L. vestis a garment, vesture; akin to Goth. wasti, and E. wear: cf. F. veste. See Wear to carry on the person, and cf. Divest, Invest, Travesty.]

1. An article of clothing covering the person; an outer garment; a vestment; a dress; a vesture; a robe.

> In state attended by her maiden train,
> Who bore the vests that holy rites require.

Dryden.

2. Any outer covering; array; garb.

> Not seldom clothed in radiant vest
> Deceitfully goes forth the morn.

Wordsworth.

3. Specifically, a waistcoat, or sleeveless body garment, for men, worn under the coat.

Syn. — Garment; vesture; dress; robe; vestment; waistcoat. — Vest, Waistcoat. In England, the original word waistcoat is generally used for the body garment worn over the shirt and immediately under the coat. In the United States this garment is commonly called a vest, and the waistcoat is often improperly given to an under-garment.

Vest, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vested; p. pr. & vb. n. Vesting.] [Cf. L. vestire, vestitum, OF. vestir, F. vêtir. See Vest, n.] 1. To clothe with, or as with, a vestment, or garment; to dress; to robe; to cover, surround, or encompass closely.

> Came vested all in white, pure as her mind.

Milton.

> With ether vested, and a purple sky.

Dryden.

2. To clothe with authority, power, or the like; to put in possession; to invest; to furnish; to endow; — followed by with before the thing conferred; as, to vest a court with power to try cases of life and death.

> Had I been vested with the monarch's power.

Prior.

3. To place or give into the possession or discretion of some person or authority; to commit to another; — with in before the possessor; as, the power of life and death is vested in the king, or in the courts.

> Empire and dominion was [were] vested in him.

Locke.

4. To invest; to put; as, to vest money in goods, land, or houses. [R.]

5. (Law) To clothe with possession; as, to vest a person with an estate; also, to give a person an immediate fixed right of present or future enjoyment of; as, an estate is vested in possession. Bouvier.

Vest (?), v. i. To come or descend; to be fixed; to take effect, as a title or right; — followed by in; as, upon the death of the ancestor, the estate, or the right to the estate, vests in the heir at law.

Ves"ta (?), n. [L. Vesta, akin to Gr. &?; Vesta, &?; the hearth of the house, and perhaps to Skr. ush to burn (see East), or perhaps to Skr. vas to dwell, and E. was.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) One of the great divinities of the ancient Romans, identical with the Greek Hestia. She was a virgin, and the goddess of the hearth; hence, also, of the fire on it, and the family round it.

2. (Astron.) An asteroid, or minor planet, discovered by Olbers in 1807.

3. A wax friction match. Simmonds.

Ves"tal (?), a. [L. Vestalis belonging to Vesta, vestal. See Vesta.] Of or pertaining to Vesta, the virgin goddess of the hearth; hence, pure; chaste.

Ves"tal, n. [L. Vestalis (sc. virgo): cf. F. vestale. See Vestal, a.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A virgin consecrated to Vesta, and to the service of watching the sacred fire, which was to be perpetually kept burning upon her altar.

The Vestals were originally four, but afterward six, in number. Their term of service lasted thirty years, the period of admission being from the sixth to the tenth year of the candidate's age.

2. A virgin; a woman pure and chaste; also, a nun.

> How happy is the blameless vestal's lot!

Pope.

||Ves*ta"les (?), n. pl. [NL. See Vestal.] (Zoöl.) A group of butterflies including those known as virgins, or gossamer-winged butterflies.

Vest"ed (?), a. 1. Clothed; robed; wearing vestments. "The vested priest." Milton.

2. (Law) Not in a state of contingency or suspension; fixed; as, vested rights; vested interests.

Vested legacy (Law), a legacy the right to which commences in præsenti, and does not depend on a contingency; as, a legacy to one to be paid when he attains to twenty-one years of age is a vested legacy, and if the legatee dies before the testator, his representative shall receive it. Blackstone. — Vested remainder (Law), an estate settled, to remain to a determined person, after the particular estate is spent. Blackstone. Kent.

Ves`ti*a"ri*an (?), a. [See Vestiary.] Of or pertaining to a vestiary or vestments.

Ves"ti*a*ry (?), n. [L. vestiarium. See Vestry.] A wardrobe; a robing room; a vestry. Fuller.

Ves"ti*a*ry, a. Pertaining to clothes, or vestments.

Ves*tib"u*lar (?), a. Of or pertaining to a vestibule; like a vestibule.

Ves"ti*bule (?), n. [L. vestibulum, of uncertain origin: cf. F. vestibule.] The porch or entrance into a house; a hall or antechamber next the entrance; a lobby; a porch; a hall.

Vestibule of the ear. (Anat.) See under Ear. — Vestibule of the vulva (Anat.), a triangular space between the nymphæ, in which the orifice of the urethra is situated. — Vestibule train (Railroads), a train of passenger cars having the space between the end doors of adjacent cars inclosed, so as to admit of leaving the doors open to provide for intercommunication between all the cars.

Syn. — Hall; passage. — Vestibule, Hall, Passage. A vestibule is a small apartment within the doors of a building. A hall is the first large apartment beyond the vestibule, and, in the United States, is often long and narrow, serving as a passage to the several apartments. In England, the hall is generally square or oblong, and a long, narrow space of entrance is called a passage, not a hall, as in America. Vestibule is often used in a figurative sense to denote a place of entrance. "The citizens of Rome placed the images of their ancestors in the vestibules of their houses." Bolingbroke

||Ves*tib"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Vestibula (#). [L., vestibule.] (Zoöl.) A cavity into which, in certain bryozoans, the esophagus and anus open.

Ves"ti*gate (?), v. t. [L. vestigatus, p. p. of vestigare. See Vestige.] To investigate. [Obs.]

Ves"tige (?), n. [F., from L. vestigium footprint, trace, sign; the last part (-stigium) is probably akin to E. sty, v. i. Cf. Investigate.] The mark of the foot left on the earth; a track or footstep; a trace; a sign; hence, a faint mark or visible sign left by something which is lost, or has perished, or is no longer present; remains; as, the vestiges of ancient magnificence in Palmyra; vestiges of former population.

> What vestiges of liberty or property have they left?

Burke.

> Ridicule has followed the vestiges of Truth, but never usurped her place.

Landor.

Syn. — Trace; mark; sign; token. — Vestige, Trace. These words agree in marking some indications of the past, but differ to some extent in their use and application. Vestige is used chiefly in a figurative sense, for the remains something long passed away; as, the vestiges of ancient times; vestiges of the creation. A trace is literally something drawn out in a line, and may be used in this its primary sense, or figuratively, to denote a sign or evidence left by something that has passed by, or ceased to exist. Vestige usually supposes some definite object of the past to be left behind; while a trace may be a mere indication that something has been present or is present; as, traces of former population; a trace of poison in a given substance.

Ves*tig"i*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a vestige or remnant; like a vestige.

Vest"ing (?), n. Cloth for vests; a vest pattern.

Ves"ti*ture (?; 135), n. [See Vesture.] In vestiture. [R.]

Vest"let (?), n. [Dim. of vest.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of actinians belonging to the genus Cerianthus. These animals have a long, smooth body tapering to the base, and two separate circles of tentacles around the mouth. They form a tough, flexible, feltlike tube with a smooth internal lining, in which they dwell, whence the name.

Vest"ment (?), n. [OE. vestement, vestiment, OF. vestement, vestiment, F. vêtement, fr. L. vestimentum, fr. vestire to clothe, fr. vestis a garment, clothing. See Vest.] A covering or garment; some part of clothing or dress; specifically (Eccl.), any priestly garment. "Royal vestiment." Chaucer. "Priests in holy vestments." Shak.

> The sculptor could not give vestments suitable to the quality of the persons represented.

Dryden.

Ves"try (?), n.; pl. Vestries (#). [OE. vestrye, F. vestiaire, L. vestiarium, fr. vestiarius belonging to clothes, fr. vestis a garment. See Vest, n., and cf. Vestiary.] 1. A room appendant to a church, in which sacerdotal vestments and sacred utensils are sometimes kept, and where meetings for worship or parish business are held; a sacristy; — formerly called revestiary.

> He said unto him that was over the vestry, Bring forth vestments for all the worshipers of Baal.

2 Kings x. 22.

2. (Ch. of Eng.) A parochial assembly; an assembly of persons who manage parochial affairs; — so called because usually held in a vestry.

3. (Prot. Epis. Ch.) A body, composed of wardens and vestrymen, chosen annually by a parish to manage its temporal concerns.

Metropolitan vestry, in the city of London, and certain specified parishes and places in England, a body composed of householders who pay poor rates. Its duties include the repair of churches, care of highways, the appointment of certain officers, etc. — Select vestry, a select number of persons chosen in large and populous English parishes to represent and manage the concerns of the parish for one year. Mozley & W. — Vestry board (Ch. of Eng.), a vestry. See def. 2, above. — Vestry clerk, an officer chosen by the vestry, who keeps a record of its proceedings; also, in England, one who keeps the parish accounts and books. — Vestry meeting, the meeting of a vestry or vestry board; also, a meeting of a parish held in a vestry or other place.

Ves"try*man (?), n.; pl. Vestrymen (&?;). A member of a vestry; especially (Prot. Epis. Ch.), a member other than a warden. See Vestry.

Ves"ture (?; 135), n. [OF. vesture, vesteure, F. vêture, LL. vestitura, from L. vestire to clothe, dress. See Vest, v. t., and cf. Vestiture.] 1. A garment or garments; a robe; clothing; dress; apparel; vestment; covering; envelope. Piers Plowman.

> Approach, and kiss her sacred vesture's hem.

Milton.

> Rocks, precipices, and gulfs, appareled with a vesture of plants.

Bentley.

> There polished chests embroidered vestures graced.

Pope.

2. (O. Eng. Law) (a) The corn, grass, underwood, stubble, etc., with which land was covered; as, the vesture of an acre. (b) Seizin; possession.

Ves"tured (?), a. Covered with vesture or garments; clothed; enveloped.

> We be vestured with poor cloth.

Ld. Berners.

Ve*su"vi*an (?), a. [Cf. F. Vésuvien, It. Vesuviano.] Of or pertaining to Vesuvius, a volcano near Naples.

Ve*su"vi*an, n. [G. vesuvian. See Vesuvian, a.] (Min.) Vesuvianite.

Ve*su"vi*an*ite (?), n. (Min.) A mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals, and also massive, of a brown to green color, rarely sulphur yellow and blue. It is a silicate of alumina and lime with some iron magnesia, and is common at Vesuvius. Also called idocrase.

Ve*su"vine (?), n. A trade name for a brown dyestuff obtained from certain basic azo compounds of benzene; — called also Bismarck brown, Manchester brown, etc.

Vetch (?), n. [Also fitch; OE. ficche, feche, for veche, OF. veche, vecce, vesche, vesce, F. vesce, fr. L. vicia.] (Bot.) Any leguminous plant of the genus Vicia, some species of which are valuable for fodder. The common species is V. sativa.

The name is also applied to many other leguminous plants of different genera; as the chichling vetch, of the genus Lathyrus; the horse vetch, of the genus Hippocrepis; the kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria); the milk vetch, of the genus Astragalus; the licorice vetch, or wild licorice (Abrus precatorius).

Vetch"ling (?), n. [Vetch + - ling.] (Bot.) Any small leguminous plant of the genus Lathyrus, especially L. Nissolia.

Vetch"y (?), a. 1. Consisting of vetches or of pea straw. "A vetchy bed." Spenser.

2. Abounding with vetches.

Vet"er*an (?), a. [L. veteranus, from vetus, veteris, old; akin to Gr. &?; year, Skr. vatsara. See Wether.] Long exercised in anything, especially in military life and the duties of a soldier; long practiced or experienced; as, a veteran officer or soldier; veteran skill.

> The insinuating eloquence and delicate flattery of veteran diplomatists and courtiers.

Macaulay.

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Vet"er*an (?), n. [L. veteranus (sc. miles): cf. F. vétéran.] One who has been long exercised in any service or art, particularly in war; one who has had.

> Ensigns that pierced the foe's remotest lines,
> The hardy veteran with tears resigns.

Addison.

In the United States, during the civil war, soldiers who had served through one term of enlistment and had reënlisted were specifically designated veterans.

Vet"er*an*ize (?), v. i. To reënlist for service as a soldier. [U. S.] Gen. W. T. Sherman.

Vet`er*i*na"ri*an (?), n. [L. veterinarius. See Veterinary.] One skilled in the diseases of cattle or domestic animals; a veterinary surgeon.

Vet"er*i*na*ry (?), a. [L. veterinarius of or belonging to beasts of burden an draught, fr. veterinus, probably originally, of or pertaining to yearlings: cf. F. vétérinaire. See Veteran, Wether.] Of or pertaining to the art of healing or treating the diseases of domestic animals, as oxen, horses, sheep, etc.; as, a veterinary writer or school.

Vet"i*ver (?), n. (Bot.) An East Indian grass (Andropogon muricatus); also, its fragrant roots which are much used for making mats and screens. Also called kuskus, and khuskhus. [Sometimes written vetivert, and vitivert.]

Ve"to (?), n.; pl. Vetoes (&?;). [L. veto I forbid.]

1. An authoritative prohibition or negative; a forbidding; an interdiction.

> This contemptuous veto of her husband's on any intimacy with her family.

G. Eliot.

2. Specifically: —

(a) A power or right possessed by one department of government to forbid or prohibit the carrying out of projects attempted by another department; especially, in a constitutional government, a power vested in the chief executive to prevent the enactment of measures passed by the legislature. Such a power may be absolute, as in the case of the Tribunes of the People in ancient Rome, or limited, as in the case of the President of the United States. Called also the veto power.

(b) The exercise of such authority; an act of prohibition or prevention; as, a veto is probable if the bill passes.

(c) A document or message communicating the reasons of the executive for not officially approving a proposed law; — called also veto message. [U. S.]

Veto is not a term employed in the Federal Constitution, but seems to be of popular use only. Abbott.

Ve"to, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vetoed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vetoing.] To prohibit; to negative; also, to refuse assent to, as a legislative bill, and thus prevent its enactment; as, to veto an appropriation bill.

Ve"to*ist, n. One who uses, or sustains the use of, the veto.

||Vet*tu"ra (?), n.; pl. Vetture (#). [It. vettura, fr. L. vectura conveyance. Cf. Vecture.] An Italian four-wheeled carriage, esp. one let for hire; a hackney coach.

||Vet`tu*ri"no (?), n.; pl. Vetturini (#). [It.] 1. One who lets or drives a vettura.

2. A vettura.

Ve*tust" (?), a. [L. vetustus old, ancient.] Venerable from antiquity; ancient; old. [Obs.]

Vex (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vexed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vexing.] [F. vexer, L. vexare, vexatum, to vex, originally, to shake, toss, in carrying, v. intens. fr. vehere, vectum, to carry. See Vehicle.] 1. To to&?;s back and forth; to agitate; to disquiet.

> White curl the waves, and the vexed ocean roars.

Pope.

2. To make angry or annoyed by little provocations; to irritate; to plague; to torment; to harass; to afflict; to trouble; to tease. "I will not vex your souls." Shak.

> Then thousand torments vex my heart.

Prior.

3. To twist; to weave. [R.]

> Some English wool, vexed in a Belgian loom.

Dryden.

Syn. — See Tease.

Vex, v. i. To be irritated; to fret. [R.] Chapman.

Vex*a"tion (?), n. [L. vexatio: cf. F. vexation.] 1. The act of vexing, or the state of being vexed; agitation; disquiet; trouble; irritation.

> Passions too violent . . . afford us nothing but vexation and pain.

Sir W. Temple.

> Those who saw him after a defeat looked in vain for any trace of vexation.

Macaulay.

2. The cause of trouble or disquiet; affliction.

> Your children were vexation to your youth.

Shak.

3. A harassing by process of law; a vexing or troubling, as by a malicious suit. Bacon.

Syn. — Chagrin; agitation; mortification; uneasiness; trouble; grief; sorrow; distress. See Chagrin.

Vex*a"tious (?), a. [See Vexation.] 1. Causing vexation; agitating; afflictive; annoying; as, a vexatious controversy; a vexatious neighbor. "Continual vexatious wars." South.

2. Full or vexation, trouble, or disquiet; disturbed.

> He leads a vexatious life.

Sir K. Digby.

Vexatious suit (Law), a suit commenced for the purpose of giving trouble, or without cause.

— Vex*a"tious*ly, adv. — Vex*a"tious*ness, n.

Vexed (?), a. 1. Annoyed; harassed; troubled.

2. Much debated or contested; causing discussion; as, a vexed question.

Vex"er (?), n. One who vexes or troubles.

Vex"il (?), n. A vexillum.

{ Vex"il*lar (?), Vex"il*la*ry (?), }[Cf. F. vexillaire, L. vexillarius a standard bearer.]

1. Of or pertaining to an ensign or standard.

2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the vexillum, or upper petal of papilionaceous flowers.

Vexilary æstivation (Bot.), a mode of æstivation in which one large upper petal folds over, and covers, the other smaller petals, as in most papilionaceous plants.

Vex"il*la*ry (?), n. [L. vexillarius: cf. F. vexillaire.] A standard bearer. Tennyson.

Vex`il*la"tion (?), n. [L. vexillatio.] (Rom. Antiq.) A company of troops under one vexillum.

||Vex*il"lum (?), n.; pl. Vexilla (#). [L., a standard, a flag.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) (a) A flag or standard. (b) A company of troops serving under one standard.

2. (Eccl.) (a) A banner. (b) The sign of the cross.

3. (Bot.) The upper petal of a papilionaceous flower; the standard.

4. (Zoöl.) The rhachis and web of a feather taken together; the vane.

Vex"ing*ly (?), adv. In a vexing manner; so as to vex, tease, or irritate. Tatler.

V" hook` (?). (Steam Engine) A gab at the end of an eccentric rod, with long jaws, shaped like the letter V.

||Vi"a (?), n. [L. See Way.] A road way.

Via Lactea [L.] (Anat.), the Milky Way, or Galaxy. See Galaxy, 1. — Via media [L.] (Theol.), the middle way; — a name applied to their own position by the Anglican high-churchmen, as being between the Roman Catholic Church and what they term extreme Protestantism.

Vi"a, prep. [L., ablative of via way. See Way.] By the way of; as, to send a letter via Queenstown to London.

Vi`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being viable. Specifically: —

(a) (Law) The capacity of living after birth. Bouvier.

(b) The capacity of living, or being distributed, over wide geographical limits; as, the viability of a species.

Vi"a*ble (?), a. [F., from vie life, L. vita. See Vital.] (Law) Capable of living; born alive and with such form and development of organs as to be capable of living; — said of a newborn, or a prematurely born, infant.

Unless he [an infant] is born viable, he acquires no rights, and can not transmit them to his heirs, and is considered as if he had never been born. Bouvier.

Vi`a*duct (?), n. [L. via a way + - duct, as in aqueduct: cf. F. viaduc. See Via, and Aqueduct.] A structure of considerable magnitude, usually with arches or supported on trestles, for carrying a road, as a railroad, high above the ground or water; a bridge; especially, one for crossing a valley or a gorge. Cf. Trestlework.

Vi"age (?), n. [See Voyage.] A voyage; a journey. [Obs.] Chaucer. Gower.

Vi"al (?), n. [OE. viole, fiole, F. fiole. See Phial.] A small bottle, usually of glass; a little glass vessel with a narrow aperture intended to be closed with a stopper; as, a vial of medicine. [Written also phial.]

> Take thou this vial, being then in bed,
> And this distilled liquor thou off.

Shak.

Vi"al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vialed (?) or Vialled; p. pr. & vb. n. Vialing or Vialling.] To put in a vial or vials. "Precious vialed liquors." Milton.

Vi*am"e*ter (?), n. [L. via a way + -meter.] An odometer; — called also viatometer.

Vi"and (?), n. [F. viande meat, food, LL. vianda, vivanda, vivenda, properly, things to live on, fr. L. vivere to live; akin to vivus living. See Vivid, and cf. Victualis.] An article of food; provisions; food; victuals; — used chiefly in the plural. Cowper.

> Viands of various kinds allure the taste.

Pope.

Vi"and*er (?), n. A feeder; an eater; also, one who provides viands, or food; a host. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Vi"-ap`ple (?), n. See Otaheite apple.

Vi"a*ry (?), a. [L. viarius, fr. via a way, road.] Of or pertaining to roads; happening on roads. [Obs.]

Vi"a*tec`ture (?; 135), n. [L. via way + -tecture, as in architecture.] The art of making roads or ways for traveling, including the construction of bridges, canals, viaducts, etc. [R.] R. Park.

Vi*at"ic (?), a. [L. viaticus, fr. via a way. See Voyage.] Of or pertaining to a journey or traveling.

Vi*at"i*cum (?), n. [L., from viaticus, a. See Viatic.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An allowance for traveling expenses made to those who were sent into the provinces to exercise any office or perform any service.

2. Provisions for a journey. Davies (Wit's Pilgr.).

3. (R. C. Ch.) The communion, or eucharist, when given to persons in danger of death.

Vi`a*tom"e*ter (?), n. A viameter.

||Vi*bi"ces (?), n. pl. [L., pl. of vibex, -icis, the mark of a blow.] (Med.) More or less extensive patches of subcutaneous extravasation of blood.

||Vi*brac"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Vibracula (#). [NL., dim. from L. vibrare to vibrate.] (Zoöl.) One of the movable, slender, spinelike organs or parts with which certain bryozoans are furnished. They are regarded as specially modified zooids, of nearly the same nature as Avicularia.

Vi"bran*cy (?), n. The state of being vibrant; resonance.

Vi"brant (?), a. [L. vibrans, p. pr.: cf. F. vibrant. See Vibrate.] Vibrating; tremulous; resonant; as, vibrant drums. Longfellow.

Vi"brate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vibrate (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vibrating.] [L. vibratus, p. p. of vibrare, v. t. & v. i., to snake, brandish, vibrate; akin to Skr. vip to tremble, Icel. veifa to wave, vibrate. See Waive and cf. Whip, v. t.] 1. To brandish; to move to and fro; to swing; as, to vibrate a sword or a staff.

2. To mark or measure by moving to and fro; as, a pendulum vibrating seconds.

3. To affect with vibratory motion; to set in vibration.

> Breath vocalized, that is, vibrated or undulated, may . . . impress a swift, tremulous motion.

Holder.

> Star to star vibrates light.

Tennyson.

Vi"brate (?), v. i. 1. To move to and fro, or from side to side, as a pendulum, an elastic rod, or a stretched string, when disturbed from its position of rest; to swing; to oscillate.

2. To have the constituent particles move to and fro, with alternate compression and dilation of parts, as the air, or any elastic body; to quiver.

3. To produce an oscillating or quivering effect of sound; as, a whisper vibrates on the ear. Pope.

4. To pass from one state to another; to waver; to fluctuate; as, a man vibrates between two opinions.

Vi"bra*tile (?), a. [Cf. F. vibratile.] Adapted to, or used in, vibratory motion; having the power of vibrating; vibratory; as, the vibratile organs of insects.

Vi`bra*til"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. vibratilité.] The quality or state of being vibratile; disposition to vibration or oscillation. Rush.

Vi*bra"tion (?), n. [L. vibratio: cf. F. vibration.] 1. The act of vibrating, or the state of being vibrated, or in vibratory motion; quick motion to and fro; oscillation, as of a pendulum or musical string.

> As a harper lays his open palm
> Upon his harp, to deaden its vibrations.

Longfellow.

2. (Physics) A limited reciprocating motion of a particle of an elastic body or medium in alternately opposite directions from its position of equilibrium, when that equilibrium has been disturbed, as when a stretched cord or other body produces musical notes, or particles of air transmit sounds to the ear. The path of the particle may be in a straight line, in a circular arc, or in any curve whatever.

Vibration and oscillation are both used, in mechanics, of the swinging, or rising and falling, motion of a suspended or balanced body; the latter term more appropriately, as signifying such motion produced by gravity, and of any degree of slowness, while the former applies especially to the quick, short motion to and fro which results from elasticity, or the action of molecular forces among the particles of a body when disturbed from their position of rest, as in a spring.

Amplitude of vibration, the maximum displacement of a vibrating particle or body from its position of rest. — Phase of vibration, any part of the path described by a particle or body in making a complete vibration, in distinction from other parts, as while moving from one extreme to the other, or on one side of the line of rest, in distinction from the opposite. Two particles are said to be in the same phase when they are moving in the same direction and with the same velocity, or in corresponding parts of their paths.

Vi*bra"ti*un`cle (?), a. [Dim. of vibration.] A small vibration. [R.] Chambers.

Vi"bra*tive (?), a. Vibrating; vibratory. "A vibrative motion." Sir I. Newton.

Vi"bra*to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. vibratoire.] Consisting in, or causing, vibration, or oscillation; vibrating; as, a vibratory motion; a vibratory power.

||Vib"ri*o (?), n.; pl. E. Vibrios (#), L. Vibriones (#). [NL., fr. L. vibrare to vibrate, to move by undulations.] (Biol.) A genus of motile bacteria characterized by short, slightly sinuous filaments and an undulatory motion; also, an individual of this genus.

||Vi*bris"sa (?), n.; pl. Vibrissæ (#). [L. vibrissae, pl., the hairs in the nostrils of man, fr. vibrare to vibrate; — so called because touching them tickles a person, and causes him to shake his head.] 1. (Anat.) One of the specialized or tactile hairs which grow about the nostrils, or on other parts of the face, in many animals, as the so-called whiskers of the cat, and the hairs of the nostrils of man.

2. (Zoöl.) The bristlelike feathers near the mouth of many birds.

Vi"bro*scope (?), n. 1. An instrument for observing or tracing vibrations.

2. An instrument resembling the phenakistoscope.

||Vi*bur"num (?), n. [L., the wayfaring tree.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs having opposite, petiolate leaves and cymose flowers, several species of which are cultivated as ornamental, as the laurestine and the guelder-rose.

Vic"ar (?), n. [OE. vicar, viker, vicair, F. vicaire, fr. L. vicarius. See Vicarious.] 1. One deputed or authorized to perform the functions of another; a substitute in office; a deputy. [R.]

2. (Eng. Eccl. Law) The incumbent of an appropriated benefice.

The distinction between a parson [or rector] and vicar is this: The parson has, for the most part, the whole right to the ecclesiastical dues in his parish; but a vicar has generally an appropriator over him, entitled to the best part of the profits, to whom he is in fact perpetual curate with a standing salary. Burrill.

Apostolic vicar, or Vicar apostolic. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A bishop to whom the Roman pontiff delegates a portion of his jurisdiction. (b) Any ecclesiastic acting under a papal brief, commissioned to exercise episcopal authority. (c) A titular bishop in a country where there is no episcopal see, or where the succession has been interrupted. — Vicar forane. [Cf. LL. foraneus situated outside of the episcopal city, rural. See Vicar, and Foreign.] (R. C. Ch.) A dignitary or parish priest appointed by a bishop to exercise a limited jurisdiction in a particular town or district of a diocese. Addis & Arnold. — Vicar-general. (a) (Ch. of Eng.) The deputy of the Archbishop of Canterbury or York, in whose court the bishops of the province are confirmed. Encyc. Brit. (b) (R. C. Ch.) An assistant to a bishop in the discharge of his official functions. — Vicar of Jesus Christ (R. C. Ch.), the pope as representing Christ on earth.

<! p. 1608 !>

Vic"ar*age (?; 48), n. 1. The benefice of a vicar.

2. The house or residence of a vicar.

Vi*ca"ri*al (?), a. [Cf. F. vicarial.] 1. Of or pertaining to a vicar; as, vicarial tithes.

2. Delegated; vicarious; as, vicarial power.

Vi*ca"ri*an (?), n. A vicar. [Obs.] Marston.

Vi*ca"ri*ate (?), a. Having delegated power, as a vicar; vicarious. Barrow.

Vi*ca"ri*ate, n. [LL. vicariatus, or F. vicariat.] Delegated office or power; vicarship; the office or oversight of a vicar.

> The vicariate of that part of Germany which is governed by the Saxon laws devolved on the elector of Saxony.

Robertson.

Vi*ca"ri*ous (?), a. [L. vicarius, from vicis change, alternation, turn, the position, place, or office of one person as assumed by another; akin to Gr. &?; to yield, give way, G. wechsel a change, and probably also to E. weak. See Weak, and cf. Vice, prep.] 1. Of or pertaining to a vicar, substitute, or deputy; deputed; delegated; as, vicarious power or authority.

2. Acting of suffering for another; as, a vicarious agent or officer.

> The soul in the body is but a subordinate efficient, and vicarious . . . in the hands of the Almighty.

Sir M. Hale.

3. Performed of suffered in the place of another; substituted; as, a vicarious sacrifice; vicarious punishment.

> The vicarious work of the Great Deliverer.

I. Taylor.

4. (Med.) Acting as a substitute; — said of abnormal action which replaces a suppressed normal function; as, vicarious hemorrhage replacing menstruation.

Vi*ca"ri*ous*ly, adv. In a vicarious manner.

Vic"ar*ship (?), n. The office or dignity of a vicar.

Vic"ar*y (?), n. [L. vicarius.] A vicar. [Obs.]

Vice (?), n. [F., from L. vitium.] 1. A defect; a fault; an error; a blemish; an imperfection; as, the vices of a political constitution; the vices of a horse.

> Withouten vice of syllable or letter.

Chaucer.

> Mark the vice of the procedure.

Sir W. Hamilton.

2. A moral fault or failing; especially, immoral conduct or habit, as in the indulgence of degrading appetites; customary deviation in a single respect, or in general, from a right standard, implying a defect of natural character, or the result of training and habits; a harmful custom; immorality; depravity; wickedness; as, a life of vice; the vice of intemperance.

> I do confess the vices of my blood.

Shak.

> Ungoverned appetite . . . a brutish vice.

Milton.

> When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway,
> The post of honor is a private station.

Addison.

3. The buffoon of the old English moralities, or moral dramas, having the name sometimes of one vice, sometimes of another, or of Vice itself; — called also Iniquity.

This character was grotesquely dressed in a cap with ass's ears, and was armed with a dagger of lath: one of his chief employments was to make sport with the Devil, leaping on his back, and belaboring him with the dagger of lath till he made him roar. The Devil, however, always carried him off in the end. Nares.

> How like you the Vice in the play?
> . . . I would not give a rush for a Vice that has not a wooden dagger to snap at everybody.

B. Jonson.

Syn. — Crime; sin; iniquity; fault. See Crime.

Vice, n. [See Vise.] 1. (Mech.) A kind of instrument for holding work, as in filing. Same as Vise.

2. A tool for drawing lead into cames, or flat grooved rods, for casements. [Written also vise.]

3. A gripe or grasp. [Obs.] Shak.

Vice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Viced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vicing (?).] To hold or squeeze with a vice, or as if with a vice. Shak.

> The coachman's hand was viced between his upper and lower thigh.

De Quincey.

||Vi"ce (?), prep. [L., abl. of vicis change, turn. See Vicarious.] In the place of; in the stead; as, A. B. was appointed postmaster vice C. D. resigned.

Vice (?), a. [Cf. F. vice-. See Vice, prep.] Denoting one who in certain cases may assume the office or duties of a superior; designating an officer or an office that is second in rank or authority; as, vice president; vice agent; vice consul, etc.

Vice admiral. [Cf. F. vice-amiral.] (a) An officer holding rank next below an admiral. By the existing laws, the rank of admiral and vice admiral in the United States Navy will cease at the death of the present incumbents. (b) A civil officer, in Great Britain, appointed by the lords commissioners of the admiralty for exercising admiralty jurisdiction within their respective districts. — Vice admiralty, the office of a vice admiral. — Vice-admiralty court, a court with admiralty jurisdiction, established by authority of Parliament in British possessions beyond the seas. Abbott. — Vice chamberlain, an officer in court next in rank to the lord chamberlain. [Eng.] - - Vice chancellor. (a) (Law) An officer next in rank to a chancellor. (b) An officer in a university, chosen to perform certain duties, as the conferring of degrees, in the absence of the chancellor. (c) (R. C. Ch.) The cardinal at the head of the Roman Chancery. — Vice consul [cf. F. vice- consul], a subordinate officer, authorized to exercise consular functions in some particular part of a district controlled by a consul. — Vice king, one who acts in the place of a king; a viceroy. — Vice legate [cf. F. vice-légat], a legate second in rank to, or acting in place of, another legate. — Vice presidency, the office of vice president. — Vice president [cf. F. vice-président], an officer next in rank below a president.

Viced (?), a. Vicious; corrupt. [Obs.] Shak.

Vice*ge"ren*cy (?), n. The office of a vicegerent. South.

Vice*ge"rent (?), a. [Vice, a. + gerent: cf. F. vicegérant.] Having or exercising delegated power; acting by substitution, or in the place of another. Milton.

Vice*ge"rent (?), a. [Vice, a. + gerent: cf. F. vicegérant.] Having or exercising delegated power; acting by substitution, or in the place of another. Milton.

Vice*ge"rent, n. An officer who is deputed by a superior, or by proper authority, to exercise the powers of another; a lieutenant; a vicar. Bacon.

> The symbol and vicegerent of the Deity.

C. A. Young.

Vice"man (?), n.; pl. Vicemen (&?;). A smith who works at the vice instead of at the anvil.

Vic"e*na*ry (?; 277), a. [L. vicenarius, fr. viceni twenty each; akin to viginti twenty.] Of or pertaining to twenty; consisting of twenty.

Vi*cen"ni*al (?), a. [L. vicennium a period of twenty years; viceni twenty + annus year.] 1. Lasting or comprising twenty years.

2. Happening once in twenty years; as, a vicennial celebration.

Vice`-re"gal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a viceroy or viceroyalty. Macaulay.

Vice"roy (?), n. [F. vice-roi; pref. vice- in the place of (L. vice) + roi a king, L. rex. See Vice, prep. and Royal.] 1. The governor of a country or province who rules in the name of the sovereign with regal authority, as the king's substitute; as, the viceroy of India.

2. (Zoöl.) A large and handsome American butterfly (Basilarchia, or Limenitis, archippus). Its wings are orange-red, with black lines along the nervures and a row of white spots along the outer margins. The larvæ feed on willow, poplar, and apple trees.

Vice*roy"al*ty (?), n. The dignity, office, or jurisdiction of a viceroy.

Vice"roy*ship (?), n. Viceroyalty.

Vi"ce*ty (?), n. [From Vice a fault.] Fault; defect; coarseness. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Vi"chy wa`ter (?). A mineral water found at Vichy, France. It is essentially an effervescent solution of sodium, calcium, and magnetism carbonates, with sodium and potassium chlorides; also, by extension, any artificial or natural water resembling in composition the Vichy water proper. Called also, colloquially, Vichy.

Vi"ci*ate (?), v. t. See Vitiate. [R.]

Vic"i*nage (?; 48), n. [OF. veisinage, F. voisinage, from OF. veisin, F. voisin, neighboring, a neighbor, L. vicunus. See Vicinity.] The place or places adjoining or near; neighborhood; vicinity; as, a jury must be of the vicinage. "To summon the Protestant gentleman of the vicinage." Macaulay.

> Civil war had broken up all the usual ties of vicinage and good neighborhood.

Sir W. Scott.

Vic"i*nal (?; 277), a. [L. vicinalis: cf. F. vicinal.] Near; vicine. T. Warton.

Vicinal planes (Min.), subordinate planes on a crystal, which are very near to the fundamental planes in angles, and sometimes take their place. They have in general very complex symbols.

Vic"ine (?), a. [L. vicinus: cf. F. voisin.] Near; neighboring; vicinal. [R.] Glanvill.

Vic"ine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid ex tracted from the seeds of the vetch (Vicia sativa) as a white crystalline substance.

Vi*cin"i*ty (v*sn"*t; 277), n. [L. vicinitas, from vicinus neighboring, near, from vicus a row of houses, a village; akin to Gr. o'i^kos a house, Skr. vça a house, viç to enter, Goth. weihs town: cf. OF. vicinité. Cf. Diocese, Economy, Parish, Vicinage, Wick a village.]

1. The quality or state of being near, or not remote; nearness; propinquity; proximity; as, the value of the estate was increased by the vicinity of two country seats.

> A vicinity of disposition and relative tempers.

Jer. Taylor.

2. That which is near, or not remote; that which is adjacent to anything; adjoining space or country; neighborhood. "The vicinity of the sun." Bentley.

Syn. — Neighborhood; vicinage. See Neighborhood.

Vi`ci*os"i*ty (?), n. Vitiosity. [R.]

Vi"cious (?), a. [OF. vicious, F. vicieux, fr. L. vitiosus, fr. vitium vice. See Vice a fault.] 1. Characterized by vice or defects; defective; faulty; imperfect.

> Though I perchance am vicious in my guess.

Shak.

> The title of these lords was vicious in its origin.

Burke.

> A charge against Bentley of vicious reasoning.

De Quincey.

2. Addicted to vice; corrupt in principles or conduct; depraved; wicked; as, vicious children; vicious examples; vicious conduct.

> Who . . . heard this heavy curse,
> Servant of servants, on his vicious race.

Milton.

3. Wanting purity; foul; bad; noxious; as, vicious air, water, etc. Dryden.

4. Not correct or pure; corrupt; as, vicious language; vicious idioms.

5. Not well tamed or broken; given to bad tricks; unruly; refractory; as, a vicious horse.

6. Bitter; spiteful; malignant. [Colloq.]

Syn. — Corrupt; faulty; wicked; depraved.

— Vi"cious*ly, adv. — Vi"cious*ness, n.

Vi*cis"si*tude (?), n. [L. vicissitudo, fr. vicis change, turn: cf. F. vicissitude. See Vicarious.]

1. Regular change or succession from one thing to another; alternation; mutual succession; interchange.

> God made two great lights . . .
> To illuminate the earth and rule the day
> In their vicissitude, and rule the night.

Milton.

2. Irregular change; revolution; mutation.

> This man had, after many vicissitudes of fortune, sunk at last into abject and hopeless poverty.

Macaulay.

Vi*cis`si*tu"di*na*ry (?), a. Subject to vicissitudes. Donne.

Vi*cis`si*tu"di*nous (?), a. Full of, or subject to, changes.

Vi*cis"sy duck` (?). (Zoöl.) A West Indian duck, sometimes domesticated.

Vi*con"ti*el (?), a. [From OE. vicounte a viscount. See Viscount.] (O. Eng. Law) Of or pertaining to the viscount or sheriff of a country.

Vicontiel rents. See Vicontiels. — Vicontiel writs, such writs as were triable in the sheriff, or county, court.

Vi*con"ti*els (?), n. pl. [See Vicontiel.] (O. Eng. Law) Things belonging to the sheriff; especially, farms (called also vicontiel rents) for which the sheriff used to pay rent to the king.

Vi"count (?), n. See Viscount.

Vic"tim (?), n. [L. victima: cf. F. victime.]

1. A living being sacrificed to some deity, or in the performance of a religious rite; a creature immolated, or made an offering of.

> Led like a victim, to my death I'll go.

Dryden.

2. A person or thing destroyed or sacrificed in the pursuit of an object, or in gratification of a passion; as, a victim to jealousy, lust, or ambition.

3. A person or living creature destroyed by, or suffering grievous injury from, another, from fortune or from accident; as, the victim of a defaulter; the victim of a railroad accident.

4. Hence, one who is duped, or cheated; a dupe; a gull. [Colloq.]

Vic"tim*ate, v. t. [L. victimatus, p. p. of victimare to sacrifice.] To make a victim of; to sacrifice; to immolate. [Obs.] Bullokar.

Vic"tim*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Victimized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Victimizing (?).] To make a victim of, esp. by deception; to dupe; to cheat.

Vic"tor (?), n. [L. victor, fr. vincere, victum, to vanquish, to conquer. See Vanquish.] 1. The winner in a contest; one who gets the better of another in any struggle; esp., one who defeats an enemy in battle; a vanquisher; a conqueror; — often followed by art, rarely by of.

> In love, the victors from the vanquished fly;
> They fly that wound, and they pursue that die.

Waller.

2. A destroyer. [R. & Poetic]

> There, victor of his health, of fortune, friends,
> And fame, this lord of useless thousands ends.

Pope.

Vic"tor, a. Victorious. "The victor Greeks." Pope.

Vic"tor*ess (?), n. A victress. [Obs.] Spenser.

Vic*to"ri*a (?), n. [NL.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of aquatic plants named in honor of Queen Victoria. The Victoria regia is a native of Guiana and Brazil. Its large, spreading leaves are often over five feet in diameter, and have a rim from three to five inches high; its immense rose-white flowers sometimes attain a diameter of nearly two feet.

2. A kind of low four-wheeled pleasure carriage, with a calash top, designed for two persons and the driver who occupies a high seat in front.

3. (Astron.) An asteroid discovered by Hind in 1850; — called also Clio.

Victoria cross, a bronze Maltese cross, awarded for valor to members of the British army or navy. It was first bestowed in 1857, at the close of the Crimean war. The recipients also have a pension of £10 a year. — Victoria green. (Chem.) See Emerald green, under Green. — Victoria lily (Bot.), the Victoria regia. See def. 1, above.

Vic*to"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the reign of Queen Victoria of England; as, the Victorian poets.

Victorian period. See Dionysian period, under Dyonysian.

Vic`tor*ine" (?), n. A woman's fur tippet.

Vic*to"ri*ous (?), a. [L. victoriosus: cf. F. victorieux. See Victory.] Of or pertaining to victory, or a victor' being a victor; bringing or causing a victory; conquering; winning; triumphant; as, a victorious general; victorious troops; a victorious day.

> But I shall rise victorious, and subdue
> My vanquisher.

Milton.

> Now are our brows bound wind victorious wreaths.

Shak.

— Vic*to"ri*ous*ly, adv. — Vic*to"ri*ous*ness, n.

Vic"to*ry (?), n.; pl. Victories (#). [OE. victorie, OF. victorie, victoire, F. victoire, L. victoria. See Victor.] The defeat of an enemy in battle, or of an antagonist in any contest; a gaining of the superiority in any struggle or competition; conquest; triumph; — the opposite of defeat.

> Death is swallowed up in victory.

1 Cor. xv. 54.

> God on our side, doubt not of victory.

Shak.

> Victory may be honorable to the arms, but shameful to the counsels, of a nation.

Bolingbroke.

Vic"tress (?), n. [Cf. L. victrix.] A woman who wins a victory; a female victor.

Vic"trice (?), n. A victress. [R.] B. Jonson.

Vic"trix (?), n. [L.] Victress. C. Bronté.

Vict"ual (?), n. 1. Food; — now used chiefly in the plural. See Victuals. 2 Chron. xi. 23. Shak.

> He was not able to keep that place three days for lack of victual.

Knolles.

> There came a fair-hair'd youth, that in his hand
> Bare victual for the movers.

Tennyson.

> Short allowance of victual.

Longfellow.

2. Grain of any kind. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Vict"ual (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Victualed (?) or Victualled; p. pr. & vb. n. Victualing or Victualling.] To supply with provisions for subsistence; to provide with food; to store with sustenance; as, to victual an army; to victual a ship.

> I must go victual Orleans forthwith.

Shak.

Vict"ual*age (?; 48), n. Victuals; food. [R.] "With my cargo of victualage." C. Bronté.

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Vict"ual*er (?), n. [F. victuailleur.] [Written also victualler.] 1. One who furnishes victuals.

2. One who keeps a house of entertainment; a tavern keeper; an innkeeper. Shak.

3. A vessel employed to carry provisions, usually for military or naval use; a provision use; a provision ship.

4. One who deals in grain; a corn factor. [Scot.]

Licensed victualer. See under Licensed.

Vict"ual*ing, a. Of or pertaining to victuals, or provisions; supplying provisions; as, a victualing ship.

Vict"uals (?), n. pl. [OE. vitaille, OF. vitaille, F. victuaille, pl. victuailles, fr. L. victualia, pl. of. victualis belonging to living or nourishment, fr. victus nourishment, from vivere, victum, to live; akin to vivus living. See Vivid.] Food for human beings, esp. when it is cooked or prepared for the table; that which supports human life; provisions; sustenance; meat; viands.

> Then had we plenty of victuals.

Jer. xliv. 17.

||Vic"tus (?), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) Food; diet.

{ ||Vi*cu"ña, ||Vi*cu"gna } (?), n. [Sp. vicuña. Cf. Vigonia.] (Zoöl.) A South American mammal (Auchenia vicunna) native of the elevated plains of the Andes, allied to the llama but smaller. It has a thick coat of very fine reddish brown wool, and long, pendent white hair on the breast and belly. It is hunted for its wool and flesh.

Vid"a finch` (?). (Zoöl.) The whidah bird.

||Vi*dame" (?), n. [F., fr. LL. vice- dominus, fr. L. vice instead of + dominus master, lord.] (Fr. Feud. Law) One of a class of temporal officers who originally represented the bishops, but later erected their offices into fiefs, and became feudal nobles.

||Vi"de (?), imperative sing. of L. videre, to see; — used to direct attention to something; as, vide supra, see above.

||Vi*del"i*cet (?), adv. [L., contr. fr. videre licet, literally, it is easy to see, one may or can see.] To wit; namely; — often abbreviated to viz.

Vi*dette" (?), n. (Mil.) Same Vedette.

Vi*do"ni*a (?), n. [Cf. Pg. vidonho the quality of grapes, Sp. veduño.] A dry white wine, of a tart flavor, produced in Teneriffe; — called also Teneriffe.

Vid"u*age (?), n. [See Vidual.] The state of widows or of widowhood; also, widows, collectively.

Vid"u*al (?), a. [L. vidualis, fr. vidua a widow, fr. viduus widowed. See Widow.] Of or pertaining to the state of a widow; widowed. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Vid`u*a"tion (?), n. The state of being widowed or bereaved; loss; bereavement. [R.]

Vi*du"i*ty (?), n. [L. viduitas: cf. F. viduité.] Widowhood. [R.] "Chaste viduity." Ld. Ellenborough.

Vie (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vying (?).] [OE. vien, shortened fr. envien, OF. envier to invite, to challenge, a word used in gambling, L. invitare to invite; of uncertain origin. Cf. Invite, Envie.] 1. To stake a sum upon a hand of cards, as in the old game of gleek. See Revie. [Obs.]

2. To strive for superiority; to contend; to use emulous effort, as in a race, contest, or competition.

> In a trading nation, the younger sons may be placed in such a way of life as . . . to vie with the best of their family.

Addison.

> While Waterloo with Cannæ's carnage vies.

Byron.

Vie, v. t. 1. To stake; to wager. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. To do or produce in emulation, competition, or rivalry; to put in competition; to bandy. [Obs.]

> She hung about my neck; and kiss on kiss
> She vied so fast.

Shak.

> Nor was he set over us to vie wisdom with his Parliament, but to be guided by them.

Milton.

> And vying malice with my gentleness,
> Pick quarrels with their only happiness.

Herbert.

Vie, n. A contest for superiority; competition; rivalry; strife; also, a challenge; a wager. [Obs.]

> We 'll all to church together instantly,
> And then a vie for boys.

J. Fletcher.

Vi*elle" (?), n. [F. Cf. Viol.] An old stringed instrument played upon with a wheel; a hurdy- gurdy.

Vi*en"na paste` (?). (Pharm.) A caustic application made up of equal parts of caustic potash and quicklime; — called also Vienna caustic.

Vi`en*nese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to Vienna, or people of Vienna. — n. sing. & pl. An inhabitant, or the inhabitants, of Vienna.

View (?), n. [OF. veue, F. vue, fr. OF. veoir to see, p. p. veu, F. voir, p. p. vu, fr. L. videre to see. See Vision, and cl. Interview, Purview, Review, Vista.] 1. The act of seeing or beholding; sight; look; survey; examination by the eye; inspection.

> Thenceforth I thought thee worth my nearer view.

Milton.

> Objects near our view are thought greater than those of a larger size are more remote.

Locke.

> Surveying nature with too nice a view.

Dryden.

2. Mental survey; intellectual perception or examination; as, a just view of the arguments or facts in a case.

> I have with exact view perused thee, Hector.

Shak.

3. Power of seeing, either physically or mentally; reach or range of sight; extent of prospect.

> The walls of Pluto's palace are in view.

Dryden.

4. That which is seen or beheld; sight presented to the natural or intellectual eye; scene; prospect; as, the view from a window.

> 'T is distance lends enchantment to the view.

Campbell.

5. The pictorial representation of a scene; a sketch, &?;ither drawn or painted; as, a fine view of Lake George.

6. Mode of looking at anything; manner of apprehension; conception; opinion; judgment; as, to state one's views of the policy which ought to be pursued.

> To give a right view of this mistaken part of liberty.

Locke.

7. That which is looked towards, or kept in sight, as object, aim, intention, purpose, design; as, he did it with a view of escaping.

> No man sets himself about anything but upon some view or other which serves him for a reason.

Locke.

8. Appearance; show; aspect. [Obs.]

> [Graces] which, by the splendor of her view
> Dazzled, before we never knew.

Waller.

Field of view. See under Field. — Point of view. See under Point. — To have in view, to have in mind as an incident, object, or aim; as, to have one's resignation in view. - - View halloo, the shout uttered by a hunter upon seeing the fox break cover. — View of frankpledge (Law), a court of record, held in a hundred, lordship, or manor, before the steward of the leet. Blackstone. — View of premises (Law), the inspection by the jury of the place where a litigated transaction is said to have occurred.

View (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Viewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Viewing.] 1. To see; to behold; especially, to look at with attention, or for the purpose of examining; to examine with the eye; to inspect; to explore.

> O, let me view his visage, being dead.

Shak.

> Nearer to view his prey, and, unespied,
> To mark what of their state he more might learn.

Milton.

2. To survey or examine mentally; to consider; as, to view the subject in all its aspects.

> The happiest youth, viewing his progress through.

Shak.

View"er (?), n. 1. One who views or examines.

2. (Law) A person appointed to inspect highways, fences, or the like, and to report upon the same.

3. The superintendent of a coal mine. [Eng.]

View"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being viewy, or of having unpractical views.

View"less, a. Not perceivable by the eye; invisible; unseen. "Viewless winds." Shak.

> Swift through the valves the visionary fair
> Repassed, and viewless mixed with common air.

Pope.

{ View"ly (?), View"some (?), } a. Pleasing to the sight; sightly. [Prov. Eng.]

View"y (?), a. 1. Having peculiar views; fanciful; visionary; unpractical; as, a viewy person.

2. Spectacular; pleasing to the eye or the imagination.

> A government intent on showy absurdities and viewy enterprises rather than solid work.

London Spectator.

Vif"da (?), n. In the Orkney and Shetland Islands, beef and mutton hung and dried, but not salted. [Scot.] [Written also vivda.] Jamieson.

Vi*ges"i*mal (?), a. [L. vigesimus twentieth, from viginti twenty.] Twentieth; divided into, or consisting of, twenties or twenty parts. Tylor.

Vi*ges`i*ma"tion (?), n. The act of putting to death every twentieth man. [R.]

Vi*ges"i*mo-quar"to (?), a. [L. vigesimus quartus twenty-fourth. Cf. Duodecimo.] Having twenty-four leaves to a sheet; as, a vigesimo-quarto form, book, leaf, size, etc.

Vi*ges"i*mo-quar"to, n.; pl. - tos (&?;). A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into twenty-four leaves; hence, indicating more or less definitely a size of book so made; — usually written 24mo, or 24°.

Vig"il (?), n. [OE. vigile, L. vigilia, from vigil awake, watchful, probably akin to E. wake: cf. F. vigile. See Wake, v. i., and cf. Reveille, Surveillance, Vedette, Vegetable, Vigor.] 1. Abstinence from sleep, whether at a time when sleep is customary or not; the act of keeping awake, or the state of being awake, or the state of being awake; sleeplessness; wakefulness; watch. "Worn out by the labors and vigils of many months." Macaulay.

> Nothing wears out a fine face like the vigils of the card table and those cutting passions which attend them.

Addison.

2. Hence, devotional watching; waking for prayer, or other religious exercises.

> So they in heaven their odes and vigils tuned.

Milton.

> Be sober and keep vigil,
> The Judge is at the gate.

Neale (Rhythm of St. Bernard).

3. (Eccl.) (a) Originally, the watch kept on the night before a feast. (b) Later, the day and the night preceding a feast.

> He that shall live this day, and see old age,
> Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbors,
> And say, "To-morrow is St. Crispian."

Shak.

(c) A religious service performed in the evening preceding a feast.

Vigils, or Watchings, of flowers (Bot.), a peculiar faculty belonging to the flowers of certain plants of opening and closing their petals as certain hours of the day. [R.]

Vig"i*lance (?), n. [L. vigilantia: cf. F. vigilance.] 1. The quality or state of being vigilant; forbearance of sleep; wakefulness.

2. Watchfulness in respect of danger; care; caution; circumspection. Cowper.

> And flaming ministers to watch and tend
> Their earthly charge; of these the vigilance
> I dread.

Milton.

3. Guard; watch. [Obs.] "In at this gate none pass the vigilance here placed." Milton.

Vigilance committee, a volunteer committee of citizens for the oversight and protection of any interest, esp. one organized for the summary suppression and punishment of crime, as when the processes of law appear inadequate.

Vig"i*lan*cy (?), n. Vigilance. [Obs.] Fuller.

Vig"i*lant (?), a. [L. vigilans, - antis, p. pr. of vigilare to watch, fr. vigil awake: cf. F. vigilant. See Vigil.] Attentive to discover and avoid danger, or to provide for safety; wakeful; watchful; circumspect; wary. "Be sober, be vigilant." 1 Pet. v. 8.

> Sirs, take your places, and be vigilant.

Shak.

Vig"i*lant*ly, adv. In a vigilant manner.

Vig"i*ly (?), n. [L. vigilia.] A vigil. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Vi`gin*tiv"i*rate (?), n. [L. vigintiviratus, fr. vigintiviri; viginti twenty + vir a man.] The office of the vigintiviri, a body of officers of government consisting of twenty men; also, the vigintiviri. [R.]

Vi*gnette" (?; 277), n. [F. vignette, fr. vigne a vine. See Vine, and cf. Vinette.] 1. (Arch.) A running ornament consisting of leaves and tendrils, used in Gothic architecture.

2. A decorative design, originally representing vine branches or tendrils, at the head of a chapter, of a manuscript or printed book, or in a similar position; hence, by extension, any small picture in a book; hence, also, as such pictures are often without a definite bounding line, any picture, as an engraving, a photograph, or the like, which vanishes gradually at the edge.

Vi*gnette", v. t. To make, as an engraving or a photograph, with a border or edge insensibly fading away.

Vi*go"ni*a (?), a. [Cf. F. vigogne vicuña. See Vicuña.] Of or pertaining to the vicuña; characterizing the vicuña; — said of the wool of that animal, used in felting hats, and for other purposes. Prescott.

Vig"or (?), n. [OE. vigour, vigor, OF. vigor, vigur, vigour, F. vigueur, fr. L. vigor, fr. vigere to be lively or strong. See Vegetable, Vigil.] 1. Active strength or force of body or mind; capacity for exertion, physically, intellectually, or morally; force; energy.

> The vigor of this arm was never vain.

Dryden.

2. Strength or force in animal or force in animal or vegetable nature or action; as, a plant grows with vigor.

3. Strength; efficacy; potency.

> But in the fruithful earth . . .
> His beams, unactive else, their vigor find.

Milton.

Vigor and its derivatives commonly imply active strength, or the power of action and exertion, in distinction from passive strength, or strength to endure.

Vig"or, v. t. To invigorate. [Obs.] Feltham.

Vig"or*ite (?), n. [L. vigor strength.] An explosive containing nitroglycerin. It is used in blasting.

||Vig`o*ro"so (?), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Vigorous; energetic; with energy; — a direction to perform a passage with energy and force.

Vig"or*ous (?), a. [Cf. OF. vigoros, F. vigoureux, LL. vigorosus.] 1. Possessing vigor; full of physical or mental strength or active force; strong; lusty; robust; as, a vigorous youth; a vigorous plant.

> Famed for his valor, young,
> At sea successful, vigorous and strong.

Waller.

2. Exhibiting strength, either of body or mind; powerful; strong; forcible; energetic; as, vigorous exertions; a vigorous prosecution of a war.

> The beginnings of confederacies have been always vigorous and successful.

Davenant.

— Vig"or*ous*ly, adv. — Vig"or*ous*ness, n.

Vi"king (?), n. [Icel. vkingr, fr. vk a bay, inlet.] One belonging to the pirate crews from among the Northmen, who plundered the coasts of Europe in the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries.

> Of grim Vikings, and the rapture
> Of the sea fight, and the capture,
> And the life of slavery.

Longfellow.

Vikings differs in meaning from sea king, with which frequently confounded. "The sea king was a man connected with a royal race, either of the small kings of the country, or of the Haarfager family, and who, by right, received the title of king as soon he took the command of men, although only of a single ship's crew, and without having any land or kingdom . . . Vikings were merely pirates, alternately peasants and pirates, deriving the name of viking from the vicks, wicks, or inlets, on the coast in which they harbored with their long ships or rowing galleys." Laing.

Vil"a*ny (?), n. Villainy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Vi`la*yet" (?), n. [Turk., from Ar. wilyah.] One of the chief administrative divisions or provinces of the Ottoman Empire; — formerly called eyalet.

Vild (?), a. [As if the p. p. of a verb to vile. See Vile, a.] Vile. [Obs.] "That vild race." Spenser. — Vild"ly, adv. [Obs.] Spenser.

Vile (?), a. [Comp. Viler (?); superl. Vilest.] [OE. vil, F. vil, from L. vilis cheap, worthless, vile, base.]

1. Low; base; worthless; mean; despicable.

> A poor man in vile raiment.

James ii. 2.

> The craft either of fishing, which was Peter's, or of making tents, which was Paul's, were [was] more vile than the science of physic.

Ridley.

> The inhabitants account gold but as a vile thing.

Abp. Abbot.

2. Morally base or impure; depraved by sin; hateful; in the sight of God and men; sinful; wicked; bad. "Such vile base practices." Shak.

> Behold, I am vile; what shall I answer thee ?

Job xl. 4.

Syn. — See Base.

— Vile"ly, adv. — Vile"ness, n.

Viled (?), a. [See Vild.] Abusive; scurrilous; defamatory; vile. [Obs.] "Viled speeches." Hayward.

Vil"eyns (?), a. [See Villain.] Villainous. [Obs.] "Vileyns sinful deeds make a churl." Chaucer.

Vil`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. The act of vilifying or defaming; abuse. South.

Vil"i*fi`er (?), n. One who vilifies or defames.

Vil"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vilified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vilifying.] [L. vilis vile + -fly; cf. L. vilificare to esteem of little value.] 1. To make vile; to debase; to degrade; to disgrace. [R.]

> When themselves they vilified
> To serve ungoverned appetite.

Milton.

2. To degrade or debase by report; to defame; to traduce; to calumniate. I. Taylor.

> Many passions dispose us to depress and vilify the merit of one rising in the esteem of mankind.

Addison.

3. To treat as vile; to despise. [Obs.]

> I do vilify your censure.

Beau. & Fl.

<! p. 1610 !>

Vil"i*pend (?), v. t. [L. vilipendere; vilis vile + pendere to weigh, to value: cf. F. vilipender.] To value lightly; to depreciate; to slight; to despise.

> To vilipend the art of portrait painting.

Longfellow.

Vil"i*pend"en*cy (?), n. Disesteem; slight; disparagement. [R.] E. Waterhouse.

Vil"i*ty (?), n. [L. vilitas: cf. F. vileté, vilité, OF. vilté.] Vileness; baseness. [Obs.] Kennet.

Vill (?), n. [OF. ville, vile, a village, F. ville a town, city. See Villa.] A small collection of houses; a village. "Every manor, town, or vill." Sir M. Hale.

> Not should e'er the crested fowl
> From thorp or vill his matins sound for me.

Wordsworth.

A word of various significations in English, law; as, a manor; a tithing; a town; a township; a parish; a part of a parish; a village. The original meaning of vill, in England, seems to have been derived from the Roman sense of the term villa, a single country residence or farm; a manor. Later, the term was applied only to a collection of houses more than two, and hence came to comprehend towns. Burrill. The statute of Exeter, 14 Edward I., mentions entire- vills, demivills, and hamlets.

Vil"la (?), n.; pl. Villas (#). [L. villa, LL. also village, dim. of L. vicus a village: cf. It. & F. villa. See Vicinity, and cf. Vill, Village, Villain.] A country seat; a country or suburban residence of some pretensions to elegance. Dryden. Cowper.

Vil"lage (?; 48), n. [F., fr. L. villaticus belonging to a country house or villa. See Villa, and cf. Villatic.] A small assemblage of houses in the country, less than a town or city.

Village cart, a kind of two-wheeled pleasure carriage without a top.

Syn. — Village, Hamlet, Town, City. In England, a hamlet denotes a collection of houses, too small to have a parish church. A village has a church, but no market. A town has both a market and a church or churches. A city is, in the legal sense, an incorporated borough town, which is, or has been, the place of a bishop's see. In the United States these distinctions do not hold.

Vil"la*ger (?), n. An inhabitant of a village.

> Brutus had rather be a villager
> Than to repute himself a son of Rome
> Under these hard condition.

Shak.

Vil"lage*ry (?), n. Villages; a district of villages. [Obs.] "The maidens of the villagery." Shak.

Vil"lain (?), n. [OE. vilein, F. vilain, LL. villanus, from villa a village, L. villa a farm. See Villa.]

1. (Feudal Law) One who holds lands by a base, or servile, tenure, or in villenage; a feudal tenant of the lowest class, a bondman or servant. [In this sense written also villan, and villein.]

> If any of my ansectors was a tenant, and a servant, and held his lands as a villain to his lord, his posterity also must do so, though accidentally they become noble.

Jer. Taylor.

Villains were of two sorts; villains regardant, that is, annexed to the manor (LL. adscripti glebæ); and villains in gross, that is, annexed to the person of their lord, and transferable from one to another. Blackstone.

2. A baseborn or clownish person; a boor. [R.]

> Pour the blood of the villain in one basin, and the blood of the gentleman in another, what difference shall there be proved?

Becon.

3. A vile, wicked person; a man extremely depraved, and capable or guilty of great crimes; a deliberate scoundrel; a knave; a rascal; a scamp.

> Like a villain with a smiling cheek.

Shak.

> Calm, thinking villains, whom no faith could fix.

Pope.

Vil"lain, a. [F. vilain.] Villainous. [R.] Shak.

Vil"lain, v. t. To debase; to degrade. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Vil"lain*ous (?), a. [Written also villanous.]

1. Base; vile; mean; depraved; as, a villainous person or wretch.

2. Proceeding from, or showing, extreme depravity; suited to a villain; as, a villainous action.

3. Sorry; mean; mischievous; — in a familiar sense. "A villainous trick of thine eye." Shak.

Villainous judgment (O. E. Law), a judgment that casts reproach on the guilty person.

—- Vil"lain*ous*ly, adv. Vil"lain*ous*ness, n.

Vil"lain*y (?), n.; pl. Villainies (#). [OE. vilanie, OF. vilanie, vilainie, vileinie, vilanie, LL. villania. See Villain, n.] [Written also villany.] 1. The quality or state of being a villain, or villainous; extreme depravity; atrocious wickedness; as, the villainy of the seducer. "Lucre of vilanye." Chaucer.

> The commendation is not in his wit, but in his villainy.

Shak.

2. Abusive, reproachful language; discourteous speech; foul talk. [Archaic]

> He never yet not vileinye ne said
> In all his life, unto no manner wight.

Chaucer.

> In our modern language, it [foul language] is termed villainy, as being proper for rustic boors, or men of coarsest education and employment.

Barrow.

> Villainy till a very late day expressed words foul and disgraceful to the utterer much oftener than deeds.

Trench.

3. The act of a villain; a deed of deep depravity; a crime.

> Such villainies roused Horace into wrath.

Dryden.

> That execrable sum of all villainies commonly called a slave trade.

John Wesley.

Vil"la*kin (?), n. A little villa. [R.] Gay.

Vil"lan (?), n. A villain. [R.]

Vil"lan*age (?; 48), n. [OF. villenage, vilenage. See Villain.] 1. (Feudal Law) The state of a villain, or serf; base servitude; tenure on condition of doing the meanest services for the lord. [In this sense written also villenage, and villeinage.]

> I speak even now as if sin were condemned in a perpetual villanage, never to be manumitted.

Milton.

> Some faint traces of villanage were detected by the curious so late as the days of the Stuarts.

Macaulay.

2. Baseness; infamy; villainy. [Obs.] Dryden.

Vil`la*nel" (?), n. [See Villanelle.] A ballad. [Obs.] Cotton.

||Vil`la*nel"la (?), n.; pl. Villanelle (#). [It., a pretty country girl.] (Mus.) An old rustic dance, accompanied with singing.

||Vil`la*nelle" (?), n. [F.] A poem written in tercets with but two rhymes, the first and third verse of the first stanza alternating as the third verse in each successive stanza and forming a couplet at the close. E. W. Gosse.

Vil`la*nette" (?), n. [Dim. of villa; formed on the analogy of the French.] A small villa. [R.]

Vil"lan*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Villanized; p. pr. & vb. n. Villanizing (?).] To make vile; to debase; to degrade; to revile. [R.]

> Were virtue by descent, a noble name
> Could never villanize his father's fame.

Dryden.

Vil"lan*i`zer (?), n. One who villanizes. [R.]

Vil"lan*ous (?), a. Vil"lan*ous*ly, adv., Vil"lan*ous*ness, n., See Villainous, etc.

Vil"lan*y (?), n. See Villainy.

Vil*lat"ic (?), a. [L. villaticus belonging to a country house. See Village.] Of or pertaining to a farm or a village; rural. "Tame villatic fowl." Milton.

Vil"lein (?), n. (Feudal Law) See Villain, 1.

Vil"len*age (?), n. [See Villanage.] (Feudal Law) Villanage. Blackstone.

Vil"len*ous (?), a. Of or pertaining to a villein.

||Vil"li (?), n., pl. of Villus.

Vil"li*form (?), a. [Villus + - form.] Having the form or appearance of villi; like close-set fibers, either hard or soft; as, the teeth of perch are villiform.

Vil*lose" (?), a. (Bot.) See Villous.

Vil*los"i*ty (?), n. 1. State of being villous.

2. (Bot.) A coating of long, slender hairs.

3. (Anat.) A villus.

Vil"lous (?), a. [L. villosus: cf. F. villeux. Cf. Velvet.] 1. Abounding in, or covered with, fine hairs, or a woolly substance; shaggy with soft hairs; nappy.

2. (Anat.) Furnished or clothed with villi.

||Vil"lus (?), n.; pl. Villi (#). [L., shaggy hair, a tuft of hair.] 1. (Anat.) One of the minute papillary processes on certain vascular membranes; a villosity; as, villi cover the lining of the small intestines of many animals and serve to increase the absorbing surface.

2. pl. (Bot.) Fine hairs on plants, resembling the pile of velvet.

Vim (?), n. [L., accusative of vis strength.] Power; force; energy; spirit; activity; vigor. [Colloq.]

||Vi"men (?), n. [L., a twig.] (Bot.) A long, slender, flexible shoot or branch.

Vim"i*nal (?; 277), a. [L. viminalis pertaining to osiers, fr. vimen a pliant twig, osier.] Of or pertaining to twigs; consisting of twigs; producing twigs.

Vi*min"e*ous (?; 277), a. [L. vimineus, fr. vimen pliant twig.] 1. Of or pertaining to twigs; made of pliant twigs. "In the hive's vimineous dome." Prior.

2. (Bot.) Producing long, slender twigs or shoots.

Vi*na"ceous (?; 277), a. [L. vinaceus. See Vine.] 1. Belonging to, or like, wine or grapes.

2. Of the color of wine, especially of red wine.

Vin`ai*grette" (?), n. [F., fr. vinaigre vinegar.] 1. (Cookery) A sauce, made of vinegar, oil, and other ingredients, — used esp. for cold meats.

2. A small perforated box for holding aromatic vinegar contained in a sponge, or a smelling bottle for smelling salts; — called also vinegarette.

3. A small, two-wheeled vehicle, like a Bath chair, to be drawn or pushed by a boy or man. [R.]

Vin"ai*grous (?), a. [F. vinaigre vinegar.] 1. Resembling vinegar; sour.

2. Fig.: Unamiable; morose. Carlyle.

Vi*nasse" (?), n. [F.] (Chem.) The waste liquor remaining in the process of making beet sugar, — used in the manufacture of potassium carbonate.

Vi*nat"i*co (?), n. [Pg. vinhatico.] Madeira mahogany; the coarse, dark-colored wood of the Persea Indica.

Vin*cen"tian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Saint Vincent de Paul, or founded by him. [R.]

Vin*cen"tian, n. (R. C. Ch.) (a) Same as Lazarist. (b) A member of certain charitable sisterhoods.

Vin`ce*tox"in (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from the root of the white swallowwort (Vincetoxicum officinale, a plant of the Asclepias family) as a bitter yellow amorphous substance; — called also asclepiadin, and cynanchin.

Vin`ci*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being vincible, vincibleness.

Vin"ci*ble (?), a. [L. vincibilis, fr. vincere to vanquish, conquer: cf. F. vincible. See Victor.] Capable of being overcome or subdued; conquerable. "He, not vincible in spirit . . . drew his sword." Hayward. "Vincible by human aid." Paley.

Vincible ignorance (Theol.), ignorance within the individual's control and for which, therefore, he is responsible before God.

Vin"ci*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being vincible.

Vinc"ture (?; 135), n. [L. vinctura, fr. vincire, vinctum, to bind.] A binding. [Obs.]

||Vin"cu*lum (?), n.; pl. L. Vincula (#), E. Vinculums (#). [L., from vincire, vinctum, to bind.] 1. A bond of union; a tie.

2. (Math.) A straight, horizontal mark placed over two or more members of a compound quantity, which are to be subjected to the same operation, as in the expression x2 + y2 - x + y.

3. (Anat.) A band or bundle of fibers; a frænum.

4. (Zoöl.) A commissure uniting the two main tendons in the foot of certain birds.

Vin*de"mi*al (?), a. [L. vindemialis, fr. vindemia a vintage. See Vintage.] Of or pertaining to a vintage, or grape harvest. [R.]

Vin*de"mi*ate (?), v. i. [L. vindemiare. See Vindemial.] To gather the vintage. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Vin*de`mi*a"tion (?), n. [LL. vindemiatio.] The operation of gathering grapes. [Obs.] Bailey.

Vin"di*ca*ble (?), a. Capable of being vindicated. — Vin`di*ca*bil"i*ty (#), n.

Vin"di*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vindicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vindicating.] [L. vindicatus, p. p. of vindicare to lay claim to, defend, avenge. See Vengeance.] 1. To lay claim to; to assert a right to; to claim. [R.]

> Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain?
> The birds of heaven shall vindicate their grain.

Pope.

2. To maintain or defend with success; to prove to be valid; to assert convincingly; to sustain against assault; as, to vindicate a right, claim, or title.

3. To support or maintain as true or correct, against denial, censure, or objections; to defend; to justify.

> When the respondent denies any proposition, the opponent must directly vindicate . . . that proposition.

I. Watts.

> Laugh where we must, be candid where we can,
> But vindicate the ways of God to man.

Pope.

4. To maintain, as a law or a cause, by overthrowing enemies. Milton.

5. To liberate; to set free; to deliver. [Obs.]

> I am confident he deserves much more
> That vindicates his country from a tyrant
> Than he that saves a citizen.

Massinger.

6. To avenge; to punish; as, a war to vindicate or punish infidelity. [Obs.] Bacon.

> God is more powerful to exact subjection and to vindicate rebellion.

Bp. Pearson.

Syn. — To assert; maintain; claim. See Assert.

Vin`di*ca"tion (?), n. [L. vindicatio a laying claim, defense, vindication. See Vindicate.] 1. The act of vindicating, or the state of being vindicated; defense; justification against denial or censure; as, the vindication of opinions; his vindication is complete.

> Occasion for the vindication of this passage in my book.

Locke.

2. (Civil Law) The claiming a thing as one's own; the asserting of a right or title in, or to, a thing. Burrill.

Vin"di*ca*tive (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. vindicatif. Cf. Vindictive.] 1. Tending to vindicate; vindicating; as, a vindicative policy.

2. Revengeful; vindictive. [Obs.]

> Vindicative persons live the life of witches, who, as they are mischievous, so end they infortunate.

Bacon.

— Vin"di*ca*tive*ness, n.

Vin"di*ca`tor (?), n. [LL., an avenger.] One who vindicates; one who justifies or maintains. Locke.

Vin"di*ca*to*ry (?), a. 1. Tending or serving to vindicate or justify; justificatory; vindicative.

2. Inflicting punishment; avenging; punitory.

> The afflictions of Job were no vindicatory punishments to take vengeance of his sins.

Abp. Bramhall.

Vin*dic"tive (?), a. [For vindicative, confused with L. vindicta revenge, punishment, fr. vindicare to vindicate. Cf. Vindicative.] 1. Disposed to revenge; prompted or characterized by revenge; revengeful.

> I am vindictive enough to repel force by force.

Dryden.

2. Punitive. [Obs.]

Vindictive damages. (Law) See under Damage, n.

— Vin*dic"tive*ly, adv. — Vin*dic"tive*ness, n.

Vine (?), n. [F. vigne, L. vinea a vineyard, vine from vineus of or belonging to wine, vinum wine, grapes. See Wine, and cf. Vignette.] (Bot.) (a) Any woody climbing plant which bears grapes. (b) Hence, a climbing or trailing plant; the long, slender stem of any plant that trails on the ground, or climbs by winding round a fixed object, or by seizing anything with its tendrils, or claspers; a creeper; as, the hop vine; the bean vine; the vines of melons, squashes, pumpkins, and other cucurbitaceous plants.

> There shall be no grapes on the vine.

Jer. viii. 13.

> And one went out into the field to gather herbs, and found a wild vine, and gathered thereof wild gourds.

2 Kings iv. 89.

Vine apple (Bot.), a small kind of squash. Roger Williams. — Vine beetle (Zoöl.), any one of several species of beetles which are injurious to the leaves or branches of the grapevine. Among the more important species are the grapevine fidia (see Fidia), the spotted Pelidnota (see Rutilian), the vine fleabeetle (Graptodera chalybea), the rose beetle (see under Rose), the vine weevil, and several species of Colaspis and Anomala. — Vine borer. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of beetles whose larvæ bore in the wood or pith of the grapevine, especially Sinoxylon basilare, a small species the larva of which bores in the stems, and Ampeloglypter sesostris, a small reddish brown weevil (called also vine weevil), which produces knotlike galls on the branches. (b) A clearwing moth (Ægeria polistiformis), whose larva bores in the roots of the grapevine and is often destructive. — Vine dragon, an old and fruitless branch of a vine. [Obs.] Holland. — Vine forester (Zoöl.), any one of several species of moths belonging to Alypia and allied genera, whose larvæ feed on the leaves of the grapevine. — Vine fretter (Zoöl.), a plant louse, esp. the phylloxera that injuries the grapevine. — Vine grub (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of insect larvæ that are injurious to the grapevine. — Vine hopper (Zoöl.), any one of several species of leaf hoppers which suck the sap of the grapevine, especially Erythroneura vitis. See Illust. of Grape hopper, under Grape. — Vine inchworm (Zoöl.), the larva of any species of geometrid moths which feed on the leaves of the grapevine, especially Cidaria diversilineata. — Vine-leaf rooer (Zoöl.), a small moth (Desmia maculalis) whose larva makes a nest by rolling up the leaves of the grapevine. The moth is brownish black, spotted with white. — Vine louse (Zoöl.), the phylloxera. — Vine mildew (Bot.), a fungous growth which forms a white, delicate, cottony layer upon the leaves, young shoots, and fruit of the vine, causing brown spots upon the green parts, and finally a hardening and destruction of the vitality of the surface. The plant has been called Oidium Tuckeri, but is now thought to be the conidia-producing stage of an Erysiphe. — Vine of Sodom (Bot.), a plant named in the Bible (Deut. xxxii. 32), now thought to be identical with the apple of Sodom. See Apple of Sodom, under Apple. — Vine sawfly (Zoöl.), a small black sawfiy (Selandria vitis) whose larva feeds upon the leaves of the grapevine. The larvæ stand side by side in clusters while feeding. — Vine slug (Zoöl.), the larva of the vine sawfly. — Vine sorrel (Bot.), a climbing plant (Cissus acida) related to the grapevine, and having acid leaves. It is found in Florida and the West Indies. — Vine sphinx (Zoöl.), any one of several species of hawk moths. The larvæ feed on grapevine leaves. — Vine weevil. (Zoöl.) See Vine borer (a) above, and Wound gall, under Wound.

<! p. 1611 !>

Vi"ne*al (?), a. [L. vinealis.] Of or pertaining to vines; containing vines. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Vine"-clad` (?), a. Covered with vines.

Vined (?), a. Having leaves like those of the vine; ornamented with vine leaves. "Vined and figured columns." Sir H. Wotton.

Vine"dress`er (?), n. One who cultivates, prunes, or cares for, grapevines; a laborer in a vineyard.

> The sons of the shall be your plowmen and your vinedressers.

Isa. lxi. 5.

Vin"e*gar (?), n. [OE. vinegre, F. vinaigre; vin wine (L. vinum) + aigre sour. See Wine, and Eager, a.] 1. A sour liquid used as a condiment, or as a preservative, and obtained by the spontaneous (acetous) fermentation, or by the artificial oxidation, of wine, cider, beer, or the like.

The characteristic sourness of vinegar is due to acetic acid, of which it contains from three to five per cent. Wine vinegar contains also tartaric acid, citric acid, etc.

2. Hence, anything sour; — used also metaphorically.

> Here's the challenge: . . . I warrant there's vinegar and pepper in't.

Shak.

Aromatic vinegar, strong acetic acid highly flavored with aromatic substances. — Mother of vinegar. See 4th Mother. — Radical vinegar, acetic acid. — Thieves' vinegar. See under Thief. — Vinegar eel (Zoöl.), a minute nematode worm (Leptodera oxophila, or Anguillula acetiglutinis), commonly found in great numbers in vinegar, sour paste, and other fermenting vegetable substances; — called also vinegar worm. — Vinegar lamp (Chem.), a fanciful name of an apparatus designed to oxidize alcohol to acetic acid by means of platinum. — Vinegar plant. See 4th Mother. — Vinegar tree (Bot.), the stag-horn sumac (Rhus typhina), whose acid berries have been used to intensify the sourness of vinegar. — Wood vinegar. See under Wood.

Vin"e*gar, v. t. To convert into vinegar; to make like vinegar; to render sour or sharp. [Obs.]

> Hoping that he hath vinegared his senses
> As he was bid.

B. Jonson.

Vin`e*gar*ette" (?), n. See Vinaigrette, n., 2.

Vin"e*gar*y (?), a. Having the nature of vinegar; sour; unamiable.

Vin"er (?), n. A vinedresser. [Obs.]

Vin"er*y (?), n. 1. A vineyard. [Obs.] "The vinery of Ramer." Fabyan.

2. A structure, usually inclosed with glass, for rearing and protecting vines; a grapery.

Vi*nette" (?), n. [Cf. Vignette.] A sprig or branch. [Archaic] Halliwell.

Vin"ewed (?), a. Same as Vinnewed.

Vine"yard (?), n. [For OE. winyard, AS. wngeard; influenced by E. vine. See Wine, and Yard an inclosure.] An inclosure or yard for grapevines; a plantation of vines producing grapes.

Vine"yard*ist, n. One who cultivates a vineyard.

||Vingt` et` un" (?). [F., twenty and one.] A game at cards, played by two or more persons. The fortune of each player depends upon obtaining from the dealer such cards that the sum of their pips, or spots, is twenty-one, or a number near to it.

Vingt`un" (?), n. Contraction for Vingt et un.

Vin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to wine; as, vinic alcohol.

Vin"i*cul`ture (?), n. [L. vinum wine + cultura culture.] The cultivation of the vine, esp. for making wine; viticulture.

Vin"newed (?), a. [See Fenowed.] Moldy; musty. [Written also vinewed.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

— Vin"newed*ness, n. [Obs.]

> Many of Chaucer's words are become, as it were, vinnewed and hoary with over-long lying.

F. Beaumont.

Vin"ny (?), a. Vinnewed. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Vin"o*len*cy (?), n. [L. vinolentina. See Vinolent.] Drunkennes. [Obs.]

Vin"o*lent (?), a. [L. vinolentus, fr. vinum wine.] Given to wine; drunken; intemperate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Vin*om"e*ter (?), n. [L. vinum vine + -meter.] An instrument for determining the strength or purity of wine by measuring its density.

||Vin` or`di`naire" (?). [F., lit., common wine.] A cheap claret, used as a table wine in France.

Vi*nose" (?), a. Vinous.

Vi*nos"i*ty (?), n. [L. vinositas: cf. F. vinosité.] The quality or state of being vinous.

Vi"nous (?), a. [L. vinosus, fr. vinum wine: cf. F. vineux. See Wine.] Of or pertaining to wine; having the qualities of wine; as, a vinous taste.

Vin"quish (?), n. (Far.) See Vanquish, n.

Vint"age (?; 48), n. [Corrupted by influence of vintner, vintry, from OE. vindage, vendage, for vendange, OF. vendenge, F. vendange, from L. vindemia; vinum wine, grapes + demere to take off; de + emere, originally, to take. See Wine, Redeem, and cf. Vindemial.] 1. The produce of the vine for one season, in grapes or in wine; as, the vintage is abundant; the vintage of 1840.

2. The act or time of gathering the crop of grapes, or making the wine for a season.

Vintage spring, a wine fount. — Vintage time, the time of gathering grapes and making wine. Milton.

Vint"a*ger (?), n. [From Vintage: cf. F. vendangeur.] One who gathers the vintage.

Vint"a*ging (?), n. The act of gathering the vintage, or crop of grapes.

Vint"ner (?), n. [OE. vintener, viniter, OF. vinetier, vinotier, LL. vinetarius, fr. L. vinetum a vineyard, fr. vinum wine. See Wine.] One who deals in wine; a wine seller, or wine merchant.

Vint"ry (?), n. [OE. viniterie, from OF. vinotier, vinetier, wine merchant. See Vintner.] A place where wine is sold. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Vin"y (?), a. Of or pertaining to vines; producing, or abounding in, vines. P. Fletcher.

Vi"nyl (?), n. [L. vinum wine + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical C2H3, regarded as the characteristic residue of ethylene and that related series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with which the allyl compounds are homologous.

Vi"ol (?), n. [F. viole; cf. Pr. viola, viula, Sp., Pg., & It. viola, LL. vitula; of uncertain origin; perhaps from L. vitulari to celebrate a festival, keep holiday, be joyful, perhaps originally, to sacrifice a calf (vitulus; cf. Veal). Cf. Fiddle, Vielle, 2d Viola, Violin.]

1. (Mus.) A stringed musical instrument formerly in use, of the same form as the violin, but larger, and having six strings, to be struck with a bow, and the neck furnished with frets for stopping the strings.

> Me softer airs befit, and softer strings
> Of lute, or viol still, more apt for mournful things.

Milton.

The name is now applied as a general term to designate instruments of the violin kind, as tenor viol, bass viol, etc.

2. (Naut.) A large rope sometimes used in weighing anchor. [Written also voyal, and voyal.] Totten.

||Vi"o*la (?), n. [L., a violet. See Violet.] (Bot.) A genus of polypetalous herbaceous plants, including all kinds of violets.

Vi"o*la (?), n. [It. See Viol.] (Mus.) An instrument in form and use resembling the violin, but larger, and a fifth lower in compass.

||Viola da braccio [It., viol for the arm], the tenor viol, or viola, a fifth lower than the violin. Its part is written in the alto clef, hence it is sometimes called the alto. — ||Viola da gamba [It., viol for the leg], an instrument resembling the viola, but larger, and held between the knees. It is now rarely used. — ||Viola da spalla [It., viol for the shoulder], an instrument formerly used, resembling the viola, and intermediate in size between the viola and the viola da gamba. — ||Viola di amore [It., viol of love: cf. F. viole d'amour], a viol, larger than the viola, having catgut strings upon, and brass or steel wires under, the keyboard. These, sounding sympathetically with the strings, yield a peculiarly soft and silvery sound. It is now seldom used.

Vi"o*la*ble (?), a. [L. violabilis: cf. F. violable. See Violate.] Capable of being violated, broken, or injured. — Vi"o*la*bly, adv.

Vi`o*la"ceous (?), a. [L. violaceus, fr. viola a violet.] 1. Resembling violets in color; bluish purple.

2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants, of which the violet is the type. It contains about twenty genera and two hundred and fifty species.

Vi`o*lan"i*line (?), n. [Violet + aniline.] (Chem.) A dyestuff of the induline group, made from aniline, and used as a substitute for indigo in dyeing wool and silk a violet-blue or a gray-blue color.

Vi`o*lan"tin (?), n. [See Violuric.] (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous substance, produced as a yellow crystalline substance, and regarded as a complex derivative of barbituric acid.

Vi`o*la*quer"cit*rin (?), n. (Chem.) A yellow crystalline glucoside obtained from the pansy (Viola tricolor), and decomposing into glucose and quercitrin.

Vi`o*las"cent (?), a. Violescent. [R.]

Vi"o*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Violates (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Violating.] [L. violatus, p. p. of violare to violate, fr. vis strength, force. See Violent.] 1. To treat in a violent manner; to abuse.

> His wife Boadicea violated with stripes, his daughters with rape.

Milton.

2. To do violence to, as to anything that should be held sacred or respected; to profane; to desecrate; to break forcibly; to trench upon; to infringe.

> Violated vows
> 'Twixt the souls of friend and friend.

Shak.

> Oft have they violated
> The temple, oft the law, with foul affronts.

Milton.

3. To disturb; to interrupt. "Employed, it seems, to violate sleep." Milton.

4. To commit rape on; to ravish; to outrage.

Syn. — To injure; disturb; interrupt; infringe; transgress; profane; deflour; debauch; dishonor.

Vi`o*la"tion (?), n. [L. violatio: cf. F. violation.] The act of violating, treating with violence, or injuring; the state of being violated. Specifically: —

(a) Infringement; transgression; nonobservance; as, the violation of law or positive command, of covenants, promises, etc. "The violation of my faith." Shak.

(b) An act of irreverence or desecration; profanation or contemptuous treatment of sacred things; as, the violation of a church. Udall.

(c) Interruption, as of sleep or peace; disturbance.

(d) Ravishment; rape; outrage. Shak.

Vi"o*la*tive (?), a. Violating, or tending to violate.

Vi"o*la`tor (?), n. [L.] One who violates; an infringer; a profaner; a ravisher.

Vi"ole (?), n. A vial. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Vi"o*lence (?), n. [F., fr. L. violentia. See Violent.] 1. The quality or state of being violent; highly excited action, whether physical or moral; vehemence; impetuosity; force.

> That seal
> You ask with such a violence, the king,
> Mine and your master, with his own hand gave me.

Shak.

> All the elements
> At least had gone to wrack, disturbed and torn
> With the violence of this conflict.

Milton.

2. Injury done to that which is entitled to respect, reverence, or observance; profanation; infringement; unjust force; outrage; assault.

> Do violence to do man.

Luke iii. 14.

> We can not, without offering violence to all records, divine and human, deny an universal deluge.

T. Burnet.

> Looking down, he saw
> The whole earth filled with violence.

Milton.

3. Ravishment; rape; constupration.

To do violence on, to attack; to murder. "She . . . did violence on herself." Shak. — To do violence to, to outrage; to injure; as, he does violence to his own opinions.

Syn. — Vehemence; outrage; fierceness; eagerness; violation; infraction; infringement; transgression; oppression.

Vi"o*lence, v. t. To assault; to injure; also, to bring by violence; to compel. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Vi"o*lent (?), a. [F., from L. violentus, from vis strength, force; probably akin to Gr. &?; a muscle, strength.] 1. Moving or acting with physical strength; urged or impelled with force; excited by strong feeling or passion; forcible; vehement; impetuous; fierce; furious; severe; as, a violent blow; the violent attack of a disease.

> Float upon a wild and violent sea.

Shak.

> A violent cross wind from either coast.

Milton.

2. Acting, characterized, or produced by unjust or improper force; outrageous; unauthorized; as, a violent attack on the right of free speech.

> To bring forth more violent deeds.

Milton.

> Some violent hands were laid on Humphrey's life.

Shak.

3. Produced or effected by force; not spontaneous; unnatural; abnormal.

> These violent delights have violent ends.

Shak.

> No violent state can be perpetual.

T. Burnet.

> Ease would recant
> Vows made in pain, as violent and void.

Milton.

Violent presumption (Law), presumption of a fact that arises from proof of circumstances which necessarily attend such facts. — Violent profits (Scots Law), rents or profits of an estate obtained by a tenant wrongfully holding over after warning. They are recoverable in a process of removing.

Syn. — Fierce; vehement; outrageous; boisterous; turbulent; impetuous; passionate; severe; extreme.

Vi"o*lent, n. An assailant. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Vi"o*lent, v. t. [Cf. F. violenter.] To urge with violence. [Obs.] Fuller.

Vi"o*lent, v. i. To be violent; to act violently. [Obs.]

> The grief is fine, full, perfect, that I taste,
> And violenteth in a sense as strong
> As that which causeth it.

Shak.

Vi"o*lent*ly, adv. In a violent manner.

Vi`o*les"cent (?), a. [L. viola a violet.] Tending to a violet color; violascent.

Vi"o*let (?), n. [F. violette a violet (cf. violet violet-colored), dim. of OF. viole a violet, L. viola; akin to Gr. &?;. Cf. Iodine.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant or flower of the genus Viola, of many species. The violets are generally low, herbaceous plants, and the flowers of many of the species are blue, while others are white or yellow, or of several colors, as the pansy (Viola tricolor).

The cultivated sweet violet is Viola odorata of Europe. The common blue violet of the eastern United States is V. cucullata; the sand, or bird-foot, violet is V. pedata.

2. The color of a violet, or that part of the spectrum farthest from red. It is the most refrangible part of the spectrum.

3. In art, a color produced by a combination of red and blue in equal proportions; a bluish purple color. Mollett.

4. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small violet-colored butterflies belonging to Lycæna, or Rusticus, and allied genera.

<! p. 1612 !>

Corn violet. See under Corn. — Dame's violet. (Bot.) See Damewort. — Dogtooth violet. (Bot.) See under Dogtooth. — Water violet (Bot.), an aquatic European herb (Hottonia palustris) with pale purplish flowers and pinnatifid leaves.

Vi"o*let (?), a. [Cf. F. violet. See Violet, n.] Dark blue, inclining to red; bluish purple; having a color produced by red and blue combined.

Violet shell (Zoöl.), any species of Ianthina; — called also violet snail. See Ianthina. — Violet wood, a name given to several kinds of hard purplish or reddish woods, as king wood, myall wood, and the wood of the Andira violacea, a tree of Guiana.

Vi"o*let-tip" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A very handsome American butterfly (Polygonia interrogationis). Its wings are mottled with various shades of red and brown and have violet tips.

Vi`o*lin" (?), n. [It. violino, dim. of viola. See Viol.] (Mus.) A small instrument with four strings, played with a bow; a fiddle.

The violin is distinguished for the brilliancy and gayety, as well as the power and variety, of its tones, and in the orchestra it is the leading and most important instrument.

Vi"o*line (?), n. (Chem.) (a) A pale yellow amorphous substance of alkaloidal nature and emetic properties, said to have been extracted from the root and foliage of the violet (Viola). (b) Mauve aniline. See under Mauve.

Vi`o*lin"ist (?), n. [Cf. F. violiniste, violoniste, It. violonista.] A player on the violin.

Vi"ol*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. violiste.] A player on the viol.

Vi`o*lon*cel"list (?), n. [Cf. F. violoncelliste, It. violoncellista.] A player on the violoncello.

Vi`o*lon*cel"lo (?; 277), n. [It. violoncello, dim. of violone a bass viol. See Violone.] (Mus.) A stringed instrument of music; a bass viol of four strings, or a bass violin with long, large strings, giving sounds an octave lower than the viola, or tenor or alto violin.

||Vi`o*lo"ne (?), n. [It. violone, augment. of viola a viol. See Viol.] (Mus.) The largest instrument of the bass-viol kind, having strings tuned an octave below those of the violoncello; the contrabasso; — called also double bass. [Written also violono.]

Vi"o*lous (?), a. Violent. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Vi`o*lu"ric (?), a. [Violet + barbituric.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitroso derivative of barbituric acid. It is obtained as a white or yellow crystalline substance, and forms characteristic yellow, blue, and violet salts.

Vi"per (?), n. [F. vipère, L. vipera, probably contr. fr. vivipera; vivus alive + parere to bring forth, because it was believed to be the only serpent that brings forth living young. Cf. Quick, a., Parent, Viviparous, Wivern, Weever.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Old World venomous makes belonging to Vipera, Clotho, Daboia, and other genera of the family Viperidæ.

> There came a viper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand.

Acts xxviii. 3.

Among the best-known species are the European adder (Pelias berus), the European asp (Vipera aspis), the African horned viper (V. cerastes), and the Indian viper (Daboia Russellii).

2. A dangerous, treacherous, or malignant person.

> Who committed
> To such a viper his most sacred trust
> Of secrecy.

Milton.

Horned viper. (Zoöl.) See Cerastes. — Red viper (Zoöl.), the copperhead. — Viper fish (Zoöl.), a small, slender, phosphorescent deep-sea fish (Chauliodus Sloanii). It has long ventral and dorsal fins, a large mouth, and very long, sharp teeth. — Viper's bugloss (Bot.), a rough-leaved biennial herb (Echium vulgare) having showy purplish blue flowers. It is sometimes cultivated, but has become a pestilent weed in fields from New York to Virginia. Also called blue weed. — Viper's grass (Bot.), a perennial composite herb (Scorzonera Hispanica) with narrow, entire leaves, and solitary heads of yellow flowers. The long, white, carrot-shaped roots are used for food in Spain and some other countries. Called also viper grass.

||Vi`per*i"na (?), n. pl. (Zoöl.) See Viperoidea.

Vi"per*ine (?; 277), a. [L. viperinus: cf. F. vipérin.] Of or pertaining to a viper or vipers; resembling a viper.

Viperine snake. (Zoöl.) (a) Any venomous snake of the family Viperidæ. (b) A harmless snake resembling a viper in form or color, esp. Tropidonotus viperinus, a small European species which resembles the viper in color.

Vi"per*ish, a. Somewhat like a viper; viperous.

{ ||Vi`per*oi"de*a (?), Vi`per*oi"des (?), } n. pl. [NL. See Viper, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) A division of serpents which includes the true vipers of the Old World and the rattlesnakes and moccasin snakes of America; — called also Viperina.

Vi"per*ous (?), a. Having the qualities of a viper; malignant; venomous; as, a viperous tongue. "This viperous slander." Shak. — Vi"per*ous*ly, adv.

Vi`ra*gin"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to a virago; having the qualities of a virago. Milton.

Vi`ra*gin"i*ty (?), n. The qualities or characteristics of a virago.

Vi*ra"go (?; 277), n.; pl. Viragoes (#). [L. virago, -intis, from vir a man. See Virile.] 1. A woman of extraordinary stature, strength, and courage; a woman who has the robust body and masculine mind of a man; a female warrior.

> To arms! to arms! the fierce virago cries.

Pope.

2. Hence, a mannish woman; a bold, turbulent woman; a termagant; a vixen.

> Virago . . . serpent under femininity.

Chaucer.

Vire (?), n. [OF. vire, fr. virer to turn. Cf. Veer, Vireton.] An arrow, having a rotary motion, formerly used with the crossbow. Cf. Vireton. Gower.

Vir"e*lay (?), n. [F. virelai; virer to turn + lai a song, a lay.] An ancient French song, or short poem, wholly in two rhymes, and composed in short lines, with a refrain.

> Of such matter made he many lays,
> Songs, complains, roundels, virelayes.

Chaucer.

> To which a lady sung a virelay.

Dryden.

"The virelay admitted only two rhymes, and, after employing one for some time, the poet was virer, or to turn, to the other." Nares.

Vi"rent (?), a. [L. virens, p. pr. of virere to be green.] Green; not withered. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Vir"e*o (?), n. [L., a species of bird.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of American singing birds belonging to Vireo and allied genera of the family Vireonidæ. In many of the species the back is greenish, or olive-colored. Called also greenlet.

In the Eastern United States the most common species are the white-eyed vireo (Vireo Noveboracensis), the redeyed vireo (V. olivaceus), the blue-headed, or solitary, vireo (V. solitarius), the warbling vireo (V. gilvus), and the yellow-throated vireo (V. flavifrons). All these are noted for the sweetness of their songs.

Vi*res"cence (?), (Bot.) The act or state of becoming green through the formation of chlorophyll.

Vi*res"cent (?), a. [L. virescens, p. pr. of virescere to grow green, verb incho. fr. virere to be green.] Beginning to be green; slightly green; greenish.

Vir"e*ton (?), n. [F. See Vire.] An arrow or bolt for a crossbow having feathers or brass placed at an angle with the shaft to make it spin in flying.

Vir"ga*lieu (?), n. [Cf. Virgouleuse.] (Bot.) A valuable kind of pear, of an obovate shape and with melting flesh of delicious flavor; — more properly called White Doyenné. [Written also virgaloo, vergalieu, vergaloo, etc.]

Vir"gate (?), a. [L. virgatus made of twigs, fr. virga a twig, rod. See Verge a rod.] (Bot.) Having the form of a straight rod; wand-shaped; straight and slender.

Vir"gate, n. [LL. virgata, virgata terrae, so much land as virga terrae, a land measure, contains, fr. L. virga a twig, rod.] A yardland, or measure of land varying from fifteen to forty acres. [Obs.] T. Warton.

Vir"ga*ted (?), a. [L. virgatus striped. See Virgate, a.] Striped; streaked. [Obs.]

Virge (?), n. A wand. See Verge. [Obs.]

Vir"ger (?), n. See Verger. [Obs.]

Vir*gil"i*an (?), a. [L. Virgilianus, better Vergilianus.] Of or pertaining to Virgil, the Roman poet; resembling the style of Virgil. [Spelt also Vergilian.]

> The rich Virgilian rustic measure
> Of Lari Maxume.

Tennyson.

Vir"gin (?), n. [L. virgo, - inis: cf. OF. virgine, virgene, virge, vierge, F. vierge.] 1. A woman who has had no carnal knowledge of man; a maid.

2. A person of the male sex who has not known sexual indulgence. [Archaic] Wyclif.

> These are they which were not defiled with women; for they are virgins.

Rev. xiv. 4.

> He his flesh hath overcome;
> He was a virgin, as he said.

Gower.

3. (Astron.) See Virgo.

4. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of gossamer-winged butterflies of the family Lycænidæ.

5. (Zoöl.) A female insect producing eggs from which young are hatched, though there has been no fecundation by a male; a parthenogenetic insect.

The Virgin, or The Blessed Virgin, the Virgin Mary, the Mother of our Lord. — Virgin's bower (Bot.), a name given to several climbing plants of the genus Clematis, as C. Vitalba of Europe, and C. Virginiana of North America.

Vir"gin (?), a. 1. Being a virgin; chaste; of or pertaining to a virgin; becoming a virgin; maidenly; modest; indicating modesty; as, a virgin blush. "Virgin shame." Cowley.

> Innocence and virgin modesty . . .
> That would be wooed, and unsought be won.

Milton.

2. Pure; undefiled; unmixed; fresh; new; as, virgin soil; virgin gold. "Virgin Dutch." G. W. Cable.

> The white cold virgin snow upon my heart.

Shak.

> A few ounces of mutton, with a little virgin oil.

Landor.

3. Not yet pregnant; impregnant. Milton.

Vir"gin, v. i. To act the virgin; to be or keep chaste; — followed by it. See It, 5. [Obs.] "My true lip hath virgined it e'er since [that kiss]." Shak.

Vir"gin*al (?), a. [L. virginalis: cf. F. virginal.] Of or pertaining to a virgin; becoming a virgin; maidenly. "Chastity and honor virginal." Spenser.

Virginal generation (Biol.), parthenogenesis. — Virginal membrane (Anat.), the hymen.

Vir"gin*al, n. [Cf. F. virginale; — probably so called from being used by young girls, or virgins.] (Mus.) An instrument somewhat resembling the spinet, but having a rectangular form, like the small piano. It had strings and keys, but only one wire to a note. The instrument was used in the sixteenth century, but is now wholly obsolete. It was sometimes called a pair of virginals.

Vir"gin*al, v. i. To play with the fingers, as if on a virginal; to tap or pat. [Obs.] "Still virginaling upon his palm!" Shak.

Vir"gin*hood (?), n. Virginity; maidenhood.

Vir*gin"i*a (?), n. One of the States of the United States of America. — a. Of or pertaining to the State of Virginia.

Virginia cowslip (Bot.), the American lungwort (Mertensia Virginica). — Virginia creeper (Bot.), a common ornamental North American woody vine (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), climbing extensively by means of tendrils; — called also woodbine, and American ivy. [U. S.] — Virginia fence. See Worm fence, under Fence. — Virginia nightingale (Zoöl.), the cardinal bird. See under Cardinal. — Virginia quail (Zoöl.), the bobwhite. — Virginia reel, an old English contradance; — so called in the United States. Bartlett. — Virginia stock. (Bot.) See Mahon stock.

Vir*gin"i*ty (?), n. [OE. virgintee, F. virginité, L. virginitas.] 1. The quality or state of being a virgin; undefiled purity or chastity; maidenhood.

2. The unmarried life; celibacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Vir"go (?), n. [L. virgo a virgin, the constellation Virgo in the zodiac. See Virgin.] (Astron.) (a) A sign of the zodiac which the sun enters about the 21st of August, marked thus [] in almanacs. (b) A constellation of the zodiac, now occupying chiefly the sign Libra, and containing the bright star Spica.

Vir"gou*leuse (?), n. [F. virgouleuse, from the village of Virgoulée, near Limoges.] (Bot.) An old French variety of pear, of little value.

Vir`gu*la"ri*an (?), n. [From. L. virgula a small rod.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of long, slender Alcyonaria belonging to Virgularia and allied genera of the family Virgularidæ. These corals are allied to the sea-pens, but have a long rodlike rhachis inclosing a slender, round or square, calcareous axis. The polyps are arranged in transverse rows or clusters along each side of the rhachis.

Vir"gu*late (?), a. Shaped like a little twig or rod.

Vir"gule (?), n. [F. virgule, fr. L. virgula, dim. of virga. See Verge a rod.] A comma. [R.]

> In the MSS. of Chaucer, the line is always broken by a cæsura in the middle, which is pointed by a virgule.

Hallam.

Vir"i*al (?), n. [L. vis, viris, force.] (Physics) A certain function relating to a system of forces and their points of application, — first used by Clausius in the investigation of problems in molecular physics.

Vir"id (?), a. [L. viridis green. See Verdant.] Green. [Obs.]

> The virid marjoram
> Her sparkling beauty did but see.

Crompton.

Vir`i*des"cence (?), n. Quality or state of being viridescent.

Vir`i*des"cent (?), a. [L. viridescens, p. pr. of viridescere to grow green.] Slightly green; greenish.

Vir"i*dine (?), n. [L. viridis green.] (Chem.) A greenish, oily, nitrogenous hydrocarbon, C12H19N7, obtained from coal tar, and probably consisting of a mixture of several metameric compounds which are higher derivatives of the base pyridine.

Vir"i*dite (?), n. [L. viridis green.] (Min.) A greenish chloritic mineral common in certain igneous rocks, as diabase, as a result of alternation.

Vi*rid"i*ty (?), n. [L. viriditas, fr. viridis green: cf. F. viridité. See Verdant.] 1. Greenness; verdure; the color of grass and foliage.

2. Freshness; soundness. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Vir"id*ness (?), n. Viridity; greenness.

Vi"rile (?; 277), a. [L. virilis, fr. vir a man; akin to AS. wer: cf. F. viril. See Werewolf, World, and cf. Decemvir, Virago, Virtue.] Having the nature, properties, or qualities, of an adult man; characteristic of developed manhood; hence, masterful; forceful; specifically, capable of begetting; — opposed to womanly, feminine, and puerile; as, virile age, virile power, virile organs.

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Vi*ril"i*ty (?), n. [L. virilitas: cf. F. virilité.] The quality or state of being virile; developed manhood; manliness; specif., the power of procreation; as, exhaustion. "Virility of visage." Holland.

Vi*rip"o*tent (?), a. [L. vir man + potens fit for.] Developed in manhood; hence, able to beget; marriageable. [Obs.]

> Being not of ripe years, not viripotent.

Holinshed.

Vir*mil"ion (?), n. See Vermilion. [R.]

Vi*role" (?), n. [F., a ferrule. See Ferrule.] (Her.) A ring surrounding a bugle or hunting horn.

Vi*roled" (?), a. (Her.) Furnished with a virole or viroles; — said of a horn or a bugle when the rings are of different tincture from the rest of the horn.

Vi*rose" (?), a. [L. virosus. See Virus.] Having a nauseous odor; fetid; poisonous. [R.]

Vir*tu" (?; 277), n. [It. virtù virtue, excellence, from L. virtus. See Virtue.] A love of the fine arts; a taste for curiosities. J. Spence.

An article, or piece, of virtu, an object of art or antiquity; a curiosity, such as those found in museums or private collections.

> I had thoughts, in my chambers to place it in view,
> To be shown to my friends as a piece of virtù.

Goldsmith.

Vir"tu*al (?; 135), a. [Cf. F. virtuel. See Virtue.] 1. Having the power of acting or of invisible efficacy without the agency of the material or sensible part; potential; energizing.

> Heat and cold have a virtual transition, without communication of substance.

Bacon.

> Every kind that lives,
> Fomented by his virtual power, and warmed.

Milton.

2. Being in essence or effect, not in fact; as, the virtual presence of a man in his agent or substitute.

> A thing has a virtual existence when it has all the conditions necessary to its actual existence.

Fleming.

> To mask by slight differences in the manners a virtual identity in the substance.

De Quincey.

Principle of virtual velocities (Mech.), the law that when several forces are in equilibrium, the algebraic sum of their virtual moments is equal to zero. — Virtual focus (Opt.), the point from which rays, having been rendered divergent by reflection of refraction, appear to issue; the point at which converging rays would meet if not reflected or refracted before they reach it. — Virtual image. (Optics) See under Image. — Virtual moment (of a force) (Mech.), the product of the intensity of the force multiplied by the virtual velocity of its point of application; — sometimes called virtual work. — Virtual velocity (Mech.), a minute hypothetical displacement, assumed in analysis to facilitate the investigation of statical problems. With respect to any given force of a number of forces holding a material system in equilibrium, it is the projection, upon the direction of the force, of a line joining its point of application with a new position of that point indefinitely near to the first, to which the point is conceived to have been moved, without disturbing the equilibrium of the system, or the connections of its parts with each other. Strictly speaking, it is not a velocity but a length. — Virtual work. (Mech.) See Virtual moment, above.

Vir`tu*al"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. virtualité.] 1. The quality or state of being virtual.

2. Potentiality; efficacy; potential existence. [Obs.]

> In one grain of corn, there lieth dormant a virtuality of many other.

Sir T. Browne.

Vir"tu*al*ly (?), adv. In a virtual manner; in efficacy or effect only, and not actually; to all intents and purposes; practically.

Vir"tu*ate (?), v. t. To make efficacious; to give virtue of efficacy. [Obs.] Harvey.

Vir"tue (?; 135), n. [OE. vertu, F. vertu, L. virtus strength, courage, excellence, virtue, fr. vir a man. See Virile, and cf. Virtu.] 1. Manly strength or courage; bravery; daring; spirit; valor. [Obs.] Shak.

> Built too strong
> For force or virtue ever to expugn.

Chapman.

2. Active quality or power; capacity or power adequate to the production of a given effect; energy; strength; potency; efficacy; as, the virtue of a medicine.

> Jesus, immediately knowing in himself that virtue had gone out of him, turned him about.

Mark v. 30.

> A man was driven to depend for his security against misunderstanding, upon the pure virtue of his syntax.

De Quincey.

> The virtue of his midnight agony.

Keble.

3. Energy or influence operating without contact of the material or sensible substance.

> She moves the body which she doth possess,
> Yet no part toucheth, but by virtue's touch.

Sir. J. Davies.

4. Excellence; value; merit; meritoriousness; worth.

> I made virtue of necessity.

Chaucer.

> In the Greek poets, . . . the economy of poems is better observed than in Terence, who thought the sole grace and virtue of their fable the sticking in of sentences.

B. Jonson.

5. Specifically, moral excellence; integrity of character; purity of soul; performance of duty.

> Virtue only makes our bliss below.

Pope.

> If there's Power above us,
> And that there is all nature cries aloud
> Through all her works, he must delight in virtue.

Addison.

6. A particular moral excellence; as, the virtue of temperance, of charity, etc. "The very virtue of compassion." Shak. "Remember all his virtues." Addison.

7. Specifically: Chastity; purity; especially, the chastity of women; virginity.

> H. I believe the girl has virtue.
> M. And if she has, I should be the last man in the world to attempt to corrupt it.

Goldsmith.

8. pl. One of the orders of the celestial hierarchy.

> Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers.

Milton.

Cardinal virtues. See under Cardinal, a. — In, or By, virtue of, through the force of; by authority of. "He used to travel through Greece by virtue of this fable, which procured him reception in all the towns." Addison. "This they shall attain, partly in virtue of the promise made by God, and partly in virtue of piety." Atterbury. — Theological virtues, the three virtues, faith, hope, and charity. See 1 Cor. xiii. 13.

Vir"tue*less (?), a. Destitute of virtue; without efficacy or operating qualities; powerless.

> Virtueless she wished all herbs and charms.

Fairfax.

Vir`tu*os"i*ty (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being a virtuoso; in a bad sense, the character of one in whom mere artistic feeling or æsthetic cultivation takes the place of religious character; sentimentalism.

> This famous passage . . . over which the virtuosity of modern times, rejoicing in evil, has hung so fondly.

C. Kingsley.

2. Virtuosos, collectively. Carlyle.

3. An art or study affected by virtuosos.

Vir`tu*o"so (?), n.; pl. Virtuosos (#); It. Virtuosi (#). [It. See Virtuous.] 1. One devoted to virtu; one skilled in the fine arts, in antiquities, and the like; a collector or ardent admirer of curiosities, etc.

> Virtuoso the Italians call a man who loves the noble arts, and is a critic in them.

Dryden.

2. (Mus.) A performer on some instrument, as the violin or the piano, who excels in the technical part of his art; a brilliant concert player.

Vir`tu*o"so*ship, n. The condition, pursuits, or occupation of a virtuoso. Bp. Hurd.

Vir"tu*ous (?; 135), a. [OE. vertuous, OF. vertuos, vertuous, F. vertueux, fr. L. Virtuous. See Virtue, and cf. Virtuoso.] 1. Possessing or exhibiting virtue. Specifically: —

(a) Exhibiting manly courage and strength; valorous; valiant; brave. [Obs.]

> Old Priam's son, amongst them all, was chiefly virtuous.

Chapman.

(b) Having power or efficacy; powerfully operative; efficacious; potent. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Lifting up his virtuous staff on high,
> He smote the sea, which calméd was with speed.

Spenser.

> Every virtuous plant and healing herb.

Milton.

(c) Having moral excellence; characterized by morality; upright; righteous; pure; as, a virtuous action.

> The virtuous mind that ever walks attended
> By a strong siding champion, conscience.

Milton.

2. Chaste; pure; — applied especially to women.

> Mistress Ford . . . the virtuous creature, that hath the jealous fool to her husband.

Shak.

— Vir"tu*ous*ly, adv. — Vir"tu*ous*ness, n.

{ Vir"u*lence (?), Vir"u*len*cy (?), } n. [Cf. F. virulence, L. virulentia an offensive odor, a stench.] 1. The quality or state of being virulent or venomous; poisonousness; malignancy.

2. Extreme bitterness or malignity of disposition. "Refuted without satirical virulency." Barrow.

> The virulence of one declaimer, or the profundities and sublimities of the other.

I. Taylor.

Vir"u*lent (?), a. [L. virulentus, fr. virus poison: cf. F. virulent. See Virus.] 1. Extremely poisonous or venomous; very active in doing injury.

> A contagious disorder rendered more virulent by uncleanness.

Sir W. Scott.

2. Very bitter in enmity; actuated by a desire to injure; malignant; as, a virulent invective.

Vir"u*lent*ed, a. Made virulent; poisoned. [Obs.]

Vir"u*lent*ly, adv. In a virulent manner.

Vi"rus (?), n. [L., a slimy liquid, a poisonous liquid, poison, stench; akin to Gr. &?; poison, Skr. visha. Cf. Wizen, v. i.] 1. (Med.) (a) Contagious or poisonous matter, as of specific ulcers, the bite of snakes, etc.; — applied to organic poisons. (b) The special contagion, inappreciable to the senses and acting in exceedingly minute quantities, by which a disease is introduced into the organism and maintained there.

The specific virus of diseases is now regarded as a microscopic living vegetable organism which multiplies within the body, and, either by its own action or by the associated development of a chemical poison, causes the phenomena of the special disease.

2. Fig.: Any morbid corrupting quality in intellectual or moral conditions; something that poisons the mind or the soul; as, the virus of obscene books.

||Vis (?), n. 1. Force; power.

2. (Law) (a) Physical force. (b) Moral power.

Principle of vis viva (Mech.), the principle that the difference between the aggregate work of the accelerating forces of a system and that of the retarding forces is equal to one half the vis viva accumulated or lost in the system while the work is being done. — Vis impressa [L.] (Mech.), force exerted, as in moving a body, or changing the direction of its motion; impressed force. — Vis inertiæ. [L.] (a) The resistance of matter, as when a body at rest is set in motion, or a body in motion is brought to rest, or has its motion changed, either in direction or in velocity. (b) Inertness; inactivity. Vis intertiæ and inertia are not strictly synonymous. The former implies the resistance itself which is given, while the latter implies merely the property by which it is given. — Vis mortua [L.] (Mech.), dead force; force doing no active work, but only producing pressure. — Vis vitæ, or Vis vitalis [L.] (Physiol.), vital force. — Vis viva [L.] (Mech.), living force; the force of a body moving against resistance, or doing work, in distinction from vis mortua, or dead force; the kinetic energy of a moving body; the capacity of a moving body to do work by reason of its being in motion. See Kinetic energy, in the Note under Energy. The term vis viva is not usually understood to include that part of the kinetic energy of the body which is due to the vibrations of its molecules.

||Vi"sa (?), n. [F.] See Vis&?;.

Vi"sa, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Visaed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Visaing.] To indorse, after examination, with the word visé, as a passport; to visé.

Vis"age (?; 48), n. [F. visage, from L. visus a seeing, a look, fr. videre, visum, to see. See Vision.] The face, countenance, or look of a person or an animal; — chiefly applied to the human face. Chaucer. "A visage of demand." Shak.

> His visage was so marred more than any man.

Isa. lii. 14.

> Love and beauty still that visage grace.

Waller.

Vis"age (?; 48), v. t. To face. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Vis"aged (?), a. Having a visage. Shak.

Vis"ard (?), n. A mask. See Visor.

Vis"ard, v. t. To mask.

||Vis`-a-vis" (?), n. [F., opposite, face to face.] 1. One who, or that which, is face to face with another; esp., one who faces another in dancing.

2. A carriage in which two persons sit face to face. Also, a form of sofa with seats for two persons, so arranged that the occupants are face to face while sitting on opposite sides.

Vis`-a-vis", adv. Face to face.

||Vis*ca"cha (?), ||Viz-ca"cha (&?;), n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) A large burrowing South American rodent (Lagostomus trichodactylus) allied to the chinchillas, but much larger. Its fur is soft and rather long, mottled gray above, white or yellowish white beneath. There is a white band across the muzzle, and a dark band on each cheek. It inhabits grassy plains, and is noted for its extensive burrows and for heaping up miscellaneous articles at the mouth of its burrows. Called also biscacha, bizcacha, vischacha, vishatscha.

||Vis"ce*ra (?), n., pl. of Viscus.

Vis"cer*al (?), a. [Cf. F. viscéral, LL. visceralis.] 1. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the viscera; splanchnic.

2. Fig.: Having deep sensibility. [R.] Bp. Reynolds.

Visceral arches (Anat.), the bars or ridges between the visceral clefts. — Visceral cavity or tube (Anat.), the ventral cavity of a vertebrate, which contains the alimentary canal, as distinguished from the dorsal, or cerebro-spinal, canal. — Visceral clefts (Anat.), transverse clefts on the sides just back of the mouth in the vertebrate embryo, which open into the pharyngeal portion of the alimentary canal, and correspond to the branchial clefts in adult fishes.

Vis"cer*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Viscerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Viscerating.] To deprive of the viscera, or entrails; to eviscerate; to disembowel.

Vis`cer*o*skel"e*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the framework, or skeleton, or skeleton, of the viscera; as, the visceroskeletal system of muscles. Mivart.

Vis"cid (?), a. [L. viscidus, fr. viscum the mistletoe, birdlime made from the berries of the mistletoe; akin to Gr. &?;: cf. F. viscide.] Sticking or adhering, and having a ropy or glutinous consistency; viscous; glutinous; sticky; tenacious; clammy; as, turpentine, tar, gums, etc., are more or less viscid.

Vis*cid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. viscidité.] The quality or state of being viscid; also, that which is viscid; glutinous concretion; stickiness.

Vis"cin (?), n. (Chem.) A clear, viscous, tasteless substance extracted from the mucilaginous sap of the mistletoe (Viscum album), holly, etc., and constituting an essential ingredient of birdlime.

Vis*coid"al (?), a. Somewhat viscous. Cf. Mobile, a., 2.

Vis`co*sim"e*ter (?), n. [Viscosity + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the degree of viscosity of liquids, as solutions of gum.

Vis*cos"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. viscosité, LL. viscositas.] 1. The quality or state of being viscous.

2. (Physics) A quality analogous to that of a viscous fluid, supposed to be caused by internal friction, especially in the case of gases.

Vis"count` (?), n. [OE. vicounte, OF. visconte, vescunte, F. vicomte, LL. vicecomes; L. vice (see Vice, a.) + comes a companion, LL., a count. See Count.] 1. (O. Eng. Law) An officer who formerly supplied the place of the count, or earl; the sheriff of the county.

2. A nobleman of the fourth rank, next in order below an earl and next above a baron; also, his degree or title of nobility. See Peer, n., 3. [Eng.] Chaucer.

Vis"count`cy (?), n. The dignity or jurisdiction of a viscount. Sir B. Burke.

Vis"count`ess (?), n. [F. vicomtesse, LL. vicecomitissa.] The wife of a viscount.

{ Vis"count`ship, Vis"count`y (?), } n. [F. vicomté.] The quality, rank, or office of a viscount.

Vis"cous (?), a. [L. viscosus. See Viscid.] Adhesive or sticky, and having a ropy or glutinous consistency; viscid; glutinous; clammy; tenacious; as, a viscous juice. — Vis"cous*ness, n.

There is no well-defined distinction in meaning between viscous and viscid.

||Vis"cum (?), n. [L.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of parasitic shrubs, including the mistletoe of Europe.

2. Birdlime, which is often made from the berries of the European mistletoe.

||Vis"cus (?), n.; pl. Viscera (#). [L., perhaps akin to E. viscid.] (Anat.) One of the organs, as the brain, heart, or stomach, in the great cavities of the body of an animal; — especially used in the plural, and applied to the organs contained in the abdomen.

Vise (?), n. [F. vis a screw, winding stairs, OF. vis, viz, fr. L. vitis a vine; probably akin to E. withy.] An instrument consisting of two jaws, closing by a screw, lever, cam, or the like, for holding work, as in filing. [Written also vice.]

||Vi*sé" (?), n. [F. visé, p. p. of viser to put a visa to, fr. L. visus seen, p. p. of videre to see.] An indorsement made on a passport by the proper authorities of certain countries on the continent of Europe, denoting that it has been examined, and that the person who bears it is permitted to proceed on his journey; a visa.

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Vi*sé" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Viséed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Viséing.] To examine and indorse, as a passport; to visa.

||Vish"nu (?), n. [Skr. Vish&?;u, from vish to pervade., to extend through nature.] (Hindu Myth.) A divinity of the modern Hindu trimurti, or trinity. He is regarded as the preserver, while Brahma is the creator, and Siva the destroyer of the creation.

Vis`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. visibilitas: cf. F. visibilité.] The quality or state of being visible.

Vis"i*ble (?), a. [L. visibilis, fr. videre, visum, to see: cf. F. visible. See Vision.] 1. Perceivable by the eye; capable of being seen; perceptible; in view; as, a visible star; the least spot is visible on white paper.

> Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

> Virtue made visible in outward grace.

Young.

2. Noticeable; apparent; open; conspicuous. Shak.

> The factions at court were greater, or more visible, than before.

Clarendon.

Visible church (Theol.), the apparent church of Christ on earth; the whole body of professed believers in Christ, as contradistinguished from the invisible, or real, church, consisting of sanctified persons. — Visible horizon. Same as Apparent horizon, under Apparent.

— Vis"i*ble*ness, n. — Vis"i*bly, adv.

Vis"i*goth (?), n. [L. Visegothae, pl. Cf. West, and Goth.] One of the West Goths. See the Note under Goth. — Vis`i*goth"ic (#), a.

Vi"sion (?), n. [OE. visioun, F. vision, fr. L. visio, from videre, visum, to see: akin to Gr. &?; to see, &?; I know, and E. wit. See Wit, v., and cf. Advice, Clairvoyant, Envy, Evident, Provide, Revise, Survey, View, Visage, Visit.] 1. The act of seeing external objects; actual sight.

> Faith here is turned into vision there.

Hammond.

2. (Physiol.) The faculty of seeing; sight; one of the five senses, by which colors and the physical qualities of external objects are appreciated as a result of the stimulating action of light on the sensitive retina, an expansion of the optic nerve.

3. That which is seen; an object of sight. Shak.

4. Especially, that which is seen otherwise than by the ordinary sight, or the rational eye; a supernatural, prophetic, or imaginary sight; an apparition; a phantom; a specter; as, the visions of Isaiah.

> The baseless fabric of this vision.

Shak.

> No dreams, but visions strange.

Sir P. Sidney.

5. Hence, something unreal or imaginary; a creation of fancy. Locke.

Arc of vision (Astron.), the arc which measures the least distance from the sun at which, when the sun is below the horizon, a star or planet emerging from his rays becomes visible. — Beatific vision (Theol.), the immediate sight of God in heaven. — Direct vision (Opt.), vision when the image of the object falls directly on the yellow spot (see under Yellow); also, vision by means of rays which are not deviated from their original direction. — Field of vision, field of view. See under Field. — Indirect vision (Opt.), vision when the rays of light from an object fall upon the peripheral parts of the retina. — Reflected vision, or Refracted vision, vision by rays reflected from mirrors, or refracted by lenses or prisms, respectively. — Vision purple. (Physiol.) See Visual purple, under Visual.

Vi"sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Visioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Visioning.] To see in a vision; to dream.

> For them no visioned terrors daunt,
> Their nights no fancied specters haunt.

Sir W. Scott.

Vi"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a vision.

Vi"sion*a*ri*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being visionary.

Vi"sion*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. visionnaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to a visions or visions; characterized by, appropriate to, or favorable for, visions.

> The visionary hour
> When musing midnight reigns.

Thomson.

2. Affected by phantoms; disposed to receive impressions on the imagination; given to reverie; apt to receive, and act upon, fancies as if they were realities.

> Or lull to rest the visionary maid.

Pope.

3. Existing in imagination only; not real; fanciful; imaginary; having no solid foundation; as, visionary prospect; a visionary scheme or project. Swift.

Syn. — Fanciful; fantastic; unreal. See Fanciful.

Vi"sion*a*ry, n.; pl. Visionaries (&?;). 1. One whose imagination is disturbed; one who sees visions or phantoms.

2. One whose imagination overpowers his reason and controls his judgment; an unpractical schemer; one who builds castles in the air; a daydreamer.

Vi"sioned (?), a. Having the power of seeing visions; inspired; also, seen in visions. [R.] Shelley.

Vi"sion*ist (?), n. A visionary.

Vi"sion*less, a. Destitute of vision; sightless.

Vis"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Visited; p. pr. & vb. n. Visiting.] [F. visiter, L. visitare, fr. visere to go to see, to visit, fr. videre, visum to see. See Vision.]

1. To go or come to see, as for the purpose of friendship, business, curiosity, etc.; to attend; to call upon; as, the physician visits his patient.

2. Specifically: To go or come to see for inspection, examination, correction of abuses, etc.; to examine, to inspect; as, a bishop visits his diocese; a superintendent visits persons or works under his charge.

3. (Script.) To come to for the purpose of chastising, rewarding, comforting; to come upon with reward or retribution; to appear before or judge; as, to visit in mercy; to visit one in wrath.

> [God] hath visited and redeemed his people.

Like i. 68.

Vis"it (?), v. i. To make a visit or visits; to maintain visiting relations; to practice calling on others.

Vis"it, n. [Cf. F. visite. See Visit, v. t., and cf. Visite.] 1. The act of visiting, or going to see a person or thing; a brief stay of business, friendship, ceremony, curiosity, or the like, usually longer than a call; as, a visit of civility or respect; a visit to Saratoga; the visit of a physician.

2. The act of going to view or inspect; an official or formal inspection; examination; visitation; as, the visit of a trustee or inspector.

Right of visit (Internat. Law), the right of visitation. See Visitation, 4.

Vis"it*a*ble (?), a. Liable or subject to be visited or inspected. "All hospitals built since the Reformation are visitable by the king or lord chancellor." Ayliffe.

Vis"it*ant (?), n. [L. visitans, - antis; p. pr.: cf. F. visitant.] One who visits; a guest; a visitor.

> When the visitant comes again, he is no more a stranger.

South.

Vis"it*ant, a. Visiting. Wordsworth.

Vis`it*a"tion (?), n. [L. visitatio: cf. F. visitation.] 1. The act of visiting, or the state of being visited; access for inspection or examination.

> Nothing but peace and gentle visitation.

Shak.

2. Specifically: The act of a superior or superintending officer who, in the discharge of his office, visits a corporation, college, etc., to examine into the manner in which it is conducted, and see that its laws and regulations are duly observed and executed; as, the visitation of a diocese by a bishop.

3. The object of a visit. [Obs.] "O flowers, . . . my early visitation and my last." Milton.

4. (Internat. Law) The act of a naval commander who visits, or enters on board, a vessel belonging to another nation, for the purpose of ascertaining her character and object, but without claiming or exercising a right of searching the vessel. It is, however, usually coupled with the right of search (see under Search), visitation being used for the purpose of search.

5. Special dispensation; communication of divine favor and goodness, or, more usually, of divine wrath and vengeance; retributive calamity; retribution; judgment.

> What will ye do in the day of visitation?

Isa. x. 3.

6. (Eccl.) A festival in honor of the visit of the Virgin Mary to Elisabeth, mother of John the Baptist, celebrated on the second of July.

The Order of the Visitation of Our Lady (R. C. Ch.), a religious community of nuns, founded at Annecy, in Savoy, in 1610, and in 1808 established in the United States. In America these nuns are devoted to the education of girls.

Vis`it*a*to"ri*al (?), a. [Cf. LL. visitator a bishop temporarily put in place of another.] Of or pertaining to visitation, or a judicial visitor or superintendent; visitorial.

> An archdeacon has visitatorial power.

Ayliffe.

> The queen, however, still had over the church a visitatorial power of vast and undefined extent.

Macaulay.

Vi*site" (?), n. [F. See Visit, n.] A light cape or short cloak of silk or lace worn by women in summer.

Vis"it*er (?), n. A visitor.

Vis"it*ing, a. & vb. n. from Visit.

Visiting ant. (Zoöl.) See Driver ant, under Driver. — Visiting book, a book in which a record of visits received, made, and to be made, is kept. Thackeray. — Visiting card. See under Card.

Vis"it*or (?). [Cf. F. visiteur.] [Written also visiter.] 1. One who visits; one who comes or goes to see another, as in civility or friendship. "This great flood of visitors." Shak.

2. A superior, or a person lawfully appointed for the purpose, who makes formal visits of inspection to a corporation or an institution. See Visit, v. t., 2, and Visitation, n., 2.

> The king is the visitor of all lay corporations.

Blackstone.

Vis`it*o"ri*al (?), a. Same as Visitatorial.

Vi"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. visif, LL. visivus. See Vision.] Of or pertaining to the sight; visual. [Obs.]

> I can not satisfy myself how men should be so little surprised about this visive faculty.

Berkeley.

Visne (?; 277), n. [OF. visné, veisiné, visnet, neighborhood, LL. vicinatus, fr. L. vicunus neighboring, a neighbor. See Vicinity.] (Law) Neighborhood; vicinity; venue. See Venue.

Vis"no*my (?), n. [Contr. fr. physiognomy.] Face; countenance. [Colloq.] Spenser. Lamb.

Vi"son (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The mink.

Vis"or (?), n. [OE. visere, F. visière, fr. OF. vis. See Visage, Vision.] [Written also visar, visard, vizard, and vizor.] 1. A part of a helmet, arranged so as to lift or open, and so show the face. The openings for seeing and breathing are generally in it.

2. A mask used to disfigure or disguise. "My very visor began to assume life." Shak.

> My weaker government since, makes you pull off the visor.

Sir P. Sidney.

3. The fore piece of a cap, projecting over, and protecting the eyes.

Vis"ored (?), a. Wearing a visor; masked.

> Visored falsehood and base forgery.

Milton.

Vis"ta (?), n.; pl. Vistas (#). [It., sight, view, fr. vedere, p. p. visto, veduto, to see, fr. L. videre, visum. See View, Vision.] A view; especially, a view through or between intervening objects, as trees; a view or prospect through an avenue, or the like; hence, the trees or other objects that form the avenue.

> The finished garden to the view
> Its vistas opens, and its alleys green.

Thomson.

> In the groves of their academy, at the end of every vista, you see nothing but the gallows.

Burke.

> The shattered tower which now forms a vista from his window.

Sir W. Scott.

Vis"to (?), n. A vista; a prospect. [R.] Gay.

> Through the long visto of a thousand years.

Young.

Vis"u*al (?), a. [L. visualis, from visus a seeing, sight: cf. F. visuel. See Vision.] 1. Of or pertaining to sight; used in sight; serving as the instrument of seeing; as, the visual nerve.

> The air,
> Nowhere so clear, sharpened his visual ray.

Milton.

2. That can be seen; visible. [R.]

Visual angle. (Opt.) See under Angle. — Visual cone (Persp.), a cone whose vertex is at the point of sight, or the eye. — Visual plane, any plane passing through the point of sight. — Visual point, the point at which the visual rays unite; the position of the eye. — Visual purple (Physiol.), a photochemical substance, of a purplish red color, contained in the retina of human eyes and in the eyes of most animals. It is quickly bleached by light, passing through the colors, red, orange, and yellow, and then disappearing. Also called rhodopsin, and vision purple. See Optography. — Visual ray, a line from the eye, or point of sight. — Visual white (Physiol.), the final product in the action of light on visual purple. It is reconverted into visual purple by the regenerating action of the choroidal epithelium. — Visual yellow (Physiol.), a product intermediate between visual purple and visual white, formed in the photochemical action of light on visual purple.

Vis"u*al*ize (?), v. t. To make visual, or visible; to see in fancy. [Written also visualise.]

> No one who has not seen them [glaciers] can possibly visualize them.

Lubbock.

Vi*taille (?), n. [See Victuals.] Food; victuals. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer.

Vi"tal (?), a. [F., fr. L. vitalis, fr. vita life; akin to vivere to live. See Vivid.] 1. Belonging or relating to life, either animal or vegetable; as, vital energies; vital functions; vital actions.

2. Contributing to life; necessary to, or supporting, life; as, vital blood.

> Do the heavens afford him vital food?

Spenser.

> And vital virtue infused, and vital warmth.

Milton.

3. Containing life; living. "Spirits that live throughout, vital in every part." Milton.

4. Being the seat of life; being that on which life depends; mortal.

> The dart flew on, and pierced a vital part.

Pope.

5. Very necessary; highly important; essential.

> A competence is vital to content.

Young.

6. Capable of living; in a state to live; viable. [R.]

> Pythagoras and Hippocrates . . . affirm the birth of the seventh month to be vital.

Sir T. Browne.

Vital air, oxygen gas; — so called because essential to animal life. [Obs.] — Vital capacity (Physiol.), the breathing capacity of the lungs; — expressed by the number of cubic inches of air which can be forcibly exhaled after a full inspiration. — Vital force. (Biol.) See under Force. The vital forces, according to Cope, are nerve force (neurism), growth force (bathmism), and thought force (phrenism), all under the direction and control of the vital principle. Apart from the phenomena of consciousness, vital actions no longer need to be considered as of a mysterious and unfathomable character, nor vital force as anything other than a form of physical energy derived from, and convertible into, other well-known forces of nature. — Vital functions (Physiol.), those functions or actions of the body on which life is directly dependent, as the circulation of the blood, digestion, etc. — Vital principle, an immaterial force, to which the functions peculiar to living beings are ascribed. — Vital statistics, statistics respecting the duration of life, and the circumstances affecting its duration. — Vital tripod. (Physiol.) See under Tripod. — Vital vessels (Bot.), a name for latex tubes, now disused. See Latex.

Vi"tal, n. A vital part; one of the vitals. [R.]

Vi*tal"ic (?), a. Pertaining to life; vital. [R.]

Vi"tal*ism (?), n. (Biol.) The doctrine that all the functions of a living organism are due to an unknown vital principle distinct from all chemical and physical forces.

Vi`tal*ist (?), n. (Biol.) A believer in the theory of vitalism; — opposed to physicist.

Vi`tal*is"tic (?), a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or involving, vitalism, or the theory of a special vital principle.

Vi*tal"i*ty (?; 277), n. [L. vitalitas: cf. F. vitalité.] The quality or state of being vital; the principle of life; vital force; animation; as, the vitality of eggs or vegetable seeds; the vitality of an enterprise.

Vi`tal*i*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of vitalizing, or infusing the vital principle.

Vi"tal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vitalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vitalizing (?).] [Cf. F. vitaliser.] To endow with life, or vitality; to give life to; to make alive; as, vitalized blood.

Vi"tal*ly, adv. In a vital manner.

Vi"tals (?), n. pl. 1. Organs that are necessary for life; more especially, the heart, lungs, and brain.

2. Fig.: The part essential to the life or health of anything; as, the vitals of a state. "The vitals of the public body." Glanvill.

Vit"el*la*ry (?; 277), a. [L. vitellus a little calf, the yolk of an egg.] (Biol.) Vitelline.

Vit`el*lig"e*nous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Producing yolk, or vitelline substance; — applied to certain cells (also called nutritive, or yolk, cells) formed in the ovaries of many insects, and supposed to supply nutriment to the developing ova.

Vi*tel"lin (?), n. [See Vitellus.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous body, belonging to the class of globulins, obtained from yolk of egg, of which it is the chief proteid constituent, and from the seeds of many plants. From the latter it can be separated in crystalline form.

<! p. 1615 !>

Vi*tel"line (?), a. [L. vitellus the yolk of an egg.] (Biol.) Of or pertaining to the yolk of eggs; as, the vitelline membrane, a smooth, transparent membrane surrounding the vitellus.

Vi*tel"lo*gene (?), n. [See Vitellus, and -gen.] (Zoöl.) A gland secreting the yolk of the eggs in trematodes, turbellarians, and some other helminths.

||Vi*tel"lus (?), n. [L., the yolk of an egg.]

1. (Biol.) The contents or substance of the ovum; egg yolk. See Illust. of Ovum.

2. (Bot.) Perisperm in an early condition.

Vi"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vitiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vitiating.] [L. vitiatus, p. p. vitiare to vitiate, fr. vitium a fault, vice. See Vice a fault.] [Written also viciate.] 1. To make vicious, faulty, or imperfect; to render defective; to injure the substance or qualities of; to impair; to contaminate; to spoil; as, exaggeration vitiates a style of writing; sewer gas vitiates the air.

> A will vitiated and growth out of love with the truth disposes the understanding to error and delusion.

South.

> Without care it may be used to vitiate our minds.

Burke.

> This undistinguishing complaisance will vitiate the taste of readers.

Garth.

2. To cause to fail of effect, either wholly or in part; to make void; to destroy, as the validity or binding force of an instrument or transaction; to annul; as, any undue influence exerted on a jury vitiates their verdict; fraud vitiates a contract.

Vi`ti*a"tion (?), n. [L. vitiatio.] The act of vitiating, or the state of being vitiated; depravation; corruption; invalidation; as, the vitiation of the blood; the vitiation of a contract.

> The vitiation that breeds evil acts.

G. Eliot.

Vi*tic"u*lose` (?), a. [L. viticula, dim. of vitis vine.] (Bot.) Having long and slender trailing stems.

Vit`i*cul"tur*al (?; 135), a. Of or pertaining to viticulture.

Vit"i*cul`ture (?), n. [L. vitis vine + E. culture.] The cultivation of the vine; grape growing.

Vit`i*cul"tur*ist, n. One engaged in viticulture.

||Vit`i*li"go (?), n. [L., a kind of tetter, fr. vitium blemish, vice.] (Med.) A rare skin disease consisting in the development of smooth, milk-white spots upon various parts of the body.

Vit`i*lit"i*gate (?), v. i. [L. vitilitigare to quarrel disgracefully; vitium vice + litigare to quarrel.] To contend in law litigiously or cavilously. [Obs.]

Vit`i*lit`i*ga"tion (?), n. Cavilous litigation; cavillation. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Vi`ti*os"i*ty (?), n. [L. vitiositas. See Vicious.] Viciousness; depravity.

> The perverseness and vitiosity of man's will.

South.

Vi"tious (?), a., Vi"tious*ly, adv., Vi"tious*ness, n. See Vicious, Viciously, Viciousness.

||Vi"tis (?), n. [L., a vine.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including all true grapevines.

Vi"to*e (?), a. (Zoöl.) See Durukuli.

||Vi*trel"la (?), n. [NL., dim. of L. vitrum glass.] (Zoöl.) One of the transparent lenslike cells in the ocelli of certain arthropods.

Vit`re-o-e*lec"tic (?), a. [See Vitreous, and Electric.] (Physics) Containing or exhibiting positive, or vitreous, electricity.

Vit"re*ous (?), a. [L. vitreous, from vitrum glass; perhaps akin to videre to see (see Vision). Cf. Varnish.] 1. Consisting of, or resembling, glass; glassy; as, vitreous rocks.

2. Of or pertaining to glass; derived from glass; as, vitreous electricity.

Vitreous body (Anat.), the vitreous humor. See the Note under Eye. — Vitreous electricity (Elec.), the kind of electricity excited by rubbing glass with certain substances, as silk; positive electricity; — opposed to resinous, or negative, electricity. — Vitreous humor. (Anat.) See the Note under Eye. — Vitreous sponge (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of siliceous sponges having, often fibrous, glassy spicules which are normally six-rayed; a hexactinellid sponge. See Venus's basket, under Venus.

Vit"re*ous*ness, n. The quality or state of being vitreous.

Vi*tres"cence (?), n. The quality or state of being vitreous; glassiness, or the quality of being vitrescent; capability of conversion into glass; susceptibility of being formed into glass. Kirwan.

Vi*tres"cent (?), a. [See Vitreous.] Capable of being formed into glass; tending to become glass.

Vi*tres"ci*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. vitrescible.] That may be vitrified; vitrifiable.

Vit"ric (?), a. [L. vitrum glass.] Having the nature and qualities of glass; glasslike; — distinguished from ceramic.

Vit`ri*fac"tion (?), n. [Cf. Vitrification.] The act, art, or process of vitrifying; also, the state of being vitrified.

Vit`ri*fac"ture (?; 135), n. [L. vitrum glass + facere, factum, to make.] The manufacture of glass and glassware.

Vit"ri*fi`a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. vitrifiable.] Capable of being vitrified, or converted into glass by heat and fusion; as, flint and alkalies are vitrifiable.

Vi*trif"i*ca*ble (?), a. Vitrifiable. [Obs.]

Vit"ri*fi*cate (?), v. t. To convert into glass; to vitrify. [Obs.] Bacon.

Vit`ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [See Vitrify.] Same as Vitrifaction. Sir T. Browne. Ure.

Vit"ri*fied (?), a. Converted into glass.

Vit"ri*form (?), a. [L. vitrum glass + -form.] Having the form or appearance of glass; resembling glass; glasslike.

Vit"ri*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vitrified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vitrifying (?).] [F. vitrifier; L. vitrum glass + - ficare to make. See Vitreous, -fy.] To convert into, or cause to resemble, glass or a glassy substance, by heat and fusion.

Vit"ri*fy, v. t. To become glass; to be converted into glass.

> Chymists make vessels of animal substances, calcined, which will not vitrify in the fire.

Arbuthnot.

||Vi*tri"na (?), n. [NL., fr. L. vitrum glass.] (Zoöl.) A genus of terrestrial gastropods, having transparent, very thin, and delicate shells, — whence the name.

Vit"ri*ol (?), n. [F. vitriol; cf. Pr. vitriol, vetriol, Sp. & Pg. vitriolo, It. vitriuolo; fr. L. vitreolus of glass, vitreus vitreous. See Vitreous.] (Chem.) (a) A sulphate of any one of certain metals, as copper, iron, zinc, cobalt. So called on account of the glassy appearance or luster. (b) Sulphuric acid; — called also oil of vitriol. So called because first made by the distillation of green vitriol. See Sulphuric acid, under Sulphuric. [Colloq.]

Blue vitriol. See under Blue. — Green vitriol, ferrous sulphate; copperas. See under Green. — Oil of vitriol, sulphuric or vitriolic acid; — popularly so called because it has the consistency of oil. — Red vitriol, a native sulphate of cobalt. — Vitriol of Mars, ferric sulphate, a white crystalline substance which dissolves in water, forming a red solution. — White vitriol, zinc sulphate, a white crystalline substance used in medicine and in dyeing. It is usually obtained by dissolving zinc in sulphuric acid, or by roasting and oxidizing certain zinc ores. Formerly called also vitriol of zinc.

Vit"ri*o*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vitriolated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vitriolating.] (Old Chem.) (a) To convert into, or change to, a vitriol; to make into sulphuric acid or a sulphate. (b) To subject to the action of, or impregnate with, vitriol.

Vit"ri*o*late (?), a. Vitriolated. [R.]

Vit"ri*o*late, n. (Old Chem.) A sulphate.

Vit"ri*o*la`ted (?), a. (Old Chem.) Changed into a vitriol or a sulphate, or subjected to the action of sulphuric acid or of a sulphate; as, vitriolated potash, i. e., potassium sulphate.

Vit`ri*o*la"tion (?), n. (Old Chem.) The act, process, or result of vitriolating.

Vit`ri*ol"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. vitriolique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to vitriol; derived from, or resembling, vitriol; vitriolous; as, a vitriolic taste. Cf. Vitriol.

Vitriolic acid (Old Chem.), (a) sulphuric acid. See Vitriol (b). [Colloq.]

Vit"ri*ol*i`za*ble (?), a. Capable of being converted into a vitriol.

Vit`ri*ol*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. vitriolisation.] (Old Chem.) The act of vitriolizing, or the state of being vitriolized; vitriolation.

Vit"ri*ol*ize (?), v. t. [Cf. F. vitrioliser.] To convert into a vitriol; to vitriolate.

Vi*tri"o*lous (?), a. See Vitriolic. [Obs.]

Vit"rite (?), n. [L. vitrum glass.] A kind of glass which is very hard and difficult to fuse, used as an insulator in electrical lamps and other apparatus.

Vi*tru"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Vitruvius, an ancient Roman architect.

Vitruvian scroll (Arch.), a name given to a peculiar pattern of scrollwork, consisting of convolved undulations. It is used in classical architecture. Oxf. Gloss.

||Vit"ta (?), n.; pl. Vittæ (#). [L. vitta ribbon, fillet.] 1. (Bot.) One of the oil tubes in the fruit of umbelliferous plants.

2. (Zoöl.) A band, or stripe, of color.

Vit"tate (?), a. [L. vittatus bound with a fillet, fr. vitta fillet.] 1. (Bot.) Bearing or containing vittæ.

2. Striped longitudinally.

Vit"u*line (?; 277), a. [L. vitulinus, fr. vitulus a calf. See Veal.] Of or pertaining to a calf or veal.

Vi*tu"per*a*ble (?), a. [L. vituperabilis: cf. F. vitupérable.] Liable to, or deserving, vituperation, or severe censure.

Vi*tu"per*ate (?; 277), v. t. [L. vituperatus, p. p. of vituperare to blame, vituperate; vitium a fault + parare to prepare. See Vice a fault, and Pare, v. t.] To find fault with; to scold; to overwhelm with wordy abuse; to censure severely or abusively; to rate.

Vi*tu`per*a"tion (?), n. [L. vituperatio: cf. OF. vituperation. See Vituperate.] The act of vituperating; abuse; severe censure; blame.

> When a man becomes untractable and inaccessible by fierceness and pride, then vituperation comes upon him.

Donne.

Vi*tu"per*a*tive (?), a. Uttering or writing censure; containing, or characterized by, abuse; scolding; abusive. — Vi*tu"per*a*tive*ly, adv.

> Vituperative appellations derived from their real or supposed ill qualities.

B. Jonson.

Vi*tu"per*a`tor (?), n. [L.] One who vituperates, or censures abusively.

Vi`tu*per"ri*ous (?), a. Worthy of vituperation; shameful; disgraceful. [Obs.]

||Vi*va"ce (?), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Brisk; vivacious; with spirit; — a direction to perform a passage in a brisk and lively manner.

Vi*va"cious (?; 277), a. [L. vívax, -acis, fr. vivere to live. See Vivid.] 1. Having vigorous powers of life; tenacious of life; long-lived. [Obs.]

> Hitherto the English bishops have been vivacious almost to wonder. . . . But five died for the first twenty years of her [Queen Elizabeth's] reign.

Fuller.

> The faith of Christianity is far more vivacious than any mere ravishment of the imagination can ever be.

I. Taylor.

2. Sprightly in temper or conduct; lively; merry; as, a vivacious poet. "Vivacious nonsense." V. Knox.

3. (Bot.) Living through the winter, or from year to year; perennial. [R.]

Syn. — Sprightly; active; animated; sportive; gay; merry; jocund; light-hearted.

— Vi*va"cious*ly, adv. — Vi*va"cious*ness, n.

Vi*vac"i*ty (?), n. [L. vivicitas: cf. F. vivacité.] The quality or state of being vivacious. Specifically: —

(a) Tenacity of life; vital force; natural vigor. [Obs.]

> The vivacity of some of these pensioners is little less than a miracle, they lived so long.

Fuller.

(b) Life; animation; spiritedness; liveliness; sprightliness; as, the vivacity of a discourse; a lady of great vivacity; vivacity of countenance.

Syn. — Liveliness; gayety. See Liveliness.

||Vi`van`dière" (?), n. [F. See Viand.] In Continental armies, especially in the French army, a woman accompanying a regiment, who sells provisions and liquor to the soldiers; a female sutler.

||Vi*va"ri*um (?), n.; pl. E. Vivariums (#), L. Vivaria (#). [L., fr. vivarius belonging to living creatures, fr. vivus alive, living. See Vivid.] A place artificially arranged for keeping or raising living animals, as a park, a pond, an aquarium, a warren, etc.

Vi"va*ry (v"v*r), n.; pl. Vivaries (-rz). A vivarium. "That . . . vivary of fowls and beasts." Donne.

||Vi"va vo"ce (v>imac/"v v"s). [L.] By word of mouth; orally.

Viv"da (vv"d), n. See Vifda.

||Vive (vv). [F., imperative sing. pres. fr. vivre to live, L. vivere.] Long live, that is, success to; as, vive le roi, long live the king; vive la bagatelle, success to trifles or sport.

Vive (vv), a. [L. vivus: cf. F. vif. See Vivid.] Lively; animated; forcible. [Obs.] Bacon.

Vive"ly, adv. In a lively manner. [Obs.]

> If I see a thing vively represented on the stage.

B. Jonson.

Vi"ven*cy (?), n. [L. vivens, p. pr. of vivere to live.] Manner of supporting or continuing life or vegetation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

||Vi*ver"ra (?), n. [L., a ferret.] (Zoöl.) A genus of carnivores which comprises the civets.

Vi*ver"rine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Viverridæ, or Civet family.

Vi"vers (?), n. pl. [F. vivres, pl. of vivre, orig., to live.] Provisions; victuals. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

> I 'll join you at three, if the vivers can tarry so long.

Sir W. Scott.

Vives (?), n. [OF. vives, F. avives (cf. Sp. abivas, adiva) fr. Ar. ad- dhba. Cf. Fives vives.] (Far.) A disease of brute animals, especially of horses, seated in the glands under the ear, where a tumor is formed which sometimes ends in suppuration.

Viv"i*an*ite (?), n. [So called by Werner after the English mineralogist F. G. Vivian.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of iron of a blue to green color, growing darker on exposure. It occurs in monoclinic crystals, also fibrous, massive, and earthy.

Viv"id (?), a. [L. vividus, from vivere to life; akin to vivus living. See Quick, a., and cf. Revive, Viand, Victuals, Vital.] 1. True to the life; exhibiting the appearance of life or freshness; animated; spirited; bright; strong; intense; as, vivid colors.

> In dazzling streaks the vivid lightnings play.

Cowper.

> Arts which present, with all the vivid charms of painting, the human face and human form divine.

Bp. Hobart.

2. Forming brilliant images, or painting in lively colors; lively; sprightly; as, a vivid imagination.

> Body is a fit workhouse for sprightly, vivid faculties to exercise . . . themselves in.

South.

Syn. — Clear; lucid; bright; strong; striking; lively; quick; sprightly; active.

— Viv"id*ly, adv. — Viv"id*ness, n.

Vi*vid"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being vivid; vividness. [R.]

{ Vi*vif"ic (?), Vi*vif"ic*al (?), } a. [L. vivificus: cf. F. vivifique. See Vivify.] Giving life; reviving; enlivening. [R.]

Vi*vif"i*cate (?), v. t. [L. vivificatus, p. p. vivificare. See Vivify.] 1. To give life to; to animate; to revive; to vivify. [R.]

> God vivificates and actuates the whole world.

Dr. H. More.

2. (Chem.) To bring back a metal to the metallic form, as from an oxide or solution; to reduce. [Obs.]

Viv`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. vivificatio: cf. vivification.] 1. The act of vivifying, or the state of being vivified; restoration of life; revival. Bacon.

2. (Physiol.) One of the changes of assimilation, in which proteid matter which has been transformed, and made a part of the tissue or tissue cells, is endowed with life, and thus enabled to manifest the phenomena of irritability, contractility, etc. McKendrick.

3. (Chem.) The act or process of vivificating. [Obs.]

Viv"i*fi*ca*tive (?), a. Able or tending to vivify, animate, or give life; vivifying.

Viv"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vivified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vivifying (?).] [F. vivifier, L. vivificare. See Vivid, -fy; cf. Vivificate.] To endue with life; to make to be living; to quicken; to animate.

> Sitting on eggs doth vivify, not nourish.

Bacon.

||Vi*vip"a*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Viviparous.] (Zoöl.) An artificial division of vertebrates including those that produce their young alive; — opposed to Ovipara.

Viv`i*par"i*ty (?), n. (Biol.) The quality or condition of being viviparous. H. Spencer.

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Vi*vip"a*rous (?), a. [L. viviparus; vivus alive + parere to bear, bring forth. Cf. Viper.] (Biol.) Producing young in a living state, as most mammals, or as those plants the offspring of which are produced alive, either by bulbs instead of seeds, or by the seeds themselves germinating on the plant, instead of falling, as they usually do; — opposed to oviparous.

Viviparous fish. (Zoöl.) See Embiotocoid. — Viviparous shell (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of operculated fresh- water gastropods belonging to Viviparus, Melantho, and allied genera. Their young, when born, have a well-developed spiral shell.

Vi*vip"a*rous*ly, adv. (Biol.) In a viviparous manner.

Vi*vip"a*rous*ness, n. (Biol.) The quality of being viviparous; viviparity.

Viv"i*sect` (?), v. t. To perform vivisection upon; to dissect alive. [Colloq.] Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Viv`i*sec"tion (?), n. [L. vivus alive + E. section: cf. F. vivisection. See Vivid, and Section.] The dissection of an animal while alive, for the purpose of making physiological investigations.

Viv`i*sec"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to vivisection.

Viv`i*sec"tion*ist, n. One who practices or advocates vivisection; a vivisector.

Viv`i*sec"tor (?), n. A vivisectionist.

Vix"en (?), n. [AS. fixen a she-fox, for fyxen, fem. of fox. See Fox.] 1. A female fox. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

2. A cross, ill-tempered person; — formerly used of either sex, now only of a woman. Barrow.

> She was a vixen when she went to school.

Shak.

Vix"en*ish, a. Of or pertaining to a vixen; resembling a vixen.

Vix"en*ly, a. Like a vixen; vixenish. Barrow.

Viz (?), adv. [Contr. fr. videlicet.] To wit; that is; namely.

Viz"ard (?), n. [See Visor.] A mask; a visor. [Archaic] "A grotesque vizard." Sir W. Scott.

> To mislead and betray them under the vizard of law.

Milton.

Viz"ard*ed, a. Wearing a vizard. [R.] Shak.

||Viz*ca"cha (?), n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) Same as Viscacha.

Viz"ier (?), n. [Ar. wezr, wazr, properly, a bearer of burdens, a porter, from wazara to bear a burden: cf. F. vizir, visir. Cf. Alguazil.] A councilor of state; a high executive officer in Turkey and other Oriental countries. [Written also visier, vizir, and vizer.]

Grand vizier, the chief minister of the Turkish empire; — called also vizier-azem.

Viz"ier*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. vizirat.] The office, dignity, or authority of a vizier.

||Vi*zier`-a*zem" (?), n. [Ar. azam great. See Vizier.] A grand vizier. See under Vizier.

Vi*zier"i*al (?), a. [Cf. F. vizirial.] Of, pertaining to, or issued by, a vizier. [Written also vizirial.]

Vi*zir" (?), n. See Vizier.

Viz"or (?), n. See Visor.

Vliss*ma"ki (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The diadem indris. See Indris.

V" moth` (?). (Zoöl.) A common gray European moth (Halia vauaria) having a V-shaped spot of dark brown on each of the fore wings.

Vo"ca*ble (?), n. [L. vocabulum an appellation, designation, name, fr. vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, a voice, a word: cf. F. vocable. See Voice.] A word; a term; a name; specifically, a word considered as composed of certain sounds or letters, without regard to its meaning.

> Swamped near to drowning in a tide of ingenious vocables.

Carlyle.

Vo*cab"u*la*ry (?), n.; pl. Vocabularies (#). [LL. vocabularium, vocabularius: cf. F. vocabulaire. See Vocable.] 1. A list or collection of words arranged in alphabetical order and explained; a dictionary or lexicon, either of a whole language, a single work or author, a branch of science, or the like; a word-book.

2. A sum or stock of words employed.

> His vocabulary seems to have been no larger than was necessary for the transaction of business.

Macaulay.

Vo*cab"u*list (?), n. [Cf. F. vocabuliste.] The writer or maker of a vocabulary; a lexicographer.

Vo"cal (?), a. [L. vocalis, fr. vox, vocis, voice: cf. F. vocal. See Voice, and cf. Vowel.] 1. Of or pertaining to the voice or speech; having voice; endowed with utterance; full of voice, or voices.

> To hill or valley, fountain, or fresh shade,
> Made vocal by my song.

Milton.

2. Uttered or modulated by the voice; oral; as, vocal melody; vocal prayer. "Vocal worship." Milton.

3. Of or pertaining to a vowel or voice sound; also, &?;poken with tone, intonation, and resonance; sonant; sonorous; — said of certain articulate sounds.

4. (Phon.) (a) Consisting of, or characterized by, voice, or tone produced in the larynx, which may be modified, either by resonance, as in the case of the vowels, or by obstructive action, as in certain consonants, such as v, l, etc., or by both, as in the nasals m, n, ng; sonant; intonated; voiced. See Voice, and Vowel, also Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 199-202. (b) Of or pertaining to a vowel; having the character of a vowel; vowel.

Vocal cords or chords. (Anat.) See Larynx, and the Note under Voice, n., 1. — Vocal fremitus [L. fremitus a dull roaring or murmuring] (Med.), the perceptible vibration of the chest wall, produced by the transmission of the sonorous vibrations during the act of using the voice. — Vocal music, music made by the voice, in distinction from instrumental music; hence, music or tunes set to words, to be performed by the human voice. — Vocal tube (Anat.), the part of the air passages above the inferior ligaments of the larynx, including the passages through the nose and mouth.

Vo"cal (?), n. [Cf. F. vocal, LL. vocalis.]

1. (Phon.) A vocal sound; specifically, a purely vocal element of speech, unmodified except by resonance; a vowel or a diphthong; a tonic element; a tonic; — distinguished from a subvocal, and a nonvocal.

2. (R. C. Ch.) A man who has a right to vote in certain elections.

Vo*cal"ic (?), a. [L. vocalis (sc. littera) a vowel. See Vocal, a.] Of or pertaining to vowel sounds; consisting of the vowel sounds. Earle.

> The Gaelic language being uncommonly vocalic.

Sir W. Scott.

Vo"cal*ism (?), n. 1. The exercise of the vocal organs; vocalization.

2. A vocalic sound. [R.]

Vo"cal*ist, n. [Cf. F. vocaliste.] A singer, or vocal musician, as opposed to an instrumentalist.

Vo*cal"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. L. vocalitas euphony.] 1. The quality or state of being vocal; utterableness; resonance; as, the vocality of the letters.

2. The quality of being a vowel; vocalic character.

Vo`cal*i*za"tion (?), n. 1. The act of vocalizing, or the state of being vocalized.

2. The formation and utterance of vocal sounds.

Vo"cal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vocalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vocalizing (?).] [Cf. F. vocaliser.] 1. To form into voice; to make vocal or sonant; to give intonation or resonance to.

> It is one thing to give an impulse to breath alone, another thing to vocalize that breath.

Holder.

2. To practice singing on the vowel sounds.

Vo"cal*ly, adv. 1. In a vocal manner; with voice; orally; with audible sound.

2. In words; verbally; as, to express desires vocally.

Vo"cal*ness, n. The quality of being vocal; vocality.

Vo*ca"tion (?), n. [L. vocatio a bidding, invitation, fr. vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice: cf. F. vocation. See Vocal.] 1. A call; a summons; a citation; especially, a designation or appointment to a particular state, business, or profession.

> What can be urged for them who not having the vocation of poverty to scribble, out of mere wantonness make themselves ridiculous?

Dryden.

2. Destined or appropriate employment; calling; occupation; trade; business; profession.

> He would think his service greatly rewarded, if he might obtain by that means to live in the sight of his prince, and yet practice his own chosen vocation.

Sir. P. Sidney.

3. (Theol.) A calling by the will of God. Specifically: —

(a) The bestowment of God's distinguishing grace upon a person or nation, by which that person or nation is put in the way of salvation; as, the vocation of the Jews under the old dispensation, and of the Gentiles under the gospel. "The golden chain of vocation, election, and justification." Jer. Taylor.

(b) A call to special religious work, as to the ministry.

> Every member of the same [the Church], in his vocation and ministry.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

Voc"a*tive (?), a. [L. vocativus, fr. vocare to call.] Of or pertaining to calling; used in calling; specifically (Gram.), used in address; appellative; — said of that case or form of the noun, pronoun, or adjective, in which a person or thing is addressed; as, Domine, O Lord.

Voc"a*tive, n. [L. vocativus (sc. casus): cf. F. vocatif.] (Gram.) The vocative case.

Vo*cif"er*ance (?), n. Vociferation; noise; clamor. [R.] R. Browning.

Vo*cif"er*ant (?), a. [L. vociferans, p. pr.] Noisy; clamorous. Gauden. R. Browning.

Vo*cif"er*ate (?), v. i. [L. vociferatus, p. p. vociferari to vociferate; vox, vocis, voice + ferre to bear. See Voice, and Bear to carry.] To cry out with vehemence; to exclaim; to bawl; to clamor. Cowper.

Vo*cif"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vociferated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vociferating.] To utter with a loud voice; to shout out.

> Though he may vociferate the word liberty.

V. Knox.

Vo*cif`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. vociferatio: cf. F. vocifération.] The act of vociferating; violent outcry; vehement utterance of the voice.

> Violent gesture and vociferation naturally shake the hearts of the ignorant.

Spectator.

> Plaintive strains succeeding the vociferations of emotion or of pain.

Byron.

Vo*cif"er*a`tor (?), n. One who vociferates, or is clamorous. [R.]

Vo*cif"er*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. vocifère.] Making a loud outcry; clamorous; noisy; as, vociferous heralds. — Vo*cif"er*ous*ly, adv. — Vo*cif"er*ous*ness, n.

Voc"ule (?), n. [L. vocula, dim. of vox, vocis, voice.] (Phon.) A short or weak utterance; a faint or feeble sound, as that heard on separating the lips in pronouncing p or b. Rush. — Voc"u*lar (#), a.

Vo*da"ni*um (?), n. [NL.] (Old Chem.) A supposed element, afterward found to be a mixture of several metals, as copper, iron, lead, nickel, etc.

Vod"ka (?), n. [Russ.] A Russian drink distilled from rye.

Voe (?), n. [Cf. Icel ver sea, vöar a fenced-in landing place.] An inlet, bay, or creek; — so called in the Orkney and Shetland Islands. Jamieson.

Vo"gle (?), n. (Mining) Same as Vugg.

Vogue (?), n. [F. vogue a rowing, vogue, fashion, It. voga, fr. vogare to row, to sail; probably fr. OHG. wag&?;n to move, akin to E. way. Cf. Way.] 1. The way or fashion of people at any particular time; temporary mode, custom, or practice; popular reception for the time; — used now generally in the phrase in vogue.

> One vogue, one vein,
> One air of thoughts usurps my brain.

Herbert.

> Whatsoever its vogue may be, I still flatter myself that the parents of the growing generation will be satisfied with what &?;&?; to be taught to their children in Westminster, in Eton, or in Winchester.

Burke.

> Use may revive the obsoletest words,
> And banish those that now are most in vogue.

Roscommon.

2. Influence; power; sway. [Obs.] Strype.

Voice (?), n. [OE. vois, voys, OF. vois, voiz, F. voix, L. vox, vocis, akin to Gr. &?; a word, &?; a voice, Skr. vac to say, to speak, G. erwähnen to mention. Cf. Advocate, Advowson, Avouch, Convoke, Epic, Vocal, Vouch, Vowel.] 1. Sound uttered by the mouth, especially that uttered by human beings in speech or song; sound thus uttered considered as possessing some special quality or character; as, the human voice; a pleasant voice; a low voice.

> He with a manly voice saith his message.

Chaucer.

> Her voice was ever soft,
> Gentle, and low; an excellent thing in woman.

Shak.

> Thy voice is music.

Shak.

> Join thy voice unto the angel choir.

Milton.

2. (Phon.) Sound of the kind or quality heard in speech or song in the consonants b, v, d, etc., and in the vowels; sonant, or intonated, utterance; tone; — distinguished from mere breath sound as heard in f, s, sh, etc., and also whisper.

Voice, in this sense, is produced by vibration of the so-called vocal cords in the larynx (see Illust. of Larynx) which act upon the air, not in the manner of the strings of a stringed instrument, but as a pair of membranous tongues, or reeds, which, being continually forced apart by the outgoing current of breath, and continually brought together again by their own elasticity and muscular tension, break the breath current into a series of puffs, or pulses, sufficiently rapid to cause the sensation of tone. The power, or loudness, of such a tone depends on the force of the separate pulses, and this is determined by the pressure of the expired air, together with the resistance on the part of the vocal cords which is continually overcome. Its pitch depends on the number of aërial pulses within a given time, that is, on the rapidity of their succession. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 146, 155.

3. The tone or sound emitted by anything.

> After the fire a still small voice.

1 Kings xix. 12.

> Canst thou thunder with a voice like him?

Job xl. 9.

> The floods have lifted up their voice.

Ps. xciii. 3.

> O Marcus, I am warm'd; my heart
> Leaps at the trumpet's voice.

Addison.

4. The faculty or power of utterance; as, to cultivate the voice.

5. Language; words; speech; expression; signification of feeling or opinion.

> I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you.

Gal. iv. 20.

> My voice is in my sword.

Shak.

> Let us call on God in the voice of his church.

Bp. Fell.

6. Opinion or choice expressed; judgment; a vote.

> Sic. How now, my masters! have you chose this man?
> 1 Cit. He has our voices, sir.

Shak.

> Some laws ordain, and some attend the choice
> Of holy senates, and elect by voice.

Dryden.

7. Command; precept; — now chiefly used in scriptural language.

> So shall ye perish; because ye would not be obedient unto the voice of the Lord your God.

Deut. viii. 20.

8. One who speaks; a speaker. "A potent voice of Parliament." Tennyson.

9. (Gram.) A particular mode of inflecting or conjugating verbs, or a particular form of a verb, by means of which is indicated the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses.

Active voice (Gram.), that form of the verb by which its subject is represented as the agent or doer of the action expressed by it. — Chest voice (Phon.), a kind of voice of a medium or low pitch and of a sonorous quality ascribed to resonance in the chest, or thorax; voice of the thick register. It is produced by vibration of the vocal cords through their entire width and thickness, and with convex surfaces presented to each other. — Head voice (Phon.), a kind of voice of high pitch and of a thin quality ascribed to resonance in the head; voice of the thin register; falsetto. In producing it, the vibration of the cords is limited to their thin edges in the upper part, which are then presented to each other. — Middle voice (Gram.), that form of the verb by which its subject is represented as both the agent, or doer, and the object of the action, that is, as performing some act to or upon himself, or for his own advantage. — Passive voice. (Gram.) See under Passive, a. — Voice glide (Pron.), the brief and obscure neutral vowel sound that sometimes occurs between two consonants in an unaccented syllable (represented by the apostrophe), as in able (a"b'l). See Glide, n., 2. — Voice stop. See Voiced stop, under Voiced, a. — With one voice, unanimously. "All with one voice . . . cried out, Great is Diana of the Ephesians." Acts xix. 34.

Voice, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Voiced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Voicing (?).] 1. To give utterance or expression to; to utter; to publish; to announce; to divulge; as, to voice the sentiments of the nation. "Rather assume thy right in silence and . . . then voice it with claims and challenges." Bacon.

> It was voiced that the king purposed to put to death Edward Plantagenet.

Bacon.

2. (Phon.) To utter with sonant or vocal tone; to pronounce with a narrowed glottis and rapid vibrations of the vocal cords; to speak above a whisper.

3. To fit for producing the proper sounds; to regulate the tone of; as, to voice the pipes of an organ.

4. To vote; to elect; to appoint. [Obs.] Shak.

Voice, v. i. To clamor; to cry out. [Obs.] South.

Voiced (?), a. 1. Furnished with a voice; expressed by the voice.

2. (Phon.) Uttered with voice; pronounced with vibrations of the vocal cords; sonant; — said of a sound uttered with the glottis narrowed.

Voiced stop, Voice stop (Phon.), a stopped consonant made with tone from the larynx while the mouth organs are closed at some point; a sonant mute, as b, d, g hard.

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Voice"ful (?), a. Having a voice or vocal quality; having a loud voice or many voices; vocal; sounding.

> Beheld the Iliad and the Odyssey
> Rise to the swelling of the voiceful sea.

Coleridge.

Voice"less, a. 1. Having no voice, utterance, or vote; silent; mute; dumb.

> I live and die unheard,
> With a most voiceless thought, sheathing it as a sword.

Byron.

2. (Phon.) Not sounded with voice; as, a voiceless consonant; surd.

Voiceless stop (Phon.), a consonant made with no audible sound except in the transition to or from another sound; a surd mute, as p, t, k.

— Voice"less*ly, adv. — Voice"less*ness, n.

Void (?), a. [OE. voide, OF. voit, voide, vuit, vuide, F. vide, fr. (assumed) LL. vocitus, fr. L. vocare, an old form of vacare to be empty, or a kindred word. Cf. Vacant, Avoid.] 1. Containing nothing; empty; vacant; not occupied; not filled.

> The earth was without form, and void.

Gen. i. 2.

> I 'll get me to a place more void.

Shak.

> I 'll chain him in my study, that, at void hours,
> I may run over the story of his country.

Massinger.

2. Having no incumbent; unoccupied; — said of offices and the like.

> Divers great offices that had been long void.

Camden.

3. Being without; destitute; free; wanting; devoid; as, void of learning, or of common use. Milton.

> A conscience void of offense toward God.

Acts xxiv. 16.

> He that is void of wisdom despiseth his neighbor.

Prov. xi. 12.

4. Not producing any effect; ineffectual; vain.

> [My word] shall not return to me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please.

Isa. lv. 11.

> I will make void the counsel of Judah.

Jer. xix. 7.

5. Containing no immaterial quality; destitute of mind or soul. "Idol, void and vain." Pope.

6. (Law) Of no legal force or effect, incapable of confirmation or ratification; null. Cf. Voidable, 2.

Void space (Physics), a vacuum.

Syn. — Empty; vacant; devoid; wanting; unfurnished; unsupplied; unoccupied.

Void, n. An empty space; a vacuum.

> Pride, where wit fails, steps in to our defense,
> And fills up all the mighty void of sense.

Pope.

Void, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Voided; p. pr. & vb. n. Voiding.] [OF. voidier, vuidier. See Void, a.] 1. To remove the contents of; to make or leave vacant or empty; to quit; to leave; as, to void a table.

> Void anon her place.

Chaucer.

> If they will fight with us, bid them come down,
> Or void the field.

Shak.

2. To throw or send out; to evacuate; to emit; to discharge; as, to void excrements.

> A watchful application of mind in voiding prejudices.

Barrow.

> With shovel, like a fury, voided out
> The earth and scattered bones.

J. Webster.

3. To render void; to make to be of no validity or effect; to vacate; to annul; to nullify.

> After they had voided the obligation of the oath he had taken.

Bp. Burnet.

> It was become a practice . . . to void the security that was at any time given for money so borrowed.

Clarendon.

Void, v. i. To be emitted or evacuated. Wiseman.

Void"a*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being voided, or evacuated.

2. (Law) Capable of being avoided, or of being adjudged void, invalid, and of no force; capable of being either avoided or confirmed.

> If the metropolitan . . . grants letters of administration, such administration is not, but voidable by sentence.

Ayliffe.

A voidable contract may be ratified and confirmed; to render it null and of no effect, it must be avoided; a void contract can not be ratified.

Void"ance (?), n. 1. The act of voiding, emptying, ejecting, or evacuating.

2. (Eccl.) A ejection from a benefice.

3. The state of being void; vacancy, as of a benefice which is without an incumbent.

4. Evasion; subterfuge. [Obs.] Bacon.

Void"ed, a. 1. Emptied; evacuated.

2. Annulled; invalidated.

3. (Her.) Having the inner part cut away, or left vacant, a narrow border being left at the sides, the tincture of the field being seen in the vacant space; — said of a charge.

Void"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, voids, &?;mpties, vacates, or annuls.

2. A tray, or basket, formerly used to receive or convey that which is voided or cleared away from a given place; especially, one for carrying off the remains of a meal, as fragments of food; sometimes, a basket for containing household articles, as clothes, etc.

> Piers Plowman laid the cloth, and Simplicity brought in the voider.

Decker.

> The cloth whereon the earl dined was taken away, and the voider, wherein the plate was usually put, was set upon the cupboard's head.

Hist. of Richard Hainam.

3. A servant whose business is to void, or clear away, a table after a meal. [R.] Decker.

4. (Her.) One of the ordinaries, much like the flanch, but less rounded and therefore smaller.

Void"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, v&?;ids. Bp. Hall.

2. That which is voided; that which is ejected or evacuated; a remnant; a fragment. [R.] Rowe.

Voiding knife, a knife used for gathering up fragments of food to put them into a voider.

Void"ing, a. Receiving what is ejected or voided. "How in our voiding lobby hast thou stood?" Shak.

Void"ness, n. The quality or state of being void; &?;mptiness; vacuity; nullity; want of substantiality.

||Voir dire (?). [OF., to say the truth, fr. L. verus true + dicere to say.] (Law) An oath administered to a witness, usually before being sworn in chief, requiring him to speak the truth, or make true answers in reference to matters inquired of, to ascertain his competency to give evidence. Greenleaf. Ld. Abinger.

Voi"ture (?), n. [F., fr. L. vectura a carrying, conveying. Cf. Vettura.] A carriage. Arbuthnot.

Voi"vode (?), n. See Waywode. Longfellow.

Vo*la"cious (?), a. [L. volare to fly.] Apt or fit to fly. [R.]

||Vo*la*dor" (?), n. [Sp.] (Zoöl.) (a) A flying fish of California (Exocœtus Californicus): — called also volator. (b) The Atlantic flying gurnard. See under Flying.

Vo*lage" (?), a. [F.] Light; giddy. [Obs.]

> They wroughten all their lust volage.

Chaucer.

Vo"lant (?; 277), a. [L. volans, - antis, p. pr. of volare to fly: cf. F. volant.] 1. Passing through the air upon wings, or as if upon wings; flying; hence, passing from place to place; current.

> English silver now was current, and our gold volant in the pope's court.

Fuller.

2. Nimble; light and quick; active; rapid. "His volant touch." Milton.

3. (Her.) Represented as flying, or having the wings spread; as, an eagle volant.

Volant piece (Anc. Armor), an adjustable piece of armor, for guarding the throat, etc., in a joust.

||Vo*lan"te (?), n. [Sp., prop., flying.] A cumbrous two-wheeled pleasure carriage used in Cuba.

Vol`a*pük" (?), n. Literally, world's speech; the name of an artificial language invented by Johan Martin Schleyer, of Constance, Switzerland, about 1879.

Vol`a*pük"ist, n. One who is conversant with, or who favors adoption of, Volapük.

Vo"lar (?), a. [L. vola the palm of the hand, the sole of the foot.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot.

Vol"a*ry (?), n. See Volery. [Obs.]

Vol"a*tile (?), a. [F. volatil, L. volatilis, fr. volare to fly, perhaps akin to velox swift, E. velocity. Cf. Volley.] 1. Passing through the air on wings, or by the buoyant force of the atmosphere; flying; having the power to fly. [Obs.]

2. Capable of wasting away, or of easily passing into the aëriform state; subject to evaporation.

Substances which affect the smell with pungent or fragrant odors, as musk, hartshorn, and essential oils, are called volatile substances, because they waste away on exposure to the atmosphere. Alcohol and ether are called volatile liquids for a similar reason, and because they easily pass into the state of vapor on the application of heat. On the contrary, gold is a fixed substance, because it does not suffer waste, even when exposed to the heat of a furnace; and oils are called fixed when they do not evaporate on simple exposure to the atmosphere.

3. Fig.: Light-hearted; easily affected by circumstances; airy; lively; hence, changeable; fickle; as, a volatile temper.

> You are as giddy and volatile as ever.

Swift.

Volatile alkali. (Old Chem.) See under Alkali. — Volatile liniment, a liniment composed of sweet oil and ammonia, so called from the readiness with which the latter evaporates. — Volatile oils. (Chem.) See Essential oils, under Essential.

Vol"a*tile, n. [Cf. F. volatile.] A winged animal; wild fowl; game. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sir T. Browne.

{Vol"a*tile*ness, Vol`a*til"i*ty (?), } n. [Cf. F. volatilité.] Quality or state of being volatile; disposition to evaporate; changeableness; fickleness.

Syn. — See Levity.

Vol"a*til*i`za*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. volatisable.] Capable of being volatilized.

Vol`a*til*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. volatilisation.] The act or process of volatilizing, or rendering volatile; the state of being volatilized.

Vol"a*til*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Volatilized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Volatilizing (?).] [Cf. F. volatiliser.] To render volatile; to cause to exhale or evaporate; to cause to pass off in vapor.

> The water . . . dissolving the oil, and volatilizing it by the action.

Sir I. Newton.

||Vo*la"tor (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Volador, 1.

||Vol`-au`-vent" (?), n. [F.] (Cookery) A light puff paste, with a raised border, filled, after baking, usually with a ragout of fowl, game, or fish.

Vol"borth*ite (?), n. [So named after Volborth, who first discovered it.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in small six-sided tabular crystals of a green or yellow color. It is a hydrous vanadate of copper and lime.

Vol*ca"ni*an (?), a. Volcanic. [R.] Keats.

Vol*can"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. volcanique, It. vulcanico.] 1. Of or pertaining to a volcano or volcanoes; as, volcanic heat.

2. Produced by a volcano, or, more generally, by igneous agencies; as, volcanic tufa.

3. Changed or affected by the heat of a volcano.

Volcanic bomb, a mass ejected from a volcano, often of molten lava having a rounded form. — Volcanic cone, a hill, conical in form, built up of cinders, tufa, or lava, during volcanic eruptions. — Volcanic foci, the subterranean centers of volcanic action; the points beneath volcanoes where the causes producing volcanic phenomena are most active. — Volcanic glass, the vitreous form of lava, produced by sudden cooling; obsidian. See Obsidian. — Volcanic mud, fetid, sulphurous mud discharged by a volcano. — Volcanic rocks, rocks which have been produced from the discharges of volcanic matter, as the various kinds of basalt, trachyte, scoria, obsidian, etc., whether compact, scoriaceous, or vitreous.

Vol*can"ic*al*ly (?), adv. Like a volcano.

Vol`can*ic"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. volcanicité.] Quality or state of being volcanic; volcanic power.

Vol"can*ism (?), n. Volcanic power or action; volcanicity.

Vol"can*ist, n. [Cf. F. volcaniste, vulcaniste.] 1. One versed in the history and phenomena of volcanoes.

2. One who believes in the igneous, as opposed to the aqueous, origin of the rocks of the earth's crust; a vulcanist. Cf. Neptunist.

Vol*can"i*ty (?), n. [See Volcanic, and Volcanicity.] The quality or state of being volcanic, or volcanic origin; volcanicity. [R.]

Vol`can*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of volcanizing, or the state of being volcanized; the process of undergoing volcanic heat, and being affected by it.

Vol"can*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Volcanized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Volcanizing (?).] [Cf. Vulcanize.] To subject to, or cause to undergo, volcanic heat, and to be affected by its action.

Vol*ca"no (?), n.; pl. Volcanoes (#). [It. volcano, vulcano, fr. L. Vulcanus Vulkan, the god of fire. See Vulkan.] (Geol.) A mountain or hill, usually more or less conical in form, from which lava, cinders, steam, sulphur gases, and the like, are ejected; — often popularly called a burning mountain.

Volcanoes include many of the most conspicuous and lofty mountains of the earth, as Mt. Vesuvius in Italy (4,000 ft. high), Mt. Loa in Hawaii (14,000 ft.), Cotopaxi in South America (nearly 20,000 ft.), which are examples of active volcanoes. The crater of a volcano is usually a pit-shaped cavity, often of great size. The summit crater of Mt. Loa has a maximum length of 13,000 ft., and a depth of nearly 800 feet. Beside the chief crater, a volcano may have a number of subordinate craters.

Vole (?), n. [F.] A deal at cards that draws all the tricks. Swift.

Vole, v. i. (Card Playing) To win all the tricks by a vole. Pope.

Vole, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of micelike rodents belonging to Arvicola and allied genera of the subfamily Arvicolinæ. They have a thick head, short ears, and a short hairy tail.

The water vole, or water rat, of Europe (Arvicola amphibius) is a common large aquatic species. The short-tailed field vole (A. agrestis) of Northern and Central Europe, and Asia, the Southern field vole (A. arvalis), and the Siberian root vole (A. œconomus), are important European species. The common species of the Eastern United States (A. riparius) (called also meadow mouse) and the prairie mouse (A. austerus) are abundant, and often injurious to vegetation. Other species are found in Canada.

Vol"er*y (?), n. [F. volerie a flying, volière a large bird cage, fr. voler to fly, L. volare. See Volatile.]

1. A flight of birds. [R.] Locke.

2. A large bird cage; an aviary.

Volge (?), n. [L. vulgus.] The common sort of people; the crowd; the mob. [Obs.] Fuller.

Vol"i*ta*ble (?), a. Volatilizable. [Obs.]

Vol`i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. volitare, volitatum, to fly to and fro, v. freq. from volare to fly.] The act of flying; flight. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Vo*li"tient (?), a. [See Volition.] Exercising the will; acting from choice; willing, or having power to will. "What I do, I do volitient, not obedient." Mrs. Browning.

Vo*li"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. volo I will, velle to will, be willing. See Voluntary.] 1. The act of willing or choosing; the act of forming a purpose; the exercise of the will.

> Volition is the actual exercise of the power the mind has to order the consideration of any idea, or the forbearing to consider it.

Locke.

> Volition is an act of the mind, knowingly exerting that dominion it takes itself to have over any part of the man, by employing it in, or withholding it from, any particular action.

Locke.

2. The result of an act or exercise of choosing or willing; a state of choice.

3. The power of willing or determining; will.

Syn. — Will; choice; preference; determination; purpose. — Volition, Choice. Choice is the familiar, and volition the scientific, term for the same state of the will; viz., an "elective preference." When we have "made up our minds" (as we say) to a thing, i. e., have a settled state of choice respecting it, that state is called an immanent volition; when we put forth any particular act of choice, that act is called an emanent, or executive, or imperative, volition. When an immanent, or settled state of, choice, is one which controls or governs a series of actions, we call that state a predominant volition; while we give the name of subordinate volitions to those particular acts of choice which carry into effect the object sought for by the governing or "predominant volition." See Will.

Vo*li"tion*al (?), a. Belonging or relating to volition. "The volitional impulse." Bacon.

Vol"i*tive (?), a. [See Volition.] 1. Of or pertaining to the will; originating in the will; having the power to will. "They not only perfect the intellectual faculty, but the volitive." Sir M. Hale.

2. (Gram.) Used in expressing a wish or permission as, volitive proposition.

||Volks"lied (?), n.; pl. Volkslieder (#). [G.] (Mus.) A popular song, or national air.

Vol"ley (?), n.; pl. Volleys (#). [F. volée; flight, a volley, or discharge of several guns, fr. voler to fly, L. volare. See Volatile.] 1. A flight of missiles, as arrows, bullets, or the like; the simultaneous discharge of a number of small arms.

> Fiery darts in flaming volleys flew.

Milton.

> Each volley tells that thousands cease to breathe.

Byron.

2. A burst or emission of many things at once; as, a volley of words. "This volley of oaths." B. Jonson.

> Rattling nonsense in full volleys breaks.

Pope.

3. (a) (Tennis) A return of the ball before it touches the ground. (b) (Cricket) A sending of the ball full to the top of the wicket.

<! p. 1618 !>

Half volley. (a) (Tennis) A return of the ball immediately after is has touched the ground. (b) (Cricket) A sending of the ball so that after touching the ground it flies towards the top of the wicket. R. A. Proctor. — On the volley, at random. [Obs.] "What we spake on the volley begins work." Massinger. — Volley gun, a gun with several barrels for firing a number of shots simultaneously; a kind of mitrailleuse.

Vol"ley (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Volleyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Volleying.] To discharge with, or as with, a volley.

Vol"ley, v. i. 1. To be thrown out, or discharged, at once; to be discharged in a volley, or as if in a volley; to make a volley or volleys. Tennyson.

2. (a) (Tennis) To return the ball before it touches the ground. (b) (Cricket) To send the ball full to the top of the wicket. R. A. Proctor.

Vol"leyed (?), a. Discharged with a sudden burst, or as if in a volley; as, volleyed thunder.

Vol"ow (?), v. t. [From the answer, Volo I will, in the baptismal service. Richardson (Dict.).] To baptize; — used in contempt by the Reformers. [Obs.] Tyndale.

Volt (?), n. [F. volte; cf. It. volta. See Vault.]

1. (Man.) A circular tread; a gait by which a horse going sideways round a center makes two concentric tracks.

2. (Fencing) A sudden movement to avoid a thrust.

Volt, n. [After Alessandro Volta, the Italian electrician.] (Elec.) The unit of electro-motive force; — defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893 and by United States Statute as, that electro-motive force which steadily applied to a conductor whose resistance is one ohm will produce a current of one ampère. It is practically equivalent to the electro- motive force of a standard Clark's cell at a temperature of 15° C.

||Vol"ta (?), n.; pl. Volte (#). [It. volta a turn, turning, a time. See Volt a tread.] (Mus.) A turning; a time; — chiefly used in phrases signifying that the part is to be repeated one, two, or more times; as, una volta, once. Seconda volta, second time, points to certain modifications in the close of a repeated strain.

Vol"ta-e*lec"tric (?), a. Of or pertaining to voltaic electricity, or voltaism.

Vol`ta-e`lec*trom"e*ter (?), n. An instrument for the exact measurement of electric currents.

Vol"tage (?), n. (Elec.) Electric potential or potential difference, expressed in volts.

Vol*tag"ra*phy (?), n. [Voltaic + - graphy.] In electrotypy, the act or art of copying, in metals deposited by electrolytic action, a form or pattern which is made the negative electrode. [R.]

Vol*ta"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. voltaïque, It. voltaico.]

1. Of or pertaining to Alessandro Volta, who first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical action, and established this branch of electric science; discovered by Volta; as, voltaic electricity.

2. Of or pertaining to voltaism, or voltaic electricity; as, voltaic induction; the voltaic arc.

See the Note under Galvanism.

Voltaic arc, a luminous arc, of intense brilliancy, formed between carbon points as electrodes by the passage of a powerful voltaic current. — Voltaic battery, an apparatus variously constructed, consisting of a series of plates or pieces of dissimilar metals, as copper and zinc, arranged in pairs, and subjected to the action of a saline or acid solution, by which a current of electricity is generated whenever the two poles, or ends of the series, are connected by a conductor; a galvanic battery. See Battery, 4. (b), and Note. — Voltaic circuit. See under Circuit. — Voltaic couple or element, a single pair of the connected plates of a battery. — Voltaic electricity. See the Note under Electricity. — Voltaic pile, a kind of voltaic battery consisting of alternate disks of dissimilar metals, separated by moistened cloth or paper. See 5th Pile. — Voltaic protection of metals, the protection of a metal exposed to the corrosive action of sea water, saline or acid liquids, or the like, by associating it with a metal which is positive to it, as when iron is galvanized, or coated with zinc.

Vol*tair"e*an (?), a. [Cf. F. voltairien.] Of or relating to Voltaire, the French author. J. Morley.

Vol*tair"ism (?), n. The theories or practice of Voltaire. J. Morley.

Vol"ta*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. voltaïsme.] (Physics) That form of electricity which is developed by the chemical action between metals and different liquids; voltaic electricity; also, the science which treats of this form of electricity; — called also galvanism, from Galvani, on account of his experiments showing the remarkable influence of this agent on animals.

Vol*tam"e*ter (?), n. [Voltaic + - meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the voltaic electricity passing through it, by its effect in decomposing water or some other chemical compound acting as an electrolyte.

Vol"ta*plast (?), n. [Voltaic + Gr. &?; molded.] A form of voltaic, or galvanic, battery suitable for use electrotyping. G. Francis.

Vol"ta*type (?), n. [Voltaic + type.] An electrotype. [R.]

||Vol"ti (?), imperative. [It., fr. voltare to turn. See Volt a tread.] (Mus.) Turn, that is, turn over the leaf.

Volti subito [It.] (Mus.), turn over quickly.

||Vol`ti*geur (?), n. [F., fr. voltiger to vault, It. volteggiare. See Volt a tread.] 1. A tumbler; a leaper or vaulter.

2. (Mil.) One of a picked company of irregular riflemen in each regiment of the French infantry.

Volt"me`ter (?), n. [2d volt + - meter.] (elec.) An instrument for measuring in volts the differences of potential between different points of an electrical circuit.

Voltz"ite (?), n. [So named in honor of Voltz, a French engineer.] (Min.) An oxysulphide of lead occurring in implanted spherical globules of a yellowish or brownish color; — called also voltzine.

{ Vo*lu"bi*late (?), Vol"u*bile (?)}, a. [See Voluble.] Turning, or whirling; winding; twining; voluble.

Vol`u*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. volubilitas: cf. F. volubilité.] The quality or state of being voluble (in any of the senses of the adjective).

Vol"u*ble (?), a. [L. volubilis, fr. volvere, volutum, to roll, to turn round; akin to Gr. &?; to infold, to inwrap, &?; to roll, G. welle a wave: cf. F. voluble. Cf. F. Well of water, Convolvulus, Devolve, Involve, Revolt, Vault an arch, Volume, Volute.]

1. Easily rolling or turning; easily set in motion; apt to roll; rotating; as, voluble particles of matter.

2. Moving with ease and smoothness in uttering words; of rapid speech; nimble in speaking; glib; as, a flippant, voluble, tongue.

> [Cassio,] a knave very voluble.

Shak.

Voluble was used formerly to indicate readiness of speech merely, without any derogatory suggestion. "A grave and voluble eloquence." Bp. Hacket.

3. Changeable; unstable; fickle. [Obs.]

4. (Bot.) Having the power or habit of turning or twining; as, the voluble stem of hop plants.

Voluble stem (Bot.), a stem that climbs by winding, or twining, round another body.

— Vol"u*ble*ness, n. — Vol"u*bly, adv.

Vol"ume (?), n. [F., from L. volumen a roll of writing, a book, volume, from volvere, volutum, to roll. See Voluble.] 1. A roll; a scroll; a written document rolled up for keeping or for use, after the manner of the ancients. [Obs.]

> The papyrus, and afterward the parchment, was joined together [by the ancients] to form one sheet, and then rolled upon a staff into a volume (volumen).

Encyc. Brit.

2. Hence, a collection of printed sheets bound together, whether containing a single work, or a part of a work, or more than one work; a book; a tome; especially, that part of an extended work which is bound up together in one cover; as, a work in four volumes.

> An odd volume of a set of books bears not the value of its proportion to the set.

Franklin.

4. Anything of a rounded or swelling form resembling a roll; a turn; a convolution; a coil.

> So glides some trodden serpent on the grass,
> And long behind wounded volume trails.

Dryden.

> Undulating billows rolling their silver volumes.

W. Irving.

4. Dimensions; compass; space occupied, as measured by cubic units, that is, cubic inches, feet, yards, etc.; mass; bulk; as, the volume of an elephant's body; a volume of gas.

5. (Mus.) Amount, fullness, quantity, or caliber of voice or tone.

Atomic volume, Molecular volume (Chem.), the ratio of the atomic and molecular weights divided respectively by the specific gravity of the substance in question. — Specific volume (Physics & Chem.), the quotient obtained by dividing unity by the specific gravity; the reciprocal of the specific gravity. It is equal (when the specific gravity is referred to water at 4° C. as a standard) to the number of cubic centimeters occupied by one gram of the substance.

Vol"umed (?), a. 1. Having the form of a volume, or roil; as, volumed mist.

> The distant torrent's rushing sound
> Tells where the volumed cataract doth roll.

Byron.

2. Having volume, or bulk; massive; great.

Vol`u*me*nom"e*ter (?), n. [L. volumen volume + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the volume of a body, especially a solid, by means of the difference in tension caused by its presence and absence in a confined portion of air.

Vol`u*me*nom"e*try (?), n. (Chem. & Physics) The method or process of measuring volumes by means of the volumenometer.

Vo*lu"me*scope (?), n. [Volume + - scope.] (Physics) An instrument consisting essentially of a glass tube provided with a graduated scale, for exhibiting to the eye the changes of volume of a gas or gaseous mixture resulting from chemical action, and the like.

Vo*lu"me*ter (?), n. [Cf. F. volumètre. See Volumetric.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the volumes of gases or liquids by introducing them into a vessel of known capacity.

Vol`u*met"ric (?), a. [Volume + - metric.] Of or pertaining to the measurement of volume.

Volumetric analysis (Chem.), that system of the quantitative analysis of solutions which employs definite volumes of standardized solutions of reagents, as measured by burettes, pipettes, etc.; also, the analysis of gases by volume, as by the eudiometer.

Vol`u*met"ric*al (?), a. Volumetric. — Vol`u*met"ric*al*ly, adv.

Vo*lu"mi*nous (?), a. [L. voluminosus: cf. F. volumineux.] Of or pertaining to volume or volumes. Specifically: —

(a) Consisting of many folds, coils, or convolutions.

> But ended foul in many a scaly fold,
> Voluminous and vast.

Milton.

> Over which dusky draperies are hanging, and voluminous curtains have long since fallen.

De Quincey.

(b) Of great volume, or bulk; large. B. Jonson.

(c) Consisting of many volumes or books; as, the collections of Muratori are voluminous.

(d) Having written much, or produced many volumes; copious; diffuse; as, a voluminous writer.

— Vo*lu"mi*nous*ly, adv. — Vo*lu"mi*nous*ness, n.

Vol"u*mist (?), n. One who writes a volume; an author. [Obs.] Milton.

Vol"un*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. In a voluntary manner; of one's own will; spontaneously.

Vol"un*ta*ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being voluntary; spontaneousness; specifically, the quality or state of being free in the exercise of one's will.

Vol"un*ta*ry (?), a. [L. voluntarius, fr. voluntas will, choice, from the root of velle to will, p. pr. volens; akin to E. will: cf. F. volontaire, Of. also voluntaire. See Will, v. t., and cf. Benevolent, Volition, Volunteer.] 1. Proceeding from the will; produced in or by an act of choice.

> That sin or guilt pertains exclusively to voluntary action is the true principle of orthodoxy.

N. W. Taylor.

2. Unconstrained by the interference of another; unimpelled by the influence of another; not prompted or persuaded by another; done of his or its own accord; spontaneous; acting of one's self, or of itself; free.

> Our voluntary service he requires.

Milton.

> She fell to lust a voluntary prey.

Pope.

3. Done by design or intention; intentional; purposed; intended; not accidental; as, if a man kills another by lopping a tree, it is not voluntary manslaughter.

4. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the will; subject to, or regulated by, the will; as, the voluntary motions of an animal, such as the movements of the leg or arm (in distinction from involuntary motions, such as the movements of the heart); the voluntary muscle fibers, which are the agents in voluntary motion.

5. Endowed with the power of willing; as, man is a voluntary agent.

> God did not work as a necessary, but a voluntary, agent, intending beforehand, and decreeing with himself, that which did outwardly proceed from him.

Hooker.

6. (Law) Free; without compulsion; according to the will, consent, or agreement, of a party; without consideration; gratuitous; without valuable consideration.

7. (Eccl.) Of or pertaining to voluntaryism; as, a voluntary church, in distinction from an established or state church.

Voluntary affidavit or oath (Law), an affidavit or oath made in extrajudicial matter. - - Voluntary conveyance (Law), a conveyance without valuable consideration. — Voluntary escape (Law), the escape of a prisoner by the express consent of the sheriff. — Voluntary jurisdiction. (Eng. Eccl. Law) See Contentious jurisdiction, under Contentious. — Voluntary waste. (Law) See Waste, n., 4.

Syn. — See Spontaneous.

Vol"un*ta*ry, n.; pl. Voluntaries (&?;). 1. One who engages in any affair of his own free will; a volunteer. [R.] Shak.

2. (Mus.) A piece played by a musician, often extemporarily, according to his fancy; specifically, an organ solo played before, during, or after divine service.

3. (Eccl.) One who advocates voluntaryism.

Vol"un*ta*ry*ism (?), n. (Eccl.) The principle of supporting a religious system and its institutions by voluntary association and effort, rather than by the aid or patronage of the state.

Vol`un*teer" (?), n. [F. volontaire. See Voluntary, a.]

1. One who enters into, or offers for, any service of his own free will.

2. (Mil.) One who enters into service voluntarily, but who, when in service, is subject to discipline and regulations like other soldiers; — opposed to conscript; specifically, a voluntary member of the organized militia of a country as distinguished from the standing army.

3. (Law) A grantee in a voluntary conveyance; one to whom a conveyance is made without valuable consideration; a party, other than a wife or child of the grantor, to whom, or for whose benefit, a voluntary conveyance is made. Burrill.

Vol`un*teer", a. Of or pertaining to a volunteer or volunteers; consisting of volunteers; voluntary; as, volunteer companies; volunteer advice.

Vol`un*teer", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Volunteered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Volunteering.] To offer or bestow voluntarily, or without solicitation or compulsion; as, to volunteer one's services.

Vol`un*teer", v. i. To enter into, or offer for, any service of one's own free will, without solicitation or compulsion; as, he volunteered in that undertaking.

Vol"u*pere (?), n. [Cf. Envelop.] A woman's cap. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Vo*lup"tu*a*ry (?; 135), n.; pl. Voluptuaries (#). [L. voluptuarius or voluptarius, fr. voluptas pleasure.] A voluptuous person; one who makes his physical enjoyment his chief care; one addicted to luxury, and the gratification of sensual appetites.

> A good-humored, but hard-hearted, voluptuary.

Sir W. Scott.

Syn. — Sensualist; epicure.

Vo*lup"tu*a*ry, a. Voluptuous; luxurious.

Vo*lup"tu*ous (?), a. [F. voluptueux, L. voluptuosus, fr. voluptas pleasure, volup agreeably, delightfully; probably akin to Gr. &?; to hope, &?; hope, and to L. velle to wish. See Voluntary.] 1. Full of delight or pleasure, especially that of the senses; ministering to sensuous or sensual gratification; exciting sensual desires; luxurious; sensual.

> Music arose with its voluptuous swell.

Byron.

> Sink back into your voluptuous repose.

De Quincey.

2. Given to the enjoyments of luxury and pleasure; indulging to excess in sensual gratifications. "The jolly and voluptuous livers." Atterbury.

> Softened with pleasure and voluptuous life.

Milton.

— Vo*lup"tu*ous*ly, adv. — Vo*lup"tu*ous*ness, n.

<! p. 1619 !>

Vo*lup"ty (?), n. [Cf. F. volupté pleasure. See Voluptuous.] Voluptuousness. [Obs.]

Vo*lu"ta (?), n.; pl. E. Volutas (#), L. Volutæ (#). [L., a spiral scroll. See Volute.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large, handsome marine gastropods belonging to Voluta and allied genera.

Vol`u*ta"tion (?), n. [L. volutatio, from volutare to roll, wallow, verb freq. volvere, volutum, to roll.] A rolling of a body; a wallowing. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Vo*lute" (?), n. [F. volute (cf. It. voluta), L. voluta, from volvere, volutum, to roll. See Voluble.]

1. (Arch.) A spiral scroll which forms the chief feature of the Ionic capital, and which, on a much smaller scale, is a feature in the Corinthian and Composite capitals. See Illust. of Capital, also Helix, and Stale.

2. (Zoöl.) A spiral turn, as in certain shells.

3. (Zoöl.) Any voluta.

Volute spiring, a spring formed of a spiral scroll of plate, rod, or wire, extended or extensible in the direction of the axis of the coil, in which direction its elastic force is exerted and employed.

Vo*lut"ed, a. Having a volute, or spiral scroll.

Vo*lu"tion (?), n. [Cf. LL. volutio an arch, vault.]

1. A spiral turn or wreath.

2. (Zoöl.) A whorl of a spiral shell.

||Vol"va (?), n. [L. volva, vulva, covering.] (Bot.) A saclike envelope of certain fungi, which bursts open as the plant develops.

||Vol"vox (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of minute, pale-green, globular, organisms, about one fiftieth of an inch in diameter, found rolling through water, the motion being produced by minute colorless cilia. It has been considered as belonging to the flagellate Infusoria, but is now referred to the vegetable kingdom, and each globule is considered a colony of many individuals. The commonest species is Volvox globator, often called globe animalcule.

||Vol"vu*lus (?), n. [NL., fr. L. volvere to turn about, to roll.] (Med.) (a) The spasmodic contraction of the intestines which causes colic. (b) Any twisting or displacement of the intestines causing obstruction; ileus. See Ileus.

Vol"yer (?), n. (Zoöl.) A lurcher. [Prov. Eng.]

||Vo"mer (?), n. [L., a plowshare.] (Anat.) (a) A bone, or one of a pair of bones, beneath the ethmoid region of the skull, forming a part a part of the partition between the nostrils in man and other mammals. (b) The pygostyle.

Vo"mer*ine (?), a. Of or pertaining to the vomer.

||Vom"i*ca (?), n. [L., fr. vomere to throw up, vomit.] (Med.) (a) An abscess cavity in the lungs. (b) An abscess in any other parenchymatous organ.

Vom"i*cine (?), n. [From nux vomica.] (Chem.) See Brucine.

Vom"ic nut` (?). [Cf. F. noix vomique.] Same as Nux vomica.

Vom"it (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Vomited; p. pr. & vb. n. Vomiting.] [Cf. L. vomere, vomitum, and v. freq. vomitare. See Vomit, n.] To eject the contents of the stomach by the mouth; to puke; to spew.

Vom"it, v. t. 1. To throw up; to eject from the stomach through the mouth; to disgorge; to puke; to spew out; — often followed by up or out.

> The fish . . . vomited out Jonah upon the dry land.

Jonah ii. 10.

2. Hence, to eject from any hollow place; to belch forth; to emit; to throw forth; as, volcanoes vomit flame, stones, etc.

> Like the sons of Vulcan, vomit smoke.

Milton.

Vom"it, n. [L. vomitus, from vomere, vomitum, to vomit; akin to Gr. &?;, Skr. vam, Lith. vemiti. Cf. Emetic, Vomito.]

1. Matter that is vomited; esp., matter ejected from the stomach through the mouth.

> Like vomit from his yawning entrails poured.

Sandys.

2. (Med.) That which excites vomiting; an emetic.

> He gives your Hollander a vomit.

Shak.

Black vomit. (Med.) See in the Vocabulary. — Vomit nut, nux vomica.

Vom"it*ing, n. The spasmodic ejection of matter from the stomach through the mouth.

Vo*mi"tion (?), n. [L. vomitio.] The act or power of vomiting. Grew.

Vom"i*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. vomitif.] Causing the ejection of matter from the stomach; emetic.

||Vo*mi"to (?), n. [Sp. vómito, fr. L. vomitus. See Vomit, n.] (Med.) The yellow fever in its worst form, when it is usually attended with black vomit. See Black vomit.

Vom"i*to*ry (?), a. [L. vomitorious.] Causing vomiting; emetic; vomitive.

Vom"i*to*ry, n.; pl. Vomitories (&?;). 1. An emetic; a vomit. Harvey.

2. [L. vomitorium.] (Arch.) A principal door of a large ancient building, as of an amphitheater.

> Sixty-four vomitories . . . poured forth the immense multitude.

Gibbon.

Vom`i*tu*ri"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. vomiturition.] (Med.) (a) An ineffectual attempt to vomit. (b) The vomiting of but little matter; also, that vomiting which is effected with little effort. Dunglison.

Vond*si"ra (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Vansire.

Voo"doo (?), n. 1. See Voodooism.

2. One who practices voodooism; a negro sorcerer.

Voo"doo, a. Of or pertaining to voodooism, or a voodoo; as, voodoo incantations.

Voo"doo*ism (?), n. [Probably (through Creole French vaudoux a negro sorcerer) fr. F. Vaudois Waldensian, because the Waldenses were accused of sorcery.] A degraded form of superstition and sorcery, said to include human sacrifices and cannibalism in some of its rites. It is prevalent among the negroes of Hayti, and to some extent in the United States, and is regarded as a relic of African barbarism.

Vo*ra"cious (?), a. [L. vorax, - acis, fr. vorare to devour; akin to Gr. &?; meat, food, &?; to devour, Skr. gar. Cf. Devour.] Greedy in eating; very hungry; eager to devour or swallow; ravenous; gluttonous; edacious; rapacious; as, a voracious man or appetite; a voracious gulf or whirlpool. Dampier. — Vo*ra"cious*ly, adv. — Vo*ra"cious*ness, n.

Vo*rac"i*ty (?), n. [L. voracitas: cf. F. voracité.] The quality of being voracious; voraciousness.

Vo*rag"i*nous (?), a. [L. voraginosus, fr. vorago an abyss, fr. vorare to swallow up.] Pertaining to a gulf; full of gulfs; hence, devouring. [R.] Mallet.

Vor"tex (?), n.; pl. E. Vortexes (#), L. Vortices (#). [L. vortex, vertex, -icis, fr. vortere, vertere, to turn. See Vertex.]

1. A mass of fluid, especially of a liquid, having a whirling or circular motion tending to form a cavity or vacuum in the center of the circle, and to draw in towards the center bodies subject to its action; the form assumed by a fluid in such motion; a whirlpool; an eddy.

2. (Cartesian System) A supposed collection of particles of very subtile matter, endowed with a rapid rotary motion around an axis which was also the axis of a sun or a planet. Descartes attempted to account for the formation of the universe, and the movements of the bodies composing it, by a theory of vortices.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small Turbellaria belonging to Vortex and allied genera. See Illustration in Appendix.

Vortex atom (Chem.), a hypothetical ring- shaped mass of elementary matter in continuous vortical motion. It is conveniently regarded in certain mathematical speculations as the typical form and structure of the chemical atom. — Vortex wheel, a kind of turbine.

Vor"ti*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a vortex or vortexes; resembling a vortex in form or motion; whirling; as, a vortical motion. — Vor"ti*cal*ly, adv.

Vor"ti*cel (?), n. [Cf. F. vorticelle. See Vortex.] (Zoöl.) A vorticella.

Vor`ti*cel"la (?), n.; pl. E. Vorticellas (&?;), L. Vorticellæ (&?;). [NL., dim. fr. L. vortex. See Vortex.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of ciliated Infusoria belonging to Vorticella and many other genera of the family Vorticellidæ. They have a more or less bell-shaped body with a circle of vibrating cilia around the oral disk. Most of the species have slender, contractile stems, either simple or branched.

Vor"ti*cose` (?), a. [L. vorticosus.] Vortical; whirling; as, a vorticose motion.

Vor*tig"i*nous (?), a. [Cf. Vertiginous.] Moving rapidly round a center; vortical. [R.] Cowper.

Vo"ta*ress (?), n. [See Votary, n.] A woman who is a votary. Shak.

Vo"ta*rist (?), n. [See Votary.] A votary.

> Like a sad votarist in palmer's weed.

Milton.

Vo"ta*ry (?), a. [From L. votus, p. p. vovere to vow, to devote. See Vote, Vow.] Consecrated by a vow or promise; consequent on a vow; devoted; promised.

> Votary resolution is made equipollent to custom.

Bacon.

Vo"ta*ry, n.; pl. Votaries (&?;). One devoted, consecrated, or engaged by a vow or promise; hence, especially, one devoted, given, or addicted, to some particular service, worship, study, or state of life. "You are already love's firm votary." Shak.

> 'T was coldness of the votary, not the prayer, that was in fault.

Bp. Fell.

> But thou, my votary, weepest thou?

Emerson.

Vote (?), n. [L. votum a vow, wish, will, fr. vovere, votum, to vow: cf. F. vote. See Vow.]

1. An ardent wish or desire; a vow; a prayer. [Obs.] Massinger.

2. A wish, choice, or opinion, of a person or a body of persons, expressed in some received and authorized way; the expression of a wish, desire, will, preference, or choice, in regard to any measure proposed, in which the person voting has an interest in common with others, either in electing a person to office, or in passing laws, rules, regulations, etc.; suffrage.

3. That by means of which will or preference is expressed in elections, or in deciding propositions; voice; a ballot; a ticket; as, a written vote.

> The freeman casting with unpurchased hand
> The vote that shakes the turrets of the land.

Holmes.

4. Expression of judgment or will by a majority; legal decision by some expression of the minds of a number; as, the vote was unanimous; a vote of confidence.

5. Votes, collectively; as, the Tory vote; the labor vote.

Casting vote, Cumulative vote, etc. See under Casting, Cumulative, etc.

Vote (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Voted; p. pr. & vb. n. Voting.] [Cf. F. voter.] To express or signify the mind, will, or preference, either viva voce, or by ballot, or by other authorized means, as in electing persons to office, in passing laws, regulations, etc., or in deciding on any proposition in which one has an interest with others.

> The vote for a duelist is to assist in the prostration of justice, and, indirectly, to encourage the crime.

L. Beecher.

> To vote on large principles, to vote honestly, requires a great amount of information.

F. W. Robertson.

Vote, v. t. 1. To choose by suffrage; to elec&?;; as, to vote a candidate into office.

2. To enact, establish, grant, determine, etc., by a formal vote; as, the legislature voted the resolution.

> Parliament voted them one hundred thousand pounds.

Swift.

3. To declare by general opinion or common consent, as if by a vote; as, he was voted a bore. [Colloq.]

4. To condemn; to devote; to doom. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Vot"er (?), n. One who votes; one who has a legal right to vote, or give his suffrage; an elector; a suffragist; as, an independent voter.

Vot"ing, a. & n. from Vote, v.

Voting paper, a form of ballot containing the names of more candidates than there are offices to be filled, the voter making a mark against the preferred names. [Eng.]

Vot"ist, n. One who makes a vow. [Obs.] Chapman.

Vo"tive (?), a. [L. votivus, fr. votum a vow: cf. F. votif. See Vow.] Given by vow, or in fulfillment of a vow; consecrated by a vow; devoted; as, votive offerings; a votive tablet. "Votive incense." Keble.

> We reached a votive stone, that bears the name
> Of Aloys Reding.

Wordsworth.

> Embellishments of flowers and votive garlands.

Motley.

Votive medal, a medal struck in grateful commemoration of some auspicious event. — Votive offering, an offering in fulfillment of a religious vow, as of one's person or property.

— Vo"tive*ly, adv. — Vo"tive*ness, n.

Vo"tress (?), n. A votaress. Dryden.

Vouch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vouched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vouching.] [OE. vouchen, OF. vochier to call, fr. L. vocare to call, fr. vox, vocis, voice. See Voice, and cf. Avouch.]

1. To call; to summon. [Obs.]

> [They] vouch (as I might say) to their aid the authority of the writers.

Sir T. Elyot.

2. To call upon to witness; to obtest.

> Vouch the silent stars and conscious moon.

Dryden.

3. To warrant; to maintain by affirmations; to attest; to affirm; to avouch.

> They made him ashamed to vouch the truth of the relation, and afterwards to credit it.

Atterbury.

4. To back; to support; to confirm; to establish.

> Me damp horror chilled
> At such bold words vouched with a deed so bold.

Milton.

5. (Law) To call into court to warrant and defend, or to make good a warranty of title.

> He vouches the tenant in tail, who vouches over the common vouchee.

Blackstone.

Syn. — To obtest; declare; affirm; attest; warrant; confirm; asseverate; aver; protest; assure.

Vouch, v. i. 1. To bear witness; to give testimony or full attestation.

> He will not believe her until the elector of Hanover shall vouch for the truth of what she has . . . affirmed.

Swift.

2. To assert; to aver; to declare. Shak.

Vouch, n. Warrant; attestation. [Obs.]

> The vouch of very malice itself.

Shak.

Vouch*ee" (?), n. (Law) The person who is vouched, or called into court to support or make good his warranty of title in the process of common recovery. Blackstone.

Vouch"er (?), n. 1. One who vouches, or gives witness or full attestation, to anything.

> Will his vouchers vouch him no more?

Shak.

> The great writers of that age stand up together as vouchers for one another's reputation.

Spectator.

2. A book, paper, or document which serves to vouch the truth of accounts, or to confirm and establish facts of any kind; also, any acquittance or receipt showing the payment of a debt; as, the merchant's books are his vouchers for the correctness of his accounts; notes, bonds, receipts, and other writings, are used as vouchers in proving facts.

3. (Law) (a) The act of calling in a person to make good his warranty of title in the old form of action for the recovery of lands. (b) The tenant in a writ of right; one who calls in another to establish his warranty of title. In common recoveries, there may be a single voucher or double vouchers. Blackstone.

Vouch"ment (?), n. A solemn assertion. [R.]

Vouch"or (?), n. (Law) Same as Voucher, 3 (b).

Vouch*safe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vouchsafed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vouchsafing.] [Vouch + safe, that is, to vouch or answer for safety.]

1. To condescend to grant; to concede; to bestow.

> If ye vouchsafe that it be so.

Chaucer.

> Shall I vouchsafe your worship a word or two?

Shak.

> It is not said by the apostle that God vouchsafed to the heathens the means of salvation.

South.

2. To receive or accept in condescension. [Obs.] Shak.

Vouch*safe", v. i. To condescend; to deign; to yield; to descend or stoop. Chaucer.

> Vouchsafe, O Lord, to keep us this day without sin.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

> Vouchsafe, illustrious Ormond, to behold
> What power the charms of beauty had of old.

Dryden.

Vouch*safe"ment (?), n. The act of vouchsafing, or that which is vouchsafed; a gift or grant in condescension. Glanvill.

||Vous`soir" (?), n. [F., akin to voûte an arch, a vault.] (Arch.) One of the wedgelike stones of which an arch is composed.

<! p. 1620 !>

Vow (?), n. [OE. vou, OF. vou, veu, vo, vu, F. v&?;u, from L. votum, from vovere, to vow. Cf. Avow, Devout, Vote.]

1. A solemn promise made to God, or to some deity; an act by which one consecrates or devotes himself, absolutely or conditionally, wholly or in part, for a longer or shorter time, to some act, service, or condition; a devotion of one's possessions; as, a baptismal vow; a vow of poverty. "Nothing . . . that may . . . stain my vow of Nazarite." Milton.

> I pray thee, let me go and pay my vow.

2 Sam. xv. 7.

> I am combined by a sacred vow.

Shak.

2. Specifically, a promise of fidelity; a pledge of love or affection; as, the marriage vow.

> Knights of love, who never broke their vow;
> Firm to their plighted faith.

Dryden.

Vow (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vowing.] [OE. vouen, OF. vouer, voer, F. vouer, LL. votare. See Vow, n.]

1. To give, consecrate, or dedicate to God, or to some deity, by a solemn promise; to devote; to promise solemnly. "When thou vowest a vow unto God, defer not to pay it." Eccl. v. 4.

> [Men] that vow a long and weary pilgrimage.

Shak.

2. To assert solemnly; to asseverate.

Vow, v. i. To make a vow, or solemn promise.

> Better is it that thou shouldest not vow, than that thou shouldest vow and not pay.

Eccl. v. 5.

Vow"el (?), n. [F. voyelle, or an OF. form without y, L. vocalis (sc. littera), from vocalis sounding, from vox, vocis, a voice, sound. See Vocal.] (Phon.) A vocal, or sometimes a whispered, sound modified by resonance in the oral passage, the peculiar resonance in each case giving to each several vowel its distinctive character or quality as a sound of speech; — distinguished from a consonant in that the latter, whether made with or without vocality, derives its character in every case from some kind of obstructive action by the mouth organs. Also, a letter or character which represents such a sound. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 146-149.

In the English language, the written vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y. The spoken vowels are much more numerous.

Close vowel. See under Close, a. — Vowel point. See under Point, n.

Vow"el, a. Of or pertaining to a vowel; vocal.

Vow"eled (?), a. Furnished with vowels. [Written also vowelled.] Dryden.

Vow"el*ish (?), a. Of the nature of a vowel. [R.] "The power [of w] is always vowelish." B. Jonson.

Vow"el*ism (?), n. The use of vowels. [R.]

Vow"el*ize (?), v. t. To give the quality, sound, or office of a vowel to.

Vow"er (?), n. One who makes a vow. Bale.

Vow"-fel`low (?), n. One bound by the same vow as another. [R.] Shak.

||Vox (?), n. [L. See Voice.] A voice.

Vox humana (&?;) [L., human voice] (Mus.), a reed stop in an organ, made to imitate the human voice.

Voy"age (?; 48), n. [OE. veage, viage, OF. veage, viage, veiage, voiage, F. voyage, LL. viaticum, fr. L. viaticum traveling money, provision for a journey, from viaticus belonging to a road or journey, fr. via way, akin to E. way. See Way, n., and cf. Convey, Deviate, Devious, Envoy, Trivial, Viaduct, Viaticum.]

1. Formerly, a passage either by sea or land; a journey, in general; but not chiefly limited to a passing by sea or water from one place, port, or country, to another; especially, a passing or journey by water to a distant place or country.

> I love a sea voyage and a blustering tempest.

J. Fletcher.

> So steers the prudent crane
> Her annual voyage, borne on winds.

Milton.

> All the voyage of their life
> Is bound in shallows and in miseries.

Shak.

2. The act or practice of traveling. [Obs.]

> Nations have interknowledge of one another by voyage into foreign parts, or strangers that come to them.

Bacon.

3. Course; way. [Obs.] Shak.

Voy"age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Voyaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Voyaging (?).] [Cf. F. voyager.] To take a voyage; especially, to sail or pass by water.

> A mind forever
> Voyaging through strange seas of thought alone.

Wordsworth.

Voy"age, v. t. To travel; to pass over; to traverse.

> With what pain
> [I] voyaged the unreal, vast, unbounded deep.

Milton.

Voy"age*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. voyageable.] That may be sailed over, as water or air; navigable.

Voy"a*ger (?), n. [Cf. F. voyager traveling.] One who voyages; one who sails or passes by sea or water.

||Voy`a`geur" (?), n. [F., fr. voyager to travel. See Voyage.] A traveler; — applied in Canada to a man employed by the fur companies in transporting goods by the rivers and across the land, to and from the remote stations in the Northwest.

Voy"ol (?), n. (Naut.) (a) See Viol, 2. (b) The block through which a messenger passes. [Written also viol, and voyal.]

||Vrai`sem`blance" (?), n. [F.] The appearance of truth; verisimilitude.

{ Vugg, Vugh } (?), n. (Mining) A cavity in a lode; — called also vogle.

Vul"can (?), n. [L. Vulcanus, Volcanus: cf. Skr. ulk a firebrand, meteor. Cf. Volcano.] (Rom. Myth.) The god of fire, who presided over the working of metals; — answering to the Greek Hephæstus.

Vul*ca"ni*an (?), a. [L. Vulcanius.]

1. Of or pertaining to Vulcan; made by Vulcan; hence, of or pertaining to works in iron or other metals.

> Ingenious allusions to the Vulcanian panoply which Achilles lent to his feebler friend.

Macaulay.

2. (Geol.) Volcanic.

Vul*can"ic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Vulcan; made by Vulcan; Vulcanian.

2. Of or pertaining to volcanoes; specifically, relating to the geological theory of the Vulcanists, or Plutonists.

Vul`can*ic"i*ty (?), n. Volcanicity.

Vul"can*ism (?), n. Volcanism.

Vul"can*ist, n. A volcanist.

Vul"can*ite (?), n. Hard rubber produced by vulcanizing with a large proportion of sulphur.

Vul`can*i*za"tion (?), n. [See Vulcan.] The act or process of imparting to caoutchouc, gutta- percha, or the like, greater elasticity, durability, or hardness by heating with sulphur under pressure.

Vul"can*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Vulcanized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vulcanizing (?).] To change the properties of, as caoutchouc, or India rubber, by the process of vulcanization.

Vulcanized fiber, paper, paper pulp, or other fiber, chemically treated, as with metallic chlorides, so as to form a substance resembling ebonite in texture, hardness, etc. Knight. — Vulcanized rubber, India rubber, vulcanized.

Vul"can*i`zer (?), n. One who, or that which, vulcanizes; esp., an apparatus for vulcanizing caoutchouc.

Vul*ca"no (?), n. A volcano. [Obs.]

Vul`can*ol"o*gy (?), n. [See Vulcan, and -logy.] The science which treats of phenomena due to plutonic action, as in volcanoes, hot springs, etc. [R.]

Vul"gar (?), a. [L. vulgaris, from vulgus the multitude, the common people; of uncertain origin: cf. F. vulgaire. Cf. Divulge.]

1. Of or pertaining to the mass, or multitude, of people; common; general; ordinary; public; hence, in general use; vernacular. "As common as any the most vulgar thing to sense. " Shak.

> Things vulgar, and well-weighed, scarce worth the praise.

Milton.

> It might be more useful to the English reader . . . to write in our vulgar language.

Bp. Fell.

> The mechanical process of multiplying books had brought the New Testament in the vulgar tongue within the reach of every class.

Bancroft.

2. Belonging or relating to the common people, as distinguished from the cultivated or educated; pertaining to common life; plebeian; not select or distinguished; hence, sometimes, of little or no value. "Like the vulgar sort of market men." Shak.

> Men who have passed all their time in low and vulgar life.

Addison.

> In reading an account of a battle, we follow the hero with our whole attention, but seldom reflect on the
> vulgar heaps of slaughter.

Rambler.

3. Hence, lacking cultivation or refinement; rustic; boorish; also, offensive to good taste or refined feelings; low; coarse; mean; base; as, vulgar men, minds, language, or manners.

> Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.

Shak.

Vulgar fraction. (Arith.) See under Fraction.

Vul"gar, n. [Cf. F. vulgaire.]

1. One of the common people; a vulgar person. [Obs.]

> These vile vulgars are extremely proud.

Chapman.

2. The vernacular, or common language. [Obs.]

Vul*ga"ri*an (?), n. A vulgar person; one who has vulgar ideas. Used also adjectively.

Vul"gar*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. vulgarisme.]

1. Grossness; rudeness; vulgarity.

2. A vulgar phrase or expression.

> A fastidious taste will find offense in the occasional vulgarisms, or what we now call "slang," which not a few of our writers seem to have affected.

Coleridge.

Vul*gar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. vulgarité, L. vulgaritas the multitude.]

1. The quality or state of being vulgar; mean condition of life; the state of the lower classes of society. Sir T. Browne.

2. Grossness or clownishness of manners of language; absence of refinement; coarseness.

> The reprobate vulgarity of the frequenters of Bartholomew Fair.

B. Jonson.

Vul`gar*i*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of making vulgar, or common.

Vul"gar*ize (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Vulgarized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Vulgarizing (?).] [Cf. F. vulgariser, LL. vulgarizare.] To make vulgar, or common.

> Exhortation vulgarized by low wit.

V. Knox.

Vul"gar*ly, adv. In a vulgar manner.

Vul"gar*ness, n. The quality of being vulgar.

Vul"gate (?), n. [NL. vulgata, from L. vulgatus usual, common, p. p. of vulgare to make general, or common, fr. vulgus the multitude: cf. F. vulgate. See Vulgar, a.] An ancient Latin version of the Scripture, and the only version which the Roman Church admits to be authentic; — so called from its common use in the Latin Church.

The Vulgate was made by Jerome at the close of the 4th century. The Old Testament he translated mostly from the Hebrew and Chaldaic, and the New Testament he revised from an older Latin version. The Douay version, so called, is an English translation from the Vulgate. See Douay Bible.

Vul"gate (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Vulgate, or the old Latin version of the Scriptures.

Vul`ner*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being vulnerable; vulnerableness.

Vul"ner*a*ble (?), a. [L. vulnerabilis wounding, injurious, from vulnerare to wound, vulnus a wound; akin to Skr. vra&?;a: cf. F. vulnérable.]

1. Capable of being wounded; susceptible of wounds or external injuries; as, a vulnerable body.

> Achilles was vulnerable in his heel; and there will be wanting a Paris to infix the dart.

Dr. T. Dwight.

2. Liable to injury; subject to be affected injuriously; assailable; as, a vulnerable reputation.

> His skill in finding out the vulnerable parts of strong minds was consummate.

Macaulay.

Vul"ner*a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being vulnerable; vulnerability.

Vul"ner*a*ry (?), a. [L. vulnearius: cf. F. vulnéraire.] Useful in healing wounds; adapted to the cure of external injuries; as, vulnerary plants or potions. "Such vulnerary remedies." Sir W. Scott. — n. [Cf. F. vulnéraire.] (Med.) A vulnerary remedy.

Vul"ner*ate (?), v. t. [L. vulneratus, p. p. of vulnerare to wound.] To wound; to hurt. [Obs.]

Vul`ner*a"tion (?), n. [L. vulneratio.] The act of wounding, or the state of being wounded. [Obs.]

Vul"ner*ose` (?), a. Full of wounds; wounded.

{ Vul*nif"ic (?), Vul*nif"ic*al (?), } a. [L. vulnificus; vulnus a wound + facere to make.] Causing wounds; inflicting wounds; wounding.

Vul*nose" (?), a. Having wounds; vulnerose. [R.]

||Vul"pes (?), n. [L., a fox.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Carnivora including the foxes.

Vul"pic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid obtained from a lichen (Cetraria vulpina) as a yellow or red crystalline substance which on decomposition yields pulvinic acid.

Vul"pi*cide (?), n. [L. vulpes a fox + caedere to kill.] One who kills a fox, except in hunting; also, the act of so killing a fox. [Written also vulpecide.]

Vul"pine (?; 277), a. [L. vulpinus, from vulpes a fox.] Of or pertaining to the fox; resembling the fox; foxy; cunning; crafty; artful.

Vulpine phalangist (Zoöl.), an Australian carnivorous marsupial (Phalangista, or Trichosurus, vulpina); — called also vulpine phalanger, and vulpine opossum.

Vul*pin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Same as Vulpic.

Vul"pin*ism (?), n. The quality of being cunning like the fox; craft; artfulness. [R.]

> He was without guile, and had no vulpinism at all.

Carlyle.

Vul"pi*nite (?), n. [So called after Vulpino, in Italy.] (Min.) A scaly granular variety of anhydrite of a grayish white color, used for ornamental purposes.

Vul"tern (?), n. (Zoöl.) The brush turkey (Talegallus Lathami) of Australia. See Brush turkey.

Vul"ture (?; 135), n. [OE. vultur, L. vultur: cf. OF. voltour, F. vautour.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of rapacious birds belonging to Vultur, Cathartes, Catharista, and various other genera of the family Vulturidæ.

In most of the species the head and neck are naked or nearly so. They feed chiefly on carrion. The condor, king vulture, turkey buzzard, and black vulture (Catharista atrata) are well known American species. The griffin, lammergeir, and Pharaoh's chicken, or Egyptian vulture, are common Old World vultures.

Vul"tur*ine (?; 277), a. [L. vulturinus.] Of or pertaining to a vulture; resembling a vulture in qualities or looks; as, the vulturine sea eagle (Gypohierax Angolensis); vulturine rapacity.

> The vulturine nose, which smells nothing but corruption, is no credit to its possessor.

C. Kingsley.

Vul"tur*ish, a. Vulturous.

Vul"tur*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being like a vulture; rapaciousness.

Vul"tur*ous (?), a. Like a vulture; rapacious.

Vul"va (?), n. [L. vulva, volva, from volvere to roll.]

1. (Anat.) The external parts of the female genital organs; sometimes, the opening between the projecting parts of the external organs.

2. (Zoöl.) The orifice of the oviduct of an insect or other invertebrate.

Vul"vi*form (?), a. [L. vulva, volva, a wrapper + -form.] (Bot.) Like a cleft with projecting edges.

||Vul*vi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Vulva, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the vulva.

Vul`vo-u"ter*ine (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining both to the vulva and the uterus.

Vul`vo*vag"i*nal (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining both to the vulva and the vagina.

Vyce (?), n. [Cf. Vise.] (Coopering) A kind of clamp with gimlet points for holding a barrel head while the staves are being closed around it. Knight.

Vy"ing (?), a. & n. from Vie. — Vy"ing*ly, adv.

<! p. 1621 !>

W.

W (db"'l ), the twenty-third letter of the English alphabet, is usually a consonant, but sometimes it is a vowel, forming the second element of certain diphthongs, as in few, how. It takes its written form and its name from the repetition of a V, this being the original form of the Roman capital letter which we call U. Etymologically it is most related to v and u. See V, and U. Some of the uneducated classes in England, especially in London, confuse w and v, substituting the one for the other, as weal for veal, and veal for weal; wine for vine, and vine for wine, etc. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 266-268.

Waag (wäg), n. (Zoöl.) The grivet.

Waa*hoo" (wä*h"), n. (Bot.) The burning bush; — said to be called after a quack medicine made from it.

Wab"ble (wb"b'l), v. i. [Cf. Prov. G. wabbeln to wabble, and E. whap. Cf. Quaver.] To move staggeringly or unsteadily from one side to the other; to vacillate; to move the manner of a rotating disk when the axis of rotation is inclined to that of the disk; — said of a turning or whirling body; as, a top wabbles; a buzz saw wabbles.

Wab"ble, n. A hobbling, unequal motion, as of a wheel unevenly hung; a staggering to and fro.

Wab"bly (?), a. Inclined to wabble; wabbling.

{ Wack"e (?), Wack"y (?), } n. [G. wacke, MHG. wacke a large stone, OHG. waggo a pebble.] (Geol.) A soft, earthy, dark-colored rock or clay derived from the alteration of basalt.

Wad (?), n. [See Woad.] Woad. [Obs.]

Wad, n. [Probably of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. vadd wadding, Dan vat, D. & G. watte. Cf. Wadmol.]

1. A little mass, tuft, or bundle, as of hay or tow. Holland.

2. Specifically: A little mass of some soft or flexible material, such as hay, straw, tow, paper, or old rope yarn, used for retaining a charge of powder in a gun, or for keeping the powder and shot close; also, to diminish or avoid the effects of windage. Also, by extension, a dusk of felt, pasteboard, etc., serving a similar purpose.

3. A soft mass, especially of some loose, fibrous substance, used for various purposes, as for stopping an aperture, padding a garment, etc.

Wed hook, a rod with a screw or hook at the end, used for removing the wad from a gun.

Wad, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wadding.]

1. To form into a mass, or wad, or into wadding; as, to wad tow or cotton.

2. To insert or crowd a wad into; as, to wad a gun; also, to stuff or line with some soft substance, or wadding, like cotton; as, to wad a cloak.

{ Wad, Wadd, } n. (Min.) (a) An earthy oxide of manganese, or mixture of different oxides and water, with some oxide of iron, and often silica, alumina, lime, or baryta; black ocher. There are several varieties. (b) Plumbago, or black lead.

Wad"ding (?), n. [See Wad a little mass.]

1. A wad, or the materials for wads; any pliable substance of which wads may be made.

2. Any soft stuff of loose texture, used for stuffing or padding garments; esp., sheets of carded cotton prepared for the purpose.

Wad"dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Waddling (?).] [Freq. of wade; cf. AS. wædlian to beg, from wadan to go. See Wade.] To walk with short steps, swaying the body from one side to the other, like a duck or very fat person; to move clumsily and totteringly along; to toddle; to stumble; as, a child waddles when he begins to walk; a goose waddles. Shak.

> She drawls her words, and waddles in her pace.

Young.

Wad"dle, v. t. To trample or tread down, as high grass, by walking through it. [R.] Drayton.

Wad"dler (?), n. One who, or that which, waddles.

Wad"dling*ly, adv. In a waddling manner.

Wade (?), n. Woad. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Wade (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wading.] [OE. waden to wade, to go, AS. wadan; akin to OFries. wada, D. waden, OHG. watan, Icel. va&?;a, Sw. vada, Dan. vade, L. vadere to go, walk, vadum a ford. Cf. Evade, Invade, Pervade, Waddle.]

1. To go; to move forward. [Obs.]

> When might is joined unto cruelty,
> Alas, too deep will the venom wade.

Chaucer.

> Forbear, and wade no further in this speech.

Old Play.

2. To walk in a substance that yields to the feet; to move, sinking at each step, as in water, mud, sand, etc.

> So eagerly the fiend . . .
> With head, hands, wings, or feet, pursues his way,
> And swims, or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or flies.

Milton.

3. Hence, to move with difficulty or labor; to proceed &?;lowly among objects or circumstances that constantly &?;inder or embarrass; as, to wade through a dull book.

> And wades through fumes, and gropes his way.

Dryden.

> The king's admirable conduct has waded through all these difficulties.

Davenant.

Wade, v. t. To pass or cross by wading; as, he waded &?;he rivers and swamps.

Wade (?), n. The act of wading. [Colloq.]

Wad"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, wades.

2. (Zoöl.) Any long-legged bird that wades in the water in search of food, especially any species of limicoline or grallatorial birds; — called also wading bird. See Illust. g, under Aves.

Wad"ing, a. & n. from Wade, v.

Wading bird. (Zoöl.) See Wader, 2.

Wad"mol (?), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. va&?;ml a woollen stuff, Dan vadmel. Cf. Wad a small mass, and Woodmeil.] A coarse, hairy, woolen cloth, formerly used for garments by the poor, and for various other purposes. [Spelled also wadmal, wadmeal, wadmoll, wadmel, etc.] Beck (Draper's Dict.). Sir W. Scott.

Wad"set (?), n. [Scot. wad a pledge; akin to Sw. vad a wager. See Wed.] (Scots Law) A kind of pledge or mortgage. [Written also wadsett.]

Wad"set*ter (?), n. One who holds by a wadset.

Wad"y (?), n.; pl. Wadies (#). [Ar. wd a valley, a channel of a river, a river.] A ravine through which a brook flows; the channel of a water course, which is dry except in the rainy season.

Wae (?), n. A wave. [Obs.] Spenser.

Waeg (?), n. (Zoöl.) The kittiwake. [Scot.]

Wa"fer (?), n. [OE. wafre, OF. waufre, qaufre, F. qaufre; of Teutonic origin; cf. LG. & D. wafel, G. waffel, Dan. vaffel, Sw. våffla; all akin to G. wabe a honeycomb, OHG. waba, being named from the resemblance to a honeycomb. G. wabe is probably akin to E. weave. See Weave, and cf. Waffle, Gauffer.]

1. (Cookery) A thin cake made of flour and other ingredients.

> Wafers piping hot out of the gleed.

Chaucer.

> The curious work in pastry, the fine cakes, wafers, and marchpanes.

Holland.

> A woman's oaths are wafers — break with making

B. Jonson.

2. (Eccl.) A thin cake or piece of bread (commonly unleavened, circular, and stamped with a crucifix or with the sacred monogram) used in the Eucharist, as in the Roman Catholic Church.

3. An adhesive disk of dried paste, made of flour, gelatin, isinglass, or the like, and coloring matter, — used in sealing letters and other documents.

Wafer cake, a sweet, thin cake. Shak. — Wafer irons, or Wafer tongs (Cookery), a pincher-shaped contrivance, having flat plates, or blades, between which wafers are baked. — Wafer woman, a woman who sold wafer cakes; also, one employed in amorous intrigues. Beau. & Fl.

Wa"fer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wafered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wafering.] To seal or close with a wafer.

Wa"fer*er (?), n. A dealer in the cakes called wafers; a confectioner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Waffle (?), n. [D. wafel. See Wafer.] 1. A thin cake baked and then rolled; a wafer.

2. A soft indented cake cooked in a waffle iron.

Waffle iron, an iron utensil or mold made in two parts shutting together, — used for cooking waffles over a fire.

Waft (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Wafting.] [Prob. originally imp. & p. p. of wave, v. t. See Wave to waver.] 1. To give notice to by waving something; to wave the hand to; to beckon. [Obs.]

> But soft: who wafts us yonder?

Shak.

2. To cause to move or go in a wavy manner, or by the impulse of waves, as of water or air; to bear along on a buoyant medium; as, a balloon was wafted over the channel.

> A gentle wafting to immortal life.

Milton.

> Speed the soft intercourse from soul to soul,
> And waft a sigh from Indus to the pole.

Pope.

3. To cause to float; to keep from sinking; to buoy. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

This verb is regular; but waft was formerly som&?;times used, as by Shakespeare, instead of wafted.

Waft, v. i. To be moved, or to pass, on a buoyant medium; to float.

> And now the shouts waft near the citadel.

Dryden.

Waft, n. 1. A wave or current of wind. "Everywaft of the air." Longfellow.

> In this dire season, oft the whirlwind's wing
> Sweeps up the burden of whole wintry plains
> In one wide waft.

Thomson.

2. A signal made by waving something, as a flag, in the air.

3. An unpleasant flavor. [Obs.]

4. (Naut.) A knot, or stop, in the middle of a flag. [Written also wheft.]

A flag with a waft in it, when hoisted at the staff, or half way to the gaff, means, a man overboard; at the peak, a desire to communicate; at the masthead, "Recall boats."

Waft"age (?), n. Conveyance on a buoyant medium, as air or water. Shak.

> Boats prepared for waftage to and fro.

Drayton.

Waft"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, wafts.

> O Charon,
> Thou wafter of the soul to bliss or bane.

Beau. & FL.

2. A boat for passage. Ainsworth.

Waf"ture (?), n. The act of waving; a wavelike motion; a waft. R. Browning.

> An angry wafture of your hand.

Shak.

Wag (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wagging.] [OE. waggen; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. vagga to rock a cradle, vagga cradle, Icel. vagga, Dan. vugge; akin to AS. wagian to move, wag, wegan to bear, carry, G. & D. bewegen to move, and E. weigh. √136. See Weigh.] To move one way and the other with quick turns; to shake to and fro; to move vibratingly; to cause to vibrate, as a part of the body; as, to wag the head.

> No discerner durst wag his tongue in censure.

Shak.

> Every one that passeth thereby shall be astonished, and wag his head.

Jer. xviii. 16.

Wag expresses specifically the motion of the head and body used in buffoonery, mirth, derision, sport, and mockery.

Wag, v. i. 1. To move one way and the other; to be shaken to and fro; to vibrate.

> The resty sieve wagged ne'er the more.

Dryden.

2. To be in action or motion; to move; to get along; to progress; to stir. [Colloq.]

> "Thus we may see," quoth he, "how the world wags."

Shak.

3. To go; to depart; to pack oft. [R.]

> I will provoke him to 't, or let him wag.

Shak.

Wag, n. [From Wag, v.]

1. The act of wagging; a shake; as, a wag of the head. [Colloq.]

2. [Perhaps shortened from wag-halter a rogue.] A man full of sport and humor; a ludicrous fellow; a humorist; a wit; a joker.

> We wink at wags when they offend.

Dryden.

> A counselor never pleaded without a piece of pack thread in his hand, which he used to twist about a finger all the while he was speaking; the wags used to call it the thread of his discourse.

Addison.

||Wa*ga"ti (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small East Indian wild cat (Felis wagati), regarded by some as a variety of the leopard cat.

Wage (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Waging (?).] [OE. wagen, OF. wagier, gagier, to pledge, promise, F. gager to wager, lay, bet, fr. LL. wadium a pledge; of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. wadi a pledge, gawadjn to pledge, akin to E. wed, G. wette a wager. See Wed, and cf. Gage.]

1. To pledge; to hazard on the event of a contest; to stake; to bet, to lay; to wager; as, to wage a dollar. Hakluyt.

> My life I never but as a pawn
> To wage against thy enemies.

Shak.

2. To expose one's self to, as a risk; to incur, as a danger; to venture; to hazard. "Too weak to wage an instant trial with the king." Shak.

> To wake and wage a danger profitless.

Shak.

3. To engage in, as a contest, as if by previous gage or pledge; to carry on, as a war.

> [He pondered] which of all his sons was fit
> To reign and wage immortal war with wit.

Dryden.

> The two are waging war, and the one triumphs by the destruction of the other.

I. Taylor.

4. To adventure, or lay out, for hire or reward; to hire out. [Obs.] "Thou . . . must wage thy works for wealth." Spenser.

5. To put upon wages; to hire; to employ; to pay wages to. [Obs.]

> Abundance of treasure which he had in store, wherewith he might wage soldiers.

Holinshed.

> I would have them waged for their labor.

Latimer.

6. (O. Eng. Law) To give security for the performance of. Burrill.

To wage battle (O. Eng. Law), to give gage, or security, for joining in the duellum, or combat. See Wager of battel, under Wager, n. Burrill. - - To wage one's law (Law), to give security to make one's law. See Wager of law, under Wager, n.

Wage, v. i. To bind one's self; to engage. [Obs.]

Wage, n. [OF. wage, gage, guarantee, engagement. See Wage, v. t. ]

1. That which is staked or ventured; that for which one incurs risk or danger; prize; gage. [Obs.] "That warlike wage." Spenser.

2. That for which one labors; meed; reward; stipulated payment for service performed; hire; pay; compensation; — at present generally used in the plural. See Wages. "My day's wage." Sir W. Scott. "At least I earned my wage." Thackeray. "Pay them a wage in advance." J. Morley. "The wages of virtue." Tennyson.

> By Tom Thumb, a fairy page,
> He sent it, and doth him engage,
> By promise of a mighty wage,
> It secretly to carry.

Drayton.

> Our praises are our wages.

Shak.

> Existing legislation on the subject of wages.

Encyc. Brit.

Wage is used adjectively and as the first part of compounds which are usually self-explaining; as, wage worker, or wage-worker; wage-earner, etc.

Board wages. See under 1st Board.

Syn. — Hire; reward; stipend; salary; allowance; pay; compensation; remuneration; fruit.

Wag"el (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Waggel.

Wa"gen*boom` (?), n. [D., literally, wagon tree.] (Bot.) A south African proteaceous tree (Protea grandiflora); also, its tough wood, used for making wagon wheels.

<! p. 1622 !>

Wa"ger (?), n. [OE. wager, wajour, OF. wagiere, or wageure, E. gageure. See Wage, v. t.]

1. Something deposited, laid, or hazarded on the event of a contest or an unsettled question; a bet; a stake; a pledge.

> Besides these plates for horse races, the wagers may be as the persons please.

Sir W. Temple.

> If any atheist can stake his soul for a wager against such an inexhaustible disproportion, let him never hereafter accuse others of credulity.

Bentley.

2. (Law) A contract by which two parties or more agree that a certain sum of money, or other thing, shall be paid or delivered to one of them, on the happening or not happening of an uncertain event. Bouvier.

At common law a wager is considered as a legal contract which the courts must enforce unless it be on a subject contrary to public policy, or immoral, or tending to the detriment of the public, or affecting the interest, feelings, or character of a third person. In many of the United States an action can not be sustained upon any wager or bet. Chitty. Bouvier.

3. That on which bets are laid; the subject of a bet.

Wager of battel, or Wager of battle (O. Eng. Law), the giving of gage, or pledge, for trying a cause by single combat, formerly allowed in military, criminal, and civil causes. In writs of right, where the trial was by champions, the tenant produced his champion, who, by throwing down his glove as a gage, thus waged, or stipulated, battle with the champion of the demandant, who, by taking up the glove, accepted the challenge. The wager of battel, which has been long in disuse, was abolished in England in 1819, by a statute passed in consequence of a defendant's having waged his battle in a case which arose about that period. See Battel. — Wager of law (Law), the giving of gage, or sureties, by a defendant in an action of debt, that at a certain day assigned he would take a law, or oath, in open court, that he did not owe the debt, and at the same time bring with him eleven neighbors (called compurgators), who should avow upon their oaths that they believed in their consciences that he spoke the truth. — Wager policy. (Insurance Law) See under Policy.

Wa"ger, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wagered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wagering.] To hazard on the issue of a contest, or on some question that is to be decided, or on some casualty; to lay; to stake; to bet.

> And wagered with him
> Pieces of gold 'gainst this which he wore.

Shak.

Wa"ger, v. i. To make a bet; to lay a wager.

> 'T was merry when
> You wagered on your angling.

Shak.

Wa"ger*er (?), n. One who wagers, or lays a bet.

Wa"ger*ing, a. Hazarding; pertaining to the act of one who wagers.

Wagering policy. (Com.) See Wager policy, under Policy.

Wa"ges (?), n. plural in termination, but singular in signification. [Plural of wage; cf. F. gages, pl., wages, hire. See Wage, n.] A compensation given to a hired person for services; price paid for labor; recompense; hire. See Wage, n., 2.

> The wages of sin is death.

Rom. vi. 23.

Wages fund (Polit. Econ.), the aggregate capital existing at any time in any country, which theoretically is unconditionally destined to be paid out in wages. It was formerly held, by Mill and other political economists, that the average rate of wages in any country at any time depended upon the relation of the wages fund to the number of laborers. This theory has been greatly modified by the discovery of other conditions affecting wages, which it does not take into account. Encyc. Brit.

Syn. — See under Wage, n.

Wag"gel (wg"gl), n. (Zoöl.) The young of the great black-backed gull (Larus marinus), formerly considered a distinct species. [Prov. Eng.]

Wag"ger*y (-gr*), n.; pl. Waggeries (#). [From Wag.] The manner or action of a wag; mischievous merriment; sportive trick or gayety; good-humored sarcasm; pleasantry; jocularity; as, the waggery of a schoolboy. Locke.

> A drollery and lurking waggery of expression.

W. Irving.

Wag"gie (-g), n. The pied wagtail. [Prov. Eng.]

Wag"gish (-gsh), a. 1. Like a wag; mischievous in sport; roguish in merriment or good humor; frolicsome. "A company of waggish boys." L'Estrange.

2. Done, made, or laid in waggery or for sport; sportive; humorous; as, a waggish trick.

— Wag"gish*ly, adv. — Wag"gish*ness, n.

Wag"gle (?), v. i. [Freq. of wag; cf. D. waggelen, G. wackeln.] To reel, sway, or move from side to side; to move with a wagging motion; to waddle.

> Why do you go nodding and waggling so?

L'Estrange.

Wag"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Waggling (?).] To move frequently one way and the other; to wag; as, a bird waggles his tail.

Wag"-hal`ter (?), n. [Wag + halter.] One who moves or wears a halter; one likely to be hanged. [Colloq. & Obs.]

> I can tell you, I am a mad wag-halter.

Marston.

Wag"ner*ite (?), n. (Min.) A fluophosphate of magnesia, occurring in yellowish crystals, and also in massive forms.

Wag"on (?), n. [D. wagen. √136. See Wain.]

1. A wheeled carriage; a vehicle on four wheels, and usually drawn by horses; especially, one used for carrying freight or merchandise.

In the United States, light wagons are used for the conveyance of persons and light commodities.

2. A freight car on a railway. [Eng.]

3. A chariot [Obs.] Spenser.

4. (Astron.) The Dipper, or Charles's Wain.

This word and its compounds are often written with two g's (waggon, waggonage, etc.), chiefly in England. The forms wagon, wagonage, etc., are, however, etymologically preferable, and in the United States are almost universally used.

Wagon boiler. See the Note under Boiler, 3. — Wagon ceiling (Arch.), a semicircular, or wagon-headed, arch or ceiling; — sometimes used also of a ceiling whose section is polygonal instead of semicircular. — Wagon master, an officer or person in charge of one or more wagons, especially of those used for transporting freight, as the supplies of an army, and the like. — Wagon shoe, a skid, or shoe, for retarding the motion of a wagon wheel; a drag. — Wagon vault. (Arch.) See under 1st Vault.

Wag"on (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wagoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wagoning.] To transport in a wagon or wagons; as, goods are wagoned from city to city.

Wag"on, v. i. To wagon goods as a business; as, the man wagons between Philadelphia and its suburbs.

Wag"on*age (?), n. 1. Money paid for carriage or conveyance in wagon.

2. A collection of wagons; wagons, collectively.

> Wagonage, provender, and a piece or two of cannon.

Carlyle.

Wag"on*er (?), n. 1. One who conducts a wagon; one whose business it is to drive a wagon.

2. (Astron.) The constellation Charles's Wain, or Ursa Major. See Ursa major, under Ursa.

Wag`on*ette" (?), n. A kind of pleasure wagon, uncovered and with seats extended along the sides, designed to carry six or eight persons besides the driver.

Wag"on*ful (?), n.; pl. Wagonfuls (&?;). As much as a wagon will hold; enough to fill a wagon; a wagonload.

Wag"on-head`ed (?), a. Having a top, or head, shaped like the top of a covered wagon, or resembling in section or outline an inverted U, thus &?;; as, a wagonheaded ceiling.

Wag"on*load` (?), n. Same as Wagonful.

Wag"on-roofed` (?), a. Having a roof, or top, shaped like an inverted U; wagon- headed.

Wag"on*ry (?), n. Conveyance by means of a wagon or wagons. [Obs.] Milton.

Wag"on*wright` (?), n. One who makes wagons.

Wag"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of Old World singing birds belonging to Motacilla and several allied genera of the family Motacillidæ. They have the habit of constantly jerking their long tails up and down, whence the name.

Field wagtail, any one of several species of wagtails of the genus Budytes having the tail shorter, the legs longer, and the hind claw longer and straighter, than do the water wagtails. Most of the species are yellow beneath. Called also yellow wagtail. — Garden wagtail, the Indian black-breasted wagtail (Nemoricola Indica). — Pied wagtail, the common European water wagtail (Motacilla lugubris). It is variegated with black and white. The name is applied also to other allied species having similar colors. Called also pied dishwasher. — Wagtail flycatcher, a true flycatcher (Sauloprocta motacilloides) common in Southern Australia, where it is very tame, and frequents stock yards and gardens and often builds its nest about houses; — called also black fantail. — Water wagtail. (a) Any one of several species of wagtails of the restricted genus Motacilla. They live chiefly on the shores of ponds and streams. (b) The American water thrush. See Water thrush. — Wood wagtail, an Asiatic wagtail; (Calobates sulphurea) having a slender bill and short legs.

Wah (wä), n. (Zoöl.) The panda.

Wa*ha"bee (?), n. [Ar. wahbi.] A follower of Abdel Wahab (b. 1691; d. 1787), a reformer of Mohammedanism. His doctrines prevail particularly among the Bedouins, and the sect, though checked in its influence, extends to most parts of Arabia, and also into India. [Written also Wahaby.]

Waid (?), a. [For weighed.] Oppressed with weight; crushed; weighed down. [Obs.] Tusser.

Waif (?), n. [OF. waif, gaif, as adj., lost, unclaimed, chose gaive a waif, LL. wayfium, res vaivae; of Scand. origin. See Waive.]

1. (Eng. Law.) Goods found of which the owner is not known; originally, such goods as a pursued thief threw away to prevent being apprehended, which belonged to the king unless the owner made pursuit of the felon, took him, and brought him to justice. Blackstone.

2. Hence, anything found, or without an owner; that which comes along, as it were, by chance. "Rolling in his mind old waifs of rhyme." Tennyson.

3. A wanderer; a castaway; a stray; a homeless child.

> A waif
> Desirous to return, and not received.

Cowper.

Waift (?), n. A waif. [Obs.] Spenser.

Wail (?), v. t. [Cf. Icel. val choice, velja to choose, akin to Goth. waljan, G. wählen.] To choose; to select. [Obs.] "Wailed wine and meats." Henryson.

Wail, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wailing.] [OE. wailen, weilen, probably fr. Icel. væla; cf. Icel. væ, vei, woe, and E. wayment, also OE. wai, wei, woe. Cf. Woe.] To lament; to bewail; to grieve over; as, to wail one's death. Shak.

Wail, v. i. To express sorrow audibly; to make mournful outcry; to weep.

> Therefore I will wail and howl.

Micah i. 8.

Wail, n. Loud weeping; violent lamentation; wailing. "The wail of the forest." Longfellow.

Wail"er (?), n. One who wails or laments.

Wail"er*ess (?), n. A woman who wails. [Obs.]

Wail"ful (?), a. Sorrowful; mournful. " Like wailful widows." Spenser. "Wailful sonnets." Shak.

Wail"ing*ly, adv. In a wailing manner.

Wail"ment (?), n. Lamentation; loud weeping; wailing. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

Wai"ment (?). v. & n. See Wayment. [Obs.]

Wain (?), n. [OE. wain, AS. wægn; akin to D. & G. wagen, OHG. wagan, Icel. & Sw. vagn, Dan. vogn, and E. way. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Way, Weigh, and cf. Wagon.]

1. A four-wheeled vehicle for the transportation of goods, produce, etc.; a wagon.

> The wardens see nothing but a wain of hay.

Jeffrey.

> Driving in ponderous wains their household goods to the seashore.

Longfellow.

2. A chariot. [Obs.]

The Wain. (Astron.) See Charles's Wain, in the Vocabulary. — Wain rope, a cart rope. Shak.

Wain"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being plowed or cultivated; arable; tillable. [Obs.] Cowell.

Wain"age (?; 48), n. [From Wain.] A finding of carriages, carts, etc., for the transportation of goods, produce, etc. Ainsworth.

Wain"age, n. (O. Eng. Law) See Gainage, a.

Wain"bote` (?), n. [Wain + bote.] (O. Eng. Law) See Cartbote. See also the Note under Bote.

Wain"scot (?), n. [OD. waeghe-schot, D. wagen-schot, a clapboard, fr. OD. waeg, weeg, a wall (akin to AS. wah; cf. Icel. veggr) + schot a covering of boards (akin to E. shot, shoot).]

1. Oaken timber or boarding. [Obs.]

> A wedge wainscot is fittest and most proper for cleaving of an oaken tree.

Urquhart.

> Inclosed in a chest of wainscot.

J. Dart.

2. (Arch.) A wooden lining or boarding of the walls of apartments, usually made in panels.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of European moths of the family Leucanidæ.

They are reddish or yellowish, streaked or lined with black and white. Their larvæ feed on grasses and sedges.

Wain"scot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wainscoted; p. pr. & vb. n. Wainscoting.] To line with boards or panelwork, or as if with panelwork; as, to wainscot a hall.

> Music soundeth better in chambers wainscoted than hanged.

Bacon.

> The other is wainscoted with looking- glass.

Addison.

Wain"scot*ing, n. 1. The act or occupation of covering or lining with boards in panel.

2. The material used to wainscot a house, or the wainscot as a whole; panelwork.

Wain"wright` (?), n. Same as Wagonwright.

Wair (?), n. (Carp.) A piece of plank two yard&?; long and a foot broad. Bailey.

Waist (?), n. [OE. wast; originally, growth, akin to AS. weaxan to grow; cf. AS. wæstm growth. See Wax to grow.]

1. That part of the human body which is immediately below the ribs or thorax; the small part of the body between the thorax and hips. Chaucer.

> I am in the waist two yards about.

Shak.

2. Hence, the middle part of other bodies; especially (Naut.), that part of a vessel's deck, bulwarks, etc., which is between the quarter-deck and the forecastle; the middle part of the ship.

3. A garment, or part of a garment, which covers the body from the neck or shoulders to the waist line.

4. A girdle or belt for the waist. [Obs.] Shak.

Waist anchor. See Sheet anchor, 1, in the Vocabulary.

Waist"band (?), n. 1. The band which encompasses the waist; esp., one on the upper part of breeches, trousers, pantaloons, skirts, or the like.

2. A sash worn by women around the waist. [R.]

Waist"cloth (?), n. 1. A cloth or wrapper worn about the waist; by extension, such a garment worn about the hips and passing between the thighs.

2. (Naut.) A covering of canvas or tarpaulin for the hammocks, stowed on the nettings, between the quarterdeck and the forecastle.

Waist"coat (?), n. (a) A short, sleeveless coat or garment for men, worn under the coat, extending no lower than the hips, and covering the waist; a vest. (b) A garment occasionally worn by women as a part of fashionable costume.

The waistcoat was a part of female attire as well as male . . . It was only when the waistcoat was worn without a gown or upper dress that it was considered the mark of a mad or profligate woman. Nares.

Syn. — See Vest.

Waist`coat*eer" (?), n. One wearing a waistcoat; esp., a woman wearing one uncovered, or thought fit for such a habit; hence, a loose woman; strumpet. [Obs.]

> Do you think you are here, sir,
> Amongst your waistcoateers, your base wenches?

Beau. & Fl.

Waist"coat*ing, n. A fabric designed for waistcoats; esp., one in which there is a pattern, differently colored yarns being used.

Waist"er (?), n. (Naut.) A seaman, usually a green hand or a broken-down man, stationed in the waist of a vessel of war. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Wait (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waited; p. pr. & vb. n. Waiting.] [OE. waiten, OF. waitier, gaitier, to watch, attend, F. guetter to watch, to wait for, fr. OHG. wahta a guard, watch, G. wacht, from OHG. wahhn to watch, be awake. √134. See Wake, v. i.]

1. To watch; to observe; to take notice. [Obs.]

> "But [unless] ye wait well and be privy,
> I wot right well, I am but dead," quoth she.

Chaucer.

2. To stay or rest in expectation; to stop or remain stationary till the arrival of some person or event; to rest in patience; to stay; not to depart.

> All the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come.

Job xiv. 14.

> They also serve who only stand and wait.

Milton.

> Haste, my dear father; 't is no time to wait.

Dryden.

<! p. 1623 !>

To wait on or upon. (a) To attend, as a servant; to perform services for; as, to wait on a gentleman; to wait on the table. "Authority and reason on her wait." Milton. "I must wait on myself, must I?" Shak. (b) To attend; to go to see; to visit on business or for ceremony. (c) To follow, as a consequence; to await. "That ruin that waits on such a supine temper." Dr. H. More. (d) To look watchfully at; to follow with the eye; to watch. [R.] "It is a point of cunning to wait upon him with whom you speak with your eye." Bacon. (e) To attend to; to perform. "Aaron and his sons . . . shall wait on their priest's office." Num. iii. 10. (f) (Falconry) To fly above its master, waiting till game is sprung; — said of a hawk. Encyc. Brit.

Wait (?), v. t. 1. To stay for; to rest or remain stationary in expectation of; to await; as, to wait orders.

> Awed with these words, in camps they still abide,
> And wait with longing looks their promised guide.

Dryden.

2. To attend as a consequence; to follow upon; to accompany; to await. [Obs.]

3. To attend on; to accompany; especially, to attend with ceremony or respect. [Obs.]

> He chose a thousand horse, the flower of all
> His warlike troops, to wait the funeral.

Dryden.

> Remorse and heaviness of heart shall wait thee,
> And everlasting anguish be thy portion.

Rowe.

4. To cause to wait; to defer; to postpone; — said of a meal; as, to wait dinner. [Colloq.]

Wait, n. [OF. waite, guaite, gaite, F. guet watch, watching, guard, from OHG. wahta. See Wait, v. i.]

1. The act of waiting; a delay; a halt.

> There is a wait of three hours at the border Mexican town of El Paso.

S. B. Griffin.

2. Ambush. "An enemy in wait." Milton.

3. One who watches; a watchman. [Obs.]

4. pl. Hautboys, or oboes, played by town musicians; not used in the singular. [Obs.] Halliwell.

5. pl. Musicians who sing or play at night or in the early morning, especially at Christmas time; serenaders; musical watchmen. [Written formerly wayghtes.]

> Hark! are the waits abroad?

Beau & Fl.

> The sound of the waits, rude as may be their minstrelsy, breaks upon the mild watches of a winter night with the effect of perfect harmony.

W. Irving.

To lay wait, to prepare an ambuscade. — To lie in wait. See under 4th Lie.

Wait"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, waits; an attendant; a servant in attendance, esp. at table.

> The waiters stand in ranks; the yeomen cry,
> "Make room," as if a duke were passing by.

Swift.

2. A vessel or tray on which something is carried, as dishes, etc.; a salver.

Coast waiter. See under Coast, n.

Wait"ing, a. & n. from Wait, v.

In waiting, in attendance; as, lords in waiting. [Eng.] — Waiting gentlewoman, a woman who waits upon a person of rank. — Waiting maid, Waiting woman, a maid or woman who waits upon another as a personal servant.

Wait"ing*ly, adv. By waiting.

Wait"ress (?), n. A female waiter or attendant; a waiting maid or waiting woman.

Waive (?), n. [See Waive, v. t. ] 1. A waif; a castaway. [Obs.] Donne.

2. (O. Eng. Law) A woman put out of the protection of the law. See Waive, v. t., 3 (b), and the Note.

Waive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Waiving.] [OE. waiven, weiven, to set aside, remove, OF. weyver, quesver, to waive, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. veifa to wave, to vibrate, akin to Skr. vip to tremble. Cf. Vibrate, Waif.] [Written also wave.]

1. To relinquish; to give up claim to; not to insist on or claim; to refuse; to forego.

> He waiveth milk, and flesh, and all.

Chaucer.

> We absolutely do renounce or waive our own opinions, absolutely yielding to the direction of others.

Barrow.

2. To throw away; to cast off; to reject; to desert.

3. (Law) (a) To throw away; to relinquish voluntarily, as a right which one may enforce if he chooses. (b) (O. Eng. Law) To desert; to abandon. Burrill.

The term was applied to a woman, in the same sense as outlaw to a man. A woman could not be outlawed, in the proper sense of the word, because, according to Bracton, she was never in law, that is, in a frankpledge or decennary; but she might be waived, and held as abandoned. Burrill.

Waive, v. i. To turn aside; to recede. [Obs.]

> To waive from the word of Solomon.

Chaucer.

Waiv"er (?), n. (Law) The act of waiving, or not insisting on, some right, claim, or privilege.

Waiv"ure (?), n. See Waiver. [R.]

Wai"wode (?), n. See Waywode.

Wake (?), n. [Originally, an open space of water s&?;rrounded by ice, and then, the passage cut through ice for a vessel, probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. vök a hole, opening in ice, Sw. vak, Dan. vaage, perhaps akin to E. humid.] The track left by a vessel in the water; by extension, any track; as, the wake of an army.

> This effect followed immediately in the wake of his earliest exertions.

De Quincey.

> Several humbler persons . . . formed quite a procession in the dusty wake of his chariot wheels.

Thackeray.

Wake, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waked (?) or Woke (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Waking.] [AS. wacan, wacian; akin to OFries. waka, OS. wak&?;n, D. waken, G. wachen, OHG. wahh&?;n, Icel. vaka, Sw. vaken, Dan. vaage, Goth. wakan, v. i., uswakjan, v. t., Skr. vjay to rouse, to impel. &?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. Vigil, Wait, v. i., Watch, v. i.]

1. To be or to continue awake; to watch; not to sleep.

> The father waketh for the daughter.

Ecclus. xlii. 9.

> Though wisdom wake, suspicion sleeps.

Milton.

> I can not think any time, waking or sleeping, without being sensible of it.

Locke.

2. To sit up late festive purposes; to hold a night revel.

> The king doth wake to-night, and takes his rouse,
> Keeps wassail, and the swaggering upspring reels.

Shak.

3. To be excited or roused from sleep; to awake; to be awakened; to cease to sleep; — often with up.

> He infallibly woke up at the sound of the concluding doxology.

G. Eliot.

4. To be exited or roused up; to be stirred up from a dormant, torpid, or inactive state; to be active.

> Gentle airs due at their hour
> To fan the earth now waked.

Milton.

> Then wake, my soul, to high desires.

Keble.

Wake (?), v. t. 1. To rouse from sleep; to awake.

> The angel . . . came again and waked me.

Zech. iv. 1.

2. To put in motion or action; to arouse; to excite. "I shall waken all this company." Chaucer.

> Lest fierce remembrance wake my sudden rage.

Milton.

> Even Richard's crusade woke little interest in his island realm.

J. R. Green.

3. To bring to life again, as if from the sleep of death; to reanimate; to revive.

> To second life
> Waked in the renovation of the just.

Milton.

4. To watch, or sit up with, at night, as a dead body.

Wake, n. 1. The act of waking, or being awaked; also, the state of being awake. [Obs. or Poetic]

> Making such difference 'twixt wake and sleep.

Shak.

> Singing her flatteries to my morning wake.

Dryden.

2. The state of forbearing sleep, especially for solemn or festive purposes; a vigil.

> The warlike wakes continued all the night,
> And funeral games played at new returning light.

Dryden.

> The wood nymphs, decked with daises trim,
> Their merry wakes and pastimes keep.

Milton.

3. Specifically: (a) (Ch. of Eng.) An annual parish festival formerly held in commemoration of the dedication of a church. Originally, prayers were said on the evening preceding, and hymns were sung during the night, in the church; subsequently, these vigils were discontinued, and the day itself, often with succeeding days, was occupied in rural pastimes and exercises, attended by eating and drinking, often to excess.

> Great solemnities were made in all churches, and great fairs and wakes throughout all England.

Ld. Berners.

> And every village smokes at wakes with lusty cheer.

Drayton.

(b) The sitting up of persons with a dead body, often attended with a degree of festivity, chiefly among the Irish. "Blithe as shepherd at a wake." Cowper.

Wake play, the ceremonies and pastimes connected with a wake. See Wake, n., 3 (b), above. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wake"ful (?), a. Not sleeping; indisposed to sleep; watchful; vigilant.

> Dissembling sleep, but wakeful with the fright.

Dryden.

— Wake"ful*ly, adv. — Wake"ful*ness, n.

Wak"en (?), v. i. [imp. & p. pr. Wakened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wakening.] [OE. waknen, AS. wæcnan; akin to Goth. gawaknan. See Wake, v. i.] To wake; to cease to sleep; to be awakened.

> Early, Turnus wakening with the light.

Dryden.

Wak"en, v. t. 1. To excite or rouse from sleep; to wake; to awake; to awaken. "Go, waken Eve." Milton.

2. To excite; to rouse; to move to action; to awaken.

> Then Homer's and Tyrtæus' martial muse
> Wakened the world.

Roscommon.

> Venus now wakes, and wakens love.

Milton.

> They introduce
> Their sacred song, and waken raptures high.

Milton.

Wak"en*er (?), n. One who wakens.

Wak"en*ing, n. 1. The act of one who wakens; esp., the act of ceasing to sleep; an awakening.

2. (Scots Law) The revival of an action. Burrill.

> They were too much ashamed to bring any wakening of the process against Janet.

Sir W. Scott.

Wak"er (?), n. One who wakes.

Wake"-rob`in (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Arum, especially, in England, the cuckoopint (Arum maculatum).

In America the name is given to several species of Trillium, and sometimes to the Jack-in-the-pulpit.

Wake"time` (?), n. Time during which one is awake. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Wak"ing, n. 1. The act of waking, or the state or period of being awake.

2. A watch; a watching. [Obs.] "Bodily pain . . . standeth in prayer, in wakings, in fastings." Chaucer.

> In the fourth waking of the night.

Wyclif (Matt. xiv. 25).

Wa"la*way (?), interj. See Welaway. [Obs.]

Wald (?), n. [AS. weald. See Wold.] A forest; — used as a termination of names. See Weald.

Wal*den"ses (?; 277), n. pl. [So called from Petrus Waldus, or Peter Waldo, a merchant of Lyons, who founded this sect about a. d. 1170.] (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of dissenters from the ecclesiastical system of the Roman Catholic Church, who in the 13th century were driven by persecution to the valleys of Piedmont, where the sect survives. They profess substantially Protestant principles.

Wal*den"sian (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Waldenses. — n. One Holding the Waldensian doctrines.

Wald"grave (?), n. [See Wald, and Margrave.] In the old German empire, the head forest keeper.

||Wald*hei"mi*a (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of brachiopods of which many species are found in the fossil state. A few still exist in the deep sea.

Wale (?), n. [AS. walu a mark of stripes or blows, probably originally, a rod; akin to Icel. völr, Goth. walus a rod, staff. √146. Cf. Goal, Weal a wale.]

1. A streak or mark made on the skin by a rod or whip; a stripe; a wheal. See Wheal. Holland.

2. A ridge or streak rising above the surface, as of cloth; hence, the texture of cloth.

> Thou 'rt rougher far,
> And of a coarser wale, fuller of pride.

Beau & Fl.

3. (Carp.) A timber bolted to a row of piles to secure them together and in position. Knight.

4. (Naut.) (a) pl. Certain sets or strakes of the outside planking of a vessel; as, the main wales, or the strakes of planking under the port sills of the gun deck; channel wales, or those along the spar deck, etc. (b) A wale knot, or wall knot.

Wale knot. (Naut.) See Wall knot, under 1st Wall.

Wale, v. t. 1. To mark with wales, or stripes.

2. To choose; to select; specifically (Mining), to pick out the refuse of (coal) by hand, in order to clean it. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Wal*hal"la (?), n. [Cf. G. walhalla, See Valhalla.] See Valhalla.

Wal"ing (?), n. (Naut.) Same as Wale, n., 4.

Walk (wk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Walked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Walking.] [OE. walken, probably from AS. wealcan to roll, turn, revolve, akin to D. walken to felt hats, to work a hat, G. walken to full, OHG. walchan to beat, to full, Icel. vlka to roll, to stamp, Sw. valka to full, to roll, Dan. valke to full; cf. Skr. valg to spring; but cf. also AS. weallian to roam, ramble, G. wallen. √130.]

1. To move along on foot; to advance by steps; to go on at a moderate pace; specifically, of two-legged creatures, to proceed at a slower or faster rate, but without running, or lifting one foot entirely before the other touches the ground.

> At the end of twelve months, he walked in the palace of the kingdom of Babylon.

Dan. iv. 29.

> When Peter was come down out of the ship, he walked on the water, to go to Jesus.

Matt. xiv. 29.

In the walk of quadrupeds, there are always two, and for a brief space there are three, feet on the ground at once, but never four.

2. To move or go on the feet for exercise or amusement; to take one's exercise; to ramble.

3. To be stirring; to be abroad; to go restlessly about; — said of things or persons expected to remain quiet, as a sleeping person, or the spirit of a dead person; to go about as a somnambulist or a specter.

> I have heard, but not believed, the spirits of the dead
> May walk again.

Shak.

> When was it she last walked?

Shak.

4. To be in motion; to act; to move; to wag. [Obs.] "Her tongue did walk in foul reproach." Spenser.

> Do you think I'd walk in any plot?

B. Jonson.

> I heard a pen walking in the chimney behind the cloth.

Latimer.

5. To behave; to pursue a course of life; to conduct one's self.

> We walk perversely with God, and he will walk crookedly toward us.

Jer. Taylor.

6. To move off; to depart. [Obs. or Colloq.]

> He will make their cows and garrans to walk.

Spenser.

To walk in, to go in; to enter, as into a house. — To walk after the flesh (Script.), to indulge sensual appetites, and to live in sin. Rom. viii. 1. — To walk after the Spirit (Script.), to be guided by the counsels and influences of the Spirit, and by the word of God. Rom. viii. 1. — To walk by faith (Script.), to live in the firm belief of the gospel and its promises, and to rely on Christ for salvation. 2 Cor. v. 7. — To walk in darkness (Script.), to live in ignorance, error, and sin. 1 John i. 6. — To walk in the flesh (Script.), to live this natural life, which is subject to infirmities and calamities. 2 Cor. x. 3. — To walk in the light (Script.), to live in the practice of religion, and to enjoy its consolations. 1 John i. 7. — To walk over, in racing, to go over a course at a walk; — said of a horse when there is no other entry; hence, colloquially, to gain an easy victory in any contest. — To walk through the fire (Script.), to be exercised with severe afflictions. Isa. xliii. 2. — To walk with God (Script.), to live in obedience to his commands, and have communion with him.

Walk, v. t. 1. To pass through, over, or upon; to traverse; to perambulate; as, to walk the streets.

> As we walk our earthly round.

Keble.

2. To cause to walk; to lead, drive, or ride with a slow pace; as to walk one's horses. " I will rather trust . . . a thief to walk my ambling gelding." Shak.

3. [AS. wealcan to roll. See Walk to move on foot.] To subject, as cloth or yarn, to the fulling process; to full. [Obs. or Scot.]

To walk the plank, to walk off the plank into the water and be drowned; — an expression derived from the practice of pirates who extended a plank from the side of a ship, and compelled those whom they would drown to walk off into the water; figuratively, to vacate an office by compulsion. Bartlett.

Walk, n. 1. The act of walking, or moving on the feet with a slow pace; advance without running or leaping.

2. The act of walking for recreation or exercise; as, a morning walk; an evening walk.

3. Manner of walking; gait; step; as, we often know a person at a distance by his walk.

4. That in or through which one walks; place or distance walked over; a place for walking; a path or avenue prepared for foot passengers, or for taking air and exercise; way; road; hence, a place or region in which animals may graze; place of wandering; range; as, a sheep walk.

> A woody mountain . . . with goodliest trees
> Planted, with walks and bowers.

Milton.

> He had walk for a hundred sheep.

Latimer.

> Amid the sound of steps that beat
> The murmuring walks like rain.

Bryant.

5. A frequented track; habitual place of action; sphere; as, the walk of the historian.

> The mountains are his walks.

Sandys.

> He opened a boundless walk for his imagination.

Pope.

6. Conduct; course of action; behavior.

7. The route or district regularly served by a vender; as, a milkman's walk. [Eng.]

<! p. 1624 !>

Walk"a*ble (?), a. Fit to be walked on; capable of being walked on or over. [R.] Swift.

Walk"er (?), n. 1. One who walks; a pedestrian.

2. That with which one walks; a foot. [Obs.]

> Lame Mulciber, his walkers quite misgrown.

Chapman.

3. (Law) A forest officer appointed to walk over a certain space for inspection; a forester.

4. [AS. wealcere. See Walk, v. t., 3.] A fuller of cloth. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

> She cursed the weaver and the walker
> The cloth that had wrought.

Percy's Reliques.

5. (Zoöl.) Any ambulatorial orthopterous insect, as a stick insect.

Walk"ing, a. & n. from Walk, v.

Walking beam. See Beam, 10. — Walking crane, a kind of traveling crane. See under Crane. — Walking fern. (Bot.) See Walking leaf, below. — Walking fish (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Asiatic fishes of the genus Ophiocephalus, some of which, as O. marulius, become over four feet long. They have a special cavity over the gills lined with a membrane adapted to retain moisture to aid in respiration, and are thus able to travel considerable distances over the land at night, whence the name. They construct a curious nest for their young. Called also langya. — Walking gentleman (Theater), an actor who usually fills subordinate parts which require a gentlemanly appearance but few words. [Cant] — Walking lady (Theater), an actress who usually fills such parts as require only a ladylike appearance on the stage. [Cant] — Walking leaf. (a) (Bot.) A little American fern (Camptosorus rhizophyllus); — so called because the fronds taper into slender prolongations which often root at the apex, thus producing new plants. (b) (Zoöl.) A leaf insect. See under Leaf. — Walking papers, or Walking ticket, an order to leave; dismissal, as from office. [Colloq.] Bartlett. — Walking stick. (a) A stick or staff carried in the hand for hand for support or amusement when walking; a cane. (b) (Zoöl.) A stick insect; — called also walking straw. See Illust. of Stick insect, under Stick. — Walking wheel (Mach.), a prime mover consisting of a wheel driven by the weight of men or animals walking either in it or on it; a treadwheel.

Walk"-mill` (?), n. [Walk to Walking Leaf, or full + mill.] A fulling mill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Walk"-o`ver (?), n. In racing, the going over a course by a horse which has no competitor for the prize; hence, colloquially, a one-sided contest; an uncontested, or an easy, victory.

Wal"kyr, n. (Scand. Myth.) See Valkyria.

Wall (?), n. (Naut.) A kind of knot often used at the end of a rope; a wall knot; a wale.

Wall knot, a knot made by unlaying the strands of a rope, and making a bight with the first strand, then passing the second over the end of the first, and the third over the end of the second and through the bight of the first; a wale knot. Wall knots may be single or double, crowned or double- crowned.

Wall (?), n. [AS. weall, from L. vallum a wall, vallus a stake, pale, palisade; akin to Gr. &?; a nail. Cf. Interval.]

1. A work or structure of stone, brick, or other materials, raised to some height, and intended for defense or security, solid and permanent inclosing fence, as around a field, a park, a town, etc., also, one of the upright inclosing parts of a building or a room.

> The plaster of the wall of the King's palace.

Dan. v. 5.

2. A defense; a rampart; a means of protection; in the plural, fortifications, in general; works for defense.

> The waters were a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left.

Ex. xiv. 22.

> In such a night,
> Troilus, methinks, mounted the Troyan walls.

Shak.

> To rush undaunted to defend the walls.

Dryden.

3. An inclosing part of a receptacle or vessel; as, the walls of a steam-engine cylinder.

4. (Mining) (a) The side of a level or drift. (b) The country rock bounding a vein laterally. Raymond.

Wall is often used adjectively, and also in the formation of compounds, usually of obvious signification; as in wall paper, or wall-paper; wall fruit, or wall-fruit; wallflower, etc.

Blank wall, Blind wall, etc. See under Blank, Blind, etc. — To drive to the wall, to bring to extremities; to push to extremes; to get the advantage of, or mastery over. — To go to the wall, to be hard pressed or driven; to be the weaker party; to be pushed to extremes. — To take the wall. to take the inner side of a walk, that is, the side next the wall; hence, to take the precedence. "I will take the wall of any man or maid of Montague's." Shak. — Wall barley (Bot.), a kind of grass (Hordeum murinum) much resembling barley; squirrel grass. See under Squirrel. — Wall box. (Mach.) See Wall frame, below. — Wall creeper (Zoöl.), a small bright- colored bird (Tichodroma muraria) native of Asia and Southern Europe. It climbs about over old walls and cliffs in search of insects and spiders. Its body is ash-gray above, the wing coverts are carmine-red, the primary quills are mostly red at the base and black distally, some of them with white spots, and the tail is blackish. Called also spider catcher. — Wall cress (Bot.), a name given to several low cruciferous herbs, especially to the mouse-ear cress. See under Mouse-ear. — Wall frame (Mach.), a frame set in a wall to receive a pillow block or bearing for a shaft passing through the wall; — called also wall box. — Wall fruit, fruit borne by trees trained against a wall. — Wall gecko (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World geckos which live in or about buildings and run over the vertical surfaces of walls, to which they cling by means of suckers on the feet. — Wall lizard (Zoöl.), a common European lizard (Lacerta muralis) which frequents houses, and lives in the chinks and crevices of walls; — called also wall newt. — Wall louse, a wood louse. — Wall moss (Bot.), any species of moss growing on walls. — Wall newt (Zoöl.), the wall lizard. Shak. — Wall paper, paper for covering the walls of rooms; paper hangings. — Wall pellitory (Bot.), a European plant (Parictaria officinalis) growing on old walls, and formerly esteemed medicinal. — Wall pennywort (Bot.), a plant (Cotyledon Umbilicus) having rounded fleshy leaves. It is found on walls in Western Europe. — Wall pepper (Bot.), a low mosslike plant (Sedum acre) with small fleshy leaves having a pungent taste and bearing yellow flowers. It is common on walls and rocks in Europe, and is sometimes seen in America. — Wall pie (Bot.), a kind of fern; wall rue. — Wall piece, a gun planted on a wall. H. L. Scott. — Wall plate (Arch.), a piece of timber placed horizontally upon a wall, and supporting posts, joists, and the like. See Illust. of Roof. — Wall rock, granular limestone used in building walls. [U. S.] Bartlett. — Wall rue (Bot.), a species of small fern (Asplenium Ruta-muraria) growing on walls, rocks, and the like. — Wall spring, a spring of water issuing from stratified rocks. — Wall tent, a tent with upright cloth sides corresponding to the walls of a house. — Wall wasp (Zoöl.), a common European solitary wasp (Odynerus parietus) which makes its nest in the crevices of walls.

Wall (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Walled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Walling.] 1. To inclose with a wall, or as with a wall. "Seven walled towns of strength." Shak.

> The king of Thebes, Amphion,
> That with his singing walled that city.

Chaucer.

2. To defend by walls, or as if by walls; to fortify.

> The terror of his name that walls us in.

Denham.

3. To close or fill with a wall, as a doorway.

Wal"la*ba (?), n. (Bot.) A leguminous tree (Eperua falcata) of Demerara, with pinnate leaves and clusters of red flowers. The reddish brown wood is used for palings and shingles. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

Wal"la*by (?), n.; pl. Wallabies (#). [From a native name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of kangaroos belonging to the genus Halmaturus, native of Australia and Tasmania, especially the smaller species, as the brush kangaroo (H. Bennettii) and the pademelon (H. thetidis). The wallabies chiefly inhabit the wooded district and bushy plains. [Written also wallabee, and whallabee.]

Wal"lah (?), n. (Zoöl.) A black variety of the jaguar; — called also tapir tiger. [Written also walla.]

Wal`la*roo" (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of kangaroos of the genus Macropus, especially M. robustus, sometimes called the great wallaroo.

Wall"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The spotted flycatcher. [Prov. Eng.]

Wall"er (?), n. One who builds walls.

Wall"er, n. [G.] (Zoöl.) The wels.

Wal*le"ri*an de*gen`er*a"tion (?). (Med.) A form of degeneration occurring in nerve fibers as a result of their division; — so called from Dr. Waller, who published an account of it in 1850.

Wal"let (?), n. [OE. walet, probably the same word as OE. watel a bag. See Wattle.] 1. A bag or sack for carrying about the person, as a bag for carrying the necessaries for a journey; a knapsack; a beggar's receptacle for charity; a peddler's pack.

> [His hood] was trussed up in his walet.

Chaucer.

2. A pocketbook for keeping money about the person.

3. Anything protuberant and swagging. "Wallets of flesh." Shak.

Wal`let*eer" (?), n. One who carries a wallet; a foot traveler; a tramping beggar. [Colloq.] Wright.

Wall"-eye` (?), n. [See Wall- eyed.]

1. An eye in which the iris is of a very light gray or whitish color; — said usually of horses. Booth.

Jonson has defined wall-eye to be "a disease in the crystalline humor of the eye; glaucoma." But glaucoma is not a disease of the crystalline humor, nor is wall-eye a disease at all, but merely a natural blemish. Tully. In the north of England, as Brockett states, persons are said to be wall-eyed when the white of the eye is very large and distorted, or on one side.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) An American fresh-water food fish (Stizostedion vitreum) having large and prominent eyes; — called also glasseye, pike perch, yellow pike, and wall-eyed perch. (b) A California surf fish (Holconotus argenteus). (c) The alewife; — called also wall-eyed herring.

Wall"-eyed` (?), a. [Icel. valdeygðr, or vagleygr; fr. vagl a beam, a beam in the eye (akin to Sw. vagel a roost, a perch, a sty in the eye) + eygr having eyes (from auga eye). See Eye.] Having an eye of a very light gray or whitish color. Booth.

Shakespeare, in using wall-eyed as a term of reproach (as "wall-eyed rage," a "wall-eyed wretch"), alludes probably to the idea of unnatural or distorted vision. See the Note under Wall- eye. It is an eye which is utterly and incurably perverted, an eye that knows no pity.

Wall"flow`er (?), n.

1. (Bot.) A perennial, cruciferous plant (Cheiranthus Cheiri), with sweet-scented flowers varying in color from yellow to orange and deep red. In Europe it very common on old walls.

The name is sometimes extended to other species of Cheiranthus and of the related genus Erysimum, especially the American Western wallflower (Erysimum asperum), a biennial herb with orange-yellow flowers.

2. A lady at a ball, who, either from choice, or because not asked to dance, remains a spectator. [Colloq.]

Wall"hick` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lesser spotted woodpecker (Dryobates minor). [Prov. Eng.]

Wall"ing, n. 1. The act of making a wall or walls.

2. Walls, in general; material for walls.

Walling wax, a composition of wax and tallow used by etchers and engravers to make a bank, or wall, round the edge of a plate, so as to form a trough for holding the acid used in etching, and the like. Fairholt.

Wal*loons" (?), n. pl.; sing. Walloon (&?;). [Cf. F. wallon.] A Romanic people inhabiting that part of Belgium which comprises the provinces of Hainaut, Namur, Liége, and Luxembourg, and about one third of Brabant; also, the language spoken by this people. Used also adjectively. [Written also Wallons.] "A base Walloon . . . thrust Talbot with a spear." Shak.

Walloon guard, the bodyguard of the Spanish monarch; — so called because formerly consisting of Walloons.

Wal"lop (?), v. i. [Cf. OFlem. walop a gallop; of uncertain origin. Cf. Gallop.] To move quickly, but with great effort; to gallop. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Wal"lop, n. A quick, rolling movement; a gallop. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Wal"lop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Walloped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Walloping.] [Probably fr. AS. weallan to spring up, to boil or bubble. √147. See Well, n. & v. i.]

1. To boil with a continued bubbling or heaving and rolling, with noise. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett.

2. To move in a rolling, cumbersome manner; to waddle. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

3. To be slatternly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Wal"lop, v. t. 1. To beat soundly; to flog; to whip. [Prov. Eng., Scot., & Colloq. U. S.]

2. To wrap up temporarily. [Prov. Eng.]

3. To throw or tumble over. [Prov. Eng.]

Wal"lop, n. 1. A thick piece of fat. Halliwell.

2. A blow. [Prov. Eng., Scot., & Colloq. U. S.]

Wal"low (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wallowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wallowing.] [OE. walwen, AS. wealwian; akin to Goth. walwjan (in comp.) to roll, L. volvere; cf. Skr. val to turn. √147. Cf. Voluble Well, n.]

1. To roll one's self about, as in mire; to tumble and roll about; to move lazily or heavily in any medium; to flounder; as, swine wallow in the mire.

> I may wallow in the lily beds.

Shak.

2. To live in filth or gross vice; to disport one's self in a beastly and unworthy manner.

> God sees a man wallowing in his native impurity.

South.

3. To wither; to fade. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Wal"low, v. t. To roll; esp., to roll in anything defiling or unclean. "Wallow thyself in ashes." Jer. vi. 26.

Wal"low, n. A kind of rolling walk.

> One taught the toss, and one the new French wallow.

Dryden.

Wal"low*er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, wallows.

2. (Mach.) A lantern wheel; a trundle.

Wal"low*ish, a. [Scot. wallow to fade or wither.] Flat; insipid. [Obs.] Overbury.

Wall"-plat` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The spotted flycatcher. It builds its nest on walls. [Prov. Eng.]

Wall"-sid`ed (?), a. (Naut.) Having sides nearly perpendicular; — said of certain vessels to distinguish them from those having flaring sides, or sides tumbling home (see under Tumble, v. i.).

Wall"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) The dwarf elder, or danewort (Sambucus Ebulus).

Walm (?), v. i. [AS. weallan; cf. wælm, billow. √147.] To roll; to spout; to boil up. [Obs.] Holland.

Wal"nut (?), n. [OE. walnot, AS. wealh-hnutu a Welsh or foreign nut, a walnut; wealh foreign, strange, n., a Welshman, Celt (akin to OHG. Walh, properly, a Celt, from the name of a Celtic tribe, in L. Volcae) + hnutu a nut; akin to D. walnoot, G. walnuss, Icel. valhnot, Sw. valnöt, Dan valnöd. See Nut, and cf. Welsh.] (Bot.) The fruit or nut of any tree of the genus Juglans; also, the tree, and its timber. The seven or eight known species are all natives of the north temperate zone.

<! p. 1625 !>

In some parts of America, especially in New England, the name walnut is given to several species of hickory (Carya), and their fruit.

Ash-leaved walnut, a tree (Juglans fraxinifolia), native in Transcaucasia. — Black walnut, a North American tree (J. nigra) valuable for its purplish brown wood, which is extensively used in cabinetwork and for gunstocks. The nuts are thick-shelled, and nearly globular. — English, or European, walnut, a tree (J. regia), native of Asia from the Caucasus to Japan, valuable for its timber and for its excellent nuts, which are also called Madeira nuts. — Walnut brown, a deep warm brown color, like that of the heartwood of the black walnut. — Walnut oil, oil extracted from walnut meats. It is used in cooking, making soap, etc. — White walnut, a North American tree (J. cinerea), bearing long, oval, thick-shelled, oily nuts, commonly called butternuts. See Butternut.

Wal"rus (?), n. [D. walrus; of Scand. origin; cf. Dan valros, Sw. vallross, Norw. hvalros; literally, whale horse; akin to Icel. hrosshvalr, AS. horshwæl. See Whale, and Horse.] (Zoöl.) A very large marine mammal (Trichecus rosmarus) of the Seal family, native of the Arctic Ocean. The male has long and powerful tusks descending from the upper jaw. It uses these in procuring food and in fighting. It is hunted for its oil, ivory, and skin. It feeds largely on mollusks. Called also morse.

The walrus of the North Pacific and Behring Strait (Trichecus obesus) is regarded by some as a distinct species, by others as a variety of the common walrus.

Wal"ter (?), v. i. [See Welter.] To roll or wallow; to welter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Wal"tron (?), n. A walrus. [Obs.] Woodward.

Wal"ty (?), a. [Cf. Walter to roll.] Liable to roll over; crank; as, a walty ship. [R.] Longfellow.

Waltz (?), n. [G. walzer, from walzen to roll, revolve, dance, OHG. walzan to roll; akin to AS. wealtan. See Welter.] A dance performed by two persons in circular figures with a whirling motion; also, a piece of music composed in triple measure for this kind of dance.

Waltz, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waltzed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Waltzing.] To dance a waltz.

Waltz"er (?), n. A person who waltzes.

Wal"we (?), v. To wallow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wa"ly (?), interj. [Cf. Welaway.] An exclamation of grief. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Wam"ble (?), v. i. [Cf. Dan. vamle, and vammel squeamish, ready to vomit, Icel. væma to feel nausea, væminn nauseous.] 1. To heave; to be disturbed by nausea; — said of the stomach. L'Estrange.

2. To move irregularly to and fro; to roll.

Wam"ble, n. Disturbance of the stomach; a feeling of nausea. Holland.

Wam"ble-cropped` (?), a. Sick at the stomach; also, crestfallen; dejected. [Slang]

Wam"mel (?), v. i. To move irregularly or awkwardly; to wamble, or wabble. [Prov. Eng.]

Wamp (?), n. [From the North American Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The common American eider.

Wam*pee" (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A tree (Cookia punctata) of the Orange family, growing in China and the East Indies; also, its fruit, which is about the size of a large grape, and has a hard rind and a peculiar flavor. (b) The pickerel weed. [Southern U. S.]

Wam"pum (?), n. [North American Indian wampum, wompam, from the Mass. wómpi, Del. wpe, white.] Beads made of shells, used by the North American Indians as money, and also wrought into belts, etc., as an ornament.

> Round his waist his belt of wampum.

Longfellow.

> Girded with his wampum braid.

Whittier.

These beads were of two kinds, one white, and the other black or dark purple. The term wampum is properly applied only to the white; the dark purple ones are called suckanhock. See Seawan. "It [wampum] consisted of cylindrical pieces of the shells of testaceous fishes, a quarter of an inch long, and in diameter less than a pipestem, drilled . . . so as to be strung upon a thread. The beads of a white color, rated at half the value of the black or violet, passed each as the equivalent of a farthing in transactions between the natives and the planters." Palfrey.

Wan (?), obs. imp. of Win. Won. Chaucer.

Wan (&?;), a. [AS. wann, wonn, wan, won, dark, lurid, livid, perhaps originally, worn out by toil, from winnan to labor, strive. See Win.] Having a pale or sickly hue; languid of look; pale; pallid. "Sad to view, his visage pale and wan." Spenser.

> My color . . . [is] wan and of a leaden hue.

Chaucer.

> Why so pale and wan, fond lover?

Suckling.

> With the wan moon overhead.

Longfellow.

Wan, n. The quality of being wan; wanness. [R.]

> Tinged with wan from lack of sleep.

Tennyson.

Wan (?), v. i. To grow wan; to become pale or sickly in looks. "All his visage wanned." Shak.

> And ever he mutter'd and madden'd, and ever wann'd with despair.

Tennyson.

Wand (?), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. vöndr, akin to Dan. vaand, Goth. wandus; perhaps originally, a pliant twig, and akin to E. wind to turn.] 1. A small stick; a rod; a verge.

> With good smart blows of a wand on his back.

Locke.

2. Specifically: (a) A staff of authority.

> Though he had both spurs and wand, they seemed rather marks of sovereignty than instruments of punishment.

Sir P. Sidney.

(b) A rod used by conjurers, diviners, magicians, etc.

> Picus bore a buckler in his hand;
> His other waved a long divining wand.

Dryden.

Wand of peace (Scots Law), a wand, or staff, carried by the messenger of a court, which he breaks when deforced (that is, hindered from executing process), as a symbol of the deforcement, and protest for remedy of law. Burrill.

Wan"der (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wandered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wandering.] [OE. wandren, wandrien, AS. wandrian; akin to G. wandern to wander; fr. AS. windan to turn. See Wind to turn.]

1. To ramble here and there without any certain course or with no definite object in view; to range about; to stroll; to rove; as, to wander over the fields.

> They wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins.

Heb. xi. 37.

> He wandereth abroad for bread.

Job xv. 23.

2. To go away; to depart; to stray off; to deviate; to go astray; as, a writer wanders from his subject.

> When God caused me to wander from my father's house.

Gen. xx. 13.

> O, let me not wander from thy commandments.

Ps. cxix. 10.

3. To be delirious; not to be under the guidance of reason; to rave; as, the mind wanders.

Syn. — To roam; rove; range; stroll; gad; stray; straggly; err; swerve; deviate; depart.

Wan"der, v. t. To travel over without a certain course; to traverse; to stroll through. [R.] "[Elijah] wandered this barren waste." Milton.

Wan"der*er (?), n. One who wanders; a rambler; one who roves; hence, one who deviates from duty.

Wan"der*ing, a. & n. from Wander, v.

Wandering albatross (Zoöl.), the great white albatross. See Illust. of Albatross. — Wandering cell (Physiol.), an animal cell which possesses the power of spontaneous movement, as one of the white corpuscles of the blood. — Wandering Jew (Bot.), any one of several creeping species of Tradescantia, which have alternate, pointed leaves, and a soft, herbaceous stem which roots freely at the joints. They are commonly cultivated in hanging baskets, window boxes, etc. — Wandering kidney (Med.), a morbid condition in which one kidney, or, rarely, both kidneys, can be moved in certain directions; — called also floating kidney, movable kidney. — Wandering liver (Med.), a morbid condition of the liver, similar to wandering kidney. — Wandering mouse (Zoöl.), the whitefooted, or deer, mouse. See Illust. of Mouse. — Wandering spider (Zoöl.), any one of a tribe of spiders that wander about in search of their prey.

Wan"der*ing*ly, adv. In a wandering manner.

Wan"der*ment (?), n. The act of wandering, or roaming. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Wan`der*oo" (?), n. [Cingalese wanderu a monkey.] (Zoöl.) A large monkey (Macacus silenus) native of Malabar. It is black, or nearly so, but has a long white or gray beard encircling the face. Called also maha, silenus, neelbhunder, lion-tailed baboon, and great wanderoo. [Written also ouanderoo.]

The name is sometimes applied also to other allied species.

Wand"y (?), a. Long and flexible, like a wand. [Prov. Eng.] Brockett.

Wane (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Waning.] [OE. wanien, AS. wanian, wonian, from wan, won, deficient, wanting; akin to D. wan-, G. wahnsinn, insanity, OHG. wan, wana-, lacking, wan&?;n to lessen, Icel. vanr lacking, Goth. vans; cf. Gr. &?; bereaved, Skr. &?;na wanting, inferior. &?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. Want lack, and Wanton.]

1. To be diminished; to decrease; — contrasted with wax, and especially applied to the illuminated part of the moon.

> Like the moon, aye wax ye and wane.
> Waning moons their settled periods keep.

Addison.

2. To decline; to fail; to sink.

> You saw but sorrow in its waning form.

Dryden.

> Land and trade ever will wax and wane together.

Sir J. Child.

Wane, v. t. To cause to decrease. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Wane, n. 1. The decrease of the illuminated part of the moon to the eye of a spectator.

2. Decline; failure; diminution; decrease; declension.

> An age in which the church is in its wane.

South.

> Though the year be on the wane.

Keble.

3. An inequality in a board. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Wan"ey (?), n. A sharp or uneven edge on a board that is cut from a log not perfectly squared, or that is made in the process of squaring. See Wany, a.

Wang (?), n. [OE. wange, AS. wange, wonge, cheek, jaw; akin to D. wang, OS. & OHG. wanga, G. wange.]

1. The jaw, jawbone, or cheek bone. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> So work aye the wangs in his head.

Chaucer.

2. A slap; a blow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Wang tooth, a cheek tooth; a molar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wang (?), n. See Whang. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Wan"gan (?), n. [American Indian.] A boat for conveying provisions, tools, etc.; — so called by Maine lumbermen. [Written also wangun.] Bartlett.

Wang"er (?), n. [AS. wangere. See 1st Wang.] A pillow for the cheek; a pillow. [Obs. & R.]

> His bright helm was his wanger.

Chaucer.

Wang*hee" (?), n. [Chin. wang yellow + he&?; a root.] (Bot.) The Chinese name of one or two species of bamboo, or jointed cane, of the genus Phyllostachys. The slender stems are much used for walking sticks. [Written also whanghee.]

Wang"o (?), n. A boomerang.

Wan"hope` (?), n. [AS. wan, won, deficient, wanting + hopa hope: cf. D. wanhoop. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Wane, and Hope.] Want of hope; despair; also, faint or delusive hope; delusion. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. "Wanhope and distress." Chaucer.

Wan"horn` (?), n. [Corruption fr. Siamese wanhom.] (Bot.) An East Indian plant (Kæmpferia Galanga) of the Ginger family. See Galanga.

Wan"i*and (?), n. [See Wanion.] The wane of the moon. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Wan"ing (?), n. The act or process of waning, or decreasing.

> This earthly moon, the Church, hath fulls and wanings, and sometimes her eclipses.

Bp. Hall.

Wan"ion (?), n. [Probably for OE. waniand waning, p. pr. of wanien; hence, used of the waning of the moon, supposed to be an unlucky time. See Wane.] A word of uncertain signification, used only in the phrase with a wanion, apparently equivalent to with a vengeance, with a plague, or with misfortune. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Latimer.

Wan"kle (?), a. [AS. wancol.] Not to be depended on; weak; unstable. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Wan"ly (?), adv. In a wan, or pale, manner.

Wanned (?), a. Made wan, or pale.

Wan"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being wan; a sallow, dead, pale color; paleness; pallor; as, the wanness of the cheeks after a fever.

Wan"nish, a. Somewhat wan; of a pale hue.

> No sun, but a wannish glare,
> In fold upon fold of hueless cloud.

Tennyson.

Want (277), n. [Originally an adj., from Icel. vant, neuter of vanr lacking, deficient. √139. See Wane, v. i.]

1. The state of not having; the condition of being without anything; absence or scarcity of what is needed or desired; deficiency; lack; as, a want of power or knowledge for any purpose; want of food and clothing.

> And me, his parent, would full soon devour
> For want of other prey.

Milton.

> From having wishes in consequence of our wants, we often feel wants in consequence of our wishes.

Rambler.

> Pride is as loud a beggar as want, and more saucy.

Franklin.

2. Specifically, absence or lack of necessaries; destitution; poverty; penury; indigence; need.

> Nothing is so hard for those who abound in riches, as to conceive how others can be in want.

Swift.

3. That which is needed or desired; a thing of which the loss is felt; what is not possessed, and is necessary for use or pleasure.

> Habitual superfluities become actual wants.

Paley.

4. (Mining) A depression in coal strata, hollowed out before the subsequent deposition took place. [Eng.]

Syn. — Indigence; deficiency; defect; destitution; lack; failure; dearth; scarceness.

Want, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Wanting.]

1. To be without; to be destitute of, or deficient in; not to have; to lack; as, to want knowledge; to want judgment; to want learning; to want food and clothing.

> They that want honesty, want anything.

Beau. & Fl.

> Nor think, though men were none,
> That heaven would want spectators, God want praise.

Milton.

> The unhappy never want enemies.

Richardson.

2. To have occasion for, as useful, proper, or requisite; to require; to need; as, in winter we want a fire; in summer we want cooling breezes.

3. To feel need of; to wish or long for; to desire; to crave. " What wants my son?" Addison.

> I want to speak to you about something.

A. Trollope.

Want, v. i. [Icel. vanta to be wanting. See Want to lack.]

1. To be absent; to be deficient or lacking; to fail; not to be sufficient; to fall or come short; to lack; — often used impersonally with of; as, it wants ten minutes of four.

> The disposition, the manners, and the thoughts are all before it; where any of those are wanting or imperfect, so much wants or is imperfect in the imitation of human life.

Dryden.

2. To be in a state of destitution; to be needy; to lack.

> You have a gift, sir (thank your education),
> Will never let you want.

B. Jonson.

> For as in bodies, thus in souls, we find
> What wants in blood and spirits, swelled with wind.

Pope.

Want was formerly used impersonally with an indirect object. "Him wanted audience." Chaucer.

Wa'n't (?). A colloquial contraction of was not.

Want"age (?), n. That which is wanting; deficiency.

Want"ing, a. Absent; lacking; missing; also, deficient; destitute; needy; as, one of the twelve is wanting; I shall not be wanting in exertion.

<! p. 1626 !>

Want"less (?), a. Having no want; abundant; fruitful.

Wan"ton (?), a. [OE. wantoun, contr. from wantowen; pref. wan- wanting (see Wane, v. i.), hence expressing negation + towen, p. p., AS. togen, p. p. of teón to draw, to educate, bring up; hence, properly, ill bred. See Tug, v. t.]

1. Untrained; undisciplined; unrestrained; hence, loose; free; luxuriant; roving; sportive. "In woods and wanton wilderness." Spenser. "A wild and wanton herd." Shak.

> A wanton and a merry [friar].

Chaucer.

> [She] her unadorned golden tresses wore
> Disheveled, but in wanton ringlets waved.

Milton.

> How does your tongue grow wanton in her praise!

Addison.

2. Wandering from moral rectitude; perverse; dissolute. "Men grown wanton by prosperity." Roscommon.

3. Specifically: Deviating from the rules of chastity; lewd; lustful; lascivious; libidinous; lecherous.

> Not with wanton looking of folly.

Chaucer.

> [Thou art] froward by nature, enemy to peace,
> Lascivious, wanton.

Shak.

4. Reckless; heedless; as, wanton mischief.

Wan"ton, n. 1. A roving, frolicsome thing; a trifler; — used rarely as a term of endearment.

> I am afeard you make a wanton of me.

Shak.

> Peace, my wantons; he will do
> More than you can aim unto.

B. Jonson.

2. One brought up without restraint; a pampered pet.

> Anything, sir,
> That's dry and wholesome; I am no bred wanton.

Beau. & Fl.

3. A lewd person; a lascivious man or woman.

Wan"ton, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wantoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wantoning.]

1. To rove and ramble without restraint, rule, or limit; to revel; to play loosely; to frolic.

> Nature here wantoned as in her prime.

Milton.

> How merrily we would sally into the fields, and strip under the first warmth of the sun, and wanton like young dace in the streams!

Lamb.

2. To sport in lewdness; to play the wanton; to play lasciviously.

Wan"ton, v. t. To cause to become wanton; also, to waste in wantonness. [Obs.]

Wan"ton*ize (?), v. i. To behave wantonly; to frolic; to wanton. [R.] Lamb.

Wan"ton*ly, adv. 1. In a wanton manner; without regularity or restraint; loosely; sportively; gayly; playfully; recklessly; lasciviously.

2. Unintentionally; accidentally. [Obs.] J. Dee.

Wan"ton*ness, n. The quality or state of being wanton; negligence of restraint; sportiveness; recklessness; lasciviousness. Gower.

> The tumults threatened to abuse all acts of grace, and turn them into wantonness.

Eikon Basilike.

> Young gentlemen would be as sad as night
> Only for wantonness.

Shak.

Wan"trust` (?), n. [Pref. wan- as in wanton + trust.] Failing or diminishing trust; want of trust or confidence; distrust. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Want"wit` (?), n. One destitute of wit or sense; a blockhead; a fool. [Obs.] Shak.

Wan"ty (?), n. [For womb tie, that is, belly&?;and. See Womb, and Tie.] A surcingle, or strap of leather, used for binding a load upon the back of a beast; also, a leather tie; a short wagon rope. [Prov. Eng.]

Wan"y (?), v. i. To wane. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wan"y, a. 1. Waning or diminished in some parts; not of uniform size throughout; — said especially of sawed boards or timber when tapering or uneven, from being cut too near the outside of the log.

2. Spoiled by wet; — said of timber. Halliwell.

Wanze, v. i. To wane; to wither. [Obs.]

Wap (?), v. t. & i. [See Whap.] To beat; to whap. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Sir T. Malory.

Wap, n. A blow or beating; a whap. [Prov. Eng.]

Wap"a*cut (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American hawk owl. See under Hawk.

Wap"a*too` (?), n. (Bot.) The edible tuber of a species of arrowhead (Sagittaria variabilis); — so called by the Indians of Oregon. [Written also wappato.]

Waped (?), a. [Prov. E. wape pale, v., to stupefy, akin to wap to beat. Cf. Whap, and Wappened.] Cast down; crushed by misery; dejected. [Obs.]

Wap"en*take (?; 277), n. [AS. w&?;penge&?;&?;c, w&?;pentc, from Icel. vpnatk, literally, a weapon taking or weapon touching, hence an expression of assent ("si displicuit sententia fremitu aspernantur; sin placuit frameas concutiunt." Tacitus, "Germania," xi.). See Weapon, and Take. This name had its origin in a custom of touching lances or spears when the hundreder, or chief, entered on his office. "Cum quis accipiebat præfecturam wapentachii, die statuto in loco ubi consueverant congregari, omnes majores natu contra eum conveniebant, et descendente eo de equo suo, omnes assurgebant ei. Ipse vero, erecta lancea sua, ab omnibus secundum morem fœdus accipiebat; omnes enim quot-quot venissent cum lanceis suis ipsius hastam tangebant, et ita se confirmabant per contactum armorum, pace palam concessa. Wæpnu enim arma sonat; tac, tactus est — hac de causa totus ille conventus dicitur Wapentac, eo quod per tactum armorum suorum ad invicem confœderati sunt." L L. Edward Confessor, 33. D. Wilkins.] In some northern counties of England, a division, or district, answering to the hundred in other counties. Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and Nottinghamshire are divided into wapentakes, instead of hundreds. [Written also wapentac.] Selden. Blackstone.

Wap"in*schaw (?), n. [Scot. See Weapon, and Show.] An exhibition of arms. according to the rank of the individual, by all persons bearing arms; — formerly made at certain seasons in each district. [Scot.] Jamieson. Sir W. Scott.

Wap"i*ti (?), n. [Probably the Iroquois name. Bartlett.] (Zoöl.) The American elk (Cervus Canadensis). It is closely related to the European red deer, which it somewhat exceeds in size.

By some writers it is thought to be a variety of the red deer, but it is considered a distinct species by others. It is noted for the large, branching antlers of the male.

Wapp (?), n. [CF. Prov. E. wap to wrap up.] (Naut.) (a) A fair-leader. (b) A rope with wall knots in it with which the shrouds are set taut.

Wap"pa*to (?), n. (Bot.) See Wapatoo.

Wap"pened (?), a. [Cf. Waped, Wapper.] A word of doubtful meaning used once by Shakespeare.

> This [gold] is it

> That makes the wappen'd widow wed again.

It is conjectured by some that it is an error for wappered, meaning tremulous or exhausted.

Wap"per (?), v. t. & i. [freq. of wap, v.; cf. dial. G. wappern, wippern, to move up and down, to rock.] To cause to shake; to tremble; to move tremulously, as from weakness; to totter. [Obs.]

Wap"per (?), n. (Zoöl.) A gudgeon. [Prov. Eng.]

Wap"pet (?), n. A small yelping cur. [Prov. Eng.]

Wap"ping (?), n. Yelping. [R.] Fuller.

War (?), a. Ware; aware. [Obs.] Chaucer.

War (?), n. [OE. & AS. werre; akin to OHG. werra scandal, quarrel, sedition, werran to confound, mix, D. warren, G. wirren, verwirren, to embroil, confound, disturb, and perhaps to E. worse; cf. OF. werre war, F. querre, of Teutonic origin. Cf. Guerrilla, Warrior.]

1. A contest between nations or states, carried on by force, whether for defence, for revenging insults and redressing wrongs, for the extension of commerce, for the acquisition of territory, for obtaining and establishing the superiority and dominion of one over the other, or for any other purpose; armed conflict of sovereign powers; declared and open hostilities.

> Men will ever distinguish war from mere bloodshed.

F. W. Robertson.

As war is the contest of nations or states, it always implies that such contest is authorized by the monarch or the sovereign power of the nation. A war begun by attacking another nation, is called an offensive war, and such attack is aggressive. War undertaken to repel invasion, or the attacks of an enemy, is called defensive.

2. (Law) A condition of belligerency to be maintained by physical force. In this sense, levying war against the sovereign authority is treason.

3. Instruments of war. [Poetic]

> His complement of stores, and total war.

Prior.

4. Forces; army. [Poetic]

> On their embattled ranks the waves return,
> And overwhelm their war.

Milton.

5. The profession of arms; the art of war.

> Thou art but a youth, and he is a man of war from his youth.

1 Sam. xvii. 33.

6. a state of opposition or contest; an act of opposition; an inimical contest, act, or action; enmity; hostility. "Raised impious war in heaven." Milton.

> The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, but war was in his heart.

Ps. lv. 21.

Civil war, a war between different sections or parties of the same country or nation. — Holy war. See under Holy. — Man of war. (Naut.) See in the Vocabulary. — Public war, a war between independent sovereign states. — War cry, a cry or signal used in war; as, the Indian war cry. — War dance, a dance among savages preliminary to going to war. Among the North American Indians, it is begun by some distinguished chief, and whoever joins in it thereby enlists as one of the party engaged in a warlike excursion. Schoolcraft. — War field, a field of war or battle. — War horse, a horse used in war; the horse of a cavalry soldier; especially, a strong, powerful, spirited horse for military service; a charger. — War paint, paint put on the face and other parts of the body by savages, as a token of going to war. "Wash the war paint from your faces." Longfellow. — War song, a song of or pertaining to war; especially, among the American Indians, a song at the war dance, full of incitements to military ardor. — War whoop, a war cry, especially that uttered by the American Indians.

War, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Warred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Warring.] 1. To make war; to invade or attack a state or nation with force of arms; to carry on hostilities; to be in a state by violence.

> Rezin the king of Syria, and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel, went up toward Jerusalem to war against it.

Isa. vii. 1.

> Why should I war without the walls of Troy?

Shak.

> Our countrymen were warring on that day!

Byron.

2. To contend; to strive violently; to fight. "Lusts which war against the soul." 1 Pet. ii. 11.

War (?), v. t. 1. To make war upon; to fight. [R.]

> To war the Scot, and borders to defend.

Daniel.

2. To carry on, as a contest; to wage. [R.]

> That thou . . . mightest war a good warfare.

Tim. i. 18.

War"-beat`en (?), a. Warworn.

War"ble (?), n. [Cf. Wormil.]

1. (Far.) (a) A small, hard tumor which is produced on the back of a horse by the heat or pressure of the saddle in traveling. (b) A small tumor produced by the larvæ of the gadfly in the backs of horses, cattle, etc. Called also warblet, warbeetle, warnles.

2. (Zoöl.) See Wormil.

War"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Warbling (?).] [OE. werbelen, OF. werbler; of Teutonic origin; cf. G. wirbeln to turn, to warble, D. wervelen, akin to E. whirl. See Whirl.]

1. To sing in a trilling, quavering, or vibratory manner; to modulate with turns or variations; to trill; as, certain birds are remarkable for warbling their songs.

2. To utter musically; to modulate; to carol.

> If she be right invoked in warbled song.

Milton.

> Warbling sweet the nuptial lay.

Trumbull.

3. To cause to quaver or vibrate. "And touch the warbled string." Milton.

War"ble, v. i. 1. To be quavered or modulated; to be uttered melodiously.

> Such strains ne'er warble in the linnet's throat.

Gay.

3. To sing in a trilling manner, or with many turns and variations. "Birds on the branches warbling." Milton.

3. To sing with sudden changes from chest to head tones; to yodel.

War"ble, n. A quavering modulation of the voice; a musical trill; a song.

> And he, the wondrous child,
> Whose silver warble wild
> Outvalued every pulsing sound.

Emerson.

War"bler (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, warbles; a singer; a songster; — applied chiefly to birds.

> In lulling strains the feathered warblers woo.

Tickell.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small Old World singing birds belonging to the family Sylviidæ, many of which are noted songsters. The bluethroat, blackcap, reed warbler (see under Reed), and sedge warbler (see under Sedge) are well-known species.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small, often bright colored, American singing birds of the family or subfamily Mniotiltidæ, or Sylvicolinæ. They are allied to the Old World warblers, but most of them are not particularly musical.

The American warblers are often divided, according to their habits, into bush warblers, creeping warblers, fly- catching warblers, ground warblers, wood warblers, wormeating warblers, etc.

Bush warbler (Zoöl.) any American warbler of the genus Opornis, as the Connecticut warbler (O. agilis). — Creeping warbler (Zoöl.), any one of several species of very small American warblers belonging to Parula, Mniotilta, and allied genera, as the blue yellow-backed warbler (Parula Americana), and the black- and-white creeper (Mniotilta varia). — Fly-catching warbler (Zoöl.), any one of several species of warblers belonging to Setophaga, Sylvania, and allied genera having the bill hooked and notched at the tip, with strong rictal bristles at the base, as the hooded warbler (Sylvania mitrata), the black- capped warbler (S. pusilla), the Canadian warbler (S. Canadensis), and the American redstart (see Redstart). — Ground warbler (Zoöl.), any American warbler of the genus Geothlypis, as the mourning ground warbler (G. Philadelphia), and the Maryland yellowthroat (see Yellowthroat). — Wood warbler (Zoöl.), any one of numerous American warblers of the genus Dendroica. Among the most common wood warblers in the Eastern States are the yellowbird, or yellow warbler (see under Yellow), the black- throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), the yellow-rumped warbler (D. coronata), the blackpoll (D. striata), the bay-breasted warbler (D. castanea), the chestnut-sided warbler (D. Pennsylvanica), the Cape May warbler (D. tigrina), the prairie warbler (see under Prairie), and the pine warbler (D. pinus). See also Magnolia warbler, under Magnolia, and Blackburnian warbler.

War"bling*ly, adv. In a warbling manner.

War"burg's tinc"ture (?). (Pharm.) A preparation containing quinine and many other ingredients, often used in the treatment of malarial affections. It was invented by Dr. Warburg of London.

{ -ward (wrd), -wards (wrdz) }. [AS. -weard, -weardes; akin to OS. & OFries. -ward. OHG. -wert, G. -wärts, Icel. -verðr, Goth. - vaírþs, L. vertere to turn, versus toward, and E. worth to become. √143. See Worth. v. i., and cf. Verse. Adverbs ending in -wards (AS. -weardes) and some other adverbs, such as besides, betimes, since (OE. sithens). etc., were originally genitive forms used adverbially.] Suffixes denoting course or direction to; motion or tendency toward; as in backward, or backwards; toward, or towards, etc.

Ward (?), n. [AS. weard, fem., guard, weard, masc., keeper, guard; akin to OS. ward a watcher, warden, G. wart, OHG. wart, Icel. vörðr a warden, a watch, Goth. -wards in daúrawards a doorkeeper, and E. wary; cf. OF. warde guard, from the German. See Ware, a., Wary, and cf. Guard, Wraith.] 1. The act of guarding; watch; guard; guardianship; specifically, a guarding during the day. See the Note under Watch, n., 1.

> Still, when she slept, he kept both watch and ward.

Spenser.

2. One who, or that which, guards; garrison; defender; protector; means of guarding; defense; protection.

> For the best ward of mine honor.

Shak.

> The assieged castle's ward
> Their steadfast stands did mightily maintain.

Spenser.

> For want of other ward,
> He lifted up his hand, his front to guard.

Dryden.

3. The state of being under guard or guardianship; confinement under guard; the condition of a child under a guardian; custody.

> And he put them in ward in the house of the captain of the guard.

Gen. xl. 3.

> I must attend his majesty's command, to whom I am now in ward.

Shak.

> It is also inconvenient, in Ireland, that the wards and marriages of gentlemen's children should be in the disposal of any of those lords.

Spenser.

4. A guarding or defensive motion or position, as in fencing; guard. "Thou knowest my old ward; here I lay, and thus I bore my point." Shak.

5. One who, or that which, is guarded. Specifically: —

(a) A minor or person under the care of a guardian; as, a ward in chancery. "You know our father's ward, the fair Monimia." Otway.

(b) A division of a county. [Eng. & Scot.]

(c) A division, district, or quarter of a town or city.

> Throughout the trembling city placed a guard,
> Dealing an equal share to every ward.

Dryden.

(d) A division of a forest. [Eng.]

(e) A division of a hospital; as, a fever ward.

6. (a) A projecting ridge of metal in the interior of a lock, to prevent the use of any key which has not a corresponding notch for passing it. (b) A notch or slit in a key corresponding to a ridge in the lock which it fits; a ward notch. Knight.

> The lock is made . . . more secure by attaching wards to the front, as well as to the back, plate of the lock, in which case the key must be furnished with corresponding notches.

Tomlinson.

<! p. 1627 !>

Ward penny (O. Eng. Law), money paid to the sheriff or castellan for watching and warding a castle. — Ward staff, a constable's or watchman's staff. [Obs.]

Ward (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warded; p. pr. & vb. n. Warding.] [OE. wardien, AS. weardian to keep, protect; akin to OS. ward&?;n to watch, take care, OFries. wardia, OHG. wart&?;n, G. warten to wait, wait on, attend to, Icel. var&?;a to guarantee defend, Sw. vårda to guard, to watch; cf. OF. warder, of German origin. See Ward, n., and cf. Award, Guard, Reward.]

1. To keep in safety; to watch; to guard; formerly, in a specific sense, to guard during the day time.

> Whose gates he found fast shut, no living wight
> To ward the same.

Spenser.

2. To defend; to protect.

> Tell him it was a hand that warded him
> From thousand dangers.

Shak.

3. To defend by walls, fortifications, etc. [Obs.]

4. To fend off; to repel; to turn aside, as anything mischievous that approaches; — usually followed by off.

> Now wards a felling blow, now strikes again.

Daniel.

> The pointed javelin warded off his rage.

Addison.

> It instructs the scholar in the various methods of warding off the force of objections.

I. Watts.

Ward, v. i. 1. To be vigilant; to keep guard.

2. To act on the defensive with a weapon.

> She redoubling her blows drove the stranger to no other shift than to ward and go back.

Sir P. Sidney.

Ward"-corn` (?), n. [Ward + F. corne horn, L. cornu.] (O. Eng. Law) The duty of keeping watch and ward (see the Note under Watch, n., 1) with a horn to be blown upon any occasion of surprise. Burrill.

Ward"corps` (?), n. [Wars + corps.] Guardian; one set to watch over another. [Obs.] "Though thou preyedest Argus . . . to be my wardcorps." Chaucer.

Ward"en (?), n. [OE. wardein, OF. wardein, gardein, gardain, F. gardien. See Guardian, and Ward guard.]

1. A keeper; a guardian; a watchman.

> He called to the warden on the . . . battlements.

Sir. W. Scott.

2. An officer who keeps or guards; a keeper; as, the warden of a prison.

3. A head official; as, the warden of a college; specifically (Eccl.), a churchwarden.

4. [Properly, a keeping pear.] A large, hard pear, chiefly used for baking and roasting. [Obs.]

> I would have had him roasted like a warden.

Beau. & Fl.

Warden pie, a pie made of warden pears. [Obs.] Shak.

{ Ward"en*ry (?), Ward"en*ship, } n. The office or jurisdiction of a warden.

Ward"er (?), n. 1. One who wards or keeps; a keeper; a guard. "The warders of the gate." Dryden.

2. A truncheon or staff carried by a king or a commander in chief, and used in signaling his will.

> When, lo! the king suddenly changed his mind,
> Casts down his warder to arrest them there.

Daniel.

> Wafting his warder thrice about his head,
> He cast it up with his auspicious hand,
> Which was the signal, through the English spread,
> This they should charge.

Drayton.

Ward"i*an (?), a. Designating, or pertaining to, a kind of glass inclosure for keeping ferns, mosses, etc., or for transporting growing plants from a distance; as, a Wardian case of plants; — so named from the inventor, Nathaniel B. Ward, an Englishman.

Ward"mote` (?), n. Anciently, a meeting of the inhabitants of a ward; also, a court formerly held in each ward of London for trying defaults in matters relating to the watch, police, and the like. Brande & C. "Wards and wardmotes." Piers Plowman.

Ward"robe` (?), n. [OE. warderobe, OF. warderobe, F. garderobe; of German origin. See Ward, v. t., and Robe.]

1. A room or apartment where clothes are kept, or wearing apparel is stored; a portable closet for hanging up clothes.

2. Wearing apparel, in general; articles of dress or personal decoration.

> Flowers that their gay wardrobe wear.

Milton.

> With a pair of saddlebags containing his wardrobe.

T. Hughes.

3. A privy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ward"room` (?), n. 1. (Naut.) A room occupied as a messroom by the commissioned officers of a war vessel. See Gunroom. Totten.

2. A room used by the citizens of a city ward, for meetings, political caucuses, elections, etc. [U. S.]

-wards (?). See -ward.

Ward"ship (?), n. 1. The office of a ward or keeper; care and protection of a ward; guardianship; right of guardianship.

> Wardship is incident to tenure in socage.

Blackstone.

2. The state of begin under a guardian; pupilage.

> It was the wisest act . . . in my wardship.

B. Jonson.

Wards"man (?), n.; pl. Wardsmen (&?;). A man who keeps ward; a guard. [R.] Sydney Smith.

Ware (?), obs. imp. of Wear. Wore.

Ware, v. t. (Naut.) To wear, or veer. See Wear.

Ware, n. [AS. wr.] (Bot.) Seaweed. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Ware goose (Zoöl.), the brant; — so called because it feeds on ware, or seaweed. [Prov. Eng.]

Ware, n. [OE. ware, AS. waru; akin to D. waar, G. waare, Icel. & Sw. vara, Dan. vare; and probably to E. worth, a. See Worth, a.] Articles of merchandise; the sum of articles of a particular kind or class; style or class of manufactures; especially, in the plural, goods; commodities; merchandise. "Retails his wares at wakes." Shak. "To chaffer with them and eke to sell them their ware." Chaucer.

> It the people of the land bring ware or any victuals on the Sabbath day to sell, that we would not buy it of them on the Sabbath, or on the holy day.

Neh. x. 31.

Although originally and properly a collective noun, it admits of a plural form, when articles of merchandise of different kinds are meant. It is often used in composition; as in hardware, glassware, tinware, etc.

Ware, a. [OE. war, AS. wær. √142. See Wary.] A ware; taking notice; hence, wary; cautious; on one's guard. See Beware. [Obs.]

> She was ware and knew it bet [better] than he.

Chaucer.

> Of whom be thou ware also.

2. Tim. iv. 15.

> He is ware enough; he is wily and circumspect for stirring up any sedition.

Latimer.

> The only good that grows of passed fear
> Is to be wise, and ware of like again.

Spenser.

Ware, n. [AS. waru caution.] The state of being ware or aware; heed. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Ware, v. t. [As. warian.] To make ware; to warn; to take heed of; to beware of; to guard against. "Ware that I say." Chaucer.

> God . . . ware you for the sin of avarice.

Chaucer.

> Then ware a rising tempest on the main.

Dryden.

Ware"ful (?), a. Wary; watchful; cautious. [Obs.]

Ware"ful*ness, n. Wariness; cautiousness. [Obs.] "Full of warefulness." Sir P. Sidney.

Wa*re"ga fly` (?). (Zoöl.) A Brazilian fly whose larvæ live in the skin of man and animals, producing painful sores.

Ware"house` (?), n.; pl. Warehouses (&?;). A storehouse for wares, or goods. Addison.

Ware"house` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warehoused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Warehousing.]

1. To deposit or secure in a warehouse.

2. To place in the warehouse of the government or customhouse stores, to be kept until duties are paid.

Ware"house`man (?), n.; pl. Warehousemen (&?;). 1. One who keeps a warehouse; the owner or keeper of a dock warehouse or wharf store.

2. One who keeps a wholesale shop or store for Manchester or woolen goods. [Eng.]

Warehouseman's itch (Med.), a form of eczema occurring on the back of the hands of warehousemen.

Ware"hous`ing (?), n. The act of placing goods in a warehouse, or in a customhouse store.

Warehousing system, an arrangement for lodging imported articles in the customhouse stores, without payment of duties until they are taken out for home consumption. If reëxported, they are not charged with a duty. See Bonded warehouse, under Bonded, a.

Ware"less (?), a. [See Ware, n.] Unwary; incautious; unheeding; careless; unaware. [Obs.]

> And wareless of the evil
> That by themselves unto themselves is wrought.

Spenser.

Ware"ly, adv. Cautiously; warily. [Obs.]

> They bound him hand and foot with iron chains,
> And with continual watch did warely keep.

Spenser.

War"ence (?), n. [OF. warance. F. garance, LL. warentia, garantia.] (Bot.) Madder.

Ware"room` (?), n. A room in which goods are stored or exhibited for sale.

Wares (?), n. pl. See 4th Ware.

War"fare` (?), n. [War + OE. fare a journey, a passage, course, AS. faru. See Fare, n.]

1. Military service; military life; contest carried on by enemies; hostilities; war.

> The Philistines gathered their armies together for warfare, to fight with Israel.

I Sam. xxviii. 1.

> This day from battle rest;
> Faithful hath been your warfare.

Milton.

2. Contest; struggle.

> The weapons of our warfare are not carnal.

2 Cor. x. 4.

War"fare`, v. i. To lead a military life; to carry on continual wars. Camden.

War"far`er (?), n. One engaged in warfare; a military man; a soldier; a warrior.

War"ha`ble (?), a. [War + hable.] Fit for war. [Obs.] "Warhable youth." Spenser.

War`i*an"gle (?), n. [OE. wariangel, weryangle; cf. AS. wearg outlaw, criminal, OHG, warg, warch, Goth. wargs (in comp.), G. würgengel, i. e., destroying angel, destroyer, killer, and E. worry.] (Zoöl.) The red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio); — called also würger, worrier, and throttler. [Written also warriangle, weirangle, etc.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Wa"ri*ly (?), adv. In a wary manner.

Wa"ri*ment (?), n. Wariness. [Obs.] Spenser.

War"ine (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South American monkey, one of the sapajous.

Wa"ri*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being wary; care to foresee and guard against evil; cautiousness. "An almost reptile wariness." G. W. Cable.

> To determine what are little things in religion, great wariness is to be used.

Sprat.

Syn. — Caution; watchfulness; circumspection; foresight; care; vigilance; scrupulousness.

War"ish (?), v. t. [OF. warir to protect, heal, cure, F. guéri&?; to cure; of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. werian, weren, to protect, to hinder. See Garret.] To protect from the effects of; hence, to cure; to heal. [Obs.]

> My brother shall be warished hastily.

Chaucer.

> Varro testifies that even at this day there be some who warish and cure the stinging of serpents with their spittle.

Holland.

War"ish, v. i. To be cured; to recover. [Obs.]

> Your daughter . . . shall warish and escape.

Chaucer.

War"i*son (?), n. [OF. warison safety, supplies, cure, F. guérison cure. See Warish, v. t.]

1. Preparation; protection; provision; supply. [Obs.]

2. Reward; requital; guerdon. [Obs. or Scot.]

> Wit and wisdom is good warysoun.

Proverbs of Hending.

Wark (?), n. [See Work.] Work; a building. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser.

Wark"loom (?), n. A tool; an implement. [Scot.]

War"like` (?), a. 1. Fit for war; disposed for war; as, a warlike state; a warlike disposition.

> Old Siward, with ten thousand warlike men.

Shak.

2. Belonging or relating to war; military; martial.

> The great archangel from his warlike toil Surceased.

Milton.

Syn. — Martial; hostile; soldierly. See Martial.

War"like`ness, n. Quality of being warlike.

War"ling (?), n. One often quarreled with; — &?; word coined, perhaps, to rhyme with darling. [Obs.]

> Better be an old man's darling than a young man's warling.

Camde&?;.

War"lock (?), n. [OE. warloghe a deceiver, a name or the Devil, AS. w&?;rloga a belier or breaker of his agreement, word, or pledge; w&?;r covenant, troth (aki&?; to L. verus true; see Very) + loga a liar (in comp.), leógan to lie. See 3d Lie.] A male witch; a wizard; a sprite; an imp. [Written also warluck.] Dryden.

> It was Eyvind Kallda's crew
> Of warlocks blue,
> With their caps of darkness hooded!

Longfellow.

War"lock, a. Of or pertaining to a warlock or warlock; impish. [R.]

> Thou shalt win the warlock fight.

J. R. Drak&?;.

War"lock*ry (?), n. Impishness; magic.

War"ly (?), a. Warlike. Burns.

Warm (?), a. [Compar. Warmer; superl. Warmest.] [AS. wearm; akin to OS., OFries., D., & G. warm, Icel. varmr, Sw. & Dan. varm, Goth. warmjan to warm; probably akin to Lith. virti to cook, boil; or perhaps to Skr. gharma heat, OL. formus warm. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;.]

1. Having heat in a moderate degree; not cold as, warm milk. "Whose blood is warm within." Shak.

> Warm and still is the summer night.

Longfellow.

2. Having a sensation of heat, esp. of gentle heat; glowing.

3. Subject to heat; having prevalence of heat, or little or no cold weather; as, the warm climate of Egypt.

4. Fig.: Not cool, indifferent, lukewarm, or the like, in spirit or temper; zealous; ardent; fervent; excited; sprightly; irritable; excitable.

> Mirth, and youth, and warm desire!

Milton.

> Each warm wish springs mutual from the heart.

Pope.

> They say he's warm man and does not care to be mad&?; mouths at.

Addison.

> I had been none of the warmest of partisans.

Hawthor&?;&?;.

5. Violent; vehement; furious; excited; passionate; as, a warm contest; a warm debate.

> Welcome, daylight; we shall have warm work on't.

Dryden.

6. Being well off as to property, or in good circumstances; forehanded; rich. [Colloq.]

> Warm householders, every one of them.

W. Irving.

> You shall have a draft upon him, payable at sight: and let me tell you he as warm a man as any within five miles round him.

Goldsmith.

7. In children's games, being near the object sought for; hence, being close to the discovery of some person, thing, or fact concealed. [Colloq.]

> Here, indeed, young Mr. Dowse was getting "warm," &?;&?; children say at blindman's buff.

Black.

8. (Paint.) Having yellow or red for a basis, or in their composition; — said of colors, and opposed to cold which is of blue and its compounds.

Syn. — Ardent; zealous; fervent; glowing; enthusiastic; cordial; keen; violent; furious; hot.

Warm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warmed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Warming.] [AS. wearmian. See Warm, a.]

1. To communicate a moderate degree of heat to; to render warm; to supply or furnish heat to; as, a stove warms an apartment.

> Then shall it [an ash tree] be for a man to burn; for he will take thereof and warm himself.

Isa. xliv 15

> Enough to warm, but not enough to burn.

Longfellow.

2. To make engaged or earnest; to interest; to engage; to excite ardor or zeal; to enliven.

> I formerly warmed my head with reading controversial writings.

Pope.

> Bright hopes, that erst bosom warmed.

Keble.

<! p. 1628 !>

Warm (?), v. i. [AS. wearmian.]

1. To become warm, or moderately heated; as, the earth soon warms in a clear day summer.

> There shall not be a coal to warm at.

Isa. xlvii. 14.

2. To become ardent or animated; as, the speake&?; warms as he proceeds.

Warm, n. The act of warming, or the state of being warmed; a warming; a heating. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Warm"-blood`ed (?), a. (Physiol.) Having warm blood; — applied especially to those animals, as birds and mammals, which have warm blood, or, more properly, the power of maintaining a nearly uniform temperature whatever the temperature of the surrounding air. See Homoiothermal.

Warm"er (?), n. One who, or that which, warms.

Warm"ful (?), a. Abounding in capacity to warm; giving warmth; as, a warmful garment. [R.] Chapman.

Warm"-heart`ed (?), a. Having strong affection; cordial; sincere; hearty; sympathetic. — Warm"- heart`ed*ness, n.

Warm"ing, a. & n. from Warm, v.

Warming pan, a long-handled covered pan into which live coals are put, — used for warming beds. Shak.

Warm"ly, adv. In a warm manner; ardently.

Warm"ness, n. Warmth. Chaucer.

War"mon`ger (?), n. One who makes ar a trade or business; a mercenary. [R.] Spenser.

War"mouth (?), n. (Zoöl.) An American freshwater bream, or sunfish (Chænobryttus gulosus); — called also red-eyed bream.

Warmth (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being warm; gentle heat; as, the warmth of the sun; the warmth of the blood; vital warmth.

> Here kindly warmth their mounting juice ferments.

Addison.

2. A state of lively and excited interest; zeal; ardor; fervor; passion; enthusiasm; earnestness; as, the warmth of love or piety; he replied with much warmth. "Spiritual warmth, and holy fires." Jer. Taylor.

> That warmth . . . which agrees with Christian zeal.

Sprat.

3. (Paint.) The glowing effect which arises from the use of warm colors; hence, any similar appearance or effect in a painting, or work of color.

Syn. — Zeal; ardor; fervor; fervency; heat; glow; earnestness; cordiality; animation; eagerness; excitement; vehemence.

Warmth"less, a. Being without warmth; not communicating warmth; cold. [R.] Coleridge.

Warn (wrn), v. t. [OE. wernen, AS. weornan, wyrnan. Cf. Warn to admonish.] To refuse. [Written also wern, worn.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Warn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Warning.] [OE. warnen, warnien, AS. warnian, wearnian, to take heed, to warn; akin to AS. wearn denial, refusal, OS. warning, wernian, to refuse, OHG. warnen, G. warnen to warn, OFries. warna, werna, Icel. varna to refuse; and probably to E. wary. &?;&?;&?;&?;.]

1. To make ware or aware; to give previous information to; to give notice to; to notify; to admonish; hence, to notify or summon by authority; as, to warn a town meeting; to warn a tenant to quit a house. "Warned of the ensuing fight." Dryden.

> Cornelius the centurion . . . was warned from God by an holy angel to send for thee.

Acts x. 22.

> Who is it that hath warned us to the walls?

Shak.

2. To give notice to, of approaching or probable danger or evil; to caution against anything that may prove injurious. "Juturna warns the Daunian chief of Lausus' danger, urging swift relief." Dryden.

3. To ward off. [Obs.] Spenser.

Warn"er (?), n. One who warns; an admonisher.

Warn"er, n. A warrener. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Warn"ing, a. Giving previous notice; cautioning; admonishing; as, a warning voice.

> That warning timepiece never ceased.

Longfellow.

Warning piece, Warning wheel (Horol.), a piece or wheel which produces a sound shortly before the clock strikes.

Warn"ing, n. 1. Previous notice. "At a month's warning." Dryden.

> A great journey to take upon so short a warning.

L'Estrange.

2. Caution against danger, or against faults or evil practices which incur danger; admonition; monition.

> Could warning make the world more just or wise.

Dryden.

Warn"ing*ly, adv. In a warning manner.

Warn"store (?), v. t. [Cf. OF. warnesture, garnesture, provisions, supplies, and E. garnish.] To furnish. [Obs.] "To warnstore your house." Chaucer.

Warp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Warping.] [OE. warpen; fr. Icel. varpa to throw, cast, varp a casting, fr. verpa to throw; akin to Dan. varpe to warp a ship, Sw. varpa, AS. weorpan to cast, OS. werpan, OFries. werpa, D. & LG. werpen, G. werfen, Goth. waírpan; cf. Skr. vrj to twist. &?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. Wrap.]

1. To throw; hence, to send forth, or throw out, as words; to utter. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

2. To turn or twist out of shape; esp., to twist or bend out of a flat plane by contraction or otherwise.

> The planks looked warped.

Coleridge.

> Walter warped his mouth at this
> To something so mock solemn, that I laughed.

Tennyson.

3. To turn aside from the true direction; to cause to bend or incline; to pervert.

> This first avowed, nor folly warped my mind.

Dryden.

> I have no private considerations to warp me in this controversy.

Addison.

> We are divested of all those passions which cloud the intellects, and warp the understandings, of men.

Southey.

4. To weave; to fabricate. [R. & Poetic.] Nares.

> While doth he mischief warp.

Sternhold.

5. (Naut.) To tow or move, as a vessel, with a line, or warp, attached to a buoy, anchor, or other fixed object.

6. To cast prematurely, as young; — said of cattle, sheep, etc. [Prov. Eng.]

7. (Agric.) To let the tide or other water in upon (lowlying land), for the purpose of fertilization, by a deposit of warp, or slimy substance. [Prov. Eng.]

8. (Rope Making) To run off the reel into hauls to be tarred, as yarns.

9. (Weaving) To arrange (yarns) on a warp beam.

Warped surface (Geom.), a surface generated by a straight line moving so that no two of its consecutive positions shall be in the same plane. Davies & Peck.

Warp (?), v. i. 1. To turn, twist, or be twisted out of shape; esp., to be twisted or bent out of a flat plane; as, a board warps in seasoning or shrinking.

> One of you will prove a shrunk panel, and, like green timber, warp, warp.

Shak.

> They clamp one piece of wood to the end of another, to keep it from casting, or warping.

Moxon.

2. to turn or incline from a straight, true, or proper course; to deviate; to swerve.

> There is our commission,
> From which we would not have you warp.

Shak.

3. To fly with a bending or waving motion; to turn and wave, like a flock of birds or insects.

> A pitchy cloud
> Of locusts, warping on the eastern wind.

Milton.

4. To cast the young prematurely; to slink; — said of cattle, sheep, etc. [Prov. Eng.]

5. (Weaving) To wind yarn off bobbins for forming the warp of a web; to wind a warp on a warp beam.

Warp, n. [AS. wearp; akin to Icel. varp a casting, throwing, Sw. varp the draught of a net, Dan. varp a towline, OHG. warf warp, G. werft. See Warp, v.]

1. (Weaving) The threads which are extended lengthwise in the loom, and crossed by the woof.

2. (Naut.) A rope used in hauling or moving a vessel, usually with one end attached to an anchor, a post, or other fixed object; a towing line; a warping hawser.

3. (Agric.) A slimy substance deposited on land by tides, etc., by which a rich alluvial soil is formed. Lyell.

4. A premature casting of young; — said of cattle, sheep, etc. [Prov. Eng.]

5. Four; esp., four herrings; a cast. See Cast, n., 17. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

6. [From Warp, v.] The state of being warped or twisted; as, the warp of a board.

Warp beam, the roller on which the warp is wound in a loom. — Warp fabric, fabric produced by warp knitting. — Warp frame, or Warp-net frame, a machine for making warp lace having a number of needles and employing a thread for each needle. — Warp knitting, a kind of knitting in which a number of threads are interchained each with one or more contiguous threads on either side; — also called warp weaving. — Warp lace, or Warp net, lace having a warp crossed by weft threads.

Warp"age (?), n. The act of warping; also, a charge per ton made on shipping in some harbors.

War"path` (?), n. The route taken by a party of Indians going on a warlike expedition. Schoolcraft.

On the warpath, on a hostile expedition; hence, colloquially, about to attack a person or measure.

Warp"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, warps or twists out of shape.

2. One who, or that which, forms yarn or thread into warps or webs for the loom.

Warp"ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who, or that which, warps.

2. The art or occupation of preparing warp or webs for the weaver. Craig.

Warping bank, a bank of earth raised round a field to retain water let in for the purpose of enriching land. Craig. — Warping hook, a hook used by rope makers for hanging the yarn on, when warping it into hauls for tarring. — Warping mill, a machine for warping yarn. — Warping penny, money, varying according to the length of the thread, paid to the weaver by the spinner on laying the warp. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. — Warping post, a strong post used in warping rope-yarn.

War"proof` (?), n. Valor tried by war.

War"ra*gal (?), n. (Zoöl.) The dingo.

War"ran*dice (?), n. [See Warrantise.] (Scots Law) The obligation by which a person, conveying a subject or a right, is bound to uphold that subject or right against every claim, challenge, or burden arising from circumstances prior to the conveyance; warranty. [Written also warrandise.] Craig.

War"rant (?), n. [OE. warant, OF. warant a warrant, a defender, protector, F. garant, originally a p. pr. pf German origin, fr. OHG. wern to grant, warrant, G. gewähren; akin to OFries. wera. Cf. Guarantee.]

1. That which warrants or authorizes; a commission giving authority, or justifying the doing of anything; an act, instrument, or obligation, by which one person authorizes another to do something which he has not otherwise a right to do; an act or instrument investing one with a right or authority, and thus securing him from loss or damage; commission; authority. Specifically: —

(a) A writing which authorizes a person to receive money or other thing.

(b) (Law) A precept issued by a magistrate authorizing an officer to make an arrest, a seizure, or a search, or do other acts incident to the administration of justice.

(c) (Mil. & Nav.) An official certificate of appointment issued to an officer of lower rank than a commissioned officer. See Warrant officer, below.

2. That which vouches or insures for anything; guaranty; security.

> I give thee warrant of thy place.

Shak.

> His worth is warrant for his welcome hither.

Shak.

3. That which attests or proves; a voucher.

4. Right; legality; allowance. [Obs.] Shak.

Bench warrant. (Law) See in the Vocabulary. — Dock warrant (Com.), a customhouse license or authority. — General warrant. (Law) See under General. — Land warrant. See under Land. — Search warrant. (Law) See under Search, n. — Warrant of attorney (Law), written authority given by one person to another empowering him to transact business for him; specifically, written authority given by a client to his attorney to appear for him in court, and to suffer judgment to pass against him by confession in favor of some specified person. Bouvier. — Warrant officer, a noncommissioned officer, as a sergeant, corporal, bandmaster, etc., in the army, or a quartermaster, gunner, boatswain, etc., in the navy. — Warrant to sue and defend. (a) (O. Eng. Law) A special warrant from the crown, authorizing a party to appoint an attorney to sue or defend for him. (b) A special authority given by a party to his attorney to commence a suit, or to appear and defend a suit in his behalf. This warrant is now disused. Burrill.

War"rant (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Warranted; p. pr. & vb. n. Warranting.] [OE. waranten, OF. warantir, garantir, guarantir, garentir, garandir, F. garantir to warrant, fr. OF. warant, garant, guarant, a warrant, a protector, a defender, F. garant. √142. See Warrant, n.]

1. To make secure; to give assurance against harm; to guarantee safety to; to give authority or power to do, or forbear to do, anything by which the person authorized is secured, or saved harmless, from any loss or damage by his action.

> That show I first my body to warrant.

Chaucer.

> I'll warrant him from drowning.

Shak.

> In a place
> Less warranted than this, or less secure,
> I can not be.

Milton.

2. To support by authority or proof; to justify; to maintain; to sanction; as, reason warrants it.

> True fortitude is seen in great exploits,
> That justice warrants, and that wisdom guides.

Addison.

> How little while it is since he went forth out of his study, — chewing a Hebrew text of Scripture in his mouth, I warrant.

Hawthorne.

3. To give a warrant or warranty to; to assure as if by giving a warrant to.

> [My neck is] as smooth as silk, I warrant ye.

L' Estrange.

4. (Law) (a) To secure to, as a grantee, an estate granted; to assure. (b) To secure to, as a purchaser of goods, the title to the same; to indemnify against loss. (c) To secure to, as a purchaser, the quality or quantity of the goods sold, as represented. See Warranty, n., 2. (d) To assure, as a thing sold, to the purchaser; that is, to engage that the thing is what it appears, or is represented, to be, which implies a covenant to make good any defect or loss incurred by it.

War"rant*a*ble (?), a. Authorized by commission, precept, or right; justifiable; defensible; as, the seizure of a thief is always warrantable by law and justice; falsehood is never warrantable.

> His meals are coarse and short, his employment warrantable, his sleep certain and refreshing.

South.

— War"rant*a*ble*ness, n. — War"rant*bly, adv.

War`ran*tee" (?), n. (Law) The person to whom a warrant or warranty is made.

War"rant*er (?), n. 1. One who warrants, gives authority, or legally empowers.

2. (Law) One who assures, or covenants to assure; one who contracts to secure another in a right, or to make good any defect of title or quality; one who gives a warranty; a guarantor; as, the warranter of a horse.

War"rant*ise (?), n. [OF. warentise, warandise, garantise. See Warrant, n.] Authority; security; warranty. [Obs.] Shak.

War"rant*ise, v. t. To warrant. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

War"rant*or (?), n. (Law) One who warrants.

War"rant*y (?), n.; pl. Warranties (#). [OF. warantie, F. garantie. See Warrant, n., and cf. Guaranty.]

1. (Anc. Law) A covenant real, whereby the grantor of an estate of freehold and his heirs were bound to warrant and defend the title, and, in case of eviction by title paramount, to yield other lands of equal value in recompense. This warranty has long singe become obsolete, and its place supplied by personal covenants for title. Among these is the covenant of warranty, which runs with the land, and is in the nature of a real covenant. Kent.

2. (Modern Law) An engagement or undertaking, express or implied, that a certain fact regarding the subject of a contract is, or shall be, as it is expressly or impliedly declared or promised to be. In sales of goods by persons in possession, there is an implied warranty of title, but, as to the quality of goods, the rule of every sale is, Caveat emptor. Chitty. Bouvier.

3. (Insurance Law) A stipulation or engagement by a party insured, that certain things, relating to the subject of insurance, or affecting the risk, exist, or shall exist, or have been done, or shall be done. These warranties, when express, should appear in the policy; but there are certain implied warranties. Bouvier.

4. Justificatory mandate or precept; authority; warrant. [R.] Shak.

> If they disobey precept, that is no excuse to us, nor gives us any warranty . . . to disobey likewise.

Kettlewe&?;&?;.

5. Security; warrant; guaranty.

> The stamp was a warranty of the public.

Locke.

Syn. — See Guarantee.

War"rant*y, v. t. To warrant; to guarantee.

War"ray (?), v. t. [OF. werreier, werrier, guerroier, F. guerroyer, from OF. werre war, F. guerre; of German origin. See War.] To make war upon. [Obs.] Fairfax. "When a man warrayeth truth." Chaucer.

Warre (?), a. [OE. werre; of Scand. origin. See Worse.] Worse. [Obs.]

> They say the world is much warre than it wont.

Spenser.

<! p. 1629 !>

War"ren (?), n. [Of. waresne, warenne, garene, F. garenne, from OF. warer, garer, to beware, to take care; of Teutonic origin; cf. OHG. war&?;n (in comp.), OS. war&?;n to take care, to observe, akin to E. wary. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Wary.]

1. (Eng Law) (a) A place privileged, by prescription or grant the king, for keeping certain animals (as hares, conies, partridges, pheasants, etc.) called beasts and fowls of warren. Burrill. (b) A privilege which one has in his lands, by royal grant or prescription, of hunting and taking wild beasts and birds of warren, to the exclusion of any other person not entering by his permission. Spelman.

> They wend both warren and in waste.

Piers Plowman.

The warren is the next franchise in degree to the park; and a forest, which is the highest in dignity, comprehends a chase, a park, and a free warren.

2. A piece of ground for the breeding of rabbits.

3. A place for keeping flash, in a river.

War"ren*er (?), n. The keeper of a warren.

War`ri*an"gle (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wariangle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

War"rie (?), v. t. See Warye. [Obs.]

War"rin (?), n. [From a native name.] (Zoöl.) An Australian lorikeet (Trichoglossus multicolor) remarkable for the variety and brilliancy of its colors; — called also blue-bellied lorikeet, and blue-bellied parrot.

War"rior (?; 277), n. [OE. werreour, OF. werreour, guerreor, from guerre, werre, war. See War, and Warray.] A man engaged or experienced in war, or in the military life; a soldier; a champion.

> Warriors old with ordered spear and shield.

Milton.

Warrior ant (Zoöl.), a reddish ant (Formica sanguinea) native of Europe and America. It is one of the species which move in armies to capture and enslave other ants.

War"rior*ess, n. A female warrior. [Obs.] Spenser.

War"ry (?), v. t. See Warye. [Obs.]

War"saw (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The black grouper (Epinephelus nigritus) of the southern coasts of the United States. (b) The jewfish; — called also guasa.

Wart (?), n. [OE. werte, AS. wearte; akin to D. wrat, G. warze, OHG. warza, Icel. varta, Sw. vårta, Dan. vorte; perh. orig., a growth, and akin to E. wort; or cf. L. verruca wart.]

1. (Med.) A small, usually hard, tumor on the skin formed by enlargement of its vascular papillæ, and thickening of the epidermis which covers them.

2. An excrescence or protuberance more or less resembling a true wart; specifically (Bot.), a glandular excrescence or hardened protuberance on plants.

Fig wart, Moist wart (Med.), a soft, bright red, pointed or tufted tumor found about the genitals, often massed into groups of large size. It is a variety of condyloma. Called also pointed wart, venereal wart. L. A. Duhring. — Wart cress (Bot.), the swine's cress. See under Swine. — Wart snake (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian colubrine snakes of the genus Acrochordus, having the body covered with wartlike tubercles or spinose scales, and lacking cephalic plates and ventral scutes. — Wart spurge (Bot.), a kind of wartwort (Euphorbia Helioscopia).

Wart"ed, a. (Bot.) Having little knobs on the surface; verrucose; as, a warted capsule.

Wart" hog` (?). (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of large, savage African wild hogs of the genus Phacochœrus. These animals have a pair of large, rough, fleshy tubercles behind the tusks and second pair behind the eyes. The tusks are large and strong, and both pairs curve upward. The body is scantily covered with bristles, but there is long dorsal mane. The South African species (Phacochœrus Æthiopicus) is the best known. Called also vlacke vark. The second species (P. Æliani) is native of the coasts of the Red Sea.

Wart"less, a. Having no wart.

Wart"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Wartwort.

Wart"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to several plants because they were thought to be a cure for warts, as a kind of spurge (Euphorbia Helioscopia), and the nipplewort (Lampsana communis).

Wart"y (?), a. 1. Having warts; full of warts; overgrow with warts; as, a warty leaf.

2. Of the nature of warts; as, a warty excrescence.

Warty egg (Zoöl.), a marine univalve shell (Ovulum verrucosum), having the surface covered with wartlike elevations.

War"wick*ite (?), n. (Min.) A dark brown or black mineral, occurring in prismatic crystals imbedded in limestone near Warwick, New York. It consists of the borate and titanate of magnesia and iron.

War"worn` (?), a. Worn with military service; as, a warworn soldier; a warworn coat. Shak.

Wa"ry (?), a. [Compar. Warier (?); superl. Wariest.] [OE. war, AS. wær; akin to Icel. v&?;rr, Dan. & Sw. var, Goth. wars, G. gewahr aware, OHG. wara notice, attention, Gr. &?; to see. Cf. Aware, Garment, Garnish, Garrison, Panorama, Ward, v. t. Ware, a., Warren.]

1. Cautious of danger; carefully watching and guarding against deception, artifices, and dangers; timorously or suspiciously prudent; circumspect; scrupulous; careful. "Bear a wary eye." Shak.

> We should be wary, therefore, what persecution we raise against the living labors of public men.

Milton.

2. Characterized by caution; guarded; careful.

> It behoveth our words to be wary and few.

Hooker.

Syn. — Cautious; circumspect; watchful. See Cautious.

War"ye (?), v. t. [AS. wergian, wyrgean. Cf. Worry.] To curse; to curse; to execrate; to condemn; also, to vex. [Obs.] [Spelled also warrie, warry, and wary.] "Whom I thus blame and warye." Chaucer.

Was (wz). [AS. wæs, 2d pers. wre, 3d pers. wæs, pl. wron, with the inf. wesan to be; akin to D. wezen, imp. was, OHG. wesan, imp. was, G. wesen, n., a being, essence, war was, Icel. vera to be, imp. var, Goth. wisan to be, to dwell, to remain, imp. was, Skr. vas to remain, to dwell. √148. Cf. Vernacular, Wassail, Were, v.] The first and third persons singular of the verb be, in the indicative mood, preterit (imperfect) tense; as, I was; he was.

Wase (ws), n. [Cf. Sw. vase a sheaf.] A bundle of straw, or other material, to relieve the pressure of burdens carried upon the head. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Wash (wsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Washed (wsht); p. pr. & vb. n. Washing.] [OE. waschen, AS. wascan; akin to D. wasschen, G. waschen, OHG. wascan, Icel. & Sw. vaska, Dan. vaske, and perhaps to E. water. √150.] 1. To cleanse by ablution, or dipping or rubbing in water; to apply water or other liquid to for the purpose of cleansing; to scrub with water, etc., or as with water; as, to wash the hands or body; to wash garments; to wash sheep or wool; to wash the pavement or floor; to wash the bark of trees.

> When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, . . . he took water and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, I am innocent of the blood of this just person.

Matt. xxvii. 24.

2. To cover with water or any liquid; to wet; to fall on and moisten; hence, to overflow or dash against; as, waves wash the shore.

> Fresh-blown roses washed with dew.

Milton.

> [The landscape] washed with a cold, gray mist.

Longfellow.

3. To waste or abrade by the force of water in motion; as, heavy rains wash a road or an embankment.

4. To remove by washing to take away by, or as by, the action of water; to drag or draw off as by the tide; — often with away, off, out, etc.; as, to wash dirt from the hands.

> Arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins.

Acts xxii. 16.

> The tide will wash you off.

Shak.

5. To cover with a thin or watery coat of color; to tint lightly and thinly.

6. To overlay with a thin coat of metal; as, steel washed with silver.

To wash gold, etc., to treat earth or gravel, or crushed ore, with water, in order to separate the gold or other metal, or metallic ore, through their superior gravity. — To wash the hands of. See under Hand.

Wash, v. i. 1. To perform the act of ablution.

> Wash in Jordan seven times.

2 Kings v. 10.

2. To clean anything by rubbing or dipping it in water; to perform the business of cleansing clothes, ore, etc., in water. "She can wash and scour." Shak.

3. To bear without injury the operation of being washed; as, some calicoes do not wash. [Colloq.]

4. To be wasted or worn away by the action of water, as by a running or overflowing stream, or by the dashing of the sea; — said of road, a beach, etc.

Wash, n. 1. The act of washing; an ablution; a cleansing, wetting, or dashing with water; hence, a quantity, as of clothes, washed at once.

2. A piece of ground washed by the action of a sea or river, or sometimes covered and sometimes left dry; the shallowest part of a river, or arm of the sea; also, a bog; a marsh; a fen; as, the washes in Lincolnshire. "The Wash of Edmonton so gay." Cowper.

> These Lincoln washes have devoured them.

Shak.

3. Substances collected and deposited by the action of water; as, the wash of a sewer, of a river, etc.

> The wash of pastures, fields, commons, and roads, where rain water hath a long time settled.

Mortimer.

4. Waste liquid, the refuse of food, the collection from washed dishes, etc., from a kitchen, often used as food for pigs. Shak.

5. (Distilling) (a) The fermented wort before the spirit is extracted. (b) A mixture of dunder, molasses, water, and scummings, used in the West Indies for distillation. B. Edwards.

6. That with which anything is washed, or wetted, smeared, tinted, etc., upon the surface. Specifically: —

(a) A liquid cosmetic for the complexion.

(b) A liquid dentifrice.

(c) A liquid preparation for the hair; as, a hair wash.

(d) A medical preparation in a liquid form for external application; a lotion.

(e) (Painting) A thin coat of color, esp. water color.

(j) A thin coat of metal laid on anything for beauty or preservation.

7. (Naut.) (a) The blade of an oar, or the thin part which enters the water. (b) The backward current or disturbed water caused by the action of oars, or of a steamer's screw or paddles, etc.

8. The flow, swash, or breaking of a body of water, as a wave; also, the sound of it.

9. Ten strikes, or bushels, of oysters. [Prov. Eng.]

Wash ball, a ball of soap to be used in washing the hands or face. Swift. — Wash barrel (Fisheries), a barrel nearly full of split mackerel, loosely put in, and afterward filled with salt water in order to soak the blood from the fish before salting. — Wash bottle. (Chem.) (a) A bottle partially filled with some liquid through which gases are passed for the purpose of purifying them, especially by removing soluble constituents. (b) A washing bottle. See under Washing. — Wash gilding. See Water gilding. — Wash leather, split sheepskin dressed with oil, in imitation of chamois, or shammy, and used for dusting, cleaning glass or plate, etc.; also, alumed, or buff, leather for soldiers' belts.

Wash, a. 1. Washy; weak. [Obs.]

> Their bodies of so weak and wash a temper.

Beau. & Fl.

2. Capable of being washed without injury; washable; as, wash goods. [Colloq.]

Wash"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being washed without damage to fabric or color.

Wash"board` (?), n. 1. A fluted, or ribbed, board on which clothes are rubbed in washing them.

2. A board running round, and serving as a facing for, the walls of a room, next to the floor; a mopboard.

3. (Naut.) A broad, thin plank, fixed along the gunwale of boat to keep the sea from breaking inboard; also, a plank on the sill of a lower deck port, for the same purpose; — called also wasteboard. Mar. Dict.

Wash"bowl` (?), n. A basin, or bowl, to hold water for washing one's hands, face, etc.

Wash"dish` (?), n. 1. A washbowl.

2. (Zoöl.) Same as Washerwoman, 2. [Prov. Eng.]

Washed (?), a. (Zoöl.) Appearing as if overlaid with a thin layer of different color; — said of the colors of certain birds and insects.

Wash"en (?), obs. p. p. of Wash. Chaucer.

Wash"er (?), n. [AS. wæscere.]

1. One who, or that which, washes.

2. A ring of metal, leather, or other material, or a perforated plate, used for various purposes, as around a bolt or screw to form a seat for the head or nut, or around a wagon axle to prevent endwise motion of the hub of the wheel and relieve friction, or in a joint to form a packing, etc.

3. (Plumbing) A fitting, usually having a plug, applied to a cistern, tub, sink, or the like, and forming the outlet opening.

4. (Zoöl.) The common raccoon.

5. (Zoöl.) Same as Washerwoman, 2. [Prov. Eng.]

Wash"er*man (?), n.; pl. Washermen (&?;). A man who washes clothes, esp. for hire, or for others.

Wash"er*wom`an (?), n.; pl. Washerwomen (&?;).

1. A woman who washes clothes, especially for hire, or for others.

2. (Zoöl.) The pied wagtail; — so called in allusion to its beating the water with its tail while tripping along the leaves of water plants. [Prov. Eng.]

Wash"house` (?), n. An outbuilding for washing, esp. one for washing clothes; a laundry.

Wash"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being washy, watery, or weak.

Wash"ing, n. 1. The act of one who washes; the act of cleansing with water; ablution.

2. The clothes washed, esp. at one time; a wash.

Washing bear (Zoöl.), the raccoon. — Washing bottle (Chem.), a bottle fitted with glass tubes passing through the cork, so that on blowing into one of the tubes a stream of water issuing from the other may be directed upon anything to be washed or rinsed, as a precipitate upon a filter, etc. — Washing fluid, a liquid used as a cleanser, and consisting usually of alkaline salts resembling soaps in their action. — Washing machine, a machine for washing; specifically, a machine for washing clothes. — Washing soda. (Chem.) See Sodium carbonate, under Sodium. — Washing stuff, any earthy deposit containing gold enough to pay for washing it; — so called among gold miners.

Wash`ing*to"ni*an (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, George Washington; as, a Washingtonian policy. Lowell.

2. Designating, or pertaining to, a temperance society and movement started in Baltimore in 1840 on the principle of total abstinence. — n. A member of the Washingtonian Society.

Wash"-off` (?), a. (Calico Printing) Capable of being washed off; not permanent or durable; — said of colors not fixed by steaming or otherwise.

Wash"out` (?), n. The washing out or away of earth, etc., especially of a portion of the bed of a road or railroad by a fall of rain or a freshet; also, a place, especially in the bed of a road or railroad, where the earth has been washed away.

Wash"pot` (?), n. 1. A pot or vessel in which anything is washed.

2. (Tin-Plate Manuf.) A pot containing melted tin into which the plates are dipped to be coated.

Wash"stand` (?), n. A piece of furniture holding the ewer or pitcher, basin, and other requisites for washing the person.

Wash"tub` (?), n. A tub in which clothes are washed.

Wash"y (?), a. [From Wash.] 1. Watery; damp; soft. "Washy ooze." Milton.

2. Lacking substance or strength; weak; thin; dilute; feeble; as, washy tea; washy resolutions.

> A polish . . . not over thin and washy.

Sir H. Wotton.

3. Not firm or hardy; liable to sweat profusely with labor; as, a washy horse. [Local, U. S.]

Wa"site (?), n. [See Wasium.] (Min.) A variety of allanite from Sweden supposed to contain wasium.

Wa"si*um (?), n. [NL. So called from Wasa, or Vasa, the name of a former royal family of Sweden.] (Chem.) A rare element supposed by Bahr to have been extracted from wasite, but now identified with thorium.

Wasp (?), n. [OE. waspe, AS. wæps, wæfs; akin to D. wesp, G. wespe, OHG. wafsa, wefsa, Lith. vapsa gadfly, Russ. osa wasp, L. vespa, and perhaps to E. weave.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of stinging hymenopterous insects, esp. any of the numerous species of the genus Vespa, which includes the true, or social, wasps, some of which are called yellow jackets.

The social wasps make a complex series of combs, of a substance like stiff paper, often of large size, and protect them by a paperlike covering. The larvæ are reared in the cells of the combs, and eat insects and insect larvæ brought to them by the adults, but the latter feed mainly on the honey and pollen of flowers, and on the sweet juices of fruit. See Illust. in Appendix.

Digger wasp, any one of numerous species of solitary wasps that make their nests in burrows which they dig in the ground, as the sand wasps. See Sand wasp, under Sand. - - Mud wasp. See under Mud. — Potter wasp. See under Potter. — Wasp fly, a species of fly resembling a wasp, but without a sting.

<! p. 1630 !>

Wasp"ish (?), a. 1. Resembling a wasp in form; having a slender waist, like a wasp.

2. Quick to resent a trifling affront; characterized by snappishness; irritable; irascible; petulant; snappish.

> He was naturally a waspish and hot man.

Bp. Hall.

> Much do I suffer, much, to keep in peace
> This jealous, waspish, wrong-head, rhyming race.

Pope.

Syn. — Snappish; petulant; irritable; irascible; testy; peevish; captious.

— Wasp"ish*ly, adv. — Wasp"ish*ness, n.

Was"sail (?), n. [AS. wes hl (or an equivalent form in another dialect) be in health, which was the form of drinking a health. The form wes is imperative. See Was, and Whole.]

1. An ancient expression of good wishes on a festive occasion, especially in drinking to some one.

> Geoffrey of Monmouth relates, on the authority of Walter Calenius, that this lady [Rowena], the daughter of Hengist, knelt down on the approach of the king, and, presenting him with a cup of wine, exclaimed, Lord king wæs heil, that is, literally, Health be to you.

N. Drake.

2. An occasion on which such good wishes are expressed in drinking; a drinking bout; a carouse. "In merry wassail he . . . peals his loud song." Sir W. Scott.

> The king doth wake to-night and takes his rouse,
> Keeps wassail.

Shak.

> The victors abandoned themselves to feasting and wassail.

Prescott.

3. The liquor used for a wassail; esp., a beverage formerly much used in England at Christmas and other festivals, made of ale (or wine) flavored with spices, sugar, toast, roasted apples, etc.; — called also lamb's wool.

> A jolly wassail bowl,
> A wassail of good ale.

Old Song.

4. A festive or drinking song or glee. [Obs.]

> Have you done your wassail! 'T is a handsome, drowsy ditty, I'll assure you.

Beau. & Fl.

Was"sail, a. Of or pertaining to wassail, or to a wassail; convivial; as, a wassail bowl. "Awassail candle, my lord, all tallow." Shak.

Wassail bowl, a bowl in which wassail was mixed, and placed upon the table. "Spiced wassail bowl." J. Fletcher. "When the cloth was removed, the butler brought in a huge silver vessel . . . Its appearance was hailed with acclamation, being the wassail bowl so renowned in Christmas festivity." W. Irving. — Wassail cup, a cup from which wassail was drunk.

Was"sail, v. i. To hold a wassail; to carouse.

> Spending all the day, and good part of the night, in dancing, caroling, and wassailing.

Sir P. Sidney.

Was"sail*er (?), n. One who drinks wassail; one who engages in festivity, especially in drinking; a reveler.

> The rudeness and swilled insolence
> Of such late wassailers.

Milton.

Wast (?). The second person singular of the verb be, in the indicative mood, imperfect tense; — now used only in solemn or poetical style. See Was.

Wast"age (?), n. Loss by use, decay, evaporation, leakage, or the like; waste.

Waste (?), a. [OE. wast, OF. wast, from L. vastus, influenced by the kindred German word; cf. OHG. wuosti, G. wüst, OS. w&?;sti, D. woest, AS. wste. Cf. Vast.]

1. Desolate; devastated; stripped; bare; hence, dreary; dismal; gloomy; cheerless.

> The dismal situation waste and wild.

Milton.

> His heart became appalled as he gazed forward into the waste darkness of futurity.

Sir W. Scott.

2. Lying unused; unproductive; worthless; valueless; refuse; rejected; as, waste land; waste paper.

> But his waste words returned to him in vain.

Spenser.

> Not a waste or needless sound,
> Till we come to holier ground.

Milton.

> Ill day which made this beauty waste.

Emerson.

3. Lost for want of occupiers or use; superfluous.

> And strangled with her waste fertility.

Milton.

Waste gate, a gate by which the superfluous water of a reservoir, or the like, is discharged. — Waste paper. See under Paper. — Waste pipe, a pipe for carrying off waste, or superfluous, water or other fluids. Specifically: (a) (Steam Boilers) An escape pipe. See under Escape. (b) (Plumbing) The outlet pipe at the bottom of a bowl, tub, sink, or the like. — Waste steam. (a) Steam which escapes the air. (b) Exhaust steam. — Waste trap, a trap for a waste pipe, as of a sink.

Waste, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Wasting.] [OE. wasten, OF. waster, guaster, gaster, F. gâter to spoil, L. vastare to devastate, to lay waste, fr. vastus waste, desert, uncultivated, ravaged, vast, but influenced by a kindred German word; cf. OHG. wuosten, G. wüsten, AS. wstan. See Waste, a.]

1. To bring to ruin; to devastate; to desolate; to destroy.

> Thou barren ground, whom winter's wrath hath wasted,
> Art made a mirror to behold my plight.

Spenser.

> The Tiber
> Insults our walls, and wastes our fruitful grounds.

Dryden.

2. To wear away by degrees; to impair gradually; to diminish by constant loss; to use up; to consume; to spend; to wear out.

> Until your carcasses be wasted in the wilderness.

Num. xiv. 33.

> O, were I able
> To waste it all myself, and leave ye none!

Milton.

> Here condemned
> To waste eternal days in woe and pain.

Milton.

> Wasted by such a course of life, the infirmities of age daily grew on him.

Robertson.

3. To spend unnecessarily or carelessly; to employ prodigally; to expend without valuable result; to apply to useless purposes; to lavish vainly; to squander; to cause to be lost; to destroy by scattering or injury.

> The younger son gathered all together, and . . . wasted his substance with riotous living.

Luke xv. 13.

> Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
> And waste its sweetness on the desert air.

Gray.

4. (Law) To damage, impair, or injure, as an estate, voluntarily, or by suffering the buildings, fences, etc., to go to decay.

Syn. — To squander; dissipate; lavish; desolate.

Waste (?), v. i. 1. To be diminished; to lose bulk, substance, strength, value, or the like, gradually; to be consumed; to dwindle; to grow less.

> The time wasteth night and day.

Chaucer.

> The barrel of meal shall not waste.

1 Kings xvii. 14.

> But man dieth, and wasteth away.

Job xiv. 10.

2. (Sporting) To procure or sustain a reduction of flesh; — said of a jockey in preparation for a race, etc.

Waste, n. [OE. waste; cf. the kindred AS. w&?;sten, OHG. w&?;st, wuost, G. wüste. See Waste, a. & v.]

1. The act of wasting, or the state of being wasted; a squandering; needless destruction; useless consumption or expenditure; devastation; loss without equivalent gain; gradual loss or decrease, by use, wear, or decay; as, a waste of property, time, labor, words, etc. "Waste . . . of catel and of time." Chaucer.

> For all this waste of wealth loss of blood.

Milton.

> He will never . . . in the way of waste, attempt us again.

Shak.

> Little wastes in great establishments, constantly occurring, may defeat the energies of a mighty capital.

L. Beecher.

2. That which is wasted or desolate; a devastated, uncultivated, or wild country; a deserted region; an unoccupied or unemployed space; a dreary void; a desert; a wilderness. "The wastes of Nature." Emerson.

> All the leafy nation sinks at last,
> And Vulcan rides in triumph o'er the waste.

Dryden.

> The gloomy waste of waters which bears his name is his tomb and his monument.

Bancroft.

3. That which is of no value; worthless remnants; refuse. Specifically: Remnants of cops, or other refuse resulting from the working of cotton, wool, hemp, and the like, used for wiping machinery, absorbing oil in the axle boxes of railway cars, etc.

4. (Law) Spoil, destruction, or injury, done to houses, woods, fences, lands, etc., by a tenant for life or for years, to the prejudice of the heir, or of him in reversion or remainder.

Waste is voluntary, as by pulling down buildings; or permissive, as by suffering them to fall for want of necessary repairs. Whatever does a lasting damage to the freehold is a waste. Blackstone.

5. (Mining) Old or abandoned workings, whether left as vacant space or filled with refuse.

Syn. — Prodigality; diminution; loss; dissipation; destruction; devastation; havoc; desolation; ravage.

Waste"bas`ket (?), n. A basket used in offices, libraries, etc., as a receptacle for waste paper.

Waste"board` (?), n. (Naut.) See Washboard, 3.

Waste"book` (?), n. (Com.) A book in which rough entries of transactions are made, previous to their being carried into the journal.

Waste"ful (?), a. 1. Full of waste; destructive to property; ruinous; as, wasteful practices or negligence; wasteful expenses.

2. Expending, or tending to expend, property, or that which is valuable, in a needless or useless manner; lavish; prodigal; as, a wasteful person; a wasteful disposition.

3. Waste; desolate; unoccupied; untilled. [Obs.]

> In wilderness and wasteful desert strayed.

Spenser.

Syn. — Lavish; profuse; prodigal; extravagant.

— Waste"ful*ly, adv. — Waste"ful*ness, n.

Was"tel (?), n. [OF. wastel, gastel, F. gâteau, LL. wastellus, fr. MHG. wastel a kind of bread; cf. OHG. & AS. wist food.] A kind of white and fine bread or cake; — called also wastel bread, and wastel cake. [Obs.]

> Roasted flesh or milk and wasted bread.

Chaucer.

> The simnel bread and wastel cakes, which were only used at the tables of the highest nobility.

Sir W. Scott.

Waste"ness (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being waste; a desolate state or condition; desolation.

> A day of trouble and distress, a day of wasteness.

Zeph. i. 15.

2. That which is waste; a desert; a waste. [R.]

> Through woods and wasteness wide him daily sought.

Spenser.

Wast"er (?), n. [OE. wastour, OF. wasteor, gasteor. See Waste, v. t.]

1. One who, or that which, wastes; one who squanders; one who consumes or expends extravagantly; a spendthrift; a prodigal.

> He also that is slothful in his work is brother to him that is a great waster.

Prov. xviii. 9.

> Sconces are great wasters of candles.

Swift.

2. An imperfection in the wick of a candle, causing it to waste; — called also a thief. Halliwell.

3. A kind of cudgel; also, a blunt-edged sword used as a foil.

> Half a dozen of veneys at wasters with a good fellow for a broken head.

Beau. & Fl.

> Being unable to wield the intellectual arms of reason, they are fain to betake them unto wasters.

Sir T. Browne.

Waste"thrift` (?), n. A spendthrift. [Obs.]

Waste"weir` (?), n. An overfall, or weir, for the escape, or overflow, of superfluous water from a canal, reservoir, pond, or the like.

Wast"ing, a. Causing waste; also, undergoing waste; diminishing; as, a wasting disease; a wasting fortune.

Wasting palsy (Med.), progressive muscular atrophy. See under Progressive.

Wast"or, n. A waster; a thief. [Obs. or R.] [Written also wastour.] Chaucer. Southey.

Wast"o*rel (?), n. See Wastrel. [Obs.]

Wast"rel (?), n. 1. Any waste thing or substance; as: (a) Waste land or common land. [Obs.] Carew. (b) A profligate. [Prov. Eng.] (c) A neglected child; a street Arab. [Eng.]

2. Anything cast away as bad or useless, as imperfect bricks, china, etc. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Watch (wch), n. [OE. wacche, AS. wæcce, fr. wacian to wake; akin to D. wacht, waak, G. wacht, wache. √134. See Wake, v. i. ]

1. The act of watching; forbearance of sleep; vigil; wakeful, vigilant, or constantly observant attention; close observation; guard; preservative or preventive vigilance; formerly, a watching or guarding by night.

> Shepherds keeping watch by night.

Milton.

> All the long night their mournful watch they keep.

Addison.

Watch was formerly distinguished from ward, the former signifying a watching or guarding by night, and the latter a watching, guarding, or protecting by day Hence, they were not unfrequently used together, especially in the phrase to keep watch and ward, to denote continuous and uninterrupted vigilance or protection, or both watching and guarding. This distinction is now rarely recognized, watch being used to signify a watching or guarding both by night and by day, and ward, which is now rarely used, having simply the meaning of guard, or protection, without reference to time.

> Still, when she slept, he kept both watch and ward.

Spenser.

> Ward, guard, or custodia, is chiefly applied to the daytime, in order to apprehend rioters, and robbers on the highway . . . Watch, is properly applicable to the night only, . . . and it begins when ward ends, and ends when that begins.

Blackstone.

2. One who watches, or those who watch; a watchman, or a body of watchmen; a sentry; a guard.

> Pilate said unto them, Ye have a watch; go your way, make it as sure as ye can.

Matt. xxvii. 65.

3. The post or office of a watchman; also, the place where a watchman is posted, or where a guard is kept.

> He upbraids Iago, that he made him
> Brave me upon the watch.

Shak.

4. The period of the night during which a person does duty as a sentinel, or guard; the time from the placing of a sentinel till his relief; hence, a division of the night.

> I did stand my watch upon the hill.

Shak.

> Might we but hear . . .
> Or whistle from the lodge, or village cock
> Count the night watches to his feathery dames.

Milton.

5. A small timepiece, or chronometer, to be carried about the person, the machinery of which is moved by a spring.

Watches are often distinguished by the kind of escapement used, as an anchor watch, a lever watch, a chronometer watch, etc. (see the Note under Escapement, n., 3); also, by the kind of case, as a gold or silver watch, an open-faced watch, a hunting watch, or hunter, etc.

6. (Naut.) (a) An allotted portion of time, usually four hour for standing watch, or being on deck ready for duty. Cf. Dogwatch. (b) That part, usually one half, of the officers and crew, who together attend to the working of a vessel for an allotted time, usually four hours. The watches are designated as the port watch, and the starboard watch.

Anchor watch (Naut.), a detail of one or more men who keep watch on deck when a vessel is at anchor. — To be on the watch, to be looking steadily for some event. — Watch and ward (Law), the charge or care of certain officers to keep a watch by night and a guard by day in towns, cities, and other districts, for the preservation of the public peace. Wharton. Burrill. — Watch and watch (Naut.), the regular alternation in being on watch and off watch of the two watches into which a ship's crew is commonly divided. — Watch barrel, the brass box in a watch, containing the mainspring. — Watch bell (Naut.), a bell struck when the half-hour glass is run out, or at the end of each half hour. Craig. — Watch bill (Naut.), a list of the officers and crew of a ship as divided into watches, with their stations. Totten. — Watch case, the case, or outside covering, of a watch; also, a case for holding a watch, or in which it is kept. — Watch chain. Same as watch guard, below. — Watch clock, a watchman's clock; see under Watchman. — Watch fire, a fire lighted at night, as a signal, or for the use of a watch or guard. — Watch glass. (a) A concavo-convex glass for covering the face, or dial, of a watch; — also called watch crystal. (b) (Naut.) A half-hour glass used to measure the time of a watch on deck. — Watch guard, a chain or cord by which a watch is attached to the person. — Watch gun (Naut.), a gun sometimes fired on shipboard at 8 p. m., when the night watch begins. — Watch light, a low-burning lamp used by watchers at night; formerly, a candle having a rush wick. — Watch night, The last night of the year; — so called by the Methodists, Moravians, and others, who observe it by holding religious meetings lasting until after midnight. — Watch paper, an old-fashioned ornament for the inside of a watch case, made of paper cut in some fanciful design, as a vase with flowers, etc. — Watch tackle (Naut.), a small, handy purchase, consisting of a tailed double block, and a single block with a hook.

Watch (?), v. i. [Cf. AS. wœccan, wacian. √134. See Watch, n., Wake, v. i. ]

1. To be awake; to be or continue without sleep; to wake; to keep vigil.

> I have two nights watched with you.

Shak.

> Couldest thou not watch one hour ?

Mark xiv. 37.

2. To be attentive or vigilant; to give heed; to be on the lookout; to keep guard; to act as sentinel.

> Take ye heed, watch and pray.

Mark xiii. 33.

> The Son gave signal high
> To the bright minister that watched.

Milton.

3. To be expectant; to look with expectation; to wait; to seek opportunity.

> My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that watch for the morning.

Ps. cxxx. 6.

4. To remain awake with any one as nurse or attendant; to attend on the sick during the night; as, to watch with a man in a fever.

5. (Naut.) To serve the purpose of a watchman by floating properly in its place; — said of a buoy.

To watch over, to be cautiously observant of; to inspect, superintend, and guard.

Watch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Watched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Watching.]

1. To give heed to; to observe the actions or motions of, for any purpose; to keep in view; not to lose from sight and observation; as, to watch the progress of a bill in the legislature.

> Saul also sent messengers unto David's house to watch him, and to slay him.

1 Sam. xix. 11

> I must cool a little, and watch my opportunity.

Landor.

> In lazy mood I watched the little circles die.

Longfellow.

2. To tend; to guard; to have in keeping.

> And flaming ministers, to watch and tend
> Their earthy charge.

Milton.

> Paris watched the flocks in the groves of Ida.

Broome.

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Watch"dog` (wch"dg`), n. A dog kept to watch and guard premises or property, and to give notice of the approach of intruders.

Watch"er (-r), n. One who watches; one who sits up or continues; a diligent observer; specifically, one who attends upon the sick during the night.

Watch"es (-z), n. pl. (Bot.) The leaves of Saracenia flava. See Trumpets.

Watchet (-t), a. [Probably from F. vaciet bilberry, whortleberry; cf. L. vaccinium blueberry, whortleberry.] Pale or light blue. [Obs.] "Watchet mantles." Spenser.

> Who stares in Germany at watchet eyes?

Dryden.

Watch"ful (?), a. Full of watch; vigilant; attentive; careful to observe closely; observant; cautious; — with of before the thing to be regulated or guarded; as, to be watchful of one's behavior; and with against before the thing to be avoided; as, to be watchful against the growth of vicious habits. "Many a watchful night." Shak. "Happy watchful shepherds." Milton.

> 'Twixt prayer and watchful love his heart dividing.

Keble.

Syn. — Vigilant; attentive; cautious; observant; circumspect; wakeful; heedful.

— Watch"ful*ly, adv. — Watch"ful*ness, n.

Watch"house` (?), n.; pl. Watchhouses (&?;). 1. A house in which a watch or guard is placed.

2. A place where persons under temporary arrest by the police of a city are kept; a police station; a lockup.

Watch"mak`er (?), n. One whose occupation is to make and repair watches.

Watch"man (?), n.; pl. Watchmen (&?;).

1. One set to watch; a person who keeps guard; a guard; a sentinel.

2. Specifically, one who guards a building, or the streets of a city, by night.

Watchman beetle (Zoöl.), the European dor. — Watchman's clock, a watchman's detector in which the apparatus for recording the times of visiting several stations is contained within a single clock. — Watchman's detector, or Watchman's time detector, an apparatus for recording the time when a watchman visits a station on his rounds. — Watchman's rattle, an instrument having at the end of a handle a revolving arm, which, by the action of a strong spring upon cogs, produces, when in motion, a loud, harsh, rattling sound.

Watch"tow`er (?), n. A tower in which a sentinel is placed to watch for enemies, the approach of danger, or the like.

Watch"word` (?), n. 1. A word given to sentinels, and to such as have occasion to visit the guards, used as a signal by which a friend is known from an enemy, or a person who has a right to pass the watch from one who has not; a countersign; a password.

2. A sentiment or motto; esp., one used as a rallying cry or a signal for action.

> Nor deal in watchwords overmuch.

Tennyson.

Wa"ter (w"tr), n. [AS. wæter; akin to OS. watar, OFries. wetir, weter, LG. & D. water, G. wasser, OHG. wazzar, Icel. vatn, Sw. vatten, Dan. vand, Goth. wat, O. Slav. & Russ. voda, Gr. 'y`dwr, Skr. udan water, ud to wet, and perhaps to L. unda wave. √137. Cf. Dropsy, Hydra, Otter, Wet, Whisky.] 1. The fluid which descends from the clouds in rain, and which forms rivers, lakes, seas, etc. "We will drink water." Shak. "Powers of fire, air, water, and earth." Milton.

Pure water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, H2O, and is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, transparent liquid, which is very slightly compressible. At its maximum density, 39° Fahr. or 4° C., it is the standard for specific gravities, one cubic centimeter weighing one gram. It freezes at 32° Fahr. or 0° C. and boils at 212° Fahr. or 100° C. (see Ice, Steam). It is the most important natural solvent, and is frequently impregnated with foreign matter which is mostly removed by distillation; hence, rain water is nearly pure. It is an important ingredient in the tissue of animals and plants, the human body containing about two thirds its weight of water.

2. A body of water, standing or flowing; a lake, river, or other collection of water.

> Remembering he had passed over a small water a poor scholar when first coming to the university, he kneeled.

Fuller.

3. Any liquid secretion, humor, or the like, resembling water; esp., the urine.

4. (Pharm.) A solution in water of a gaseous or readily volatile substance; as, ammonia water. U. S. Pharm.

5. The limpidity and luster of a precious stone, especially a diamond; as, a diamond of the first water, that is, perfectly pure and transparent. Hence, of the first water, that is, of the first excellence.

6. A wavy, lustrous pattern or decoration such as is imparted to linen, silk, metals, etc. See Water, v. t., 3, Damask, v. t., and Damaskeen.

7. An addition to the shares representing the capital of a stock company so that the aggregate par value of the shares is increased while their value for investment is diminished, or "diluted." [Brokers' Cant]

Water is often used adjectively and in the formation of many self-explaining compounds; as, water drainage; water gauge, or water-gauge; waterfowl, water-fowl, or water fowl; water-beaten; water-borne, water- circled, water-girdled, water-rocked, etc.

Hard water. See under Hard. — Inch of water, a unit of measure of quantity of water, being the quantity which will flow through an orifice one inch square, or a circular orifice one inch in diameter, in a vertical surface, under a stated constant head; also called miner's inch, and water inch. The shape of the orifice and the head vary in different localities. In the Western United States, for hydraulic mining, the standard aperture is square and the head from 4 to 9 inches above its center. In Europe, for experimental hydraulics, the orifice is usually round and the head from of an inch to 1 inch above its top. — Mineral water, waters which are so impregnated with foreign ingredients, such as gaseous, sulphureous, and saline substances, as to give them medicinal properties, or a particular flavor or temperature. — Soft water, water not impregnated with lime or mineral salts. — To hold water. See under Hold, v. t. — To keep one's head above water, to keep afloat; fig., to avoid failure or sinking in the struggles of life. [Colloq.] — To make water. (a) To pass urine. Swift. (b) (Naut.) To admit water; to leak. — Water of crystallization (Chem.), the water combined with many salts in their crystalline form. This water is loosely, but, nevertheless, chemically, combined, for it is held in fixed and definite amount for each substance containing it. Thus, while pure copper sulphate, CuSO4, is a white amorphous substance, blue vitriol, the crystallized form, CuSO4.5H2O, contains five molecules of water of crystallization. — Water on the brain (Med.), hydrocephalus. — Water on the chest (Med.), hydrothorax.

Other phrases, in which water occurs as the first element, will be found in alphabetical order in the Vocabulary.

Wa"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Watered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Watering.] [AS. wæterian, gewæterian.]

1. To wet or supply with water; to moisten; to overflow with water; to irrigate; as, to water land; to water flowers.

> With tears watering the ground.

Milton.

> Men whose lives gilded on like rivers that water the woodlands.

Longfellow.

2. To supply with water for drink; to cause or allow to drink; as, to water cattle and horses.

3. To wet and calender, as cloth, so as to impart to it a lustrous appearance in wavy lines; to diversify with wavelike lines; as, to water silk. Cf. Water, n., 6.

4. To add water to (anything), thereby extending the quantity or bulk while reducing the strength or quality; to extend; to dilute; to weaken.

To water stock, to increase the capital stock of a company by issuing new stock, thus diminishing the value of the individual shares. Cf. Water, n., 7. [Brokers' Cant]

Wa"ter, v. i. 1. To shed, secrete, or fill with, water or liquid matter; as, his eyes began to water.

> If thine eyes can water for his death.

Shak.

2. To get or take in water; as, the ship put into port to water.

The mouth waters, a phrase denoting that a person or animal has a longing desire for something, since the sight of food often causes one who is hungry to have an increased flow of saliva.

Wa"ter ad"der (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The water moccasin. (b) The common, harmless American water snake (Tropidonotus sipedon). See Illust. under Water Snake.

Wa"ter*age (?; 48), n. Money paid for transportation of goods, etc., by water. [Eng.]

Wa"ter ag"ri*mo*ny (?). (Bot.) A kind of bur marigold (Bidens tripartita) found in wet places in Europe.

Wa"ter al"oe (?). (Bot.) See Water soldier.

Wa"ter an"te*lope (?). See Water buck.

Wa"ter a"rum (?). (Bot.) An aroid herb (Calla palustris) having a white spathe. It is an inhabitant of the north temperate zone.

Wa"ter back` (?). See under 1st Back.

Wa"ter bail"iff (?). An officer of the customs, whose duty it is to search vessels. [Eng.]

Wa"ter bal"last (?). (Naut.) Water confined in specially constructed compartments in a vessel's hold, to serve as ballast.

Wa"ter ba*rom"e*ter (?). (Physics) A barometer in which the changes of atmospheric pressure are indicated by the motion of a column of water instead of mercury. It requires a column of water about thirty-three feet in height.

Wa"ter bath` (?). A device for regulating the temperature of anything subjected to heat, by surrounding the vessel containing it with another vessel containing water which can be kept at a desired temperature; also, a vessel designed for this purpose.

Wa"ter bat"ter*y (?). 1. (Elec.) A voltaic battery in which the exciting fluid is water.

2. (Mil.) A battery nearly on a level with the water.

Wa"ter bear` (?). (Zoöl.) Any species of Tardigrada, 2. See Illust. of Tardigrada.

Wa"ter-bear`er (?), n. (Astron.) The constellation Aquarius.

Wa"ter bed` (?). A kind of mattress made of, or covered with, waterproof fabric and filled with water. It is used in hospitals for bedridden patients.

Wa"ter beech` (?). (Bot.) The American hornbeam. See Hornbeam.

Wa"ter bee"tle (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of aquatic beetles belonging to Dytiscus and allied genera of the family Dytiscidæ, and to various genera of the family Hydrophilidæ. These beetles swim with great agility, the fringed hind legs acting together like oars.

Wa"ter bel"lows (?). Same as Tromp.

Wa"ter bird` (?). (Zoöl.) Any aquatic bird; a water fowl.

Wa"ter black"bird (?). (Zoöl.) The European water ousel, or dipper.

Wa"ter*board` (?), n. A board set up to windward in a boat, to keep out water. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Wa"ter boat`man (?). (Zoöl.) A boat bug.

Wa"ter*bok` (?), n. [D.] (Zoöl.) A water buck.

Wa"ter-bound` (?), a. Prevented by a flood from proceeding.

Wa"ter brain` (?). A disease of sheep; gid.

Wa"ter brash` (?). (Med.) See under Brash.

Wa"ter breath"er (?). (Zoöl.) Any arthropod that breathes by means of gills.

Wa"ter bridge` (?). (Steam Boilers) See Water table.

Wa"ter buck` (?). (Zoöl.) A large, heavy antelope (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) native of Central Africa. It frequents the banks of rivers and is a good swimmer. It has a white ring around the rump. Called also photomok, water antelope, and waterbok.

The name is also applied to other related species, as the leche (Kobus leche), which has similar habits.

Wa"ter buf"fa*lo (?). (Zoöl.) The European buffalo.

Wa"ter bug` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The Croton bug. (b) Any one of numerous species of large, rapacious, aquatic, hemipterous insects belonging to Belostoma, Benacus, Zaitha, and other genera of the family Belostomatidæ. Their hind legs are long and fringed, and act like oars. Some of these insects are of great size, being among the largest existing Hemiptera. Many of them come out of the water and fly about at night.

Wa"ter butt` (?). A large, open-headed cask, set up on end, to contain water. Dickens.

Wa"ter cal"trop (?). (Bot.) The water chestnut.

Wa"ter can` (?). (Bot.) Any one of several species of Nuphar; the yellow frog lily; — so called from the shape of the seed vessel. See Nuphar, and cf. Candock. Dr. Prior.

Wa"ter can"ker (?). (Med.) See Canker, n., 1.

Wa"ter car"riage (?). 1. Transportation or conveyance by water; means of transporting by water.

2. A vessel or boat. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

Wa"ter cart` (?). A cart carrying water; esp., one carrying water for sale, or for sprinkling streets, gardens, etc.

Wa"ter ca"vy (?). (Zoöl.) The capybara.

Wa"ter cel"er*y (?). (Bot.) A very acrid herb (Ranunculus sceleratus) growing in ditches and wet places; — called also cursed crowfoot.

Wa"ter cell` (?). A cell containing water; specifically (Zoöl.), one of the cells or chambers in which water is stored up in the stomach of a camel.

Wa"ter ce*ment" (?). Hydraulic cement.

Wa"ter chest"nut (?). (Bot.) The fruit of Trapa natans and Trapa bicornis, Old World water plants bearing edible nutlike fruits armed with several hard and sharp points; also, the plant itself; — called also water caltrop.

Wa"ter chev`ro*tain" (?). (Zoöl.) A large West African chevrotain (Hyæmoschus aquaticus). It has a larger body and shorter legs than the other allied species. Called also water deerlet.

Wa"ter chick"en (?). (Zoöl.) The common American gallinule.

Wa"ter chick"weed` (?). (Bot.) A small annual plant (Montia fontana) growing in wet places in southern regions.

Wa"ter chin"qua*pin (?). (Bot.) The American lotus, and its edible seeds, which somewhat resemble chinquapins. Cf. Yoncopin.

Wa"ter clock` (?). An instrument or machine serving to measure time by the fall, or flow, of a certain quantity of water; a clepsydra.

Wa"ter-clos`et (?), n. A privy; especially, a privy furnished with a contrivance for introducing a stream of water to cleanse it.

Wa"ter cock` (?). (Zoöl.) A large gallinule (Gallicrex cristatus) native of Australia, India, and the East Indies. In the breeding season the male is black and has a fleshy red caruncle, or horn, on the top of its head. Called also kora.

Wa"ter col`or (?). (Paint.) 1. A color ground with water and gum or other glutinous medium; a color the vehicle of which is water; — so called in distinction from oil color.

It preserves its consistency when dried in a solid cake, which is used by rubbing off a portion on a moistened palette. Moist water colors are water colors kept in a semifluid or pasty state in little metal tubes or pans.

2. A picture painted with such colors.

Wa"ter-col`or*ist, n. One who paints in water colors.

Wa"ter course` (?). 1. A stream of water; a river or brook. Isa. xliv. 4.

2. A natural channel for water; also, a canal for the conveyance of water, especially in draining lands.

3. (Law) A running stream of water having a bed and banks; the easement one may have in the flowing of such a stream in its accustomed course. A water course may be sometimes dry. Angell. Burrill.

Wa"ter craft` (?). Any vessel or boat plying on water; vessels and boats, collectively.

Wa"ter crake` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The dipper. (b) The spotted crake (Porzana maruetta). See Illust. of Crake. (c) The swamp hen, or crake, of Australia.

<! p. 1632 !>

Wa"ter crane` (?). A goose-neck apparatus for supplying water from an elevated tank, as to the tender of a locomotive.

Wa"ter cress` (?). (Bot.) A perennial cruciferous herb (Nasturtium officinale) growing usually in clear running or spring water. The leaves are pungent, and used for salad and as an antiscorbutic.

Wa"ter crow` (?). [So called in allusion to its dark plumage.] (Zoöl.) (a) The dipper. (b) The European coot.

Wa"ter crow"foot` (?). (Bot.) An aquatic kind of buttercup (Ranunculus aquatilis), used as food for cattle in parts of England.

Great water crowfoot, an American water plant (Ranunculus multifidus), having deep yellow flowers.

Wa"ter cure` (?). 1. (Med.) Hydropathy.

2. A hydropathic institution.

Wa"ter deck` (?). A covering of painting canvas for the equipments of a dragoon's horse. Wilhelm.

Wa"ter deer` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A small Chinese deer (Hydropotes inermis). Both sexes are destitute of antlers, but the male has large, descending canine tusks. (b) The water chevrotain.

Wa"ter deer"let (?). See Water chevrotain.

Wa"ter dev"il (?). (Zoöl.) The rapacious larva of a large water beetle (Hydrophilus piceus), and of other similar species. See Illust. of Water beetle.

Wa"ter dock` (?). (Bot.) A tall, coarse dock growing in wet places. The American water dock is Rumex orbiculatus, the European is R. Hydrolapathum.

Wa"ter doc"tor (?). (Med.) (a) One who professes to be able to divine diseases by inspection of the urine. (b) A physician who treats diseases with water; an hydropathist.

Wa"ter dog` (?). 1. (Zoöl.) A dog accustomed to the water, or trained to retrieve waterfowl. Retrievers, waters spaniels, and Newfoundland dogs are so trained.

2. (Zoöl.) The menobranchus.

3. A small floating cloud, supposed to indicate rain.

4. A sailor, esp. an old sailor; an old salt. [Colloq.]

Wa"ter drain` (?). A drain or channel for draining off water.

Wa"ter drain"age (?; 48). The draining off of water.

Wa"ter dress"ing (?). (Med.) The treatment of wounds or ulcers by the application of water; also, a dressing saturated with water only, for application to a wound or an ulcer.

Wa"ter drop"wort` (?). (Bot.) A European poisonous umbelliferous plant (Enanthe fistulosa) with large hollow stems and finely divided leaves.

Wa"ter ea"gle (?). (Zoöl.) The osprey.

Wa"ter el"der (?). (Bot.) The guelder- rose.

Wa"ter el"e*phant (?). (Zoöl.) The hippopotamus. [R.]

Wa"ter en"gine (?). An engine to raise water; or an engine moved by water; also, an engine or machine for extinguishing fires; a fire engine.

Wa"ter*er (?), n. One who, or that which, waters.

Wa"ter*fall` (?), n. 1. A fall, or perpendicular descent, of the water of a river or stream, or a descent nearly perpendicular; a cascade; a cataract.

2. (Hairdressing) An arrangement of a woman's back hair over a cushion or frame in some resemblance to a waterfall.

3. A certain kind of neck scarf. T. Hughes.

{ Wa"ter feath"er (?). Wa"ter feath"er-foil` (?). } (Bot.) The water violet (Hottonia palustris); also, the less showy American plant H. inflata.

Wa"ter flag` (?). (Bot.) A European species of Iris (Iris Pseudacorus) having bright yellow flowers.

Wa"ter flan"nel (?). (Bot.) A floating mass formed in pools by the entangled filaments of a European fresh-water alga (Cladophora crispata).

Wa"ter flea` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small aquatic Entomostraca belonging to the genera Cyclops, Daphnia, etc; — so called because they swim with sudden leaps, or starts.

Wa"ter*flood` (?), n. [AS. wæterfld.] A flood of water; an inundation.

Wa"ter floun"der (?). (Zoöl.) The windowpane (Pleuronectes maculatus). [Local, U. S.]

Wa"ter*fowl` (?), n. Any bird that frequents the water, or lives about rivers, lakes, etc., or on or near the sea; an aquatic fowl; — used also collectively.

Of aquatic fowls, some are waders, or furnished with long legs; others are swimmers, or furnished with webbed feet.

Wa"ter fox` (?). (Zoöl.) The carp; — so called on account of its cunning. Walton.

Wa"ter frame` (?). A name given to the first power spinning machine, because driven by water power.

Wa"ter fur"row (?). (Agric.) A deep furrow for conducting water from the ground, and keeping the surface soil dry.

Wa"ter-fur"row, v. t. To make water furrows in.

Wa"ter gage` (?). See Water gauge.

Wa"ter gall` (?). 1. A cavity made in the earth by a torrent of water; a washout.

2. A watery appearance in the sky, accompanying the rainbow; a secondary or broken rainbow.

> These water galls, in her dim element,
> Foretell new storms to those already spent.

Shak.

> False good news are [is] always produced by true good, like the water gall by the rainbow.

Walpole.

Wa"ter gang` (?). (O. E. Law) A passage for water, such as was usually made in a sea wall, to drain water out of marshes. Burrill.

Wa"ter gas` (?). (Chem.) See under Gas.

Wa"ter gate` (?). A gate, or valve, by which a flow of water is permitted, prevented, or regulated.

Wa"ter gauge` (?). [Written also water gage.]

1. A wall or bank to hold water back. Craig.

2. An instrument for measuring or ascertaining the depth or quantity of water, or for indicating the height of its surface, as in the boiler of a steam engine. See Gauge.

Wa"ter gav"el (?). (O. Eng. Law) A gavel or rent paid for a privilege, as of fishing, in some river or water.

Wa"ter ger*man"der (?). (Bot.) A labiate plant (Teucrium Scordium) found in marshy places in Europe.

Wa"ter gild"ing (?). The act, or the process, of gilding metallic surfaces by covering them with a thin coating of amalgam of gold, and then volatilizing the mercury by heat; — called also wash gilding.

Wa"ter glass` (?). (Chem.) See Soluble glass, under Glass.

Wa"ter god` (?). (Myth.) A fabulous deity supposed to dwell in, and preside over, some body of water.

Wa"ter gru"el (?). A liquid food composed of water and a small portion of meal, or other farinaceous substance, boiled and seasoned.

Wa"ter ham"mer (?). (Physics) 1. A vessel partly filled with water, exhausted of air, and hermetically sealed. When reversed or shaken, the water being unimpeded by air, strikes the sides in solid mass with a sound like that of a hammer.

2. A concussion, or blow, made by water in striking, as against the sides of a pipe or vessel containing it.

Wa"ter hare (?). (Zoöl.) A small American hare or rabbit (Lepus aquaticus) found on or near the southern coasts of the United States; — called also water rabbit, and swamp hare.

Wa"ter hem"lock (?). (Bot) (a) A poisonous umbelliferous plant (Cicuta virosa) of Europe; also, any one of several plants of that genus. (b) A poisonous plant (Œnanthe crocata) resembling the above.

Wa"ter hemp` (?). (Bot.) See under Hemp.

Wa"ter hen` (?). 1. (Zoöl.) Any gallinule.

2. (Zoöl.) The common American coot.

Wa"ter hog` (?). (Zoöl.) The capybara.

Wa"ter hore"hound` (?). (Bot.) Bugleweed.

Wa"ter*horse` (?), n. A pile of salted fish heaped up to drain.

Wa"ter hy"a*cinth (?). (Bot.) Either of several tropical aquatic plants of the genus Eichhornia, related to the pickerel weed.

Wa"ter ice` (?). Water flavored, sweetened, and frozen, to be eaten as a confection.

Wa"ter*ie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The pied wagtail; — so called because it frequents ponds.

Wa"ter inch` (?). Same as Inch of water, under Water.

Wa"ter*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being watery; moisture; humidity.

Wa"ter*ing, a. & n. from Water, v.

Watering call (Mil.), a sound of trumpet or bugle summoning cavalry soldiers to assemble for the purpose of watering their horses. — Watering cart, a sprinkling cart. See Water. — Watering place. (a) A place where water may be obtained, as for a ship, for cattle, etc. (b) A place where there are springs of medicinal water, or a place by the sea, or by some large body of water, to which people resort for bathing, recreation, boating, etc. - - Watering pot. (a) A kind of bucket fitted with a rose, or perforated nozzle, — used for watering flowers, paths, etc. (b) (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Aspergillum, or Brechites. The valves are small, and consolidated with the capacious calcareous tube which incases the entire animal. The tube is closed at the anterior end by a convex disk perforated by numerous pores, or tubules, and resembling the rose of a watering pot. — Watering trough, a trough from which cattle, horses, and other animals drink.

Wa"ter*ish, a. [AS. wæterisc.] 1. Resembling water; thin; watery.

> Feed upon such nice and waterish diet.

Shak.

2. Somewhat watery; moist; as, waterish land.

Wa"ter*ish*ness, n. The quality of being waterish.

Wa"ter joint` (?). (Arch.) A joint in a stone pavement where the stones are left slightly higher than elsewhere, the rest of the surface being sunken or dished. The raised surface is intended to prevent the settling of water in the joints.

Wa"ter jun"ket (?). (Zoöl.) The common sandpiper.

Wa"ter-laid` (?), a. Having a left-hand twist; — said of cordage; as, a water-laid, or left-hand, rope.

{ Wa`ter*land"er (?), Wa`ter*land"i*an (?) } n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a body of Dutch Anabaptists who separated from the Mennonites in the sixteenth century; — so called from a district in North Holland denominated Waterland.

Wa"ter la"ver*ock (?). (Zoöl.) The common sandpiper.

Wa"ter*leaf` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the American genus Hydrophyllum, herbs having white or pale blue bell-shaped flowers. Gray.

Wa"ter leg` (?). (Steam Boilers) See Leg, 7.

Wa"ter lem"on (?). (Bot.) The edible fruit of two species of passion flower (Passiflora laurifolia, and P. maliformis); — so called in the West Indies.

Wa"ter*less, a. Destitute of water; dry. Chaucer.

Wa"ter let"tuce (?). (Bot.) A plant (Pistia stratiotes) which floats on tropical waters, and forms a rosette of spongy, wedge-shaped leaves. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

Wa"ter lev"el (?). 1. The level formed by the surface of still water.

2. A kind of leveling instrument. See under Level, n.

Wa"ter lil`y (?). (Bot.) A blossom or plant of any species of the genus Nymphæa, distinguished for its large floating leaves and beautiful flowers. See Nymphæa.

The name is extended to various plants of other related genera, as Nuphar, Euryale, Nelumbo, and Victoria. See Euryale, Lotus, and Victoria, 1.

Wa"ter lime` (?). Hydraulic lime.

Wa"ter line` (?). 1. (Shipbuilding) Any one of certain lines of a vessel, model, or plan, parallel with the surface of the water at various heights from the keel.

In a half-breadth plan, the water lines are outward curves showing the horizontal form of the ship at their several heights; in a sheer plan, they are projected as straight horizontal lines.

2. (Naut.) Any one of several lines marked upon the outside of a vessel, corresponding with the surface of the water when she is afloat on an even keel. The lowest line indicates the vessel's proper submergence when not loaded, and is called the light water line; the highest, called the load water line, indicates her proper submergence when loaded.

Water-line model (Shipbuilding), a model of a vessel formed of boards which are shaped according to the water lines as shown in the plans and laid upon each other to form a solid model.

Wa"ter liz"ard (?). (Zoöl.) Any aquatic lizard of the genus Varanus, as the monitor of the Nile. See Monitor, n., 3.

Wa"ter lo"cust (?). (Bot.) A thorny leguminous tree (Gleditschia monosperma) which grows in the swamps of the Mississippi valley.

Wa"ter-logged (?), a. Filled or saturated with water so as to be heavy, unmanageable, or loglike; — said of a vessel, when, by receiving a great quantity of water into her hold, she has become so heavy as not to be manageable by the helm.

Wa"ter*man, n.; pl. Watermen (&?;).

1. A man who plies for hire on rivers, lakes, or canals, or in harbors, in distinction from a seaman who is engaged on the high seas; a man who manages fresh-water craft; a boatman; a ferryman.

2. An attendant on cab stands, etc., who supplies water to the horses. [Eng.] Dickens.

3. A water demon. Tylor.

Wa"ter*mark` (?), n. 1. A mark indicating the height to which water has risen, or at which it has stood; the usual limit of high or low water.

2. A letter, device, or the like, wrought into paper during the process of manufacture.

"The watermark in paper is produced by bending the wires of the mold, or by wires bent into the shape of the required letter or device, and sewed to the surface of the mold; — it has the effect of making the paper thinner in places. The old makers employed watermarks of an eccentric kind. Those of Caxton and other early printers were an oxhead and star, a collared dog's head, a crown, a shield, a jug, etc. A fool's cap and bells, employed as a watermark, gave the name to foolscap paper; a postman's horn, such as was formerly in use, gave the name to post paper." Tomlinson.

3. (Naut.) See Water line, 2. [R.]

Wa"ter mead"ow (?). (Agric.) A meadow, or piece of low, flat land, capable of being kept in a state of fertility by being overflowed with water from some adjoining river or stream.

Wa"ter meas"ure (?). A measure formerly used for articles brought by water, as coals, oysters, etc. The water-measure bushel was three gallons larger than the Winchester bushel. Cowell.

Wa"ter meas"ur*er (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of water; the skater. See Skater, n., 2.

Wa"ter*mel`on (?), n. (Bot.) The very large ovoid or roundish fruit of a cucurbitaceous plant (Citrullus vulgaris) of many varieties; also, the plant itself. The fruit sometimes weighs many pounds; its pulp is usually pink in color, and full of a sweet watery juice. It is a native of tropical Africa, but is now cultivated in many countries. See Illust. of Melon.

Wa"ter me"ter (?). A contrivance for measuring a supply of water delivered or received for any purpose, as from a street main.

Wa"ter mil"foil (?). (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Myriophyllum, aquatic herbs with whorled leaves, the submersed ones pinnately parted into capillary divisions.

Wa"ter mill` (?). A mill whose machinery is moved by water; — distinguished from a windmill, and a steam mill.

Wa"ter mint` (?). A kind of mint (Mentha aquatica) growing in wet places, and sometimes having a perfume resembling bergamot.

Wa"ter mite` (?). (Zoöl.) Any of numerous species of aquatic mites belonging to Hydrachna and allied genera of the family Hydrachnidæ, usually having the legs fringed and adapted for swimming. They are often red or red and black in color, and while young are parasites of fresh-water insects and mussels. Called also water tick, and water spider.

<! p. 1633 !>

Wa"ter moc"ca*sin (?). (Zoöl.) A venomous North American snake (Ancistrodon piscivorus) allied to the rattlesnake but destitute of a rattle. It lives in or about pools and ponds, and feeds largely of fishes. Called also water snake, water adder, water viper.

Wa"ter mole` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The shrew mole. See under Shrew. (b) The duck mole. See under Duck.

Wa"ter mon"i*tor (?). (Zoöl.) A very large lizard (Varanaus salvator) native of India. It frequents the borders of streams and swims actively. It becomes five or six feet long. Called also two-banded monitor, and kabaragoya. The name is also applied to other aquatic monitors.

Wa"ter mo"tor (?). 1. A water engine.

2. A water wheel; especially, a small water wheel driven by water from a street main.

Wa"ter mouse` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of mice belonging to the genus Hydromys, native of Australia and Tasmania. Their hind legs are strong and their toes partially webbed. They live on the borders of streams, and swim well. They are remarkable as being the only rodents found in Australia.

Wa"ter mur"rain (?). A kind of murrain affecting cattle. Crabb.

Wa"ter newt` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of aquatic salamanders; a triton.

Wa"ter nymph` (?). 1. (Myth.) A goddess of any stream or other body of water, whether one of the Naiads, Nereids, or Oceanides.

2. (Bot.) A water lily (Nymphæa).

Wa"ter oat` (?). Indian rice. See under Rice.

Wa"ter o*pos"sum (?). (Zoöl.) See Yapock, and the Note under Opossum.

Wa"ter or"de*al (?). Same as Ordeal by water. See the Note under Ordeal, n., 1.

{ Wa"ter ou"sel (?), Wa"ter ou"zel }. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small insessorial birds of the genus Cinclus (or Hydrobates), especially the European water ousel (C. aquaticus), and the American water ousel (C. Mexicanus). These birds live about the water, and are in the habit of walking on the bottom of streams beneath the water in search of food.

Wa"ter pars"nip (?). (Bot.) Any plant of the aquatic umbelliferous genus Sium, poisonous herbs with pinnate or dissected leaves and small white flowers.

Wa"ter par"tridge (?). (Zoöl.) The ruddy duck. [Local, U. S.]

Wa"ter pen"ny*wort` (?). (Bot.) Marsh pennywort. See under Marsh.

Wa"ter pep"per (?). (Bot.) (a) Smartweed. (b) Waterwort.

Wa"ter pheas"ant (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail. See Pintail, n., 1. (b) The goosander. (c) The hooded merganser.

Wa"ter pi"et (?). (Zoöl.) The water ousel.

Wa"ter pig` (?). 1. (Zoöl.) The capybara.

2. (Zoöl.) The gourami.

Wa"ter pil"lar (?). A waterspout. [Obs.]

Wa"ter pim"per*nel (?). (Bot.) A small white- flowered shrub; brookweed.

Wa"ter pipe (?). A pipe for conveying water.

Wa"ter pitch"er (?). 1. A pitcher for water.

2. (Bot.) One of a family of plants having pitcher-shaped leaves. The sidesaddle flower (Sarracenia purpurea) is the type.

Wa"ter plant` (?). A plant that grows in water; an aquatic plant.

Wa"ter plan"tain (?). (Bot.) A kind of plant with acrid leaves. See under 2d Plantain.

Wa"ter plate` (?). A plate heated by hot water contained in a double bottom or jacket. Knight.

Wa"ter po"a (?). (Bot.) Meadow reed grass. See under Reed.

Wa"ter poise` (?). A hydrometer.

Wa"ter pore` (?), 1. (Zoöl.) A pore by which the water tubes of various invertebrates open externally.

2. (Bot.) One of certain minute pores in the leaves of some plants. They are without true guardian cells, but in other respects closely resemble ordinary stomata. Goodale.

Wa"ter*pot` (?), n. A vessel for holding or conveying water, or for sprinkling water on cloth, plants, etc.

Wa"ter pow"er (?). 1. The power of water employed to move machinery, etc.

2. A fall of water which may be used to drive machinery; a site for a water mill; a water privilege.

Wa"ter pox` (?). (Med.) A variety of chicken pox, or varicella. Dunglison.

Wa"ter priv"i*lege (?). The advantage of using water as a mechanical power; also, the place where water is, or may be, so used. See under Privilege.

Wa"ter*proof` (?), a. Proof against penetration or permeation by water; impervious to water; as, a waterproof garment; a waterproof roof.

Wa"ter*proof`, n. 1. A substance or preparation for rendering cloth, leather, etc., impervious to water.

2. Cloth made waterproof, or any article made of such cloth, or of other waterproof material, as rubber; esp., an outer garment made of such material.

Wa"ter*proof` (?), v. t. To render impervious to water, as cloth, leather, etc.

Wa"ter*proof`ing, n. 1. The act or process of making waterproof.

2. Same as Waterproof, n., 1.

Wa"ter purs"lane (?). (Bot.) See under Purslane.

Wa"ter qualm` (?). (Med.) See Water brash, under Brash.

Wa"ter rab"bit (?). (Zoöl.) See Water hare.

Wa"ter rad"ish (?). (Bot.) A coarse yellow-flowered plant (Nasturtium amphibium) related to the water cress and to the horse-radish.

Wa"ter rail` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of rails of the genus Rallus, as the common European species (Rallus aquaticus). See Illust. of Rail.

Wa"ter ram` (?). An hydraulic ram.

Wa"ter rat` (?). 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The water vole. See under Vole. (b) The muskrat. (c) The beaver rat. See under Beaver.

2. A thief on the water; a pirate.

Wa"ter rate` (?). A rate or tax for a supply of water.

{ Wa"ter rat"tle (?). Wa"ter rat"tler (?). } (Zoöl.) The diamond rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus); — so called from its preference for damp places near water.

Wa"ter-ret` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Water-retted; p. pr. & vb. n. Water-retting.] To ret, or rot, in water, as flax; to water- rot.

Wa"ter rice" (?). Indian rice. See under Rice.

Wa"ter rock"et (?). 1. (Bot.) A cruciferous plant (Nasturtium sylvestre) with small yellow flowers.

2. A kind of firework to be discharged in the water.

Wa"ter-rot` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Water-rotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Water-rotting.] To rot by steeping in water; to water-ret; as, to water-rot hemp or flax.

Wa"ter sail` (?). (Naut.) A small sail sometimes set under a studding sail or under a driver boom, and reaching nearly to the water.

Wa"ter sap"phire (?). [Equiv. to F. saphir d'eau.] (Min.) A deep blue variety of iolite, sometimes used as a gem; — called also saphir d'eau.

Wa"ter*scape" (?), n. [Cf. Landscape.] A sea view; — distinguished from landscape. [Jocose] Fairholt.

Wa"ter scor"pi*on (?). (Zoöl.) See Nepa.

Wa"ter screw` (?). A screw propeller.

Wa"ter*shed` (?), n. [Cf. G. wasserscheide; wasser water + scheide a place where two things separate, fr. scheiden to separate.]

1. The whole region or extent of country which contributes to the supply of a river or lake.

2. The line of division between two adjacent rivers or lakes with respect to the flow of water by natural channels into them; the natural boundary of a basin.

Wa"ter shield` (?). (Bot.) An aquatic American plant (Brasenia peltata) having floating oval leaves, and the covered with a clear jelly.

Wa"ter*shoot` (?), n. 1. A sprig or shoot from the root or stock of a tree. [Obs.]

2. (Arch.) That which serves to guard from falling water; a drip or dripstone.

3. A trough for discharging water.

Wa"ter shrew` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of shrews having fringed feet and capable of swimming actively. The two common European species (Crossopus fodiens, and C. ciliatus) are the best known. The most common American water shrew, or marsh shrew (Neosorex palustris), is rarely seen, owing to its nocturnal habits.

Wa"ter snail` (?). 1. (Zoöl.) Any aquatic pulmonate gastropod belonging to Planorbis, Limnæa, and allied genera; a pond snail.

2. (Mech.) The Archimedean screw. [R.]

Wa"ter snake` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A common North American colubrine snake (Tropidonotus sipedon) which lives chiefly in the water. (b) Any species of snakes of the family Homalopsidæ, all of which are aquatic in their habits.

Wa"ter-soak` (?), v. t. To soak water; to fill the interstices of with water.

Wa"ter sol`dier (?). (Bot.) An aquatic European plant (Stratiotes aloides) with bayonet-shaped leaves.

Wa"ter souch`y (?). (Cookery) A dish consisting of small fish stewed and served in a little water. [Written also water souchet.] See Zoutch.

Wa"ter span"iel (?). A curly-haired breed of spaniels, naturally very fond of the water.

Wa"ter spar"row (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The reed warbler. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The reed bunting. [Prov. Eng.]

Wa"ter speed"well (?). (Bot.) A kind of speedwell (Veronica Anagallis) found in wet places in Europe and America.

Wa"ter spi"der (?). (Zoöl.) (a) An aquatic European spider (Argyoneta aquatica) which constructs its web beneath the surface of the water on water plants. It lives in a bell-shaped structure of silk, open beneath like a diving bell, and filled with air which the spider carries down in the form of small bubbles attached one at a time to the spinnerets and hind feet. Called also diving spider. (b) A water mite. (c) Any spider that habitually lives on or about the water, especially the large American species (Dolomedes lanceolatus) which runs rapidly on the surface of water; — called also raft spider.

Wa"ter spin`ner (?). (Zoöl.) The water spider.

Wa"ter*spout` (?), n. A remarkable meteorological phenomenon, of the nature of a tornado or whirlwind, usually observed over the sea, but sometimes over the land.

Tall columns, apparently of cloud, and reaching from the sea to the clouds, are seen moving along, often several at once, sometimes straight and vertical, at other times inclined and tortuous, but always in rapid rotation. At their bases, the sea is violently agitated and heaped up with a leaping or boiling motion, water, at least in some cases, being actually carried up in considerable quantity, and scattered round from a great height, as solid bodies are by tornadoes on land. Sir J. Herschel.

Wa"ter sprite` (?). A sprite, or spirit, imagined as inhabiting the water. J. R. Drake.

Wa"ter-stand`ing (?), a. Tear- filled. [R.] "Many an orphan's water-standing eye." Shak.

Wa"ter star" grass` (?). (Bot.) An aquatic plant (Schollera graminea) with grassy leaves, and yellow star-shaped blossoms.

Wa"ter star"wort` (?). See under Starwort.

Wa"ter sup*ply" (?). A supply of water; specifically, water collected, as in reservoirs, and conveyed, as by pipes, for use in a city, mill, or the like.

Wa"ter tab"by (?). A kind of waved or watered tabby. See Tabby, n., 1.

Wa"ter ta"ble (?). (Arch.) A molding, or other projection, in the wall of a building, to throw off the water, — generally used in the United States for the first table above the surface of the ground (see Table, n., 9), that is, for the table at the top of the foundation and the beginning of the upper wall.

Wa"ter*tath` (?), n. [Water + tath, n.] A kind of coarse grass growing in wet grounds, and supposed to be injurious to sheep. [Prov. Eng.]

Wa"ter ther*mom"e*ter (?). (Physics) A thermometer filled with water instead of mercury, for ascertaining the precise temperature at which water attains its maximum density. This is about 39° Fahr., or 4° Centigrade; and from that point down to 32° Fahr., or 0° Centigrade, or the freezing point, it expands.

Wa"ter thief` (?). A pirate. [R.] Shak.

Wa"ter thrush` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A North American bird of the genus Seiurus, belonging to the Warbler family, especially the common species (S. Noveboracensis). (b) The European water ousel. (b) The pied wagtail.

Wa"ter thyme` (?). (Bot.) See Anacharis.

Wa"ter tick` (?). Same as Water mite.

Wa"ter ti"ger (?). (Zoöl.) A diving, or water, beetle, especially the larva of a water beetle. See Illust. b of Water beetle.

Wa"ter-tight` (?), a. So tight as to retain, or not to admit, water; not leaky.

Wa"ter torch` (?). (Bot.) The common cat-tail (Typha latifolia), the spike of which makes a good torch soaked in oil. Dr. Prior.

Wa"ter tow"er (?). A large metal pipe made to be extended vertically by sections, and used for discharging water upon burning buildings.

Wa"ter tree` (?). (Bot.) A climbing shrub (Tetracera alnifolia, or potatoria) of Western Africa, which pours out a watery sap from the freshly cut stems.

Wa"ter tre"foil` (?). (Bot.) The buck bean.

Wa"ter tube` (?). (Zoöl.) One of a system of tubular excretory organs having external openings, found in many invertebrates. They are believed to be analogous in function to the kidneys of vertebrates. See Illust. under Trematodea, and Sporocyst.

Wa"ter tu"pe*lo (?). (Bot.) A species of large tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) growing in swamps in the southern of the United States. See Ogeechee lime.

Wa"ter tur"key (?). (Zoöl.) The American snakebird. See Snakebird.

Wa"ter tu tu`yère" (?). A tuyère kept cool by water circulating within a casing. It is used for hot blast.

Wa"ter tu twist` (?). Yarn made by the throstle, or water frame.

<! p. 1634 !>

Wa"ter vine` (?). (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Phytocrene, climbing shrubs of Asia and Africa, the stems of which are singularly porous, and when cut stream with a limpid potable juice.

Wa"ter vi"o*let (?). (Bot.) See under Violet.

Wa"ter vi"per (?). (Zoöl.) See Water moccasin.

Wa"ter vole` (?). (Zoöl.) See under Vole.

Wa"ter wag"tail` (?). See under Wagtail.

Wa"ter*way` (?), n. (Naut.) Heavy plank or timber extending fore and aft the whole length of a vessel's deck at the line of junction with the sides, forming a channel to the scuppers, which are cut through it. In iron vessels the waterway is variously constructed.

Wa"ter way`. Same as Water course.

Wa"ter*weed` (?), n. (Bot.) See Anacharis.

Wa"ter wheel` (?). 1. Any wheel for propelling machinery or for other purposes, that is made to rotate by the direct action of water; — called an overshot wheel when the water is applied at the top, an undershot wheel when at the bottom, a breast wheel when at an intermediate point; other forms are called reaction wheel, vortex wheel, turbine wheel, etc.

2. The paddle wheel of a steam vessel.

3. A wheel for raising water; a noria, or the like.

Wa"ter wil`low (?). (Bot.) An American aquatic plant (Dianthera Americana) with long willowlike leaves, and spikes of small purplish flowers.

Wa"ter wing` (?). (Arch.) One of two walls built on either side of the junction of a bridge with the bank of a river, to protect the abutment of the bridge and the bank from the action of the current.

Wa"ter witch` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The dabchick. (b) The stormy petrel. [Prov. Eng.]

Wa"ter-withe` (?), n. (Bot.) A vinelike plant (Vitis Caribæa) growing in parched districts in the West Indies, and containing a great amount of sap which is sometimes used for quenching thirst.

Wa"ter*work` (?), n. 1. (Paint.) Painting executed in size or distemper, on canvas or walls, — formerly, frequently taking the place of tapestry. Shak. Fairholt.

2. An hydraulic apparatus, or a system of works or fixtures, by which a supply of water is furnished for useful or ornamental purposes, including dams, sluices, pumps, aqueducts, distributing pipes, fountains, etc.; — used chiefly in the plural.

Wa"ter*worn` (?), a. Worn, smoothed, or polished by the action of water; as, waterworn stones.

Wa"ter*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the natural order Elatineæ, consisting of two genera (Elatine, and Bergia), mostly small annual herbs growing in the edges of ponds. Some have a peppery or acrid taste.

Wa"ter*y (?), a. [AS. wæterig.]

1. Of or pertaining to water; consisting of water. "The watery god." Dryden. "Fish within their watery residence." Milton.

2. Abounding with water; wet; hence, tearful.

3. Resembling water; thin or transparent, as a liquid; as, watery humors.

> The oily and watery parts of the aliment.

Arbuthnot.

4. Hence, abounding in thin, tasteless, or insipid fluid; tasteless; insipid; vapid; spiritless.

Watt (?), n. [From the distinguished mechanician and scientist, James Watt.] (Physics) A unit of power or activity equal to 107 C.G.S. units of power, or to work done at the rate of one joule a second. An English horse power is approximately equal to 746 watts.

Wat"tle (?), n. [AS. watel, watul, watol, hurdle, covering, wattle; cf. OE. watel a bag. Cf. Wallet.]

1. A twig or flexible rod; hence, a hurdle made of such rods.

> And there he built with wattles from the marsh
> A little lonely church in days of yore.

Tennyson.

2. A rod laid on a roof to support the thatch.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) A naked fleshy, and usually wrinkled and highly colored, process of the skin hanging from the chin or throat of a bird or reptile. (b) Barbel of a fish.

4. (a) The astringent bark of several Australian trees of the genus Acacia, used in tanning; — called also wattle bark. (b) (Bot.) The trees from which the bark is obtained. See Savanna wattle, under Savanna.

Wattle turkey. (Zoöl.) Same as Brush turkey.

Wat"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wattled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wattling (?).]

1. To bind with twigs.

2. To twist or interweave, one with another, as twigs; to form a network with; to plat; as, to wattle branches.

3. To form, by interweaving or platting twigs.

> The folded flocks, penned in their wattled cotes.

Milton.

Wat"tle*bird` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of honey eaters belonging to Anthochæra and allied genera of the family Meliphagidæ. These birds usually have a large and conspicuous wattle of naked skin hanging down below each ear. They are natives of Australia and adjacent islands.

The best-known species (Anthochæra carunculata) has the upper parts grayish brown, with a white stripe on each feather, and the wing and tail quills dark brown or blackish, tipped with withe. Its wattles, in life, are light blood-red. Called also wattled crow, wattled bee-eater, wattled honey eater. Another species (A. inauris) is streaked with black, gray, and white, and its long wattles are white, tipped with orange. The bush wattlebirds, belonging to the genus Anellobia, are closely related, but lack conspicuous wattles. The most common species (A. mellivora) is dark brown, finely streaked with white. Called also goruck creeper.

2. (Zoöl.) The Australian brush turkey.

Wat"tled (?), a. Furnished with wattles, or pendent fleshy processes at the chin or throat.

> The wattled cocks strut to and fro.

Longfellow.

Wat"tling (?), n. The act or process of binding or platting with twigs; also, the network so formed.

> Made with a wattling of canes or sticks.

Dampier.

Watt"me`ter (?), n. [Watt + meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring power in watts, — much used in measuring the energy of an electric current.

{ Waucht, Waught } (?), n. [Cf. Quaff.] A large draught of any liquid. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Waul (?), v. i. [Of imitative origin.] To cry as a cat; to squall; to wail. [Written also wawl.]

> The helpless infant, coming wauling and crying into the world.

Sir W. Scott.

Waur (?), a. [See Worse.] Worse. [Scot.]

> Murder and waur than murder.

Sir W. Scott.

Wave (wv), v. t. See Waive. Sir H. Wotton. Burke.

Wave, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waved (wvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Waving.] [OE. waven, AS. wafian to waver, to hesitate, to wonder; akin to wæfre wavering, restless, MHG. wabern to be in motion, Icel. vafra to hover about; cf. Icel. vfa to vibrate. Cf. Waft, Waver.]

1. To play loosely; to move like a wave, one way and the other; to float; to flutter; to undulate.

> His purple robes waved careless to the winds.

Trumbull.

> Where the flags of three nations has successively waved.

Hawthorne.

2. To be moved to and fro as a signal. B. Jonson.

3. To fluctuate; to waver; to be in an unsettled state; to vacillate. [Obs.]

> He waved indifferently 'twixt doing them neither good nor harm.

Shak.

Wave, v. t. 1. To move one way and the other; to brandish. "[Æneas] waved his fatal sword." Dryden.

2. To raise into inequalities of surface; to give an undulating form a surface to.

> Horns whelked and waved like the enridged sea.

Shak.

3. To move like a wave, or by floating; to waft. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

4. To call attention to, or give a direction or command to, by a waving motion, as of the hand; to signify by waving; to beckon; to signal; to indicate.

> Look, with what courteous action
> It waves you to a more removed ground.

Shak.

> She spoke, and bowing waved
> Dismissal.

Tennyson.

Wave, n. [From Wave, v.; not the same word as OE. wawe, waghe, a wave, which is akin to E. wag to move. √136. See Wave, v. i.]

1. An advancing ridge or swell on the surface of a liquid, as of the sea, resulting from the oscillatory motion of the particles composing it when disturbed by any force their position of rest; an undulation.

> The wave behind impels the wave before.

Pope.

2. (Physics) A vibration propagated from particle to particle through a body or elastic medium, as in the transmission of sound; an assemblage of vibrating molecules in all phases of a vibration, with no phase repeated; a wave of vibration; an undulation. See Undulation.

3. Water; a body of water. [Poetic] "Deep drank Lord Marmion of the wave." Sir W. Scott.

> Build a ship to save thee from the flood,
> I 'll furnish thee with fresh wave, bread, and wine.

Chapman.

4. Unevenness; inequality of surface. Sir I. Newton.

5. A waving or undulating motion; a signal made with the hand, a flag, etc.

6. The undulating line or streak of luster on cloth watered, or calendered, or on damask steel.

7. Fig.: A swelling or excitement of thought, feeling, or energy; a tide; as, waves of enthusiasm.

Wave front (Physics), the surface of initial displacement of the particles in a medium, as a wave of vibration advances. — Wave length (Physics), the space, reckoned in the direction of propagation, occupied by a complete wave or undulation, as of light, sound, etc.; the distance from a point or phase in a wave to the nearest point at which the same phase occurs. - - Wave line (Shipbuilding), a line of a vessel's hull, shaped in accordance with the wave-line system. — Wave-line system, Wave-line theory (Shipbuilding), a system or theory of designing the lines of a vessel, which takes into consideration the length and shape of a wave which travels at a certain speed. — Wave loaf, a loaf for a wave offering. Lev. viii. 27. — Wave moth (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small geometrid moths belonging to Acidalia and allied genera; — so called from the wavelike color markings on the wings. — Wave offering, an offering made in the Jewish services by waving the object, as a loaf of bread, toward the four cardinal points. Num. xviii. 11. — Wave of vibration (Physics), a wave which consists in, or is occasioned by, the production and transmission of a vibratory state from particle to particle through a body. — Wave surface. (a) (Physics) A surface of simultaneous and equal displacement of the particles composing a wave of vibration. (b) (Geom.) A mathematical surface of the fourth order which, upon certain hypotheses, is the locus of a wave surface of light in the interior of crystals. It is used in explaining the phenomena of double refraction. See under Refraction. — Wave theory. (Physics) See Undulatory theory, under Undulatory.

Waved (?), a. 1. Exhibiting a wavelike form or outline; undulating; intended; wavy; as, waved edge.

2. Having a wavelike appearance; marked with wavelike lines of color; as, waved, or watered, silk.

3. (Her.) Having undulations like waves; — said of one of the lines in heraldry which serve as outlines to the ordinaries, etc.

Wave"less (?), a. Free from waves; undisturbed; not agitated; as, the waveless sea.

Wave"let (?), n. A little wave; a ripple.

Wa"vel*lite (?), n. [After Dr. Wm. Wavel, the discoverer.] (Min.) A hydrous phosphate of alumina, occurring usually in hemispherical radiated forms varying in color from white to yellow, green, or black.

Wa"ver (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wavered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wavering.] [OE. waveren, from AS. wæfre wavering, restless. See Wave, v. i.]

1. To play or move to and fro; to move one way and the other; hence, to totter; to reel; to swing; to flutter.

> With banners and pennons wavering with the wind.

Ld. Berners.

> Thou wouldst waver on one of these trees as a terror to all evil speakers against dignities.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To be unsettled in opinion; to vacillate; to be undetermined; to fluctuate; as, to water in judgment.

> Let us hold fast . . . without wavering.

Heb. x. 23.

> In feeble hearts, propense enough before
> To waver, or fall off and join with idols.

Milton.

Syn. — To reel; totter; vacillate. See Fluctuate.

Wa"ver, n. [From Wave, or Waver, v.] A sapling left standing in a fallen wood. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Wa"ver*er (?), n. One who wavers; one who is unsettled in doctrine, faith, opinion, or the like. Shak.

Wa"ver*ing*ly, adv. In a wavering manner.

Wa"ver*ing*ness, n. The quality or state of wavering.

Wave"son (?), n. [From Wave; cf. Jetsam.] (O. Eng. Law) Goods which, after shipwreck, appear floating on the waves, or sea.

Wave"-worn` (?), a. Worn by the waves.

> The shore that o'er his wave-worn basis bowed.

Shak.

Wa"vey (?), n. (Zoöl.) The snow goose. [Canadian, & Local U. S.]

Wav"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being wavy.

Wav"ure (?), n. See Waivure. [R.]

Wav"y (?), a. 1. Rising or swelling in waves; full of waves. "The wavy seas." Chapman.

2. Playing to and fro; undulating; as, wavy flames.

> Let her glad valleys smile with wavy corn.

Prior.

3. (Bot.) Undulating on the border or surface; waved.

||Wa*was"keesh (?), n. [From an Indian name.] (Zoöl.) The wapiti, or wapiti, or American elk.

Wawe (w), n. [See Woe.] Woe. [Obs.]

Wawe (w), n. [OE. wawe, waghe; cf. Icel. vgr; akin to E. wag; not the same word as wave.] A wave. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Wawl (?), v. i. See Waul. Shak.

Wax (?), v. i. [imp. Waxed (?); p. p. Waxed, and Obs. or Poetic Waxen (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Waxing.] [AS. weaxan; akin to OFries. waxa, D. wassen, OS. & OHG. wahsan, G. wachsen, Icel. vaxa, Sw. växa, Dan. voxe, Goth. wahsjan, Gr. &?; to increase, Skr. waksh, uksh, to grow. &?;&?;&?;. Cf. Waist.]

1. To increase in size; to grow bigger; to become larger or fuller; — opposed to wane.

> The waxing and the waning of the moon.

Hakewill.

> Truth's treasures . . . never shall wax ne wane.

P. Plowman.

2. To pass from one state to another; to become; to grow; as, to wax strong; to wax warmer or colder; to wax feeble; to wax old; to wax worse and worse.

> Your clothes are not waxen old upon you.

Deut. xxix. 5.

> Where young Adonis oft reposes,
> Waxing well of his deep wound.

Milton.

Waxing kernels (Med.), small tumors formed by the enlargement of the lymphatic glands, especially in the groins of children; — popularly so called, because supposed to be caused by growth of the body. Dunglison.

Wax, n. [AS. weax; akin to OFries. wax, D. was, G. wachs, OHG. wahs, Icel. & Sw. vax, Dan. vox, Lith. vaszkas, Russ. vosk'.]

1. A fatty, solid substance, produced by bees, and employed by them in the construction of their comb; — usually called beeswax. It is first excreted, from a row of pouches along their sides, in the form of scales, which, being masticated and mixed with saliva, become whitened and tenacious. Its natural color is pale or dull yellow.

Beeswax consists essentially of cerotic acid (constituting the more soluble part) and of myricyl palmitate (constituting the less soluble part).

2. Hence, any substance resembling beeswax in consistency or appearance. Specifically: —

(a) (Physiol.) Cerumen, or earwax. See Cerumen.

(b) A waxlike composition used for uniting surfaces, for excluding air, and for other purposes; as, sealing wax, grafting wax, etching wax, etc.

(c) A waxlike composition used by shoemakers for rubbing their thread.

(d) (Zoöl.) A substance similar to beeswax, secreted by several species of scale insects, as the Chinese wax. See Wax insect, below.

(e) (Bot.) A waxlike product secreted by certain plants. See Vegetable wax, under Vegetable.

(f) (Min.) A substance, somewhat resembling wax, found in connection with certain deposits of rock salt and coal; — called also mineral wax, and ozocerite.

(g) Thick sirup made by boiling down the sap of the sugar maple, and then cooling. [Local U. S.]

Japanese wax, a waxlike substance made in Japan from the berries of certain species of Rhus, esp. R. succedanea. — Mineral wax. (Min.) See Wax, 2 (f), above. — Wax cloth. See Waxed cloth, under Waxed. — Wax end. See Waxed end, under Waxed. — Wax flower, a flower made of, or resembling, wax. — Wax insect (Zoöl.), any one of several species of scale insects belonging to the family Coccidæ, which secrete from their bodies a waxlike substance, especially the Chinese wax insect (Coccus Sinensis) from which a large amount of the commercial Chinese wax is obtained. Called also pela. — Wax light, a candle or taper of wax. — Wax moth (Zoöl.), a pyralid moth (Galleria cereana) whose larvæ feed upon honeycomb, and construct silken galleries among the fragments. The moth has dusky gray wings streaked with brown near the outer edge. The larva is yellowish white with brownish dots. Called also bee moth. — Wax myrtle. (Bot.) See Bayberry. — Wax painting, a kind of painting practiced by the ancients, under the name of encaustic. The pigments were ground with wax, and diluted. After being applied, the wax was melted with hot irons and the color thus fixed. — Wax palm. (Bot.) (a) A species of palm (Ceroxylon Andicola) native of the Andes, the stem of which is covered with a secretion, consisting of two thirds resin and one third wax, which, when melted with a third of fat, makes excellent candles. (b) A Brazilian tree (Copernicia cerifera) the young leaves of which are covered with a useful waxy secretion. — Wax paper, paper prepared with a coating of white wax and other ingredients. — Wax plant (Bot.), a name given to several plants, as: (a) The Indian pipe (see under Indian). (b) The Hoya carnosa, a climbing plant with polished, fleshy leaves. (c) Certain species of Begonia with similar foliage. — Wax tree (Bot.) (a) A tree or shrub (Ligustrum lucidum) of China, on which certain insects make a thick deposit of a substance resembling white wax. (b) A kind of sumac (Rhus succedanea) of Japan, the berries of which yield a sort of wax. (c) A rubiaceous tree (Elæagia utilis) of New Grenada, called by the inhabitants "arbol del cera." — Wax yellow, a dull yellow, resembling the natural color of beeswax.

<! p. 1635 !>

Wax (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waxed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Waxing.] To smear or rub with wax; to treat with wax; as, to wax a thread or a table.

Waxed cloth, cloth covered with a coating of wax, used as a cover, of tables and for other purposes; — called also wax cloth. — Waxed end, a thread pointed with a bristle and covered with shoemaker's wax, used in sewing leather, as for boots, shoes, and the like; — called also wax end. Brockett.

Wax"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) The wax-covered fruit of the wax myrtle, or bayberry. See Bayberry, and Candleberry tree.

Wax"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of finchlike birds belonging to Estrelda and allied genera, native of Asia, Africa, and Australia. The bill is large, conical, and usually red in color, resembling sealing wax. Several of the species are often kept as cage birds.

Wax"bird` (?), (Zoöl.) The waxwing.

Wax"en (?), a. 1. Made of wax. "The female bee, that . . . builds her waxen cells." Milton.

2. Covered with wax; waxed; as, a waxen tablet.

3. Resembling wax; waxy; hence, soft; yielding.

> Men have marble, women waxen, minds.

Shak.

Waxen chatterer (Zoöl.), the Bohemian chatterer.

Wax"i*ness (?), n. Quality or state of being waxy.

Wax"wing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small birds of the genus Ampelis, in which some of the secondary quills are usually tipped with small horny ornaments resembling red sealing wax. The Bohemian waxwing (see under Bohemian) and the cedar bird are examples. Called also waxbird.

Wax"work` (?), n. 1. Work made of wax; especially, a figure or figures formed or partly of wax, in imitation of real beings.

2. (Bot.) An American climbing shrub (Celastrus scandens). It bears a profusion of yellow berrylike pods, which open in the autumn, and display the scarlet coverings of the seeds.

Wax"work`er (?), n. 1. One who works in wax; one who makes waxwork.

2. A bee that makes or produces wax.

Wax"y (?), a. Resembling wax in appearance or consistency; viscid; adhesive; soft; hence, yielding; pliable; impressible. "Waxy to persuasion." Bp. Hall.

Waxy degeneration (Med.), amyloid degeneration. See under Amyloid. — Waxy kidney, Waxy liver, etc. (Med.), a kidney or liver affected by waxy degeneration.

Way (?), adv. [Aphetic form of away.] Away. [Obs. or Archaic] Chaucer.

To do way, to take away; to remove. [Obs.] "Do way your hands." Chaucer. — To make way with, to make away with. See under Away. [Archaic]

Way, n. [OE. wey, way, AS. weg; akin to OS., D., OHG., & G. weg, Icel. vegr, Sw. väg, Dan. vei, Goth. wigs, L. via, and AS. wegan to move, L. vehere to carry, Skr. vah. √136. Cf. Convex, Inveigh, Vehicle, Vex, Via, Voyage, Wag, Wagon, Wee, Weigh.]

1. That by, upon, or along, which one passes or processes; opportunity or room to pass; place of passing; passage; road, street, track, or path of any kind; as, they built a way to the mine. "To find the way to heaven." Shak.

> I shall him seek by way and eke by street.

Chaucer.

> The way seems difficult, and steep to scale.

Milton.

> The season and ways were very improper for his majesty's forces to march so great a distance.

Evelyn.

2. Length of space; distance; interval; as, a great way; a long way.

> And whenever the way seemed long,
> Or his heart began to fail.

Longfellow.

3. A moving; passage; procession; journey.

> I prythee, now, lead the way.

Shak.

4. Course or direction of motion or process; tendency of action; advance.

> If that way be your walk, you have not far.

Milton.

> And let eternal justice take the way.

Dryden.

5. The means by which anything is reached, or anything is accomplished; scheme; device; plan.

> My best way is to creep under his gaberdine.

Shak.

> By noble ways we conquest will prepare.

Dryden.

> What impious ways my wishes took!

Prior.

6. Manner; method; mode; fashion; style; as, the way of expressing one's ideas.

7. Regular course; habitual method of life or action; plan of conduct; mode of dealing. "Having lost the way of nobleness." Sir. P. Sidney.

> Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace.

Prov. iii. 17.

> When men lived in a grander way.

Longfellow.

8. Sphere or scope of observation. Jer. Taylor.

> The public ministers that fell in my way.

Sir W. Temple.

9. Determined course; resolved mode of action or conduct; as, to have one's way.

10. (Naut.) (a) Progress; as, a ship has way. (b) pl. The timbers on which a ship is launched.

11. pl. (Mach.) The longitudinal guides, or guiding surfaces, on the bed of a planer, lathe, or the like, along which a table or carriage moves.

12. (Law) Right of way. See below.

By the way, in passing; apropos; aside; apart from, though connected with, the main object or subject of discourse. — By way of, for the purpose of; as being; in character of. — Covert way. (Fort.) See Covered way, under Covered. — In the family way. See under Family. — In the way, so as to meet, fall in with, obstruct, hinder, etc. — In the way with, traveling or going with; meeting or being with; in the presence of. — Milky way. (Astron.) See Galaxy, 1. — No way, No ways. See Noway, Noways, in the Vocabulary. — On the way, traveling or going; hence, in process; advancing toward completion; as, on the way to this country; on the way to success. — Out of the way. See under Out. — Right of way (Law), a right of private passage over another's ground. It may arise either by grant or prescription. It may be attached to a house, entry, gate, well, or city lot, as well as to a country farm. Kent. — To be under way, or To have way (Naut.), to be in motion, as when a ship begins to move. — To give way. See under Give. — To go one's way, or To come one's way, to go or come; to depart or come along. Shak. — To go the way of all the earth, to die. — To make one's way, to advance in life by one's personal efforts. — To make way. See under Make, v. t. — Ways and means. (a) Methods; resources; facilities. (b) (Legislation) Means for raising money; resources for revenue. — Way leave, permission to cross, or a right of way across, land; also, rent paid for such right. [Eng] — Way of the cross (Eccl.), the course taken in visiting in rotation the stations of the cross. See Station, n., 7 (c). — Way of the rounds (Fort.), a space left for the passage of the rounds between a rampart and the wall of a fortified town. — Way pane, a pane for cartage in irrigated land. See Pane, n., 4. [Prov. Eng.] — Way passenger, a passenger taken up, or set down, at some intermediate place between the principal stations on a line of travel. — Ways of God, his providential government, or his works. — Way station, an intermediate station between principal stations on a line of travel, especially on a railroad. — Way train, a train which stops at the intermediate, or way, stations; an accommodation train. — Way warden, the surveyor of a road.

Syn. — Street; highway; road. — Way, Street, Highway, Road. Way is generic, denoting any line for passage or conveyance; a highway is literally one raised for the sake of dryness and convenience in traveling; a road is, strictly, a way for horses and carriages; a street is, etymologically, a paved way, as early made in towns and cities; and, hence, the word is distinctively applied to roads or highways in compact settlements.

> All keep the broad highway, and take delight
> With many rather for to go astray.

Spenser.

> There is but one road by which to climb up.

Addison.

> When night
> Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons
> Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine.

Milton.

Way (?), v. t. To go or travel to; to go in, as a way or path. [Obs.] "In land not wayed." Wyclif.

Way, v. i. To move; to progress; to go. [R.]

> On a time as they together wayed.

Spenser.

Way"bill` (?), n. A list of passengers in a public vehicle, or of the baggage or gods transported by a common carrier on a land route. When the goods are transported by water, the list is called a bill of lading.

Way"bread` (?), n. [AS. wegbr&?;de. See Way, and Broad.] (Bot.) The common dooryard plantain (Plantago major).

Way"bung` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian insessorial bird (Corcorax melanorhamphus) noted for the curious actions of the male during the breeding season. It is black with a white patch on each wing.

Wayed (?), a. Used to the way; broken. [R.]

> A horse that is not well wayed; he starts at every bird that flies out the hedge.

Selden.

Way"fare` (?), v. i. [Way + fare to go.] To journey; to travel; to go to and fro. [Obs.]

> A certain Laconian, as he wayfared, came unto a place where there dwelt an old friend of his.

Holland.

Way"fare`, n. The act of journeying; travel; passage. [Obs.] Holland.

Way"far`er (?), n. One who travels; a traveler; a passenger.

Way"far`ing, a. Traveling; passing; being on a journey. "A wayfaring man." Judg. xix. 17.

Wayfaring tree (Bot.), a European shrub (Viburnum lantana) having large ovate leaves and dense cymes of small white flowers. — American wayfaring tree (Bot.), the (Viburnum lantanoides).

Way"gate` (?), n. The tailrace of a mill. Knight.

Way"-go`ing (?), a. Going away; departing; of or pertaining to one who goes away.

Way-going crop (Law of Leases), a crop of grain to which tenants for years are sometimes entitled by custom; grain sown in the fall to be reaped at the next harvest; a crop which will not ripen until after the termination of the lease. Burrill.

Way"-goose` (?), n. See Wayz- goose, n., 2. [Eng.]

Wayk (?), a. Weak. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Way"lay` (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Waylaid (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Waylaying.] [Way + lay.] To lie in wait for; to meet or encounter in the way; especially, to watch for the passing of, with a view to seize, rob, or slay; to beset in ambush.

> Falstaff, Bardolph, Peto, and Gadshill shall rob those men that we have already waylaid.

Shak.

> She often contrived to waylay him in his walks.

Sir W. Scott.

Way"lay`er (?), n. One who waylays another.

Way"less, a. Having no road or path; pathless.

Way"le*way (?), interj. See Welaway. [Obs.]

Way"mak`er (?), n. One who makes a way; a precursor. [R.] Bacon.

Way"mark` (?), n. A mark to guide in traveling.

Way"ment (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Waymented; p. pr. & vb. n. Waymenting.] [OE. waymenten, OF. waimenter, gaimenter, guaimenter, from wai, guai, woe! (of Teutonic origin; see Woe) and L. lamentari to lament. See Lament.] To lament; to grieve; to wail. [Written also waiment.] [Obs.]

> Thilke science . . . maketh a man to waymenten.

Chaucer.

> For what boots it to weep and wayment,
> When ill is chanced?

Spenser.

Way"ment, n. Grief; lamentation; mourning. [Written also waiment.] [Obs.] Spenser.

-ways (?). A suffix formed from way by the addition of the adverbial -s (see -wards). It is often used interchangeably with wise; as, endways or endwise; noways or nowise, etc.

Way" shaft` (?). 1. (Mach.) A rock shaft.

2. (Mining) An interior shaft, usually one connecting two levels. Raymond.

Way"side` (?), n. The side of the way; the edge or border of a road or path.

Way"side`, a. Of or pertaining to the wayside; as, wayside flowers. "A wayside inn." Longfellow.

Way"ward (?), a. [OE. weiward, for aweiward, i. e., turned away. See Away, and -ward.] Taking one's own way; disobedient; froward; perverse; willful.

> My wife is in a wayward mood.

Shak.

> Wayward beauty doth not fancy move.

Fairfax.

> Wilt thou forgive the wayward thought?

Keble.

— Way"ward*ly, adv. — Way"ward*ness, n.

Way"-wise` (?), a. Skillful in finding the way; well acquainted with the way or route; wise from having traveled.

Way"wis`er (?), n. [Cf. G. wegweiser a waymark, a guide; weg way + weisen to show, direct.] An instrument for measuring the distance which one has traveled on the road; an odometer, pedometer, or perambulator.

> The waywiser to a coach, exactly measuring the miles, and showing them by an index.

Evelyn.

Way"wode (?), n. [Russ. voevoda, or Pol. woiewoda; properly, a leader of an army, a leader in war. Cf. Vaivode.] Originally, the title of a military commander in various Slavonic countries; afterwards applied to governors of towns or provinces. It was assumed for a time by the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia, who were afterwards called hospodars, and has also been given to some inferior Turkish officers. [Written also vaivode, voivode, waiwode, and woiwode.]

Way"wode*ship, n. The office, province, or jurisdiction of a waywode.

Way"worn` (?), a. Wearied by traveling.

Wayz"-goose` (?), n. [Wase stubble + goose.]

1. A stubble goose. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

2. An annual feast of the persons employed in a printing office. [Written also way-goose.] [Eng.]

We (w), pron.; pl. of I. [Poss. Our (our) or Ours (ourz); obj. Us (s). See I.] [As. w; akin to OS. w, OFries. & LG. wi, D. wij, G. wir, Icel. vr, Sw. & Dan. vi, Goth. weis, Skr. vayam. √190.] The plural nominative case of the pronoun of the first person; the word with which a person in speaking or writing denotes a number or company of which he is one, as the subject of an action expressed by a verb.

We is frequently used to express men in general, including the speaker. We is also often used by individuals, as authors, editors, etc., in speaking of themselves, in order to avoid the appearance of egotism in the too frequent repetition of the pronoun I. The plural style is also in use among kings and other sovereigns, and is said to have been begun by King John of England. Before that time, monarchs used the singular number in their edicts. The German and the French sovereigns followed the example of King John in a. d. 1200.

Weak (wk), a. [Compar. Weaker (-r); superl. Weakest.] [OE. weik, Icel. veikr; akin to Sw. vek, Dan. veg soft, flexible, pliant, AS. wc weak, soft, pliant, D. week, G. weich, OHG. weih; all from the verb seen in Icel. vkja to turn, veer, recede, AS. wcan to yield, give way, G. weichen, OHG. whhan, akin to Skr. vij, and probably to E. week, L. vicis a change, turn, Gr. e'i`kein to yield, give way. √132. Cf. Week, Wink, v. i. Vicissitude.]

1. Wanting physical strength. Specifically: —

(a) Deficient in strength of body; feeble; infirm; sickly; debilitated; enfeebled; exhausted.

> A poor, infirm, weak, and despised old man.

Shak.

> Weak with hunger, mad with love.

Dryden.

(b) Not able to sustain a great weight, pressure, or strain; as, a weak timber; a weak rope.

(c) Not firmly united or adhesive; easily broken or separated into pieces; not compact; as, a weak ship.

(d) Not stiff; pliant; frail; soft; as, the weak stalk of a plant.

(e) Not able to resist external force or onset; easily subdued or overcome; as, a weak barrier; as, a weak fortress.

(f) Lacking force of utterance or sound; not sonorous; low; small; feeble; faint.

> A voice not soft, weak, piping, and womanish.

Ascham.

(g) Not thoroughly or abundantly impregnated with the usual or required ingredients, or with stimulating and nourishing substances; of less than the usual strength; as, weak tea, broth, or liquor; a weak decoction or solution; a weak dose of medicine.

(h) Lacking ability for an appropriate function or office; as, weak eyes; a weak stomach; a weak magistrate; a weak regiment, or army.

2. Not possessing or manifesting intellectual, logical, moral, or political strength, vigor, etc. Specifically: -

(a) Feeble of mind; wanting discernment; lacking vigor; spiritless; as, a weak king or magistrate.

> To think every thing disputable is a proof of a weak mind and captious temper.

Beattie.

> Origen was never weak enough to imagine that there were two Gods.

Waterland.

(b) Resulting from, or indicating, lack of judgment, discernment, or firmness; unwise; hence, foolish.

> If evil thence ensue,
> She first his weak indulgence will accuse.

Milton.

(c) Not having full confidence or conviction; not decided or confirmed; vacillating; wavering.

> Him that is weak in the faith receive ye, but not to doubtful disputations.

Rom. xiv. 1.

(d) Not able to withstand temptation, urgency, persuasion, etc.; easily impressed, moved, or overcome; accessible; vulnerable; as, weak resolutions; weak virtue.

> Guard thy heart
> On this weak side, where most our nature fails.

Addison.

(e) Wanting in power to influence or bind; as, weak ties; a weak sense of honor of duty.

(f) Not having power to convince; not supported by force of reason or truth; unsustained; as, a weak argument or case. "Convinced of his weak arguing." Milton.

> A case so weak . . . hath much persisted in.

Hooker.

(g) Wanting in point or vigor of expression; as, a weak sentence; a weak style.

(h) Not prevalent or effective, or not felt to be prevalent; not potent; feeble. "Weak prayers." Shak.

(i) Lacking in elements of political strength; not wielding or having authority or energy; deficient in the resources that are essential to a ruler or nation; as, a weak monarch; a weak government or state.

> I must make fair weather yet awhile,
> Till Henry be more weak, and I more strong.

Shak.

(k) (Stock Exchange) Tending towards lower prices; as, a weak market.

3. (Gram.) (a) Pertaining to, or designating, a verb which forms its preterit (imperfect) and past participle by adding to the present the suffix -ed, -d, or the variant form -t; as in the verbs abash, abashed; abate, abated; deny, denied; feel, felt. See Strong, 19 (a). (b) Pertaining to, or designating, a noun in Anglo- Saxon, etc., the stem of which ends in -n. See Strong, 19 (b).

Weak is often used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, weak-eyed, weak-handed, weak-hearted, weak-minded, weak-spirited, and the like.

<! p. 1636 !>

Weak conjugation (Gram.), the conjugation of weak verbs; — called also new, or regular, conjugation, and distinguished from the old, or irregular, conjugation. — Weak declension (Anglo- Saxon Gram.), the declension of weak nouns; also, one of the declensions of adjectives. — Weak side, the side or aspect of a person's character or disposition by which he is most easily affected or influenced; weakness; infirmity. — Weak sore or ulcer (Med.), a sore covered with pale, flabby, sluggish granulations.

Weak (?), v. t. & i. [Cf. AS. w&?;can. wcian. See Weak, a.] To make or become weak; to weaken. [R.]

> Never to seek weaking variety.

Marston.

Weak"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weakened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Weakening.]

1. To make weak; to lessen the strength of; to deprive of strength; to debilitate; to enfeeble; to enervate; as, to weaken the body or the mind; to weaken the hands of a magistrate; to weaken the force of an objection or an argument.

> Their hands shall be weakened from the work, that it be not done.

Neh. vi. 9.

2. To reduce in quality, strength, or spirit; as, to weaken tea; to weaken any solution or decoction.

Weak"en, v. i. To become weak or weaker; to lose strength, spirit, or determination; to become less positive or resolute; as, the patient weakened; the witness weakened on cross-examination. "His notion weakens, his discernings are lethargied." Shak.

Weak"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, weakens. "[Fastings] weakeners of sin." South.

Weak"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the genus Cynoscion; a squeteague; — so called from its tender mouth. See Squeteague.

Spotted weakfish (Zoöl.), the spotted squeteague.

Weak"-heart`ed (?), a. Having little courage; of feeble spirit; dispirited; faint-hearted. "Weak- hearted enemies." Shak.

Weak"ish, a. Somewhat weak; rather weak.

Weak"ish*ness, n. Quality or state of being weakish.

Weak"-kneed` (?), a. Having weak knees; hence, easily yielding; wanting resolution. H. James.

Weak"ling (?), n. [Weak + - ling.] A weak or feeble creature. Shak. "All looking on him as a weakling, which would post to the grave." Fuller.

> We may not be weaklings because we have a strong enemy.

Latimer.

Weak"ling, a. Weak; feeble. Sir T. North.

Weak"ly, adv. In a weak manner; with little strength or vigor; feebly.

Weak"ly, a. [Compar. Weaklier (?); superl. Weakliest.] Not strong of constitution; infirm; feeble; as, a weakly woman; a man of a weakly constitution.

Weak"-mind`ed (?), a. Having a weak mind, either naturally or by reason of disease; feebleminded; foolish; idiotic. — Weak"-mind`ed*ness, n.

Weak"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being weak; want of strength or firmness; lack of vigor; want of resolution or of moral strength; feebleness.

2. That which is a mark of lack of strength or resolution; a fault; a defect.

> Many take pleasure in spreading abroad the weakness of an exalted character.

Spectator.

Syn. — Feebleness; debility; languor; imbecility; infirmness; infirmity; decrepitude; frailty; faintness.

Weal (?), n. The mark of a stripe. See Wale.

Weal, v. t. To mark with stripes. See Wale.

Weal, n. [OE. wele, AS. wela, weola, wealth, from wel well. See Well, adv., and cf. Wealth.]

1. A sound, healthy, or prosperous state of a person or thing; prosperity; happiness; welfare.

> God . . . grant you wele and prosperity.

Chaucer.

> As we love the weal of our souls and bodies.

Bacon.

> To him linked in weal or woe.

Milton.

> Never was there a time when it more concerned the public weal that the character of the Parliament should stand high.

Macaulay.

2. The body politic; the state; common wealth. [Obs.]

> The special watchmen of our English weal.

Shak.

Weal, v. t. To promote the weal of; to cause to be prosperous. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Weal"-bal`anced (?), a. Balanced or considered with reference to public weal. [Obs.] Shak.

Weald (?), n. [AS. See Wold.] A wood or forest; a wooded land or region; also, an open country; — often used in place names.

> Fled all night long by glimmering waste and weald,
> And heard the spirits of the waste and weald
> Moan as she fled.

Tennyson.

Weald clay (Geol.), the uppermost member of the Wealden strata. See Wealden.

Weald"en (?; 277), a. [AS. weald, wald, a forest, a wood. So called because this formation occurs in the wealds, or woods, of Kent and Sussex. See Weald.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest division of the Cretaceous formation in England and on the Continent, which overlies the Oölitic series.

Weald"en, n. (Geol.) The Wealden group or strata.

Weald"ish, a. Of or pertaining to a weald, esp. to the weald in the county of Kent, England. [Obs.] Fuller.

Weal"ful (?), a. Weleful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Weals"man (?), n.; pl. Wealsmen (#). [Weal + man.] A statesman; a politician. [R.] Shak.

Wealth (?), n. [OE. welthe, from wele; cf. D. weelde luxury. See Weal prosperity.]

1. Weal; welfare; prosperity; good. [Obs.] "Let no man seek his own, but every man another's wealth." 1 Cor. x. 24.

2. Large possessions; a comparative abundance of things which are objects of human desire; esp., abundance of worldly estate; affluence; opulence; riches.

> I have little wealth to lose.

Shak.

> Each day new wealth, without their care, provides.

Dryden.

> Wealth comprises all articles of value and nothing else.

F. A. Walker.

Active wealth. See under Active.

Syn. — Riches; affluence; opulence; abundance.

Wealth"ful (?), a. Full of wealth; wealthy; prosperous. [R.] Sir T. More. — Wealth"ful*ly, adv. [R.]

Wealth"i*ly (?), adv. In a wealthy manner; richly.

> I come to wive it wealthily in Padua.

Shak.

Wealth"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being wealthy, or rich; richness; opulence.

Wealth"y (?), a. [Compar. Wealthier (?); superl. Wealthiest.]

1. Having wealth; having large possessions, or larger than most men, as lands, goods, money, or securities; opulent; affluent; rich.

> A wealthy Hebrew of my tribe.

Shak.

> Thou broughtest us out into a wealthy place.

Ps. lxvi. 12.

2. Hence, ample; full; satisfactory; abundant. [R.]

> The wealthy witness of my pen.

B. Jonson.

Wean (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weaned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Weaning.] [OE. wenen, AS. wenian, wennan, to accustom; akin to D. wennen, G. gewöhnen, OHG. giwennan, Icel. venja, Sw. vänja, Dan. vænne, Icel. vanr accustomed, wont; cf. AS. wenian to wean, G. entwöhnen. See Wont, a.]

1. To accustom and reconcile, as a child or other young animal, to a want or deprivation of mother's milk; to take from the breast or udder; to cause to cease to depend on the mother nourishment.

> And the child grew, and was weaned; and Abraham made a great feast the same day that Isaac was weaned.

Gen. xxi. 8.

2. Hence, to detach or alienate the affections of, from any object of desire; to reconcile to the want or loss of anything. "Wean them from themselves." Shak.

> The troubles of age were intended . . . to wean us gradually from our fondness of life.

Swift.

Wean, n. A weanling; a young child.

> I, being but a yearling wean.

Mrs. Browning.

Wean"ed*ness, n. Quality or state of being weaned.

Wean"el (?), n. A weanling. [Obs.] Spenser.

Wean"ling, a. & n. from Wean, v.

> The weaning of the whelp is the great test of the skill of the kennel man.

J. H. Walsh.

Weaning brash. (Med.) See under Brash.

Wean"ling (?), n. [Wean + - ling.] A child or animal newly weaned; a wean.

Wean"ling, a. Recently weaned. Milton.

Weap"on (?; 277), n. [OE. wepen, AS. w&?;pen; akin to OS. w&?;pan, OFries. w&?;pin, w&?;pen, D. wapen, G. waffe, OHG. waffan, wfan, Icel. vpn, Dan. vaaben, Sw. vapen, Goth. w&?;pna, pl.; of uncertain origin. Cf. Wapentake.]

1. An instrument of offensive of defensive combat; something to fight with; anything used, or designed to be used, in destroying, defeating, or injuring an enemy, as a gun, a sword, etc.

> The weapons of our warfare are not carnal.

2 Cor. x. 4.

> They, astonished, all resistance lost,
> All courage; down their idle weapons dropped.

Milton.

2. Fig.: The means or instrument with which one contends against another; as, argument was his only weapon. "Woman's weapons, water drops." Shak.

3. (Bot.) A thorn, prickle, or sting with which many plants are furnished.

Concealed weapons. See under Concealed. — Weapon salve, a salve which was supposed to cure a wound by being applied to the weapon that made it. [Obs.] Boyle.

Weap"oned (?), a. Furnished with weapons, or arms; armed; equipped.

Weap"on*less (?), a. Having no weapon.

Weap"on*ry (?), n. Weapons, collectively; as, an array of weaponry. [Poetic]

Wear (?; 277), n. Same as Weir.

Wear (?), v. t. [Cf. Veer.] (Naut.) To cause to go about, as a vessel, by putting the helm up, instead of alee as in tacking, so that the vessel's bow is turned away from, and her stern is presented to, the wind, and, as she turns still farther, her sails fill on the other side; to veer.

Wear, v. t. [imp. Wore (?); p. p. Worn (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wearing. Before the 15th century wear was a weak verb, the imp. & p. p. being Weared.] [OE. weren, werien, AS. werian to carry, to wear, as arms or clothes; akin to OHG. werien, weren, to clothe, Goth. wasjan, L. vestis clothing, vestire to clothe, Gr. &?;, Skr. vas. Cf. Vest.]

1. To carry or bear upon the person; to bear upon one's self, as an article of clothing, decoration, warfare, bondage, etc.; to have appendant to one's body; to have on; as, to wear a coat; to wear a shackle.

> What compass will you wear your farthingale?

Shak.

> On her white breast a sparkling cross s&?;&?; wore,
> Which Jews might kiss, and infidels adore.

Pope.

2. To have or exhibit an appearance of, as an aspect or manner; to bear; as, she wears a smile on her countenance. "He wears the rose of youth upon him." Shak.

> His innocent gestures wear
> A meaning half divine.

Keble.

3. To use up by carrying or having upon one's self; hence, to consume by use; to waste; to use up; as, to wear clothes rapidly.

4. To impair, waste, or diminish, by continual attrition, scraping, percussion, on the like; to consume gradually; to cause to lower or disappear; to spend.

> That wicked wight his days doth wear.

Spenser.

> The waters wear the stones.

Job xiv. 19.

5. To cause or make by friction or wasting; as, to wear a channel; to wear a hole.

6. To form or shape by, or as by, attrition.

> Trials wear us into a liking of what, possibly, in the first essay, displeased us.

Locke.

To wear away, to consume; to impair, diminish, or destroy, by gradual attrition or decay. — To wear off, to diminish or remove by attrition or slow decay; as, to wear off the nap of cloth. — To wear on or upon, to wear. [Obs.] "[I] weared upon my gay scarlet gites [gowns.]" Chaucer. — To wear out. (a) To consume, or render useless, by attrition or decay; as, to wear out a coat or a book. (b) To consume tediously. "To wear out miserable days." Milton. (c) To harass; to tire. "[He] shall wear out the saints of the Most High." Dan vii. 25. (d) To waste the strength of; as, an old man worn out in military service. — To wear the breeches. See under Breeches. [Colloq.]

Wear, v. i. 1. To endure or suffer use; to last under employment; to bear the consequences of use, as waste, consumption, or attrition; as, a coat wears well or ill; - - hence, sometimes applied to character, qualifications, etc.; as, a man wears well as an acquaintance.

2. To be wasted, consumed, or diminished, by being used; to suffer injury, loss, or extinction by use or time; to decay, or be spent, gradually. "Thus wore out night." Milton.

> Away, I say; time wears.

Shak.

> Thou wilt surely wear away, both thou and this people that is with thee.

Ex. xviii. 18.

> His stock of money began to wear very low.

Sir W. Scott.

> The family . . . wore out in the earlier part of the century.

Beaconsfield.

To wear off, to pass away by degrees; as, the follies of youth wear off with age. — To wear on, to pass on; as, time wears on. G. Eliot. — To wear weary, to become weary, as by wear, long occupation, tedious employment, etc.

Wear, n. 1. The act of wearing, or the state of being worn; consumption by use; diminution by friction; as, the wear of a garment.

2. The thing worn; style of dress; the fashion.

> Motley 's the only wear.

Shak.

Wear and tear, the loss by wearing, as of machinery in use; the loss or injury to which anything is subjected by use, accident, etc.

Wear"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being worn; suitable to be worn.

Wear"er (?), n. 1. One who wears or carries as appendant to the body; as, the wearer of a cloak, a sword, a crown, a shackle, etc.

> Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers, tossed,
> And fluttered into rags.

Milton.

2. That which wastes or diminishes.

Wea"ri*a*ble (?), a. That may be wearied.

Wea"ri*ful (?), a. Abounding in qualities which cause weariness; wearisome. — Wea"ri*ful*ly, adv.

Wea"ri*less, a. Incapable of being wearied.

Wea"ri*ly, adv. In a weary manner.

Wea"ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being weary or tried; lassitude; exhaustion of strength; fatigue.

> With weariness and wine oppressed.

Dryden.

> A man would die, though he were neither valiant nor miserable, only upon a weariness to do the same thing so oft over and over.

Bacon.

<! p. 1637 !>

Wear"ing (?), n. 1. The act of one who wears; the manner in which a thing wears; use; conduct; consumption.

> Belike he meant to ward, and there to see his wearing.

Latimer.

2. That which is worn; clothes; garments. [Obs.]

> Give me my nightly wearing and adieu.

Shak.

Wear"ing (?), a. Pertaining to, or designed for, wear; as, wearing apparel.

Wear"ish (?), a. [Etymol. uncertain, but perhaps akin to weary.]

1. Weak; withered; shrunk. [Obs.] "A wearish hand." Ford.

> A little, wearish old man, very melancholy by nature.

Burton.

2. Insipid; tasteless; unsavory. [Obs.]

> Wearish as meat is that is not well tasted.

Palsgrave.

Wea"ri*some (?), a. Causing weariness; tiresome; tedious; weariful; as, a wearisome march; a wearisome day's work; a wearisome book.

> These high wild hills and rough uneven ways
> Draws out our miles, and makes them wearisome.

Shak.

Syn. — Irksome; tiresome; tedious; fatiguing; annoying; vexatious. See Irksome.

— Wea"ri*some*ly, adv. — Wea"ri*some*ness, n.

Wea"ry (?), a. [Compar. Wearier (?); superl. Weariest.] [OE. weri, AS. w&?;rig; akin to OS. w&?;rig, OHG. wu&?;rag; of uncertain origin; cf. AS. w&?;rian to ramble.]

1. Having the strength exhausted by toil or exertion; worn out in respect to strength, endurance, etc.; tired; fatigued.

> I care not for my spirits if my legs were not weary.

Shak.

> [I] am weary, thinking of your task.

Longfellow.

2. Causing weariness; tiresome. "Weary way." Spenser. "There passed a weary time." Coleridge.

3. Having one's patience, relish, or contentment exhausted; tired; sick; — with of before the cause; as, weary of marching, or of confinement; weary of study.

Syn. — Fatigued; tiresome; irksome; wearisome.

Wea"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wearied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wearying.]

1. To reduce or exhaust the physical strength or endurance of; to tire; to fatigue; as, to weary one's self with labor or traveling.

> So shall he waste his means, weary his soldiers.

Shak.

2. To make weary of anything; to exhaust the patience of, as by continuance.

> I stay too long by thee; I weary thee.

Shak.

3. To harass by anything irksome.

> I would not cease
> To weary him with my assiduous cries.

Milton.

To weary out, to subdue or exhaust by fatigue.

Syn. — To jade; tire; fatigue; fag. See Jade.

Wea"ry, v. i. To grow tired; to become exhausted or impatient; as, to weary of an undertaking.

Wea"sand (?), n. [OE. wesand, AS. wsend; akin to OFries. wsende, wsande; cf. OHG. weisunt.] The windpipe; — called also, formerly, wesil. [Formerly, written also, wesand, and wezand.]

> Cut his weasand with thy knife.

Shak.

Wea"sel (?), n. [OE. wesele, AS. wesle; akin to D. wezel, G. wiesel, OHG. wisala, Icel. hreyivsla, Dan. väsel, Sw. vessla; of uncertain origin; cf. Gr. &?;, &?;, cat, weasel.] (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of small carnivores belonging to the genus Putorius, as the ermine and ferret. They have a slender, elongated body, and are noted for the quickness of their movements and for their bloodthirsty habit in destroying poultry, rats, etc. The ermine and some other species are brown in summer, and turn white in winter; others are brown at all seasons.

Malacca weasel, the rasse. — Weasel coot, a female or young male of the smew; — so called from the resemblance of the head to that of a weasel. Called also weasel duck. — Weasel lemur, a short-tailed lemur (Lepilemur mustelinus). It is reddish brown above, grayish brown below, with the throat white.

Wea"sel-faced` (?), a. Having a thin, sharp face, like a weasel.

Wea"ser (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American merganser; — called also weaser sheldrake. [Local, U. S.]

Wea"si*ness (?), n. Quality or state of being weasy; full feeding; sensual indulgence. [Obs.] Joye.

Wea"sy (?), a. [Cf. Weasand.] Given to sensual indulgence; gluttonous. [Obs.] Joye.

Weath"er (?), n. [OE. weder, AS. weder; akin to OS. wedar, OFries. weder, D. weder, weêr, G. wetter, OHG. wetar, Icel. veðr, Dan. veir, Sw. väder wind, air, weather, and perhaps to OSlav. vedro fair weather; or perhaps to Lith. vetra storm, Russ. vieter', vietr', wind, and E. wind. Cf. Wither.]

1. The state of the air or atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness, or any other meteorological phenomena; meteorological condition of the atmosphere; as, warm weather; cold weather; wet weather; dry weather, etc.

> Not amiss to cool a man's stomach this hot weather.

Shak.

> Fair weather cometh out of the north.

Job xxxvii. 22.

2. Vicissitude of season; meteorological change; alternation of the state of the air. Bacon.

3. Storm; tempest.

> What gusts of weather from that gathering cloud
> My thoughts presage!

Dryden.

4. A light rain; a shower. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Stress of weather, violent winds; force of tempests. — To make fair weather, to flatter; to give flattering representations. [R.] — To make good, or bad, weather (Naut.), to endure a gale well or ill; — said of a vessel. Shak. — Under the weather, ill; also, financially embarrassed. [Colloq. U. S.] Bartlett. — Weather box. Same as Weather house, below. Thackeray. — Weather breeder, a fine day which is supposed to presage foul weather. — Weather bureau, a popular name for the signal service. See Signal service, under Signal, a. [U. S.] — Weather cloth (Naut.), a long piece of canvas or tarpaulin used to preserve the hammocks from injury by the weather when stowed in the nettings. — Weather door. (Mining) See Trapdoor, 2. — Weather gall. Same as Water gall, 2. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. — Weather house, a mechanical contrivance in the form of a house, which indicates changes in atmospheric conditions by the appearance or retirement of toy images.

> Peace to the artist whose ingenious thought
> Devised the weather house, that useful toy!

Cowper.

— Weather molding, or Weather moulding (Arch.), a canopy or cornice over a door or a window, to throw off the rain. — Weather of a windmill sail, the obliquity of the sail, or the angle which it makes with its plane of revolution. — Weather report, a daily report of meteorological observations, and of probable changes in the weather; esp., one published by government authority. — Weather spy, a stargazer; one who foretells the weather. [R.] Donne. — Weather strip (Arch.), a strip of wood, rubber, or other material, applied to an outer door or window so as to cover the joint made by it with the sill, casings, or threshold, in order to exclude rain, snow, cold air, etc.

Weath"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weathered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Weathering.]

1. To expose to the air; to air; to season by exposure to air.

> [An eagle] soaring through his wide empire of the air
> To weather his broad sails.

Spenser.

> This gear lacks weathering.

Latimer.

2. Hence, to sustain the trying effect of; to bear up against and overcome; to sustain; to endure; to resist; as, to weather the storm.

> For I can weather the roughest gale.

Longfellow.

> You will weather the difficulties yet.

F. W. Robertson.

3. (Naut.) To sail or pass to the windward of; as, to weather a cape; to weather another ship.

4. (Falconry) To place (a hawk) unhooded in the open air. Encyc. Brit.

To weather a point. (a) (Naut.) To pass a point of land, leaving it on the lee side. (b) Hence, to gain or accomplish anything against opposition. — To weather out, to encounter successfully, though with difficulty; as, to weather out a storm.

Weath"er, v. i. To undergo or endure the action of the atmosphere; to suffer meteorological influences; sometimes, to wear away, or alter, under atmospheric influences; to suffer waste by weather.

> The organisms . . . seem indestructible, while the hard matrix in which they are imbedded has weathered from around them.

H. Miller.

Weath"er, a. (Naut.) Being toward the wind, or windward — opposed to lee; as, weather bow, weather braces, weather gauge, weather lifts, weather quarter, weather shrouds, etc.

Weather gauge. (a) (Naut.) The position of a ship to the windward of another. (b) Fig.: A position of advantage or superiority; advantage in position.

> To veer, and tack, and steer a cause
> Against the weather gauge of laws.

Hudibras.

— Weather helm (Naut.), a tendency on the part of a sailing vessel to come up into the wind, rendering it necessary to put the helm up, that is, toward the weather side. — Weather shore (Naut.), the shore to the windward of a ship. Totten. — Weather tide (Naut.), the tide which sets against the lee side of a ship, impelling her to the windward. Mar. Dict.

Weath"er-beat`en (?), a. Beaten or harassed by the weather; worn by exposure to the weather, especially to severe weather. Shak.

Weath"er-bit` (?), n. (Naut.) A turn of the cable about the end of the windlass, without the bits.

Weath"er*bit`, v. t. (Naut.) To take another turn with, as a cable around a windlass. Totten.

Weath"er-bit`ten (?), a. Eaten into, defaced, or worn, by exposure to the weather. Coleridge.

Weath"er*board` (?), n. 1. (Naut.) (a) That side of a vessel which is toward the wind; the windward side. (b) A piece of plank placed in a porthole, or other opening, to keep out water.

2. (a) (Arch.) A board extending from the ridge to the eaves along the slope of the gable, and forming a close junction between the shingling of a roof and the side of the building beneath. (b) A clapboard or feather-edged board used in weatherboarding.

Weath"er-board`, v. t. (Arch.) To nail boards upon so as to lap one over another, in order to exclude rain, snow, etc. Gwilt.

Weath"er*board`ing, n. (Arch.) (a) The covering or siding of a building, formed of boards lapping over one another, to exclude rain, snow, etc. (b) Boards adapted or intended for such use.

Weath"er-bound` (?), a. Kept in port or at anchor by storms; delayed by bad weather; as, a weather-bound vessel.

Weath"er*cock` (?), n. 1. A vane, or weather vane; — so called because originally often in the figure of a cock, turning on the top of a spire with the wind, and showing its direction. "As a wedercok that turneth his face with every wind." Chaucer.

> Noisy weathercocks rattled and sang of mutation.

Longfellow.

2. Hence, any thing or person that turns easily and frequently; one who veers with every change of current opinion; a fickle, inconstant person.

Weath"er*cock`, v. t. To supply with a weathercock; to serve as a weathercock for.

> Whose blazing wyvern weathercock the spire.

Tennyson.

Weath"er-driv`en (?), a. Driven by winds or storms; forced by stress of weather. Carew.

Weath"ered (?), a. 1. (Arch.) Made sloping, so as to throw off water; as, a weathered cornice or window sill.

2. (Geol.) Having the surface altered in color, texture, or composition, or the edges rounded off by exposure to the elements.

Weath"er-fend` (?), v. t. To defend from the weather; to shelter. Shak.

> [We] barked the white spruce to weather-fend the roof.

Emerson.

Weath"er*glass` (?), n. An instrument to indicate the state of the atmosphere, especially changes of atmospheric pressure, and hence changes of weather, as a barometer or baroscope.

Poor man's weatherglass. (Bot.) See under Poor.

Weath"er*ing, n. (Geol.) The action of the elements on a rock in altering its color, texture, or composition, or in rounding off its edges.

Weath"er*li*ness (?), n. (Naut.) The quality of being weatherly.

Weath"er*ly, a. (Naut.) Working, or able to sail, close to the wind; as, a weatherly ship. Cooper.

Weath"er*most` (?), a. (Naut.) Being farthest to the windward.

Weath"er*proof` (?), a. Proof against rough weather.

Weath"er*wise` (?), a. Skillful in forecasting the changes of the weather. Hakluyt.

Weath"er*wis`er (?), n. [Cf. Waywiser.] Something that foreshows the weather. [Obs.] Derham.

Weath"er*worn` (?), a. Worn by the action of, or by exposure to, the weather.

Weave (?), v. t. [imp. Wove (?); p. p. Woven (?), Wove; p. pr. & vb. n. Weaving. The regular imp. & p. p. Weaved (&?;), is rarely used.] [OE. weven, AS. wefan; akin to D. weven, G. weben, OHG. weban, Icel. vefa, Sw. väfva, Dan. væve, Gr. &?;, v., &?; web, Skr. &?;r&?;avbhi spider, lit., wool weaver. Cf. Waper, Waffle, Web, Weevil, Weft, Woof.]

1. To unite, as threads of any kind, in such a manner as to form a texture; to entwine or interlace into a fabric; as, to weave wool, silk, etc.; hence, to unite by close connection or intermixture; to unite intimately.

> This weaves itself, perforce, into my business.

Shak.

> That in their green shops weave the smooth-haired silk
> To deck her sons.

Milton.

> And for these words, thus woven into song.

Byron.

2. To form, as cloth, by interlacing threads; to compose, as a texture of any kind, by putting together textile materials; as, to weave broadcloth; to weave a carpet; hence, to form into a fabric; to compose; to fabricate; as, to weave the plot of a story.

> When she weaved the sleided silk.

Shak.

> Her starry wreaths the virgin jasmin weaves.

Ld. Lytton.

Weave, v. i. 1. To practice weaving; to work with a loom.

2. To become woven or interwoven.

Weave, n. A particular method or pattern of weaving; as, the cassimere weave.

Weav"er (?), n. 1. One who weaves, or whose occupation is to weave. "Weavers of linen." P. Plowman.

2. (Zoöl.) A weaver bird.

3. (Zoöl.) An aquatic beetle of the genus Gyrinus. See Whirling.

Weaver bird (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Asiatic, Fast Indian, and African birds belonging to Ploceus and allied genera of the family Ploceidæ. Weaver birds resemble finches and sparrows in size, colors, and shape of the bill. They construct pensile nests composed of interlaced grass and other similar materials. In some of the species the nest is retort-shaped, with the opening at the bottom of the tube. — Weavers' shuttle (Zoöl.), an East Indian marine univalve shell (Radius volva); — so called from its shape. See Illust. of Shuttle shell, under Shuttle.

Weav"er*fish` (?), n. [See Weever.] (Zoöl.) See Weever.

Weav"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, weaves; the act or art of forming cloth in a loom by the union or intertexture of threads.

2. (Far.) An incessant motion of a horse's head, neck, and body, from side to side, fancied to resemble the motion of a hand weaver in throwing the shuttle. Youatt.

Wea"zand (?), n. See Weasand. [Obs.]

Wea"zen (?), a. [See Wizen.] Thin; sharp; withered; wizened; as, a weazen face.

> They were weazen and shriveled.

Dickens.

Wea"zen*y (?), a. Somewhat weazen; shriveled. [Colloq.] "Weazeny, baked pears." Lowell.

Web (?), n. [OE. webbe, AS. webba. See Weave.] A weaver. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Web, n. [OE. web, AS. webb; akin to D. web, webbe, OHG. weppi, G. gewebe, Icel. vefr, Sw. väf, Dan. væv. See Weave.]

1. That which is woven; a texture; textile fabric; esp., something woven in a loom.

> Penelope, for her Ulysses' sake,
> Devised a web her wooers to deceive.

Spenser.

> Not web might be woven, not a shuttle thrown, or penalty of exile.

Bancroft.

2. A whole piece of linen cloth as woven.

3. The texture of very fine thread spun by a spider for catching insects at its prey; a cobweb. "The smallest spider's web." Shak.

4. Fig.: Tissue; texture; complicated fabrication.

> The somber spirit of our forefathers, who wove their web of life with hardly a . . . thread of rose-color or gold.

Hawthorne.

> Such has been the perplexing ingenuity of commentators that it is difficult to extricate the truth from the web of conjectures.

W. Irving.

5. (Carriages) A band of webbing used to regulate the extension of the hood.

6. A thin metal sheet, plate, or strip, as of lead.

> And Christians slain roll up in webs of lead.

Fairfax.

Specifically: -

(a) The blade of a sword. [Obs.]

> The sword, whereof the web was steel,
> Pommel rich stone, hilt gold.

Fairfax.

(b) The blade of a saw.

(c) The thin, sharp part of a colter.

(d) The bit of a key.

7. (Mach. & Engin.) A plate or thin portion, continuous or perforated, connecting stiffening ribs or flanges, or other parts of an object. Specifically: —

(a) The thin vertical plate or portion connecting the upper and lower flanges of an lower flanges of an iron girder, rolled beam, or railroad rail.

(b) A disk or solid construction serving, instead of spokes, for connecting the rim and hub, in some kinds of car wheels, sheaves, etc.

(c) The arm of a crank between the shaft and the wrist.

(d) The part of a blackmith's anvil between the face and the foot.

8. (Med.) Pterygium; — called also webeye. Shak.

9. (Anat.) The membrane which unites the fingers or toes, either at their bases, as in man, or for a greater part of their length, as in many water birds and amphibians.

10. (Zoöl.) The series of barbs implanted on each side of the shaft of a feather, whether stiff and united together by barbules, as in ordinary feathers, or soft and separate, as in downy feathers. See Feather.

<! p. 1638 !>

Pin and web (Med.), two diseases of the eye, caligo and pterygium; — sometimes wrongly explained as one disease. See Pin, n., 8, and Web, n., 8. "He never yet had pinne or webbe, his sight for to decay." Gascoigne. — Web member (Engin.), one of the braces in a web system. — Web press, a printing press which takes paper from a roll instead of being fed with sheets. — Web system (Engin.), the system of braces connecting the flanges of a lattice girder, post, or the like.

Web (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Webbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Webbing.] To unite or surround with a web, or as if with a web; to envelop; to entangle.

Webbed (?), a. 1. Provided with a web.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the toes united by a membrane, or web; as, the webbed feet of aquatic fowls.

Web"ber (?), n. One who forms webs; a weaver; a webster. [Obs.]

Web"bing (?), n. A woven band of cotton or flax, used for reins, girths, bed bottoms, etc.

Web"by (?), a. Of or pertaining to a web or webs; like a web; filled or covered with webs.

> Bats on their webby wings in darkness move.

Crabbe.

We"ber (?), n. [From the name of Professor Weber, a German electrician.] (Elec.) The standard unit of electrical quantity, and also of current. See Coulomb, and Amp&?;re. [Obs.]

Web"eye` (?), n. (Med.) See Web, n., 8.

Web"-fin`gered (?), a. Having the fingers united by a web for a considerable part of their length.

Web"foot` (?), n.; pl. Webfeet (&?;).

1. A foot the toes of which are connected by a membrane.

2. (Zoöl.) Any web-footed bird.

Web"-foot`ed, a. Having webbed feet; palmiped; as, a goose or a duck is a web-footed fowl.

Web"ster (?), n. [AS. webbestre. See Web, Weave, and -ster.] A weaver; originally, a female weaver. [Obs.] Brathwait.

Web"ster*ite (?), n. [So named after Webster, the geologist.] (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of alumina occurring in white reniform masses.

Web"-toed` (?), a. Having the toes united by a web for a considerable part of their length.

Web"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of moths whose gregarious larvæ eat the leaves of trees, and construct a large web to which they retreat when not feeding.

The most destructive webworms belong to the family Bombycidæ, as the fall webworm (Hyphantria textor), which feeds on various fruit and forest trees, and the common tent caterpillar, which feeds on various fruit trees (see Tent caterpillar, under Tent.) The grapevine webworm is the larva of a geometrid moth (see Vine inchworm, under Vine).

Wed (wd), n. [AS. wedd; akin to OFries. wed, OD. wedde, OHG, wetti, G. wette a wager, Icel. veð a pledge, Sw. vad a wager, an appeal, Goth. wadi a pledge, Lith. vadti to redeem (a pledge), LL. vadium, L. vas, vadis, bail, security, vadimonium security, and Gr. &?;, &?; a prize. Cf. Athlete, Gage a pledge, Wage.] A pledge; a pawn. [Obs.] Gower. Piers Plowman.

> Let him be ware, his neck lieth to wed [i. e., for a security].

Chaucer.

Wed, v. t. [imp. Wedded; p. p. Wedded or Wed; p. pr. & vb. n. Wedding.] [OE. wedden, AS. weddian to covenant, promise, to wed, marry; akin to OFries. weddia to promise, D. wedden to wager, to bet, G. wetten, Icel. veðja, Dan. vedde, Sw. vädja to appeal, Goth. gawadjn to betroth. See Wed, n.]

1. To take for husband or for wife by a formal ceremony; to marry; to espouse.

> With this ring I thee wed.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

> I saw thee first, and wedded thee.

Milton.

2. To join in marriage; to give in wedlock.

> And Adam, wedded to another Eve,
> Shall live with her.

Milton.

3. Fig.: To unite as if by the affections or the bond of marriage; to attach firmly or indissolubly.

> Thou art wedded to calamity.

Shak.

> Men are wedded to their lusts.

Tillotson.

> [Flowers] are wedded thus, like beauty to old age.

Cowper.

4. To take to one's self and support; to espouse. [Obs.]

> They positively and concernedly wedded his cause.

Clarendon.

Wed (?), v. i. To contact matrimony; to marry. "When I shall wed." Shak.

Wed"dahs (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) See Veddahs.

Wed"ded (?), a. 1. Joined in wedlock; married.

> Let w&?;alth, let honor, wait the wedded dame.

Pope.

2. Of or pertaining to wedlock, or marriage. "Wedded love." Milton.

Wed"der (?), n. See Wether. Sir W. Scott.

Wed"ding (?), n. [AS. wedding.] Nuptial ceremony; nuptial festivities; marriage; nuptials.

> Simple and brief was the wedding, as that of Ruth and of Boaz.

Longfellow.

Certain anniversaries of an unbroken marriage have received fanciful, and more or less appropriate, names. Thus, the fifth anniversary is called the wooden wedding; the tenth, the tin wedding; the fifteenth, the crystal wedding; the twentieth, the china wedding; the twenty-fifth, the silver wedding; the fiftieth, the golden wedding; the sixtieth, the diamond wedding. These anniversaries are often celebrated by appropriate presents of wood, tin, china, silver, gold, etc., given by friends.

Wedding is often used adjectively; as, wedding cake, wedding cards, wedding clothes, wedding day, wedding feast, wedding guest, wedding ring, etc.

> Let her beauty be her wedding dower.

Shak.

Wedding favor, a marriage favor. See under Marriage.

Wed"er (?), n. Weather. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wedge (?), n. [OE. wegge, AS. wecg; akin to D. wig, wigge, OHG. wecki, G. weck a (wedge-shaped) loaf, Icel. veggr, Dan. vægge, Sw. vigg, and probably to Lith. vagis a peg. Cf. Wigg.]

1. A piece of metal, or other hard material, thick at one end, and tapering to a thin edge at the other, used in splitting wood, rocks, etc., in raising heavy bodies, and the like. It is one of the six elementary machines called the mechanical powers. See Illust. of Mechanical powers, under Mechanical.

2. (Geom.) A solid of five sides, having a rectangular base, two rectangular or trapezoidal sides meeting in an edge, and two triangular ends.

3. A mass of metal, especially when of a wedgelike form. "Wedges of gold." Shak.

4. Anything in the form of a wedge, as a body of troops drawn up in such a form.

> In warlike muster they appear,
> In rhombs, and wedges, and half-moons, and wings.

Milton.

5. The person whose name stands lowest on the list of the classical tripos; — so called after a person (Wedgewood) who occupied this position on the first list of 1828. [Cant, Cambridge Univ., Eng.] C. A. Bristed.

Fox wedge. (Mach. & Carpentry) See under Fox. — Spherical wedge (Geom.), the portion of a sphere included between two planes which intersect in a diameter.

Wedge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wedged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wedging.]

1. To cleave or separate with a wedge or wedges, or as with a wedge; to rive. "My heart, as wedged with a sigh, would rive in twain." Shak.

2. To force or drive as a wedge is driven.

> Among the crowd in the abbey where a finger
> Could not be wedged in more.

Shak.

> He 's just the sort of man to wedge himself into a snug berth.

Mrs. J. H. Ewing.

3. To force by crowding and pushing as a wedge does; as, to wedge one's way. Milton.

4. To press closely; to fix, or make fast, in the manner of a wedge that is driven into something.

> Wedged in the rocky shoals, and sticking fast.

Dryden.

5. To fasten with a wedge, or with wedges; as, to wedge a scythe on the snath; to wedge a rail or a piece of timber in its place.

6. (Pottery) To cut, as clay, into wedgelike masses, and work by dashing together, in order to expel air bubbles, etc. Tomlinson.

Wedge"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian crested insessorial bird (Sphenostoma cristatum) having a wedge-shaped bill. Its color is dull brown, like the earth of the plains where it lives.

Wedge"-formed` (?), a. Having the form of a wedge; cuneiform.

Wedge-formed characters. See Arrow-headed characters, under Arrowheaded.

Wedge"-shaped` (?), a. 1. Having the shape of a wedge; cuneiform.

2. (Bot.) Broad and truncate at the summit, and tapering down to the base; as, a wedge-shaped leaf.

Wedge"-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small marine bivalves belonging to Donax and allied genera in which the shell is wedge- shaped.

Wedge"-tailed" (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a tail which has the middle pair of feathers longest, the rest successively and decidedly shorter, and all more or less attenuate; — said of certain birds. See Illust. of Wood hoopoe, under Wood.

Wedge-tailed eagle, an Australian eagle (Aquila audax) which feeds on various small species of kangaroos, and on lambs; — called also mountain eagle, bold eagle, and eagle hawk. — Wedge-tailed gull, an arctic gull (Rhodostethia rosea) in which the plumage is tinged with rose; — called also Ross's gull.

Wedge"wise` (?), adv. In the manner of a wedge.

Wedg"wood` ware` (?). [From the name of the inventor, Josiah Wedgwood, of England.] A kind of fine pottery, the most remarkable being what is called jasper, either white, or colored throughout the body, and capable of being molded into the most delicate forms, so that fine and minute bas-reliefs like cameos were made of it, fit even for being set as jewels.

Wedg"y (?), a. Like a wedge; wedge- shaped.

Wed"lock (?), n. [AS. wedlc a pledge, be trothal; wedd a pledge + lc a gift, an offering. See Wed, n., and cf. Lake, v. i., Knowledge.]

1. The ceremony, or the state, of marriage; matrimony. "That blissful yoke . . . that men clepeth [call] spousal, or wedlock." Chaucer.

> For what is wedlock forced but a hell,
> An age of discord or continual strife?

Shak.

2. A wife; a married woman. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Syn. — See Marriage.

Wed"lock, v. t. To marry; to unite in marriage; to wed. [R.] "Man thus wedlocked." Milton.

Wednes"day (?; 48), n. [OE. wednesdai, wodnesdei, AS. Wdnes dæg, i. e., Woden's day (a translation of L. dies Mercurii); fr. Wden the highest god of the Teutonic peoples, but identified with the Roman god Mercury; akin to OS. Wdan, OHG. Wuotan, Icel. Oðinn, D. woensdag Wednesday, Icel. ðinsdagr, Dan. & Sw. onsdag. See Day, and cf. Woden, Wood, a.] The fourth day of the week; the next day after Tuesday.

Ash Wednesday. See in the Vocabulary.

Wee (?), n. [OE. we a bit, in a little we, probably originally meaning, a little way, the word we for wei being later taken as synonymous with little. See Way.] A little; a bit, as of space, time, or distance. [Obs. or Scot.]

Wee, a. Very small; little. [Colloq. & Scot.]

> A little wee face, with a little yellow beard.

Shak.

Weech"-elm` (?), n. (Bot.) The wych-elm. [Obs.] Bacon.

Weed (?), n. [OE. wede, AS. w&?;de, w&?;d; akin to OS. wdi, giwdi, OFries, w&?;de, w&?;d, OD. wade, OHG. wt, Icel. v&?;, Zend vadh to clothe.]

1. A garment; clothing; especially, an upper or outer garment. "Low&?;ly shepherd's weeds." Spenser. "Woman's weeds." Shak. "This beggar woman's weed." Tennyson.

> He on his bed sat, the soft weeds he wore
> Put off.

Chapman.

2. An article of dress worn in token of grief; a mourning garment or badge; as, he wore a weed on his hat; especially, in the plural, mourning garb, as of a woman; as, a widow's weeds.

> In a mourning weed, with ashes upon her head, and tears abundantly flowing.

Milton.

Weed, n. A sudden illness or relapse, often attended with fever, which attacks women in childbed. [Scot.]

Weed, n. [OE. weed, weod, AS. weód, wiód, akin to OS. wiod, LG. woden the stalks and leaves of vegetables D. wieden to weed, OS. wiodn.]

1. Underbrush; low shrubs. [Obs. or Archaic]

> One rushing forth out of the thickest weed.

Spenser.

> A wild and wanton pard . . .
> Crouched fawning in the weed.

Tennyson.

2. Any plant growing in cultivated ground to the injury of the crop or desired vegetation, or to the disfigurement of the place; an unsightly, useless, or injurious plant.

> Too much manuring filled that field with weeds.

Denham.

The word has no definite application to any particular plant, or species of plants. Whatever plants grow among corn or grass, in hedges, or elsewhere, and are useless to man, injurious to crops, or unsightly or out of place, are denominated weeds.

3. Fig.: Something unprofitable or troublesome; anything useless.

4. (Stock Breeding) An animal unfit to breed from.

5. Tobacco, or a cigar. [Slang]

Weed hook, a hook used for cutting away or extirpating weeds. Tusser.

Weed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Weeding.] [AS. weódian. See 3d Weed.]

1. To free from noxious plants; to clear of weeds; as, to weed corn or onions; to weed a garden.

2. To take away, as noxious plants; to remove, as something hurtful; to extirpate. "Weed up thyme." Shak.

> Wise fathers . . . weeding from their children ill things.

Ascham.

> Revenge is a kind of wild justice, which the more man's nature runs to, the more ought law to weed it out.

Bacon.

3. To free from anything hurtful or offensive.

> He weeded the kingdom of such as were devoted to Elaiana.

Howell.

4. (Stock Breeding) To reject as unfit for breeding purposes.

Weed"er (?), n. One who, or that which, weeds, or frees from anything noxious.

Weed"er*y (?), n. Weeds, collectively; also, a place full of weeds or for growing weeds. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Weed"ing, a. & n. from Weed, v.

Weeding chisel, a tool with a divided chisel-like end, for cutting the roots of large weeds under ground. — Weeding forceps, an instrument for taking up some sorts of plants in weeding. — Weeding fork, a strong, three-pronged fork, used in clearing ground of weeds; — called also weeding iron. — Weeding hook. Same as Weed hook, under 3d Weed. — Weeding iron. See Weeding fork, above. — Weeding tongs. Same as Weeding forceps, above.

Weed"ing-rhim` (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. rim to remove.] A kind of implement used for tearing up weeds esp. on summer fallows. [Prov. Eng.]

Weed"less, a. Free from weeds or noxious matter.

Weed"y (?), a. [Compar. Weedier (?); superl. Weediest.]

1. Of or pertaining to weeds; consisting of weeds. "Weedy trophies." Shak.

2. Abounding with weeds; as, weedy grounds; a weedy garden; weedy corn.

> See from the weedy earth a rivulet break.

Bryant.

3. Scraggy; ill-shaped; ungainly; — said of colts or horses, and also of persons. [Colloq.]

Weed"y, a. Dressed in weeds, or mourning garments. [R. or Colloq.]

> She was as weedy as in the early days of her mourning.

Dickens.

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Week (?), n. [OE. weke, wike, woke, wuke AS. weocu, wicu, wucu; akin to OS. wika, OFries. wike, D. week, G. woche, OHG. wohha, wehha, Icel. vika, Sw. vecka, Dan. uge, Goth. wik&?;, probably originally meaning, a succession or change, and akin to G. wechsel change, L. vicis turn, alternation, and E. weak. Cf. Weak.] A period of seven days, usually that reckoned from one Sabbath or Sunday to the next.

> I fast twice in the week.

Luke xviii. 12.

Although it [the week] did not enter into the calendar of the Greeks, and was not introduced at Rome till after the reign of Theodesius, it has been employed from time immemorial in almost all Eastern countries. Encyc. Brit.

Feast of Weeks. See Pentecost, 1. — Prophetic week, a week of years, or seven years. Dan. ix. 24. — Week day. See under Day.

Week"ly (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a week, or week days; as, weekly labor.

2. Coming, happening, or done once a week; hebdomadary; as, a weekly payment; a weekly gazette.

Week"ly, n.; pl. Weeklies (&?;). A publication issued once in seven days, or appearing once a week.

Week"ly, adv. Once a week; by hebdomadal periods; as, each performs service weekly.

Week"wam (?), n. See Wigwam. [R.]

Weel (?), a. & adv. Well. [Obs. or Scot.]

Weel, n. [AS. wl. √147.] A whirlpool. [Obs.]

{ Weel (?), Weel"y (?), }[Prov. E. weel, weal, a wicker basket to catch eels; prob. akin to willow, and so called as made of willow twigs.] A kind of trap or snare for fish, made of twigs. [Obs.] Carew.

Ween (?), v. i. [OE. wenen, AS. w&?;nan, fr. w&?;n hope, expectation, opinion; akin to D. waan, OFries. w&?;n, OS. & OHG. wn, G. wahn delusion, Icel. vn hope, expectation, Goth. w&?;ns, and D. wanen to fancy, G. wähnen, Icel. vna to hope, Goth. w&?;njan, and perhaps to E. winsome, wish.] To think; to imagine; to fancy. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser. Milton.

> I have lost more than thou wenest.

Chaucer.

> For well I ween,
> Never before in the bowers of light
> Had the form of an earthly fay been seen.

J. R. Drake.

> Though never a dream the roses sent
> Of science or love's compliment,
> I ween they smelt as sweet.

Mrs. Browning.

Weep (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lapwing; the wipe; — so called from its cry.

Weep, obs. imp. of Weep, for wept. Chaucer.

Weep, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wept (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Weeping.] [OE. wepen, AS. w&?;pan, from w&?;p lamentation; akin to OFries. w&?;pa to lament, OS. w&?;p lamentation, OHG. wuof, Icel. &?;p a shouting, crying, OS. w&?;pian to lament, OHG. wuoffan, wuoffen, Icel. &?;pa, Goth. w&?;pjan. &?;&?;&?;&?;.]

1. Formerly, to express sorrow, grief, or anguish, by outcry, or by other manifest signs; in modern use, to show grief or other passions by shedding tears; to shed tears; to cry.

> And they all wept sore, and fell on Paul's neck.

Acts xx. 37.

> Phocion was rarely seen to weep or to laugh.

Mitford.

> And eyes that wake to weep.

Mrs. Hemans.

> And they wept together in silence.

Longfellow.

2. To lament; to complain. "They weep unto me, saying, Give us flesh, that we may eat." Num. xi. 13.

3. To flow in drops; to run in drops.

> The blood weeps from my heart.

Shak.

4. To drop water, or the like; to drip; to be soaked.

5. To hang the branches, as if in sorrow; to be pendent; to droop; — said of a plant or its branches.

Weep, v. t. 1. To lament; to bewail; to bemoan. "I weep bitterly the dead." A. S. Hardy.

> We wandering go
> Through dreary wastes, and weep each other's woe.

Pope.

2. To shed, or pour forth, as tears; to shed drop by drop, as if tears; as, to weep tears of joy.

> Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth.

Milton.

> Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balm.

Milton.

Weep"er (?), n. 1. One who weeps; esp., one who sheds tears.

2. A white band or border worn on the sleeve as a badge of mourning. Goldsmith.

3. (Zoöl.) The capuchin. See Capuchin, 3 (a).

Weep"ful (?), a. Full of weeping or lamentation; grieving. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Weep"ing, n. The act of one who weeps; lamentation with tears; shedding of tears.

Weep"ing, a. 1. Grieving; lamenting; shedding tears. "Weeping eyes." I. Watts.

2. Discharging water, or other liquid, in drops or very slowly; surcharged with water. "Weeping grounds." Mortimer.

3. Having slender, pendent branches; — said of trees; as, weeping willow; a weeping ash.

4. Pertaining to lamentation, or those who weep.

Weeping cross, a cross erected on or by the highway, especially for the devotions of penitents; hence, to return by the weeping cross, to return from some undertaking in humiliation or penitence. — Weeping rock, a porous rock from which water gradually issues. — Weeping sinew, a ganglion. See Ganglion, n., 2. [Colloq.] — Weeping spring, a spring that discharges water slowly. — Weeping willow (Bot.), a species of willow (Salix Babylonica) whose branches grow very long and slender, and hang down almost perpendicularly.

Weep"ing*ly (?), adv. In a weeping manner.

Weep"ing-ripe` (?), a. Ripe for weeping; ready to weep. [Obs.] Shak.

Weer"ish (?), a. See Wearish. [Obs.]

Wee"sel (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Weasel.

Weet (?), a. & n. Wet. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Weet, v. i. [imp. Wot (?).] [See Wit to know.] To know; to wit. [Obs.] Tyndale. Spenser.

Weet"-bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wryneck; — so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.]

Weet"ing*ly, adv. Knowingly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Weet"less, a. Unknowing; also, unknown; unmeaning. [Obs.] Spenser.

Weet"-weet` (?), n. [So called from its piping cry when disturbed.] (Zoöl.) (a) The common European sandpiper. (b) The chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.]

Wee"ver (?), n. [Probably from F. vive, OF. vivre, a kind of fish, L. vipera viper. Cf. Viper.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of edible marine fishes belonging to the genus Trachinus, of the family Trachinidæ. They have a broad spinose head, with the eyes looking upward. The long dorsal fin is supported by numerous strong, sharp spines which cause painful wounds.

The two British species are the great, or greater, weever (Trachinus draco), which becomes a foot long (called also gowdie, sea cat, stingbull, and weaverfish), and the lesser weever (T. vipera), about half as large (called also otter pike, and stingfish).

Wee"vil (?), n. [OE. wivel, wevil, AS. wifel, wibil; akin to OD. wevel, OHG. wibil, wibel, G. wiebel, wibel, and probably to Lith. vabalas beetle, and E. weave. See Weave.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of snout beetles, or Rhynchophora, in which the head is elongated and usually curved downward. Many of the species are very injurious to cultivated plants. The larvæ of some of the species live in nuts, fruit, and grain by eating out the interior, as the plum weevil, or curculio, the nut weevils, and the grain weevil (see under Plum, Nut, and Grain). The larvæ of other species bore under the bark and into the pith of trees and various other plants, as the pine weevils (see under Pine). See also Pea weevil, Rice weevil, Seed weevil, under Pea, Rice, and Seed.

Wee"viled (?), a. Infested by weevils; as, weeviled grain. [Written also weevilled.]

Wee"vil*y (?), a. Having weevils; weeviled. [Written also weevilly.]

Wee"zel (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Weasel.

Weft (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Wave.

Weft, n. [Cf. Waif.] A thing waved, waived, or cast away; a waif. [Obs.] "A forlorn weft." Spenser.

Weft, n. [AS. weft, wefta, fr. wefan, to weave. See Weave.]

1. The woof of cloth; the threads that cross the warp from selvage to selvage; the thread carried by the shuttle in weaving.

2. A web; a thing woven.

Weft"age (?), n. Texture. [Obs.] Grew.

We"go*tism (?), n. [From we, in imitation of egotism.] Excessive use of the pronoun we; — called also weism. [Colloq. or Cant]

{ Wehr"geld` (?), Wehr"gelt` (?), } n. (O. Eng. Law) See Weregild.

Wehr"wolf` (?), n. See Werewolf.

{ Wei"gel*a (?), Wei*ge"li*a (?), } n. [NL. So named after C. E. Weigel, a German naturalist.] (Bot.) A hardy garden shrub (Diervilla Japonica) belonging to the Honeysuckle family, with white or red flowers. It was introduced from China.

Weigh (w), n. (Naut.) A corruption of Way, used only in the phrase under weigh.

> An expedition was got under weigh from New York.

Thackeray.

> The Athenians . . . hurried on board and with considerable difficulty got under weigh.

Jowett (Thucyd.).

Weigh, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weighed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Weighing.] [OE. weien, weyen, weghen, AS. wegan to bear, move; akin to D. wegen to weigh, G. wägen, wiegen, to weigh, bewegen to move, OHG. wegan, Icel. vega to move, carry, lift, weigh, Sw. väga to weigh, Dan. veie, Goth. gawigan to shake, L. vehere to carry, Skr. vah. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Way, and cf. Wey.]

1. To bear up; to raise; to lift into the air; to swing up; as, to weigh anchor. "Weigh the vessel up." Cowper.

2. To examine by the balance; to ascertain the weight of, that is, the force with which a thing tends to the center of the earth; to determine the heaviness, or quantity of matter of; as, to weigh sugar; to weigh gold.

> Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting.

Dan. v. 27.

3. To be equivalent to in weight; to counterbalance; to have the heaviness of. "A body weighing divers ounces." Boyle.

4. To pay, allot, take, or give by weight.

> They weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver.

Zech. xi. 12.

5. To examine or test as if by the balance; to ponder in the mind; to consider or examine for the purpose of forming an opinion or coming to a conclusion; to estimate deliberately and maturely; to balance.

> A young man not weighed in state affairs.

Bacon.

> Had no better weighed
> The strength he was to cope with, or his own.

Milton.

> Regard not who it is which speaketh, but weigh only what is spoken.

Hooker.

> In nice balance, truth with gold she weighs.

Pope.

> Without sufficiently weighing his expressions.

Sir W. Scott.

6. To consider as worthy of notice; to regard. [Obs. or Archaic] "I weigh not you." Shak.

> All that she so dear did weigh.

Spenser.

To weigh down. (a) To overbalance. (b) To oppress with weight; to overburden; to depress. "To weigh thy spirits down." Milton.

Weigh (?), v. i. 1. To have weight; to be heavy. "They only weigh the heavier." Cowper.

2. To be considered as important; to have weight in the intellectual balance.

> Your vows to her and me . . . will even weigh.

Shak.

> This objection ought to weigh with those whose reading is designed for much talk and little knowledge.

Locke.

3. To bear heavily; to press hard.

> Cleanse the stuffed bosom of that perilous stuff
> Which weighs upon the heart.

Shak.

4. To judge; to estimate. [R.]

> Could not weigh of worthiness aright.

Spenser.

To weigh down, to sink by its own weight.

Weigh, n. [See Wey.] A certain quantity estimated by weight; an English measure of weight. See Wey.

Weigh"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being weighed.

Weigh"age (?; 48), n. A duty or toil paid for weighing merchandise. Bouvier.

Weigh"beam` (?), n. A kind of large steelyard for weighing merchandise; — also called weighmaster's beam.

Weigh"board` (?), n. (Mining) Clay intersecting a vein. Weale.

Weigh"bridge` (?), n. A weighing machine on which loaded carts may be weighed; platform scales.

Weigh"er (?), n. One who weighs; specifically, an officer whose duty it is to weigh commodities.

Weigh"-house` (?), n.; pl. Weigh-houses (&?;). A building at or within which goods, and the like, are weighed.

Weigh"ing, a. & n. from Weigh, v.

Weighing cage, a cage in which small living animals may be conveniently weighed. — Weighing house. See Weigh-house. — Weighing machine, any large machine or apparatus for weighing; especially, platform scales arranged for weighing heavy bodies, as loaded wagons.

Weigh"lock` (?), n. A lock, as on a canal, in which boats are weighed and their tonnage is settled.

Weigh"mas`ter (?), n. One whose business it is to weigh ore, hay, merchandise, etc.; one licensed as a public weigher.

Weight (?), n. [OE. weght, wight, AS. gewiht; akin to D. gewigt, G. gewicht, Icel. vætt, Sw. vigt, Dan. vægt. See Weigh, v. t.]

1. The quality of being heavy; that property of bodies by which they tend toward the center of the earth; the effect of gravitative force, especially when expressed in certain units or standards, as pounds, grams, etc.

Weight differs from gravity in being the effect of gravity, or the downward pressure of a body under the influence of gravity; hence, it constitutes a measure of the force of gravity, and being the resultant of all the forces exerted by gravity upon the different particles of the body, it is proportional to the quantity of matter in the body.

2. The quantity of heaviness; comparative tendency to the center of the earth; the quantity of matter as estimated by the balance, or expressed numerically with reference to some standard unit; as, a mass of stone having the weight of five hundred pounds.

> For sorrow, like a heavy-hanging bell,
> Once set on ringing, with his own weight goes.

Shak.

3. Hence, pressure; burden; as, the weight of care or business. "The weight of this said time." Shak.

> For the public all this weight he bears.

Milton.

> [He] who singly bore the world's sad weight.

Keble.

4. Importance; power; influence; efficacy; consequence; moment; impressiveness; as, a consideration of vast weight.

> In such a point of weight, so near mine honor.

Shak.

5. A scale, or graduated standard, of heaviness; a mode of estimating weight; as, avoirdupois weight; troy weight; apothecaries' weight.

6. A ponderous mass; something heavy; as, a clock weight; a paper weight.

> A man leapeth better with weights in his hands.

Bacon.

7. A definite mass of iron, lead, brass, or other metal, to be used for ascertaining the weight of other bodies; as, an ounce weight.

8. (Mech.) The resistance against which a machine acts, as opposed to the power which moves it. [Obs.]

Atomic weight. (Chem.) See under Atomic, and cf. Element. — Dead weight, Feather weight, Heavy weight, Light weight, etc. See under Dead, Feather, etc. — Weight of observation (Astron. & Physics), a number expressing the most probable relative value of each observation in determining the result of a series of observations of the same kind.

Syn. — Ponderousness; gravity; heaviness; pressure; burden; load; importance; power; influence; efficacy; consequence; moment; impressiveness.

Weight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Weighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Weighting.]

1. To load with a weight or weights; to load down; to make heavy; to attach weights to; as, to weight a horse or a jockey at a race; to weight a whip handle.

> The arrows of satire, . . . weighted with sense.

Coleridge.

2. (Astron. & Physics) To assign a weight to; to express by a number the probable accuracy of, as an observation. See Weight of observations, under Weight.

<! p. 1640 !>

Weight"i*ly (?), adv. In a weighty manner.

Weight"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being weighty; weight; force; importance; impressiveness.

Weight"less, a. Having no weight; imponderable; hence, light. Shak.

Weight"y (?), a. [Compar. Weightier (?); superl. Weightiest.]

1. Having weight; heavy; ponderous; as, a weighty body.

2. Adapted to turn the balance in the mind, or to convince; important; forcible; serious; momentous. "For sundry weighty reasons." Shak.

> Let me have your advice in a weighty affair.

Swift.

3. Rigorous; severe; afflictive. [R.] "Attend our weightier judgment." Shak.

Syn. — Heavy; ponderous; burdensome; onerous; forcible; momentous; efficacious; impressive; cogent.

{ Weir (wr), Wear,} n. [OE. wer, AS. wer; akin to G. wehr, AS. werian to defend, protect, hinder, G. wehren, Goth. warjan; and perhaps to E. wary; or cf. Skr. v to check, hinder. √142. Cf. Garret.] 1. A dam in a river to stop and raise the water, for the purpose of conducting it to a mill, forming a fish pond, or the like.

2. A fence of stakes, brushwood, or the like, set in a stream, tideway, or inlet of the sea, for taking fish.

3. A long notch with a horizontal edge, as in the top of a vertical plate or plank, through which water flows, — used in measuring the quantity of flowing water.

Weird (wrd), n. [OE. wirde, werde, AS. wyrd fate, fortune, one of the Fates, fr. weorðan to be, to become; akin to OS. wurd fate, OHG. wurt, Icel. urðr. √143. See Worth to become.]

1. Fate; destiny; one of the Fates, or Norns; also, a prediction. [Obs. or Scot.]

2. A spell or charm. [Obs. or Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Weird, a.

1. Of or pertaining to fate; concerned with destiny.

2. Of or pertaining to witchcraft; caused by, or suggesting, magical influence; supernatural; unearthly; wild; as, a weird appearance, look, sound, etc.

> Myself too had weird seizures.

Tennyson.

> Those sweet, low tones, that seemed like a weird incantation.

Longfellow.

Weird sisters, the Fates. [Scot.] G. Douglas.

Shakespeare uses the term for the three witches in Macbeth.

> The weird sisters, hand in hand,
> Posters of the sea and land.

Shak.

Weird, v. t. To foretell the fate of; to predict; to destine to. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Weird"ness, n. The quality or state of being weird.

We"ism (?), n. Same as Wegotism.

Weive (?), v. t. See Waive. [Obs.] Gower.

We"ka (?), n. (Zoöl.) A New Zealand rail (Ocydromus australis) which has wings so short as to be incapable of flight.

We"kau (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small New Zealand owl (Sceloglaux albifacies). It has short wings and long legs, and lives chiefly on the ground.

We*keen" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The meadow pipit. [Prov. Eng.]

Wel"a*way (?), interj. [OE. welaway, walaway, weilawey; wei wo! (Icel. vei) + la lo! (AS. l) + wei wo!; cf. AS. w l w. See Woe.] Alas! [Obs.]

> Then welaway, for she undone was clean.

Wyatt.

Wel"-be*gone` (?), a. [OE. wel-begon. See Well, and Begone.] Surrounded with happiness or prosperity. [Obs.]

> Fair and rich and young and wel-begone.

Chaucer.

Welch (?), a. See Welsh. [R.]

Welch"er (?), n. See Welsher.

Welch"man (?), n. See Welshman. [R.]

Wel"come (?), a. [OE. welcome, welcume, wilcume, AS. wilcuma a welcome guest, from wil-, as a prefix, akin to willa will + cuma a comer, fr. cuman to come; hence, properly, one who comes so as to please another's will; cf. Icel. velkominn welcome, G. willkommen. See Will, n., and Come.]

1. Received with gladness; admitted willingly to the house, entertainment, or company; as, a welcome visitor.

> When the glad soul is made Heaven's welcome guest.

Cowper.

2. Producing gladness; grateful; as, a welcome present; welcome news. "O, welcome hour!" Milton.

3. Free to have or enjoy gratuitously; as, you are welcome to the use of my library.

Welcome is used elliptically for you are welcome. "Welcome, great monarch, to your own." Dryden.

Welcome-to-our-house (Bot.), a kind of spurge (Euphorbia Cyparissias). Dr. Prior.

Wel"come, n.

1. Salutation to a newcomer. "Welcome ever smiles." Shak.

2. Kind reception of a guest or newcomer; as, we entered the house and found a ready welcome.

> His warmest welcome at an inn.

Shenstone.

> Truth finds an entrance and a welcome too.

South.

To bid welcome, to receive with professions of kindness.

> To thee and thy company I bid
> A hearty welcome.

Shak.

Wel"come, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Welcomed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Welcoming.] [AS. wilcumian.] To salute with kindness, as a newcomer; to receive and entertain hospitably and cheerfully; as, to welcome a visitor; to welcome a new idea. "I welcome you to land." Addison.

> Thus we salute thee with our early song,
> And welcome thee, and wish thee long.

Milton.

Wel"come*ly, adv. In a welcome manner.

Wel"come*ness, n. The quality or state of being welcome; gratefulness; agreeableness; kind reception.

Wel"com*er (?), n. One who welcomes; one who salutes, or receives kindly, a newcomer. Shak.

Weld (?), v. t. To wield. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Weld (?), n. [OE. welde; akin to Scot. wald, Prov. G. waude, G. wau, Dan. & Sw. vau, D. wouw.]

1. (Bot.) An herb (Reseda luteola) related to mignonette, growing in Europe, and to some extent in America; dyer's broom; dyer's rocket; dyer's weed; wild woad. It is used by dyers to give a yellow color. [Written also woald, wold, and would.]

2. Coloring matter or dye extracted from this plant.

Weld, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Welded; p. pr. & vb. n. Welding.] [Probably originally the same word as well to spring up, to gush; perhaps from the Scand.; cf. Sw. välla to weld, uppvälla to boil up, to spring up, Dan. vælde to gush, G. wellen to weld. See Well to spring.]

1. To press or beat into intimate and permanent union, as two pieces of iron when heated almost to fusion.

Very few of the metals, besides iron and platinum. are capable of being welded. Horn and tortoise shell possess this useful property.

2. Fig.: To unite closely or intimately.

> Two women faster welded in one love.

Tennyson.

Weld, n. The state of being welded; the joint made by welding.

Butt weld. See under Butt. — Scarf weld, a joint made by overlapping, and welding together, the scarfed ends of two pieces.

Weld"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being welded.

Weld"er (?), n. One who welds, or unites pieces of iron, etc., by welding.

Weld"er, n.

1. One who welds, or wields. [Obs.]

2. A manager; an actual occupant. [Ireland. Obs.] "The welder . . . who . . . lives miserably." Swift.

Wel"don's proc"ess (?), (Chem.) A process for the recovery or regeneration of manganese dioxide in the manufacture of chlorine, by means of milk of lime and the oxygen of the air; — so called after the inventor.

Wele (?), n. [See Weal prosperity.] Prosperity; happiness; well-being; weal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wele"ful (?), a. Producing prosperity or happiness; blessed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

We"lew (?), v. t. To welk, or wither. [Obs.]

Wel"fare` (?), n. [Well + fare to go, to proceed, to happen.] Well-doing or well-being in any respect; the enjoyment of health and the common blessings of life; exemption from any evil or calamity; prosperity; happiness.

> How to study for the people's welfare.

Shak.

> In whose deep eyes
> Men read the welfare of the times to come.

Emerson.

Wel"far`ing, a. Faring well; prosperous; thriving. [Obs.] "A welfaring person." Chaucer.

Welk (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Welked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Welking.] [OE. welken; cf. D. & G. welken to wither, G. welk withered, OHG. welc moist. See Welkin, and cf. Wilt.] To wither; to fade; also, to decay; to decline; to wane. [Obs.]

> When ruddy Ph&?;bus 'gins to welk in west.

Spenser.

> The church, that before by insensible degrees welked and impaired, now with large steps went down hill decaying.

Milton.

Welk, v. t.

1. To cause to wither; to wilt. [Obs.]

> Mot thy welked neck be to-broke [broken].

Chaucer.

2. To contract; to shorten. [Obs.]

> Now sad winter welked hath the day.

Spenser.

3. To soak; also, to beat severely. [Prov. Eng.]

Welk, n. A pustule. See 2d Whelk.

Welk, n. (Zoöl.) A whelk. [R.]

Welked (?), v. t. See Whelked.

Wel"kin (?), n. [OE. welken, welkene, welkne, wolcne, weolcne, AS. wolcen, pl. wolcnu, a cloud; akin to D. wolk, OFries. wolken, OS. wolkan, G. wolke, OHG. wolchan, and probably to G. welk withered, OHG. welc moist, Russ. & OSlav. vlaga moisture, Lith. vilgyti to moisten.] The visible regions of the air; the vault of heaven; the sky.

> On the welkne shoon the sterres lyght.

Chaucer.

> The fair welkin foully overcast.

Spenser.

> When storms the welkin rend.

Wordsworth.

Used adjectively by Shakespeare in the phase, "Your welkin eye," with uncertain meaning.

Well (?), n. [OE. welle, AS. wella, wylla, from weallan to well up, surge, boil; akin to D. wel a spring or fountain. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Well, v. i.]

1. An issue of water from the earth; a spring; a fountain.

> Begin, then, sisters of the sacred well.

Milton.

2. A pit or hole sunk into the earth to such a depth as to reach a supply of water, generally of a cylindrical form, and often walled with stone or bricks to prevent the earth from caving in.

> The woman said unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep.

John iv. 11.

3. A shaft made in the earth to obtain oil or brine.

4. Fig.: A source of supply; fountain; wellspring. "This well of mercy." Chaucer.

> Dan Chaucer, well of English undefiled.

Spenser.

> A well of serious thought and pure.

Keble.

5. (Naut.) (a) An inclosure in the middle of a vessel's hold, around the pumps, from the bottom to the lower deck, to preserve the pumps from damage and facilitate their inspection. (b) A compartment in the middle of the hold of a fishing vessel, made tight at the sides, but having holes perforated in the bottom to let in water for the preservation of fish alive while they are transported to market. (c) A vertical passage in the stern into which an auxiliary screw propeller may be drawn up out of water. (d) A depressed space in the after part of the deck; — often called the cockpit.

6. (Mil.) A hole or excavation in the earth, in mining, from which run branches or galleries.

7. (Arch.) An opening through the floors of a building, as for a staircase or an elevator; a wellhole.

8. (Metal.) The lower part of a furnace, into which the metal falls.

Artesian well, Driven well. See under Artesian, and Driven. — Pump well. (Naut.) See Well, 5 (a), above. — Well boring, the art or process of boring an artesian well. — Well drain. (a) A drain or vent for water, somewhat like a well or pit, serving to discharge the water of wet land. (b) A drain conducting to a well or pit. — Well room. (a) A room where a well or spring is situated; especially, one built over a mineral spring. (b) (Naut.) A depression in the bottom of a boat, into which water may run, and whence it is thrown out with a scoop. — Well sinker, one who sinks or digs wells. — Well sinking, the art or process of sinking or digging wells. — Well staircase (Arch.), a staircase having a wellhole (see Wellhole (b)), as distinguished from one which occupies the whole of the space left for it in the floor. — Well sweep. Same as Sweep, n., 12. — Well water, the water that flows into a well from subterraneous springs; the water drawn from a well.

Well (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Welled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Welling.] [OE. wellen, AS. wyllan, wellan, fr. weallan; akin to OFries. walla, OS. & OHG. wallan, G. wallen, Icel. vella, G. welle, wave, OHG. wella, walm, AS. wylm; cf. L. volvere to roll, Gr. &?; to inwrap, &?; to roll. Cf. Voluble, Wallop to boil, Wallow, Weld of metal.] To issue forth, as water from the earth; to flow; to spring. "[Blood] welled from out the wound." Dryden. "[Yon spring] wells softly forth." Bryant.

> From his two springs in Gojam's sunny realm,
> Pure welling out, he through the lucid lake
> Of fair Dambea rolls his infant streams.

Thomson.

Well, v. t. To pour forth, as from a well. Spenser.

Well, adv. [Compar. and superl. wanting, the deficiency being supplied by better and best, from another root.] [OE. wel, AS. wel; akin to OS., OFries., & D. wel, G. wohl, OHG. wola, wela, Icel. & Dan. vel, Sw. väl, Goth. waíla; originally meaning, according to one's will or wish. See Will, v. t., and cf. Wealth.]

1. In a good or proper manner; justly; rightly; not ill or wickedly.

> If thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door.

Gen. iv. 7.

2. Suitably to one's condition, to the occasion, or to a proposed end or use; suitably; abundantly; fully; adequately; thoroughly.

> Lot . . . beheld all the plain of Jordan, that it was well watered everywhere.

Gen. xiii. 10.

> WE are wellable to overcome it.

Num. xiii. 30.

> She looketh well to the ways of her household.

Prov. xxxi. 27.

> Servant of God, well done! well hast thou fought
> The better fight.

Milton.

3. Fully or about; — used with numbers. [Obs.] "Well a ten or twelve." Chaucer.

> Well nine and twenty in a company.

Chaucer.

4. In such manner as is desirable; so as one could wish; satisfactorily; favorably; advantageously; conveniently. "It boded well to you." Dryden.

> Know
> In measure what the mind may well contain.

Milton.

> All the world speaks well of you.

Pope.

5. Considerably; not a little; far.

> Abraham and Sarah were old and well stricken in age.

Gen. xviii. 11.

Well is sometimes used elliptically for it is well, as an expression of satisfaction with what has been said or done, and sometimes it expresses concession, or is merely expletive; as, well, the work is done; well, let us go; well, well, be it so.

Well, like above, ill, and so, is used before many participial adjectives in its usual adverbial senses, and subject to the same custom with regard to the use of the hyphen (see the Note under Ill, adv.); as, a well-affected supporter; he was well affected toward the project; a well- trained speaker; he was well trained in speaking; well- educated, or well educated; well-dressed, or well dressed; well-appearing; well-behaved; well- controlled; well-designed; well-directed; well-formed; well-meant; well-minded; well-ordered; well- performed; well-pleased; well-pleasing; well-seasoned; well-steered; well-tasted; well-told, etc. Such compound epithets usually have an obvious meaning, and since they may be formed at will, only a few of this class are given in the Vocabulary.

As well. See under As. — As well as, and also; together with; not less than; one as much as the other; as, a sickness long, as well as severe; London is the largest city in England, as well as the capital. — Well enough, well or good in a moderate degree; so as to give satisfaction, or so as to require no alteration. — Well off, in good condition; especially, in good condition as to property or any advantages; thriving; prosperous. — Well to do, well off; prosperous; — used also adjectively. "The class well to do in the world." J. H. Newman. — Well to live, in easy circumstances; well off; well to do. Shak.

Well, a.

1. Good in condition or circumstances; desirable, either in a natural or moral sense; fortunate; convenient; advantageous; happy; as, it is well for the country that the crops did not fail; it is well that the mistake was discovered.

> It was well with us in Egypt.

Num. xi. 18.

2. Being in health; sound in body; not ailing, diseased, or sick; healthy; as, a well man; the patient is perfectly well. "Your friends are well." Shak.

> Is your father well, the old man of whom ye spake?

Gen. xliii. 27.

3. Being in favor; favored; fortunate.

> He followed the fortunes of that family, and was well with Henry the Fourth.

Dryden.

4. (Marine Insurance) Safe; as, a chip warranted well at a certain day and place. Burrill.

Well"a*day (?), interj. [Corrupted from wela way.] Alas! Welaway! Shak.

Wel"lat (?), n. (Zoöl.) The king parrakeet See under King.

Well"-be`ing (?), n. The state or condition of being well; welfare; happiness; prosperity; as, virtue is essential to the well-being of men or of society.

Well"-born` (?), a. Born of a noble or respect able family; not of mean birth.

Well"-bred` (?), a. Having good breeding; refined in manners; polite; cultivated.

> I am as well-bred as the earl's granddaughter.

Thackera&?;.

<! p. 1641 !>

Well"do`er (?), n. One who does well; one who does good to another; a benefactor.

Well"do`ing, n. A doing well; right performance of duties. Also used adjectively.

Well"drain` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Welldrained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Well-draining.] To drain, as land; by means of wells, or pits, which receive the water, and from which it is discharged by machinery.

Well"fare` (?), n. See Welfare. [Obs.]

Well"-fa"vored (?), a. Handsome; wellformed; beautiful; pleasing to the eye.

> Rachel was beautiful and well-favored.

Gen. xxix. 17.

Well"head` (?), n. A source, spring, or fountain.

> At the wellhead the purest streams arise.

Spenser.

> Our public-school and university life is a great wellhead of new and irresponsible words.

Earle.

Well"hole` (?), n.

1. (Arch.) (a) The open space in a floor, to accommodate a staircase. (b) The open space left beyond the ends of the steps of a staircase.

2. A cavity which receives a counterbalancing weight in certain mechanical contrivances, and is adapted also for other purposes. W. M. Buchanan.

Well`-in*formed" (?), a. Correctly informed; provided with information; well furnished with authentic knowledge; intelligent.

Wel`ling*to"ni*a (?), n. [NL. So named after the Duke of Wellington.] (Bot.) A name given to the "big trees" (Sequoia gigantea) of California, and still used in England. See Sequoia.

Wel"ling*tons (?), n. pl. [After the Duke of Wellington.] A kind of long boots for men.

Well`-in*ten"tioned (?), a. Having upright intentions or honorable purposes.

> Dutchmen who had sold themselves to France, as the wellintentioned party.

Macaulay.

Well"-known` (?), a. Fully known; generally known or acknowledged.

> A church well known with a well-known rite.

M. Arnold.

Well"-lik`ing (?), a. Being in good condition. [Obs. or Archaic]

> They also shall bring forth more fruit in their age, and shall be fat and well-liking.

Bk. of Com. Prayer (Ps. xcii.).

Well`-man"nered (?), a. Polite; well- bred; complaisant; courteous. Dryden.

Well"-mean`er (?), n. One whose intention is good. "Well-meaners think no harm." Dryden.

Well"-mean`ing, a. Having a good intention.

Well`-na"tured (?), a. Good-natured; kind.

> Well-natured, temperate, and wise.

Denham.

Well"-nigh` (?), adv. Almost; nearly. Chaucer.

Well"-plight`ed (?), a. Being well folded. [Obs.] "Her well-plighted frock." Spenser.

Well"-read` (?), a. Of extensive reading; deeply versed; — often followed by in.

Well"-seen` (?), a. Having seen much; hence, accomplished; experienced. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

> Well-seen in arms and proved in many a fight.

Spenser.

Well"-set` (?), a.

1. Properly or firmly set.

2. Well put together; having symmetry of parts.

Well"-sped` (?), a. Having good success.

Well"-spo`ken (?), a. [Well + speak.]

1. Speaking well; speaking with fitness or grace; speaking kindly. "A knight well-spoken." Shak.

2. Spoken with propriety; as, well-spoken words.

Well"spring` (?), n. A fountain; a spring; a source of continual supply.

> Understanding is a wellspring of life unto him that hath it; but the instruction of fools is folly.

Prov. xvi. 22.

Well"-will`er (?), n. One who wishes well, or means kindly. [R.] "A well-willer of yours." Brydges.

Well"-wish` (?), n. A wish of happiness. "A well-wish for his friends." Addison.

Well"wish`er (?), n. One who wishes another well; one who is benevolently or friendlily inclined.

We'll (?). Contraction for we will or we shall. "We'll follow them." Shak.

Wels (?), n. [G.] (Zoöl.) The sheatfish; — called also waller.

Welsh (?), a. [AS. wælisc, welisc, from wealh a stranger, foreigner, not of Saxon origin, a Welshman, a Celt, Gael; akin to OHG. walh, whence G. wälsch or welsch, Celtic, Welsh, Italian, French, Foreign, strange, OHG. walhisc; from the name of a Celtic tribe. See Walnut.] Of or pertaining to Wales, or its inhabitants. [Sometimes written also Welch.]

Welsh flannel, a fine kind of flannel made from the fleece of the flocks of the Welsh mountains, and largely manufactured by hand. — Welsh glaive, or Welsh hook, a weapon of war used in former times by the Welsh, commonly regarded as a kind of poleax. Fairholt. Craig. — Welsh mortgage (O. Eng. Law), a species of mortgage, being a conveyance of an estate, redeemable at any time on payment of the principal, with an understanding that the profits in the mean time shall be received by the mortgagee without account, in satisfaction of interest. Burrill. — Welsh mutton, a choice and delicate kind of mutton obtained from a breed of small sheep in Wales. — Welsh onion (Bot.), a kind of onion (Allium fistulosum) having hollow inflated stalks and leaves, but scarcely any bulb, a native of Siberia. It is said to have been introduced from Germany, and is supposed to have derived its name from the German term wälsch foreign. — Welsh parsley, hemp, or halters made from hemp. [Obs. & Jocular] J. Fletcher. — Welsh rabbit. See under Rabbit.

Welsh, n.

1. The language of Wales, or of the Welsh people.

2. pl. The natives or inhabitants of Wales.

The Welsh call themselves Cymry, in the plural, and a Welshman Cymro, and their country Cymru, of which the adjective is Cymreig, and the name of their language Cymraeg. They are a branch of the Celtic family, and a relic of the earliest known population of England, driven into the mountains of Wales by the Anglo- Saxon invaders.

Welsh"er (?), n. One who cheats at a horse race; one who bets, without a chance of being able to pay; one who receives money to back certain horses and absconds with it. [Written also welcher.] [Slang, Eng.]

Welsh"man (?), n.; pl. Welshmen (&?;).

1. A native or inhabitant of Wales; one of the Welsh.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A squirrel fish. (b) The large-mouthed black bass. See Black bass. [Southern U. S.]

Wel"some (?), a. Prosperous; well. [Obs.] Wyclif. — Wel"some*ly, adv. Wyclif.

Welt (?), n. [OE. welte, probably fr. W. gwald a hem, a welt, gwaldu to welt or to hem.]

1. That which, being sewed or otherwise fastened to an edge or border, serves to guard, strengthen, or adorn it; as; (a) A small cord covered with cloth and sewed on a seam or border to strengthen it; an edge of cloth folded on itself, usually over a cord, and sewed down. (b) A hem, border, or fringe. [Obs.] (c) In shoemaking, a narrow strip of leather around a shoe, between the upper leather and sole. (d) In steam boilers and sheet-iron work, a strip riveted upon the edges of plates that form a butt joint. (e) In carpentry, a strip of wood fastened over a flush seam or joint, or an angle, to strengthen it. (f) In machine-made stockings, a strip, or flap, of which the heel is formed.

2. (Her.) A narrow border, as of an ordinary, but not extending around the ends.

Welt joint, a joint, as of plates, made with a welt, instead of by overlapping the edges. See Weld, n., 1 (d).

Welt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Welted; p. pr. & vb. n. Welting.] To furnish with a welt; to sew or fasten a welt on; as, to welt a boot or a shoe; to welt a sleeve.

Welt, v. t. To wilt. [R.]

Welte (?), obs. imp. of Weld, to wield. Chaucer.

Wel"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Weltered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Weltering.] [Freq. of OE. walten to roll over, AS. wealtan; akin to LG. weltern, G. walzen to roll, to waltz, sich wälzen to welter, OHG. walzan to roll, Icel. velta, Dan. vælte, Sw. vältra, välta; cf. Goth. waltjan; probably akin to E. wallow, well, v. i. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Well, v. i., and cf. Waltz.]

1. To roll, as the body of an animal; to tumble about, especially in anything foul or defiling; to wallow.

> When we welter in pleasures and idleness, then we eat and drink with drunkards.

Latimer.

> These wizards welter in wealth's waves.

Spenser.

> He must not float upon his watery bier
> Unwept, and welter to the parching wind,
> Without the meed of some melodious tear.

Milton.

> The priests at the altar . . . weltering in their blood.

Landor.

2. To rise and fall, as waves; to tumble over, as billows. "The weltering waves." Milton.

> Waves that, hardly weltering, die away.

Wordsworth.

> Through this blindly weltering sea.

Trench.

Wel"ter, v. t. [Cf. Wilt, v. i.] To wither; to wilt. [R.]

> Weltered hearts and blighted . . . memories.

I. Taylor.

Wel"ter, a. (Horse Racing) Of, pertaining to, or designating, the most heavily weighted race in a meeting; as, a welter race; the welter stakes.

Wel"ter, n.

1. That in which any person or thing welters, or wallows; filth; mire; slough.

> The foul welter of our so-called religious or other controversies.

Carlyle.

2. A rising or falling, as of waves; as, the welter of the billows; the welter of a tempest.

||Wel*witsch"i*a (?), n. [NL. So named after the discoverer, Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch.] (Bot.) An African plant (Welwitschia mirabilis) belonging to the order Gnetaceæ. It consists of a short, woody, topshaped stem, and never more than two leaves, which are the cotyledons enormously developed, and at length split into diverging segments.

Wem (?), n. [Cf. Womb.] The abdomen; the uterus; the womb. [Obs.]

Wem, n. [AS. wam, wamm.] Spot; blemish; harm; hurt. [Obs.] Wyclif.

> Withouten wem of you, through foul and fair.

Chaucer.

Wem, v. t. [AS. wemman.] To stain; to blemish; to harm; to corrupt. [Obs.]

Wem"less, a. Having no wem, or blemish; spotless. [Obs.] "Virgin wemless." Chaucer.

Wen (wn), n. [AS. wenn; akin to D. wen, LG. wenne.] (Med.) An indolent, encysted tumor of the skin; especially, a sebaceous cyst.

Wench (wnch), n. [OE. wenche, for older wenchel a child, originally, weak, tottering; cf. AS. wencle a maid, a daughter, wencel a pupil, orphan, wincel, winclu, children, offspring, wencel weak, wancol unstable, OHG. wanchol; perhaps akin to E. wink. See Wink.]

1. A young woman; a girl; a maiden. Shak.

> Lord and lady, groom and wench.

Chaucer.

> That they may send again
> My most sweet wench, and gifts to boot.

Chapman.

> He was received by the daughter of the house, a pretty, buxom, blue-eyed little wench.

W. Black.

2. A low, vicious young woman; a drab; a strumpet.

> She shall be called his wench or his leman.

Chaucer.

> It is not a digression to talk of bawds in a discourse upon wenches.

Spectator.

3. A colored woman; a negress. [U. S.]

Wench (wnch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wenched (wncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Wenching.] To frequent the company of wenches, or women of ill fame.

Wench"er (-r), n. One who wenches; a lewd man.

Wench"less, a. Being without a wench. Shak.

Wend (wnd), obs. p. p. of Wene. Chaucer.

Wend, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wended, Obs. Went; p. pr. & vb. n. Wending.] [AS. wendan to turn, to go, caus. of windan to wind; akin to OS. wendian, OFries. wenda, D. wenden to turn, G. wenden, Icel. venda, Sw. vända, Dan. vende, Goth. wandjan. See Wind to turn, and cf. Went.]

1. To go; to pass; to betake one's self. "To Canterbury they wend." Chaucer.

> To Athens shall the lovers wend.

Shak.

2. To turn round. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Wend, v. t. To direct; to betake; — used chiefly in the phrase to wend one's way. Also used reflexively. "Great voyages to wend." Surrey.

Wend, n. (O. Eng. Law) A large extent of ground; a perambulation; a circuit. [Obs.] Burrill.

Wende (?), obs. imp. of Wene. Chaucer.

{ Wend"ic (?), Wend"ish (?), } a. Of or pertaining the Wends, or their language.

Wend"ic (?), n. The language of the Wends.

Wends (?), n. pl.; sing. Wend. (Ethnol.) A Slavic tribe which once occupied the northern and eastern parts of Germany, of which a small remnant exists.

Wene (?), v. i. To ween. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wen"lock group` (?), (Geol.) The middle subdivision of the Upper Silurian in Great Britain; — so named from the typical locality in Shropshire.

Wen"nel (?), n. See Weanel. [Obs.] Tusser.

{ Wen"nish (?), Wen"ny (?) }, a. [From Wen.] Having the nature of a wen; resembling a wen; as, a wennish excrescence.

We*no"na (?), n. (Zoöl.) A sand snake (Charina plumbea) of Western North America, of the family Erycidæ.

Went (?), imp. & p. p. of Wend; - - now obsolete except as the imperfect of go, with which it has no etymological connection. See Go.

> To the church both be they went.

Chaucer.

Went, n. Course; way; path; journey; direction. [Obs.] "At a turning of a wente." Chaucer.

> But here my weary team, nigh overspent,
> Shall breathe itself awhile after so long a went.

Spenser.

> He knew the diverse went of mortal ways.

Spenser.

Wen"tle*trap` (?), n. [D. wenteltrap a winding staircase; cf. G. wendeltreppe.] [Obs.] Any one of numerous species of elegant, usually white, marine shells of the genus Scalaria, especially Scalaria pretiosa, which was formerly highly valued; — called also staircase shell. See Scalaria.

Wep (?), obs. imp. of Weep.

Wep"en (?), n. Weapon. [Obs.]

Wept (?), imp. & p. p. of Weep.

Werche (?), v. t. & i. To work. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Were (?), v. t. & i. To wear. See 3d Wear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Were, n. A weir. See Weir. [Obs.] Chaucer. Sir P. Sidney.

Were, v. t. [AS. werian.] To guard; to protect. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Were (wr; 277). [AS. wre (thou) wast, wron (we, you, they) were, wre imp. subj. See Was.] The imperfect indicative plural, and imperfect subjunctive singular and plural, of the verb be. See Be.

Were (wr), n. [AS. wer; akin to OS. & OHG. wer, Goth. waír, L. vir, Skr. vra. Cf. Weregild, and Werewolf.]

1. A man. [Obs.]

2. A fine for slaying a man; the money value set upon a man's life; weregild. [Obs.]

> Every man was valued at a certain sum, which was called his were.

Bosworth.

Were"gild` (?), n. [AS. wergild; wer a man, value set on a man's life + gild payment of money; akin to G. wehrgeld. √285. See Were a man, and Geld, n.] (O. Eng. Law) The price of a man's head; a compensation paid of a man killed, partly to the king for the loss of a subject, partly to the lord of a vassal, and partly to the next of kin. It was paid by the murderer. [Written also weregeld, weregelt, etc.] Blackstone.

Were"wolf` (?), n.; pl. Werewolves (#). [AS. werwulf; wer a man + wulf a wolf; cf. G. wärwolf, währwolf, wehrwolf, a werewolf, MHG. werwolf. √285. See Were a man, and Wolf, and cf. Virile, World.] A person transformed into a wolf in form and appetite, either temporarily or permanently, whether by supernatural influences, by witchcraft, or voluntarily; a lycanthrope. Belief in werewolves, formerly general, is not now extinct.

> The werwolf went about his prey.

William of Palerne.

> The brutes that wear our form and face,
> The werewolves of the human race.

Longfellow.

{Werk (?), n., Werke }, v. See Work. [Obs.]

Wern (?), v. t. [See 1st Warn.] To refuse. [Obs.]

> He is too great a niggard that will wern
> A man to light a candle at his lantern.

Chaucer.

Wer*ne"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to A. G. Werner, The German mineralogist and geologist, who classified minerals according to their external characters, and advocated the theory that the strata of the earth's crust were formed by depositions from water; designating, or according to, Werner's system.

Wer"ner*ite (?), n. [See Wernerian.] (Min.) The common grayish or white variety of soapolite.

We*roo"le (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Australian lorikeet (Ptilosclera versicolor) noted for the variety of its colors; — called also varied lorikeet.

Werre (?), n. War. [Obs.] Chaucer.

<! p. 1642 !>

Wer"rey (wr"r), v. t. To warray. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Werst (wrst), n. See Verst.

Wert (wrt), The second person singular, indicative and subjunctive moods, imperfect tense, of the verb be. It is formed from were, with the ending -t, after the analogy of wast. Now used only in solemn or poetic style.

Wert, n. A wart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wer`y*an"gle (?), n. See Wariangle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

We"sand (?), n. See Weasand. [Obs.]

Wesh (?), obs. imp. of Wash. Washed. Chaucer.

We"sil (?), n. See Weasand. [Obs.]

Wes"ley*an (?), a. [See Wesleyanism.] Of or pertaining to Wesley or Wesleyanism.

Wes"ley*an, n. (Eccl.) One who adopts the principles of Wesleyanism; a Methodist.

Wes"ley*an*ism (?), n. (Eccl.) The system of doctrines and church polity inculcated by John Wesley (b. 1703; d. 1791), the founder of the religious sect called Methodist; Methodism. See Methodist, n., 2.

West (?), n. [AS. west, adv.; akin to D. west, G. west, westen, OHG. westan, Icel. vestr, Sw. vest, vester, vestan, Dan. vest, vesten, and perhaps to L. vesper evening, Gr. &?;. &?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. Vesper, Visigoth.]

1. The point in the heavens where the sun is seen to set at the equinox; or, the corresponding point on the earth; that one of the four cardinal points of the compass which is in a direction at right angles to that of north and south, and on the left hand of a person facing north; the point directly opposite to east.

> And fresh from the west is the free wind's breath.

Bryant.

2. A country, or region of country, which, with regard to some other country or region, is situated in the direction toward the west.

3. Specifically: (a) The Westen hemisphere, or the New World so called, it having been discovered by sailing westward from Europe; the Occident. (b) (U. S. Hist. & Geog.) Formerly, that part of the United States west of the Alleghany mountains; now, commonly, the whole region west of the Mississippi river; esp., that part which is north of the Indian Territory, New Mexico, etc. Usually with the definite article.

West by north, West by south, according to the notation of the mariner's compass, that point which lies 11¼° to the north or south, respectively, of the point due west. — West northwest, West southwest, that point which lies 22½° to the north or south of west, or halfway between west and northwest or southwest, respectively. See Illust. of Compass.

West, a. Lying toward the west; situated at the west, or in a western direction from the point of observation or reckoning; proceeding toward the west, or coming from the west; as, a west course is one toward the west; an east and west line; a west wind blows from the west.

> This shall be your west border.

Num. xxxiv. 6.

West end, the fashionable part of London, commencing from the east, at Charing Cross.

West, adv. [AS. west.] Westward.

West, v. i.

1. To pass to the west; to set, as the sun. [Obs.] "The hot sun gan to west." Chaucer.

2. To turn or move toward the west; to veer from the north or south toward the west.

West"er*ing (?), a. Passing to the west.

> Toward heaven's descent had sloped his westering wheel.

Milton.

West"er*ly, a. Of or pertaining to the west; toward the west; coming from the west; western.

West"er*ly, adv. Toward the west; westward.

West"ern (?), a.

1. Of or pertaining to the west; situated in the west, or in the region nearly in the direction of west; being in that quarter where the sun sets; as, the western shore of France; the western ocean.

> Far o'er the glowing western main.

Keble.

2. Moving toward the west; as, a ship makes a western course; coming from the west; as, a western breeze.

Western Church. See Latin Church, under Latin. — Western empire (Hist.), the western portion of the Roman empire, as divided, by the will of Theodosius the Great, between his sons Honorius and Arcadius, a. d. 395.

West"ern*er (?), n. A native or inhabitant of the west.

West"ern*most` (?), a. Situated the farthest towards the west; most western.

{ West` In"di*a (?), West` In"di*an (?).} Belonging or relating to the West Indies.

West India tea (Bot.), a shrubby plant (Capraria biflora) having oblanceolate toothed leaves which are sometimes used in the West Indies as a substitute for tea.

West` In"di*an. A native of, or a dweller in, the West Indies.

West"ing (?), n. (Naut. & Surv.) The distance, reckoned toward the west, between the two meridians passing through the extremities of a course, or portion of a ship's path; the departure of a course which lies to the west of north.

West"ling (?), n. A westerner. [R.]

West"min`ster As*sem"bly (?). See under Assembly.

West"most` (?), a. Lying farthest to the west; westernmost.

{ West"ward (?), West"wards (?), } adv. [AS. westweard. See West, and - ward. ] Toward the west; as, to ride or sail westward.

> Westward the course of empire takes its way.

Berkeley.

West"ward, a. Lying toward the west.

> Yond same star that's westward from the pole.

Shak.

West"ward, n. The western region or countries; the west.

West"ward*ly, adv. In a westward direction.

West"y (?), a. Dizzy; giddy. [Prov. Eng.]

Wet (wt), a. [Compar. Wetter (?); superl. Wettest.] [OE. wet, weet, AS. wt; akin to OFries. wt, Icel. vtr, Sw. våt, Dan. vaad, and E. water. √137. See Water.]

1. Containing, or consisting of, water or other liquid; moist; soaked with a liquid; having water or other liquid upon the surface; as, wet land; a wet cloth; a wet table. "Wet cheeks." Shak.

2. Very damp; rainy; as, wet weather; a wet season. "Wet October's torrent flood." Milton.

3. (Chem.) Employing, or done by means of, water or some other liquid; as, the wet extraction of copper, in distinction from dry extraction in which dry heat or fusion is employed.

4. Refreshed with liquor; drunk. [Slang] Prior.

Wet blanket, Wet dock, etc. See under Blanket, Dock, etc. — Wet goods, intoxicating liquors. [Slang]

Syn. — Nasty; humid; damp; moist. See Nasty.

Wet (?), n. [AS. wta. See Wet, a.]

1. Water or wetness; moisture or humidity in considerable degree.

> Have here a cloth and wipe away the wet.

Chaucer.

> Now the sun, with more effectual beams,
> Had cheered the face of earth, and dried the wet
> From drooping plant.

Milton.

2. Rainy weather; foggy or misty weather.

3. A dram; a drink. [Slang]

Wet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wet (rarely Wetted); p. pr. & vb. n. Wetting.] [AS. wtan.] To fill or moisten with water or other liquid; to sprinkle; to cause to have water or other fluid adherent to the surface; to dip or soak in a liquid; as, to wet a sponge; to wet the hands; to wet cloth. "[The scene] did draw tears from me and wetted my paper." Burke.

> Ye mists and exhalations, that now rise . . .
> Whether to deck with clouds the uncolored sky,
> Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers.

Milton.

To wet one's whistle, to moisten one's throat; to drink a dram of liquor. [Colloq.]

> Let us drink the other cup to wet our whistles.

Walton.

Wet"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The chaffinch, whose cry is thought to foretell rain. [Prov. Eng.]

Weth"er (?), n. [OE. wether, AS. weðer; akin to OS. wethar, withar, a ram, D. weder, G. widder, OHG. widar, Icel. veðr, Sw. vädur, Dan. vædder, Goth. wiþrus a lamb, L. vitulus calf, Skr. vatsa, L. vetus old, Gr. 'e`tos year; — originally meaning, a yearling. Cf. Veal, Veteran.] A castrated ram.

Wet"ness (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being wet; moisture; humidity; as, the wetness of land; the wetness of a cloth.

2. A watery or moist state of the atmosphere; a state of being rainy, foggy, or misty; as, the wetness of weather or the season.

Wetness generally implies more water or liquid than is implied by humidness or moisture.

Wet" nurse` (?). A nurse who suckles a child, especially the child of another woman. Cf. Dry nurse.

Wet"-shod` (?), a. Having the feet, or the shoes on the feet, wet.

Wet"tish (?), a. Somewhat wet; moist; humid.

We"vil (?), n. See Weevil.

Wex (?), v. t. & i. To grow; to wax. [Obs.] Chaucer. "Each wexing moon." Dryden.

Wex, obs. imp. of Wex. Waxed. Chaucer.

Wex, n. Wax. [Obs.] "Yelwe as wex." Chaucer.

Wey (?), n. Way; road; path. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wey, v. t. & i. To weigh. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wey (?), n. [OE. weye, AS. w&?;ge weight. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Weight.] A certain measure of weight. [Eng.] "A weye of Essex cheese." Piers Plowman.

A wey is 6&?; tods, or 182 pounds, of wool; a load, or five quarters, of wheat, 40 bushels of salt, each weighing 56 pounds; 32 cloves of cheese, each weighing seven pounds; 48 bushels of oats and barley; and from two cwt. to three cwt. of butter. Simmonds.

Weyle (?), v. t. & i. To wail. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wey"le*way (?), interj. See Welaway. [Obs.]

Weyve (?), v. t. To waive. [Obs.] Chaucer.

We"zand (?), n. See Weasand. [Obs.]

Whaap (?), n. [So called from one of its notes.] (Zoöl.) (a) The European curlew; - - called also awp, whaup, great whaup, and stock whaup. (b) The whimbrel; — called also May whaup, little whaup, and tang whaup. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Whack (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whacked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whacking.] [Cf. Thwack.] To strike; to beat; to give a heavy or resounding blow to; to thrash; to make with whacks. [Colloq.]

> Rodsmen were whackingtheir way through willow brakes.

G. W. Cable.

Whack, v. i. To strike anything with a smart blow.

To whack away, to continue striking heavy blows; as, to whack away at a log. [Colloq.]

Whack, n. A smart resounding blow. [Colloq.]

Whack"er (?), n.

1. One who whacks. [Colloq.]

2. Anything very large; specif., a great lie; a whapper. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

Whack"ing, a. Very large; whapping. [Colloq.]

Wha*hoo" (?), n. (Bot.) An American tree, the winged elm. (Ulmus alata).

Whala (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whaled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whaling.] [Cf. Wale. ] To lash with stripes; to wale; to thrash; to drub. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.] Halliwell. Bartlett.

Whale, n. [OE. whal, AS. hwæl; akin to D. walvisch, G. wal, walfisch, OHG. wal, Icel. hvalr, Dan. & Sw. hval, hvalfisk. Cf. Narwhal, Walrus.] (Zoöl.) Any aquatic mammal of the order Cetacea, especially any one of the large species, some of which become nearly one hundred feet long. Whales are hunted chiefly for their oil and baleen, or whalebone.

The existing whales are divided into two groups: the toothed whales (Odontocete), including those that have teeth, as the cachalot, or sperm whale (see Sperm whale); and the baleen, or whalebone, whales (Mysticete), comprising those that are destitute of teeth, but have plates of baleen hanging from the upper jaw, as the right whales. The most important species of whalebone whales are the bowhead, or Greenland, whale (see Illust. of Right whale), the Biscay whale, the Antarctic whale, the gray whale (see under Gray), the humpback, the finback, and the rorqual.

Whale bird. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of large Antarctic petrels which follow whaling vessels, to feed on the blubber and floating oil; especially, Prion turtur (called also blue petrel), and Pseudoprion desolatus. (b) The turnstone; — so called because it lives on the carcasses of whales. [Canada] — Whale fin (Com.), whalebone. Simmonds. — Whale fishery, the fishing for, or occupation of taking, whales. — Whale louse (Zoöl.), any one of several species of degraded amphipod crustaceans belonging to the genus Cyamus, especially C. ceti. They are parasitic on various cetaceans. — Whale's bone, ivory. [Obs.] — Whale shark. (Zoöl.) (a) The basking, or liver, shark. (b) A very large harmless shark (Rhinodon typicus) native of the Indian Ocean. It sometimes becomes sixty feet long. — Whale shot, the name formerly given to spermaceti. — Whale's tongue (Zoöl.), a balanoglossus.

Whale"boat` (?), n. (Naut.) A long, narrow boat, sharp at both ends, used by whalemen.

Whale"bone` (?), n. A firm, elastic substance resembling horn, taken from the upper jaw of the right whale; baleen. It is used as a stiffening in stays, fans, screens, and for various other purposes. See Baleen.

Whalebone is chiefly obtained from the bowhead, or Greenland, whale, the Biscay whale, and the Antarctic, or southern, whale. It is prepared for manufacture by being softened by boiling, and dyed black.

Whale"man (?), n.; pl. Whalemen (&?;). A man employed in the whale fishery.

Whal"er (?), n. A vessel or person employed in the whale fishery.

Whal"er, n. One who whales, or beats; a big, strong fellow; hence, anything of great or unusual size. [Colloq. U. S.]

Whal"ing, n. The hunting of whales.

Whal"ing, a. Pertaining to, or employed in, the pursuit of whales; as, a whaling voyage; a whaling vessel.

Whall (?), n. [See Wall-eye.] A light color of the iris in horses; wall-eye. [Written also whaul.]

Whall"y (?), a. Having the iris of light color; — said of horses. "Whally eyes." Spenser.

Whame (?), n. (Zoöl.) A breeze fly.

Wham"mel (?), v. t. [Cf. Whelm.] To turn over. [Prov. Eng.]

Whan (?), adv. When. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Whang (?), n. [Cf. Thong.] A leather thong. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Whang, v. t. To beat. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Whang*hee" (?), n. (Bot.) See Wanghee.

{ Whap (?), Whop }, v. i. [Cf. OE. quappen to palpitate, E. quob, quaver, wabble, awhape, wap.] To throw one's self quickly, or by an abrupt motion; to turn suddenly; as, she whapped down on the floor; the fish whapped over. Bartlett.

This word is used adverbially in the north of England, as in the United States, when anything vanishes, or is gone suddenly; as, whap went the cigar out of my mouth.

{ Whap, Whop }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whapping.] To beat or strike.

{ Whap, Whop }, n. A blow, or quick, smart stroke.

{ Whap"per (?), Whop"per }, n. [See Whap.] Something uncommonly large of the kind; something astonishing; — applied especially to a bold lie. [Colloq.]

{ Whap"ping (?), Whop"ping }, a. Very large; monstrous; astonishing; as, a whapping story. [Colloq.]

Wharf (?), n.; pl. Wharfs (#) or Wharves (#). [AS. hwerf, hwearf, a returning, a change, from hweorfan to turn, turn about, go about; akin to D. werf a wharf, G. werft, Sw. varf a shipbuilder's yard, Dan. verft wharf, dockyard, G. werben to enlist, to engage, woo, OHG. werban to turn about, go about, be active or occupied, Icel. hverfa to turn, Goth. hwaírban, hwarbn, to walk. Cf. Whirl.]

1. A structure or platform of timber, masonry, iron, earth, or other material, built on the shore of a harbor, river, canal, or the like, and usually extending from the shore to deep water, so that vessels may lie close alongside to receive and discharge cargo, passengers, etc.; a quay; a pier.

> Commerce pushes its wharves into the sea.

Bancroft.

> Out upon the wharfs they came,
> Knight and burgher, lord and dame.

Tennyson.

The plural of this word is generally written wharves in the United States, and wharfs in England; but many recent English writers use wharves.

2. [AS. hwearf.] The bank of a river, or the shore of the sea. [Obs.] "The fat weed that roots itself in ease on Lethe wharf." Shak.

Wharf boat, a kind of boat moored at the bank of a river, and used for a wharf, in places where the height of the water is so variable that a fixed wharf would be useless. [U. S.] Bartlett. — Wharf rat. (Zoöl.) (a) The common brown rat. (b) A neglected boy who lives around the wharfs. [Slang]

<! p. 1643 !>

Wharf (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wharfed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wharfing.]

1. To guard or secure by a firm wall of timber or stone constructed like a wharf; to furnish with a wharf or wharfs.

2. To place upon a wharf; to bring to a wharf.

Wharf"age (?), n.

1. The fee or duty paid for the privilege of using a wharf for loading or unloading goods; pierage, collectively; quayage.

2. A wharf or wharfs, collectively; wharfing.

Wharf"ing, n.

1. Wharfs, collectively.

2. (Hydraul. Engin.) A mode of facing sea walls and embankments with planks driven as piles and secured by ties. Knight.

Wharf"in*ger (?), n. [For wharfager.] A man who owns, or has the care of, a wharf.

{ Wharl (?), Wharl"ing, } n. A guttural pronunciation of the letter r; a burr. See Burr, n., 6.

> A strange, uncouth wharling in their speech.

Fuller.

Wharp (?), n. A kind of fine sand from the banks of the Trent, used as a polishing powder. [Eng.]

What (?), pron., a., & adv. [AS. hwæt, neuter of hw who; akin to OS. hwat what, OFries. hwet, D. & LG. wat, G. was, OHG. waz, hwaz, Icel. hvat, Sw. & Dan. hvad, Goth. hwa. √182. See Who.]

1. As an interrogative pronoun, used in asking questions regarding either persons or things; as, what is this? what did you say? what poem is this? what child is lost?

> What see'st thou in the ground?

Shak.

> What is man, that thou art mindful of him?

Ps. viii. 4.

> What manner of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him!

Matt. viii. 27.

Originally, what, when, where, which, who, why, etc., were interrogatives only, and it is often difficult to determine whether they are used as interrogatives or relatives.

What in this sense, when it refers to things, may be used either substantively or adjectively; when it refers to persons, it is used only adjectively with a noun expressed, who being the pronoun used substantively.

2. As an exclamatory word: — (a) Used absolutely or independently; — often with a question following. "What welcome be thou." Chaucer.

> What, could ye not watch with me one hour?

Matt. xxvi. 40.

(b) Used adjectively, meaning how remarkable, or how great; as, what folly! what eloquence! what courage!

> What a piece of work is man!

Shak.

> O what a riddle of absurdity!

Young.

What in this use has a or an between itself and its noun if the qualitative or quantitative importance of the object is emphasized.

(c) Sometimes prefixed to adjectives in an adverbial sense, as nearly equivalent to how; as, what happy boys!

> What partial judges are our love and hate!

Dryden.

3. As a relative pronoun: —

(a) Used substantively with the antecedent suppressed, equivalent to that which, or those [persons] who, or those [things] which; — called a compound relative.

> With joy beyond what victory bestows.

Cowper.

> I'm thinking Captain Lawton will count the noses of what are left before they see their whaleboats.

Cooper.

> What followed was in perfect harmony with this beginning.

Macaulay.

> I know well . . . how little you will be disposed to criticise what comes to you from me.

J. H. Newman.

(b) Used adjectively, equivalent to the . . . which; the sort or kind of . . . which; rarely, the . . . on, or at, which.

> See what natures accompany what colors.

Bacon.

> To restrain what power either the devil or any earthly enemy hath to work us woe.

Milton.

> We know what master laid thy keel,
> What workmen wrought thy ribs of steel.

Longfellow.

(c) Used adverbially in a sense corresponding to the adjectival use; as, he picked what good fruit he saw.

4. Whatever; whatsoever; what thing soever; — used indefinitely. "What after so befall." Chaucer.

> Whether it were the shortness of his foresight, the strength of his will, . . . or what it was.

Bacon.

5. Used adverbially, in part; partly; somewhat; — with a following preposition, especially, with, and commonly with repetition.

> What for lust [pleasure] and what for lore.

Chaucer.

> Thus, what with the war, what with the sweat, what with the gallows, and what with poverty, I am custom shrunk.

Shak.

> The year before he had so used the matter that what by force, what by policy, he had taken from the Christians above thirty small castles.

Knolles.

In such phrases as I tell you what, what anticipates the following statement, being elliptical for what I think, what it is, how it is, etc. "I tell thee what, corporal Bardolph, I could tear her." Shak. Here what relates to the last clause, "I could tear her;" this is what I tell you.

What not is often used at the close of an enumeration of several particulars or articles, it being an abbreviated clause, the verb of which, being either the same as that of the principal clause or a general word, as be, say, mention, enumerate, etc., is omitted. "Men hunt, hawk, and what not." Becon. "Some dead puppy, or log, orwhat not." C. Kingsley. "Battles, tournaments, hunts, and what not." De Quincey. Hence, the words are often used in a general sense with the force of a substantive, equivalent to anything you please, a miscellany, a variety, etc. From this arises the name whatnot, applied to an étagère, as being a piece of furniture intended for receiving miscellaneous articles of use or ornament.

But what is used for but that, usually after a negative, and excludes everything contrary to the assertion in the following sentence. "Her needle is not so absolutely perfect in tent and cross stitch but what my superintendence is advisable." Sir W. Scott. "Never fear but what our kite shall fly as high." Ld. Lytton.

What ho! an exclamation of calling. — What if, what will it matter if; what will happen or be the result if. "What if it be a poison?" Shak. — What of this? that? it? etc., what follows from this, that, it, etc., often with the implication that it is of no consequence. "All this is so; but what of this, my lord?" Shak. "The night is spent, why, what of that?" Shak. — What though, even granting that; allowing that; supposing it true that. "What though the rose have prickles, yet't is plucked." Shak. — What time, or What time as, when. [Obs. or Archaic] "What time I am afraid, I will trust in thee." Ps. lvi. 3.

> What time the morn mysterious visions brings.

Pope.

What (?), n. Something; thing; stuff. [Obs.]

> And gave him for to feed,
> Such homely what as serves the simple &?;lown.

Spenser.

What, interrog. adv. Why? For what purpose? On what account? [Obs.]

> What should I tell the answer of the knight.

Chaucer.

> But what do I stand reckoning upon advantages and gains lost by the misrule and turbulency of the prelates? What do I pick up so thriftily their scatterings and diminishings of the meaner subject?

Milton.

What*e'er" (?), pron. A contraction of what-ever; — used in poetry. "Whate'er is in his way." Shak.

What*ev"er (?), pron. Anything soever which; the thing or things of any kind; being this or that; of one nature or another; one thing or another; anything that may be; all that; the whole that; all particulars that; — used both substantively and adjectively.

> Whatever fortune stays from his word.

Shak.

> Whatever Earth, all-bearing mother, yields.

Milton.

> Whatever be its intrinsic value.

J. H. Newman.

Whatever often follows a noun, being used elliptically. "There being no room for any physical discovery whatever" [sc. it may be]. Whately.

What"not (?), n. [See the Note under What, pron., 5.] A kind of stand, or piece of furniture, having shelves for books, ornaments, etc.; an étagère.

What"so (?), indef. pron. Whatsoever; whosoever; whatever; anything that. [Obs.]

> Whatso he were, of high or low estate.

Chaucer.

> Whatso the heaven in his wide vault contains.

Spenser.

What`so*e'er" (?), pron. A contraction of whatsoever; — used in poetry. Shak.

What`so*ev"er (?), pron. & a. Whatever. "In whatsoever shape he lurk." Milton.

> Whatsoever God hath said unto thee, do.

Gen. xxxi. 16.

The word is sometimes divided by tmesis. "What things soever ye desire." Mark xi. 24.

Whaul (?), n. Same as Whall.

Whaup (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Whaap. [Prov. Eng.]

Wheal (?), n. [OE. whele, AS. hwele putrefaction, hwelian to putrefy.] A pustule; a whelk. Wiseman.

Wheal, n. [Cf. Wale.]

1. A more or less elongated mark raised by a stroke; also, a similar mark made by any cause; a weal; a wale.

2. Specifically (Med.), a flat, burning or itching eminence on the skin, such as is produced by a mosquito bite, or in urticaria.

Wheal, n. [Cornish hwel.] (Mining) A mine.

Wheal"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The harvest mite; — so called from the wheals, caused by its bite.

Wheat (hwt), n. [OE. whete, AS. hwte; akin to OS. hwti, D. weit, G. weizen, OHG. weizzi, Icel. hveiti, Sw. hvete, Dan. hvede, Goth. hwaiteis, and E. white. See White.] (Bot.) A cereal grass (Triticum vulgare) and its grain, which furnishes a white flour for bread, and, next to rice, is the grain most largely used by the human race.

Of this grain the varieties are numerous, as red wheat, white wheat, bald wheat, bearded wheat, winter wheat, summer wheat, and the like. Wheat is not known to exist as a wild native plant, and all statements as to its origin are either incorrect or at best only guesses.

Buck wheat. (Bot.) See Buckwheat. — German wheat. (Bot.) See 2d Spelt. — Guinea wheat (Bot.), a name for Indian corn. — Indian wheat, or Tartary wheat (Bot.), a grain (Fagopyrum Tartaricum) much like buckwheat, but only half as large. — Turkey wheat (Bot.), a name for Indian corn. — Wheat aphid, or Wheat aphis (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Aphis and allied genera, which suck the sap of growing wheat. — Wheat beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small, slender, rusty brown beetle (Sylvanus Surinamensis) whose larvæ feed upon wheat, rice, and other grains. (b) A very small, reddish brown, oval beetle (Anobium paniceum) whose larvæ eat the interior of grains of wheat. — Wheat duck (Zoöl.), the American widgeon. [Western U. S.] — Wheat fly. (Zoöl.) Same as Wheat midge, below. — Wheat grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Agropyrum caninum) somewhat resembling wheat. It grows in the northern parts of Europe and America. — Wheat jointworm. (Zoöl.) See Jointworm. — Wheat louse (Zoöl.), any wheat aphid. — Wheat maggot (Zoöl.), the larva of a wheat midge. — Wheat midge. (Zoöl.) (a) A small two-winged fly (Diplosis tritici) which is very destructive to growing wheat, both in Europe and America. The female lays her eggs in the flowers of wheat, and the larvæ suck the juice of the young kernels and when full grown change to pupæ in the earth. (b) The Hessian fly. See under Hessian. — Wheat moth (Zoöl.), any moth whose larvæ devour the grains of wheat, chiefly after it is harvested; a grain moth. See Angoumois Moth, also Grain moth, under Grain. — Wheat thief (Bot.), gromwell; — so called because it is a troublesome weed in wheat fields. See Gromwell. — Wheat thrips (Zoöl.), a small brown thrips (Thrips cerealium) which is very injurious to the grains of growing wheat. — Wheat weevil. (Zoöl.) (a) The grain weevil. (b) The rice weevil when found in wheat.

Wheat"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A bird that feeds on wheat, especially the chaffinch.

Wheat"ear` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small European singing bird (Saxicola œnanthe). The male is white beneath, bluish gray above, with black wings and a black stripe through each eye. The tail is black at the tip and in the middle, but white at the base and on each side. Called also checkbird, chickell, dykehopper, fallow chat, fallow finch, stonechat, and whitetail.

Wheat"en (?), a. [AS. hwæten.] Made of wheat; as, wheaten bread. Cowper.

Wheat"sel bird` (?). (Zoöl.) The male of the chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.]

Wheat"stone's bridge` (?). (Elec.) See under Bridge.

Wheat"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small nematode worm (Anguillula tritici) which attacks the grains of wheat in the ear. It is found in wheat affected with smut, each of the diseased grains containing a large number of the minute young of the worm.

Whed"er (?), pron. & conj. Whether. [Obs.]

Whee"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wheedled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wheedling (?).] [Cf. G. wedeln to wag with the tail, as a dog, wedel a fan, tail, brush, OHG. wadal; akin to G. wehen to blow, and E. wind, n.]

1. To entice by soft words; to cajole; to flatter; to coax.

> The unlucky art of wheedling fools.

Dryden.

> And wheedle a world that loves him not.

Tennyson.

2. To grain, or get away, by flattery.

> A deed of settlement of the best part of her estate, which I wheedled out of her.

Congreve.

Whee"dle, v. i. To flatter; to coax; to cajole.

Wheel (?), n. [OE. wheel, hweol, AS. hweól, hweogul, hweowol; akin to D. wiel, Icel. hvl, Gr. ky`klos, Skr. cakra; cf. Icel. hjl, Dan. hiul, Sw. hjul. √218. Cf. Cycle, Cyclopedia.]

1. A circular frame turning about an axis; a rotating disk, whether solid, or a frame composed of an outer rim, spokes or radii, and a central hub or nave, in which is inserted the axle, — used for supporting and conveying vehicles, in machinery, and for various purposes; as, the wheel of a wagon, of a locomotive, of a mill, of a watch, etc.

> The gasping charioteer beneath the wheel
> Of his own car.

Dryden.

2. Any instrument having the form of, or chiefly consisting of, a wheel. Specifically: —

(a) A spinning wheel. See under Spinning.

(b) An instrument of torture formerly used.

> His examination is like that which is made by the rack and wheel.

Addison.

This mode of torture is said to have been first employed in Germany, in the fourteenth century. The criminal was laid on a cart wheel with his legs and arms extended, and his limbs in that posture were fractured with an iron bar. In France, where its use was restricted to the most atrocious crimes, the criminal was first laid on a frame of wood in the form of a St. Andrew's cross, with grooves cut transversely in it above and below the knees and elbows, and the executioner struck eight blows with an iron bar, so as to break the limbs in those places, sometimes finishing by two or three blows on the chest or stomach, which usually put an end to the life of the criminal, and were hence called coups-de-grace — blows of mercy. The criminal was then unbound, and laid on a small wheel, with his face upward, and his arms and legs doubled under him, there to expire, if he had survived the previous treatment. Brande.

(c) (Naut.) A circular frame having handles on the periphery, and an axle which is so connected with the tiller as to form a means of controlling the rudder for the purpose of steering.

(d) (Pottery) A potter's wheel. See under Potter.

> Then I went down to the potter's house, and, behold, he wrought a work on the wheels.

Jer. xviii. 3.

> Turn, turn, my wheel! This earthen jar
> A touch can make, a touch can mar.

Longfellow.

(e) (Pyrotechny) A firework which, while burning, is caused to revolve on an axis by the reaction of the escaping gases.

(f) (Poetry) The burden or refrain of a song.

"This meaning has a low degree of authority, but is supposed from the context in the few cases where the word is found." Nares.

> You must sing a-down a-down,
> An you call him a-down-a.
> O, how the wheel becomes it!

Shak.

<! p. 1644 !>

3. A bicycle or a tricycle; a velocipede.

4. A rolling or revolving body; anything of a circular form; a disk; an orb. Milton.

5. A turn revolution; rotation; compass.

> According to the common vicissitude and wheel of things, the proud and the insolent, after long trampling upon others, come at length to be trampled upon themselves.

South.

> [He] throws his steep flight in many an aëry wheel.

Milton.

A wheel within a wheel, or Wheels within wheels, a complication of circumstances, motives, etc. - - Balance wheel. See in the Vocab. — Bevel wheel, Brake wheel, Cam wheel, Fifth wheel, Overshot wheel, Spinning wheel, etc. See under Bevel, Brake, etc. — Core wheel. (Mach.) (a) A mortise gear. (b) A wheel having a rim perforated to receive wooden cogs; the skeleton of a mortise gear. — Measuring wheel, an odometer, or perambulator. — Wheel and axle (Mech.), one of the elementary machines or mechanical powers, consisting of a wheel fixed to an axle, and used for raising great weights, by applying the power to the circumference of the wheel, and attaching the weight, by a rope or chain, to that of the axle. Called also axis in peritrochio, and perpetual lever, — the principle of equilibrium involved being the same as in the lever, while its action is continuous. See Mechanical powers, under Mechanical. — Wheel animal, or Wheel animalcule (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of rotifers having a ciliated disk at the anterior end. — Wheel barometer. (Physics) See under Barometer. — Wheel boat, a boat with wheels, to be used either on water or upon inclined planes or railways. — Wheel bug (Zoöl.), a large North American hemipterous insect (Prionidus cristatus) which sucks the blood of other insects. So named from the curious shape of the prothorax. — Wheel carriage, a carriage moving on wheels. — Wheel chains, or Wheel ropes (Naut.), the chains or ropes connecting the wheel and rudder. — Wheel cutter, a machine for shaping the cogs of gear wheels; a gear cutter. — Wheel horse, one of the horses nearest to the wheels, as opposed to a leader, or forward horse; — called also wheeler. — Wheel lathe, a lathe for turning railway-car wheels. — Wheel lock. (a) A letter lock. See under Letter. (b) A kind of gunlock in which sparks were struck from a flint, or piece of iron pyrites, by a revolving wheel. (c) A kind of brake a carriage. — Wheel ore (Min.), a variety of bournonite so named from the shape of its twin crystals. See Bournonite. — Wheel pit (Steam Engine), a pit in the ground, in which the lower part of the fly wheel runs. — Wheel plow, or Wheel plough, a plow having one or two wheels attached, to render it more steady, and to regulate the depth of the furrow. — Wheel press, a press by which railway-car wheels are forced on, or off, their axles. — Wheel race, the place in which a water wheel is set. — Wheel rope (Naut.), a tiller rope. See under Tiller. — Wheel stitch (Needlework), a stitch resembling a spider's web, worked into the material, and not over an open space. Caulfeild & S. (Dict. of Needlework). — Wheel tree (Bot.), a tree (Aspidosperma excelsum) of Guiana, which has a trunk so curiously fluted that a transverse section resembles the hub and spokes of a coarsely made wheel. See Paddlewood. — Wheel urchin (Zoöl.), any sea urchin of the genus Rotula having a round, flat shell. — Wheel window (Arch.), a circular window having radiating mullions arranged like the spokes of a wheel. Cf. Rose window, under Rose.

Wheel (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wheeled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wheeling.]

1. To convey on wheels, or in a wheeled vehicle; as, to wheel a load of hay or wood.

2. To put into a rotatory motion; to cause to turn or revolve; to cause to gyrate; to make or perform in a circle. "The beetle wheels her droning flight." Gray.

> Now heaven, in all her glory, shone, and rolled
> Her motions, as the great first mover's hand
> First wheeled their course.

Milton.

Wheel, v. i.

1. To turn on an axis, or as on an axis; to revolve; to more about; to rotate; to gyrate.

> The moon carried about the earth always shows the same
> face to us, not once wheeling upon her own center.

Bentley.

2. To change direction, as if revolving upon an axis or pivot; to turn; as, the troops wheeled to the right.

> Being able to advance no further, they are in a fair way to
> wheel about to the other extreme.

South.

3. To go round in a circuit; to fetch a compass.

> Then wheeling down the steep of heaven he flies.

Pope.

4. To roll forward.

> Thunder mixed with hail,
> Hail mixed with fire, must rend the Egyptian sky,
> And wheel on the earth, devouring where it rolls.

Milton.

Wheel"band` (?), n. The tire of a wheel.

Wheel"bar`row (?), n. A light vehicle for conveying small loads. It has two handles and one wheel, and is rolled by a single person.

Wheel"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.]

Wheeled (?), a. Having wheels; — used chiefly in composition; as, a four-wheeled carriage.

Wheel"er (?), n.

1. One who wheels, or turns.

2. A maker of wheels; a wheelwright. [Obs.]

3. A wheel horse. See under Wheel.

4. (Naut.) A steam vessel propelled by a paddle wheel or by paddle wheels; — used chiefly in the terms side- wheeler and stern-wheeler.

5. A worker on sewed muslin. [Eng.]

6. (Zoöl.) The European goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.]

Wheel"house` (?), n. (Naut.) (a) A small house on or above a vessel's deck, containing the steering wheel. (b) A paddle box. See under Paddle.

Wheel"ing (?), n.

1. The act of conveying anything, or traveling, on wheels, or in a wheeled vehicle.

2. The act or practice of using a cycle; cycling.

3. Condition of a road or roads, which admits of passing on wheels; as, it is good wheeling, or bad wheeling.

4. A turning, or circular movement.

Wheel"man (?), n.; pl. Wheelmen (&?;). One who rides a bicycle or tricycle; a cycler, or cyclist.

Wheel"-shaped` (?), a.

1. Shaped like a wheel.

2. (Bot.) Expanding into a flat, circular border at top, with scarcely any tube; as, a wheel-shaped corolla.

Wheel"swarf` (?), n. See Swarf.

Wheel"work` (?), n. (Mach.) A combination of wheels, and their connection, in a machine or mechanism.

Wheel"-worn` (?), a. Worn by the action of wheels; as, a wheel-worn road.

Wheel"wright` (?), n. A man whose occupation is to make or repair wheels and wheeled vehicles, as carts, wagons, and the like.

Wheel"y (?), a. Circular; suitable to rotation.

Wheen (?), n. [Cf. AS. hw&?;ne, hw&?;ne, a little, somewhat, hw&?;n little, few.] A quantity; a goodly number. [Scot.] "A wheen other dogs." Sir W. Scott.

Wheeze (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wheezed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wheezing.] [OE. whesen, AS. hw&?;san (cf. Icel. hvæsa to hiss, Sw. hväsa, Dan. hvæse); akin to AS. hw&?;sta a cough, D. hoest, G. husten, OHG. huosto, Icel. h&?;sti, Lith. kosti to cough, Skr. k&?;s. √43. Cf. Husky hoarse.] To breathe hard, and with an audible piping or whistling sound, as persons affected with asthma. "Wheezing lungs." Shak.

Wheeze, n. 1. A piping or whistling sound caused by difficult respiration.

2. (Phon.) An ordinary whisper exaggerated so as to produce the hoarse sound known as the "stage whisper." It is a forcible whisper with some admixture of tone.

Wheez"y (?), a. Breathing with difficulty and with a wheeze; wheezing. Used also figuratively.

Wheft (?), n. (Naut.) See Waft, n., 4.

Whelk (?), n. [OE. welk, wilk, AS. weoloc, weloc, wiloc. Cf. Whilk, and Wilk.] (Zoöl.) Any one numerous species of large marine gastropods belonging to Buccinum and allied genera; especially, Buccinum undatum, common on the coasts both of Europe and North America, and much used as food in Europe.

Whelk tingle, a dog whelk. See under Dog.

Whelk, n. [OE. whelke, dim. of whele. See Wheal a pustule.]

1. A papule; a pustule; acne. "His whelks white." Chaucer.

2. A stripe or mark; a ridge; a wale.

Chin whelk (Med.), sycosis. — Rosy whelk (Med.), grog blossom.

Whelked (?), a. Having whelks; whelky; as, whelked horns. Shak.

Whelk"y (?), a.

1. Having whelks, ridges, or protuberances; hence, streaked; striated.

2. Shelly. "Whelky pearls." Spenser.

Whelm (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whelmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whelming.] [OE. whelmen to turn over, akin to OE. whelven, AS. whelfan, hwylfan, in &?;whylfan, &?;whelfan, to overwhelm, cover over; akin to OS. bihwelbian, D. welven to arch, G. wölben, OHG. welben, Icel. hvelfa to overturn; cf. Gr. &?; bosom, a hollow, a gulf.]

1. To cover with water or other fluid; to cover by immersion in something that envelops on all sides; to overwhelm; to ingulf.

> She is my prize, or ocean whelm them all!

Shak.

> The whelming billow and the faithless oar.

Gay.

2. Fig.: To cover completely, as if with water; to immerse; to overcome; as, to whelm one in sorrows. "The whelming weight of crime." J. H. Newman.

3. To throw (something) over a thing so as to cover it. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Whelp (?), n. [AS. hwelp; akin to D. welp, G. & OHG. welf, Icel. hvelpr, Dan. hvalp, Sw. valp.]

1. One of the young of a dog or a beast of prey; a puppy; a cub; as, a lion's whelps. "A bear robbed of her whelps." 2 Sam. xvii. 8.

2. A child; a youth; — jocosely or in contempt.

> That awkward whelp with his money bags would have made his entrance.

Addison.

3. (Naut.) One of the longitudinal ribs or ridges on the barrel of a capstan or a windless; — usually in the plural; as, the whelps of a windlass.

4. One of the teeth of a sprocket wheel.

Whelp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whelped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whelping.] To bring forth young; — said of the female of the dog and some beasts of prey.

Whelp, v. t. To bring forth, as cubs or young; to give birth to.

> Unless she had whelped it herself, she could not have loved a thing better.

B. Jonson.

> Did thy foul fancy whelp so black a scheme?

Young.

When (?), adv. [OE. when, whan, whenne, whanne, AS. hwænne, hwanne, hwonne; akin to OS. hwan, OD. wan, OHG. wanne, G. wann when, wenn if, when, Goth. hwan when, and to E. who. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Who.]

1. At what time; — used interrogatively.

> When shall these things be?

Matt. xxiv. 3.

See the Note under What, pron., 1.

2. At what time; at, during, or after the time that; at or just after, the moment that; — used relatively.

> Kings may
> Take their advantage when and how they list.

Daniel.

> Book lore ne'er served, when trial came,
> Nor gifts, when faith was dead.

J. H. Newman.

3. While; whereas; although; — used in the manner of a conjunction to introduce a dependent adverbial sentence or clause, having a causal, conditional, or adversative relation to the principal proposition; as, he chose to turn highwayman when he might have continued an honest man; he removed the tree when it was the best in the grounds.

4. Which time; then; — used elliptically as a noun.

> I was adopted heir by his consent;
> Since when, his oath is broke.

Shak.

When was formerly used as an exclamation of surprise or impatience, like what!

> Come hither; mend my ruff:
> Here, when! thou art such a tedious lady!

J. Webster.

When as, When that, at the time that; when. [Obs.]

> When as sacred light began to dawn.

Milton.

> When that mine eye is famished for a look.

Shak.

When"as` (?), conj. Whereas; while [Obs.]

> Whenas, if they would inquire into themselves, they would find no such matter.

Barrow.

Whence (?), adv. [OE. whennes, whens (with adverbial s, properly a genitive ending; — see -wards), also whenne, whanene, AS. hwanan, hwanon, hwonan, hwanone; akin to D. when. See When, and cf. Hence, Thence.]

1. From what place; hence, from what or which source, origin, antecedent, premise, or the like; how; — used interrogatively.

> Whence hath this man this wisdom?

Matt. xiii. 54.

> Whence and what art thou?

Milton.

2. From what or which place, source, material, cause, etc.; the place, source, etc., from which; — used relatively.

> Grateful to acknowledge whence his good
> Descends.

Milton.

All the words of this class, whence, where, whither, whereabouts, etc., are occasionally used as pronouns by a harsh construction.

> O, how unlike the place from whence they fell?

Milton.

From whence, though a pleonasm, is fully authorized by the use of good writers.

> From whence come wars and fightings among you?

James iv. 1.

Of whence, also a pleonasm, has become obsolete.

Whence*ev"er (?), adv. & conj. Whencesoever. [R.]

Whence`forth" (?), adv. From, or forth from, what or which place; whence. [Obs.] Spenser.

Whence`so*ev"er (?), adv. & conj. From what place soever; from what cause or source soever.

> Any idea, whencesoever we have it.

Locke.

When*e'er (?), adv. & conj. Whenever.

When*ev"er (?), adv. & conj. At whatever time. "Whenever that shall be." Milton.

When"nes (?), adv. Whence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

When`so*ev"er (?), adv. & conj. At what time soever; at whatever time; whenever. Mark xiv. 7.

Wher (?), Where (&?;), pron. & conj. [See Whether.] Whether. [Sometimes written whe'r.] [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

> Men must enquire (this is mine assent),
> Wher she be wise or sober or dronkelewe.

Chaucer.

Where (?), adv. [OE. wher, whar, AS. hw&?;r; akin to D. waar, OS. hw&?;r, OHG. hwr, wr, w, G. wo, Icel. and Sw. hvar, Dan. hvor, Goth. hwar, and E. who; cf. Skr. karhi when. √182. See Who, and cf. There.]

1. At or in what place; hence, in what situation, position, or circumstances; — used interrogatively.

> God called unto Adam, . . . Where art thou?

Gen. iii. 9.

See the Note under What, pron., 1.

2. At or in which place; at the place in which; hence, in the case or instance in which; — used relatively.

> She visited that place where first she was so happy.

Sir P. Sidney.

> Where I thought the remnant of mine age
> Should have been cherished by her childlike duty.

Shak.

> Where one on his side fights, thousands will fly.

Shak.

> But where he rode one mile, the dwarf ran four.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To what or which place; hence, to what goal, result, or issue; whither; — used interrogatively and relatively; as, where are you going?

> But where does this tend?

Goldsmith.

> Lodged in sunny cleft,
> Where the gold breezes come not.

Bryant.

Where is often used pronominally with or without a preposition, in elliptical sentences for a place in which, the place in which, or what place.

> The star . . . stood over where the young child was.

Matt. ii. 9.

> The Son of man hath not where to lay his head.

Matt. viii. 20.

> Within about twenty paces of where we were.

Goldsmith.

> Where did the minstrels come from?

Dickens.

Where is much used in composition with preposition, and then is equivalent to a pronoun. Cf. Whereat, Whereby, Wherefore, Wherein, etc.

Where away (Naut.), in what direction; as, where away is the land?

Syn. — See Whither.

Where, conj. Whereas.

> And flight and die is death destroying death;
> Where fearing dying pays death servile breath.

Shak.

Where, n. Place; situation. [Obs. or Colloq.]

> Finding the nymph asleep in secret where.

Spenser.

{ Where"a*bout` (?), Where"a*bouts` (?) }, adv.

1. About where; near what or which place; — used interrogatively and relatively; as, whereabouts did you meet him?

In this sense, whereabouts is the common form.

2. Concerning which; about which. "The object whereabout they are conversant." Hooker.

<! p. 1645 !>

{ Where"a*bout` (?), Where"a*bouts` (?), } n. The place where a person or thing is; as, they did not know his whereabouts. Shak.

> A puzzling notice of thy whereabout.

Wordsworth.

Where*as" (?), adv. At which place; where. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> At last they came whereas that lady bode.

Spenser.

Where*as", conj.

1. Considering that; it being the case that; since; — used to introduce a preamble which is the basis of declarations, affirmations, commands, requests, or like, that follow.

2. When in fact; while on the contrary; the case being in truth that; although; — implying opposition to something that precedes; or implying recognition of facts, sometimes followed by a different statement, and sometimes by inferences or something consequent.

> Are not those found to be the greatest zealots who are most notoriously ignorant? whereas true zeal should always begin with true knowledge.

Sprat.

Where*at" (?), adv.

1. At which; upon which; whereupon; — used relatively.

> They vote; whereat his speech he thus renews.

Milton.

> Whereat he was no less angry and ashamed than desirous to obey Zelmane.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. At what; — used interrogatively; as, whereat are you offended?

Where*by" (?), adv.

1. By which; — used relatively. "You take my life when you take the means whereby I life." Shak.

2. By what; how; — used interrogatively.

> Whereby shall I know this?

Luke i. 18.

Wher*e'er" (?), adv. Wherever; — a contracted and poetical form. Cowper.

Where"fore (?), adv. & conj. [Where + for.]

1. For which reason; so; — used relatively.

> Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them.

Matt. vii. 20.

2. For what reason; why; — used interrogatively.

> But wherefore that I tell my tale.

Chaucer.

> Wherefore didst thou doubt?

Matt. xiv. 31.

Where"fore, n. the reason why. [Colloq.]

Where*form" (?), adv. [Where + from.] From which; from which or what place. Tennyson.

Where*in" (?), adv.

1. In which; in which place, thing, time, respect, or the like; — used relatively.

> Her clothes wherein she was clad.

Chaucer.

> There are times wherein a man ought to be cautious as well as innocent.

Swift.

2. In what; — used interrogatively.

> Yet ye say, Wherein have we wearied him!

Mal. ii. 17.

Where`in*to" (?), adv.

1. Into which; — used relatively.

> Where is that palace whereinto foul things
> Sometimes intrude not?

Shak.

> The brook, whereinto he loved to look.

Emerson.

2. Into what; — used interrogatively.

Where"ness (?), n. The quality or state of having a place; ubiety; situation; position. [R.]

> A point hath no dimensions, but only a whereness, and is next to nothing.

Grew.

Where*of" (?), adv.

1. Of which; of whom; formerly, also, with which; - - used relatively.

> I do not find the certain numbers whereof their armies did consist.

Sir J. Davies.

> Let it work like Borgias' wine,
> Whereof his sire, the pope, was poisoned.

Marlowe.

> Edward's seven sons, whereof thyself art one.

Shak.

2. Of what; — used interrogatively.

> Whereof was the house built?

Johnson.

Where*on" (?), adv.

1. On which; — used relatively; as, the earth whereon we live.

> O fair foundation laid whereon to build.

Milton.

2. On what; — used interrogatively; as, whereon do we stand?

Where*out" (?), adv. Out of which. [R.]

> The cleft whereout the lightning breaketh.

Holland.

Where"so (?), adv. Wheresoever. [Obs.]

Where`so*e'er" (?), adv. Wheresoever. [Poetic] "Wheresoe'er they rove." Milton.

Where`so*ev"er (?), adv. In what place soever; in whatever place; wherever.

Where*through" (?), adv. Through which. [R.] "Wherethrough that I may know." Chaucer.

> Windows . . . wherethrough the sun
> Delights to peep, to gaze therein on thee.

Shak.

Where*to" (?), adv.

1. To which; — used relatively. "Whereto we have already attained." Phil. iii. 16.

> Whereto all bonds do tie me day by day.

Shak.

2. To what; to what end; — used interrogatively.

Where`un*to" (?), adv. Same as Whereto.

Where`up*on" (?), adv. Upon which; in consequence of which; after which.

> The townsmen mutinied and sent to Essex; whereupon he came thither.

Clarendon.

Wher*ev"er (?), adv. At or in whatever place; wheresoever.

> He can not but love virtue wherever it is.

Atterbury.

Where*with" (?), adv.

1. With which; — used relatively.

> The love wherewith thou hast loved me.

John xvii. 26.

2. With what; — used interrogatively.

> Wherewith shall I save Israel?

Judg. vi. 15.

Where*with", n. The necessary means or instrument.

> So shall I have wherewith to answer him.

Ps. cxix. 42.

> The wherewith to meet excessive loss by radiation.

H. Spencer.

Where`with*al" (?), adv. & n. Wherewith. "Wherewithal shall we be clothed?" Matt. vi. 31.

> Wherewithal shall a young man cleanse his way?

Ps. cxix. 9.

> [The builders of Babel], still with vain design,
> New Babels, had they wherewithal, would build.

Milton.

Wher"ret (?), v. t. [From Whir.]

1. To hurry; to trouble; to tease. [Obs.] Bickerstaff.

2. To box (one) on the ear; to strike or box (the ear); as, to wherret a child. [Obs.]

Wher"ret, n. A box on the ear. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Wher"ry (?), n.; pl. Wherries (#). [Cf. Icel. hverfr shifty, crank, hverfa to turn, E. whirl, wharf.] (Naut.) (a) A passenger barge or lighter plying on rivers; also, a kind of light, half-decked vessel used in fishing. [Eng.] (b) A long, narrow, light boat, sharp at both ends, for fast rowing or sailing; esp., a racing boat rowed by one person with sculls.

Wher"ry, n. [Cf. W. chwerw bitter.] A liquor made from the pulp of crab apples after the verjuice is expressed; — sometimes called crab wherry. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Wher"so (?), adv. Wheresoever. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Whet (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whetted; p. pr. & vb. n. Whetting.] [AS. hwettan; akin to D. wetten, G. wetzen, OHG. wezzen, Icel. hvetja, Sw. vättja, and AS. hwæt vigorous, brave, OS. hwat, OHG. waz, was, sharp, Icel. hvatr, bold, active, Sw. hvass sharp, Dan. hvas, Goth. hwassaba sharply, and probably to Skr. cud to impel, urge on.]

1. To rub or on with some substance, as a piece of stone, for the purpose of sharpening; to sharpen by attrition; as, to whet a knife.

> The mower whets his scythe.

Milton.

> Here roams the wolf, the eagle whets his beak.

Byron.

2. To make sharp, keen, or eager; to excite; to stimulate; as, to whet the appetite or the courage.

> Since Cassius first did whet me against Cæsar,
> I have not slept.

Shak.

To whet on, To whet forward, to urge on or forward; to instigate. Shak.

Whet, n.

1. The act of whetting.

2. That which whets or sharpens; esp., an appetizer. "Sips, drams, and whets." Spectator.

Whet slate (Min.), a variety of slate used for sharpening cutting instruments; novaculite; — called also whetstone slate, and oilstone.

Wheth"er (?), pron. [OE. whether, AS. hwæ&?;er; akin to OS. hwe&?;ar, OFries. hweder, OHG. hwedar, wedar, G. weder, conj., neither, Icel. hvrr whether, Goth. hwa&?;ar, Lith. katras, L. uter, Gr. &?;, &?;, Skr. katara, from the interrogatively pronoun, in AS. hw who. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Who, and cf. Either, Neither, Or, conj.] Which (of two); which one (of two); — used interrogatively and relatively. [Archaic]

> Now choose yourself whether that you liketh.

Chaucer.

> One day in doubt I cast for to compare
> Whether in beauties' glory did exceed.

Spenser.

> Whether of them twain did the will of his father?

Matt. xxi. 31.

Wheth"er, conj. In case; if; — used to introduce the first or two or more alternative clauses, the other or others being connected by or, or by or whether. When the second of two alternatives is the simple negative of the first it is sometimes only indicated by the particle not or no after the correlative, and sometimes it is omitted entirely as being distinctly implied in the whether of the first.

> And now who knows
> But you, Lorenzo, whether I am yours?

Shak.

> You have said; but whether wisely or no, let the forest judge.

Shak.

> For whether we live, we live unto the Lord; and whether we die, we die unto the Lord; whether we live therefore, or die, we are the Lord's.

Rom. xiv. 8.

> But whether thus these things, or whether not;
> Whether the sun, predominant in heaven,
> Rise on the earth, or earth rise on the sun, . . .
> Solicit not thy thoughts with matters hid.

Milton.

Whether or no, in either case; in any case; as, I will go whether or no. — Whether that, whether. Shak.

Wheth"er*ing, n. The retention of the afterbirth in cows. Gardner.

Whet"ile (?), n. [Cf. Whitile.] (Zoöl.) The green woodpecker, or yaffle. See Yaffle. [Prov. Eng.]

Whet"stone` (?), n. [AS. hwetstn.] A piece of stone, natural or artificial, used for whetting, or sharpening, edge tools.

> The dullness of the fools is the whetstone of the wits.

Shak.

> Diligence is to the understanding as the whetstone to the razor.

South.

Some whetstones are used dry, others are moistened with water, or lubricated with oil.

To give the whetstone, to give a premium for extravagance in falsehood. [Obs.]

Whet"ter (?), n.

1. One who, or that which, whets, sharpens, or stimulates.

2. A tippler; one who drinks whets. [Obs.] Steele.

Whet"tle*bones (?), n. pl. The vertebræ of the back. [Prov. Eng.] Dunglison.

Whew (hw), n. & interj. A sound like a half-formed whistle, expressing astonishment, scorn, or dislike.

Whew duck, the European widgeon. [Prov. Eng.]

Whew, v. i. To whistle with a shrill pipe, like a plover. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Whew"ell*ite (?), n. [So named after Prof. Whewell of Cambridge, England.] (Min.) Calcium oxalate, occurring in colorless or white monoclinic crystals.

Whew"er (?), n. [Cf. W. chwiwell a widgeon, chwiws widgeons, waterfowls; or cf. E. whew, v. i.] (Zoöl.) The European widgeon. [Prov. Eng.]

Whey (?), n. [AS. hwæg; cf. D. wei, hui, Fries. weye, LG. wey, waje. ] The serum, or watery part, of milk, separated from the more thick or coagulable part, esp. in the process of making cheese. In this process, the thick part is called curd, and the thin part whey.

Whey"ey (?), a. Of the nature of, or containing, whey; resembling whey; wheyish. Bacon.

Whey"face` (?), n. One who is pale, as from fear.

Whey"-faced` (?), a. Having a pale or white face, as from fright. "Whey-faced cavaliers." Aytoun.

Whey"ish (?), a. Somewhat like whey; wheyey. J. Philips. — Whey"ish*ness, n.

Which (?), pron. [OE. which, whilk, AS. hwilc, hwylc, hwelc, from the root of hw who + lc body; hence properly, of what sort or kind; akin to OS. hwilik which, OFries. hwelik, D. welk, G. welch, OHG. welh, hwelh, Icel. hvlkr, Dan. & Sw. hvilken, Goth. hwileiks, hw&?;leiks; cf. L. qualis. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Who, and Like, a., and cf. Such.]

1. Of what sort or kind; what; what a; who. [Obs.]

> And which they weren and of what degree.

Chaucer.

2. A interrogative pronoun, used both substantively and adjectively, and in direct and indirect questions, to ask for, or refer to, an individual person or thing among several of a class; as, which man is it? which woman was it? which is the house? he asked which route he should take; which is best, to live or to die? See the Note under What, pron., 1.

> Which of you convinceth me of sin?

John viii. 46.

3. A relative pronoun, used esp. in referring to an antecedent noun or clause, but sometimes with reference to what is specified or implied in a sentence, or to a following noun or clause (generally involving a reference, however, to something which has preceded). It is used in all numbers and genders, and was formerly used of persons.

> And when thou fail'st — as God forbid the hour! —
> Must Edward fall, which peril heaven forfend!

Shak.

> God . . . rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.

Gen. ii. 2.

> Our Father, which art in heaven.

Matt. vi. 9.

> The temple of God is holy, which temple ye are.

1 Cor. iii. 17.

4. A compound relative or indefinite pronoun, standing for any one which, whichever, that which, those which, the . . . which, and the like; as, take which you will.

The which was formerly often used for which. The expressions which that, which as, were also sometimes used by way of emphasis.

> Do not they blaspheme that worthy name by the which ye are called?

James ii. 7.

Which, referring to a series of preceding sentences, or members of a sentence, may have all joined to it adjectively. "All which, as a method of a proclamation, is very convenient." Carlyle.

{ Which*ev"er (?), Which`so*ev"er (?), } pron. & a. Whether one or another; whether one or the other; which; that one (of two or more) which; as, whichever road you take, it will lead you to town.

Whid"ah bird` (?), (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of finchlike birds belonging to the genus Vidua, native of Asia and Africa. In the breeding season the male has very long, drooping tail feathers. Called also vida finch, whidah finch, whydah bird, whydah finch, widow bird, and widow finch.

Some of the species are often kept as cage birds, especially Vidua paradisea, which is dark brownish above, pale buff beneath, with a reddish collar around the neck.

Whid"er (?), adv. Whither. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Whiff (?), n. [OE. weffe vapor, whiff, probably of imitative origin; cf. Dan. vift a puff, gust, W. chwiff a whiff, puff.]

1. A sudden expulsion of air from the mouth; a quick puff or slight gust, as of air or smoke.

> But with the whiff and wind of his fell sword
> The unnerved father falls.

Shak.

> The skipper, he blew a whiff from his pipe,
> And a scornful laugh laughed he.

Longfellow.

2. A glimpse; a hasty view. [Prov. Eng.]

3. (Zoöl.) The marysole, or sail fluke.

Whiff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whiffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whiffing.]

1. To throw out in whiffs; to consume in whiffs; to puff.

2. To carry or convey by a whiff, or as by a whiff; to puff or blow away.

> Old Empedocles, . . . who, when he leaped into Etna, having a dry, sear body, and light, the smoke took him, and whiffed him up into the moon.

B. Jonson.

Whiff, v. i. To emit whiffs, as of smoke; to puff.

Whif"fet (?), n. A little whiff or puff.

Whiff"ing (?), n.

1. The act of one who, or that which, whiffs.

2. A mode of fishing with a hand line for pollack, mackerel, and the like.

Whif"fle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whiffled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whiffling (?).] [Freq. of whiff to puff, perhaps influenced by D. weifelen to waver.]

1. To waver, or shake, as if moved by gusts of wind; to shift, turn, or veer about. D&?;mpier.

2. To change from one opinion or course to another; to use evasions; to prevaricate; to be fickle.

> A person of whiffing and unsteady turn of mind can not keep close to a point of controversy.

I. Watts.

Whif"fle, v. t.

1. To disperse with, or as with, a whiff, or puff; to scatter. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

2. To wave or shake quickly; to cause to whiffle.

Whif"fle, n. A fife or small flute. [Obs.] Douce.

Whif"fler (?), n.

1. One who whiffles, or frequently changes his opinion or course; one who uses shifts and evasions in argument; hence, a trifler.

> Every whiffler in a laced coat who frequents the chocolate house shall talk of the constitution.

Swift.

2. One who plays on a whiffle; a fifer or piper. [Obs.]

3. An officer who went before procession to clear the way by blowing a horn, or otherwise; hence, any person who marched at the head of a procession; a harbinger.

> Which like a mighty whiffler 'fore the king,
> Seems to prepare his way.

Shak.

<! p. 1646 !>

"Whifflers, or fifers, generally went first in a procession, from which circumstance the name was transferred to other persons who succeeded to that office, and at length was given to those who went forward merely to clear the way for the procession. . . . In the city of London, young freemen, who march at the head of their proper companies on the Lord Mayor's day, sometimes with flags, were called whifflers, or bachelor whifflers, not because they cleared the way, but because they went first, as whifflers did." Nares.

4. (Zoöl) The golden-eye. [Local, U. S.]

Whif"fle*tree` (?), n. Same as Whippletree.

Whig (?), n. [See Whey.] Acidulated whey, sometimes mixed with buttermilk and sweet herbs, used as a cooling beverage. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Whig, n. [Said to be from whiggam, a term used in Scotland in driving horses, whiggamore one who drives horses (a term applied to some western Scotchmen), contracted to whig. In 1648, a party of these people marched to Edinburgh to oppose the king and the duke of Hamilton (the Whiggamore raid), and hence the name of Whig was given to the party opposed to the court. Cf. Scot. whig to go quickly.]

1. (Eng. Politics) One of a political party which grew up in England in the seventeenth century, in the reigns of Charles I. and II., when great contests existed respecting the royal prerogatives and the rights of the people. Those who supported the king in his high claims were called Tories, and the advocates of popular rights, of parliamentary power over the crown, and of toleration to Dissenters, were, after 1679, called Whigs. The terms Liberal and Radical have now generally superseded Whig in English politics. See the note under Tory.

2. (Amer. Hist.) (a) A friend and supporter of the American Revolution; — opposed to Tory, and Royalist. (b) One of the political party in the United States from about 1829 to 1856, opposed in politics to the Democratic party.

Whig, a. Of or pertaining to the Whigs.

Whig"ga*more (?), n. [See Whig.] A Whig; — a cant term applied in contempt to Scotch Presbyterians. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Whig"gar*chy (?), n. [Whig + - archy.] Government by Whigs. [Cont] Swift.

Whig"ger*y (?), n. The principles or practices of the Whigs; Whiggism.

Whig"gish (?), a. Of or pertaining to Whigs; partaking of, or characterized by, the principles of Whigs.

Whig"gish*ly, adv. In a Whiggish manner.

Whig"gism (?), n. The principles of the Whigs.

Whig"ling (?), n. A petty or inferior Whig; — used in contempt. Spectator.

While (?), n. [AS. hwl; akin to OS. hwl, hwla, OFries. hwle, D. wigl, G. weile, OHG. wla, hwla, hwl, Icel. hvla a bed, hvld rest, Sw. hvila, Dan. hvile, Goth. hweila a time, and probably to L. quietus quiet, and perhaps to Gr. &?; the proper time of season. √20. Cf. Quiet, Whilom.] 1. Space of time, or continued duration, esp. when short; a time; as, one while we thought him innocent. "All this while." Shak.

> This mighty queen may no while endure.

Chaucer.

> [Some guest that] hath outside his welcome while,
> And tells the jest without the smile.

Coleridge.

> I will go forth and breathe the air a while.

Longfellow.

2. That which requires time; labor; pains. [Obs.]

> Satan . . . cast him how he might quite her while.

Chaucer.

At whiles, at times; at intervals.

> And so on us at whiles it falls, to claim
> Powers that we dread.

J. H. Newman.

— The while, The whiles, in or during the time that; meantime; while. Tennyson. — Within a while, in a short time; soon. — Worth while, worth the time which it requires; worth the time and pains; hence, worth the expense; as, it is not always worth while for a man to prosecute for small debts.

While, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whiling.] To cause to pass away pleasantly or without irksomeness or disgust; to spend or pass; — usually followed by away.

> The lovely lady whiled the hours away.

Longfellow.

While, v. i. To loiter. [R.] Spectator.

While, conj. 1. During the time that; as long as; whilst; at the same time that; as, while I write, you sleep. "While I have time and space." Chaucer.

> Use your memory; you will sensibly experience a gradual improvement, while you take care not to overload it.

I. Watts.

2. Hence, under which circumstances; in which case; though; whereas.

While as, While that, during or at the time that. [Obs.]

While, prep. Until; till. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

> I may be conveyed into your chamber;
> I'll lie under your bed while midnight.

Beau. & Fl.

Whil`ere" (?), adv. [While + ere] A little while ago; recently; just now; erewhile. [Obs.]

> Helpeth me now as I did you whilere.

Chaucer.

> He who, with all heaven's heraldry, whilere
> Entered the world.

Milton.

Whiles (?), adv. [See While, n., and -wards.] 1. Meanwhile; meantime. [R.]

> The good knight whiles humming to himself the lay of some majored troubadour.

Sir. W. Scott.

2. sometimes; at times. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

The whiles. See under While, n.

Whiles, conj. During the time that; while. [Archaic] Chaucer. Fuller.

> Agree with thine adversary quickly, whiles thou art in the way with him.

Matt. v. 25.

Whilk (?), n. [See Whelk a mollusk.]

1. (Zoöl.) A kind of mollusk, a whelk. [Prov. Eng.]

2. (Zoöl.) The scoter. [Prov. Eng.]

Whilk, pron. Which. [Obs. or Scot.]

Whilk is sometimes used in Chaucer to represent the Northern dialect.

Whi"lom (hw"lm), adv. [AS. hwlum, properly, at times, dative pl. of hwl; akin to G. weiland formerly, OHG. hwlm, See While, n.] Formerly; once; of old; erewhile; at times. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser.

> Whilom, as olde stories tellen us,
> There was a duke that highte Theseus.

Chaucer.

Whilst (?), adv. [From Whiles; cf. Amongst.] While. [Archaic]

> Whilst the emperor lay at Antioch.

Gibbon.

The whilst, in the meantime; while. [Archaic.] Shak.

Whim (?), n. [Cf. Whimbrel.] (Zoöl.) The European widgeon. [Prov. Eng.]

Whim, n. [Cf. Icel. hwima to wander with the eyes, vim giddiness, Norw. kvima to whisk or flutter about, to trifle, Dan. vimse to skip, whisk, jump from one thing to another, dial. Sw. hvimsa to be unsteady, dizzy, W. chwimio to move briskly.]

1. A sudden turn or start of the mind; a temporary eccentricity; a freak; a fancy; a capricious notion; a humor; a caprice.

> Let every man enjoy his whim.

Churchill.

2. (Mining) A large capstan or vertical drum turned by horse power or steam power, for raising ore or water, etc., from mines, or for other purposes; — called also whim gin, and whimsey.

Whim gin (Mining), a whim. See Whim, 2. — Whim shaft (Mining), a shaft through which ore, water, etc., is raised from a mine by means of a whim.

Syn. — Freak; caprice; whimsey; fancy. — Whim, Freak, Caprice. Freak denotes an impulsive, inconsiderate change of mind, as by a child or a lunatic. Whim is a mental eccentricity due to peculiar processes or habits of thought. Caprice is closely allied in meaning to freak, but implies more definitely a quality of willfulness or wantonness.

Whim, v. i. To be subject to, or indulge in, whims; to be whimsical, giddy, or freakish. [R.] Congreve.

Whim"brel (?), n. [Cf. Whimper.] (Zoöl) Any one of several species of small curlews, especially the European species (Numenius phæopus), called also Jack curlew, half curlew, stone curlew, and tang whaup. See Illustration in Appendix.

Hudsonian or, Eskimo, whimbreal, the Hudsonian curlew.

Whim"ling (?), n. [Whim + - ling.] One given to whims; hence, a weak, childish person; a child.

> Go, whimling, and fetch two or three grating loaves.

Beau. & Fl.

Whim"my (?), a. Full of whims; whimsical.

> The study of Rabbinical literature either finds a man whimmy or makes him so.

Coleridge.

Whim"per (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whimpered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whimpering.] [Cf. Scot. whimmer, G. wimmern.] To cry with a low, whining, broken voice; to whine; to complain; as, a child whimpers.

> Was there ever yet preacher but there were gainsayers that spurned, that winced, that whimpered against him?

Latimer.

Whim"per, v. t. To utter in alow, whining tone.

Whim"per, n. A low, whining, broken cry; a low, whining sound, expressive of complaint or grief.

Whim"per*er (?), n. One who whimpers.

Whim"ple (?), v. t. See Wimple.

Whim"ple, v. i. [Cf. Whiffle.] To whiffle; to veer.

{ Whim"sey, Whimsy } (?), n.; pl. Whimseys (#) or Whimsies (#). [See Whim.]

1. A whim; a freak; a capricious notion, a fanciful or odd conceit. "The whimsies of poets and painters." Ray.

> Men's folly, whimsies, and inconstancy.

Swift.

> Mistaking the whimseys of a feverish brain for the calm revelation of truth.

Bancroft.

2. (Mining) A whim.

Whim"sey, v. t. To fill with whimseys, or whims; to make fantastic; to craze. [R.]

> To have a man's brain whimsied with his wealth.

J. Fletcher.

Whim"si*cal (?), a. [From Whimsey.]

1. Full of, or characterized by, whims; actuated by a whim; having peculiar notions; queer; strange; freakish. "A whimsical insult." Macaulay.

> My neighbors call me whimsical.

Addison.

2. Odd or fantastic in appearance; quaintly devised; fantastic. "A whimsical chair." Evelyn.

Syn. — Quaint; capricious; fanciful; fantastic.

Whim`si*cal"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being whimsical; whimsicalness.

Whim"si*cal*ly (?), adv. In a whimsical manner; freakishly.

Whim"si*cal*ness, n. The quality or state of being whimsical; freakishness; whimsical disposition.

Whim"sy (?), n. A whimsey.

Whim"wham (?), n. [Formed from whim by reduplication.]

1. A whimsical thing; an odd device; a trifle; a trinket; a gimcrack. [R.]

> They'll pull ye all to pieces for your whimwhams.

Bear. & Fl.

2. A whim, or whimsey; a freak.

Whin (?), n. [W. chwyn weeds, a single weed.]

1. (Bot.) (a) Gorse; furze. See Furze.

> Through the whins, and by the cairn.

Burns.

(b) Woad-waxed. Gray.

2. Same as Whinstone. [Prov. Eng.]

Moor whin or Petty whin (Bot.), a low prickly shrub (Genista Anglica) common in Western Europe. — Whin bruiser, a machine for cutting and bruising whin, or furze, to feed cattle on. — Whin Sparrow (Zoöl.), the hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] — Whin Thrush (Zoöl.), the redwing. [Prov. Eng.]

Whin"ber*ry (?), n. (Bot.) The English bilberry; — so called because it grows on moors among the whins, or furze. Dr. Prior.

Whin"chat` (?), n. [So called because it frequents whins.] (Zoöl.) A small warbler (Pratincola rubetra) common in Europe; — called also whinchacker, whincheck, whin-clocharet.

Whine (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whining.] [OE. whinen, AS. hwnan to make a whistling, whizzing sound; akin to Icel. hvna, Sw. hvina, Dan. hvine, and probably to G. wiehern to neigh, OHG. wihn, hweijn; perhaps of imitative origin. Cf. Whinny, v. i.] To utter a plaintive cry, as some animals; to moan with a childish noise; to complain, or to tell of sorrow, distress, or the like, in a plaintive, nasal tone; hence, to complain or to beg in a mean, unmanly way; to moan basely. "Whining plovers." Spenser.

> The hounds were . . . staying their coming, but with a whining accent, craving liberty.

Sir P. Sidney.

> Dost thou come here to whine?

Shak.

Whine, v. t. To utter or express plaintively, or in a mean, unmanly way; as, to whine out an excuse.

Whine, n. A plaintive tone; the nasal, childish tone of mean complaint; mean or affected complaint.

Whin"er (?), n. One who, or that which, whines.

Whinge (?), v. i. To whine. [Scot.] Burns.

Whing"er, n. [See Whinyard.] A kind of hanger or sword used as a knife at meals and as a weapon. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

> The chief acknowledged that he had corrected her with his whinger.

Sir W. Scott.

Whin"ing*ly (?), adv. In a whining manner; in a tone of mean complaint.

Whin"ner (?), v. i. To whinny. [Colloq.]

Whin"ny (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whinnied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whinnying.] [From Whine] To utter the ordinary call or cry of a horse; to neigh.

Whin"ny, n.; pl. Whinnies (&?;). The ordinary cry or call of a horse; a neigh. "The stately horse . . . stooped with a low whinny." Tennyson.

Whin"ny, a. Abounding in whin, gorse, or furze.

> A fine, large, whinny, . . . unimproved common.

Sterne.

Whin"ock (hwn"k), n. [Cf. Scot. whin, quhene, a few, AS. hwne, hwne, a little, hwn little, few. Cf. Wheen.] The small pig of a litter. [Local, U. S.]

Whin"stone" (?), n. [Whin + stone; cf. Scot. quhynstane.] A provincial name given in England to basaltic rocks, and applied by miners to other kind of dark- colored unstratified rocks which resist the point of the pick. — for example, to masses of chert. Whin-dikes, and whin-sills, are names sometimes given to veins or beds of basalt.

Whin"yard (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. & Scot. whingar, whinger; perhaps from AS. winn contention, war + geard, gyrd, a staff, rod, yard; or cf. AS. hwnan to whistle, E. whine.] 1. A sword, or hanger. [Obs.]

2. [From the shape of the bill.] (Zoöl) (a) The shoveler. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The poachard. [Prov. Eng.]

Whip (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whipping.] [OE. whippen to overlay, as a cord, with other cords, probably akin to G. & D. wippen to shake, to move up and down, Sw. vippa, Dan. vippe to swing to and fro, to shake, to toss up, and L. vibrare to shake. Cf. Vibrate.]

1. To strike with a lash, a cord, a rod, or anything slender and lithe; to lash; to beat; as, to whip a horse, or a carpet.

2. To drive with lashes or strokes of a whip; to cause to rotate by lashing with a cord; as, to whip a top.

3. To punish with a whip, scourge, or rod; to flog; to beat; as, to whip a vagrant; to whip one with thirty nine lashes; to whip a perverse boy.

> Who, for false quantities, was whipped at school.

Dryden.

4. To apply that which hurts keenly to; to lash, as with sarcasm, abuse, or the like; to apply cutting language to.

> They would whip me with their fine wits.

Shak.

5. To thrash; to beat out, as grain, by striking; as, to whip wheat.

6. To beat (eggs, cream, or the like) into a froth, as with a whisk, fork, or the like.

7. To conquer; to defeat, as in a contest or game; to beat; to surpass. [Slang, U. S.]

8. To overlay (a cord, rope, or the like) with other cords going round and round it; to overcast, as the edge of a seam; to wrap; — often with about, around, or over.

> Its string is firmly whipped about with small gut.

Moxon.

9. To sew lightly; specifically, to form (a fabric) into gathers by loosely overcasting the rolled edge and drawing up the thread; as, to whip a ruffle.

> In half-whipped muslin needles useless lie.

Gay.

10. To take or move by a sudden motion; to jerk; to snatch; — with into, out, up, off, and the like.

> She, in a hurry, whips up her darling under her arm.

L'Estrange.

> He whips out his pocketbook every moment, and writes descriptions of everything he sees.

Walpole.

11. (Naut.) (a) To hoist or purchase by means of a whip. (b) To secure the end of (a rope, or the like) from untwisting by overcasting it with small stuff.

12. To fish (a body of water) with a rod and artificial fly, the motion being that employed in using a whip.

> Whipping their rough surface for a trout.

Emerson.

To whip in, to drive in, or keep from scattering, as hounds in a hurt; hence, to collect, or to keep together, as member of a party, or the like. — To whip the cat. (a) To practice extreme parsimony. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. (b) To go from house to house working by the day, as itinerant tailors and carpenters do. [Prov. & U. S.]

<! p. 1647 !>

Whip (?), v. i. To move nimbly; to start or turn suddenly and do something; to whisk; as, he whipped around the corner.

> With speed from thence he whipped.

Sackville.

> Two friends, traveling, met a bear upon the way; the one whips up a tree, and the other throws himself flat upon the ground.

L'Estrange.

Whip, n. [OE. whippe. See Whip, v. t.]

1. An instrument or driving horses or other animals, or for correction, consisting usually of a lash attached to a handle, or of a handle and lash so combined as to form a flexible rod. "[A] whip's lash." Chaucer.

> In his right hand he holds a whip, with which he is supposed to drive the horses of the sun.

Addison.

2. A coachman; a driver of a carriage; as, a good whip. Beaconsfield.

3. (Mach.) (a) One of the arms or frames of a windmill, on which the sails are spread. (b) The length of the arm reckoned from the shaft.

4. (Naut.) (a) A small tackle with a single rope, used to hoist light bodies. (b) The long pennant. See Pennant (a)

5. A huntsman who whips in the hounds; whipper- in.

6. (Eng. Politics) (a) A person (as a member of Parliament) appointed to enforce party discipline, and secure the attendance of the members of a Parliament party at any important session, especially when their votes are needed. (b) A call made upon members of a Parliament party to be in their places at a given time, as when a vote is to be taken.

Whip and spur, with the utmost haste. — Whip crane, or Whip purchase, a simple form of crane having a small drum from which the load is suspended, turned by pulling on a rope wound around larger drum on the same axle. — Whip gin. See Gin block, under 5th Gin. — Whip grafting. See under Grafting. — Whip hand, the hand with which the whip is used; hence, advantage; mastery; as, to have or get the whip hand of a person. Dryden. — Whip ray (Zoöl.), the European eagle ray. See under Ray. — Whip roll (Weaving), a roll or bar, behind the reeds in a loom, on which the warp threads rest. — Whip scorpion (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of arachnids belonging to Thelyphonus and allied genera. They somewhat resemble true scorpions, but have a long, slender bristle, or lashlike organ, at the end of the body, instead of a sting. — Whip snake (Zoöl.), any one of various species of slender snakes. Specifically: (a) A bright green South American tree snake (Philodryas viridissimus) having a long and slender body. It is not venomous. Called also emerald whip snake. (b) The coachwhip snake.

Whip"cord` (?), n. A kind of hard- twisted or braided cord, sometimes used for making whiplashes.

Whip"graft` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whipgrafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Whipgrafting.] To graft by cutting the scion and stock in a certain manner. See Whip grafting, under Grafting.

Whip"lash` (?), n. The lash of a whip, - - usually made of thongs of leather, or of cords, braided or twisted.

Whip`pa*ree" (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large sting ray (Dasybatis, or Trygon, Sayi) native of the Southern United States. It is destitute of large spines on the body and tail. (b) A large sting ray (Rhinoptera bonasus, or R. quadriloba) of the Atlantic coast of the United States. Its snout appears to be four-lobed when viewed in front, whence it is also called cow-nosed ray.

Whip"per (?), n.

1. One who whips; especially, an officer who inflicts the penalty of legal whipping.

2. One who raises coal or merchandise with a tackle from a chip's hold. [Eng.]

3. (Spinning) A kind of simple willow.

Whip"per*in` (?), n.

1. A huntsman who keeps the hounds from wandering, and whips them in, if necessary, to the of chase.

2. Hence, one who enforces the discipline of a party, and urges the attendance and support of the members on all necessary occasions.

Whip"per*snap`per (?), n. A diminutive, insignificant, or presumptuous person. [Colloq.] "Little whippersnappers like you." T. Hughes.

Whip"ping (?), a & n. from Whip, v.

Whipping post, a post to which offenders are tied, to be legally whipped.

Whip"ple*tree` (?), n. [See Whip, and cf. Whiffletree.]

1. The pivoted or swinging bar to which the traces, or tugs, of a harness are fastened, and by which a carriage, a plow, or other implement or vehicle, is drawn; a whiffletree; a swingletree; a singletree. See Singletree.

> [People] cut their own whippletree in the woodlot.

Emerson.

2. (Bot.) The cornel tree. Chaucer.

Whip"-poor-will` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An American bird (Antrostomus vociferus) allied to the nighthawk and goatsucker; — so called in imitation of the peculiar notes which it utters in the evening. [Written also whippowil.]

Whip"saw` (?), n. A saw for dividing timber lengthwise, usually set in a frame, and worked by two persons; also, a fret saw.

Whip"-shaped` (?), a. Shaped like the lash of a whip; long, slender, round, and tapering; as, a whip- shaped root or stem.

Whip"staff` (?), n. (Naut.) A bar attached to the tiller, for convenience in steering.

Whip"stalk` (?), n. A whipstock.

Whip"ster (?), n. [Whip + - ster.] A nimble little fellow; a whippersnapper.

> Every puny whipster gets my sword.

Shak.

Whip"stick` (?), n. Whip handle; whipstock.

Whip"stitch` (?), n.

1. A tailor; — so called in contempt.

2. Anything hastily put or stitched together; hence, a hasty composition. [R.] Dryden.

3. (Agric.) The act or process of whipstitching.

Whip"stitch`, v. t. (Agric.) To rafter; to plow in ridges, as land. [Eng.]

Whip"stock` (?), n. The rod or handle to which the lash of a whip is fastened.

Whipt (?), imp. & p. p. of Whip. Whipped.

Whip"-tom`-kel"ly (?), n. [So called in imitation of its notes.] (Zoöl.) A vireo (Vireo altiloquus) native of the West Indies and Florida; — called also black-whiskered vireo.

Whip"worm` (?), n. [So called from its shape.] (Zoöl.) A nematode worm (Trichocephalus dispar) often found parasitic in the human intestine. Its body is thickened posteriorly, but is very long and threadlike anteriorly.

Whir (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whirred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whirring.] [Perhaps of imitative origin; cf. D. hvirre to whirl, and E. hurr, hurry, whirl. &?;&?;&?;.] To whirl round, or revolve, with a whizzing noise; to fly or more quickly with a buzzing or whizzing sound; to whiz.

> The partridge bursts away on whirring wings.

Beattie.

Whir, v. t. [See Whir to whiz.] To hurry a long with a whizzing sound. [R.]

> This world to me is like a lasting storm,
> Whirring me from my friends.

Shak.

Whir, n. A buzzing or whizzing sound produced by rapid or whirling motion; as, the whir of a partridge; the whir of a spinning wheel.

Whirl (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whirled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whirling.] [OE. whirlen, probably from the Scand.; cf. Icel. & Sw. hvirfla, Dan. hvirvle; akin to D. wervelen, G. wirbeln, freq. of the verb seen in Icel. hverfa to turn. √16. See Wharf, and cf. Warble, Whorl.]

1. To turn round rapidly; to cause to rotate with velocity; to make to revolve.

> He whirls his sword around without delay.

Dryden.

2. To remove or carry quickly with, or as with, a revolving motion; to snatch; to harry. Chaucer.

> See, see the chariot, and those rushing wheels,
> That whirled the prophet up at Chebar flood.

Milton.

> The passionate heart of the poet is whirl'd into folly.

Tennyson.

Whirl, v. i.

1. To be turned round rapidly; to move round with velocity; to revolve or rotate with great speed; to gyrate. "The whirling year vainly my dizzy eyes pursue." J. H. Newman.

> The wooden engine flies and whirls about.

Dryden.

2. To move hastily or swiftly.

> But whirled away to shun his hateful sight.

Dryden.

Whirl, n. [Cf. Dan. hvirvel, Sw. hvirfvel, Icel. hvirfill the crown of the head, G. wirbel whirl, crown of the head, D. wervel. See Whirl, v. t.]

1. A turning with rapidity or velocity; rapid rotation or circumvolution; quick gyration; rapid or confusing motion; as, the whirl of a top; the whirl of a wheel. "In no breathless whirl." J. H. Newman.

> The rapid . . . whirl of things here below interrupt not the inviolable rest and calmness of the noble beings above.

South.

2. Anything that moves with a whirling motion.

> He saw Falmouth under gray, iron skies, and whirls of March dust.

Carlyle.

3. A revolving hook used in twisting, as the hooked spindle of a rope machine, to which the threads to be twisted are attached.

4. (Bot. & Zoöl.) A whorl. See Whorl.

Whirl"a*bout` (?), n. Something that whirls or turns about in a rapid manner; a whirligig.

Whirl"bat` (?), n. Anything moved with a whirl, as preparatory for a blow, or to augment the force of it; — applied by poets to the cestus of ancient boxers.

> The whirlbat and the rapid race shall be
> Reserved for Cæsar.

Dryden.

Whirl"-blast` (?), n. A whirling blast or wind.

> A whirl-blast from behind the hill.

Wordsworth.

Whirl"bone` (?), n. (Anat.) (a) The huckle bone. [Obs.] (b) The patella, or kneepan. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Whirl"er (?), n. One who, or that which, whirls.

Whirl"i*cote (?), n. An open car or chariot. [Obs.]

> Of old time coaches were not known in this island, but chariots, or whirlicotes.

Stow.

Whirl"i*gig (?), n. [Whirl + gig.]

1. A child's toy, spun or whirled around like a wheel upon an axis, or like a top. Johnson.

2. Anything which whirls around, or in which persons or things are whirled about, as a frame with seats or wooden horses.

> With a whirligig of jubilant mosquitoes spinning about each head.

G. W. Cable.

3. A mediæval instrument for punishing petty offenders, being a kind of wooden cage turning on a pivot, in which the offender was whirled round with great velocity.

4. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of beetles belonging to Gyrinus and allied genera. The body is firm, oval or boatlike in form, and usually dark colored with a bronzelike luster. These beetles live mostly on the surface of water, and move about with great celerity in a gyrating, or circular, manner, but they are also able to dive and swim rapidly. The larva is aquatic. Called also weaver, whirlwig, and whirlwig beetle.

Whirl"ing (?), a. & n. from Whirl, v. t.

Whirling table. (a) (Physics) An apparatus provided with one or more revolving disks, with weights, pulleys, and other attachments, for illustrating the phenomena and laws of centrifugal force, and the like. (b) A potter's wheel.

Whirl"pit` (?), n. A whirlpool. [Obs.] "Raging whirlpits." Sandys.

Whirl"pool` (?), n.

1. An eddy or vortex of water; a place in a body of water where the water moves round in a circle so as to produce a depression or cavity in the center, into which floating objects may be drawn; any body of water having a more or less circular motion caused by its flowing in an irregular channel, by the coming together of opposing currents, or the like.

2. A sea monster of the whale kind. [Obs.] Spenser.

> The Indian Sea breedeth the most and the biggest fishes that are; among which the whales and whirlpools, called "balænæ," take up in length as much as four . . . arpents of land.

Holland.

Whirl"wig` (?), n. [Cf. Earwig.] (Zoöl.) A whirligig.

Whirl"wind` (?), n. [Cf. Icel. hvirfilvindr, Sw. hvirfvelvind, Dan. hvirvelvind, G. wirbelwind. See Whirl, and Wind, n.]

1. A violent windstorm of limited extent, as the tornado, characterized by an inward spiral motion of the air with an upward current in the center; a vortex of air. It usually has a rapid progressive motion.

> The swift dark whirlwind that uproots the woods.
> And drowns the villages.

Bryant.

Some meteorologists apply the word whirlwind to the larger rotary storm also, such as cyclones.

2. Fig.: A body of objects sweeping violently onward. "The whirlwind of hounds and hunters." Macaulay.

Whir"ry (?), v. i. To whir. [Obs.]

Whir"tle (?), n. (Mech.) A perforated steel die through which wires or tubes are drawn to form them.

Whisk (?), n. [See Whist, n.] A game at cards; whist. [Obs.] Taylor (1630).

Whisk, n. [Probably for wisk, and of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. visk a wisp; akin to Dan. visk, Sw. viska, D. wisch, OHG. wisc, G. wisch. See Wisp.]

1. The act of whisking; a rapid, sweeping motion, as of something light; a sudden motion or quick puff.

> This first sad whisk
> Takes off thy dukedom; thou art but an earl.

J. Fletcher.

2. A small bunch of grass, straw, twigs, hair, or the like, used for a brush; hence, a brush or small besom, as of broom corn.

3. A small culinary instrument made of wire, or the like, for whisking or beating eggs, cream, etc. Boyle.

4. A kind of cape, forming part of a woman's dress.

> My wife in her new lace whisk.

Pepys.

5. An impertinent fellow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

6. A plane used by coopers for evening chines.

Whisk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whisked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whisking.] [Cf. Dan. viske, Sw. viska, G. wischen, D. wisschen. See Whisk, n.]

1. To sweep, brush, or agitate, with a light, rapid motion; as, to whisk dust from a table; to whisk the white of eggs into a froth.

2. To move with a quick, sweeping motion.

> He that walks in gray, whisking his riding rod.

J. Fletcher.

> I beg she would not impale worms, nor whisk carp out of one element into another.

Walpole.

Whisk, v. i. To move nimbly at with velocity; to make a sudden agile movement.

Whisk"er (?), n.

1. One who, or that which, whisks, or moves with a quick, sweeping motion.

2. Formerly, the hair of the upper lip; a mustache; — usually in the plural.

> Hoary whiskers and a forky beard.

Pope.

3. pl. That part of the beard which grows upon the sides of the face, or upon the chin, or upon both; as, side whiskers; chin whiskers.

4. A hair of the beard.

5. One of the long, projecting hairs growing at the sides of the mouth of a cat, or other animal.

6. pl. (Naut.) Iron rods extending on either side of the bowsprit, to spread, or guy out, the stays, etc.

Whisk"ered (?), a.

1. Formed into whiskers; furnished with whiskers; having or wearing whiskers.

> Our forefathers, a grave, whiskered race.

Cowper.

2. (Zoöl.) Having elongated hairs, feathers, or bristles on the cheeks.

> The whiskered vermin race.

Grainger.

Whisk"er*less (?), a. Being without whiskers.

Whis"ket (?), n. [Cf. Wisket.]

1. A basket; esp., a straw provender basket. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. (Mach.) A small lathe for turning wooden pins.

<! p. 1648 !>

Whis"key (?), n. Same as Whisky, a liquor.

{ Whis"key, Whis"ky, } n.; pl. Whiskeys (#) or Whiskies. [See Whisk, v. t. & n.] A light carriage built for rapid motion; — called also tim- whiskey.

Whisk"in (?), n. A shallow drinking bowl. [Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Whisk"ing, a.

1. Sweeping along lightly.

2. Large; great. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Whis"ky, Whis"key } (?), n. [Ir. or Gael. uisge water (perhaps akin to E. wash, water) in uisgebeatha whiskey, properly, water of life. Cf. Usquebaugh.] An intoxicating liquor distilled from grain, potatoes, etc., especially in Scotland, Ireland, and the United States. In the United States, whisky is generally distilled from maize, rye, or wheat, but in Scotland and Ireland it is often made from malted barley.

Bourbon whisky, corn whisky made in Bourbon County, Kentucky. — Crooked whisky. See under Crooked. — Whisky Jack (Zoöl.), the Canada jay (Perisoreus Canadensis). It is noted for its fearless and familiar habits when it frequents the camps of lumbermen in the winter season. Its color is dull grayish blue, lighter beneath. Called also moose bird.

{ Whis"ky*fied, Whis"key*fied } (?), a. [Whisky + -fy.] Drunk with whisky; intoxicated. [Humorous] Thackeray.

Whisp (?), n. See Wisp.

Whisp, n. (Zoöl.) A flock of snipe.

Whis"per (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whispered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whispering.] [AS. hwisprian; akin to G. wispern, wispeln, OHG. hwispal&?;n, Icel. hvskra, Sw. hviska, Dan. hviske; of imitative origin. Cf. Whistle.]

1. To speak softly, or under the breath, so as to be heard only by one near at hand; to utter words without sonant breath; to talk without that vibration in the larynx which gives sonorous, or vocal, sound. See Whisper, n.

2. To make a low, sibilant sound or noise.

> The hollow, whispering breeze.

Thomson.

3. To speak with suspicion, or timorous caution; to converse in whispers, as in secret plotting.

> All that hate me whisper together against me.

Ps. xli. 7.

Whis"per, v. t.

1. To utter in a low and nonvocal tone; to say under the breath; hence, to mention privately and confidentially, or in a whisper.

> They might buzz and whisper it one to another.

Bentley.

2. To address in a whisper, or low voice. [Archaic]

> And whisper one another in the ear.

Shak.

> Where gentlest breezes whisper souls distressed.

Keble.

3. To prompt secretly or cautiously; to inform privately. [Obs.] "He came to whisper Wolsey." Shak.

Whis"per, n.

1. A low, soft, sibilant voice or utterance, which can be heard only by those near at hand; voice or utterance that employs only breath sound without tone, friction against the edges of the vocal cords and arytenoid cartilages taking the place of the vibration of the cords that produces tone; sometimes, in a limited sense, the sound produced by such friction as distinguished from breath sound made by friction against parts of the mouth. See Voice, n., 2, and Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 153, 154.

> The inward voice or whisper can not give a tone.

Bacon.

> Soft whispers through the assembly went.

Dryden.

2. A cautious or timorous speech. South.

3. Something communicated in secret or by whispering; a suggestion or insinuation.

4. A low, sibilant sound. "The whispers of the leaves." Tennyson.

Whis"per*er (?), n.

1. One who whispers.

2. A tattler; one who tells secrets; a conveyer of intelligence secretly; hence; a backbiter; one who slanders secretly. Prov. xvi. 28.

Whis"per*ing, a. & n. from Whisper. v. t.

Whispering gallery, or Whispering dome, one of such a form that sounds produced in certain parts of it are concentrated by reflection from the walls to another part, so that whispers or feeble sounds are audible at a much greater distance than under ordinary circumstances.

Whis"per*ing*ly, adv. In a whisper, or low voice; in a whispering manner; with whispers. Tennyson.

Whis"per*ous*ly (?), adv. Whisperingly. [R.]

Whist (?), interj. [Cf. G. st! pst! bst! &?;&?;&?;. Cf. Hist.] Be silent; be still; hush; silence.

Whist, n. [From Whist, interj.] A certain game at cards; — so called because it requires silence and close attention. It is played by four persons (those who sit opposite each other being partners) with a complete pack of fifty-two cards. Each player has thirteen cards, and when these are played out, he hand is finished, and the cards are again shuffled and distributed.

Points are scored for the tricks taken in excess of six, and for the honors held. In long whist, now seldom played, ten points make the game; in short whist, now usually played in England, five points make the game. In American whist, so-called, honors are not counted, and seven points by tricks make the game.

Whist, v. t. [From Whist, interj.] To hush or silence. [Obs.] Spenser.

Whist, v. i. To be or become silent or still; to be hushed or mute. [R.] Surrey.

Whist, a. [Properly p. p. of whist, v.] Not speaking; not making a noise; silent; mute; still; quiet. "So whist and dead a silence." Sir J. Harrington.

> The winds, with wonder whist,
> Smoothly the waters kissed.

Milton.

This adjective generally follows its noun, or is used predicatively.

Whis"tle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whistled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whistling (?).] [AS. hwistlian; akin to Sw. hvissla, Dan. hvisle, Icel. hvsla to whisper, and E. whisper. √43. See Whisper.]

1. To make a kind of musical sound, or series of sounds, by forcing the breath through a small orifice formed by contracting the lips; also, to emit a similar sound, or series of notes, from the mouth or beak, as birds.

> The weary plowman leaves the task of day,
> And, trudging homeward, whistles on the way.

Gay.

2. To make a shrill sound with a wind or steam instrument, somewhat like that made with the lips; to blow a sharp, shrill tone.

3. To sound shrill, or like a pipe; to make a sharp, shrill sound; as, a bullet whistles through the air.

> The wild winds whistle, and the billows roar.

Pope.

Whis"tle, v. t.

1. To form, utter, or modulate by whistling; as, to whistle a tune or an air.

2. To send, signal, or call by a whistle.

> He chanced to miss his dog; we stood still till he had whistled him up.

Addison.

To whistle off. (a) To dismiss by a whistle; — a term in hawking. "AS a long-winged hawk when he is first whistled off the fist, mounts aloft." Burton. (b) Hence, in general, to turn loose; to abandon; to dismiss.

> I 'ld whistle her off, and let her down the wind
> To prey at fortune.

Shak.

"A hawk seems to have been usually sent off in this way, against the wind when sent in search of prey; with or down the wind, when turned loose, and abandoned." Nares.

Whis"tle, n. [AS. hwistle a pipe, flute, whistle. See Whistle, v. i.]

1. A sharp, shrill, more or less musical sound, made by forcing the breath through a small orifice of the lips, or through or instrument which gives a similar sound; the sound used by a sportsman in calling his dogs; the shrill note of a bird; as, the sharp whistle of a boy, or of a boatswain's pipe; the blackbird's mellow whistle.

> Might we but hear
> The folded flocks, penned in their wattled cotes, . . .
> Or whistle from the lodge.

Milton.

> The countryman could not forbear smiling, . . . and by that means lost his whistle.

Spectator.

> They fear his whistle, and forsake the seas.

Dryden.

2. The shrill sound made by wind passing among trees or through crevices, or that made by bullet, or the like, passing rapidly through the air; the shrill noise (much used as a signal, etc.) made by steam or gas escaping through a small orifice, or impinging against the edge of a metallic bell or cup.

3. An instrument in which gas or steam forced into a cavity, or against a thin edge, produces a sound more or less like that made by one who whistles through the compressed lips; as, a child's whistle; a boatswain's whistle; a steam whistle (see Steam whistle, under Steam).

> The bells she jingled, and the whistle blew.

Pope.

4. The mouth and throat; — so called as being the organs of whistling. [Colloq.]

> So was her jolly whistle well ywet.

Chaucer.

> Let's drink the other cup to wet our whistles.

Walton.

Whistle duck (Zoöl.), the American golden-eye.

Whis"tle*fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A gossat, or rockling; — called also whistler, three- bearded rockling, sea loach, and sorghe.

Whis"tler (?), n. [AS. hwistlere.]

1. One who, or that which, whistles, or produces or a whistling sound.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The ring ousel. (b) The widgeon. [Prov. Eng.] (c) The golden-eye. (d) The golden plover and the gray plover.

3. (Zoöl.) The hoary, or northern, marmot (Arctomys pruinosus).

4. (Zoöl.) The whistlefish.

Whis"tle*wing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American golden-eye.

Whis"tle*wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The moosewood, or striped maple. See Maple.

Whis"tling (?), a. & n. from Whistle, v.

Whistling buoy. (Naut.) See under Buoy. — Whistling coot (Zoöl.), the American black scoter. — Whistling Dick. (Zoöl.) (a) An Australian shrike thrush (Colluricincla Selbii). (b) The song thrush. [Prov. Eng.] — Whistling duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The golden-eye. (b) A tree duck. — Whistling eagle (Zoöl.), a small Australian eagle (Haliastur sphenurus); — called also whistling hawk, and little swamp eagle. — Whistling plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The golden plover. (b) The black-bellied, or gray, plover. — Whistling snipe (Zoöl.), the American woodcock. — Whistling swan. (Zoöl.) (a) The European whooper swan; — called also wild swan, and elk. (b) An American swan (Olor columbianus). See under Swan. — Whistling teal (Zoöl.), a tree duck, as Dendrocygna awsuree of India. — Whistling thrush. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of singing birds of the genus Myiophonus, native of Asia, Australia, and the East Indies. They are generally black, glossed with blue, and have a patch of bright blue on each shoulder. Their note is a loud and clear whistle. (b) The song thrush. [Prov. Eng.]

Whis"tling*ly, adv. In a whistling manner; shrilly.

Whist"ly (?), adv. In a whist manner; silently. [Obs.]

Whit (?), n. [OE. wight, wiht, AS. wiht a creature, a thing. See Wight, and cf. Aught, Naught.] The smallest part or particle imaginable; a bit; a jot; an iota; — generally used in an adverbial phrase in a negative sentence. "Samuel told him every whit." 1 Sam. iii. 18. "Every whit as great." South.

> So shall I no whit be behind in duty.

Shak.

> It does not me a whit displease.

Cowley.

White (?), a. [Compar. Whiter (?); superl. Whitest.] [OE. whit, AS. hw&?;t; akin to OFries. and OS. hwt, D. wit, G. weiss, OHG. wz, hwz, Icel. hvtr, Sw. hvit, Dan. hvid, Goth. hweits, Lith. szveisti, to make bright, Russ. sviet' light, Skr. &?;v&?;ta white, &?;vit to be bright. &?;&?;&?;. Cf. Wheat, Whitsunday.]

1. Reflecting to the eye all the rays of the spectrum combined; not tinted with any of the proper colors or their mixtures; having the color of pure snow; snowy; — the opposite of black or dark; as, white paper; a white skin. "Pearls white." Chaucer.

> White as the whitest lily on a stream.

Longfellow.

2. Destitute of color, as in the cheeks, or of the tinge of blood color; pale; pallid; as, white with fear.

> Or whispering with white lips, "The foe!
> They come! they come!"

Byron.

3. Having the color of purity; free from spot or blemish, or from guilt or pollution; innocent; pure.

> White as thy fame, and as thy honor clear.

Dryden.

> No whiter page than Addison's remains.

Pope.

4. Gray, as from age; having silvery hair; hoary.

> Your high engendered battles 'gainst a head
> So old and white as this.

Shak.

5. Characterized by freedom from that which disturbs, and the like; fortunate; happy; favorable.

> On the whole, however, the dominie reckoned this as one of the white days of his life.

Sir W. Scott.

6. Regarded with especial favor; favorite; darling.

> Come forth, my white spouse.

Chaucer.

> I am his white boy, and will not be gullet.

Ford.

White is used in many self-explaining compounds, as white-backed, white-bearded, white-footed.

White alder. (Bot.) See Sweet pepper bush, under Pepper. — White ant (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of social pseudoneuropterous insects of the genus Termes. These insects are very abundant in tropical countries, and form large and complex communities consisting of numerous asexual workers of one or more kinds, of large- headed asexual individuals called soldiers, of one or more queens (or fertile females) often having the body enormously distended by the eggs, and, at certain seasons of numerous winged males, together with the larvæ and pupæ of each kind in various stages of development. Many of the species construct large and complicated nests, sometimes in the form of domelike structures rising several feet above the ground and connected with extensive subterranean galleries and chambers. In their social habits they closely resemble the true ants. They feed upon animal and vegetable substances of various kinds, including timber, and are often very destructive to buildings and furniture. — White arsenic (Chem.), arsenious oxide, As2O3, a substance of a white color, and vitreous adamantine luster, having an astringent, sweetish taste. It is a deadly poison. — White bass (Zoöl.), a fresh-water North American bass (Roccus chrysops) found in the Great Likes. — White bear (Zoöl.), the polar bear. See under Polar. — White blood cell. (Physiol.) See Leucocyte. — White brand (Zoöl.), the snow goose. — White brass, a white alloy of copper; white copper. — White campion. (Bot.) (a) A kind of catchfly (Silene stellata) with white flowers. (b) A white-flowered Lychnis (Lychnis vespertina). — White canon (R. C. Ch.), a Premonstratensian. — White caps, the members of a secret organization in various of the United States, who attempt to drive away or reform obnoxious persons by lynch-law methods. They appear masked in white. — White cedar (Bot.), an evergreen tree of North America (Thuja occidentalis), also the related Cupressus thyoides, or Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, a slender evergreen conifer which grows in the so-called cedar swamps of the Northern and Atlantic States. Both are much valued for their durable timber. In California the name is given to the Libocedrus decurrens, the timber of which is also useful, though often subject to dry rot. Goodale. The white cedar of Demerara, Guiana, etc., is a lofty tree (Icica, or Bursera, altissima) whose fragrant wood is used for canoes and cabinetwork, as it is not attacked by insect. — White cell. (Physiol.) See Leucocyte. — White cell- blood (Med.), leucocythæmia. — White clover (Bot.), a species of small perennial clover bearing white flowers. It furnishes excellent food for cattle and horses, as well as for the honeybee. See also under Clover. — White copper, a whitish alloy of copper. See German silver, under German. — White copperas (Min.), a native hydrous sulphate of iron; coquimbite. — White coral (Zoöl.), an ornamental branched coral (Amphihelia oculata) native of the Mediterranean. — White corpuscle. (Physiol.) See Leucocyte. — White cricket (Zoöl.), the tree cricket. — White crop, a crop of grain which loses its green color, or becomes white, in ripening, as wheat, rye, barley, and oats, as distinguished from a green crop, or a root crop. — White currant (Bot.), a variety of the common red currant, having white berries. — White daisy (Bot.), the oxeye daisy. See under Daisy. — White damp, a kind of poisonous gas encountered in coal mines. Raymond. — White elephant (Zoöl.), a whitish, or albino, variety of the Asiatic elephant. — White elm (Bot.), a majestic tree of North America (Ulmus Americana), the timber of which is much used for hubs of wheels, and for other purposes. — White ensign. See Saint George's ensign, under Saint. — White feather, a mark or symbol of cowardice. See To show the white feather, under Feather, n. — White fir (Bot.), a name given to several coniferous trees of the Pacific States, as Abies grandis, and A. concolor. — White flesher (Zoöl.), the ruffed grouse. See under Ruffed. [Canada] — White frost. See Hoarfrost. — White game (Zoöl.), the white ptarmigan. — White garnet (Min.), leucite. — White grass (Bot.), an American grass (Leersia Virginica) with greenish-white paleæ. — White grouse. (Zoöl.) (a) The white ptarmigan. (b) The prairie chicken. [Local, U. S.] — White grub (Zoöl.), the larva of the June bug and other allied species. These grubs eat the roots of grasses and other plants, and often do much damage. — White hake (Zoöl.), the squirrel hake. See under Squirrel. — White hawk, or kite (Zoöl.), the hen harrier. — White heat, the temperature at which bodies become incandescent, and appear white from the bright light which they emit. — White hellebore (Bot.), a plant of the genus Veratrum (V. album) See Hellebore, 2. — White herring, a fresh, or unsmoked, herring, as distinguished from a red, or cured, herring. [R.] Shak. — White hoolet (Zoöl.), the barn owl. [Prov. Eng.] — White horses (Naut.), white-topped waves; whitecaps. — The White House. See under House. — White ibis (Zoöl.), an American ibis (Guara alba) having the plumage pure white, except the tips of the wings, which are black. It inhabits tropical America and the Southern United States. Called also Spanish curlew. — White iron. (a) Thin sheets of iron coated with tin; tinned iron. (b) A hard, silvery-white cast iron containing a large proportion of combined carbon. — White iron pyrites (Min.), marcasite. — White land, a tough clayey soil, of a whitish hue when dry, but blackish after rain. [Eng.] — White lark (Zoöl.), the snow bunting. — White lead. (a) A carbonate of lead much used in painting, and for other purposes; ceruse. (b) (Min.) Native lead carbonate; cerusite. — White leather, buff leather; leather tanned with alum and salt. — White leg (Med.), milk leg. See under Milk. — White lettuce (Bot.), rattlesnake root. See under Rattlesnake. — White lie. See under Lie. — White light. (a) (Physics) Light having the different colors in the same proportion as in the light coming directly from the sun, without having been decomposed, as by passing through a prism. See the Note under Color, n., 1. (b) A kind of firework which gives a brilliant white illumination for signals, etc. — White lime, a solution or preparation of lime for whitewashing; whitewash. — White line (Print.), a void space of the breadth of a line, on a printed page; a blank line. — White meat. (a) Any light-colored flesh, especially of poultry. (b) Food made from milk or eggs, as butter, cheese, etc.

> Driving their cattle continually with them, and feeding only upon their milk and white meats.

Spenser.

— White merganser (Zoöl.), the smew. — White metal. (a) Any one of several white alloys, as pewter, britannia, etc. (b) (Metal.) A fine grade of copper sulphide obtained at a certain stage in copper smelting. — White miller. (Zoöl.) (a) The common clothes moth. (b) A common American bombycid moth (Spilosoma Virginica) which is pure white with a few small black spots; — called also ermine moth, and virgin moth. See Woolly bear, under Woolly. — White money, silver money. — White mouse (Zoöl.), the albino variety of the common mouse. — White mullet (Zoöl.), a silvery mullet (Mugil curema) ranging from the coast of the United States to Brazil; — called also blue-back mullet, and liza. — White nun (Zoöl.), the smew; — so called from the white crest and the band of black feathers on the back of its head, which give the appearance of a hood. — White oak. (Bot.) See under Oak. — White owl. (Zoöl.) (a) The snowy owl. (b) The barn owl. — White partridge (Zoöl.), the white ptarmigan. — White perch. (Zoöl.) (a) A North American fresh-water bass (Morone Americana) valued as a food fish. (b) The croaker, or fresh-water drum. (c) Any California surf fish. — White pine. (Bot.) See the Note under Pine. — White poplar (Bot.), a European tree (Populus alba) often cultivated as a shade tree in America; abele. — White poppy (Bot.), the opium-yielding poppy. See Poppy. — White powder, a kind of gunpowder formerly believed to exist, and to have the power of exploding without noise. [Obs.]

> A pistol charged with white powder.

Beau. & Fl.

— White precipitate. (Old Chem.) See under Precipitate. — White rabbit. (Zoöl.) (a) The American northern hare in its winter pelage. (b) An albino rabbit. — White rent, (a) (Eng. Law) Formerly, rent payable in silver; — opposed to black rent. See Blackmail, n., 3. (b) A rent, or duty, of eight pence, payable yearly by every tinner in Devon and Cornwall to the Duke of Cornwall, as lord of the soil. [Prov. Eng.] — White rhinoceros. (Zoöl.) (a) The one-horned, or Indian, rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Indicus). See Rhinoceros. (b) The umhofo. — White ribbon, the distinctive badge of certain organizations for the promotion of temperance or of moral purity; as, the White-ribbon Army. — White rope (Naut.), untarred hemp rope. — White rot. (Bot.) (a) Either of several plants, as marsh pennywort and butterwort, which were thought to produce the disease called rot in sheep. (b) A disease of grapes. See White rot, under Rot. — White sage (Bot.), a white, woolly undershrub (Eurotia lanata) of Western North America; — called also winter fat. — White salmon (Zoöl.), the silver salmon. — White salt, salt dried and calcined; decrepitated salt. — White scale (Zoöl.), a scale insect (Aspidiotus Nerii) injurious to the orange tree. See Orange scale, under Orange. — White shark (Zoöl.), a species of man- eating shark. See under Shark. — White softening. (Med.) See Softening of the brain, under Softening. — White spruce. (Bot.) See Spruce, n., 1. — White squall (Naut.), a sudden gust of wind, or furious blow, which comes up without being marked in its approach otherwise than by whitecaps, or white, broken water, on the surface of the sea. — White staff, the badge of the lord high treasurer of England. Macaulay. — White stork (Zoöl.), the common European stork. — White sturgeon. (Zoöl.) See Shovelnose (d). — White sucker. (Zoöl.) (a) The common sucker. (b) The common red horse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum). — White swelling (Med.), a chronic swelling of the knee, produced by a strumous inflammation of the synovial membranes of the kneejoint and of the cancellar texture of the end of the bone forming the kneejoint; — applied also to a lingering chronic swelling of almost any kind. — White tombac. See Tombac. — White trout (Zoöl.), the white weakfish, or silver squeteague (Cynoscion nothus), of the Southern United States. — White vitriol (Chem.), hydrous sulphate of zinc. See White vitriol, under Vitriol. — White wagtail (Zoöl.), the common, or pied, wagtail. — White wax, beeswax rendered white by bleaching. — White whale (Zoöl.), the beluga. — White widgeon (Zoöl.), the smew. — White wine. any wine of a clear, transparent color, bordering on white, as Madeira, sherry, Lisbon, etc.; — distinguished from wines of a deep red color, as port and Burgundy. "White wine of Lepe." Chaucer. — White witch, a witch or wizard whose supernatural powers are supposed to be exercised for good and beneficent purposes. Addison. Cotton Mather. — White wolf. (Zoöl.) (a) A light-colored wolf (Canis laniger) native of Thibet; — called also chanco, golden wolf, and Thibetan wolf. (b) The albino variety of the gray wolf. — White wren (Zoöl.), the willow warbler; - - so called from the color of the under parts.

<! p. 1649 !>

White (?), n.

1. The color of pure snow; one of the natural colors of bodies, yet not strictly a color, but a composition of all colors; the opposite of black; whiteness. See the Note under Color, n., 1.

> Finely attired in a of white.

Shak.

2. Something having the color of snow; something white, or nearly so; as, the white of the eye.

3. Specifically, the central part of the butt in archery, which was formerly painted white; the center of a mark at which a missile is shot.

> 'T was I won the wager, though you hit the white.

Shak.

4. A person with a white skin; a member of the white, or Caucasian, races of men.

5. A white pigment; as, Venice white.

6. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of butterflies belonging to Pieris, and allied genera in which the color is usually white. See Cabbage butterfly, under Cabbage.

Black and white. See under Black. — Flake white, Paris white, etc. See under Flack, Paris, etc. — White of a seed (Bot.), the albumen. See Albumen, 2. — White of egg, the viscous pellucid fluid which surrounds the yolk in an egg, particularly in the egg of a fowl. In a hen's egg it is alkaline, and contains about 86 per cent of water and 14 per cent of solid matter, the greater portion of which is egg albumin. It likewise contains a small amount of globulin, and traces of fats and sugar, with some inorganic matter. Heated above 60° C. it coagulates to a solid mass, owing to the albumin which it contains. Parr. — White of the eye (Anat.), the white part of the ball of the eye surrounding the transparent cornea.

White, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whited; p. pr. & vb. n. Whiting.] [AS. hwtan.] To make white; to whiten; to whitewash; to bleach.

> Whited sepulchers, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of . . . uncleanness.

Matt. xxiii. 27.

> So as no fuller on earth can white them.

Mark. ix. 3.

White"back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The canvasback.

White"bait` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The young of several species of herrings, especially of the common herring, esteemed a great delicacy by epicures in England. (b) A small translucent fish (Salanx Chinensis) abundant at certain seasons on the coasts of China and Japan, and used in the same manner as the European whitebait.

White"beam` (?), n. (Bot.) The common beam tree of England (Pyrus Aria); — so called from the white, woolly under surface of the leaves.

White"beard` (?), n. An old man; a graybeard.

White"bel`ly (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American widgeon, or baldpate. (b) The prairie chicken.

White"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American coot.

White"-blaze` (?), n. See White- face.

White"blow` (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Whitlow grass, under Whitlow.

White"boy` (?), n. 1. A favorite. [Obs.] See White, a., 6. "One of God's whiteboys." Bunyan.

2. One of an association of poor Roman catholics which arose in Ireland about 1760, ostensibly to resist the collection of tithes, the members of which were so called from the white shirts they wore in their nocturnal raids.

White"boy`ism (?), n. The conduct or principle of the Whiteboys.

White"cap` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The European redstart; — so called from its white forehead. (b) The whitethroat; — so called from its gray head. (c) The European tree sparrow.

2. A wave whose crest breaks into white foam, as when the wind is freshening.

White"coat` (?), n. The skin of a newborn seal; also, the seal itself. [Sealers' Cant]

White"-ear` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wheatear.

White"-eye` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small Old World singing of the genus Zosterops, as Zosterops palpebrosus of India, and Z. cœrulescens of Australia. The eyes are encircled by a ring of white feathers, whence the name. Called also bush creeper, and white-eyed tit.

White"-face` (?), n. A white mark in the forehead of a horse, descending almost to the nose; — called also white-blaze.

White"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of Coregonus, a genus of excellent food fishes allied to the salmons. They inhabit the lakes of the colder parts of North America, Asia, and Europe. The largest and most important American species (C. clupeiformis) is abundant in the Great Lakes, and in other lakes farther north. Called also lake whitefish, and Oswego bass. (b) The menhaden. (c) The beluga, or white whale.

Various other fishes are locally called whitefish, as the silver salmon, the whiting (a), the yellowtail, and the young of the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix).

White"flaw` (?), n. [See Whitlow.] (Med.) A whitlow. [Obs.] Holland.

White"-foot` (?), n. (Far.) A white mark on the foot of a horse, between the fetlock and the coffin.

White" fri`ar (?). (Eccl.) A mendicant monk of the Carmelite order, so called from the white cloaks worn by the order. See Carmelite.

White`-front"ed (?), a. Having a white front; as, the white-fronted lemur.

White-fronted goose (Zoöl.), the white brant, or snow goose. See Snow goose, under Snow.

White"head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The blue-winged snow goose. (b) The surf scoter.

White"-heart` (?), n. (Bot.) A somewhat heart-shaped cherry with a whitish skin.

White"-hot` (?), a. White with heat; heated to whiteness, or incandescence.

White"-limed` (?), a. Whitewashed or plastered with lime. "White-limed walls." Shak.

White"-liv`ered (?), a. Having a pale look; feeble; hence, cowardly; pusillanimous; dastardly.

> They must not be milksops, nor white-livered knights.

Latimer.

White"ly, a. Like, or coming near to, white. [Obs.]

Whit"en (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whitened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whitening.] [OE. whitenen; cf. Icel. hvtna.] To grow white; to turn or become white or whiter; as, the hair whitens with age; the sea whitens with foam; the trees in spring whiten with blossoms.

Whit"en, v. t. To make white; to bleach; to blanch; to whitewash; as, to whiten a wall; to whiten cloth.

> The broad stream of the Foyle then whitened by vast flocks of wild swans.

Macaulay.

Syn. — See Blanch.

Whit"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, whitens; a bleacher; a blancher; a whitewasher.

White"ness (?), n. [AS. hwtness.]

1. The quality or state of being white; white color, or freedom from darkness or obscurity on the surface. Chaucer.

2. Want of a sanguineous tinge; paleness; as from terror, grief, etc. "The whiteness in thy cheek." Shak.

3. Freedom from stain or blemish; purity; cleanness.

> He had kept
> The whiteness of his soul, and thus men o'er him wept.

Byron.

4. Nakedness. [Obs.] Chapman.

5. (Zoöl.) A flock of swans.

Whit"en*ing (?), n.

1. The act or process of making or becoming white.

2. That which is used to render white; whiting. [R.]

Whitening stone, a sharpening and polishing stone used by cutlers; also, a finishing grindstone of fine texture.

White"-pot` (?), n. A kind of food made of milk or cream, eggs, sugar, bread, etc., baked in a pot. King.

White"rump` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American black-tailed godwit.

Whites (?), n. pl.

1. (Med.) Leucorrh&?;a.

2. The finest flour made from white wheat.

3. Cloth or garments of a plain white color.

White"side` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The golden-eye.

White"smith` (?), n.

1. One who works in tinned or galvanized iron, or white iron; a tinsmith.

2. A worker in iron who finishes or polishes the work, in distinction from one who forges it.

White"ster (?), n. [White + - ster.] A bleacher of linen; a whitener; a whitster. [Prov. Eng.]

White"tail` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) The Virginia deer.

2. (Zoöl.) The wheatear. [Prov. Eng.]

White"thorn` (?), n. (Bot.) The hawthorn.

White"throat` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of Old World warblers, esp. the common European species (Sylvia cinerea), called also strawsmear, nettlebird, muff, and whitecap, the garden whitethroat, or golden warbler (S. hortensis), and the lesser whitethroat (S. curruca).

White"top` (?), n. (Bot.) Fiorin.

White"wall` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The spotted flycatcher; — so called from the white color of the under parts. [Prov. Eng.]

White"wash` (&?;), n.

1. Any wash or liquid composition for whitening something, as a wash for making the skin fair. Addison.

2. A composition of line and water, or of whiting size, and water, or the like, used for whitening walls, ceilings, etc.; milk of lime.

White"wash`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whitewashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whitewashing.]

1. To apply a white liquid composition to; to whiten with whitewash.

2. To make white; to give a fair external appearance to; to clear from imputations or disgrace; hence, to clear (a bankrupt) from obligation to pay debts.

White"wash`er (?), n. One who whitewashes.

White"-wa`ter (?), n. (Far.) A dangerous disease of sheep.

White"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A perennial composite herb (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum) with conspicuous white rays and a yellow disk, a common weed in grass lands and pastures; — called also oxeye daisy.

White"wing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The chaffinch; — so called from the white bands on the wing. (b) The velvet duck.

White"wood` (?), n. The soft and easily- worked wood of the tulip tree (Liriodendron). It is much used in cabinetwork, carriage building, etc.

Several other kinds of light-colored wood are called whitewood in various countries, as the wood of Bignonia leucoxylon in the West Indies, of Pittosporum bicolor in Tasmania, etc.

Whitewood bark. See the Note under Canella.

White"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) Wild camomile. (b) A kind of Solomon's seal (Polygonum officinale).

Whit"flaw` (?), n. [See Whitlow.] Whitlow. [Obs.] "The nails fallen off by whitflaws." Herrick.

Whith"er (?), adv. [OE. whider. AS. hwider; akin to E. where, who; cf. Goth. hvadr whither. See Who, and cf. Hither, Thither.]

1. To what place; — used interrogatively; as, whither goest thou? "Whider may I flee?" Chaucer.

> Sir Valentine, whither away so fast?

Shak.

2. To what or which place; — used relatively.

> That no man should know . . . whither that he went.

Chaucer.

> We came unto the land whither thou sentest us.

Num. xiii. 27.

3. To what point, degree, end, conclusion, or design; whereunto; whereto; — used in a sense not physical.

> Nor have I . . . whither to appeal.

Milton.

Any whither, to any place; anywhere. [Obs.] "Any whither, in hope of life eternal." Jer. Taylor. — No whither, to no place; nowhere. [Obs.] 2 Kings v. 25.

Syn. — Where. — Whither, Where. Whither properly implies motion to place, and where rest in a place. Whither is now, however, to a great extent, obsolete, except in poetry, or in compositions of a grave and serious character and in language where precision is required. Where has taken its place, as in the question, "Where are you going?"

<! p. 1650 !>

Whith`er*so*ev"er (?), adv. [Whither + soever.] To whatever place; to what place soever; wheresoever; as, I will go whithersoever you lead.

Whith"er*ward (?), adv. In what direction; toward what or which place. R. of Brunne.

> Whitherward to turn for a good course of life was by no means too apparent.

Carlyle.

Whit"ile (?), n. [Perhaps properly, the cutter (see Whittle, v.), or cf. whitewall, witwal.] (Zoöl.) The yaffle. [Prov. Eng.]

Whit"ing (?), n. [From White.]

1. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European food fish (Melangus vulgaris) of the Codfish family; — called also fittin. (b) A North American fish (Merlucius vulgaris) allied to the preceding; — called also silver hake. (c) Any one of several species of North American marine sciænoid food fishes belonging to genus Menticirrhus, especially M. Americanus, found from Maryland to Brazil, and M. littoralis, common from Virginia to Texas; — called also silver whiting, and surf whiting.

Various other fishes are locally called whiting, as the kingfish (a), the sailor's choice (b), the Pacific tomcod, and certain species of lake whitefishes.

2. Chalk prepared in an impalpable powder by pulverizing and repeated washing, used as a pigment, as an ingredient in putty, for cleaning silver, etc.

Whiting pollack. (Zoöl.) Same as Pollack. — Whiting pout (Zoöl.), the bib, 2.

Whit"ing-mop` (?), n. [Obs.]

1. (Zoöl.) A young whiting. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A fair lass. "This pretty whiting- mop." Massinger.

Whit"ish, a. [From White.]

1. Somewhat white; approaching white; white in a moderate degree.

2. (Bot.) Covered with an opaque white powder.

Whit"ish*ness, n. The quality or state of being whitish or somewhat white.

Whit"leath`er (?), n. [White + leather.]

1. Leather dressed or tawed with alum, salt, etc., remarkable for its pliability and toughness; white leather.

2. (Anat.) The paxwax. See Paxwax.

Whit"ling (?), n. [White + - ling.] (Zoöl.) A young full trout during its second season. [Prov. Eng.]

Whit"low (?), n. [Prov. E. whickflaw, for quickflaw, i. e., a flaw or sore at the quick; cf. Icel. kvika the quick under the nail or under a horse's hoof. See Quick, a., and Flaw.]

1. (Med.) An inflammation of the fingers or toes, generally of the last phalanx, terminating usually in suppuration. The inflammation may occupy any seat between the skin and the bone, but is usually applied to a felon or inflammation of the periosteal structures of the bone.

2. (Far.) An inflammatory disease of the feet. It occurs round the hoof, where an acrid matter is collected.

Whitlow grass (Bot.), name given to several inconspicuous herbs, which were thought to be a cure for the whitlow, as Saxifraga tridactylites, Draba verna, and several species of Paronychia.

Whit"low-wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Whitlow grass, under Whitlow.

Whit"mon`day (?), n. (Eccl.) The day following Whitsunday; — called also Whitsun Monday.

Whit"ney*ite (?), n. [So called after J.D. Whitney, an American geologist.] (Min.) an arsenide of copper from Lake Superior.

Whit"son (?), a. See Whitsun. [Obs.]

Whit"sour` (?), n. [White + sour.] (Bot.) A sort of apple.

Whit"ster (?), n. [Contracted fr. whitester.] A whitener; a bleacher; a whitester. [Obs.]

> The whitsters in Datchet mead.

Shak.

Whit"sun (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or observed at, Whitsuntide; as, Whitsun week; Whitsun Tuesday; Whitsun pastorals.

Whit"sun*day (?), n. [White + Sunday.] 1. (Eccl.) The seventh Sunday, and the fiftieth day, after Easter; a festival of the church in commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost; Pentecost; — so called, it is said, because, in the primitive church, those who had been newly baptized appeared at church between Easter and Pentecost in white garments.

2. (Scots Law) See the Note under Term, n., 12.

Whit"sun*tide` (?), n. [Whitsunday + tide.] The week commencing with Whitsunday, esp. the first three days — Whitsunday, Whitsun Monday, and Whitsun Tuesday; the time of Pentecost. R. of Gloucester.

Whit"ten tree` (?). [Probably from white; cf. AS. hwitingtreów.] (Bot.) Either of two shrubs (Viburnum Lantana, and V. Opulus), so called on account of their whitish branches.

Whit"ter*ick (?), n. The curlew. [Prov. Eng.]

Whit"tle (?), n. [AS. hwtel, from hwit white; akin to Icel. hvtill a white bed cover. See White.] (a) A grayish, coarse double blanket worn by countrywomen, in the west of England, over the shoulders, like a cloak or shawl. C. Kingsley. (b) Same as Whittle shawl, below.

Whittle shawl, a kind of fine woolen shawl, originally and especially a white one.

Whit"tle (?), n. [OE. thwitel, fr. AS. pwtan to cut. Cf. Thwittle, Thwaite a piece of ground.] A knife; esp., a pocket, sheath, or clasp knife. "A butcher's whittle." Dryden. "Rude whittles." Macaulay.

> He wore a Sheffield whittle in his hose.

Betterton.

Whit"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Whittled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whittling (?).]

1. To pare or cut off the surface of with a small knife; to cut or shape, as a piece of wood held in the hand, with a clasp knife or pocketknife.

2. To edge; to sharpen; to render eager or excited; esp., to excite with liquor; to inebriate. [Obs.]

> "In vino veritas." When men are well whittled, their tongues run at random.

Withals.

Whit"tle, v. i. To cut or shape a piece of wood with am small knife; to cut up a piece of wood with a knife.

> Dexterity with a pocketknife is a part of a Nantucket education; but I am inclined to think the propensity is national. Americans must and will whittle.

Willis.

Whit"tlings (?), n. pl. Chips made by one who whittles; shavings cut from a stick with a knife.

Whit"tret (?), n. (Zoöl.) A weasel. [Scot.]

Whit"tues`day (?), n. (Eccl.) The day following Whitmonday; — called also Whitsun Tuesday.

Whit"wall` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Whetile.

Whit"worth ball` (?). (Gun.) A prejectile used in the Whitworth gun.

Whit"worth gun` (?). (Gun.) A form of rifled cannon and small arms invented by Sir Joseph Whitworth, of Manchester, England.

In Mr. Whitworth's system, the bore of the gun has a polygonal section, and the twist is rapid. The ball, which is pointed in front, is made to fit the bore accurately, and is very much elongated, its length being about three and one half times as great as its diameter. H. L. Scott.

Whit"y-brown` (?), a. Of a color between white and brown. Pegge.

Whiz (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whizzed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whizzing.] [Of imitative origin. &?;&?;&?;. Cf. Whistle, and Hiss.] To make a humming or hissing sound, like an arrow or ball flying through the air; to fly or move swiftly with a sharp hissing or whistling sound. [Written also whizz.]

> It flew, and whizzing, cut the liquid way.

Dryden.

Whiz, n. A hissing and humming sound.

> Like the whiz of my crossbow.

Coleridge.

Whiz"zing*ly (?), adv. With a whizzing sound.

Who (?), pron. [Possess. whose (?); object. Whom (?).] [OE. who, wha, AS. hw, interrogative pron., neut. hwæt; akin to OFries. hwa, neut. hwet, OS. hw, neut. hwat, D. wie, neut. wat, G. wer, neut. was, OHG. wer, hwer, neut. waz, hwaz, Icel. hvat, neut., Dan. hvo, neut. hvad, Sw. ho, hvem, neut. hvad, Goth. hwas, fem. hw, neut. hwa, Lith. kas, Ir. & Gael. co, W. pwy, L. quod, neuter of qui, Gr. po`teros whether, Skr. kas. √182. Cf. How, Quantity, Quorum, Quote, Ubiquity, What, When, Where, Whether, Which, Whither, Whom, Why.]

1. Originally, an interrogative pronoun, later, a relative pronoun also; — used always substantively, and either as singular or plural. See the Note under What, pron., 1. As interrogative pronouns, who and whom ask the question: What or which person or persons? Who and whom, as relative pronouns (in the sense of that), are properly used of persons (corresponding to which, as applied to things), but are sometimes, less properly and now rarely, used of animals, plants, etc. Who and whom, as compound relatives, are also used especially of persons, meaning the person that; the persons that; the one that; whosoever. "Let who will be President." Macaulay.

> [He] should not tell whose children they were.

Chaucer.

> There thou tell'st of kings, and who aspire;
> Who fall, who rise, who triumph, who do moan.

Daniel.

> Adders who with cloven tongues
> Do hiss into madness.

Shak.

> Whom I could pity thus forlorn.

Milton.

> How hard is our fate, who serve in the state.

Addison.

> Who cheapens life, abates the fear of death.

Young.

> The brace of large greyhounds, who were the companions of his sports.

Sir W. Scott.

2. One; any; one. [Obs., except in the archaic phrase, as who should say.]

> As who should say, it were a very dangerous matter if a man in any point should be found wiser than his forefathers were.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

Whoa (?), interj. Stop; stand; hold. See Ho, 2.

Who"bub (?), n. Hubbub. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Who*ev"er (?), pron. Whatever person; any person who; be or she who; any one who; as, he shall be punished, whoever he may be. "Whoever envies or repines." Milton. "Whoever the king favors." Shak.

Whole (?), a. [OE. hole, hol, hal, hool, AS. hl well, sound, healthy; akin to OFries. & OS. h&?;l, D. heel, G. heil, Icel. heill, Sw. hel whole, Dan. heel, Goth. hails well, sound, OIr. c&?;l augury. Cf. Hale, Hail to greet, Heal to cure, Health, Holy.]

1. Containing the total amount, number, etc.; comprising all the parts; free from deficiency; all; total; entire; as, the whole earth; the whole solar system; the whole army; the whole nation. "On their whole host I flew unarmed." Milton.

> The whole race of mankind.

Shak.

2. Complete; entire; not defective or imperfect; not broken or fractured; unimpaired; uninjured; integral; as, a whole orange; the egg is whole; the vessel is whole.

> My life is yet whole in me.

2 Sam. i. 9.

3. Possessing, or being in a state of, heath and soundness; healthy; sound; well.

> [She] findeth there her friends hole and sound.

Chaucer.

> They that be whole need not a physician.

Matt. ix. 12.

> When Sir Lancelot's deadly hurt was whole.

Tennyson.

Whole blood. (Law of Descent) See under Blood, n., 2. — Whole note (Mus.), the note which represents a note of longest duration in common use; a semibreve. — Whole number (Math.), a number which is not a fraction or mixed number; an integer. — Whole snipe (Zoöl.), the common snipe, as distinguished from the smaller jacksnipe. [Prov. Eng.]

Syn. — All; total; complete; entire; integral; undivided; uninjured; unimpaired; unbroken; healthy. — Whole, Total, Entire, Complete. When we use the word whole, we refer to a thing as made up of parts, none of which are wanting; as, a whole week; a whole year; the whole creation. When we use the word total, we have reference to all as taken together, and forming a single totality; as, the total amount; the total income. When we speak of a thing as entire, we have no reference to parts at all, but regard the thing as an integer, i. e., continuous or unbroken; as, an entire year; entire prosperity. When we speak of a thing as complete, there is reference to some progress which results in a filling out to some end or object, or a perfected state with no deficiency; as, complete success; a complete victory.

> All the whole army stood agazed on him.

Shak.

> One entire and perfect chrysolite.

Shak.

> Lest total darkness should by night regain
> Her old possession, and extinguish life.

Milton.

> So absolute she seems,
> And in herself complete.

Milton.

Whole (?), n. 1. The entire thing; the entire assemblage of parts; totality; all of a thing, without defect or exception; a thing complete in itself.

> "This not the whole of life to live,
> Nor all of death to die.

J. Montgomery.

2. A regular combination of parts; a system.

> Parts answering parts shall slide into a whole.

Pope.

Committee of the whole. See under Committee. — Upon the whole, considering all things; taking everything into account; in view of all the circumstances or conditions.

Syn. — Totality; total; amount; aggregate; gross.

Whole"-hoofed` (?), a. Having an undivided hoof, as the horse.

Whole"-length` (?), a. Representing the whole figure; — said of a picture or statue. — n. A portrait or statue representing the whole figure.

Whole"ness, n. The quality or state of being whole, entire, or sound; entireness; totality; completeness.

Whole"sale` (?), n. Sale of goods by the piece or large quantity, as distinguished from retail.

By wholesale, in the mass; in large quantities; without distinction or discrimination.

> Some, from vanity or envy, despise a valuable book, and throw contempt upon it by wholesale.

I. Watts.

Whole"sale`, a. 1. Pertaining to, or engaged in, trade by the piece or large quantity; selling to retailers or jobbers rather than to consumers; as, a wholesale merchant; the wholesale price.

2. Extensive and indiscriminate; as, wholesale slaughter. "A time for wholesale trust." Mrs. Humphry Ward.

Whole"some (?), a. [Compar. Wholesomer (?); superl. Wholesomest.] [Whole + some; cf. Icel. heilsamr, G. heilsam, D. heilzaam.]

1. Tending to promote health; favoring health; salubrious; salutary.

> Wholesome thirst and appetite.

Milton.

> From which the industrious poor derive an agreeable and wholesome variety of food.

A Smith.

2. Contributing to the health of the mind; favorable to morals, religion, or prosperity; conducive to good; salutary; sound; as, wholesome advice; wholesome doctrines; wholesome truths; wholesome laws.

> A wholesome tongue is a tree of life.

Prov. xv. 4.

> I can not . . . make you a wholesome answer; my wit's diseased.

Shak.

> A wholesome suspicion began to be entertained.

Sir W. Scott.

3. Sound; healthy. [Obs.] Shak.

— Whole"some*ly, adv. — Whole"some*ness, n.

Whole"-souled` (?), a. Thoroughly imbued with a right spirit; noble-minded; devoted.

Whol"ly (?), adv. 1. In a whole or complete manner; entirely; completely; perfectly.

> Nor wholly overcome, nor wholly yield.

Dryden.

2. To the exclusion of other things; totally; fully.

> They employed themselves wholly in domestic life.

Addison.

Whom (?), pron. [OE. wham, AS. dative hwm, hw&?;m. See Who.] The objective case of who. See Who.

In Old English, whom was also commonly used as a dative. Cf. Him.

> And every grass that groweth upon root
> She shall eke know, and whom it will do boot.

Chaucer.

Whom`so*ev"er (?), pron. The objective of whosoever. See Whosoever.

> The Most High ruleth in the kingdow of men, and giveth it to whomsoever he will.

Dan. iv. 17.

Whoo"bub (?), n. Hubbub. [Obs.] Shak.

Whoop (&?;), n. [See Hoopoe.] (Zoöl.) The hoopoe.

Whoop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whooping.] [OE. houpen. See Hoop, v. i.]

1. To utter a whoop, or loud cry, as eagerness, enthusiasm, or enjoyment; to cry out; to shout; to halloo; to utter a war whoop; to hoot, as an owl.

> Each whooping with a merry shout.

Wordsworth.

> When naught was heard but now and then the howl
> Of some vile cur, or whooping of the owl.

W. Browne.

2. To cough or breathe with a sonorous inspiration, as in whooping cough.

Whoop, v. t. To insult with shouts; to chase with derision.

> And suffered me by the voice of slaves to be
> Whooped out of Rome.

Shak.

<! p. 1651 !>

Whoop (?), n. 1. A shout of pursuit or of war; a very of eagerness, enthusiasm, enjoyment, vengeance, terror, or the like; an halloo; a hoot, or cry, as of an owl.

> A fox, crossing the road, drew off a considerable detachment, who clapped spurs to their horses, and pursued him with whoops and halloos.

Addison.

> The whoop of the crane.

Longfellow.

2. A loud, shrill, prolonged sound or sonorous inspiration, as in whooping cough.

Whoop"er (?), n. One who, or that which, whooops.

Woopher swan. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Swan.

Whoop"ing, a. & n. from Whoop, v. t.

Whooping cough (Med.), a violent, convulsive cough, returning at longer or shorter intervals, and consisting of several expirations, followed by a sonorous inspiration, or whoop; chin cough; hooping cough. Dunglison. — Whooping crane (Zoöl.), a North American crane (Crus Americana) noted for the loud, whooplike note which it utters. — Whooping swan (Zoöl.), the whooper swan. See the Note under Swan.

Whoot (?), v. i. [See Hoot.] To hoot. [Obs.]

Whop (?), v. t. Same as Whap. Forby.

Whop, n. Same as Whap.

Whop"per (?), n. [Cf. Whapper.]

1. One who, or that which, whops.

2. Same as Whapper.

Whore (hr), n. [OE. hore, AS. hre; akin to D. hoer, hoere, G. hure, OHG. huora, huorra, Icel. hra, Dan. hore, Sw. hora, Goth. hrs an adulterer, AS. hr adultery, OHG. huor, and probably to L. carus dear. Cf. Charity.] A woman who practices unlawful sexual commerce with men, especially one who prostitutes her body for hire; a prostitute; a harlot. Wyclif.

Syn. — Harlot; courtesan; prostitute; strumpet.

Whore, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Whored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Whoring.] [Cf. Icel. h&?;ra. See Whore, n.]

1. To have unlawful sexual intercourse; to practice lewdness.

2. (Script.) To worship false and impure gods.

Whore, v. t. To corrupt by lewd intercourse; to make a whore of; to debauch. [R.] Congreve.

Whore"dom (?), n. [OE. hordom; cf. Icel. h&?;rd&?;mr.]

1. The practice of unlawful intercourse with the other sex; fornication; lewdness.

2. (Script.) The sin of worshiping idols; idolatry.

> O Ephraim, thou committest whoredom, and Israel is defiled; they will not . . . turn unto their God.

Hos. v. 3, 4.

Whore"mas`ter (?), n. 1. A man who practices lewdness; a lecher; a whoremonger.

2. One keeps or procures whores for others; a pimp; a procurer.

Whore"mas`ter*ly, a. Having the character of a whoremaster; lecherous; libidinous.

Whore"mon`ger (?), n. A whoremaster; a lecher; a man who frequents the society of whores.

Whore"son (?), n. A bastard; colloquially, a low, scurvy fellow; — used generally in contempt, or in coarse humor. Also used adjectively. [Archaic] Shak.

Whor"ish (?), a. Resembling a whore in character or conduct; addicted to unlawful pleasures; incontinent; lewd; unchaste.

— Whor"ish*ly, adv. — Whor"ish*ness, n.

Whorl (?), n. [OE. whorvil the whirl of a spindle; akin to AS. hweorfa the whirl of a spindle, hweorfan to turn; cf. OD. worvel the whirl of a spindle. See Whirl, n. & v.]

1. (Bot.) A circle of two or more leaves, flowers, or other organs, about the same part or joint of a stem.

2. (Zoöl.) A volution, or turn, of the spire of a univalve shell.

3. (Spinning) The fly of a spindle.

Whorled (?), a. Furnished with whorls; arranged in the form of a whorl or whorls; verticillate; as, whorled leaves.

Whorl"er (?), n. A potter's wheel.

Whort (?), n. [See Whortleberry.] (Bot.) The whortleberry, or bilberry. See Whortleberry (a).

Whor"tle (?), n. (Bot.) The whortleberry, or bilberry.

> [He] looked ahead of him from behind a tump of whortles.

R. D. Blackmore.

Whor"tle*ber`ry (?), n. [AS. wyrtil a small shrub (dim. of wyrt wort) + E. berry. See Wort, and cf. Huckleberry, Hurtleberry.] (Bot.) (a) In England, the fruit of Vaccinium Myrtillus; also, the plant itself. See Bilberry, 1. (b) The fruit of several shrubby plants of the genus Gaylussacia; also, any one of these plants. See Huckleberry.

Whose (hz), pron. [OE. whos, whas, AS. hwæs, gen. of hw. See Who.] The possessive case of who or which. See Who, and Which.

> Whose daughter art thou? tell me, I pray thee.

Gen. xxiv. 23.

> The question whose solution I require.

Dryden.

Whose`so*ev"er (-s*v"r), pron. The possessive of whosoever. See Whosoever.

Who"so (?), pron. Whosoever. Piers Plowman.

> Whoso shrinks or falters now, . . .
> Brand the craven on his brow!

Whittier.

Who`so*ev"er (h`s*v"r), pron. Whatsoever person; any person whatever that; whoever.

> Whosoever will, let him take . . . freely.

Rev. xxii. 17.

Whot (?), a. Hot. [Obs.] Spenser.

Whur (?), v. i. [Probably of imitative origin. Cf. Hurr, Hurry, Whir.]

1. To make a rough, humming sound, like one who pronounces the letter r with too much force; to whir; to birr.

2. To snarl or growl, as a dog. Halliwell.

Whur (?), n. A humming or whirring sound, like that of a body moving through the air with velocity; a whir.

Whur"ry (?), v. t. [See Hurry.] To whisk along quickly; to hurry. [R.]

> Whurrying the chariot with them to the shore.

Vicars.

Whurt (?), n. (Bot.) See Whort.

Why (?), adv. [OE. whi, why, AS. hw, hw&?;, instrumental case of hw, hwæt; akin to Icel. hv why, Dan. & Sw. hvi; cf. Goth. hw&?;. &?;. See Who.]

1. For what cause, reason, or purpose; on what account; wherefore; — used interrogatively. See the Note under What, pron., 1.

> Turn ye, turn ye from your evil ways; for why will ye die, O house of Israel?

Ezek. xxxiii. 11.

2. For which; on account of which; — used relatively.

> No ground of enmity between us known
> Why he should mean me ill or seek to harm.

Milton.

> Turn the discourse; I have a reason why
> I would not have you speak so tenderly.

Dryden.

3. The reason or cause for which; that on account of which; on what account; as, I know not why he left town so suddenly; — used as a compound relative.

Why is sometimes used as an interjection or an expletive in expression of surprise or content at a turn of affairs; used also in calling. "Why, Jessica!" Shak.

> If her chill heart I can not move,
> Why, I'll enjoy the very love.

Cowley.

Sometimes, also, it is used as a noun.

> The how and the why and the where.

Goldsmith.

For why, because; why. See Forwhy. [Obs. or Colloq.]

Why, n. A young heifer. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

{ Whyd"ah bird` (?), or Whyd"ah finch` (?) }. (Zoöl.) The whidah bird.

Why"-not` (?), n. A violent and peremptory procedure without any assigned reason; a sudden conclusive happening. [Obs.]

> When the church
> Was taken with a why-not in the lurch.

Hudibras.

> This game . . . was like to have been lost with a why- not.

Nugæ Antiq.

Wich (?), n. A variant of 1st Wick.

Wich"i*tas (?), n. pl.; sing. Wichita (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians native of the region between the Arkansas and Red rivers. They are related to the Pawnees. See Pawnees.

{Wick (?), or Wich (?) }, n. [AS. wc village, fr. L. vicus. In some names of places, perhaps fr. Icel. vk an inlet, creek, bay. See Vicinity, and cf. Villa.]

1. A street; a village; a castle; a dwelling; a place of work, or exercise of authority; — now obsolete except in composition; as, bailiwick, Warwick, Greenwick. Stow.

2. (Curling) A narrow port or passage in the rink or course, flanked by the stones of previous players.

Wick (?), n. [OE. wicke, weyke, weke, AS. weoca or wecca; cf. D. wiek a roll of lint, Prov. G. wicke, and wieche, OHG. wiohha, Sw. veke, Dan. væge; of uncertain origin.] A bundle of fibers, or a loosely twisted or braided cord, tape, or tube, usually made of soft spun cotton threads, which by capillary attraction draws up a steady supply of the oil in lamps, the melted tallow or wax in candles, or other material used for illumination, in small successive portions, to be burned.

> But true it is, that when the oil is spent
> The light goes out, and wick is thrown away.

Spenser.

Wick, v. i. (Curling) To strike a stone in an oblique direction. Jamieson.

Wick"e (?), a. Wicked. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. "With full wikke intent." Chaucer.

Wicked (?), a. Having a wick; — used chiefly in composition; as, a two-wicked lamp.

Wick"ed (?), a. [OE. wicked, fr. wicke wicked; probably originally the same word as wicche wizard, witch. See Witch.]

1. Evil in principle or practice; deviating from morality; contrary to the moral or divine law; addicted to vice or sin; sinful; immoral; profligate; — said of persons and things; as, a wicked king; a wicked woman; a wicked deed; wicked designs.

> Hence, then, and evil go with thee along,
> Thy offspring, to the place of evil, hell,
> Thou and thy wicked crew!

Milton.

> Never, never, wicked man was wise.

Pope.

2. Cursed; baneful; hurtful; bad; pernicious; dangerous. [Obs.] "Wicked dew." Shak.

> This were a wicked way, but whoso had a guide.

P. Plowman.

3. Ludicrously or sportively mischievous; disposed to mischief; roguish. [Colloq.]

> Pen looked uncommonly wicked.

Thackeray.

Syn. — Iniquitous; sinful; criminal; guilty; immoral; unjust; unrighteous; unholy; irreligious; ungodly; profane; vicious; pernicious; atrocious; nefarious; heinous; flagrant; flagitious; abandoned. See Iniquitous.

Wick"ed*ly, adv. In a wicked manner; in a manner, or with motives and designs, contrary to the divine law or the law of morality; viciously; corruptly; immorally.

> I have sinned, and I have done wickedly.

2 Sam. xxiv. 17.

Wick"ed*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being wicked; departure from the rules of the divine or the moral law; evil disposition or practices; immorality; depravity; sinfulness.

> God saw that the wickedness of man was great.

Gen. vi. 5.

> Their inward part is very wickedness.

Ps. v. 9.

2. A wicked thing or act; crime; sin; iniquity.

> I'll never care what wickedness I do,
> If this man comes to good.

Shak.

Wick"en tree` (?). Same as Quicken tree.

Wick"er (?), n. [OE. wiker, wikir, osier, probably akin to AS. wcan to give way. Cf. Weak.]

1. A small pliant twig or osier; a rod for making basketwork and the like; a withe.

2. Wickerwork; a piece of wickerwork, esp. a basket.

> Then quick did dress
> His half milk up for cheese, and in a press
> Of wicker pressed it.

Chapman.

3. Same as 1st Wike. [Prov. Eng.]

Wick"er (?), a. Made of, or covered with, twigs or osiers, or wickerwork.

> Each one a little wicker basket had,
> Made of fine twigs, entrailéd curiously.

Spenser.

Wick"ered (?), a. Made of, secured by, or covered with, wickers or wickerwork.

> Ships of light timber, wickered with osier between, and covered over with leather.

Milton.

Wick"er*work` (?), n. A texture of osiers, twigs, or rods; articles made of such a texture.

Wick"et (?), n. [OE. wiket, OF. wiket, guichet, F. quichet; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. v&?;k a small creek, inlet, bay, vik a corner.]

1. A small gate or door, especially one forming part of, or placed near, a larger door or gate; a narrow opening or entrance cut in or beside a door or gate, or the door which is used to close such entrance or aperture. Piers Plowman. "Heaven's wicket." Milton.

> And so went to the high street, . . . and came to the great tower, but the gate and wicket was fast closed.

Ld. Berners.

> The wicket, often opened, knew the key.

Dryden.

2. A small gate by which the chamber of canal locks is emptied, or by which the amount of water passing to a water wheel is regulated.

3. (Cricket) (a) A small framework at which the ball is bowled. It consists of three rods, or stumps, set vertically in the ground, with one or two short rods, called bails, lying horizontally across the top. (b) The ground on which the wickets are set.

4. A place of shelter made of the boughs of trees, — used by lumbermen, etc. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

5. (Mining) The space between the pillars, in postand-stall working. Raymond.

Wicket door, Wicket gate, a small door or gate; a wicket. See def. 1, above. Bunyan. — Wicket keeper (Cricket), the player who stands behind the wicket to catch the balls and endeavor to put the batsman out.

Wick"ing, n. the material of which wicks are made; esp., a loosely braided or twisted cord or tape of cotton.

{ Wic"lif*ite, Wick"liff*ite } (?), n. See Wyclifite.

Wic"o*py (?), n. (Bot.) See Leatherwood.

Wid"dy (?), n. [Cf. Withy.] A rope or halter made of flexible twigs, or withes, as of birch. [Scot.]

Wide (wd), a. [Compar. Wider (-r); superl. Widest.] [OE. wid, wyde, AS. wd; akin to OFries. & OS. wd, D. wijd, G. weit, OHG. wt, Icel. vðr, Sw. & Dan. vid; of uncertain origin.] 1. Having considerable distance or extent between the sides; spacious across; much extended in a direction at right angles to that of length; not narrow; broad; as, wide cloth; a wide table; a wide highway; a wide bed; a wide hall or entry.

> The chambers and the stables weren wyde.

Chaucer.

> Wide is the gate . . . that leadeth to destruction.

Matt. vii. 18.

2. Having a great extent every way; extended; spacious; broad; vast; extensive; as, a wide plain; the wide ocean; a wide difference. "This wyde world." Chaucer.

> For sceptered cynics earth were far too wide a den.

Byron.

> When the wide bloom, on earth that lies,
> Seems of a brighter world than ours.

Bryant.

3. Of large scope; comprehensive; liberal; broad; as, wide views; a wide understanding.

> Men of strongest head and widest culture.

M. Arnold.

4. Of a certain measure between the sides; measuring in a direction at right angles to that of length; as, a table three feet wide.

5. Remote; distant; far.

> The contrary being so wide from the truth of Scripture and the attributes of God.

Hammond.

6. Far from truth, from propriety, from necessity, or the like. "Our wide expositors." Milton.

> It is far wide that the people have such judgments.

Latimer.

> How wide is all this long pretense !

Herbert.

7. On one side or the other of the mark; too far side-wise from the mark, the wicket, the batsman, etc.

> Surely he shoots wide on the bow hand.

Spenser.

> I was but two bows wide.

Massinger.

8. (Phon.) Made, as a vowel, with a less tense, and more open and relaxed, condition of the mouth organs; — opposed to primary as used by Mr. Bell, and to narrow as used by Mr. Sweet. The effect, as explained by Mr. Bell, is due to the relaxation or tension of the pharynx; as explained by Mr. Sweet and others, it is due to the action of the tongue. The wide of (ve) is (ll); of (te) is (nd), etc. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 13-15.

Wide is often prefixed to words, esp. to participles and participial adjectives, to form self-explaining compounds; as, wide- beaming, wide-branched, wide-chopped, wide-echoing, wide-extended, wide-mouthed, wide-spread, wide- spreading, and the like.

Far and wide. See under Far. — Wide gauge. See the Note under Cauge, 6.

Wide, adv. [As. wde.] 1. To a distance; far; widely; to a great distance or extent; as, his fame was spread wide.

> [I] went wyde in this world, wonders to hear.

Piers Plowman.

2. So as to leave or have a great space between the sides; so as to form a large opening. Shak.

3. So as to be or strike far from, or on one side of, an object or purpose; aside; astray.

Wide, n. 1. That which is wide; wide space; width; extent. "The waste wide of that abyss." Tennyson.

2. That which goes wide, or to one side of the mark.

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Wide`-a*wake" (wd`*wk"), a. Fully awake; not drowsy or dull; hence, knowing; keen; alert. Dickens.

Wide`-a*wake", n. A broad-brimmed, low- crowned felt hat.

Wide"gap` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The angler; — called also widegab, and widegut.

Wide"ly, adv. 1. In a wide manner; to a wide degree or extent; far; extensively; as, the gospel was widely disseminated by the apostles.

2. Very much; to a great degree or extent; as, to differ widely in opinion.

Wid"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Widened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Widening.] To make wide or wider; to extend in breadth; to increase the width of; as, to widen a field; to widen a breach; to widen a stocking.

Wid"en, v. i. To grow wide or wider; to enlarge; to spread; to extend.

> Arches widen, and long aisles extend.

Pope.

Wide"ness (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being wide; breadth; width; great extent from side to side; as, the wideness of a room. "I landed in a small creek about the wideness of my canoe." Swift.

2. Large extent in all directions; broadness; greatness; as, the wideness of the sea or ocean.

Wide"spread` (?), a. Spread to a great distance; widely extended; extending far and wide; as, widespread wings; a widespread movement.

Wide"where` (?), adv. [See Wide, and Where.] Widely; far and wide. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Widg"eon (?), n. [Probably from an old French form of F. vigeon, vingeon, gingeon; of uncertain origin; cf. L. vipio, -onis, a kind of small crane.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fresh-water ducks, especially those belonging to the subgenus Mareca, of the genus Anas. The common European widgeon (Anas penelope) and the American widgeon (A. Americana) are the most important species. The latter is called also baldhead, baldpate, baldface, baldcrown, smoking duck, wheat, duck, and whitebelly.

Bald-faced, or Green-headed, widgeon, the American widgeon. — Black widgeon, the European tufted duck. — Gray widgeon. (a) The gadwall. (b) The pintail duck. — Great headed widgeon, the poachard. — Pied widgeon. (a) The poachard. (b) The goosander. — Saw-billed widgeon, the merganser. — Sea widgeon. See in the Vocabulary. — Spear widgeon, the goosander. [Prov. Eng.] — Spoonbilled widgeon, the shoveler. — White widgeon, the smew. — Wood widgeon, the wood duck.

Wid"ish (?), a. Moderately wide. Tyndall.

Wid"man*stät`ten fig"ures (?). (Min.) Certain figures appearing on etched meteoric iron; — so called after A. B. Widmanstätten, of Vienna, who first described them in 1808. See the Note and Illust. under Meteorite.

Wid"ow (?), n. [OE. widewe, widwe, AS. weoduwe, widuwe, wuduwe; akin to OFries. widwe, OS. widowa, D. weduwe, G. wittwe, witwe, OHG. wituwa, witawa, Goth. widuw&?;, Russ. udova, OIr. fedb, W. gweddw, L. vidua, Skr. vidhav; and probably to Skr. vidh to be empty, to lack; cf. Gr. &?; a bachelor. &?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. Vidual.] A woman who has lost her husband by death, and has not married again; one living bereaved of a husband. "A poor widow." Chaucer.

Grass widow. See under Grass. — Widow bewitched, a woman separated from her husband; a grass widow. [Colloq.] — Widow-in-mourning (Zoöl.), the macavahu. — Widow monkey (Zoöl.), a small South American monkey (Callithrix lugens); — so called on account of its color, which is black except the dull whitish arms, neck, and face, and a ring of pure white around the face. — Widow's chamber (Eng. Law), in London, the apparel and furniture of the bedchamber of the widow of a freeman, to which she was formerly entitled.

Wid"ow, a. Widowed. "A widow woman." 1 Kings xvii. 9. "This widow lady." Shak.

Wid"ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Widowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Widowing.]

1. To reduce to the condition of a widow; to bereave of a husband; — rarely used except in the past participle.

> Though in thus city he
> Hath widowed and unchilded many a one,
> Which to this hour bewail the injury.

Shak.

2. To deprive of one who is loved; to strip of anything beloved or highly esteemed; to make desolate or bare; to bereave.

> The widowed isle, in mourning,
> Dries up her tears.

Dryden.

> Tress of their shriveled fruits
> Are widowed, dreary storms o'er all prevail.

J. Philips.

> Mourn, widowed queen; forgotten Sion, mourn.

Heber.

3. To endow with a widow's right. [R.] Shak.

4. To become, or survive as, the widow of. [Obs.]

> Let me be married to three kings in a forenoon, and widow
> them all.

Shak.

Wid"ow bird` (?). (Zoöl.) See Whidan bird.

Wid"ow*er (?), n. A man who has lost his wife by death, and has not married again. Shak.

Wid"ow*er*hood (?), n. The state of being a widower.

Wid"ow*hood (?), n. 1. The state of being a widow; the time during which a woman is widow; also, rarely, the state of being a widower.

> Johnson clung to her memory during a widowhood of more than thirty years.

Leslie Stephen.

2. Estate settled on a widow. [Obs.] "I 'll assure her of her widowhood . . . in all my lands." Shak.

Wid"ow-hunt`er (?), n. One who courts widows, seeking to marry one with a fortune. Addison.

Wid"ow*ly, a. Becoming or like a widow.

Wid"ow-mak`er (?), n. One who makes widows by destroying husbands. [R.] Shak.

Wid"ow-wail` (?), n. (Bot.) A low, narrowleaved evergreen shrub (Cneorum tricoccon) found in Southern Europe.

Width (?), n. [From Wide.] The quality of being wide; extent from side to side; breadth; wideness; as, the width of cloth; the width of a door.

Wid"u*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a widow; vidual. [Obs.] Bale.

Wid"we (?), n. A widow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wield (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wielding.] [OE. welden to govern, to have power over, to possess, AS. geweldan, gewyldan, from wealdan; akin to OS. waldan, OFries. walda, G. walten, OHG. waltan, Icel. valda, Sw. vålla to occasion, to cause, Dan. volde, Goth. waldan to govern, rule, L. valere to be strong. Cf. Herald, Valiant.]

1. To govern; to rule; to keep, or have in charge; also, to possess. [Obs.]

> When a strong armed man keepeth his house, all things that he wieldeth ben in peace.

Wyclif (Luke xi. 21).

> Wile [ne will] ye wield gold neither silver ne money in your girdles.

Wyclif (Matt. x. 9.)

2. To direct or regulate by influence or authority; to manage; to control; to sway.

> The famous orators . . . whose resistless eloquence
> Wielded at will that fierce democraty.

Milton.

> Her newborn power was wielded from the first by unprincipled and ambitions men.

De Quincey.

3. To use with full command or power, as a thing not too heavy for the holder; to manage; to handle; hence, to use or employ; as, to wield a sword; to wield the scepter.

> Base Hungarian wight! wilt thou the spigot wield!

Shak.

> Part wield their arms, part curb the foaming steed.

Milton.

> Nothing but the influence of a civilized power could induce a savage to wield a spade.

S. S. Smith.

To wield the scepter, to govern with supreme command.

Wield"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being wielded.

Wield"ance (?), n. The act or power of wielding. [Obs.] "Our weak wieldance." Bp. Hall.

Wield"er (?), n. One who wields or employs; a manager; a controller.

> A wielder of the great arm of the war.

Milton.

Wield"ing, n. Power; authority; rule. [Obs.]

> To have them in your might and in your wielding.

Chaucer.

Wield"less, a. Not to be wielded; unmanageable; unwieldy. [R.] "Wieldless might." Spenser.

Wield"some (?), a. Admitting of being easily wielded or managed. [Obs.] Golding.

Wield"y (?), a. Capable of being wielded; manageable; wieldable; — opposed to unwieldy. [R.] Johnson.

Wier (?), n. Same as Weir.

Wier`an"gle (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Wariangle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Wier"y (?), a. [Cf. Wearish.] Wet; moist; marshy. [Obs.]

Wi"er*y (?), a. [From Wire; cf. Fiery.] Wiry. [Obs.] "Wiery gold." Peacham.

Wife (?), n.; pl. Wives (#). [OE. wif, AS. wif; akin to OFries. & OS. wif, D. wijf, G. weib, OHG. wb, Icel. vf, Dan. viv; and perhaps to Skr. vip excited, agitated, inspired, vip to tremble, L. vibrare to vibrate, E. vibrate. Cf. Tacitus, [" Germania" 8]: Inesse quin etiam sanctum aliquid et providum putant, nec aut consilia earum aspernantur aut responsa neglegunt. Cf. Hussy a jade, Woman.]

1. A woman; an adult female; — now used in literature only in certain compounds and phrases, as alewife, fishwife, goodwife, and the like. " Both men and wives." Piers Plowman.

> On the green he saw sitting a wife.

Chaucer.

2. The lawful consort of a man; a woman who is united to a man in wedlock; a woman who has a husband; a married woman; — correlative of husband. " The husband of one wife." 1 Tin. iii. 2.

> Let every one you . . . so love his wife even as himself, and the wife see that she reverence her husband.

Eph. v. 33.

To give to wife, To take to wife, to give or take (a woman) in marriage. — Wife's equity (Law), the equitable right or claim of a married woman to a reasonable and adequate provision, by way of settlement or otherwise, out of her choses in action, or out of any property of hers which is under the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery, for the support of herself and her children. Burrill.

Wife"hood (?), n. [AS. wifhd.]

1. Womanhood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. The state of being a wife; the character of a wife.

Wife"less, a. Without a wife; unmarried. Chaucer.

Wife"like` (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a wife or a woman. " Wifelike government." Shak.

Wife"ly, a. [AS. wflic.] Becoming or life; of or pertaining to a wife. "Wifely patience." Chaucer.

> With all the tenderness of wifely love.

Dryden.

Wig (?), n. [Abbreviation from periwig.]

1. A covering for the head, consisting of hair interwoven or united by a kind of network, either in imitation of the natural growth, or in abundant and flowing curls, worn to supply a deficiency of natural hair, or for ornament, or according to traditional usage, as a part of an official or professional dress, the latter especially in England by judges and barristers.

2. An old seal; — so called by fishermen.

Wig tree. (Bot.) See Smoke tree, under Smoke.

Wig (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wigged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wigging (?).] To censure or rebuke; to hold up to reprobation; to scold. [Slang]

Wig"an (?), n. A kind of canvaslike cotton fabric, used to stiffen and protect the lower part of trousers and of the skirts of women's dresses, etc.; — so called from Wigan, the name of a town in Lancashire, England.

Wi"geon (?), n. (Zoöl.) A widgeon. [R.]

{ Wigg (?), Wig }, n. [Cf. D. wegge a sort of bread, G. weck, orig., a wedge-shaped loaf or cake. See Wedge.] A kind of raised seedcake. "Wiggs and ale." Pepys.

Wigged (?), a. Having the head covered with a wig; wearing a wig.

Wig"ger*y (?), n. 1. A wig or wigs; false hair. [R.] A. Trollope.

2. Any cover or screen, as red-tapism. [R.]

> Fire peels the wiggeries away from them [facts.]

Carlyle.

Wig"gle (?), v. t. & i. [Cf. Wag, v. t., Waggle.] To move to and fro with a quick, jerking motion; to bend rapidly, or with a wavering motion, from side to side; to wag; to squirm; to wriggle; as, the dog wiggles his tail; the tadpole wiggles in the water. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Wig"gle, n. Act of wiggling; a wriggle. [Colloq.]

Wig"gler (?), n. (Zoöl.) The young, either larva or pupa, of the mosquito; — called also wiggletail.

Wig"her (?), v. i. [Cf. G. wiehern, E. whine.] To neigh; to whinny. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Wight (?), n. Weight. [Obs.]

Wight, n. [OE. wight, wiht, a wight, a whit, AS. wiht, wuht, a creature, a thing; skin to D. wicht a child, OS. & OHG. wiht a creature, thing, G. wicht a creature, Icel. vætt&?; a wight, vætt&?; a whit, Goth. waíhts, waíht, thing; cf. Russ. veshche a thing. &?;. Cf. Whit.]

1. A whit; a bit; a jot. [Obs.]

> She was fallen asleep a little wight.

Chaucer.

2. A supernatural being. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. A human being; a person, either male or female; — now used chiefly in irony or burlesque, or in humorous language. "Worst of all wightes." Chaucer.

> Every wight that hath discretion.

Chaucer.

> Oh, say me true if thou wert mortal wight.

Milton.

Wight, a. [OE. wight, wiht, probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. vgr in fighting condition, neut. vgh &?;&?;&?; vg war, akin to AS. wg See Vanquish.] Swift; nimble; agile; strong and active. [Obs. or Poetic]

> 'T is full wight, God wot, as is a roe.

Chaucer.

> He was so wimble and so wight.

Spenser.

> They were Night and Day, and Day and Night,
> Pilgrims wight with steps forthright.

Emerson.

Wight"ly, adv. Swiftly; nimbly; quickly. [Obs.]

Wig"less (?), a. Having or wearing no wig.

Wig"wag` (?), v. i. [See Wag, v. t.] (Naut.) To signal by means of a flag waved from side to side according to a code adopted for the purpose. [Colloq.]

Wig"wam (?), n. [From the Algonquin or Massachusetts Indian word wk, "his house," or "dwelling place;" with possessive and locative affixes, w-kou-om-ut, "in his (or their) house," contracted by the English to weekwam, and wigwam.] An Indian cabin or hut, usually of a conical form, and made of a framework of poles covered with hides, bark, or mats; — called also tepee. [Sometimes written also weekwam.]

> Very spacious was the wigwam,
> Made of deerskin dressed and whitened,
> With the gods of the Dacotahs
> Drawn and painted on its curtains.

Longfellow.

"The wigwam, or Indian house, of a circular or oval shape, was made of bark or mats laid over a framework of branches of trees stuck in the ground in such a manner as to converge at the top, where was a central aperture for the escape of smoke from the fire beneath. The better sort had also a lining of mats. For entrance and egress, two low openings were left on opposite sides, one or the other of which was closed with bark or mats, according to the direction of the wind." Palfrey.

Wike (?), n. A temporary mark or boundary, as a bough of a tree set up in marking out or dividing anything, as tithes, swaths to be mowed in common ground, etc.; — called also wicker. [Prov. Eng.]

Wike, n. [AS. wic. See Wick a village.] A home; a dwelling. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Wik"ke (?), a. Wicked. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wild (?), a. [Compar. Wilder (?); superl. Wildest.] [OE. wilde, AS. wilde; akin to OFries. wilde, D. wild, OS. & OHG. wildi, G. wild, Sw. & Dan. vild, Icel. villr wild, bewildered, astray, Goth. wilpeis wild, and G. & OHG. wild game, deer; of uncertain origin.]

1. Living in a state of nature; inhabiting natural haunts, as the forest or open field; not familiar with, or not easily approached by, man; not tamed or domesticated; as, a wild boar; a wild ox; a wild cat.

> Winter's not gone yet, if the wild geese fly that way.

Shak.

2. Growing or produced without culture; growing or prepared without the aid and care of man; native; not cultivated; brought forth by unassisted nature or by animals not domesticated; as, wild parsnip, wild camomile, wild strawberry, wild honey.

> The woods and desert caves,
> With wild thyme and gadding vine o'ergrown.

Milton.

3. Desert; not inhabited or cultivated; as, wild land. "To trace the forests wild." Shak.

4. Savage; uncivilized; not refined by culture; ferocious; rude; as, wild natives of Africa or America.

5. Not submitted to restraint, training, or regulation; turbulent; tempestuous; violent; ungoverned; licentious; inordinate; disorderly; irregular; fanciful; imaginary; visionary; crazy. "Valor grown wild by pride." Prior. "A wild, speculative project." Swift.

> What are these
> So withered and so wild in their attire ?

Shak.

> With mountains, as with weapons, armed; which makes
> Wild work in heaven.

Milton.

> The wild winds howl.

Addison.

> Search then the ruling passion, there, alone
> The wild are constant, and the cunning known.

Pope.

6. Exposed to the wind and sea; unsheltered; as, a wild roadstead.

7. Indicating strong emotion, intense excitement, or &?;ewilderment; as, a wild look.

8. (Naut.) Hard to steer; — said of a vessel.

Many plants are named by prefixing wild to the names of other better known or cultivated plants to which they a bear a real or fancied resemblance; as, wild allspice, wild pink, etc. See the Phrases below.

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To run wild, to go unrestrained or untamed; to live or untamed; to live or grow without culture or training. — To sow one's wild oats. See under Oat.

Wild allspice. (Bot.), spicewood. — Wild balsam apple (Bot.), an American climbing cucurbitaceous plant (Echinocystis lobata). — Wild basil (Bot.), a fragrant labiate herb (Calamintha Clinopodium) common in Europe and America. — Wild bean (Bot.), a name of several leguminous plants, mostly species of Phaseolus and Apios. — Wild bee (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of undomesticated social bees, especially the domestic bee when it has escaped from domestication and built its nest in a hollow tree or among rocks. — Wild bergamot. (Bot.) See under Bergamot. — Wild boar (Zoöl.), the European wild hog (Sus scrofa), from which the common domesticated swine is descended. — Wild brier (Bot.), any uncultivated species of brier. See Brier. — Wild bugloss (Bot.), an annual rough-leaved plant (Lycopsis arvensis) with small blue flowers. — Wild camomile (Bot.), one or more plants of the composite genus Matricaria, much resembling camomile. — Wild cat. (Zoöl.) (a) A European carnivore (Felis catus) somewhat resembling the domestic cat, but larger stronger, and having a short tail. It is destructive to the smaller domestic animals, such as lambs, kids, poultry, and the like. (b) The common American lynx, or bay lynx. (c) (Naut.) A wheel which can be adjusted so as to revolve either with, or on, the shaft of a capstan. Luce. — Wild celery. (Bot.) See Tape grass, under Tape. — Wild cherry. (Bot.) (a) Any uncultivated tree which bears cherries. The wild red cherry is Prunus Pennsylvanica. The wild black cherry is P. serotina, the wood of which is much used for cabinetwork, being of a light red color and a compact texture. (b) The fruit of various species of Prunus. — Wild cinnamon. See the Note under Canella. — Wild comfrey (Bot.), an American plant (Cynoglossum Virginicum) of the Borage family. It has large bristly leaves and small blue flowers. — Wild cumin (Bot.), an annual umbelliferous plant (Lagœcia cuminoides) native in the countries about the Mediterranean. — Wild drake (Zoöl.) the mallard. — Wild elder (Bot.), an American plant (Aralia hispida) of the Ginseng family. — Wild fowl (Zoöl.) any wild bird, especially any of those considered as game birds. — Wild goose (Zoöl.), any one of several species of undomesticated geese, especially the Canada goose (Branta Canadensis), the European bean goose, and the graylag. See Graylag, and Bean goose, under Bean. — Wild goose chase, the pursuit of something unattainable, or of something as unlikely to be caught as the wild goose. Shak. — Wild honey, honey made by wild bees, and deposited in trees, rocks, the like. — Wild hyacinth. (Bot.) See Hyacinth, 1 (b). — Wild Irishman (Bot.), a thorny bush (Discaria Toumatou) of the Buckthorn family, found in New Zealand, where the natives use the spines in tattooing. — Wild land. (a) Land not cultivated, or in a state that renders it unfit for cultivation. (b) Land which is not settled and cultivated. — Wild licorice. (Bot.) See under Licorice. — Wild mammee (Bot.), the oblong, yellowish, acid fruit of a tropical American tree (Rheedia lateriflora); — so called in the West Indies. — Wild marjoram (Bot.), a labiate plant (Origanum vulgare) much like the sweet marjoram, but less aromatic. — Wild oat. (Bot.) (a) A tall, oatlike kind of soft grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum). (b) See Wild oats, under Oat. — Wild pieplant (Bot.), a species of dock (Rumex hymenosepalus) found from Texas to California. Its acid, juicy stems are used as a substitute for the garden rhubarb. — Wild pigeon. (Zoöl.) (a) The rock dove. (b) The passenger pigeon. — Wild pink (Bot.), an American plant (Silene Pennsylvanica) with pale, pinkish flowers; a kind of catchfly. — Wild plantain (Bot.), an arborescent endogenous herb (Heliconia Bihai), much resembling the banana. Its leaves and leaf sheaths are much used in the West Indies as coverings for packages of merchandise. — Wild plum. (Bot.) (a) Any kind of plum growing without cultivation. (b) The South African prune. See under Prune. — Wild rice. (Bot.) See Indian rice, under Rice. — Wild rosemary (Bot.), the evergreen shrub Andromeda polifolia. See Marsh rosemary, under Rosemary. — Wild sage. (Bot.) See Sagebrush. - - Wild sarsaparilla (Bot.), a species of ginseng (Aralia nudicaulis) bearing a single long-stalked leaf. — Wild sensitive plant (Bot.), either one of two annual leguminous herbs (Cassia Chamæcrista, and C. nictitans), in both of which the leaflets close quickly when the plant is disturbed. — Wild service.(Bot.) See Sorb. — Wild Spaniard (Bot.), any one of several umbelliferous plants of the genus Aciphylla, natives of New Zealand. The leaves bear numerous bayonetlike spines, and the plants form an impenetrable thicket. — Wild turkey. (Zoöl.) See 2d Turkey.

Wild (?), n. An uninhabited and uncultivated tract or region; a forest or desert; a wilderness; a waste; as, the wilds of America; the wilds of Africa.

> then Libya first, of all her moisture drained,
> Became a barren waste, a wild of sand.

Addison.

Wild, adv. Wildly; as, to talk wild. Shak.

Wild"-cat` (?), a. 1. Unsound; worthless; irresponsible; unsafe; — said to have been originally applied to the notes of an insolvent bank in Michigan upon which there was the figure of a panther.

2. (Railroad) Running without control; running along the line without a train; as, a wild-cat locomotive.

Wilde"beest` (?), n. [D. wild wild + beeste beast.] (Zoöl.) The gnu.

Wild"ed (?), a. Become wild. [R.]

> An old garden plant escaped and wilded.

J. Earle.

Wil"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wildered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wildering.] [Akin to E. wild, Dan. forvilde to bewilder, Icel. villr bewildered, villa to bewilder; cf. AS. wildor a wild animal. See Wild, a., and cf. Wilderness.] To bewilder; to perplex.

> Long lost and wildered in the maze of fate.

Pope.

> Again the wildered fancy dreams
> Of spouting fountains, frozen as they rose.

Bryant.

Wild"er*ing (?), n. (Bot.) A plant growing in a state of nature; especially, one which has run wild, or escaped from cultivation.

Wil"der*ment (?), n. The state of being bewildered; confusion; bewilderment.

> And snatched her breathless from beneath
> This wilderment of wreck and death.

Moore.

Wil"der*ness (?), n. [OE. wildernesse, wilderne,probably from AS. wildor a wild beast; cf. D. wildernis wilderness. See Wilder, v. t.]

1. A tract of land, or a region, uncultivated and uninhabited by human beings, whether a forest or a wide, barren plain; a wild; a waste; a desert; a pathless waste of any kind.

> The wat'ry wilderness yields no supply.

Waller.

2. A disorderly or neglected place. Cowper.

3. Quality or state of being wild; wildness. [Obs.]

> These paths and bowers doubt not but our joint hands.
> Will keep from wilderness with ease.

Milton.

Wild"fire (?), n. 1. A composition of inflammable materials, which, kindled, is very hard to quench; Greek fire.

> Brimstone, pitch, wildfire . . . burn cruelly, and hard to quench.

Bacon.

2. (Med.) (a) An old name for erysipelas. (b) A disease of sheep, attended with inflammation of the skin.

3. A sort of lightning unaccompanied by thunder. [R.]

Wild"grave` (?), n. [G. wildgraf or D. wildgraaf. See Wild, and cf. Margrave.] A waldgrave, or head forest keeper. See Waldgrave.

> The wildgrave winds his bugle horn.

Sir W. Scott.

Wild"ing, n. (Bot.) A wild or uncultivated plant; especially, a wild apple tree or crab apple; also, the fruit of such a plant. Spenser.

> Ten ruddy wildings in the wood I found.

Dryden.

> The fruit of the tree . . . is small, of little juice, and bad quality. I presume it to be a wilding.

Landor.

Wild"ing, a. Not tame, domesticated, or cultivated; wild. [Poetic] "Wilding flowers." Tennyson.

> The ground squirrel gayly chirps by his den,
> And the wilding bee hums merrily by.

Bryant.

Wild"ish, a. Somewhat wild; rather wild. "A wildish destiny." Wordsworth.

Wild"ly, adv. In a wild manner; without cultivation; with disorder; rudely; distractedly; extravagantly.

Wild"ness, n. The quality or state of being wild; an uncultivated or untamed state; disposition to rove or go unrestrained; rudeness; savageness; irregularity; distraction.

Wild"wood (?), n. A wild or unfrequented wood. Also used adjectively; as, wildwood flowers; wildwood echoes. Burns.

Wile (?), n. [OE. wile, AS. wl; cf. Icel. v&?;l, væl. Cf. Guile.] A trick or stratagem practiced for insnaring or deception; a sly, insidious; artifice; a beguilement; an allurement.

> Put on the whole armor of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil.

Eph. vi. 11.

> Not more almighty to resist our might,
> Than wise to frustrate all our plots and wiles.

Milton.

Wile, v. t. 1. To practice artifice upon; to deceive; to beguile; to allure. [R.] Spenser.

2. To draw or turn away, as by diversion; to while or while away; to cause to pass pleasantly. Tennyson.

Wile"ful (?), a. Full of wiles; trickish; deceitful.

Wil"ful (?), a., Wil"ful*ly, adv., Wil"ful*ness, n. See Willful, Willfully, and Willfulness.

Wi"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being wily; craftiness; cunning; guile.

Wilk (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Whelk. [Obs.]

Will (?), n. [OE. wille, AS. willa; akin to OFries. willa, OS. willeo, willio, D. wil, G. wille, Icel. vili, Dan. villie, Sw. vilja, Goth wilja. See Will, v.]

1. The power of choosing; the faculty or endowment of the soul by which it is capable of choosing; the faculty or power of the mind by which we decide to do or not to do; the power or faculty of preferring or selecting one of two or more objects.

> It is necessary to form a distinct notion of what is meant by the word "volition" in order to understand the import of the word will, for this last word expresses the power of mind of which "volition" is the act.

Stewart.

> Will is an ambiguous word, being sometimes put for the faculty of willing; sometimes for the act of that faculty, besides [having] other meanings. But "volition" always signifies the act of willing, and nothing else.

Reid.

> Appetite is the will's solicitor, and the will is appetite's controller; what we covet according to the one, by the other we often reject.

Hooker.

> The will is plainly that by which the mind chooses anything.

J. Edwards.

2. The choice which is made; a determination or preference which results from the act or exercise of the power of choice; a volition.

> The word "will," however, is not always used in this its proper acceptation, but is frequently substituted for "volition", as when I say that my hand mover in obedience to my will.

Stewart.

3. The choice or determination of one who has authority; a decree; a command; discretionary pleasure.

> Thy will be done.

Matt. vi. 10.

> Our prayers should be according to the will of God.

Law.

4. Strong wish or inclination; desire; purpose.

"Inclination is another word with which will is frequently confounded. Thus, when the apothecary says, in Romeo and Juliet, —

> My poverty, but not my will, consents; . . .
> Put this in any liquid thing you will,
> And drink it off.

the word will is plainly used as, synonymous with inclination; not in the strict logical sense, as the immediate antecedent of action. It is with the same latitude that the word is used in common conversation, when we speak of doing a thing which duty prescribes, against one's own will; or when we speak of doing a thing willingly or unwillingly." Stewart.

5. That which is strongly wished or desired.

> What's your will, good friar?

Shak.

> The mariner hath his will.

Coleridge.

6. Arbitrary disposal; power to control, dispose, or determine.

> Deliver me not over unto the will of mine enemies.

Ps. xxvii. 12.

7. (Law) The legal declaration of a person's mind as to the manner in which he would have his property or estate disposed of after his death; the written instrument, legally executed, by which a man makes disposition of his estate, to take effect after his death; testament; devise. See the Note under Testament, 1.

Wills are written or nuncupative, that is, oral. See Nuncupative will, under Nuncupative.

At will (Law), at pleasure. To hold an estate at the will of another, is to enjoy the possession at his pleasure, and be liable to be ousted at any time by the lessor or proprietor. An estate at will is at the will of both parties. - - Good will. See under Good. — Ill will, enmity; unfriendliness; malevolence. - - To have one's will, to obtain what is desired; to do what one pleases. — Will worship, worship according to the dictates of the will or fancy; formal worship. [Obs.] — Will worshiper, one who offers will worship. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. — With a will, with willingness and zeal; with all one's heart or strength; earnestly; heartily.

Will (?), v. t. & auxiliary. [imp. Would (?). Indic. present, I will (Obs. I wol), thou wilt, he will (Obs. he wol); we, ye, they will.] [OE. willen, imp. wolde; akin to OS. willan, OFries. willa, D. willen, G. wollen, OHG. wollan, wellan, Icel. & Sw. vilja, Dan. ville, Goth. wiljan, OSlav. voliti, L. velle to wish, volo I wish; cf. Skr. v to choose, to prefer. Cf. Voluntary, Welcome, Well, adv.]

1. To wish; to desire; to incline to have.

> A wife as of herself no thing ne sholde [should]
> Wille in effect, but as her husband wolde [would].

Chaucer.

> Caleb said unto her, What will thou ?

Judg. i. 14.

> They would none of my counsel.

Prov. i. 30.

2. As an auxiliary, will is used to denote futurity dependent on the verb. Thus, in first person, "I will" denotes willingness, consent, promise; and when "will" is emphasized, it denotes determination or fixed purpose; as, I will go if you wish; I will go at all hazards. In the second and third persons, the idea of distinct volition, wish, or purpose is evanescent, and simple certainty is appropriately expressed; as, "You will go," or "He will go," describes a future event as a fact only. To emphasize will denotes (according to the tone or context) certain futurity or fixed determination.

Will, auxiliary, may be used elliptically for will go. "I'll to her lodgings." Marlowe.

As in shall (which see), the second and third persons may be virtually converted into the first, either by question or indirect statement, so as to receive the meaning which belongs to will in that person; thus, "Will you go?" (answer, "I will go") asks assent, requests, etc.; while "Will he go?" simply inquires concerning futurity; thus, also,"He says or thinks he will go," "You say or think you will go," both signify willingness or consent.

Would, as the preterit of will, is chiefly employed in conditional, subjunctive, or optative senses; as, he would go if he could; he could go if he would; he said that he would go; I would fain go, but can not; I would that I were young again; and other like phrases. In the last use, the first personal pronoun is often omitted; as, would that he were here; would to Heaven that it were so; and, omitting the to in such an adjuration. "Would God I had died for thee." Would is used for both present and future time, in conditional propositions, and would have for past time; as, he would go now if he were ready; if it should rain, he would not go; he would have gone, had he been able. Would not, as also will not, signifies refusal. "He was angry, and would not go in." Luke xv. 28. Would is never a past participle.

In Ireland, Scotland, and the United States, especially in the southern and western portions of the United States, shall and will, should and would, are often misused, as in the following examples: —

> I am able to devote as much time and attention to other subjects as I will [shall] be under the necessity of doing next winter.

Chalmers.

> A countryman, telling us what he had seen, remarked that if the conflagration went on, as it was doing, we would [should] have, as our next season's employment, the Old Town of Edinburgh to rebuild.

H. Miller.

> I feel assured that I will [shall] not have the misfortune to find conflicting views held by one so enlightened as your excellency.

J. Y. Mason.

<! p. 1654 !>

Will (?), v. i. To be willing; to be inclined or disposed; to be pleased; to wish; to desire.

> And behold, there came a leper and worshiped him, saying, Lord if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean. And Jesus . . . touched him, saying, I will; be thou clean.

Matt. viii. 2, 3.

This word has been confused with will, v. i., to choose, which, unlike this, is of the weak conjugation.

Will I, nill I, or Will ye, hill ye, or Will he, nill he, whether I, you, or he will it or not; hence, without choice; compulsorily; — sometimes corrupted into willy nilly. "If I must take service willy nilly." J. H. Newman. "Land for all who would till it, and reading and writing will ye, nill ye." Lowell.

Will, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Willed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Willing. Indic. present I will, thou willeth, he wills; we, ye, they will.] [Cf. AS. willian. See Will, n.]

1. To form a distinct volition of; to determine by an act of choice; to ordain; to decree. "What she will to do or say." Milton.

> By all law and reason, that which the Parliament will not, is no more established in this kingdom.

Milton.

> Two things he [God] willeth, that we should be good, and that we should be happy.

Barrow.

2. To enjoin or command, as that which is determined by an act of volition; to direct; to order. [Obs. or R.]

> They willed me say so, madam.

Shak.

> Send for music,
> And will the cooks to use their best of cunning
> To please the palate.

Beau. & Fl.

> As you go, will the lord mayor . . .
> To attend our further pleasure presently.

J. Webster.

3. To give or direct the disposal of by testament; to bequeath; to devise; as, to will one's estate to a child; also, to order or direct by testament; as, he willed that his nephew should have his watch.

Will, v. i. To exercise an act of volition; to choose; to decide; to determine; to decree.

> At Winchester he lies, so himself willed.

Robert of Brunne.

> He that shall turn his thoughts inward upon what passes in his own mind when he wills.

Locke.

> I contend for liberty as it signifies a power in man to do as he wills or pleases.

Collins.

Wil"lem*ite (?), n. [From Willem I., king of the Netherlands.] (Min.) A silicate of zinc, usually occurring massive and of a greenish yellow color, also in reddish crystals (troostite) containing manganese.

Will"er (?), n. One who wills.

Wil"let (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large North American snipe (Symphemia semipalmata); — called also pill-willet, will-willet, semipalmated tattler, or snipe, duck snipe, and stone curlew.

Carolina willet, the Hudsonian godwit.

Will"ful (?), a. [Will + full.] [Written also wilful.]

1. Of set purpose; self-determined; voluntary; as, willful murder. Foxe.

> In willful poverty chose to lead his life.

Chaucer.

> Thou to me
> Art all things under heaven, all places thou,
> Who, for my willful crime, art banished hence.

Milton.

2. Governed by the will without yielding to reason; obstinate; perverse; inflexible; stubborn; refractory; as, a willful man or horse.

— Will"ful*ly, adv. — Will"ful*ness, n.

Wil"li*er (?), n. One who works at a willying machine.

Will"ing (?), a. [From Will, v. t.]

1. Free to do or to grant; having the mind inclined; not opposed in mind; not choosing to refuse; disposed; not averse; desirous; consenting; complying; ready.

> Felix, willing to show the Jews a pleasure, left Paul bound.

Acts xxiv. 27.

> With wearied wings and willing feet.

Milton.

> [Fruit] shaken in August from the willing boughs.

Bryant.

2. Received of choice, or without reluctance; submitted to voluntarily; chosen; desired.

> [They] are held, with his melodious harmony,
> In willing chains and sweet captivity.

Milton.

3. Spontaneous; self-moved. [R.]

> No spouts of blood run willing from a tree.

Dryden.

Will"ing*ly, adv. In a willing manner; with free will; without reluctance; cheerfully. Chaucer.

> The condition of that people is not so much to be envied as some would willingly represent it.

Addison.

Will"ing*ness, n. The quality or state of being willing; free choice or consent of the will; freedom from reluctance; readiness of the mind to do or forbear.

> Sweet is the love which comes with willingness.

Dryden.

{ Wil"li*waw, Wil"ly*waw } (?), n. (Naut.) A whirlwind, or whirlwind squall, encountered in the Straits of Magellan. W. C. Russell.

Wil"lock (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common guillemot. (b) The puffin. [Prov. Eng.]

Will"-o'-the-wisp` (?), n. See Ignis fatuus.

Wil"low (?), n. [OE. wilowe, wilwe, AS. wilig, welig; akin to OD. wilge, D. wilg, LG. wilge. Cf. Willy.]

1. (Bot.) Any tree or shrub of the genus Salix, including many species, most of which are characterized often used as an emblem of sorrow, desolation, or desertion. "A wreath of willow to show my forsaken plight." Sir W. Scott. Hence, a lover forsaken by, or having lost, the person beloved, is said to wear the willow.

> And I must wear the willow garland
> For him that's dead or false to me.

Campbell.

2. (Textile Manuf.) A machine in which cotton or wool is opened and cleansed by the action of long spikes projecting from a drum which revolves within a box studded with similar spikes; — probably so called from having been originally a cylindrical cage made of willow rods, though some derive the term from winnow, as denoting the winnowing, or cleansing, action of the machine. Called also willy, twilly, twilly devil, and devil.

Almond willow, Pussy willow, Weeping willow. (Bot.) See under Almond, Pussy, and Weeping. — Willow biter (Zoöl.) the blue tit. [Prov. Eng.] — Willow fly (Zoöl.), a greenish European stone fly (Chloroperla viridis); — called also yellow Sally. — Willow gall (Zoöl.), a conical, scaly gall produced on willows by the larva of a small dipterous fly (Cecidomyia strobiloides). — Willow grouse (Zoöl.), the white ptarmigan. See ptarmigan. — Willow lark (Zoöl.), the sedge warbler. [Prov. Eng.] — Willow ptarmigan (Zoöl.) (a) The European reed bunting, or black-headed bunting. See under Reed. (b) A sparrow (Passer salicicolus) native of Asia, Africa, and Southern Europe. — Willow tea, the prepared leaves of a species of willow largely grown in the neighborhood of Shanghai, extensively used by the poorer classes of Chinese as a substitute for tea. McElrath. — Willow thrush (Zoöl.), a variety of the veery, or Wilson's thrush. See Veery. — Willow warbler (Zoöl.), a very small European warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus); — called also bee bird, haybird, golden wren, pettychaps, sweet William, Tom Thumb, and willow wren.

Wil"low (?), v. t. To open and cleanse, as cotton, flax, or wool, by means of a willow. See Willow, n., 2.

Wil"lowed (?), a. Abounding with willows; containing willows; covered or overgrown with willows. "Willowed meads." Collins.

Wil"low*er (?), n. A willow. See Willow, n., 2.

Wil"low-herb` (?), n. (Bot.) A perennial herb (Epilobium spicatum) with narrow willowlike leaves and showy rose-purple flowers. The name is sometimes made to include other species of the same genus.

Spiked willow-herb, a perennial herb (Lythrum Salicaria) with willowy leaves and spiked purplish flowers.

Wil"low*ish, a. Having the color of the willow; resembling the willow; willowy. Walton.

Wil"low-thorn` (?), n. (Bot.) A thorny European shrub (Hippophaë rhamnoides) resembling a willow.

Wil"low-weed` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A European species of loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris). (b) Any kind of Polygonum with willowlike foliage.

Wil"low-wort` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) Same as Willow-weed. (b) Any plant of the order Salicaceæ, or the Willow family.

Wil"low*y (?), a. 1. Abounding with willows.

> Where willowy Camus lingers with delight.

Gray.

2. Resembling a willow; pliant; flexible; pendent; drooping; graceful.

Will"some (?), a. [Written also wilsome.] 1. Willful; obstinate. [Obs.]

2. Fat; indolent. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

3. Doubtful; uncertain. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

— Will"some*ness, n. [Obs.]

Wil"ly (?), n. [Cf. Willow.]

1. A large wicker basket. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. (Textile Manuf.) Same as 1st Willow, 2.

Wil"ly*ing, n. The process of cleansing wool, cotton, or the like, with a willy, or willow.

Willying machine. Same as 1st Willow, 2.

Wil"ly nil"ly (?). See Will I, nill I, etc., under 3d Will.

Wil"ne (?), v. t. [AS. wilnian.] To wish; to desire. [Obs.] "He willneth no destruction." Chaucer.

Wilt (?), 2d pers. sing. of Will.

Wilt, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wilting.] [Written also welt, a modification of welk.] To begin to wither; to lose freshness and become flaccid, as a plant when exposed when exposed to drought, or to great heat in a dry day, or when separated from its root; to droop;. to wither. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.]

Wilt, v. t. 1. To cause to begin to wither; to make flaccid, as a green plant. [Prov. Eng. U. S.]

2. Hence, to cause to languish; to depress or destroy the vigor and energy of. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.]

> Despots have wilted the human race into sloth and imbecility.

Dr. T. Dwight.

Wil"ton car`pet (?). A kind of carpet woven with loops like the Brussels, but differing from it in having the loops cut so as to form an elastic velvet pile; — so called because made originally at Wilton, England.

Wil"we (?), n. Willow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wil"y (?), a. [Compar. Wilier (?); superl. Wiliest.] [From Wile.] Full of wiles, tricks, or stratagems; using craft or stratagem to accomplish a purpose; mischievously artful; subtle. "Wily and wise." Chaucer. "The wily snake." Milton.

> This false, wily, doubling disposition of mind.

South.

Syn. — Cunning; artful; sly; crafty. See Cunning.

Wim"ble (?), n. [OE. wimbil; akin to Dan. vimmel, OD. wemelen to bore. Cf. Gimlet.] An instrument for boring holes, turned by a handle. Specifically: (a) A gimlet. " It is but like the little wimble, to let in the greater auger." Selden. (b) A stonecutter's brace for boring holes in stone. (c) An auger used for boring in earth.

Wim"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wimbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wimbling (?).] To bore or pierce, as with a wimble. "A foot soldier . . . wimbled also a hole through said coffin." Wood.

Wim"ble (?), a. [Cf. Sw. vimmelkantig giddy, whimsical, dial. Sw. vimmla to be giddy or skittish, and E. whim.] Active; nimble.[Obs.] Spenser.

Wim"brel (?), n. (Zoöl.) The whimbrel.

Wim"ple (?), n. [OE. wimpel, AS. winpel; akin to D. & G. wimpel a pennant, streamer, OHG. wimpal a veil, Icel. vimpill, Dan. & Sw. vimpel a pennant, streamer; of uncertain origin. Cf. Gimp.]

1. A covering of silk, linen, or other material, for the neck and chin, formerly worn by women as an outdoor protection, and still retained in the dress of nuns.

> Full seemly her wympel ipinched is.

Chaucer.

> For she had laid her mournful stole aside,
> And widowlike sad wimple thrown away.

Spenser.

> Then Vivian rose,
> And from her brown-locked head the wimple throws.

M. Arnold.

2. A flag or streamer. Weale.

Wim"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wimpled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wimpling (?).]

1. To clothe with a wimple; to cover, as with a veil; hence, to hoodwink. "She sat ywympled well." Chaucer.

> This wimpled, whining, purblind, wayward boy.

Shak.

2. To draw down, as a veil; to lay in folds or plaits, as a veil.

3. To cause to appear as if laid in folds or plaits; to cause to ripple or undulate; as, the wind wimples the surface of water.

Wim"ple, v. i. To lie in folds; also, to appear as if laid in folds or plaits; to ripple; to undulate. "Wimpling waves." Longfellow.

> For with a veil, that wimpled everywhere,
> Her head and face was hid.

Spenser.

> With me through . . . meadows stray,
> Where wimpling waters make their way.

Ramsay.

Win (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Won (?), Obs. Wan (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Winning.] [OE. winnen, AS. winnan to strive, labor, fight, endure; akin to OFries. winna, OS. winnan, D. winnen to win, gain, G. gewinnen, OHG. winnan to strive, struggle, Icel. vinna to labor, suffer, win, Dan. vinde to win, Sw. vinna, Goth. winnan to suffer, Skr. van to wish, get, gain, conquer. √138. Cf. Venerate, Winsome, Wish, Wont, a.]

1. To gain by superiority in competition or contest; to obtain by victory over competitors or rivals; as, to win the prize in a gate; to win money; to win a battle, or to win a country. "This city for to win." Chaucer. "Who thus shall Canaan win." Milton.

> Thy well-breathed horse
> Impels the flying car, and wins the course.

Dryden.

2. To allure to kindness; to bring to compliance; to gain or obtain, as by solicitation or courtship.

> Thy virtue wan me; with virtue preserve me.

Sir P. Sidney.

> She is a woman; therefore to be won.

Shak.

3. To gain over to one's side or party; to obtain the favor, friendship, or support of; to render friendly or approving; as, to win an enemy; to win a jury.

4. To come to by toil or effort; to reach; to overtake. [Archaic]

> Even in the porch he him did win.

Spenser.

> And when the stony path began,
> By which the naked peak they wan,
> Up flew the snowy ptarmigan.

Sir W. Scott.

5. (Mining) To extract, as ore or coal. Raymond.

Syn. — To gain; get; procure; earn. See Gain.

Win, v. i. To gain the victory; to be successful; to triumph; to prevail.

> Nor is it aught but just
> That he, who in debate of truth hath won,
> should win in arms.

Milton.

To win of, to be conqueror over. [Obs.] Shak. — To win on or upon. (a) To gain favor or influence with. "You have a softness and beneficence winning on the hearts of others." Dryden. (b) To gain ground on. "The rabble . . . will in time win upon power." Shak.

Wince (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Winced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wincing (?).] [OE. wincen, winchen, OF. quencir, guenchir, guenchier, giencier, guinchier, and (assumed) winchier, winchir, to give way, to turn aside, fr. OHG. wankjan, wenken, to give way, to waver, fr. winchan to turn aside, to nod, akin to E. wink. See Wink.]

1. To shrink, as from a blow, or from pain; to flinch; to start back.

> I will not stir, nor wince, nor speak a word.

Shak.

2. To kick or flounce when unsteady, or impatient at a rider; as, a horse winces.

Wince, n. The act of one who winces.

Wince, n. [See Winch.] (Dyeing & Calico Printing) A reel used in dyeing, steeping, or washing cloth; a winch. It is placed over the division wall between two wince pits so as to allow the cloth to descend into either compartment. at will.

Wince pit, Wince pot, a tank or a pit where cloth in the process of dyeing or manufacture is washed, dipped in a mordant, or the like.

Win"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, winces, shrinks, or kicks.

Win"cey (?), n. Linsey- woolsey.

Winch (?), v. i. [See Wince.] To wince; to shrink; to kick with impatience or uneasiness.

Winch, n. A kick, as of a beast, from impatience or uneasiness. Shelton.

Winch, n. [OE. winche, AS. wince a winch, a reel to wind thread upon. Cf. Wink.]

1. A crank with a handle, for giving motion to a machine, a grindstone, etc.

2. An instrument with which to turn or strain something forcibly.

3. An axle or drum turned by a crank with a handle, or by power, for raising weights, as from the hold of a ship, from mines, etc.; a windlass.

4. A wince.

<! p. 1655 !>

Win"cing (?), n. The act of washing cloth, dipping it in dye, etc., with a wince.

Wincing machine. (a) A wince. Ure. (b) A succession of winces. See Wince. Knight.

Win"co*pipe (?), n. (Bot.) A little red flower, no doubt the pimpernel, which, when it opens in the morning, is supposed to bode a fair day. See Pimpernel.

> There is small red flower in the stubble fields, which country people call the wincopipe; which if it opens in the morning, you may be sure a fair day will follow.

Bacon.

Wind (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wound (wound) (rarely Winded); p. pr. & vb. n. Winding.] [OE. winden, AS. windan; akin to OS. windan, D. & G. winden, OHG. wintan, Icel. & Sw. vinda, Dan. vinde, Goth. windan (in comp.). Cf. Wander, Wend.]

1. To turn completely, or with repeated turns; especially, to turn about something fixed; to cause to form convolutions about anything; to coil; to twine; to twist; to wreathe; as, to wind thread on a spool or into a ball.

> Whether to wind
> The woodbine round this arbor.

Milton.

2. To entwist; to infold; to encircle.

> Sleep, and I will wind thee in arms.

Shak.

3. To have complete control over; to turn and bend at one's pleasure; to vary or alter or will; to regulate; to govern. "To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus." Shak.

> In his terms so he would him wind.

Chaucer.

> Gifts blind the wise, and bribes do please
> And wind all other witnesses.

Herrick.

> Were our legislature vested in the prince, he might wind and turn our constitution at his pleasure.

Addison.

4. To introduce by insinuation; to insinuate.

> You have contrived . . . to wind
> Yourself into a power tyrannical.

Shak.

> Little arts and dexterities they have to wind in such things into discourse.

Gov. of Tongue.

5. To cover or surround with something coiled about; as, to wind a rope with twine.

To wind off, to unwind; to uncoil. — To wind out, to extricate. [Obs.] Clarendon. — To wind up. (a) To coil into a ball or small compass, as a skein of thread; to coil completely. (b) To bring to a conclusion or settlement; as, to wind up one's affairs; to wind up an argument. (c) To put in a state of renewed or continued motion, as a clock, a watch, etc., by winding the spring, or that which carries the weight; hence, to prepare for continued movement or action; to put in order anew. "Fate seemed to wind him up for fourscore years." Dryden. "Thus they wound up his temper to a pitch." Atterbury. (d) To tighten (the strings) of a musical instrument, so as to tune it. "Wind up the slackened strings of thy lute." Waller.

Wind (?), v. i. 1. To turn completely or repeatedly; to become coiled about anything; to assume a convolved or spiral form; as, vines wind round a pole.

> So swift your judgments turn and wind.

Dryden.

2. To have a circular course or direction; to crook; to bend; to meander; as, to wind in and out among trees.

> And where the valley winded out below,
> The murmuring main was heard, and scarcely heard, to flow.

Thomson.

> He therefore turned him to the steep and rocky path which . . . winded through the thickets of wild boxwood and other low aromatic shrubs.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To go to the one side or the other; to move this way and that; to double on one's course; as, a hare pursued turns and winds.

> The lowing herd wind &?;lowly o'er the lea.

Gray.

> To wind out, to extricate one's self; to escape.
> Long struggling underneath are they could wind
> Out of such prison.

Milton.

Wind (?), n. The act of winding or turning; a turn; a bend; a twist; a winding.

Wind (wnd, in poetry and singing often wnd; 277), n. [AS. wind; akin to OS., OFries., D., & G. wind, OHG. wint, Dan. & Sw. vind, Icel. vindr, Goth winds, W. gwynt, L. ventus, Skr. vta (cf. Gr. 'ah`ths a blast, gale, 'ah^nai to breathe hard, to blow, as the wind); originally a p. pr. from the verb seen in Skr. v to blow, akin to AS. wwan, D. waaijen, G. wehen, OHG. wen, wjen, Goth. waian. √131. Cf. Air, Ventail, Ventilate, Window, Winnow.]

1. Air naturally in motion with any degree of velocity; a current of air.

> Except wind stands as never it stood,
> It is an ill wind that turns none to good.

Tusser.

> Winds were soft, and woods were green.

Longfellow.

2. Air artificially put in motion by any force or action; as, the wind of a cannon ball; the wind of a bellows.

3. Breath modulated by the respiratory and vocal organs, or by an instrument.

> Their instruments were various in their kind,
> Some for the bow, and some for breathing wind.

Dryden.

4. Power of respiration; breath.

> If my wind were but long enough to say my prayers, I would repent.

Shak.

5. Air or gas generated in the stomach or bowels; flatulence; as, to be troubled with wind.

6. Air impregnated with an odor or scent.

> A pack of dogfish had him in the wind.

Swift.

7. A direction from which the wind may blow; a point of the compass; especially, one of the cardinal points, which are often called the four winds.

> Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe upon these slain.

Ezek. xxxvii. 9.

This sense seems to have had its origin in the East. The Hebrews gave to each of the four cardinal points the name of wind.

8. (Far.) A disease of sheep, in which the intestines are distended with air, or rather affected with a violent inflammation. It occurs immediately after shearing.

9. Mere breath or talk; empty effort; idle words.

> Nor think thou with wind
> Of airy threats to awe.

Milton.

10. (Zoöl.) The dotterel. [Prov. Eng.]

Wind is often used adjectively, or as the first part of compound words.

All in the wind. (Naut.) See under All, n. — Before the wind. (Naut.) See under Before. — Between wind and water (Naut.), in that part of a ship's side or bottom which is frequently brought above water by the rolling of the ship, or fluctuation of the water's surface. Hence, colloquially, (as an injury to that part of a vessel, in an engagement, is particularly dangerous) the vulnerable part or point of anything. — Cardinal winds. See under Cardinal, a. - - Down the wind. (a) In the direction of, and moving with, the wind; as, birds fly swiftly down the wind. (b) Decaying; declining; in a state of decay. [Obs.] "He went down the wind still." L'Estrange. — In the wind's eye (Naut.), directly toward the point from which the wind blows. — Three sheets in the wind, unsteady from drink. [Sailors' Slang] — To be in the wind, to be suggested or expected; to be a matter of suspicion or surmise. [Colloq.] — To carry the wind (Man.), to toss the nose as high as the ears, as a horse. — To raise the wind, to procure money. [Colloq.] — To take, or have, the wind, to gain or have the advantage. Bacon. — To take the wind out of one's sails, to cause one to stop, or lose way, as when a vessel intercepts the wind of another. [Colloq.] — To take wind, or To get wind, to be divulged; to become public; as, the story got wind, or took wind. — Wind band (Mus.), a band of wind instruments; a military band; the wind instruments of an orchestra. — Wind chest (Mus.), a chest or reservoir of wind in an organ. — Wind dropsy. (Med.) (a) Tympanites. (b) Emphysema of the subcutaneous areolar tissue. — Wind egg, an imperfect, unimpregnated, or addled egg. — Wind furnace. See the Note under Furnace. — Wind gauge. See under Gauge. — Wind gun. Same as Air gun. — Wind hatch (Mining), the opening or place where the ore is taken out of the earth. — Wind instrument (Mus.), an instrument of music sounded by means of wind, especially by means of the breath, as a flute, a clarinet, etc. — Wind pump, a pump moved by a windmill. — Wind rose, a table of the points of the compass, giving the states of the barometer, etc., connected with winds from the different directions. — Wind sail. (a) (Naut.) A wide tube or funnel of canvas, used to convey a stream of air for ventilation into the lower compartments of a vessel. (b) The sail or vane of a windmill. — Wind shake, a crack or incoherence in timber produced by violent winds while the timber was growing. — Wind shock, a wind shake. — Wind side, the side next the wind; the windward side. [R.] Mrs. Browning. — Wind rush (Zoöl.), the redwing. [Prov. Eng.] — Wind wheel, a motor consisting of a wheel moved by wind. — Wood wind (Mus.), the flutes and reed instruments of an orchestra, collectively.

Wind (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Winded; p. pr. & vb. n. Winding.]

1. To expose to the wind; to winnow; to ventilate.

2. To perceive or follow by the scent; to scent; to nose; as, the hounds winded the game.

3. (a) To drive hard, or force to violent exertion, as a horse, so as to render scant of wind; to put out of breath. (b) To rest, as a horse, in order to allow the breath to be recovered; to breathe.

To wind a ship (Naut.), to turn it end for end, so that the wind strikes it on the opposite side.

Wind (?), v. t. [From Wind, moving air, but confused in sense and in conjugation with wind to turn.] [imp. & p. p. Wound (wound), R. Winded; p. pr. & vb. n. Winding.] To blow; to sound by blowing; esp., to sound with prolonged and mutually involved notes. "Hunters who wound their horns." Pennant.

> Ye vigorous swains, while youth ferments your blood, . . .
> Wind the shrill horn.

Pope.

> That blast was winded by the king.

Sir W. Scott.

Wind"age (?), n. [From Wind air in motion.]

1. (Gun.) The difference between the diameter of the bore of a gun and that of the shot fired from it.

2. The sudden compression of the air caused by a projectile in passing close to another body.

Wind"as (?), n. See 3d Windlass. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wind"bore` (?), n. The lower, or bottom, pipe in a lift of pumps in a mine. Ansted.

Wind"bound` (?), a. (Naut.) prevented from sailing, by a contrary wind. See Weatherbound.

Wind"-break` (?), v. t. To break the wind of; to cause to lose breath; to exhaust. [R.]

> 'T would wind-break a mule to vie burdens with her.

Ford.

Wind"-break`, n. A clump of trees serving for a protection against the force of wind. [Local, U. S.]

Wind"-bro`ken (?), a. Having the power of breathing impaired by the rupture, dilatation, or running together of air cells of the lungs, so that while the inspiration is by one effort, the expiration is by two; affected with pulmonary emphysema or with heaves; — said of a horse. Youatt.

Wind"er (?), n. [From Wind to turn.]

1. One who, or that which, winds; hence, a creeping or winding plant.

2. An apparatus used for winding silk, cotton, etc., on spools, bobbins, reels, or the like.

3. (Arch.) One in a flight of steps which are curved in plan, so that each tread is broader at one end than at the other; — distinguished from flyer.

Wind"er (?), v. t. & i. [Prov. E. winder a fan, and to winnow. &?;. Cf. Winnow.] To fan; to clean grain with a fan. [Prov. Eng.]

Wind"er, n. A blow taking away the breath. [Slang]

Wind"er, v. i. To wither; to fail. [Obs.] Holland.

Wind"fall` (?), n. 1. Anything blown down or off by the wind, as fruit from a tree, or the tree itself, or a portion of a forest prostrated by a violent wind, etc. "They became a windfall upon the sudden." Bacon.

2. An unexpected legacy, or other gain.

> He had a mighty windfall out of doubt.

B. Jonson.

Wind"fall`en (?), a. Blown down by the wind.

Wind"-fer`ti*lized (?), a. (Bot.) Anemophilous; fertilized by pollen borne by the wind.

Wind"flow`er (?), n. (Bot.) The anemone; — so called because formerly supposed to open only when the wind was blowing. See Anemone.

Wind"gall` (?), n. (Far.) A soft tumor or synovial swelling on the fetlock joint of a horse; — so called from having formerly been supposed to contain air.

Wind"hov`er (?), n. [From its habit of hovering over one spot.] (Zoöl.) The kestrel; — called also windbibber, windcuffer, windfanner. [Prov. Eng.]

Wind"i*ness (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being windy or tempestuous; as, the windiness of the weather or the season.

2. Fullness of wind; flatulence.

3. Tendency to generate wind or gas; tendency to produce flatulence; as, the windiness of vegetables.

4. Tumor; puffiness.

> The swelling windiness of much knowledge.

Brerewood.

Wind"ing (?), n. [From Wind to blow.] (Naut.) A call by the boatswain's whistle.

Wind"ing, a. [From Wind to twist.] Twisting from a direct line or an even surface; circuitous. Keble.

Wind"ing, n. A turn or turning; a bend; a curve; flexure; meander; as, the windings of a road or stream.

> To nurse the saplings tall, and curl the grove
> With ringlets quaint, and wanton windings wove.

Milton.

Winding engine, an engine employed in mining to draw up buckets from a deep pit; a hoisting engine. — Winding sheet, a sheet in which a corpse is wound or wrapped. — Winding tackle (Naut.), a tackle consisting of a fixed triple block, and a double or triple movable block, used for hoisting heavy articles in or out of a vessel. Totten.

Wind"ing*ly, adv. In a winding manner.

Wind"lace (?), n. & v. See Windlass. [Obs.]

> Two arblasts, . . . with windlaces and quarrels.

Sir W. Scott.

Wind"lass (?), n.[Perhaps from wind to turn + lace.] A winding and circuitous way; a roundabout course; a shift.

Wind"lass, v. i. To take a roundabout course; to work warily or by indirect means. [Obs.] Hammond.

Wind"lass, n. [OE. windelas, windas, Icel. vindilss, vinds, fr. vinda to wind + ss a pole; cf. Goth. ans a beam. See Wind to turn.]

1. A machine for raising weights, consisting of a horizontal cylinder or roller moving on its axis, and turned by a crank, lever, or similar means, so as to wind up a rope or chain attached to the weight. In vessels the windlass is often used instead of the capstan for raising the anchor. It is usually set upon the forecastle, and is worked by hand or steam.

2. An apparatus resembling a winch or windlass, for bending the bow of an arblast, or crossbow. [Obs.] Shak.

Chinese windlass. See Differential windlass, under Differential.

Wind"lass, v. t. & i. To raise with, or as with, a windlass; to use a windlass. The Century.

Win"dle (?), n. [From Wind to turn.]

1. A spindle; a kind of reel; a winch.

2. (Zoöl.) The redwing. [Prov. Eng.]

Wind"less (?), a. 1. Having no wind; calm.

2. Wanting wind; out of breath.

{ Win"dle*strae` (?), Win"dle*straw` (?) }, n. (Bot.) A grass used for making ropes or for plaiting, esp. Agrostis Spica-ventis. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Shelley.

Wind"mill` (?), n. A mill operated by the power of the wind, usually by the action of the wind upon oblique vanes or sails which radiate from a horizontal shaft. Chaucer.

Win"dore (?), n. [A corrupt. of window; or perh. coined on the wrong assumption that window is from wind + door.] A window. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Win"dow (?), n. [OE. windowe, windoge, Icel. vindauga window, properly, wind eye; akin to Dan. vindue. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Wind, n., and Eye.]

1. An opening in the wall of a building for the admission of light and air, usually closed by casements or sashes containing some transparent material, as glass, and capable of being opened and shut at pleasure.

> I leaped from the window of the citadel.

Shak.

> Then to come, in spite of sorrow,
> And at my window bid good morrow.

Milton.

2. (Arch.) The shutter, casement, sash with its fittings, or other framework, which closes a window opening.

3. A figure formed of lines crossing each other. [R.]

> Till he has windows on his bread and butter.

King.

<! p. 1656 !>

French window (Arch.), a casement window in two folds, usually reaching to the floor; — called also French casement. — Window back (Arch.), the inside face of the low, and usually thin, piece of wall between the window sill and the floor below. — Window blind, a blind or shade for a window. — Window bole, part of a window closed by a shutter which can be opened at will. [Scot.] — Window box, one of the hollows in the sides of a window frame for the weights which counterbalance a lifting sash. — Window frame, the frame of a window which receives and holds the sashes or casement. — Window glass, panes of glass for windows; the kind of glass used in windows. — Window martin (Zoöl.), the common European martin. [Prov. Eng.] — Window oyster (Zoöl.), a marine bivalve shell (Placuna placenta) native of the East Indies and China. Its valves are very broad, thin, and translucent, and are said to have been used formerly in place of glass. — Window pane. (a) (Arch.) See Pane, n., 3 (b). (b) (Zoöl.) See Windowpane, in the Vocabulary. — Window sash, the sash, or light frame, in which panes of glass are set for windows. — Window seat, a seat arranged in the recess of a window. See Window stool, under Stool. — Window shade, a shade or blind for a window; usually, one that is hung on a roller. — Window shell (Zoöl.), the window oyster. — Window shutter, a shutter or blind used to close or darken windows. — Window sill (Arch.), the flat piece of wood, stone, or the like, at the bottom of a window frame. — Window swallow (Zoöl.), the common European martin. [Prov. Eng.] — Window tax, a tax or duty formerly levied on all windows, or openings for light, above the number of eight in houses standing in cities or towns. [Eng.]

Win"dow (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Windowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Windowing.]

1. To furnish with windows.

2. To place at or in a window. [R.]

> Wouldst thou be windowed in great Rome and see
> Thy master thus with pleach'd arms, bending down
> His corrigible neck?

Shak.

Win"dowed (?), a. Having windows or openings. [R.] "Looped and windowed raggedness." Shak.

Win"dow*less, a. Destitute of a window. Carlyle.

Win"dow*pane` (?), n. 1. (Arch.) See Pane, n., (3) b. [In this sense, written also window pane.]

2. (Zoöl.) A thin, spotted American turbot (Pleuronectes maculatus) remarkable for its translucency. It is not valued as a food fish. Called also spotted turbot, daylight, spotted sand flounder, and water flounder.

Win"dow*y (?), a. Having little crossings or openings like the sashes of a window. [R.] Donne.

Wind"pipe` (?), n. (Anat.) The passage for the breath from the larynx to the lungs; the trachea; the weasand. See Illust. under Lung.

Wind"-plant` (?), n. (Bot.) A windflower.

Wind"-rode` (?), a. (Naut.) Caused to ride or drive by the wind in opposition to the course of the tide; — said of a vessel lying at anchor, with wind and tide opposed to each other. Totten.

Wind"row` (?), n. [Wind + row.]

1. A row or line of hay raked together for the purpose of being rolled into cocks or heaps.

2. Sheaves of grain set up in a row, one against another, that the wind may blow between them. [Eng.]

3. The green border of a field, dug up in order to carry the earth on other land to mend it. [Eng.]

Wind"row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Windrowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Windrowing.] To arrange in lines or windrows, as hay when newly made. Forby.

Wind"sor (?), n. A town in Berkshire, England.

Windsor bean. (Bot.) See under Bean. — Windsor chair, a kind of strong, plain, polished, wooden chair. Simmonds. — Windsor soap, a scented soap well known for its excellence.

Wind"storm (?), n. A storm characterized by high wind with little or no rain.

Wind"-suck`er (?), n. 1. (Far.) A horse given to wind-sucking Law.

2. (Zoöl.) The kestrel. B. Jonson.

Wind"-suck`ing, n. (Far.) A vicious habit of a horse, consisting in the swallowing of air; — usually associated with crib-biting, or cribbing. See Cribbing, 4.

Wind"tight` (?), a. So tight as to prevent the passing through of wind. Bp. Hall.

Wind"ward (?), n. The point or side from which the wind blows; as, to ply to the windward; — opposed to leeward.

To lay an anchor to the windward, a figurative expression, signifying to adopt precautionary or anticipatory measures for success or security.

Wind"ward, a. Situated toward the point from which the wind blows; as, the Windward Islands.

Wind"ward, adv. Toward the wind; in the direction from which the wind blows.

Wind"y (?), a. [Compar. Windier (?); superl. Windiest.] [AS. windig.]

1. Consisting of wind; accompanied or characterized by wind; exposed to wind. "The windy hill." M. Arnold.

> Blown with the windy tempest of my heart.

Shak.

2. Next the wind; windward.

> It keeps on the windy side of care.

Shak.

3. Tempestuous; boisterous; as, windy weather.

4. Serving to occasion wind or gas in the intestines; flatulent; as, windy food.

5. Attended or caused by wind, or gas, in the intestines. "A windy colic." Arbuthnot.

6. Fig.: Empty; airy. "Windy joy." Milton.

> Here's that windy applause, that poor, transitory pleasure, for which I was dishonored.

South.

Wine (?), n. [OE. win, AS. win, fr. L. vinum (cf. Icel. vn; all from the Latin); akin to Gr. o'i^nos, &?;, and E. withy. Cf. Vine, Vineyard, Vinous, Withy.]

1. The expressed juice of grapes, esp. when fermented; a beverage or liquor prepared from grapes by squeezing out their juice, and (usually) allowing it to ferment. "Red wine of Gascoigne." Piers Plowman.

> Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging, and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise.

Prov. xx. 1.

> Bacchus, that first from out the purple grape
> Crushed the sweet poison of misused wine.

Milton.

Wine is essentially a dilute solution of ethyl alcohol, containing also certain small quantities of ethers and ethereal salts which give character and bouquet. According to their color, strength, taste, etc., wines are called red, white, spirituous, dry, light, still, etc.

2. A liquor or beverage prepared from the juice of any fruit or plant by a process similar to that for grape wine; as, currant wine; gooseberry wine; palm wine.

3. The effect of drinking wine in excess; intoxication.

> Noah awoke from his wine.

Gen. ix. 24.

Birch wine, Cape wine, etc. See under Birch, Cape, etc. — Spirit of wine. See under Spirit. — To have drunk wine of ape or wine ape, to be so drunk as to be foolish. [Obs.] Chaucer. — Wine acid. (Chem.) See Tartaric acid, under Tartaric. [Colloq.] — Wine apple (Bot.), a large red apple, with firm flesh and a rich, vinous flavor. — Wine bag, a wine skin. — Wine biscuit, a kind of sweet biscuit served with wine. — Wine cask, a cask for holding wine, or which holds, or has held, wine. — Wine cellar, a cellar adapted or used for storing wine. — Wine cooler, a vessel of porous earthenware used to cool wine by the evaporation of water; also, a stand for wine bottles, containing ice. — Wine fly (Zoöl.), small two-winged fly of the genus Piophila, whose larva lives in wine, cider, and other fermented liquors. — Wine grower, one who cultivates a vineyard and makes wine. — Wine measure, the measure by which wines and other spirits are sold, smaller than beer measure. — Wine merchant, a merchant who deals in wines. — Wine of opium (Pharm.), a solution of opium in aromatized sherry wine, having the same strength as ordinary laudanum; — also Sydenham's laudanum. — Wine press, a machine or apparatus in which grapes are pressed to extract their juice. — Wine skin, a bottle or bag of skin, used, in various countries, for carrying wine. — Wine stone, a kind of crust deposited in wine casks. See 1st Tartar, 1. — Wine vault. (a) A vault where wine is stored. (b) A place where wine is served at the bar, or at tables; a dramshop. Dickens. — Wine vinegar, vinegar made from wine. — Wine whey, whey made from milk coagulated by the use of wine.

Wine"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The red currant. (b) The bilberry. (c) A peculiar New Zealand shrub (Coriaria ruscifolia), in which the petals ripen and afford an abundant purple juice from which a kind of wine is made. The plant also grows in Chili.

Wine"bib`ber (?), n. One who drinks much wine. Prov. xxiii. 20. — Wine"bib`bing (#), n.

Wine"glass` (?), n. A small glass from which to drink wine.

Wine"glass`ful (?);, n. pl. Wineglassfuls (&?;). As much as a wineglass will hold; enough to fill a wineglass. It is usually reckoned at two fluid ounces, or four tablespoonfuls.

Wine"less, a. destitute of wine; as, wineless life.

Win"er*y (?), n. [Cf. F. vinerie.] A place where grapes are converted into wine.

Wing (?), n. [OE. winge, wenge; probably of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. & Sw. vinge, Icel. vængr.]

1. One of the two anterior limbs of a bird, pterodactyl, or bat. They correspond to the arms of man, and are usually modified for flight, but in the case of a few species of birds, as the ostrich, auk, etc., the wings are used only as an assistance in running or swimming.

> As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her wings.

Deut. xxxii. 11.

In the wing of a bird the long quill feathers are in series. The primaries are those attached to the ulnar side of the hand; the secondaries, or wing coverts, those of the forearm: the scapulars, those that lie over the humerus; and the bastard feathers, those of the short outer digit. See Illust. of Bird, and Plumage.

2. Any similar member or instrument used for the purpose of flying. Specifically: (Zoöl.) (a) One of the two pairs of upper thoracic appendages of most hexapod insects. They are broad, fanlike organs formed of a double membrane and strengthened by chitinous veins or nervures. (b) One of the large pectoral fins of the flying fishes.

3. Passage by flying; flight; as, to take wing.

> Light thickens; and the crow
> Makes wing to the rooky wood.

Shak.

4. Motive or instrument of flight; means of flight or of rapid motion.

> Fiery expedition be my wing.

Shak.

5. Anything which agitates the air as a wing does, or which is put in winglike motion by the action of the air, as a fan or vane for winnowing grain, the vane or sail of a windmill, etc.

6. An ornament worn on the shoulder; a small epaulet or shoulder knot.

7. Any appendage resembling the wing of a bird or insect in shape or appearance. Specifically: (a) (Zoöl.) One of the broad, thin, anterior lobes of the foot of a pteropod, used as an organ in swimming. (b) (Bot.) Any membranaceous expansion, as that along the sides of certain stems, or of a fruit of the kind called samara. (c) (Bot.) Either of the two side petals of a papilionaceous flower.

8. One of two corresponding appendages attached; a sidepiece. Hence: (a) (Arch.) A side building, less than the main edifice; as, one of the wings of a palace. (b) (Fort.) The longer side of crownworks, etc., connecting them with the main work. (c) (Hort.) A side shoot of a tree or plant; a branch growing up by the side of another. [Obs.] (d) (Mil.) The right or left division of an army, regiment, etc. (e) (Naut.) That part of the hold or orlop of a vessel which is nearest the sides. In a fleet, one of the extremities when the ships are drawn up in line, or when forming the two sides of a triangle. Totten. (f) One of the sides of the stags in a theater.

On the wing. (a) Supported by, or flying with, the wings another. — On the wings of the wind, with the utmost velocity. — Under the wing, or wings, of, under the care or protection of. — Wing and wing (Naut.), with sails hauled out on either side; — said of a schooner, or her sails, when going before the wind with the foresail on one side and the mainsail on the other; also said of a square-rigged vessel which has her studding sails set. Cf. Goosewinged. — Wing case (Zoöl.), one of the anterior wings of beetles, and of some other insects, when thickened and used to protect the hind wings; an elytron; — called also wing cover. — Wing covert (Zoöl.), one of the small feathers covering the bases of the wing quills. See Covert, n., 2. — Wing gudgeon (Mach.), an iron gudgeon for the end of a wooden axle, having thin, broad projections to prevent it from turning in the wood. See Illust. of Gudgeon. — Wing shell (Zoöl.), wing case of an insect. — Wing stroke, the stroke or sweep of a wing. — Wing transom (Naut.), the uppermost transom of the stern; - - called also main transom. J. Knowles.

Wing (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Winged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Winging.] 1. To furnish with wings; to enable to fly, or to move with celerity.

> Who heaves old ocean, and whowings the storms.

Pope.

> Living, to wing with mirth the weary hours.

Longfellow.

2. To supply with wings or sidepieces.

> The main battle, whose puissance on either side
> Shall be well winged with our chiefest horse.

Shak.

3. To transport by flight; to cause to fly.

> I, an old turtle,
> Will wing me to some withered bough.

Shak.

4. To move through in flight; to fly through.

> There's not an arrow wings the sky
> But fancy turns its point to him.

Moore.

5. To cut off the wings of; to wound in the wing; to disable a wing of; as, to wing a bird.

To wing a flight, to exert the power of flying; to fly.

Winged (?), a. 1. Furnished with wings; transported by flying; having winglike expansions.

2. Soaring with wings, or as if with wings; hence, elevated; lofty; sublime. [R.]

> How winged the sentiment that virtue is to be followed for its own sake.

J. S. Harford.

3. Swift; rapid. "Bear this sealed brief with winged haste to the lord marshal." Shak.

4. Wounded or hurt in the wing.

5. (Bot.) Furnished with a leaflike appendage, as the fruit of the elm and the ash, or the stem in certain plants; alate.

6. (Her.) Represented with wings, or having wings, of a different tincture from the body.

7. Fanned with wings; swarming with birds. "The winged air darked with plumes." Milton.

Wing"er (?), n. (Naut.) One of the casks stowed in the wings of a vessel's hold, being smaller than such as are stowed more amidships. Totten.

Wing"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A sea robin having large, winglike pectoral fins. See Sea robin, under Robin.

Wing"-foot`ed (?), a. 1. Having wings attached to the feet; as, wing-footed Mercury; hence, swift; moving with rapidity; fleet. Drayton.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having part or all of the feet adapted for flying. (b) Having the anterior lobes of the foot so modified as to form a pair of winglike swimming organs; — said of the pteropod mollusks.

Wing"-hand`ed (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the anterior limbs or hands adapted for flight, as the bats and pterodactyls.

Wing"-leaved` (?), a. (Bot.) Having pinnate or pinnately divided leaves.

Wing"less, a. Having no wings; not able to ascend or fly.

Wingless bird (Zoöl.), the apteryx.

Wing"let (?), n. 1. A little wing; a very small wing.

2. (Zoöl.) A bastard wing, or alula.

Wing"man*ship (?), n. [From Wing, in imitation of horsemanship.] Power or skill in flying. [R.] Duke of Argyll.

Wing"-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of various species of marine bivalve shells belonging to the genus Avicula, in which the hinge border projects like a wing. (b) Any marine gastropod shell of the genus Strombus. See Strombus. (c) Any pteropod shell.

Wing"y, a. 1. Having wings; rapid.

> With wingy speed outstrip the eastern wind.

Addison.

2. Soaring with wings, or as if with wings; volatile airy. [Obs. or R.]

> Those wingy mysteries in divinity.

Sir T. Browne.

<! p. 1657 !>

Wink (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Winked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Winking.] [OE. winken, AS. wincian; akin to D. wenken, G. winken to wink, nod, beckon, OHG. winchan, Sw. vinka, Dan. vinke, AS. wancol wavering, OHG. wanchal wavering, wanch&?;n to waver, G. wanken, and perhaps to E. weak; cf. AS. wincel a corner. Cf. Wench, Wince, v. i.]

1. To nod; to sleep; to nap. [Obs.] "Although I wake or wink." Chaucer.

2. To shut the eyes quickly; to close the eyelids with a quick motion.

> He must wink, so loud he would cry.

Chaucer.

> And I will wink, so shall the day seem night.

Shak.

> They are not blind, but they wink.

Tillotson.

3. To close and open the eyelids quickly; to nictitate; to blink.

> A baby of some three months old, who winked, and turned aside its little face from the too vivid light of day.

Hawthorne.

4. To give a hint by a motion of the eyelids, often those of one eye only.

> Wink at the footman to leave him without a plate.

Swift.

5. To avoid taking notice, as if by shutting the eyes; to connive at anything; to be tolerant; — generally with at.

> The times of this ignorance God winked at.

Acts xvii. 30.

> And yet, as though he knew it not,
> His knowledge winks, and lets his humors reign.

Herbert.

> Obstinacy can not be winked at, but must be subdued.

Locke.

6. To be dim and flicker; as, the light winks.

Winking monkey (Zoöl.), the white- nosed monkey (Cersopithecus nictitans).

Wink, v. t. To cause (the eyes) to wink.[Colloq.]

Wink, n. 1. The act of closing, or closing and opening, the eyelids quickly; hence, the time necessary for such an act; a moment.

> I have not slept one wink.

Shak.

> I could eclipse and cloud them with a wink.

Donne.

2. A hint given by shutting the eye with a significant cast. Sir. P. Sidney.

> The stockjobber thus from Change Alley goes down,
> And tips you, the freeman, a wink.

Swift.

Wink"er (?), n. 1. One who winks. Pope.

2. A horse's blinder; a blinker.

Wink"ing*ly, adv. In a winking manner; with the eye almost closed. Peacham.

Win"kle (?), n. [AS. wincle.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any periwinkle. Holland. (b) Any one of various marine spiral gastropods, esp., in the United States, either of two species of Fulgar (F. canaliculata, and F. carica).

These are large mollusks which often destroy large numbers of oysters by drilling their shells and sucking their blood.

Sting winkle, a European spinose marine shell (Murex erinaceus). See Illust. of Murex.

Win"kle-hawk` (?), n. [D. winkel-haak a carpenter's square.] A rectangular rent made in cloth; — called also winkle-hole. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Win"nard 2, n. The redwing. [Prov. Eng.]

Win`ne*ba"goes (?), n.; sing. Winnebago (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians who originally occupied the region about Green Bay, Lake Michigan, but were driven back from the lake and nearly exterminated in 1640 by the IIlinnois.

Win"ner (?), n. One who wins, or gains by success in competition, contest, or gaming.

Win"ning (?), a. Attracting; adapted to gain favor; charming; as, a winning address. "Each mild and winning note." Keble.

Win"ning, n. 1. The act of obtaining something, as in a contest or by competition.

2. The money, etc., gained by success in competition or contest, esp, in gambling; — usually in the plural.

> Ye seek land and sea for your winnings.

Chaucer.

3. (Mining) (a) A new opening. (b) The portion of a coal field out for working.

Winning headway (Mining), an excavation for exploration, in post-and-stall working. — Winning post, the post, or goal, at the end of a race.

Win"ning*ly, adv. In a winning manner.

Win"ning*ness, n. The quality or state of being winning. "Winningness in style." J. Morley.

Win"nin*ish (?), n. (Zoöl.) The land-locked variety of the common salmon. [Canada]

Win"now (wn"n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Winnowed (-nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Winnowing.] [OE. windewen, winewen, AS. windwian; akin to Goth. winpjan (in comp.), winpi- skauro a fan, L. ventilare to fan, to winnow; cf. L. wannus a fan for winnowing, G. wanne, OHG. wanna. √131. See Wind moving air, and cf. Fan., n., Ventilate.]

1. To separate, and drive off, the chaff from by means of wind; to fan; as, to winnow grain.

> Ho winnoweth barley to-night in the threshing floor.

Ruth. iii. 2.

2. To sift, as for the purpose of separating falsehood from truth; to separate, as bad from good.

> Winnow well this thought, and you shall find
> This light as chaff that flies before the wind.

Dryden.

3. To beat with wings, or as with wings.[Poetic]

> Now on the polar winds; then with quick fan
> Winnows the buxom air.

Milton.

Win"now (?), v. i. To separate chaff from grain.

> Winnow not with every wind.

Ecclus. v. 9.

Win"now*er (?), n. One who, or that which, winnows; specifically, a winnowing machine.

Win"now*ing, n. The act of one who, or that which, winnows.

Win"row` (?), n. A windrow.

Win"sing (?), a. Winsome. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Win"some (?), a. [Compar. Winsomer (?); superl. Winsomest.] [AS. wynsum, fr. wynn joy; akin to OS. wunnia, OHG. wunna, wunni, G. wonne, Goth. wunan to rejoice (in unwunands sad), AS. wunian to dwell. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Win, v. t., Wont, a.]

1. Cheerful; merry; gay; light-hearted.

> Misled by ill example, and a winsome nature.

Jeffrey.

2. Causing joy or pleasure; gladsome; pleasant.

> Still plotting how their hungry ear
> That winsome voice again might hear.

Emerson.

Win"some*ness, n. The characteristic of being winsome; attractiveness of manner. J. R. Green.

Win"ter (?), n. [AS. winter; akin to OFries. & D. winter, OS. & OHG. wintar, G. winter, D. & Sw. vinter, Icel. vetr, Goth. wintrus; of uncertain origin; cf. Old Gallic vindo- white (in comp.), OIr. find white. &?;&?;&?;&?;.]

1. The season of the year in which the sun shines most obliquely upon any region; the coldest season of the year. "Of thirty winter he was old." Chaucer.

> And after summer evermore succeeds
> Barren winter, with his wrathful nipping cold.

Shak.

> Winter lingering chills the lap of May.

Goldsmith.

North of the equator, winter is popularly taken to include the months of December, January, and February (see Season). Astronomically, it may be considered to begin with the winter solstice, about December 21st, and to end with the vernal equinox, about March 21st.

2. The period of decay, old age, death, or the like.

> Life's autumn past, I stand on winter's verge.

Wordsworth.

Winter apple, an apple that keeps well in winter, or that does not ripen until winter. — Winter barley, a kind of barley that is sown in autumn. — Winter berry (Bot.), the name of several American shrubs (Ilex verticillata, I. lævigata, etc.) of the Holly family, having bright red berries conspicuous in winter. — Winter bloom. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Azalea. (b) A plant of the genus Hamamelis (H. Viginica); witch-hazel; — so called from its flowers appearing late in autumn, while the leaves are falling. — Winter bud (Zoöl.), a statoblast. — Winter cherry (Bot.), a plant (Physalis Alkekengi) of the Nightshade family, which has, a red berry inclosed in the inflated and persistent calyx. See Alkekengi. — Winter cough (Med.), a form of chronic bronchitis marked by a cough recurring each winter. — Winter cress (Bot.), a yellow-flowered cruciferous plant (Barbarea vulgaris). — Winter crop, a crop which will bear the winter, or which may be converted into fodder during the winter. — Winter duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail. (b) The old squaw. — Winter egg (Zoöl.), an egg produced in the autumn by many invertebrates, and destined to survive the winter. Such eggs usually differ from the summer eggs in having a thicker shell, and often in being enveloped in a protective case. They sometimes develop in a manner different from that of the summer eggs. — Winter fallow, ground that is fallowed in winter. — Winter fat. (Bot.) Same as White sage, under White. — Winter fever (Med.), pneumonia. [Colloq.] — Winter flounder. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Flounder. — Winter gull (Zoöl.), the common European gull; — called also winter mew. [Prov. Eng.] — Winter itch. (Med.) See Prarie itch, under Prairie. — Winter lodge, or Winter lodgment. (Bot.) Same as Hibernaculum. — Winter mew. (Zoöl.) Same as Winter gull, above. [Prov. Eng.] — Winter moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of geometrid moths which come forth in winter, as the European species (Cheimatobia brumata). These moths have rudimentary mouth organs, and eat no food in the imago state. The female of some of the species is wingless. — Winter oil, oil prepared so as not to solidify in moderately cold weather. — Winter pear, a kind of pear that keeps well in winter, or that does not ripen until winter. — Winter quarters, the quarters of troops during the winter; a winter residence or station. — Winter rye, a kind of rye that is sown in autumn. — Winter shad (Zoöl.), the gizzard shad. — Winter sheldrake (Zoöl.), the goosander. [Local, U. S.] — Winter sleep (Zoöl.), hibernation. - - Winter snipe (Zoöl.), the dunlin. — Winter solstice. (Astron.) See Solstice, 2. — Winter teal (Zoöl.), the green-winged teal. — Winter wagtail (Zoöl.), the gray wagtail (Motacilla melanope). [Prov. Eng.] — Winter wheat, wheat sown in autumn, which lives during the winter, and ripens in the following summer. — Winter wren (Zoöl.), a small American wren (Troglodytes hiemalis) closely resembling the common wren.

Win"ter, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wintered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wintering.] To pass the winter; to hibernate; as, to winter in Florida.

> Because the haven was not commodious to winter in, the more part advised to depart thence.

Acts xxvii. 12.

Win"ter, v. i. To keep, feed or manage, during the winter; as, to winter young cattle on straw.

Win"ter-beat`en (?), a. Beaten or harassed by the severe weather of winter. Spenser.

Win"ter*green` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant which keeps its leaves green through the winter.

In England, the name wintergreen is applied to the species of Pyrola which in America are called English wintergreen, and shin leaf (see Shin leaf, under Shin.) In America, the name wintergreen is given to Gaultheria procumbens, a low evergreen aromatic plant with oval leaves clustered at the top of a short stem, and bearing small white flowers followed by red berries; — called also checkerberry, and sometimes, though improperly, partridge berry.

Chickweed wintergreen, a low perennial primulaceous herb (Trientalis Americana); — also called star flower. — Flowering wintergreen, a low plant (Polygala paucifolia) with leaves somewhat like those of the wintergreen (Gaultheria), and bearing a few showy, rose-purple blossoms. — Spotted wintergreen, a low evergreen plant (Chimaphila maculata) with ovate, white-spotted leaves.

Win"ter-ground` (?), v. t. To coved over in the season of winter, as for protection or shelter; as, to winter- ground the roods of a plant.

> The ruddock would . . . bring thee all this,
> Yea, and furred moss besides, when flowers are none
> To winter-ground thy corse.

Shak.

Win"ter*kill` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Winterkilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Winterkilling.] To kill by the cold, or exposure to the inclemency of winter; as, the wheat was winterkilled. [U. S.]

Win"ter*ly, a. Like winter; wintry; cold; hence, disagreeable, cheerless; as, winterly news. [R.] Shak.

> The sir growing more winterly in the month of April.

Camden.

Win"ter-proud` (?), a. Having too rank or forward a growth for winter.

> When either corn is winter-proud, or other plants put forth and bud too early.

Holland.

Win"ter-rig` (?), v. t. [See Winter and Ridge.] To fallow or till in winter. [Prov. Eng.]

Win"ter's bark` (?). (Bot.) The aromatic bark of tree (Drimys, or Drymis, Winteri) of the Magnolia family, which is found in Southern Chili. It was first used as a cure for scurvy by its discoverer, Captain John Winter, vice admiral to sir Francis Drake, in 1577.

Win"ter*tide` (?), n. Winter time. Tennyson.

Win"ter*weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of speedwell (Veronica hederifolia) which spreads chiefly in winter. Dr. Prior.

Win"ter*y (?), a. Wintry.

Win"try (?), a. [AS. wintrig.] Suitable to winter; resembling winter, or what belongs to winter; brumal; hyemal; cold; stormy; wintery.

> Touch our chilled hearts with vernal smile,
> Our wintry course do thou beguile.

Keble.

Win"y (?), a. Having the taste or qualities of wine; vinous; as, grapes of a winy taste. Dampier.

Winze (?), n. (Mining.) A small shaft sunk from one level to another, as for the purpose of ventilation.

Wipe (?), n. [Cf. Sw. vipa, Dan. vibe, the lapwing.] (Zoöl.) The lapwing. [Prov. Eng.]

Wipe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wiped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wiping.] [OE. vipen, AS. wpian; cf. LG. wiep a wisp of straw, Sw. vepa to wrap up, to cuddle one's self up, vepa a blanket; perhaps akin to E. whip.]

1. To rub with something soft for cleaning; to clean or dry by rubbing; as, to wipe the hands or face with a towel.

> Let me wipe thy face.

Shak.

> I will wipe Jerusalem as a man wipeth a dish, wiping it, and turning it upside down.

2 Kings xxi. 13.

2. To remove by rubbing; to rub off; to obliterate; — usually followed by away, off or out. Also used figuratively. "To wipe out our ingratitude." Shak.

> Some natural tears they dropped, but wiped them soon.

Milton.

3. To cheat; to defraud; to trick; — usually followed by out. [Obs.] Spenser.

> If they by coveyne [covin] or gile be wiped beside their goods.

Robynson (More's Utopia)

To wipe a joint (Plumbing), to make a joint, as between pieces of lead pipe, by surrounding the junction with a mass of solder, applied in a plastic condition by means of a rag with which the solder is shaped by rubbing. — To wipe the nose of, to cheat. [Old Slang]

Wipe, n. 1. Act of rubbing, esp. in order to clean.

2. A blow; a stroke; a hit; a swipe. [Low]

3. A gibe; a jeer; a severe sarcasm. Swift.

4. A handkerchief. [Thieves' Cant or Slang]

5. Stain; brand. [Obs.] "Slavish wipe." Shak.

Wip"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, wipes.

2. Something used for wiping, as a towel or rag.

3. (Mach.) A piece generally projecting from a rotating or swinging piece, as an axle or rock shaft, for the purpose of raising stampers, lifting rods, or the like, and leaving them to fall by their own weight; a kind of cam.

4. (Firearms) A rod, or an attachment for a rod, for holding a rag with which to wipe out the bore of the barrel.

Wir"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wirbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wirbling (?).] [Cf. Warble, Whirl.] To whirl; to eddy. [R.]

> The waters went wirbling above and around.

Owen. Meredith.

Wirche (?), v. i. & t. To work [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wire (?), n. [OE. wir, AS. wir; akin to Icel. vrr, Dan. vire, LG. wir, wire; cf. OHG. wiara fine gold; perhaps akin to E. withy. &?;&?;&?;&?;.]

1. A thread or slender rod of metal; a metallic substance formed to an even thread by being passed between grooved rollers, or drawn through holes in a plate of steel.

Wire is made of any desired form, as round, square, triangular, etc., by giving this shape to the hole in the drawplate, or between the rollers.

2. A telegraph wire or cable; hence, an electric telegraph; as, to send a message by wire. [Colloq.]

Wire bed, Wire mattress, an elastic bed bottom or mattress made of wires interwoven or looped together in various ways. — Wire bridge, a bridge suspended from wires, or cables made of wire. — Wire cartridge, a shot cartridge having the shot inclosed in a wire cage. — Wire cloth, a coarse cloth made of woven metallic wire, — used for strainers, and for various other purposes. — Wire edge, the thin, wirelike thread of metal sometimes formed on the edge of a tool by the stone in sharpening it. — Wire fence, a fence consisting of posts with strained horizontal wires, wire netting, or other wirework, between. — Wire gauge or gage. (a) A gauge for measuring the diameter of wire, thickness of sheet metal, etc., often consisting of a metal plate with a series of notches of various widths in its edge. (b) A standard series of sizes arbitrarily indicated, as by numbers, to which the diameter of wire or the thickness of sheet metal in usually made, and which is used in describing the size or thickness. There are many different standards for wire gauges, as in different countries, or for different kinds of metal, the Birmingham wire gauges and the American wire gauge being often used and designated by the abbreviations B. W. G. and A. W. G. respectively. — Wire gauze, a texture of finely interwoven wire, resembling gauze. — Wire grass (Bot.), either of the two common grasses Eleusine Indica, valuable for hay and pasture, and Poa compressa, or blue grass. See Blue grass. — Wire grub (Zoöl.), a wireworm. — Wire iron, wire rods of iron. — Wire lathing, wire cloth or wire netting applied in the place of wooden lathing for holding plastering. — Wire mattress. See Wire bed, above. — Wire micrometer, a micrometer having spider lines, or fine wires, across the field of the instrument. — Wire nail, a nail formed of a piece of wire which is headed and pointed. — Wire netting, a texture of woven wire coarser than ordinary wire gauze. — Wire rod, a metal rod from which wire is formed by drawing. — Wire rope, a rope formed wholly, or in great part, of wires.

<! p. 1658 !>

Wire (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wiring.] 1. To bind with wire; to attach with wires; to apply wire to; as, to wire corks in bottling liquors.

2. To put upon a wire; as, to wire beads.

3. To snare by means of a wire or wires.

4. To send (a message) by telegraph. [Colloq.]

Wire, v. i. 1. To pass like a wire; to flow in a wirelike form, or in a tenuous stream. [R.] P. Fletcher.

2. To send a telegraphic message. [Colloq.]

Wire"draw` (?), v. t. [imp. Wiredrew (?); p. p. Wiredrawn (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wiredrawing.]

1. To form (a piece of metal) into wire, by drawing it through a hole in a plate of steel.

2. Hence, to draw by art or violence.

> My sense has been wiredrawn into blasphemy.

Dryden.

3. Hence, also, to draw or spin out to great length and tenuity; as, to wiredraw an argument.

> Such twisting, such wiredrawing, was never seen in a court of justice.

Macaulay.

4. (Steam Engine) To pass, or to draw off, (as steam) through narrow ports, or the like, thus reducing its pressure or force by friction.

Wire"-draw`er (?), n. One who draws metal into wire.

Wire"-heel` (?), n. (Far.) A disease in the feet of a horse or other beast.

Wire"-pull`er (?), n. One who pulls the wires, as of a puppet; hence, one who operates by secret means; an intriguer.

> Political wire-pullers and convention packers.

Lowell.

Wire"-pull`ing, n. The act of pulling the wires, as of a puppet; hence, secret influence or management, especially in politics; intrigue.

Wire"-tailed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having some or all of the tail quills terminated in a long, slender, pointed shaft, without a web or barbules.

Wire"work` (?), n. Work, especially openwork, formed of wires.

Wire"-work`er (?), n. One who manufactures articles from wire.

Wire"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the larvæ of various species of snapping beetles, or elaters; — so called from their slenderness and the uncommon hardness of the integument. Wireworms are sometimes very destructive to the roots of plants. Called also wire grub. (b) A galleyworm.

Wir"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being wiry.

Wir"y (?), a. [Written also wiery.]

1. Made of wire; like wire; drawn out like wire.

2. Capable of endurance; tough; sinewy; as, a wiry frame or constitution. "A little wiry sergeant of meek demeanor and strong sense." Dickens.

> He bore his age well, and seemed to retain a wiry vigor and alertness.

Hawthorne.

Wis (?), adv. [Aphetic form of iwis, ywis; or fr. Icel. viss certain. See Ywis.] Certainly; really; indeed. [Obs.] "As wis God helpe me." Chaucer.

Wis, v. t. [Due to mistaking OE. iwis certain, AS. gewiss, for I wis. See Ywis.] To think; to suppose; to imagine; — used chiefly in the first person sing. present tense, I wis. See the Note under Ywis. [Obs. or Poetic] "Howe'er you wis." R. Browning.

> Nor do I know how long it is
> (For I have lain entranced, I wis).

Coleridge.

Wis"ard (?), n. See Wizard.

Wis"dom (-dm), n. [AS. wsdm. See Wise, a., and - dom.]

1. The quality of being wise; knowledge, and the capacity to make due use of it; knowledge of the best ends and the best means; discernment and judgment; discretion; sagacity; skill; dexterity.

> We speak also not in wise words of man's wisdom, but in the doctrine of the spirit.

Wyclif (1 Cor. ii. 13).

> Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom; and to depart from evil is understanding.

Job xxviii. 28.

> It is hoped that our rulers will act with dignity and wisdom that they will yield everything to reason, and refuse everything to force.

Ames.

> Common sense in an uncommon degree is what the world calls wisdom.

Coleridge.

2. The results of wise judgments; scientific or practical truth; acquired knowledge; erudition.

> Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and in deeds.

Acts vii. 22.

Syn. — Prudence; knowledge. Wisdom, Prudence, Knowledge. Wisdom has been defined to be "the use of the best means for attaining the best ends." "We conceive," says Whewell, " prudence as the virtue by which we select right means for given ends, while wisdom implies the selection of right ends as well as of right means." Hence, wisdom implies the union of high mental and moral excellence. Prudence (that is, providence, or forecast) is of a more negative character; it rather consists in avoiding danger than in taking decisive measures for the accomplishment of an object. Sir Robert Walpole was in many respects a prudent statesman, but he was far from being a wise one. Burke has said that prudence, when carried too far, degenerates into a "reptile virtue," which is the more dangerous for its plausible appearance. Knowledge, a more comprehensive term, signifies the simple apprehension of facts or relations. "In strictness of language," says Paley, " there is a difference between knowledge and wisdom; wisdom always supposing action, and action directed by it."

> Knowledge and wisdom, far from being one,
> Have ofttimes no connection. Knowledge dwells
> In heads replete with thoughts of other men;
> Wisdom, in minds attentive to their own.
> Knowledge, a rude, unprofitable mass,
> The mere materials with which wisdom builds,
> Till smoothed, and squared, and fitted to its place,
> Does but encumber whom it seems to enrich.
> Knowledge is proud that he has learned so much;
> Wisdom is humble that he knows no more.

Cowper.

Wisdom tooth, the last, or back, tooth of the full set on each half of each jaw in man; — familiarly so called, because appearing comparatively late, after the person may be supposed to have arrived at the age of wisdom. See the Note under Tooth, 1.

Wise (?), a. [Compar. Wiser (?); superl. Wisest.] [OE. wis, AS. ws; akin to OS. & OFries. ws, D. wijs, G. weise, OHG. ws, wsi, Icel. vss, Sw. vis, Dan. viis, Goth. weis; akin to wit, v. i. See Wit, v., and cf. Righteous, Wisdom.]

1. Having knowledge; knowing; enlightened; of extensive information; erudite; learned.

> They are wise to do evil, but to do good they have no knowledge.

Jer. iv. 22.

2. Hence, especially, making due use of knowledge; discerning and judging soundly concerning what is true or false, proper or improper; choosing the best ends and the best means for accomplishing them; sagacious.

> When clouds appear, wise men put their cloaks.

Shak.

> From a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation.

2 Tim. iii. 15.

3. Versed in art or science; skillful; dexterous; specifically, skilled in divination.

> Fal. There was, mine host, an old fat woman even now with me; but she's gone.
> Sim. Pray you, sir, was't not the wise woman of Brentford?

Shak.

4. Hence, prudent; calculating; shrewd; wary; subtle; crafty. [R.] "Thou art . . . no novice, but a governor wily and wise." Chaucer.

> Nor, on the other side,
> Will I be penuriously wise
> As to make money, that's my slave, my idol.

Beau. & Fl.

> Lords do not care for me:
> I am too wise to die yet.

Ford.

5. Dictated or guided by wisdom; containing or exhibiting wisdom; well adapted to produce good effects; judicious; discreet; as, a wise saying; a wise scheme or plan; wise conduct or management; a wise determination. "Eminent in wise deport." Milton.

To make it wise, to make it a matter of deliberation. [Obs.] " We thought it was not worth to make it wise." Chaucer. — Wise in years, old enough to be wise; wise from age and experience; hence, aged; old. [Obs.]

> A very grave, state bachelor, my dainty one;
> He's wise in years, and of a temperate warmth.

Ford.

> You are too wise in years, too full of counsel,
> For my green experience.

Ford.

Wise, a. [OE. wise, AS. wse; akin to OS. wsa, OFries. ws, D. wijs, wijze, OHG. wsa, G. weise, Sw. vis, Dan. viis, Icel. ö&?;ruvs otherwise; from the root of E. wit; hence, originally, knowledge, skill. See Wit, v., and cf. Guise.] Way of being or acting; manner; mode; fashion. "All armed in complete wise." Spenser.

> To love her in my beste wyse.

Chaucer.

> This song she sings in most commanding wise.

Sir P. Sidney.

> Let not these blessings then, sent from above,
> Abused be, or spilt in profane wise.

Fairfax.

This word is nearly obsolete, except in such phrases as in any wise, in no wise, on this wise, etc. " Fret not thyself in any wise to do evil." Ps. xxxvii. 8. "He shall in no wise lose his reward." Matt. x. 42. " On this wise ye shall bless the children of Israel." Num. vi. 23.

Wise is often used as a suffix in composition, as in likewise, nowise, lengthwise, etc., in which words -ways is often substituted with the same sense; as, noways, lengthways, etc.

Wise"a*cre (?), n. [OD. wijssegger or G. weissager a foreteller, prophet, from weissagen to foretell, to prophesy, OHG. wssag&?;n, corrupted (as if compounded of the words for wise and say) fr. wzzag&?;n, fr. wzzag&?; a prophet, akin to AS. wtiga, wtga, from the root of E. wit. See Wit, v.]

1. A learned or wise man. [Obs.]

> Pythagoras learned much . . . becoming a mighty wiseacre.

Leland.

2. One who makes undue pretensions to wisdom; a would-be-wise person; hence, in contempt, a simpleton; a dunce.

Wise"-heart`ed (?), a. Wise; knowing; skillful; sapient; erudite; prudent. Ex. xxviii. 3.

Wise"-like` (?), a. Resembling that which is wise or sensible; judicious.

> The only wise-like thing I heard anybody say.

Sir W. Scott.

Wise"ling (?), n. One who pretends to be wise; a wiseacre; a witling. Donne.

Wise"ly, adv. In a wise manner; prudently; judiciously; discreetly; with wisdom.

> And wisely learn to curb thy sorrows wild.

Milton.

Wise"ness, n. Wisdom. [Obs.] Spenser.

Wish (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wishing.] [OE. wischen, weschen, wuschen, AS. w&?;scan; akin to D. wenschen, G. wünschen, Icel. æeskja, Dan. önske, Sw. önska; from AS. w&?;sc a wish; akin to OD. & G. wunsch, OHG. wunsc, Icel. &?;sk, Skr. v&?;ch a wish, v&?;ch to wish; also to Skr. van to like, to wish. &?;. See Winsome, Win, v. t., and cf. Wistful.]

1. To have a desire or yearning; to long; to hanker.

> They cast four anchors out of the stern, and wished for the day.

Acts xxvii. 29.

> This is as good an argument as an antiquary could wish for.

Arbuthnot.

Wish (?), v. t. 1. To desire; to long for; to hanker after; to have a mind or disposition toward.

> I would not wish
> Any companion in the world but you.

Shak.

> I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper.

3. John 2.

2. To frame or express desires concerning; to invoke in favor of, or against, any one; to attribute, or cal down, in desire; to invoke; to imprecate.

> I would not wish them to a fairer death.

Shak.

> I wish it may not prove some ominous foretoken of misfortune to have met with such a miser as I am.

Sir P. Sidney.

> Let them be driven backward, and put to shame, that wish me evil.

Ps. xl. 14.

3. To recommend; to seek confidence or favor in behalf of. [Obs.] Shak.

> I would be glad to thrive, sir,
> And I was wished to your worship by a gentleman.

B. Jonson.

Syn. — See Desire.

Wish, n. 1. Desire; eager desire; longing.

> Behold, I am according to thy wish in God a stead.

Job xxxiii. 6.

2. Expression of desire; request; petition; hence, invocation or imprecation.

> Blistered be thy tongue for such a wish.

Shak.

3. A thing desired; an object of desire.

> Will he, wise, let loose at once his ire . . .
> To give his enemies their wish!

Milton.

Wish"a*ble (?), a. Capable or worthy of being wished for; desirable. Udall.

Wish"bone` (?), n. The forked bone in front of the breastbone in birds; — called also merrythought, and wishing bone. See Merrythought, and Furculum.

Wish"ed*ly, adv. According to wish; conformably to desire. [Obs.] Chapman.

Wish"er (?), n. One who wishes or desires; one who expresses a wish. Shak.

Wish"ful (?), a. [Cf. Wistful.] 1. Having desire, or ardent desire; longing.

2. Showing desire; as, wishful eyes.

> From Scotland am I stolen, even of pure love
> To greet mine own land with my wishful sight.

Shak.

3. Desirable; exciting wishes. [R.] Chapman.

— Wish"ful*ly, adv. — Wish"ful*ness, n.

Wish"ing, a. & n. from Wish, v. t.

Wishing bone. See Wishbone. — Wishing cap, a cap fabled to give one whatever he wishes for when wearing it.

Wish"ly, adv. According to desire; longingly; with wishes. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chapman.

Wish"ton*wish (?), n. [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) The prairie dog.

Wish"-wash` (?), n. Any weak, thin drink.

Wish"y-wash`y (?), a. [See Wash.] Thin and pale; weak; without strength or substance; — originally said of liquids. Fig., weak-minded; spiritless.

> A weak wishy-washy man who had hardly any mind of his own.

A. Trollope.

Wish"y-wash`y, n. A weak or thin drink or liquor; wish-wash.

Wis"ket (?), n. A whisket, or basket. [Prov. Eng.] Ainsworth.

Wis"ly (?), adv. [See Wis, adv.] Certainly. [Obs.] "God so wisly have mercy on me." Chaucer.

Wisp (?), n. [OE. wisp, wips; probably akin to D. & G. wisch, Icel. visk, and perhaps to L. virga a twig, rod. Cf. Verge a rod, Whisk, n.]

1. A small bundle, as of straw or other like substance.

> In a small basket, on a wisp of hay.

Dryden.

2. A whisk, or small broom.

3. A Will-o'-the-wisp; an ignis fatuus.

> The wisp that flickers where no foot can tread.

Tennyson.

Wisp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wisped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wisping.]

1. To brush or dress, an with a wisp.

2. To rumple. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Wisp"en (?), a. Formed of a wisp, or of wisp; as, a wispen broom. [Obs.]

Wis"se (?), v. t. [AS. wsian. See Wise, a.] To show; to teach; to inform; to guide; to direct. [Obs.]

> Ere we depart I shall thee so well wisse
> That of mine house ne shalt thou never misse.

Chaucer.

Wist (?), archaic imp. & p. p. of Wit, v. Knew.

Wis*ta"ri*a (?), n. [NL.] [So named after Caspar Wistar, an American anatomist.] (Bot.) A genus of climbing leguminous plants bearing long, pendulous clusters of pale bluish flowers.

The species commonest in cultivation is the Wistaria Sinensis from Eastern Asia. W. fruticosa grows wild in the southern parts of the United States.

Wist"ful (?), a. [For wishful; perhaps influenced by wistly, which is probably corrupted from OE. wisly certainly (from Icel. viss certain, akin to E. wit). See Wish.]

1. Longing; wishful; desirous.

> Lifting up one of my sashes, I cast many a wistful, melancholy look towards the sea.

Swift.

2. Full of thought; eagerly attentive; meditative; musing; pensive; contemplative.

> That he who there at such an hour hath been,
> Will wistful linger on that hallowed spot.

Byron.

— Wist"ful*ly, adv. — Wist"ful*ness, n.

Wis"tit, n. [Prob. from native name: cf. F. ouistiti.] (Zoöl.) A small South American monkey; a marmoset. [Written also wistiti, and ouistiti.]

Wist"ly (?), adv. [See Wistful.] Attentively; observingly. [Obs.] Shak.

Wis"ton*wish (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wishtonwish.

Wit (?), v. t. & i. [inf. (To) Wit; pres. sing. Wot; pl. Wite; imp. Wist(e); p. p. Wist; p. pr. & vb. n. Wit(t)ing. See the Note below.] [OE. witen, pres. ich wot, wat, I know (wot), imp. wiste, AS. witan, pres. wt, imp. wiste, wisse; akin to OFries. wita, OS. witan, D. weten, G. wissen, OHG. wizzan, Icel. vita, Sw. veta, Dan. vide, Goth. witan to observe, wait I know, Russ. vidiete to see, L. videre, Gr. &?;, Skr. vid to know, learn; cf. Skr. vid to find. &?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. History, Idea, Idol, -oid, Twit, Veda, Vision, Wise, a. & n., Wot.] To know; to learn. "I wot and wist alway." Chaucer.

<! p. 1659 !>

The present tense was inflected as follows; sing. 1st pers. wot; 2d pers. wost, or wot(t)est; 3d pers. wot, or wot(t)eth; pl. witen, or wite. The following variant forms also occur; pres. sing. 1st & 3d pers. wat, woot; pres. pl. wyten, or wyte, weete, wote, wot; imp. wuste (Southern dialect); p. pr. wotting. Later, other variant or corrupt forms are found, as, in Shakespeare, 3d pers. sing. pres. wots.

> Brethren, we do you to wit [make you to know] of the grace of God bestowed on the churches of Macedonia.

2 Cor. viii. 1.

> Thou wost full little what thou meanest.

Chaucer.

> We witen not what thing we prayen here.

Chaucer.

> When that the sooth in wist.

Chaucer.

This verb is now used only in the infinitive, to wit, which is employed, especially in legal language, to call attention to a particular thing, or to a more particular specification of what has preceded, and is equivalent to namely, that is to say.

Wit (?), n. [AS. witt, wit; akin to OFries. wit, G. witz, OHG. wizz, Icel. vit, Dan. vid, Sw. vett. √133. See Wit, v.]

1. Mind; intellect; understanding; sense.

> Who knew the wit of the Lord? or who was his counselor?

Wyclif (Rom. xi. 34).

> A prince most prudent, of an excellent
> And unmatched wit and judgment.

Shak.

> Will puts in practice what wit deviseth.

Sir J. Davies.

> He wants not wit the dander to decline.

Dryden.

2. A mental faculty, or power of the mind; — used in this sense chiefly in the plural, and in certain phrases; as, to lose one's wits; at one's wits' end, and the like. "Men's wittes ben so dull." Chaucer.

> I will stare him out of his wits.

Shak.

3. Felicitous association of objects not usually connected, so as to produce a pleasant surprise; also. the power of readily combining objects in such a manner.

> The definition of wit is only this, that it is a propriety of thoughts and words; or, in other terms, thoughts and words elegantly adapted to the subject.

Dryden.

> Wit which discovers partial likeness hidden in general diversity.

Coleridge.

> Wit lying most in the assemblage of ideas, and putting those together with quickness and variety wherein can be found any resemblance or congruity, thereby to make up pleasant pictures in the fancy.

Locke.

4. A person of eminent sense or knowledge; a man of genius, fancy, or humor; one distinguished for bright or amusing sayings, for repartee, and the like.

> In Athens, where books and wits were ever busier than in any other part of Greece, I find but only two sorts of writings which the magistrate cared to take notice of; those either blasphemous and atheistical, or libelous.

Milton.

> Intemperate wits will spare neither friend nor foe.

L'Estrange.

> A wit herself, Amelia weds a wit.

Young.

The five wits, the five senses; also, sometimes, the five qualities or faculties, common wit, imagination, fantasy, estimation, and memory. Chaucer. Nares.

> But my five wits nor my five senses can
> Dissuade one foolish heart from serving thee.

Shak.

Syn. — Ingenuity; humor; satire; sarcasm; irony; burlesque. — Wit, Humor. Wit primarily meant mind; and now denotes the power of seizing on some thought or occurrence, and, by a sudden turn, presenting it under aspects wholly new and unexpected — apparently natural and admissible, if not perfectly just, and bearing on the subject, or the parties concerned, with a laughable keenness and force. "What I want," said a pompous orator, aiming at his antagonist, "is common sense." "Exactly!" was the whispered reply. The pleasure we find in wit arises from the ingenuity of the turn, the sudden surprise it brings, and the patness of its application to the case, in the new and ludicrous relations thus flashed upon the view. Humor is a quality more congenial to the English mind than wit. It consists primarily in taking up the peculiarities of a humorist (or eccentric person) and drawing them out, as Addison did those of Sir Roger de Coverley, so that we enjoy a hearty, good-natured laugh at his unconscious manifestation of whims and oddities. From this original sense the term has been widened to embrace other sources of kindly mirth of the same general character. In a well-known caricature of English reserve, an Oxford student is represented as standing on the brink of a river, greatly agitated at the sight of a drowning man before him, and crying out, "O that I had been introduced to this gentleman, that I might save his life! The, "Silent Woman" of Ben Jonson is one of the most humorous productions, in the original sense of the term, which we have in our language.

Witch (?), n. [Cf. Wick of a lamp.] A cone of paper which is placed in a vessel of lard or other fat, and used as a taper. [Prov. Eng.]

Witch, n. [OE. wicche, AS. wicce, fem., wicca, masc.; perhaps the same word as AS. wtiga, wtga, a soothsayer (cf. Wiseacre); cf. Fries. wikke, a witch, LG. wikken to predict, Icel. vitki a wizard, vitka to bewitch.]

1. One who practices the black art, or magic; one regarded as possessing supernatural or magical power by compact with an evil spirit, esp. with the Devil; a sorcerer or sorceress; — now applied chiefly or only to women, but formerly used of men as well.

> There was a man in that city whose name was Simon, a witch.

Wyclif (Acts viii. 9).

> He can not abide the old woman of Brentford; he swears she's a witch.

Shak.

2. An ugly old woman; a hag. Shak.

3. One who exercises more than common power of attraction; a charming or bewitching person; also, one given to mischief; - - said especially of a woman or child. [Colloq.]

4. (Geom.) A certain curve of the third order, described by Maria Agnesi under the name versiera.

5. (Zoöl.) The stormy petrel.

Witch balls, a name applied to the interwoven rolling masses of the stems of herbs, which are driven by the winds over the steppes of Tartary. Cf. Tumbleweed. Maunder (Treas. of Bot.) — Witches' besoms (Bot.), tufted and distorted branches of the silver fir, caused by the attack of some fungus. Maunder (Treas. of Bot.) — Witches' butter (Bot.), a name of several gelatinous cryptogamous plants, as Nostoc commune, and Exidia glandulosa. See Nostoc. — Witch grass (Bot.), a kind of grass (Panicum capillare) with minute spikelets on long, slender pedicels forming a light, open panicle. — Witch meal (Bot.), vegetable sulphur. See under Vegetable.

Witch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Witched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Witching.] [AS. wiccian.] To bewitch; to fascinate; to enchant.

> [I 'll] witch sweet ladies with my words and looks.

Shak.

> Whether within us or without
> The spell of this illusion be
> That witches us to hear and see.

Lowell.

Witch"craft` (?), n. [AS. wiccecræft.]

1. The practices or art of witches; sorcery; enchantments; intercourse with evil spirits.

2. Power more than natural; irresistible influence.

> He hath a witchcraft
> Over the king in 's tongue.

Shak.

Witch"-elm` (?), n. (Bot.) See Wych-elm.

Witch"er*y (?), n.; pl. Witcheries (&?;). 1. Sorcery; enchantment; witchcraft.

> Great Comus,
> Deep skilled in all his mother's witcheries.

Milton.

> A woman infamous . . . for witcheries.

Sir W. Scott.

2. Fascination; irresistible influence; enchantment.

> He never felt
> The witchery of the soft blue sky.

Wordsworth.

> The dear, dear witchery of song.

Bryant.

Witch"-ha`zel (?), n. [See Wych-elm, and Hazel.] (Bot.) The wych-elm. (b) An American shrub or small tree (Hamamelis Virginica), which blossoms late in autumn.

Witch"ing, a. That witches or enchants; suited to enchantment or witchcraft; bewitching. "The very witching time of night." Shak. — Witch"ing*ly, adv.

Witch"-tree` (?), n. (Bot.) The witch-hazel.

Wit"chuck` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sand martin, or bank swallow. [Prov. Eng.]

Wit"-crack`er (?), n. One who breaks jests; a joker. [Obs.] Shak.

Wit"craft` (?), n. 1. Art or skill of the mind; contrivance; invention; wit. [Obs.] Camden.

2. The art of reasoning; logic. [R.]

Wite (?), v. t. [AS. wtan; akin to D. wijten, G. verweisen, Icel. vta to mulct, and E. wit; cf. AS. wtan to see, L. animadvertere to observe, to punish. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Wit, v.] To reproach; to blame; to censure; also, to impute as blame. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser.

> Though that I be jealous, wite me not.

Chaucer.

> There if that I misspeak or say,
> Wite it the ale of Southwark, I you pray.

Chaucer.

Wite, n. [AS. wte punishment. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Wite, v.] Blame; reproach. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer.

Wite"less, a. Blameless. [Obs.] Spenser.

Wit"en (?), obs. pl. pres. of Wit. Chaucer.

Wit"e*na*ge*mote` (?; 277), n. [AS. witena gemt an assembly of the wise; wita a wise man + gemt assembly.] (AS. Hist.) A meeting of wise men; the national council, or legislature, of England in the days of the Anglo-Saxons, before the Norman Conquest.

Wit"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The ladyfish (a).

Wit"ful (?), a. Wise; sensible. [R.] Chapman.

With (?), n. See Withe.

With (?), prep. [OE. with, AS. wi&?; with, against; akin to AS. wi&?;er against, OFries. with, OS. wi&?;, wi&?;ar, D. weder, weêr (in comp.), G. wider against, wieder gain, OHG. widar again, against, Icel. vi&?; against, with, by, at, Sw. vid at, by, Dan. ved, Goth. wipra against, Skr. vi asunder. Cf. Withdraw, Withers, Withstand.] With denotes or expresses some situation or relation of nearness, proximity, association, connection, or the like. It is used especially: —

1. To denote a close or direct relation of opposition or hostility; — equivalent to against.

> Thy servant will . . . fight with this Philistine.

1 Sam. xvii. 32.

In this sense, common in Old English, it is now obsolete except in a few compounds; as, withhold; withstand; and after the verbs fight, contend, struggle, and the like.

2. To denote association in respect of situation or environment; hence, among; in the company of.

> I will buy with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following; but I will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you.

Shak.

> Pity your own, or pity our estate,
> Nor twist our fortunes with your sinking fate.

Dryden.

> See where on earth the flowery glories lie;
> With her they flourished, and with her they die.

Pope.

> There is no living with thee nor without thee.

Tatler.

> Such arguments had invincible force with those pagan philosophers.

Addison.

3. To denote a connection of friendship, support, alliance, assistance, countenance, etc.; hence, on the side of.

> Fear not, for I am with thee, and will bless thee.

Gen. xxvi. 24.

4. To denote the accomplishment of cause, means, instrument, etc; — sometimes equivalent to by.

> That with these fowls I be all to-rent.

Chaucer.

> Thou wilt be like a lover presently,
> And tire the hearer with a book of words.

Shak.

> [He] entertained a coffeehouse with the following narrative.

Addison.

> With receiving your friends within and amusing them without, you lead a good, pleasant, bustling life of it.

Goldsmith.

5. To denote association in thought, as for comparison or contrast.

> Can blazing carbuncles with her compare.

Sandys.

6. To denote simultaneous happening, or immediate succession or consequence.

> With that she told me . . . that she would hide no truth from me.

Sir P. Sidney.

> With her they flourished, and with her they die.

Pope.

> With this he pointed to his face.

Dryden.

7. To denote having as a possession or an appendage; as, the firmament with its stars; a bride with a large fortune. "A maid with clean hands." Shak.

With and by are closely allied in many of their uses, and it is not easy to lay down a rule by which to distinguish their uses. See the Note under By.

With*al" (?), adv. [With + all.]

1. With this; with that. [Obs.]

> He will scarce be pleased withal.

Shak.

2. Together with this; likewise; at the same time; in addition; also. [Archaic]

> Fy on possession
> But if a man be virtuous withal.

Chaucer.

> If you choose that, then I am yours withal.

Shak.

> How modest in exception, and withal
> How terrible in constant resolution.

Shak.

With*al", prep. With; — put after its object, at the end of sentence or clause in which it stands. [Obs.]

> This diamond he greets your wife withal.

Shak.

> Whatsoever uncleanness it be that a man shall be defiled withal.

Lev. v. 3.

With"am*ite (w"am*t), n. [From its discoverer, H. Witham.] (Min.) A variety of epidote, of a reddish color, found in Scotland.

With*draw" (w*dr"), v. t. [imp. Withdrew (-dr"); p. p. Withdrawn (-drn"); p. pr. & vb. n. Withdrawing.] [With against + draw.] 1. To take back or away, as what has been bestowed or enjoyed; to draw back; to cause to move away or retire; as, to withdraw aid, favor, capital, or the like.

> Impossible it is that God should withdraw his presence from anything.

Hooker.

2. To take back; to recall or retract; as, to withdraw false charges.

With*draw", v. i. To retire; to retreat; to quit a company or place; to go away; as, he withdrew from the company. "When the sea withdrew." King Horn.

Syn. — To recede; retrograde; go back.

With*draw"al (?), n. The act of withdrawing; withdrawment; retreat; retraction. Fielding.

With*draw"er (?), n. One who withdraws; one who takes back, or retracts.

With*draw"ing-room` (?), n. [See Withdraw, and cf. Drawing-room.] A room for retirement from another room, as from a dining room; a drawing-room.

> A door in the middle leading to a parlor and withdrawing- room.

Sir W. Scott.

With*draw"ment (?), n. The act of withdrawing; withdrawal. W. Belsham.

Withe (?; 277), n. [OE. withe. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Withy, n.] [Written also with.]

1. A flexible, slender twig or branch used as a band; a willow or osier twig; a withy.

2. A band consisting of a twig twisted.

3. (Naut.) An iron attachment on one end of a mast or boom, with a ring, through which another mast or boom is rigged out and secured; a wythe. R. H. Dana, Jr.

4. (Arch.) A partition between flues in a chimney.

Withe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Withed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Withing.] To bind or fasten with withes.

> You shall see him withed, and haltered, and staked, and baited to death.

Bp. Hall.

With"er (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Withered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Withering.] [OE. wideren; probably the same word as wederen to weather (see Weather, v. & n.); or cf. G. verwittern to decay, to be weather- beaten, Lith. vysti to wither.]

1. To fade; to lose freshness; to become sapless; to become sapless; to dry or shrivel up.

> Shall he hot pull up the roots thereof, and cut off the fruit thereof, that it wither?

Ezek. xvii. 9.

2. To lose or want animal moisture; to waste; to pin&?; away, as animal bodies.

> This is man, old, wrinkled, faded, withered.

Shak.

> There was a man which had his hand withered.

Matt. xii. 10.

> Now warm in love, now with'ring in the grave.

Dryden.

3. To lose vigor or power; to languish; to pass away. "Names that must not wither." Byron.

> States thrive or wither as moons wax and wane.

Cowper.

With"er, v. t. 1. To cause to fade, and become dry.

> The sun is no sooner risen with a burning heat, but it withereth the grass, and the flower thereof falleth.

James i. 11.

2. To cause to shrink, wrinkle, or decay, for want of animal moisture. "Age can not wither her." Shak.

> Shot forth pernicious fire
> Among the accursed, that withered all their strength.

Milton.

3. To cause to languish, perish, or pass away; to blight; as, a reputation withered by calumny.

> The passions and the cares that wither life.

Bryant.

With"er*band` (?), n. [Withers + band.] (Far.) A piece of iron in a saddle near a horse's withers, to strengthen the bow.

With"ered (?), a. Faded; dried up; shriveled; wilted; wasted; wasted away. — With"ered*ness, n. Bp. Hall.

With"er*ing (?), a. Tending to wither; causing to shrink or fade. — With"er*ing*ly, adv.

With"er*ite (?), n. [So called after Dr. W. Withering.] (Min.) Barium carbonate occurring in white or gray six-sided twin crystals, and also in columnar or granular masses.

With"er*ling (?), n. [Wither + - ling.] A withered person; one who is decrepit. [Obs.] Chapman.

With"er*nam (?), n. [AS. wiðernm; wiðer against + nm a seizure, fr. niman to take.] (Law) A second or reciprocal distress of other goods in lieu of goods which were taken by a first distress and have been eloigned; a taking by way of reprisal; — chiefly used in the expression capias in withernam, which is the name of a writ used in connection with the action of replevin (sometimes called a writ of reprisal), which issues to a defendant in replevin when he has obtained judgment for a return of the chattels replevied, and fails to obtain them on the writ of return. Blackstone.

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Withe"-rod` (?), n. (Bot.) A North American shrub (Viburnum nudum) whose tough osierlike shoots are sometimes used for binding sheaves.

With"ers (?), n. pl. [Properly, the parts which resist the pull or strain in drawing a load; fr. OE. wither resistance, AS. wiðre, fr. wiðer against; akin to G. widerrist withers. See With, prep.] The ridge between the shoulder bones of a horse, at the base of the neck. See Illust. of Horse.

> Let the galled jade wince; our withers are unwrung.

Shak.

With"er-wrung` (?), a. Injured or hurt in the withers, as a horse.

With*hold" (?), v. t. [imp. Withheld (?); p. p. Withheld, Obs. or Archaic Withholden (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Withholding.] [With again, against, back + hold.]

1. To hold back; to restrain; to keep from action.

> Withhold, O sovereign prince, your hasty hand
> From knitting league with him.

Spenser.

2. To retain; to keep back; not to grant; as, to withhold assent to a proposition.

> Forbid who will, none shall from me withhold
> Longer thy offered good.

Milton.

3. To keep; to maintain; to retain. [Obs.]

> To withhold it the more easily in heart.

Chaucer.

With*hold"er (?), n. One who withholds.

With*hold"ment (?), n. The act of withholding.

With*in" (?), prep. [OE. withinne, withinnen, AS. wiðinnan; wið with, against, toward + innan in, inwardly, within, from in in. See With, prep., In, prep.]

1. In the inner or interior part of; inside of; not without; as, within doors.

> O, unhappy youth!
> Come not within these doors; within this roof
> The enemy of all your graces lives.

Shak.

> Till this be cured by religion, it is as impossible for a man to be happy — that is, pleased and contented within himself — as it is for a sick man to be at ease.

Tillotson.

2. In the limits or compass of; not further in length than; as, within five miles; not longer in time than; as, within an hour; not exceeding in quantity; as, expenses kept within one's income. "That he repair should again within a little while." Chaucer.

> Within these five hours lived Lord Hastings,
> Untainted, unexamined, free, at liberty.

Shak.

3. Hence, inside the limits, reach, or influence of; not going outside of; not beyond, overstepping, exceeding, or the like.

> Both he and she are still within my power.

Dryden.

> Within himself
> The danger lies, yet lies within his power.

Milton.

> Were every action concluded within itself, and drew no consequence after it, we should, undoubtedly, never err in our choice of good.

Locke.

With*in", adv. 1. In the inner part; inwardly; internally. "The wound festers within." Carew.

> Ills from within thy reason must prevent.

Dryden.

2. In the house; in doors; as, the master is within.

With*in"forth` (?), adv. Within; inside; inwardly. [Obs.] Wyclif.

> [It is much greater] labor for to withinforth call into mind, without sight of the eye withoutforth upon images, what he before knew and thought upon.

Bp. Peacock.

With*in"side` (?), adv. In the inner parts; inside. [Obs.] Graves.

With*out" (?), prep. [OE. withoute, withouten, AS. wið&?;tan; wið with, against, toward + &?;tan outside, fr. &?;t out. See With, prep., Out.]

1. On or at the outside of; out of; not within; as, without doors.

> Without the gate
> Some drive the cars, and some the coursers rein.

Dryden.

2. Out of the limits of; out of reach of; beyond.

> Eternity, before the world and after, is without our reach.

T. Burnet.

3. Not with; otherwise than with; in absence of, separation from, or destitution of; not with use or employment of; independently of; exclusively of; with omission; as, without labor; without damage.

> I wolde it do withouten negligence.

Chaucer.

> Wise men will do it without a law.

Bacon.

> Without the separation of the two monarchies, the most advantageous terms . . . must end in our destruction.

Addison.

> There is no living with thee nor without thee.

Tatler.

To do without. See under Do. — Without day [a translation of L. sine die], without the appointment of a day to appear or assemble again; finally; as, the Fortieth Congress then adjourned without day. — Without recourse. See under Recourse.

With*out", conj. Unless; except; — introducing a clause.

> You will never live to my age without you keep yourselves in breath with exercise, and in heart with joyfulness.

Sir P. Sidney.

Now rarely used by good writers or speakers.

With*out", adv. 1. On or art the outside; not on the inside; not within; outwardly; externally.

> Without were fightings, within were fears.

2 Cor. vii. 5.

2. Outside of the house; out of doors.

> The people came unto the house without.

Chaucer.

With*out"-door` (?), a. Outdoor; exterior. [Obs.] "Her without-door form." Shak.

With*out"en (?), prep. Without. [Obs.] Chaucer.

With*out"forth` (?), adv. Without; outside' outwardly. Cf. Withinforth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

With*say" (?), v. t. To contradict; to gainsay; to deny; to renounce. [Obs.] Gower.

> If that he his Christendom withsay.

Chaucer.

With*set" (?), v. t. To set against; to oppose. [Obs.] "Their way he them withset." R. of Brunne.

With*stand" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Withstood (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Withstanding.] [AS. wiðstandan. See With, prep., and Stand.] To stand against; to oppose; to resist, either with physical or moral force; as, to withstand an attack of troops; to withstand eloquence or arguments. Piers Plowman.

> I withstood him to the face.

Gal. ii. 11.

> Some village Hampden, that, with dauntless breast.
> The little tyrant of his fields withstood.

Gray.

With*stand"er (?), n. One who withstands, or opposes; an opponent; a resisting power.

With*stood" (?), imp. & p. p. o&?; Withstand.

With"vine` (?), n. [Withe + vine.] (Bot.) Quitch grass.

With"wind` (?), n. [AS. wiðowinde.] (Bot.) A kind of bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis).

> He bare a burden ybound with a broad list,
> In a withewyndes wise ybounden about.

Piers Plowman.

With"wine` (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Withvine.

With"y (?), n.; pl. Withies (#). [OE. withe, wipi, AS. w&?;ig a willow, willow twig; akin to G. weide willow, OHG. wda, Icel. v&?;ja, a withy, Sw. vide a willow twig, Dan. vidie a willow, osier, Gr. &?;, and probably to L. vitis a vine, viere to plait, Russ. vite. √141. Cf. Wine, Withe.]

1. (Bot.) The osier willow (Salix viminalis). See Osier, n. (a).

2. A withe. See Withe, 1.

With"y, a. Made of withes; like a withe; flexible and tough; also, abounding in withes.

> The stream is brimful now, and lies high in this little withy plantation.

G. Eliot.

Wit"ing (?), n. [See Wit, v.] Knowledge. [Obs.] "Withouten witing of any other wight." Chaucer.

Wit"less (?), a. Destitute of wit or understanding; wanting thought; hence, indiscreet; not under the guidance of judgment. "Witless bravery." Shak.

> A witty mother! witless else her son.

Shak.

> Witless pity breedeth fruitless love.

Fairfax.

— Wit"less*ly, adv. — Wit"less*ness, n.

Wit"ling (?), n. [Wit + -ling; cf. G. witzling.] A person who has little wit or understanding; a pretender to wit or smartness.

> A beau and witing perished in the forming.

Pope.

> Ye newspaper witlings! ye pert scribbling folks!

Goldsmith.

Wit"ness (?), n. [AS. witness, gewitnes, from witan to know. √133. See Wit, v. i.]

1. Attestation of a fact or an event; testimony.

> May we with . . . the witness of a good conscience, pursue him with any further revenge?

Shak.

> If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true.

John v. 31.

2. That which furnishes evidence or proof.

> Laban said to Jacob, . . . This heap be witness, and this pillar be witness.

Gen. xxxi. 51, 52.

3. One who is cognizant; a person who beholds, or otherwise has personal knowledge of, anything; as, an eyewitness; an earwitness. "Thyself art witness I am betrothed." Shak.

> Upon my looking round, I was witness to appearances which filled me with melancholy and regret.

R. Hall.

4. (Law) (a) One who testifies in a cause, or gives evidence before a judicial tribunal; as, the witness in court agreed in all essential facts. (b) One who sees the execution of an instrument, and subscribes it for the purpose of confirming its authenticity by his testimony; one who witnesses a will, a deed, a marriage, or the like.

Privileged witnesses. (Law) See under Privileged. — With a witness, effectually; to a great degree; with great force, so as to leave some mark as a testimony. [Colloq.]

> This, I confess, is haste with a witness.

South.

Wit"ness, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Witnessed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Witnessing.]

1. To see or know by personal presence; to have direct cognizance of.

> This is but a faint sketch of the incalculable calamities and horrors we must expect, should we ever witness the triumphs of modern infidelity.

R. Hall.

> General Washington did not live to witness the restoration of peace.

Marshall.

2. To give testimony to; to testify to; to attest.

> Behold how many things they witness against thee.

Mark xv. 4.

3. (Law) To see the execution of, as an instrument, and subscribe it for the purpose of establishing its authenticity; as, to witness a bond or a deed.

Wit"ness, v. i. To bear testimony; to give evidence; to testify. Chaucer.

> The men of Belial witnessed against him.

1 Kings xxi. 13.

> The witnessing of the truth was then so generally attended with this event [martyrdom] that martyrdom now signifies not only to witness, but to witness to death.

South.

Wit"ness*er (?), n. One who witness.

Wit"-snap`per (?), n. One who affects repartee; a wit-cracker. [Obs.] Shak.

Wit"-starved` (?), a. Barren of wit; destitute of genius. Examiner.

Wit"ted (?), a. Having (such) a wit or understanding; as, a quick-witted boy.

Wit"tic*as`ter (?), n. [Formed like criticaster.] A witling. [R.] Milton.

Wit"ti*cism (?), n. [From Witty.] A witty saying; a sentence or phrase which is affectedly witty; an attempt at wit; a conceit. Milton.

> He is full of conceptions, points of epigram, and witticisms; all which are below the dignity of heroic verse.

Addison.

Wit"ti*fied (?), a. [Witty + - fy + -ed.] Possessed of wit; witty. [R.] R. North.

Wit"ti*ly, adv. In a witty manner; wisely; ingeniously; artfully; with wit; with a delicate turn or phrase, or with an ingenious association of ideas.

> Who his own harm so wittily contrives.

Dryden.

Wit"ti*ness, n. The quality of being witty.

Wit"ting*ly (?), adv. [See Wit, v.] Knowingly; with knowledge; by design.

Wit"tol (?), n. [Said to be for white tail, and so called in allusion to its white tail; but cf. witwal.]

1. (Zoöl.) The wheatear. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A man who knows his wife's infidelity and submits to it; a tame cuckold; — so called because the cuckoo lays its eggs in the wittol's nest. [Obs.] Shak.

Wit"tol*ly (?), a. Like a wittol; cuckoldly. [Obs.] Shak.

Witts (?), n. (Mining) Tin ore freed from earthy matter by stamping. Knight.

Wit"ty (?), a. [Compar. Wittier (?); superl. Wittiest.] [AS. witig, wittig. See Wit, n.]

1. Possessed of wit; knowing; wise; skillful; judicious; clever; cunning. [Obs.] "The deep-revolving witty Buckingham." Shak.

2. Especially, possessing wit or humor; good at repartee; droll; facetious; sometimes, sarcastic; as, a witty remark, poem, and the like. "Honeycomb, who was so unmercifully witty upon the women." Addison.

Syn. — Acute; smart; sharp; arch; keen; facetious; amusing; humorous; satirical; ironical; taunting.

{ Wit"wal`, Wit"wall` } (?), n. [Akin to G. wittewal, wiedewall, MHG. witewal, D. wiedewaal, wielewaal, OD. weduwael, and perhaps the same word as OE. wodewale. Cf. Wood, n., Wittol.] (Zoöl.) (a) The golden oriole. (b) The greater spotted woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.]

Wit"worm` (?), n. One who, or that which, feeds on or destroys wit. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Wive, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wiving.] [AS. wfian, gewfian. See Wite.] To marry, as a man; to take a wife.

> Wherefore we pray you hastily to wive.

Chaucer.

Wive, v. t. 1. To match to a wife; to provide with a wife. "An I could get me but a wife . . . I were manned, horsed, and wived." Shak.

2. To take for a wife; to marry.

> I have wived his sister.

Sir W. Scott.

Wive"hood (?), n. Wifehood. [Obs.] Spenser.

Wive"less, a. Wifeless. [Obs.] Homilies.

Wive"ly, a. Wifely. [Obs.] Udall.

{ Wiv"er (?), Wiv"ern (?), } n. [OE. wivere a serpent, OF. wivre, guivre, F. givre, guivre, wiver, from L. vipera; probably influenced by OHG. wipera, from the Latin. See Viper, and cf. Weever.]

1. (Her.) A fabulous two-legged, winged creature, like a cockatrice, but having the head of a dragon, and without spurs. [Written also wyvern.]

> The jargon of heraldry, its griffins, its mold warps, its wiverns, and its dragons.

Sir W. Scott.

2. (Zoöl.) The weever.

Wives (?), n., pl. of Wife.

Wiz"ard (?), n. [Probably from wise + -ard.] 1. A wise man; a sage. [Obs.]

> See how from far upon the eastern road
> The star-led wizards [Magi] haste with odors sweet!

Milton.

2. One devoted to the black art; a magician; a conjurer; a sorcerer; an enchanter.

> The wily wizard must be caught.

Dryden.

Wiz"ard, a. 1. Enchanting; charming. Collins.

2. Haunted by wizards.

> Where Deva spreads her wizard stream.

Milton.

Wiz"ard*ly, a. Resembling or becoming a wizard; wizardlike; weird.

Wiz"ard*ry (?), n. The character or practices o&?; wizards; sorcery; magic. "He acquired a reputation bordering on wizardry." J. A. Symonds.

Wiz"en (?), v. i. [OE. wisenen, AS. wisnian akin to weornian to decay, OHG. wesan&?;n to grow dry, G. verwesen to rot, Icel. visna to wither, Sw. vissna, Dan. visne, and probably to L. virus an offensive odor, poison. Cf. Virus.] To wither; to dry. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Wiz"en, a. Wizened; thin; weazen; withered.

> A little lonely, wizen, strangely clad boy.

Dickens.

Wiz"en, n. The weasand. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Wiz"ened (?), a. Dried; shriveled; withered; shrunken; weazen; as, a wizened old man.

Wiz"en-faced` (?), a. Having a shriveled, thin, withered face.

Wlat"some (?), a. [AS. wlatian to disgust, irk, wl&?;tta loathing.] Loathsome; disgusting; hateful. [Obs.]

> Murder is . . . wlatsom and abhominable to God.

Chaucer.

Wo (?), n. & a. See Woe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Woad (?), n. [OE. wod, AS. wd; akin to D. weede, G. waid, OHG. weit, Dan. vaid, veid, Sw. veide, L. vitrum.] [Written also wad, and wade.]

1. (Bot.) An herbaceous cruciferous plant (Isatis tinctoria). It was formerly cultivated for the blue coloring matter derived from its leaves.

2. A blue dyestuff, or coloring matter, consisting of the powdered and fermented leaves of the Isatis tinctoria. It is now superseded by indigo, but is somewhat used with indigo as a ferment in dyeing.

> Their bodies . . . painted with woad in sundry figures.

Milton.

Wild woad (Bot.), the weld (Reseda luteola). See Weld. — Woad mill, a mill grinding and preparing woad.

Woad"ed, a. Colored or stained with woad. "Man tattoed or woaded, winter-clad in skins." Tennyson.

Woad"-wax`en (?), n. [Cf. Wood-wax.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Genista tinctoria) of Europe and Russian Asia, and adventitious in America; — called also greenwood, greenweed, dyer's greenweed, and whin, wood-wash, wood-wax, and wood- waxen.

Woald (?), n. See Weld.

Wob"ble (?), v. i. See Wabble.

Wode (?), a. [AS. wd.] Mad. See Wood, a. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer.

Wode, n. Wood. Chaucer.

Wode"geld` (?), n. [See Wood, and Geld.] (O. Eng. Law) A geld, or payment, for wood. Burrill.

Wo"den (?), n. [AS. Wden; akin to OS. Wdan, OHG. Wuotan, Icel. Oðinn, and probably to E. wood, a. Cf. Wednesday.] (Northern Myth.) A deity corresponding to Odin, the supreme deity of the Scandinavians. Wednesday is named for him. See Odin.

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Woe (?), n. [OE. wo, wa, woo, AS. w, interj.; akin to D. wee, OS. & OHG. w, G. weh, Icel. vei, Dan. vee, Sw. ve, Goth. wai; cf. L. vae, Gr. &?;. √128. Cf. Wail.] [Formerly written also wo.]

1. Grief; sorrow; misery; heavy calamity.

> Thus saying, from her side the fatal key,
> Sad instrument of all our woe, she took.

Milton.

> [They] weep each other's woe.

Pope.

2. A curse; a malediction.

> Can there be a woe or curse in all the stores of vengeance equal to the malignity of such a practice?

South.

Woe is used in denunciation, and in exclamations of sorrow. " Woe is me! for I am undone." Isa. vi. 5.

> O! woe were us alive [i.e., in life].

Chaucer.

> Woe unto him that striveth with his Maker!

Isa. xlv. 9.

Woe worth, Woe be to. See Worth, v. i.

> Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day,
> That costs thy life, my gallant gray!

Sir W. Scott.

Woe, a. Woeful; sorrowful. [Obs.]

> His clerk was woe to do that deed.

Robert of Brunne.

> Woe was this knight and sorrowfully he sighed.

Chaucer.

> And looking up he waxed wondrous woe.

Spenser.

Woe"-be*gone` (?), a. [OE. wo begon. See Woe, and Begone, p. p.] Beset or overwhelmed with woe; immersed in grief or sorrow; woeful. Chaucer.

> So woe-begone was he with pains of love.

Fairfax.

{ Woe"ful, Wo"ful } (?), a. 1. Full of woe; sorrowful; distressed with grief or calamity; afflicted; wretched; unhappy; sad.

> How many woeful widows left to bow
> To sad disgrace!

Daniel.

2. Bringing calamity, distress, or affliction; as, a woeful event; woeful want.

> O woeful day! O day of woe!

Philips.

3. Wretched; paltry; miserable; poor.

> What woeful stuff this madrigal would be!

Pope.

{ Woe"ful*ly, Wo"ful*ly, } adv. In a woeful manner; sorrowfully; mournfully; miserably; dolefully.

{ Woe"ful*ness, Wo"ful*ness, } n. The quality or state of being woeful; misery; wretchedness.

Woe"some (?), a. Woeful. [Obs.] Langhorne.

Woke (?), imp. & p. p. Wake.

Wol (?), v. t. & i. See 2d Will. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wold (?), n. [OE. wold, wald, AS. weald, wald, a wood, forest; akin to OFries. & OS. wald, D. woud, G. wald, Icel. völlr, a field, and probably to Gr. &?; a grove, Skr. v&?;a a garden, inclosure. Cf. Weald.]

1. A wood; a forest.

2. A plain, or low hill; a country without wood, whether hilly or not.

> And from his further bank Ætolia's wolds espied.

Byron.

> The wind that beats the mountain, blows
> More softly round the open wold.

Tennyson.

Wold, n. See Weld.

Wolde (?), obs. imp. of Will. See Would.

Wolf (?), n.; pl. Wolves (#). [OE. wolf, wulf, AS. wulf; akin to OS. wulf, D. & G. wolf, Icel. lfr, Sw. ulf, Dan. ulv, Goth. wulfs, Lith. vilkas, Russ. volk', L. lupus, Gr. ly`kos, Skr. vka; also to Gr. "e`lkein to draw, drag, tear in pieces. √286. Cf. Lupine, a., Lyceum.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of wild and savage carnivores belonging to the genus Canis and closely allied to the common dog. The best-known and most destructive species are the European wolf (Canis lupus), the American gray, or timber, wolf (C. occidentalis), and the prairie wolf, or coyote. Wolves often hunt in packs, and may thus attack large animals and even man.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the destructive, and usually hairy, larvæ of several species of beetles and grain moths; as, the bee wolf.

3. Fig.: Any very ravenous, rapacious, or destructive person or thing; especially, want; starvation; as, they toiled hard to keep the wolf from the door.

4. A white worm, or maggot, which infests granaries.

5. An eating ulcer or sore. Cf. Lupus. [Obs.]

> If God should send a cancer upon thy face, or a wolf into thy side.

Jer. Taylor.

6. (Mus.) (a) The harsh, howling sound of some of the chords on an organ or piano tuned by unequal temperament. (b) In bowed instruments, a harshness due to defective vibration in certain notes of the scale.

7. (Textile Manuf.) A willying machine. Knight.

Black wolf. (Zoöl.) (a) A black variety of the European wolf which is common in the Pyrenees. (b) A black variety of the American gray wolf. — Golden wolf (Zoöl.), the Thibetan wolf (Canis laniger); — called also chanco. — Indian wolf (Zoöl.), an Asiatic wolf (Canis pallipes) which somewhat resembles a jackal. Called also landgak. — Prairie wolf (Zoöl.), the coyote. — Sea wolf. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. — Strand wolf (Zoöl.) the striped hyena. — Tasmanian wolf (Zoöl.), the zebra wolf. — Tiger wolf (Zoöl.), the spotted hyena. — To keep the wolf from the door, to keep away poverty; to prevent starvation. See Wolf, 3, above. Tennyson. — Wolf dog. (Zoöl.) (a) The mastiff, or shepherd dog, of the Pyrenees, supposed by some authors to be one of the ancestors of the St. Bernard dog. (b) The Irish greyhound, supposed to have been used formerly by the Danes for chasing wolves. (c) A dog bred between a dog and a wolf, as the Eskimo dog. — Wolf eel (Zoöl.), a wolf fish. — Wolf fish (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, voracious marine fishes of the genus Anarrhichas, especially the common species (A. lupus) of Europe and North America. These fishes have large teeth and powerful jaws. Called also catfish, sea cat, sea wolf, stone biter, and swinefish. — Wolf net, a kind of net used in fishing, which takes great numbers of fish. — Wolf's peach (Bot.), the tomato, or love apple (Lycopersicum esculentum). — Wolf spider (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of running ground spiders belonging to the genus Lycosa, or family Lycosidæ. These spiders run about rapidly in search of their prey. Most of them are plain brown or blackish in color. See Illust. in App. — Zebra wolf (Zoöl.), a savage carnivorous marsupial (Thylacinus cynocephalus) native of Tasmania; — called also Tasmanian wolf.

Wolf"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) An American shrub (Symphoricarpus occidentalis) which bears soft white berries.

Wolff"i*an (?), a. (Anat.) Discovered, or first described, by Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1733-1794), the founder of modern embryology.

Wolffian body, the mesonephros. — Wolffian duct, the duct from the Wolffian body.

Wolf"ish (?), a. Like a wolf; having the qualities or form of a wolf; as, a wolfish visage; wolfish designs.

— Wolf"ish*ly, adv. — Wolf"ish*ness, n.

Wolf"kin (?), n. A little or young wolf. Tennyson.

Wolf"ling (?), n. A young wolf. Carlyle.

Wol"fram (?), n. [G.] (Min.) Same as Wolframite.

Wol"fram*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of wolframic acid; a tungstate.

Wol*fram"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to wolframium. See Tungstic.

Wol"fram*ite (?), n. [G., wolframit, wolfram; wolf wolf + rahm cream, soot; cf. G. wolfsruss wolfram, lit., wolf's soot.] (Min.) Tungstate of iron and manganese, generally of a brownish or grayish black color, submetallic luster, and high specific gravity. It occurs in cleavable masses, and also crystallized. Called also wolfram.

Wol*fra"mi*um (?), n. [NL. See Wolfram.] (Chem.) The technical name of the element tungsten. See Tungsten.

Wolfs"bane` (?), n. (Bot.) A poisonous plant (Aconitum Lycoctonum), a kind of monkshood; also, by extension, any plant or species of the genus Aconitum. See Aconite.

Wolf's"-claw` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of club moss. See Lycopodium.

Wolf's"-foot` (?), n. (Bot.) Club moss. See Lycopodium.

Wolf's"-milk` (?), n. (Bot.) Any kind of spurge (Euphorbia); — so called from its acrid milky juice.

Woll (?), v. t. & i. See 2d Will. [Obs.]

Wol"las*ton*ite (?), n. [After Dr. W. H. Wollaston, an English chemist, who died in 1828.] (Min.) A silicate of lime of a white to gray, red, or yellow color, occurring generally in cleavable masses, rarely in tabular crystals; tabular spar.

Wolle (?), n. Wool. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Wol`ver*ene", Wol`ver*ine" } (?), n. [From Wolf, with a dim suffix; prob. so called from its supposed wolfish qualities.]

1. (Zoöl.) The glutton.

2. A nickname for an inhabitant of Michigan. [U. S.]

Wolves (?), n., pl. of Wolf.

Wolv"ish (?), a. Wolfish. Shak.

Wom"an (?), n.; pl. Women (#). [OE. woman, womman, wumman, wimman, wifmon, AS. wfmann, wmmann; wf woman, wife + mann a man. See Wife, and Man.]

1. An adult female person; a grown-up female person, as distinguished from a man or a child; sometimes, any female person.

> Women are soft, mild pitiful, and flexible.

Shak.

> And the rib, which the Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman.

Gen. ii. 22.

> I have observed among all nations that the women ornament themselves more than the men; that, wherever found, they are the same kind, civil, obliging, humane, tender beings, inclined to be gay and cheerful, timorous and modest.

J. Ledyard.

2. The female part of the human race; womankind.

> Man is destined to be a prey to woman.

Thackeray.

3. A female attendant or servant. " By her woman I sent your message." Shak.

Woman hater, one who hates women; one who has an aversion to the female sex; a misogynist. Swift.

Wom"an, v. t. 1. To act the part of a woman in; — with indefinite it. Daniel.

2. To make effeminate or womanish. [R.] Shak.

3. To furnish with, or unite to, a woman. [R.] "To have him see me woman'd." Shak.

{Wom"an*head (?), Wom"an*hede (?)}, n. Womanhood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wom"an*hood (?), n. 1. The state of being a woman; the distinguishing character or qualities of a woman, or of womankind.

> Unspotted faith, and comely womanhood.

Spenser.

> Perhaps the smile and the tender tone
> Came out of her pitying womanhood.

Tennyson.

2. Women, collectively; womankind.

Wom"an*ish (?), a. Suitable to a woman, having the qualities of a woman; effeminate; not becoming a man; — usually in a reproachful sense. See the Note under Effeminate. " Thy tears are womanish." Shak. " Womanish entreaties." Macaulay.

> A voice not soft, weak, piping, and womanish, but audible, strong, and manlike.

Ascham.

— Wom"an*ish*ly, adv. — Wom"an*ish*ness, n.

Wom"an*ize (?), v. t. To make like a woman; to make effeminate. [Obs.] V. Knox.

Wom"an*kind` (?), n. The females of the human race; women, collectively.

> A sanctuary into which womankind, with her tools of magic, the broom and mop, has very infrequent access.

Hawthorne.

Wom"an*less, a. Without a woman or women.

Wom"an*like (?), a. Like a woman; womanly.

> Womanlike, taking revenge too deep.

Tennyson.

Wom"an*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being womanly.

> There is nothing wherein their womanliness is more honestly garnished than with silence.

Udall.

Wom"an*ly, a. Becoming a woman; feminine; as, womanly behavior. Arbuthnot.

> A blushing, womanly discovering grace.

Donne.

Wom"an*ly, adv. In the manner of a woman; with the grace, tenderness, or affection of a woman. Gascoigne.

Womb (wm), n. [OE. wombe, wambe, AS. wamb, womb; akin to D. wam belly, OS. & OHG. wamba, G. wamme, wampe, Icel. vömb, Sw. våmb, Dan. vom, Goth. wamba.] 1. The belly; the abdomen. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> And he coveted to fill his woman of the cods that the hogs eat, and no man gave him.

Wyclif (Luke xv. 16).

> An I had but a belly of any indifferency, I were simply the most active fellow in Europe. My womb, my womb, my womb undoes me.

Shak.

2. (Anat.) The uterus. See Uterus.

3. The place where anything is generated or produced.

> The womb of earth the genial seed receives.

Dryden.

4. Any cavity containing and enveloping anything.

> The center spike of gold
> Which burns deep in the bluebell's womb.

R. Browning.

Womb, v. t. To inclose in a womb, or as in a womb; to breed or hold in secret. [Obs.] Shak.

Wom"bat (?), n. [From the native name, womback, wombach, in Australia.] (Zoöl.) Any one of three species of Australian burrowing marsupials of the genus Phascolomys, especially the common species (P. ursinus). They are nocturnal in their habits, and feed mostly on roots.

Womb"y (?), a. Capacious. [Obs.] Shak.

Wom"en (?), n., pl. of Woman.

Won (?), imp. & p. p. of Win.

Won, v. i. [See 1st Wone.] To dwell or abide. [Obs. or Scot.] " Where he wans in forest wild." Milton.

> This land where I have woned thus long.

Spenser.

Won, n. Dwelling; wone. [Obs.] Spenser.

Won"der (?), n. [OE. wonder, wunder, AS. wundor; akin to D. wonder, OS. wundar, OHG. wuntar, G. wunder, Icel. undr, Sw. & Dan. under, and perhaps to Gr. &?; to gaze at.]

1. That emotion which is excited by novelty, or the presentation to the sight or mind of something new, unusual, strange, great, extraordinary, or not well understood; surprise; astonishment; admiration; amazement.

> They were filled with wonder and amazement at that which had happened unto him.

Acts iii. 10.

> Wonder is the effect of novelty upon ignorance.

Johnson.

Wonder expresses less than astonishment, and much less than amazement. It differs from admiration, as now used, in not being necessarily accompanied with love, esteem, or approbation.

2. A cause of wonder; that which excites surprise; a strange thing; a prodigy; a miracle. " Babylon, the wonder of all tongues." Milton.

> To try things oft, and never to give over, doth wonders.

Bacon.

> I am as a wonder unto many.

Ps. lxxi. 7.

Seven wonders of the world. See in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction.

Won"der, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wondered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wondering.] [AS. wundrian.]

1. To be affected with surprise or admiration; to be struck with astonishment; to be amazed; to marvel.

> I could not sufficiently wonder at the intrepidity of these diminutive mortals.

Swift.

> We cease to wonder at what we understand.

Johnson.

2. To feel doubt and curiosity; to wait with uncertain expectation; to query in the mind; as, he wondered why they came.

> I wonder, in my soul,
> What you would ask me, that I should deny.

Shak.

Won"der, a. Wonderful. [Obs.] Gower.

> After that he said a wonder thing.

Chaucer.

Won"der, adv. Wonderfully. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Won"dered (?), a. Having performed wonders; able to perform wonderful things. [Obs.] Shak.

Won"der*er (?), n. One who wonders.

Won"der*ful (?), a. Adapted to excite wonder or admiration; surprising; strange; astonishing.

Syn. — Marvelous; amazing. See Marvelous.

— Won"der*ful*ly, adv. — Won"der*ful*ness, n.

Won"der*ing*ly, adv. In a wondering manner.

Won"der*land` (?), n. A land full of wonders, or marvels. M. Arnold.

Won"der*ly, adv. [AS. wundorlice.] Wonderfully; wondrously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

<! p. 1662 !>

Won"der*ment (?), n. Surprise; astonishment; a wonderful appearance; a wonder. Bacon.

> All the common sights they view,
> Their wonderment engage.

Sir W. Scott.

Won"der*ous (?), a. Same as Wondrous.

Won"ders (?), adv. See Wondrous. [Obs.]

> They be wonders glad thereof.

Sir T. More.

Won"der*struck` (?), a. Struck with wonder, admiration, or surprise. Dryden.

Won"der*work` (?), n. [AS. wundorweorc.] A wonderful work or act; a prodigy; a miracle.

> Such as in strange land
> He found in wonderworks of God and Nature's hand.

Byron.

Won"der-work`er (?), n. One who performs wonders, or miracles.

Won"der-work`ing, a. Doing wonders or surprising things.

Won"drous (?), adv. [OE. wonders, adv. (later also adj.). See Wonder, n., and cf. - wards.] In a wonderful or surprising manner or degree; wonderfully.

> For sylphs, yet mindful of their ancient race,
> Are, as when women, wondrous fond of place.

Pope.

> And now there came both mist and snow,
> And it grew wondrous cold.

Coleridge.

Won"drous, a. Wonderful; astonishing; admirable; marvelous; such as excite surprise and astonishment; strange.

> That I may . . . tell of all thy wondrous works.

Ps. xxvi. 7.

— Won"drous*ly, adv. — Won"drous*ness, n.

> Chloe complains, and wondrously's aggrieved.

Granville.

Wone (?), v. i. [OE. wonen, wunen, wonien, wunien, AS. wunian. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Wont, a.] To dwell; to abide. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

> Their habitation in which they woned.

Chaucer.

Wone, n. [OE. See Wone, v. i., Wont, a.]

1. Dwelling; habitation; abode. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Custom; habit; wont; use; usage. [Obs.]

> To liven in delight was all his wone.

Chaucer.

Wong (?), n. [AS. wang, wong.] A field. [Obs.] Spelman. "Woods and wonges." Havelok the Dane.

Wong"er (?), n. See Wanger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Won"ing (?), n. Dwelling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Won't (?). A colloquial contraction of woll not. Will not. See Will.

Often pronounced wnt in New England.

Wont (?), a. [For woned, p. p. of won, wone, to dwell, AS. wunian; akin to D. wonen, OS. wun&?;n, OHG, won&?;n, G. wohnen, and AS. wund, gewuna, custom, habit; orig. probably, to take pleasure; cf. Icel. una to dwell, to enjoy, Goth. wunan to rejoice (in unwunands sad); and akin to Skr. van to like, to wish. &?;&?;&?;&?;. Cf. Wean, Win.] Using or doing customarily; accustomed; habituated; used. "As he was wont to go." Chaucer.

> If the ox were wont to push with his horn.

Ex. xxi. 29.

Wont, n. Custom; habit; use; usage.

> They are . . . to be called out to their military motions, under sky or covert, according to the season, as was the Roman wont.

Milton.

> From childly wont and ancient use.

Cowper.

Wont, v. i. [imp. Wont, p. p. Wont, or Wonted; p. pr. & vb. n. Wonting.] To be accustomed or habituated; to be used.

> A yearly solemn feast she wont to make.

Spenser.

Wont, v. t. To accustom; — used reflexively.

Wont"ed, a. Accustomed; customary; usual.

> Again his wonted weapon proved.

Spenser.

> Like an old piece of furniture left alone in its wonted corner.

Sir W. Scott.

> She was wonted to the place, and would not remove.

L'Estrange.

Wont"ed*ness, n. The quality or state of being accustomed. [R.] Eikon Basilike.

Wont"less, a. Unaccustomed. [Obs.] Spenser.

Woo (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wooed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wooing.] [OE. wowen, wo&?;en, AS. w&?;gian, fr. w&?;h bent, crooked, bad; akin to OS. wh evil, Goth. unwahs blameless, Skr. va&?;c to waver, and perhaps to E. vaccilate.]

1. To solicit in love; to court.

> Each, like the Grecian artist, wooes
> The image he himself has wrought.

Prior.

2. To court solicitously; to invite with importunity.

> Thee, chantress, oft the woods among
> I woo, to hear thy even song.

Milton.

> I woo the wind
> That still delays his coming.

Bryant.

Woo, v. i. To court; to make love. Dryden.

Wood (wd), a. [OE. wod, AS. wd; akin to OHG. wuot, Icel. ðr, Goth. wds, D. woede madness, G. wuth, wut, also to AS. wð song, Icel. ðr, L. vates a seer, a poet. Cf. Wednesday.] Mad; insane; possessed; rabid; furious; frantic. [Obs.] [Written also wode.]

> Our hoste gan to swear as [if] he were wood.

Chaucer.

Wood, v. i. To grow mad; to act like a madman; to mad. Chaucer.

Wood, n. [OE. wode, wude, AS. wudu, wiodu; akin to OHG. witu, Icel. vi&?;r, Dan. & Sw. ved wood, and probably to Ir. & Gael. fiodh, W. gwydd trees, shrubs.]

1. A large and thick collection of trees; a forest or grove; — frequently used in the plural.

> Light thickens, and the crow
> Makes wing to the rooky wood.

Shak.

2. The substance of trees and the like; the hard fibrous substance which composes the body of a tree and its branches, and which is covered by the bark; timber. "To worship their own work in wood and stone for gods." Milton.

3. (Bot.) The fibrous material which makes up the greater part of the stems and branches of trees and shrubby plants, and is found to a less extent in herbaceous stems. It consists of elongated tubular or needle-shaped cells of various kinds, usually interwoven with the shinning bands called silver grain.

Wood consists chiefly of the carbohydrates cellulose and lignin, which are isomeric with starch.

4. Trees cut or sawed for the fire or other uses.

Wood acid, Wood vinegar (Chem.), a complex acid liquid obtained in the dry distillation of wood, and containing large quantities of acetic acid; hence, specifically, acetic acid. Formerly called pyroligneous acid. - - Wood anemone (Bot.), a delicate flower (Anemone nemorosa) of early spring; — also called windflower. See Illust. of Anemone. — Wood ant (Zoöl.), a large ant (Formica rufa) which lives in woods and forests, and constructs large nests. — Wood apple (Bot.). See Elephant apple, under Elephant. — Wood baboon (Zoöl.), the drill. — Wood betony. (Bot.) (a) Same as Betony. (b) The common American lousewort (Pedicularis Canadensis), a low perennial herb with yellowish or purplish flowers. — Wood borer. (Zoöl.) (a) The larva of any one of numerous species of boring beetles, esp. elaters, longicorn beetles, buprestidans, and certain weevils. See Apple borer, under Apple, and Pine weevil, under Pine. (b) The larva of any one of various species of lepidopterous insects, especially of the clearwing moths, as the peach-tree borer (see under Peach), and of the goat moths. (c) The larva of various species of hymenopterous of the tribe Urocerata. See Tremex. (d) Any one of several bivalve shells which bore in wood, as the teredos, and species of Xylophaga. (e) Any one of several species of small Crustacea, as the Limnoria, and the boring amphipod (Chelura terebrans). — Wood carpet, a kind of floor covering made of thin pieces of wood secured to a flexible backing, as of cloth. Knight. — Wood cell (Bot.), a slender cylindrical or prismatic cell usually tapering to a point at both ends. It is the principal constituent of woody fiber. — Wood choir, the choir, or chorus, of birds in the woods. [Poetic] Coleridge. — Wood coal, charcoal; also, lignite, or brown coal. — Wood cricket (Zoöl.), a small European cricket (Nemobius sylvestris). — Wood culver (Zoöl.), the wood pigeon. — Wood cut, an engraving on wood; also, a print from such an engraving. — Wood dove (Zoöl.), the stockdove. — Wood drink, a decoction or infusion of medicinal woods. — Wood duck (Zoöl.) (a) A very beautiful American duck (Aix sponsa). The male has a large crest, and its plumage is varied with green, purple, black, white, and red. It builds its nest in trees, whence the name. Called also bridal duck, summer duck, and wood widgeon. (b) The hooded merganser. (c) The Australian maned goose (Chlamydochen jubata). — Wood echo, an echo from the wood. — Wood engraver. (a) An engraver on wood. (b) (Zoöl.) Any of several species of small beetles whose larvæ bore beneath the bark of trees, and excavate furrows in the wood often more or less resembling coarse engravings; especially, Xyleborus xylographus. — Wood engraving. (a) The act or art engraving on wood; xylography. (b) An engraving on wood; a wood cut; also, a print from such an engraving. — Wood fern. (Bot.) See Shield fern, under Shield. — Wood fiber. (a) (Bot.) Fibrovascular tissue. (b) Wood comminuted, and reduced to a powdery or dusty mass. — Wood fretter (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of beetles whose larvæ bore in the wood, or beneath the bark, of trees. — Wood frog (Zoöl.), a common North American frog (Rana sylvatica) which lives chiefly in the woods, except during the breeding season. It is drab or yellowish brown, with a black stripe on each side of the head. — Wood germander. (Bot.) See under Germander. — Wood god, a fabled sylvan deity. — Wood grass. (Bot.) See under Grass. — Wood grouse. (Zoöl.) (a) The capercailzie. (b) The spruce partridge. See under Spruce. — Wood guest (Zoöl.), the ringdove. [Prov. Eng.] — Wood hen. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of Old World short-winged rails of the genus Ocydromus, including the weka and allied species. (b) The American woodcock. — Wood hoopoe (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World arboreal birds belonging to Irrisor and allied genera. They are closely allied to the common hoopoe, but have a curved beak, and a longer tail. — Wood ibis (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, long-legged, wading birds belonging to the genus Tantalus. The head and neck are naked or scantily covered with feathers. The American wood ibis (Tantalus loculator) is common in Florida. — Wood lark (Zoöl.), a small European lark (Alauda arborea), which, like, the skylark, utters its notes while on the wing. So called from its habit of perching on trees. — Wood laurel (Bot.), a European evergreen shrub (Daphne Laureola). — Wood leopard (Zoöl.), a European spotted moth (Zeuzera æsculi) allied to the goat moth. Its large fleshy larva bores in the wood of the apple, pear, and other fruit trees. — Wood lily (Bot.), the lily of the valley. — Wood lock (Naut.), a piece of wood close fitted and sheathed with copper, in the throating or score of the pintle, to keep the rudder from rising. — Wood louse (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of terrestrial isopod Crustacea belonging to Oniscus, Armadillo, and related genera. See Sow bug, under Sow, and Pill bug, under Pill. (b) Any one of several species of small, wingless, pseudoneuropterous insects of the family Psocidæ, which live in the crevices of walls and among old books and papers. Some of the species are called also book lice, and deathticks, or deathwatches. — Wood mite (Zoöl.), any one of numerous small mites of the family Oribatidæ. They are found chiefly in woods, on tree trunks and stones. — Wood mote. (Eng. Law) (a) Formerly, the forest court. (b) The court of attachment. — Wood nettle. (Bot.) See under Nettle. — Wood nightshade (Bot.), woody nightshade. — Wood nut (Bot.), the filbert. — Wood nymph. (a) A nymph inhabiting the woods; a fabled goddess of the woods; a dryad. "The wood nymphs, decked with daisies trim." Milton. (b) (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of handsomely colored moths belonging to the genus Eudryas. The larvæ are bright- colored, and some of the species, as Eudryas grata, and E. unio, feed on the leaves of the grapevine. (c) (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of handsomely colored South American humming birds belonging to the genus Thalurania. The males are bright blue, or green and blue. — Wood offering, wood burnt on the altar.

> We cast the lots . . . for the wood offering.

Neh. x. 34.

— Wood oil (Bot.), a resinous oil obtained from several East Indian trees of the genus Dipterocarpus, having properties similar to those of copaiba, and sometimes substituted for it. It is also used for mixing paint. See Gurjun. — Wood opal (Min.), a striped variety of coarse opal, having some resemblance to wood. — Wood paper, paper made of wood pulp. See Wood pulp, below. — Wood pewee (Zoöl.), a North American tyrant flycatcher (Contopus virens). It closely resembles the pewee, but is smaller. — Wood pie (Zoöl.), any black and white woodpecker, especially the European great spotted woodpecker. — Wood pigeon. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of Old World pigeons belonging to Palumbus and allied genera of the family Columbidæ. (b) The ringdove. — Wood puceron (Zoöl.), a plant louse. — Wood pulp (Technol.), vegetable fiber obtained from the poplar and other white woods, and so softened by digestion with a hot solution of alkali that it can be formed into sheet paper, etc. It is now produced on an immense scale. — Wood quail (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian crested quails belonging to Rollulus and allied genera, as the red-crested wood quail (R. roulroul), the male of which is bright green, with a long crest of red hairlike feathers. — Wood rabbit (Zoöl.), the cottontail. — Wood rat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of American wild rats of the genus Neotoma found in the Southern United States; — called also bush rat. The Florida wood rat (Neotoma Floridana) is the best-known species. — Wood reed grass (Bot.), a tall grass (Cinna arundinacea) growing in moist woods. — Wood reeve, the steward or overseer of a wood. [Eng.] — Wood rush (Bot.), any plant of the genus Luzula, differing from the true rushes of the genus Juncus chiefly in having very few seeds in each capsule. — Wood sage (Bot.), a name given to several labiate plants of the genus Teucrium. See Germander. — Wood screw, a metal screw formed with a sharp thread, and usually with a slotted head, for insertion in wood. — Wood sheldrake (Zoöl.), the hooded merganser. — Wood shock (Zoöl.), the fisher. See Fisher, 2. — Wood shrike (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Old World singing birds belonging to Grallina, Collyricincla, Prionops, and allied genera, common in India and Australia. They are allied to the true shrikes, but feed upon both insects and berries. — Wood snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The American woodcock. (b) An Asiatic snipe (Gallinago nemoricola). — Wood soot, soot from burnt wood. — Wood sore. (Zoöl.) See Cuckoo spit, under Cuckoo. — Wood sorrel (Bot.), a plant of the genus Oxalis (Oxalis Acetosella), having an acid taste. See Illust. (a) of Shamrock. — Wood spirit. (Chem.) See Methyl alcohol, under Methyl. — Wood stamp, a carved or engraved block or stamp of wood, for impressing figures or colors on fabrics. — Wood star (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small South American humming birds belonging to the genus Calothorax. The male has a brilliant gorget of blue, purple, and other colors. — Wood sucker (Zoöl.), the yaffle. — Wood swallow (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of Old World passerine birds belonging to the genus Artamus and allied genera of the family Artamidæ. They are common in the East Indies, Asia, and Australia. In form and habits they resemble swallows, but in structure they resemble shrikes. They are usually black above and white beneath. — Wood tapper (Zoöl.), any woodpecker. — Wood tar. See under Tar. — Wood thrush, (Zoöl.) (a) An American thrush (Turdus mustelinus) noted for the sweetness of its song. See under Thrush. (b) The missel thrush. - - Wood tick. See in Vocabulary. — Wood tin. (Min.). See Cassiterite. — Wood titmouse (Zoöl.), the goldcgest. — Wood tortoise (Zoöl.), the sculptured tortoise. See under Sculptured. — Wood vine (Bot.), the white bryony. — Wood vinegar. See Wood acid, above. — Wood warbler. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of American warblers of the genus Dendroica. See Warbler. (b) A European warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix); — called also green wren, wood wren, and yellow wren. — Wood worm (Zoöl.), a larva that bores in wood; a wood borer. — Wood wren. (Zoöl.) (a) The wood warbler. (b) The willow warbler.

Wood (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wooded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wooding.] To supply with wood, or get supplies of wood for; as, to wood a steamboat or a locomotive.

<! p. 1663 !>

Wood (?), v. i. To take or get a supply of wood.

Wood"bind` (?), n. Woodbine. Dryden.

> A garland . . . of woodbind or hawthorn leaves.

Chaucer.

Wood"bine` (?), n. [AS. wudubind black ivy; — so named as binding about trees. See Wood, and Bind, v. t.] (Bot.) (a) A climbing plant having flowers of great fragrance (Lonicera Periclymenum); the honeysuckle. (b) The Virginia creeper. See Virginia creeper, under Virginia. [Local, U. S.]

> Beatrice, who even now
> Is couched in the woodbine coverture.

Shak.

Wood"-bound` (?), a. Incumbered with tall, woody hedgerows.

Wood"bur*y-type` (?), n. [After the name of the inventor, W. Woodbury.]

1. A process in photographic printing, in which a relief pattern in gelatin, which has been hardened after certain operations, is pressed upon a plate of lead or other soft metal. An intaglio impression in thus produced, from which pictures may be directly printed, but by a slower process than in common printing.

2. A print from such a plate.

Wood"chat` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of Asiatic singing birds belonging to the genera Ianthia and Larvivora. They are closely allied to the European robin. The males are usually bright blue above, and more or less red or rufous beneath. (b) A European shrike (Enneoctonus rufus). In the male the head and nape are rufous red; the back, wings, and tail are black, varied with white.

Wood"chuck` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A common large North American marmot (Arctomys monax). It is usually reddish brown, more or less grizzled with gray. It makes extensive burrows, and is often injurious to growing crops. Called also ground hog.

2. (Zoöl.) The yaffle, or green woodpecker. [Prov. Eng.]

Wood"cock` (?), n. [AS. wuducoc.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of long-billed limicoline birds belonging to the genera Scolopax and Philohela. They are mostly nocturnal in their habits, and are highly esteemed as game birds.

The most important species are the European (Scolopax rusticola) and the American woodcock (Philohela minor), which agree very closely in appearance and habits.

2. Fig.: A simpleton. [Obs.]

> If I loved you not, I would laugh at you, and see you
> Run your neck into the noose, and cry, "A woodcock!"

Beau. & Fl.

Little woodcock. (a) The common American snipe. (b) The European snipe. — Sea woodcock fish, the bellows fish. — Woodcock owl, the short-eared owl (Asio brachyotus). — Woodcock shell, the shell of certain mollusks of the genus Murex, having a very long canal, with or without spines. — Woodcock snipe. See under Snipe.

Wood"crack`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The nuthatch. [Prov. Eng.]

Wood"craft` (?), n. Skill and practice in anything pertaining to the woods, especially in shooting, and other sports in the woods.

> Men of the glade and forest! leave
> Your woodcraft for the field of fight.

Bryant.

Wood"cut` (?), n. An engraving on wood; also, a print from it. Same as Wood cut, under Wood.

Wood"cut`ter (?), n. 1. A person who cuts wood.

2. An engraver on wood. [R.]

Wood"cut`ting, n. 1. The act or employment of cutting wood or timber.

2. The act or art of engraving on wood. [R.]

Wood"ed, a. Supplied or covered with wood, or trees; as, land wooded and watered.

> The brook escaped from the eye down a deep and wooded dell.

Sir W. Scott.

Wood"en (?), a. 1. Made or consisting of wood; pertaining to, or resembling, wood; as, a wooden box; a wooden leg; a wooden wedding.

2. Clumsy; awkward; ungainly; stiff; spiritless.

> When a bold man is out of countenance, he makes a very wooden figure on it.

Collier.

> His singing was, I confess, a little wooden.

G. MacDonald.

Wooden spoon. (a) (Cambridge University, Eng.) The last junior optime who takes a university degree, — denoting one who is only fit to stay at home and stir porridge. "We submit that a wooden spoon of our day would not be justified in calling Galileo and Napier blockheads because they never heard of the differential calculus." Macaulay. (b) In some American colleges, the lowest appointee of the junior year; sometimes, one especially popular in his class, without reference to scholarship. Formerly, it was a custom for classmates to present to this person a wooden spoon with formal ceremonies. — Wooden ware, a general name for buckets, bowls, and other articles of domestic use, made of wood. — Wooden wedding. See under Wedding.

Wood"en*ly (?), adv. Clumsily; stupidly; blockishly. R. North.

Wood"en*ness, n. Quality of being wooden; clumsiness; stupidity; blockishness.

> We set our faces against the woodenness which then characterized German philology.

Sweet.

{ Wood"hack` (?), Wood"hack`er (?), } n. (Zoöl.) The yaffle. [Prov. Eng.]

Wood"hew`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A woodpecker.

Wood"hole` (?), n. A place where wood is stored.

Wood"house` (?), n. A house or shed in which wood is stored, and sheltered from the weather.

Wood"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being woody. Evelyn.

Wood"knack`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The yaffle.

Wood"land (?), n. Land covered with wood or trees; forest; land on which trees are suffered to grow, either for fuel or timber.

> Here hills and vales, the woodland and the plain,
> Here earth and water seem to strive again.

Pope.

> Woodlands and cultivated fields are harmoniously blended.

Bancroft.

Wood"land (?), a. Of or pertaining to woods or woodland; living in the forest; sylvan.

> She had a rustic, woodland air.

Wordsworth.

> Like summer breeze by woodland stream.

Keble.

Woodland caribou. (Zoöl.) See under Caribou.

Wood"land*er (?), n. A dweller in a woodland.

Wood"-lay`er (?), n. (Bot.) A young oak, or other timber plant, laid down in a hedge among the whitethorn or other plants used in hedges.

Wood"less, a. Having no wood; destitute of wood. Mitford. — Wood"less*ness, n.

Wood"ly, adv. In a wood, mad, or raving manner; madly; furiously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wood"man (?), n.; pl. Woodmen (&?;). [Written also woodsman.]

1. A forest officer appointed to take care of the king's woods; a forester. [Eng.]

2. A sportsman; a hunter.

> [The duke] is a better woodman than thou takest him for.

Shak.

3. One who cuts down trees; a woodcutter.

> Woodman, spare that tree.

G. P. Morris.

4. One who dwells in the woods or forest; a bushman.

Wood"meil (?), n. See Wadmol.

Wood"mon`ger (?), n. A wood seller. [Obs.]

Wood"ness, n. [From Wood mad.] Anger; madness; insanity; rage. [Obs.] Spenser.

> Woodness laughing in his rage.

Chaucer.

Wood"-note` (?), n. [Wood, n. + note.] A wild or natural note, as of a forest bird. [R.]

> Or sweetest Shakespeare, fancy's child,
> Warble his native wood-notes wild.

Milton.

Wood"peck` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A woodpecker. [Obs.]

Wood"peck`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of scansorial birds belonging to Picus and many allied genera of the family Picidæ.

These birds have the tail feathers pointed and rigid at the tip to aid in climbing, and a strong chisellike bill with which they are able to drill holes in the bark and wood of trees in search of insect larvæ upon which most of the species feed. A few species feed partly upon the sap of trees (see Sap sucker, under Sap), others spend a portion of their time on the ground in search of ants and other insects.

The most common European species are the greater spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopus major), the lesser spotted woodpecker (D. minor), and the green woodpecker, or yaffle (see Yaffle).

The best-known American species are the pileated woodpecker (see under Pileated), the ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), which is one of the largest known species, the red-headed woodpecker, or red-head (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), the red- bellied woodpecker (M. Carolinus) (see Chab), the superciliary woodpecker (M. superciliaris), the hairy woodpecker (Dryobates villosus), the downy woodpecker (D. pubescens), the three-toed, woodpecker (Picoides Americanus), the golden-winged woodpecker (see Flicker), and the sap suckers. See also Carpintero.

Woodpecker hornbill (Zoöl.), a black and white Asiatic hornbill (Buceros pica) which resembles a woodpecker in color.

Wood"rock` (?), n. (Min.) A compact woodlike variety of asbestus.

{ Wood"ruff` (?), Wood"roof` (?), } n. [AS. wudurofe. See Wood, n., and cf. Ruff a plaited collar.] (Bot.) A little European herb (Asperula odorata) having a pleasant taste. It is sometimes used for flavoring wine. See Illust. of Whorl.

Wood"-sare` (?), n. [Wood + Prov. E. sare for sore.] (Bot.) A kind of froth seen on herbs. [Obs.]

Wood"-sere` (?), n. The time when there no sap in the trees; the winter season. [Written also wood- seer.] [Obs.] Tusser.

Woods"man (?), n.; pl. Woodsmen (&?;). A woodman; especially, one who lives in the forest.

Wood's" met"al (?). A fusible alloy consisting of one or two parts of cadmium, two parts of tin, four of lead, with seven or eight part of bismuth. It melts at from 66° to 71° C. See Fusible metal, under Fusible.

Wood"stone` (?), n. (Min.) A striped variety of hornstone, resembling wood in appearance.

Woods"y (?), a. Of or pertaining to the woods or forest. [Colloq. U. S.]

> It [sugar making] is woodsy, and savors of trees.

J. Burroughs.

Wood" tick` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of ticks of the genus Ixodes whose young cling to bushes, but quickly fasten themselves upon the bodies of any animal with which they come in contact. When they attach themselves to the human body they often produce troublesome sores. The common species of the Northern United States is Ixodes unipunctata.

Wood"wall` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The yaffle. [Written also woodwale, and woodwele.]

Wood"ward` (?), n. (Eng. Forest Law) An officer of the forest, whose duty it was to guard the woods.

Wood*war"di*a (?), n. [NL. After Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of ferns, one species of which (Woodwardia radicans) is a showy plant in California, the Azores, etc.

{ Wood"-wash` (?), Wood"-wax` (?), Wood"- wax`en (?), } n. [AS. wuduweaxe.] (Bot.) Same as Woadwaxen.

Wood"work` (?), n. Work made of wood; that part of any structure which is wrought of wood.

Wood"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wood worm, under Wood.

Wood"y (?), a. 1. Abounding with wood or woods; as, woody land. "The woody wilderness." Bryant.

> Secret shades
> Of woody Ida's inmost grove.

Milton.

2. Consisting of, or containing, wood or woody fiber; ligneous; as, the woody parts of plants.

3. Of or pertaining to woods; sylvan. [R.] "Woody nymphs, fair Hamadryades." Spenser.

Woody fiber. (Bot.) (a) Fiber or tissue consisting of slender, membranous tubes tapering at each end. (b) A single wood cell. See under Wood. Goodale. — Woody nightshade. (Bot.). See Bittersweet, 3 (a). — Woody pear (Bot.), the inedible, woody, pear- shaped fruit of several Australian proteaceous trees of the genus Xylomelum; — called also wooden pear.

Woo"er (?), n. [AS. wgere. See Woo, v. t.] One who wooes; one who courts or solicits in love; a suitor. "A thriving wooer." Gibber.

Woof (wf), n. [OE. oof, AS. wef, web, web; on, an, on + wef, web, fr. wefan to weave. The initial w is due to the influence of E. weave. See On, Weave, and cf. Abb.]

1. The threads that cross the warp in a woven fabric; the weft; the filling; the thread usually carried by the shuttle in weaving.

2. Texture; cloth; as, a pall of softest woof. Pope.

Woo"fell (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European blackbird. "The woofell near at hand that hath a golden bill." Drayton.

Woof"y (?), a. Having a close texture; dense; as, a woofy cloud. J. Baillie.

Woo`hoo" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sailfish.

Woo"ing*ly (?), adv. In a wooing manner; enticingly; with persuasiveness. Shak.

Wook" (wk), obs. imp. of Wake. Woke. Chaucer.

Wool (wl), n. [OE. wolle, wulle, AS. wull; akin to D. wol, OHG. wolla, G. wolle, Icel. & Sw. ull, Dan. uld, Goth, wulla, Lith. vilna, Russ. volna, L. vellus, Skr. r wool, v to cover. √146, 287. Cf. Flannel, Velvet.]

1. The soft and curled, or crisped, species of hair which grows on sheep and some other animals, and which in fineness sometimes approaches to fur; — chiefly applied to the fleecy coat of the sheep, which constitutes a most essential material of clothing in all cold and temperate climates.

Wool consists essentially of keratin.

2. Short, thick hair, especially when crisped or curled.

> Wool of bat and tongue of dog.

Shak.

3. (Bot.) A sort of pubescence, or a clothing of dense, curling hairs on the surface of certain plants.

Dead pulled wool, wool pulled from a carcass. — Mineral wool. See under Mineral. — Philosopher's wool. (Chem.) See Zinc oxide, under Zinc. — Pulled wool, wool pulled from a pelt, or undressed hide. — Slag wool. Same as Mineral wool, under Mineral. — Wool ball, a ball or mass of wool. — Wool burler, one who removes little burs, knots, or extraneous matter, from wool, or the surface of woolen cloth. — Wool comber. (a) One whose occupation is to comb wool. (b) A machine for combing wool. — Wool grass (Bot.), a kind of bulrush (Scirpus Eriophorum) with numerous clustered woolly spikes. — Wool scribbler. See Woolen scribbler, under Woolen, a. — Wool sorter's disease (Med.), a disease, resembling malignant pustule, occurring among those who handle the wool of goats and sheep. — Wool staple, a city or town where wool used to be brought to the king's staple for sale. [Eng.] — Wool stapler. (a) One who deals in wool. (b) One who sorts wool according to its staple, or its adaptation to different manufacturing purposes. — Wool winder, a person employed to wind, or make up, wool into bundles to be packed for sale.

Woold (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Woolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Woolding.] [D. woelen, bewoelen; akin to G. wuhlen, bewuhlen. √146.] (Naut.) To wind, or wrap; especially, to wind a rope round, as a mast or yard made of two or more pieces, at the place where it has been fished or scarfed, in order to strengthen it.

<! p. 1664 !>

Woold"er (?), n. 1. (Naut.) A stick used to tighten the rope in woolding.

2. (Rope Making) One of the handles of the top, formed by a wooden pin passing through it. See 1st Top, 2.

Woold"ing, n. (Naut.) (a) The act of winding or wrapping anything with a rope, as a mast. (b) A rope used for binding masts and spars.

Wool"-dyed` (?), a. Dyed before being made into cloth, in distinction from piece-dyed; ingrain.

Wooled (?), a. Having (such) wool; as, a fine-wooled sheep.

Wool"en (?), a. [OE. wollen; cf. AS. wyllen. See Wool.] [Written also woollen.]

1. Made of wool; consisting of wool; as, woolen goods.

2. Of or pertaining to wool or woolen cloths; as, woolen manufactures; a woolen mill; a woolen draper.

Woolen scribbler, a machine for combing or preparing wool in thin, downy, translucent layers.

Wool"en, n. [Written also woollen.] Cloth made of wool; woollen goods.

Wool`en*et" (?), n. A thin, light fabric of wool. [Written also woollenet, woolenette, and woollenette.]

Woo"lert (?), n. (Zoöl.) The barn owl. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also oolert, and owlerd.]

Wool"fell` (?), n. [Wool + fell a skin.] A skin with the wool; a skin from which the wool has not been sheared or pulled. [Written also woolfel.]

Wool"gath`er*ing (?), a. Indulging in a vagrant or idle exercise of the imagination; roaming upon a fruitless quest; idly fanciful.

Wool"gath`er*ing, n. Indulgence in idle imagination; a foolish or useless pursuit or design.

> His wits were a woolgathering, as they say.

Burton.

Wool"grow`er (?), n. One who raises sheep for the production of wool. — Wool"grow`ing, n.

Wool"-hall` (?), n. A trade market in the woolen districts. [Eng.]

Wool"head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The buffel duck.

Wool"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being woolly.

Wool"ly, a. 1. Consisting of wool; as, a woolly covering; a woolly fleece.

2. Resembling wool; of the nature of wool. "My fleece of woolly hair." Shak.

3. Clothed with wool. "Woolly breeders." Shak.

4. (Bot.) Clothed with a fine, curly pubescence resembling wool.

Woolly bear (Zoöl.), the hairy larva of several species of bombycid moths. The most common species in the United States are the salt-marsh caterpillar (see under Salt), the black and red woolly bear, or larva of the Isabella moth (see Illust., under Isabella Moth), and the yellow woolly bear, or larva of the American ermine moth (Spilosoma Virginica). — Woolly butt (Bot.), an Australian tree (Eucalyptus longifolia), so named because of its fibrous bark. — Woolly louse (Zoöl.), a plant louse (Schizoneura, or Erisoma, lanigera) which is often very injurious to the apple tree. It is covered with a dense coat of white filaments somewhat resembling fine wool or cotton. In exists in two forms, one of which infests the roots, the other the branches. See Illust. under Blight. — Woolly macaco (Zoöl.), the mongoose lemur. — Woolly maki (Zoöl.), a long-tailed lemur (Indris laniger) native of Madagascar, having fur somewhat like wool; — called also avahi, and woolly lemur. — Woolly monkey (Zoöl.), any South American monkey of the genus Lagothrix, as the caparro. — Woolly rhinoceros (Paleon.), an extinct rhinoceros (Rhinoceros tichorhinus) which inhabited the arctic regions, and was covered with a dense coat of woolly hair. It has been found frozen in the ice of Siberia, with the flesh and hair well preserved.

Wool"ly-head` (?), n. A negro. [Low]

Wool"man (?), n.; pl. Woolmen (&?;). One who deals in wool.

Wool"pack` (?), n. A pack or bag of wool weighing two hundred and forty pounds.

Wool"sack` (?), n. A sack or bag of wool; specifically, the seat of the lord chancellor of England in the House of Lords, being a large, square sack of wool resembling a divan in form.

Wool"sey (?), n. [From Wool.] Linsey-woolsey.

Wool"stock` (?), n. A heavy wooden hammer for milling cloth.

Wool"ward (?), adv. [Wool + - ward.] In wool; with woolen raiment next the skin. [Obs.]

Wool"ward-go`ing (?), n. A wearing of woolen clothes next the skin as a matter of penance. [Obs.]

> Their . . . woolward-going, and rising at midnight.

Tyndale.

Woon (?), n. Dwelling. See Wone. [Obs.]

Woo"ra*li (?), n. Same as Curare.

Woos"y (?), a. Oozy; wet. [Obs.] Drayton.

Wootz (wts), n. [Perhaps a corruption of Canarese ukku steel.] A species of steel imported from the East Indies, valued for making edge tools; Indian steel. It has in combination a minute portion of alumina and silica.

Woo"yen (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Yuen.

Wo"pen (?), obs. p. p. of Weep. Wept. Chaucer.

Wor"ble (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wormil.

Word (?), n. [AS. word; akin to OFries. & OS. word, D. woord, G. wort, Icel. orð, Sw. & Dan. ord, Goth. waúrd, OPruss. wirds, Lith. vardas a name, L. verbum a word; or perhaps to Gr. "rh`twr an orator. Cf. Verb.]

1. The spoken sign of a conception or an idea; an articulate or vocal sound, or a combination of articulate and vocal sounds, uttered by the human voice, and by custom expressing an idea or ideas; a single component part of human speech or language; a constituent part of a sentence; a term; a vocable. "A glutton of words." Piers Plowman.

> You cram these words into mine ears, against
> The stomach of my sense.

Shak.

> Amongst men who confound their ideas with words, there must be endless disputes.

Locke.

2. Hence, the written or printed character, or combination of characters, expressing such a term; as, the words on a page.

3. pl. Talk; discourse; speech; language.

> Why should calamity be full of words?

Shak.

> Be thy words severe;
> Sharp as he merits, but the sword forbear.

Dryden.

4. Account; tidings; message; communication; information; — used only in the singular.

> I pray you . . . bring me word thither
> How the world goes.

Shak.

5. Signal; order; command; direction.

> Give the word through.

Shak.

6. Language considered as implying the faith or authority of the person who utters it; statement; affirmation; declaration; promise.

> Obey thy parents; keep thy word justly.

Shak.

> I know you brave, and take you at your word.

Dryden.

> I desire not the reader should take my word.

Dryden.

7. pl. Verbal contention; dispute.

> Some words there grew 'twixt Somerset and me.

Shak.

8. A brief remark or observation; an expression; a phrase, clause, or short sentence.

> All the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this; Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.

Gal. v. 14.

> She said; but at the happy word "he lives,"
> My father stooped, re-fathered, o'er my wound.

Tennyson.

> There is only one other point on which I offer a word of remark.

Dickens.

By word of mouth, orally; by actual speaking. Boyle. — Compound word. See under Compound, a. — Good word, commendation; favorable account. "And gave the harmless fellow a good word." Pope. — In a word, briefly; to sum up. — In word, in declaration; in profession. "Let us not love in word, . . . but in deed and in truth." 1 John iii. 8. — Nuns of the Word Incarnate (R. C. Ch.), an order of nuns founded in France in 1625, and approved in 1638. The order, which also exists in the United States, was instituted for the purpose of doing honor to the "Mystery of the Incarnation of the Son of God." — The word, or The Word. (Theol.) (a) The gospel message; esp., the Scriptures, as a revelation of God. "Bold to speak the word without fear." Phil. i. 14. (b) The second person in the Trinity before his manifestation in time by the incarnation; among those who reject a Trinity of persons, some one or all of the divine attributes personified. John i. 1. — To eat one's words, to retract what has been said. — To have the words for, to speak for; to act as spokesman. [Obs.] "Our host hadde the wordes for us all." Chaucer. — Word blindness (Physiol.), inability to understand printed or written words or symbols, although the person affected may be able to see quite well, speak fluently, and write correctly. Landois & Stirling. — Word deafness (Physiol.), inability to understand spoken words, though the person affected may hear them and other sounds, and hence is not deaf. — Word dumbness (Physiol.), inability to express ideas in verbal language, though the power of speech is unimpaired. — Word for word, in the exact words; verbatim; literally; exactly; as, to repeat anything word for word. — Word painting, the act of describing an object fully and vividly by words only, so as to present it clearly to the mind, as if in a picture. — Word picture, an accurate and vivid description, which presents an object clearly to the mind, as if in a picture. — Word square, a series of words so arranged that they can be read vertically and horizontally with like results.

    H E A R T

    E M B E R

    A B U S E

    R E S I N

    T R E N T

    (A word square)

Syn. — See Term.

Word, v. i. To use words, as in discussion; to argue; to dispute. [R.]

Word, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Worded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wording.]

1. To express in words; to phrase.

> The apology for the king is the same, but worded with greater deference to that great prince.

Addison.

2. To ply with words; also, to cause to be by the use of a word or words. [Obs.] Howell.

3. To flatter with words; to cajole. [Obs.] Shak.

To word it, to bandy words; to dispute. [Obs.] "To word it with a shrew." L'Estrange.

Word"book` (?), n. [Cf. D. woordenboek, G. wörterbuch.] A collection of words; a vocabulary; a dictionary; a lexicon.

Word"-catch`er (?), n. One who cavils at words.

Word"er (?), n. A speaker. [Obs.] Withlock.

Word"i*ly (?), adv. In a wordy manner.

Word"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being wordy, or abounding with words; verboseness. Jeffrey.

Word"ing, n. The act or manner of expressing in words; style of expression; phrasing.

> It is believed this wording was above his known style.

Milton.

Word"ish, a. Respecting words; full of words; wordy. [R.] Sir P. Sidney. — Word"ish*ness, n.

> The truth they hide by their dark woordishness.

Sir K. Digby.

Wor"dle (?), n. One of several pivoted pieces forming the throat of an adjustable die used in drawing wire, lead pipe, etc. Knight.

Word"less (?), a. Not using words; not speaking; silent; speechless. Shak.

Words"man (?), n. One who deals in words, or in mere words; a verbalist. [R.] "Some speculative wordsman." H. Bushnell.

Word"y (?), a. [Compar. Wordier (?); superl. Wordiest.]

1. Of or pertaining to words; consisting of words; verbal; as, a wordy war. Cowper.

2. Using many words; verbose; as, a wordy speaker.

3. Containing many words; full of words.

> We need not lavish hours in wordy periods.

Philips.

Wore (?), imp. of Wear.

Wore, imp. of Ware.

Work (wûrk), n. [OE. work, werk, weorc, AS. weorc, worc; akin to OFries. werk, wirk, OS., D., & G. werk, OHG. werc, werah, Icel. & Sw. verk, Dan. værk, Goth. gawaúrki, Gr. 'e`rgon, e`rgon, work, "re`zein to do, 'o`rganon an instrument, 'o`rgia secret rites, Zend verez to work. √145. Cf. Bulwark, Energy, Erg, Georgic, Liturgy, Metallurgy, Organ, Orgy, Surgeon, Wright.]

1. Exertion of strength or faculties; physical or intellectual effort directed to an end; industrial activity; toil; employment; sometimes, specifically, physical labor.

> Man hath his daily work of body or mind
> Appointed.

Milton.

2. The matter on which one is at work; that upon which one spends labor; material for working upon; subject of exertion; the thing occupying one; business; duty; as, to take up one's work; to drop one's work.

> Come on, Nerissa; I have work in hand
> That you yet know not of.

Shak.

> In every work that he began . . . he did it with all his heart, and prospered.

2 Chron. xxxi. 21.

3. That which is produced as the result of labor; anything accomplished by exertion or toil; product; performance; fabric; manufacture; in a more general sense, act, deed, service, effect, result, achievement, feat.

> To leave no rubs or blotches in the work.

Shak.

> The work some praise,
> And some the architect.

Milton.

> Fancy . . .
> Wild work produces oft, and most in dreams.

Milton.

> The composition or dissolution of mixed bodies . . . is the chief work of elements.

Sir K. Digby.

4. Specifically: (a) That which is produced by mental labor; a composition; a book; as, a work, or the works, of Addison. (b) Flowers, figures, or the like, wrought with the needle; embroidery.

> I am glad I have found this napkin; . . .
> I'll have the work ta'en out,
> And give 't Iago.

Shak.

(c) pl. Structures in civil, military, or naval engineering, as docks, bridges, embankments, trenches, fortifications, and the like; also, the structures and grounds of a manufacturing establishment; as, iron works; locomotive works; gas works. (d) pl. The moving parts of a mechanism; as, the works of a watch.

5. Manner of working; management; treatment; as, unskillful work spoiled the effect. Bp. Stillingfleet.

6. (Mech.) The causing of motion against a resisting force. The amount of work is proportioned to, and is measured by, the product of the force into the amount of motion along the direction of the force. See Conservation of energy, under Conservation, Unit of work, under Unit, also Foot pound, Horse power, Poundal, and Erg.

> Energy is the capacity of doing work . . . Work is the transference of energy from one system to another.

Clerk Maxwell.

7. (Mining) Ore before it is dressed. Raymond.

8. pl. (Script.) Performance of moral duties; righteous conduct.

> He shall reward every man according to his works.

Matt. xvi. 27.

> Faith, if it hath not works, is dead.

James ii. 17.

Muscular work (Physiol.), the work done by a muscle through the power of contraction. — To go to work, to begin laboring; to commence operations; to contrive; to manage. "I 'll go another way to work with him." Shak. — To set on work, to cause to begin laboring; to set to work. [Obs.] Hooker. — To set to work, to employ; to cause to engage in any business or labor.

Work (wûrk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Worked (wûrkt), or Wrought (rt); p. pr. & vb. n. Working.] [AS. wyrcean (imp. worthe, wrohte, p. p. geworht, gewroht); akin to OFries. werka, wirka, OS. wirkian, D. werken, G. wirken, Icel. verka, yrkja, orka, Goth. waúrkjan. √145. See Work, n.]

1. To exert one's self for a purpose; to put forth effort for the attainment of an object; to labor; to be engaged in the performance of a task, a duty, or the like.

> O thou good Kent, how shall I live and work,
> To match thy goodness?

Shak.

> Go therefore now, and work; for there shall no straw be given you.

Ex. v. 18.

> Whether we work or play, or sleep or wake,
> Our life doth pass.

Sir J. Davies.

2. Hence, in a general sense, to operate; to act; to perform; as, a machine works well.

> We bend to that the working of the heart.

Shak.

3. Hence, figuratively, to be effective; to have effect or influence; to conduce.

> We know that all things work together for good to them that love God.

Rom. viii. 28.

> This so wrought upon the child, that afterwards he desired to be taught.

Locke.

> She marveled how she could ever have been wrought upon to marry him.

Hawthorne.

4. To carry on business; to be engaged or employed customarily; to perform the part of a laborer; to labor; to toil.

> They that work in fine flax . . . shall be confounded.

Isa. xix. 9.

5. To be in a state of severe exertion, or as if in such a state; to be tossed or agitated; to move heavily; to strain; to labor; as, a ship works in a heavy sea.

> Confused with working sands and rolling waves.

Addison.

6. To make one's way slowly and with difficulty; to move or penetrate laboriously; to proceed with effort; — with a following preposition, as down, out, into, up, through, and the like; as, scheme works out by degrees; to work into the earth.

> Till body up to spirit work, in bounds
> Proportioned to each kind.

Milton.

7. To ferment, as a liquid.

> The working of beer when the barm is put in.

Bacon.

8. To act or operate on the stomach and bowels, as a cathartic.

> Purges . . . work best, that is, cause the blood so to do, . . . in warm weather or in a warm room.

Grew.

<! p. 1665 !>

To work at, to be engaged in or upon; to be employed in. — To work to windward (Naut.), to sail or ply against the wind; to tack to windward. Mar. Dict.

Work (wûrk), v. t. 1. To labor or operate upon; to give exertion and effort to; to prepare for use, or to utilize, by labor.

> He could have told them of two or three gold mines, and a silver mine, and given the reason why they forbare to work them at that time.

Sir W. Raleigh.

2. To produce or form by labor; to bring forth by exertion or toil; to accomplish; to originate; to effect; as, to work wood or iron into a form desired, or into a utensil; to work cotton or wool into cloth.

> Each herb he knew, that works or good or ill.

Harte.

3. To produce by slow degrees, or as if laboriously; to bring gradually into any state by action or motion. "Sidelong he works his way." Milton.

> So the pure, limpid stream, when foul with stains
> Of rushing torrents and descending rains,
> Works itself clear, and as it runs, refines,
> Till by degrees the floating mirror shines.

Addison.

4. To influence by acting upon; to prevail upon; to manage; to lead. "Work your royal father to his ruin." Philips.

5. To form with a needle and thread or yarn; especially, to embroider; as, to work muslin.

6. To set in motion or action; to direct the action of; to keep at work; to govern; to manage; as, to work a machine.

> Knowledge in building and working ships.

Arbuthnot.

> Now, Marcus, thy virtue's the proof;
> Put forth thy utmost strength, work every nerve.

Addison.

> The mariners all 'gan work the ropes,
> Where they were wont to do.

Coleridge.

7. To cause to ferment, as liquor.

To work a passage (Naut.), to pay for a passage by doing work. — To work double tides (Naut.), to perform the labor of three days in two; — a phrase which alludes to a practice of working by the night tide as well as by the day. — To work in, to insert, introduce, mingle, or interweave by labor or skill. — To work into, to force, urge, or insinuate into; as, to work one's self into favor or confidence. — To work off, to remove gradually, as by labor, or a gradual process; as, beer works off impurities in fermenting. — To work out. (a) To effect by labor and exertion. "Work out your own salvation with fear and trembling." Phil. ii. 12. (b) To erase; to efface. [R.]

> Tears of joy for your returning spilt,
> Work out and expiate our former guilt.

Dryden.

(c) To solve, as a problem. (d) To exhaust, as a mine, by working. — To work up. (a) To raise; to excite; to stir up; as, to work up the passions to rage.

> The sun, that rolls his chariot o'er their heads,
> Works up more fire and color in their cheeks.

Addison.

(b) To expend in any work, as materials; as, they have worked up all the stock. (c) (Naut.) To make over or into something else, as yarns drawn from old rigging, made into spun yarn, foxes, sennit, and the like; also, to keep constantly at work upon needless matters, as a crew in order to punish them. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Work"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being worked, or worth working; as, a workable mine; workable clay.

Work"a*day` (?), n. See Workyday.

Work"bag` (?), n. A bag for holding implements or materials for work; especially, a reticule, or bag for holding needlework, and the like.

Work"bas`ket (?), n. A basket for holding materials for needlework, or the like.

Work"bench` (?), n. A bench on which work is performed, as in a carpenter's shop.

Work"box` (?), n. A box for holding instruments or materials for work.

Work"day` (?), n. & a. [AS. weorcdæg.] A day on which work is performed, as distinguished from Sunday, festivals, etc., a working day.

Work"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, works; a laborer; a performer; as, a worker in brass.

> Professors of holiness, but workers of iniquity.

Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the neuter, or sterile, individuals of the social ants, bees, and white ants. The workers are generally females having the sexual organs imperfectly developed. See Ant, and White ant, under White.

Work"fel`low (?), n. One engaged in the same work with another; a companion in work.

Work"folk` (?), n. People that labor.

Work"ful (?), a. Full of work; diligent. [R.]

Work"house` (?), n.; pl. Workhouses (#). [AS. weorch&?;s.]

1. A house where any manufacture is carried on; a workshop.

2. A house in which idle and vicious persons are confined to labor.

3. A house where the town poor are maintained at public expense, and provided with labor; a poorhouse.

Work"ing, a & n. from Work.

> The word must cousin be to the working.

Chaucer.

Working beam. See Beam, n. 10. — Working class, the class of people who are engaged in manual labor, or are dependent upon it for support; laborers; operatives; — chiefly used in the plural. — Working day. See under Day, n. — Working drawing, a drawing, as of the whole or part of a structure, machine, etc., made to a scale, and intended to be followed by the workmen. Working drawings are either general or detail drawings. — Working house, a house where work is performed; a workhouse. — Working point (Mach.), that part of a machine at which the effect required; the point where the useful work is done.

Work"ing-day (?), a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, working days, or workdays; everyday; hence, plodding; hard-working.

> O, how full of briers in this working-day world.

Shak.

Work"ing*man (?), n.; pl. Workingmen (&?;). A laboring man; a man who earns his daily support by manual labor.

Work"less, a. 1. Without work; not laboring; as, many people were still workless.

2. Not carried out in practice; not exemplified in fact; as, workless faith. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Work"man (?), n.; pl. Workmen (#). [AS. weorcmann.]

1. A man employed in labor, whether in tillage or manufactures; a worker.

2. Hence, especially, a skillful artificer or laborer.

Work"man*like` (?), a. Becoming a workman, especially a skillful one; skillful; well performed.

Work"man*ly, a. Becoming a skillful workman; skillful; well performed; workmanlike.

Work"man*ly, adv. In a skillful manner; in a manner becoming a skillful workman. Shak.

Work"man*ship, n. 1. The art or skill of a workman; the execution or manner of making anything.

> Due reward
> For her praiseworthy workmanship to yield.

Spenser.

> Beauty is nature's brag, and must be shown . . .
> Where most may wonder at the workmanship.

Milton.

2. That which is effected, made, or produced; manufacture, something made by manual labor.

> Not any skilled in workmanship embossed.

Spenser.

> By how much Adam exceeded all men in perfection, by being the immediate workmanship of God.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Work"mas`ter (?), n. The performer of any work; a master workman. [R.] Spenser.

Work"room` (?), n. Any room or apartment used especially for labor.

Work"ship, n. Workmanship. [R.]

Work"shop` (?), n. A shop where any manufacture or handiwork is carried on.

Work"ta`ble (?), n. A table for holding working materials and implements; esp., a small table with drawers and other conveniences for needlework, etc.

Work"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Workwomen (&?;), n. A woman who performs any work; especially, a woman skilled in needlework.

Work"y*day` (?), n. [See Workday, Workingday.] A week day or working day, as distinguished from Sunday or a holiday. Also used adjectively. [Written also workiday, and workaday.] [Obs. or Colloq.]

> Prithee, tell her but a workyday fortune.

Shak.

World (?), n. [OE. world, werld, weorld, weoreld, AS. weorold, worold; akin to OS. werold, D. wereld, OHG. weralt, worolt, werolt, werlt, G. welt, Icel. veröld, Sw. verld, Dan. verden; properly, the age of man, lifetime, humanity; AS. wer a man + a word akin to E. old; cf. AS. yld lifetime, age, ylde men, humanity. Cf. Werewolf, Old.]

1. The earth and the surrounding heavens; the creation; the system of created things; existent creation; the universe.

> The invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen.

Rom. 1. 20.

> With desire to know,
> What nearer might concern him, how this world
> Of heaven and earth conspicuous first began.

Milton.

2. Any planet or heavenly body, especially when considered as inhabited, and as the scene of interests analogous with human interests; as, a plurality of worlds. "Lord of the worlds above." I. Watts.

> Amongst innumerable stars, that shone
> Star distant, but high-hand seemed other worlds.

Milton.

> There may be other worlds, where the inhabitants have never violated their allegiance to their almighty Sovereign.

W. B. Sprague.

3. The earth and its inhabitants, with their concerns; the sum of human affairs and interests.

> That forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
> Brought death into the world, and all our woe.

Milton.

4. In a more restricted sense, that part of the earth and its concerns which is known to any one, or contemplated by any one; a division of the globe, or of its inhabitants; human affairs as seen from a certain position, or from a given point of view; also, state of existence; scene of life and action; as, the Old World; the New World; the religious world; the Catholic world; the upper world; the future world; the heathen world.

> One of the greatest in the Christian world
> Shall be my surety.

Shak.

> Murmuring that now they must be put to make war beyond the world's end — for so they counted Britain.

Milton.

5. The customs, practices, and interests of men; general affairs of life; human society; public affairs and occupations; as, a knowledge of the world.

> Happy is she that from the world retires.

Waller.

> If knowledge of the world makes man perfidious,
> May Juba ever live in ignorance.

Addison.

6. Individual experience of, or concern with, life; course of life; sum of the affairs which affect the individual; as, to begin the world with no property; to lose all, and begin the world anew.

7. The inhabitants of the earth; the human race; people in general; the public; mankind.

> Since I do purpose to marry, I will think nothing to any purpose that the world can say against it.

Shak.

> Tell me, wench, how will the world repute me
> For undertaking so unstaid a journey?

Shak.

8. The earth and its affairs as distinguished from heaven; concerns of this life as distinguished from those of the life to come; the present existence and its interests; hence, secular affairs; engrossment or absorption in the affairs of this life; worldly corruption; the ungodly or wicked part of mankind.

> I pray not for the world, but for them which thou hast given me; for they are thine.

John xvii. 9.

> Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him. For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world.

1 John ii. 15, 16.

9. As an emblem of immensity, a great multitude or quantity; a large number. "A world of men." Chapman. "A world of blossoms for the bee." Bryant.

> Nor doth this wood lack worlds of company.

Shak.

> A world of woes dispatched in little space.

Dryden.

All . . . in the world, all that exists; all that is possible; as, all the precaution in the world would not save him. — A world to see, a wonder to see; something admirable or surprising to see. [Obs.]

> O, you are novices; 't is a world to see
> How tame, when men and women are alone,
> A meacock wretch can make the curstest shrew.

Shak.

— For all the world. (a) Precisely; exactly. (b) For any consideration. — Seven wonders of the world. See in the Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. — To go to the world, to be married. [Obs.] "Thus goes every one to the world but I . . . ; I may sit in a corner and cry heighho for a husband!" Shak. — World's end, the end, or most distant part, of the world; the remotest regions. — World without end, eternally; forever; everlastingly; as if in a state of existence having no end.

> Throughout all ages, world without end.

Eph. iii. 21.

World"li*ness (?), n. The quality of being worldly; a predominant passion for obtaining the good things of this life; covetousness; addictedness to gain and temporal enjoyments; worldly- mindedness.

World"ling (?), [World + -ling.] A person whose soul is set upon gaining temporal possessions; one devoted to this world and its enjoyments.

> A foutre for the world and worldlings base.

Shak.

> If we consider the expectations of futurity, the worldling gives up the argument.

Rogers.

> And worldlings blot the temple's gold.

Keble.

World"ly, a. [AS. woroldlic.]

1. Relating to the world; human; common; as, worldly maxims; worldly actions. "I thus neglecting worldly ends." Shak.

> Many years it hath continued, standing by no other worldly mean but that one only hand which erected it.

Hooker.

2. Pertaining to this world or life, in contradistinction from the life to come; secular; temporal; devoted to this life and its enjoyments; bent on gain; as, worldly pleasures, affections, honor, lusts, men.

> With his soul fled all my worldly solace.

Shak.

3. Lay, as opposed to clerical. [Obs.] Chaucer.

World"ly, adv. With relation to this life; in a worldly manner.

> Subverting worldly strong and worldly wise
> By simply meek.

Milton.

World"ly-mind`ed (?), a. Devoted to worldly interests; mindful of the affairs of the present life, and forgetful of those of the future; loving and pursuing this world's goods, to the exclusion of piety and attention to spiritual concerns. — World"ly*mind`ed*ness, n.

World"ly-wise` (?), a. Wise in regard to things of this world. Bunyan.

World"-wide` (?), a. Extended throughout the world; as, world-wide fame. Tennyson.

Worm (wûrm), n. [OE. worm, wurm, AS. wyrm; akin to D. worm, OS. & G. wurm, Icel. ormr, Sw. & Dan. orm, Goth. waúrms, L. vermis, Gr. &?; a wood worm. Cf. Vermicelli, Vermilion, Vermin.]

1. A creeping or a crawling animal of any kind or size, as a serpent, caterpillar, snail, or the like. [Archaic]

> There came a viper out of the heat, and leapt on his hand. When the men of the country saw the worm hang on his hand, they said, This man must needs be a murderer.

Tyndale (Acts xxviii. 3, 4).

> 'T is slander,
> Whose edge is sharper than the sword, whose tongue
> Outvenoms all the worms of Nile.

Shak.

> When Cerberus perceived us, the great worm,
> His mouth he opened and displayed his tusks.

Longfellow.

2. Any small creeping animal or reptile, either entirely without feet, or with very short ones, including a great variety of animals; as, an earthworm; the blindworm. Specifically: (Zoöl.) (a) Any helminth; an entozoön. (b) Any annelid. (c) An insect larva. (d) pl. Same as Vermes.

3. An internal tormentor; something that gnaws or afflicts one's mind with remorse.

> The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul!

Shak.

4. A being debased and despised.

> I am a worm, and no man.

Ps. xxii. 6.

5. Anything spiral, vermiculated, or resembling a worm; as: (a) The thread of a screw.

> The threads of screws, when bigger than can be made in screw plates, are called worms.

Moxon.

(b) A spiral instrument or screw, often like a double corkscrew, used for drawing balls from firearms. (c) (Anat.) A certain muscular band in the tongue of some animals, as the dog; the lytta. See Lytta. (d) The condensing tube of a still, often curved and wound to economize space. See Illust. of Still. (e) (Mach.) A short revolving screw, the threads of which drive, or are driven by, a worm wheel by gearing into its teeth or cogs. See Illust. of Worm gearing, below.

Worm abscess (Med.), an abscess produced by the irritation resulting from the lodgment of a worm in some part of the body. — Worm fence. See under Fence. — Worm gear. (Mach.) (a) A worm wheel. (b) Worm gearing. — Worm gearing, gearing consisting of a worm and worm wheel working together. — Worm grass. (Bot.) (a) See Pinkroot, 2 (a). (b) The white stonecrop (Sedum album) reputed to have qualities as a vermifuge. Dr. Prior. — Worm oil (Med.), an anthelmintic consisting of oil obtained from the seeds of Chenopodium anthelminticum. — Worm powder (Med.), an anthelmintic powder. — Worm snake. (Zoöl.) See Thunder snake (b), under Thunder. — Worm tea (Med.), an anthelmintic tea or tisane. — Worm tincture (Med.), a tincture prepared from dried earthworms, oil of tartar, spirit of wine, etc. [Obs.] — Worm wheel, a cogwheel having teeth formed to fit into the spiral spaces of a screw called a worm, so that the wheel may be turned by, or may turn, the worm; — called also worm gear, and sometimes tangent wheel. See Illust. of Worm gearing, above.

<! p. 1666 !>

Worm (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wormed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Worming.] To work slowly, gradually, and secretly.

> When debates and fretting jealousy
> Did worm and work within you more and more,
> Your color faded.

Herbert.

Worm, v. t. 1. To effect, remove, drive, draw, or the like, by slow and secret means; — often followed by out.

> They find themselves wormed out of all power.

Swift.

> They . . . wormed things out of me that I had no desire to tell.

Dickens.

2. To clean by means of a worm; to draw a wad or cartridge from, as a firearm. See Worm, n. 5 (b).

3. To cut the worm, or lytta, from under the tongue of, as a dog, for the purpose of checking a disposition to gnaw. The operation was formerly supposed to guard against canine madness.

> The men assisted the laird in his sporting parties, wormed his dogs, and cut the ears of his terrier puppies.

Sir W. Scott.

4. (Naut.) To wind rope, yarn, or other material, spirally round, between the strands of, as a cable; to wind with spun yarn, as a small rope.

> Ropes . . . are generally wormed before they are served.

Totten.

To worm one's self into, to enter into gradually by arts and insinuations; as, to worm one's self into favor.

Wor"mal (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wormil.

Worm"-eat`en (?), a. 1. Eaten, or eaten into, by a worm or by worms; as, worm-eaten timber.

> Concave as a covered goblet, or a worm-eaten nut.

Shak.

2. Worn-out; old; worthless. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

— Worm"-eat`en*ness, n. [R.] Dr. John Smith.

Wormed (?), a. Penetrated by worms; injured by worms; worm-eaten; as, wormed timber.

Worm"hole` (?), n. A burrow made by a worm.

Wor"mi*an (?), a. (Anat.) Discovered or described by Olanus Wormius, a Danish anatomist.

Wormian bones, small irregular plates of bone often interposed in the sutures between the large cranial bones.

Wor"mil (?), n. [Cf. 1st Warble.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any botfly larva which burrows in or beneath the skin of domestic and wild animals, thus producing sores. They belong to various species of Hypoderma and allied genera. Domestic cattle are often infested by a large species. See Gadfly. Called also warble, and worble. [Written also wormal, wormul, and wornil.]

2. (Far.) See 1st Warble, 1 (b).

Worm"ling (?), n. A little worm.

> O dusty wormling! dost thou strive and stand
> With heaven's high monarch?

Sylvester.

Worm"seed` (?), n. (Bot.) Any one of several plants, as Artemisia santonica, and Chenopodium anthelminticum, whose seeds have the property of expelling worms from the stomach and intestines.

Wormseed mustard, a slender, cruciferous plant (Erysinum cheiranthoides) having small lanceolate leaves.

Worm"-shaped` (?), a. Shaped like a worm; &?;hick and almost cylindrical, but variously curved or bent; as, a worm-shaped root.

Worm"-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Vermetus.

Wor"mul (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wornil.

Worm"wood (?), n. [AS. werm&?;d, akin to OHG. wermuota, wormuota, G. wermuth, wermut; of uncertain origin.]

1. (Bot.) A composite plant (Artemisia Absinthium), having a bitter and slightly aromatic taste, formerly used as a tonic and a vermifuge, and to protect woolen garments from moths. It gives the peculiar flavor to the cordial called absinthe. The volatile oil is a narcotic poison. The term is often extended to other species of the same genus.

2. Anything very bitter or grievous; bitterness.

> Lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood.

Deut. xxix. 18.

Roman wormwood (Bot.), an American weed (Ambrosia artemisiæfolia); hogweed. — Tree wormwood (Bot.), a species of Artemisia (probably Artemisia variabilis) with woody stems. — Wormwood hare (Zoöl.), a variety of the common hare (Lepus timidus); — so named from its color.

Worm"y (?), a. [Compar. Wormier (?); superl. Wormiest.]

1. Containing a worm; abounding with worms. "Wormy beds." Shak.

2. Like or pertaining to a worm; earthy; groveling.

Worn (?), p. p. of Wear.

Worn land, land that has become exhausted by tillage, or which for any reason has lost its fertility.

Wor"nil (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wormil.

Worn"-out` (?), a. Consumed, or rendered useless, by wearing; as, worn-out garments.

{ Wor"ral (?), Wor"rel (?), } n. (Zoöl.) An Egyptian fork-tongued lizard, about four feet long when full grown.

Wor"ri*er (?), n. One who worries.

Wor"ri*ment (?), n. [See Worry.] Trouble; anxiety; worry. [Colloq. U. S.]

Wor"ri*some (?), a. Inclined to worry or fret; also, causing worry or annoyance.

Wor"rit (?), v. t. To worry; to annoy. [Illiterate]

Wor"rit, n. Worry; anxiety. [Illiterate]

Wor"ry (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Worried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Worrying.] [OE. worowen, wirien, to strangle, AS. wyrgan in wyrgan; akin to D. worgen, wurgen, to strangle, OHG. wurgen, G. würgen, Lith. verszti, and perhaps to E. wring.]

1. To harass by pursuit and barking; to attack repeatedly; also, to tear or mangle with the teeth.

> A hellhound that doth hunt us all to death;
> That dog that had his teeth before his eyes,
> To worry lambs and lap their gentle blood.

Shak.

2. To harass or beset with importunity, or with care an anxiety; to vex; to annoy; to torment; to tease; to fret; to trouble; to plague. "A church worried with reformation." South.

> Let them rail,
> And worry one another at their pleasure.

Rowe.

> Worry him out till he gives consent.

Swift.

3. To harass with labor; to fatigue. [Colloq.]

Wor"ry (?), v. i. To feel or express undue care and anxiety; to manifest disquietude or pain; to be fretful; to chafe; as, the child worries; the horse worries.

Wor"ry, n.; pl. Worries (&?;). A state of undue solicitude; a state of disturbance from care and anxiety; vexation; anxiety; fret; as, to be in a worry. "The whir and worry of spindle and of loom." Sir T. Browne.

Wor"ry*ing*ly, adv. In a worrying manner.

Worse (?), a., compar. of Bad. [OE. werse, worse, wurse, AS. wiersa, wyrsa, a comparative with no corresponding positive; akin to OS. wirsa, OFries. wirra, OHG. wirsiro, Icel. verri, Sw. värre, Dan. värre, Goth. waírsiza, and probably to OHG. werran to bring into confusion, E. war, and L. verrere to sweep, sweep along. As bad has no comparative and superlative, worse and worst are used in lieu of them, although etymologically they have no relation to bad.] Bad, ill, evil, or corrupt, in a greater degree; more bad or evil; less good; specifically, in poorer health; more sick; — used both in a physical and moral sense.

> Or worse, if men worse can devise.

Chaucer.

> [She] was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse.

Mark v. 26.

> Evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse.

2 Tim. iii. 13.

> There are men who seem to believe they are not bad while another can be found worse.

Rambler.

> "But I love him." "Love him? Worse and worse."

Gay.

Worse, n. 1. Loss; disadvantage; defeat. "Judah was put to the worse before Israel." Kings xiv. 12.

2. That which is worse; something less good; as, think not the worse of him for his enterprise.

Worse, adv. [AS. wiers, wyrs; akin to OS. & OHG. wirs, Icel. verr, Goth, waírs; a comparative adverb with no corresponding positive. See Worse, a.] In a worse degree; in a manner more evil or bad.

> Now will we deal worse with thee than with them.

Gen. xix. 9.

Worse, v. t. [OE. wursien, AS. wyrsian to become worse.] To make worse; to put disadvantage; to discomfit; to worst. See Worst, v.

> Weapons more violent, when next we meet,
> May serve to better us and worse our foes.

Milton.

Wors"en (?), v. t. 1. To make worse; to deteriorate; to impair.

> It is apparent that, in the particular point of which we have been conversing, their condition is greatly worsened.

Southey.

2. To get the better of; to worst. [R.]

Wors"en, v. i. To grow or become worse. De Quincey.

> Indifferent health, which seemed rather to worsen than improve.

Carlyle.

Wors"er (?), a. Worse. [R.]

> Thou dost deserve a worser end.

Beau. & Fl.

> From worser thoughts which make me do amiss.

Bunyan.

> A dreadful quiet felt, and, worser far
> Than arms, a sullen interval of war.

Dryden.

This old and redundant form of the comparative occurs occasionally in the best authors, although commonly accounted a vulgarism. It has, at least, the analogy of lesser to sanction its issue. See Lesser. "The experience of man's worser nature, which intercourse with ill-chosen associates, by choice or circumstance, peculiarly teaches." Hallam.

Wor"ship (?), n. [OE. worshipe, wurðscipe, AS. weorðscipe; weorð worth + -scipe -ship. See Worth, a., and - ship.]

1. Excellence of character; dignity; worth; worthiness. [Obs.] Shak.

> A man of worship and honour.

Chaucer.

> Elfin, born of noble state,
> And muckle worship in his native land.

Spenser.

2. Honor; respect; civil deference. [Obs.]

> Of which great worth and worship may be won.

Spenser.

> Then shalt thou have worship in the presence of them that sit at meat with thee.

Luke xiv. 10.

3. Hence, a title of honor, used in addresses to certain magistrates and others of rank or station.

> My father desires your worships' company.

Shak.

4. The act of paying divine honors to the Supreme Being; religious reverence and homage; adoration, or acts of reverence, paid to God, or a being viewed as God. "God with idols in their worship joined." Milton.

> The worship of God is an eminent part of religion, and prayer is a chief part of religious worship.

Tillotson.

5. Obsequious or submissive respect; extravagant admiration; adoration.

> 'T is your inky brows, your black silk hair,
> Your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream,
> That can my spirits to your worship.

Shak.

6. An object of worship.

> In attitude and aspect formed to be
> At once the artist's worship and despair.

Longfellow.

Devil worship, Fire worship, Hero worship, etc. See under Devil, Fire, Hero, etc.

Wor"ship, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Worshiped (?) or Worshipped; p. pr. & vb. n. Worshiping or Worshipping.]

1. To respect; to honor; to treat with civil reverence. [Obsoles.] Chaucer.

> Our grave . . . shall have a tongueless mouth,
> Not worshiped with a waxen epitaph.

Shak.

> This holy image that is man God worshipeth.

Foxe.

2. To pay divine honors to; to reverence with supreme respect and veneration; to perform religious exercises in honor of; to adore; to venerate.

> But God is to be worshiped.

Shak.

> When all our fathers worshiped stocks and stones.

Milton.

3. To honor with extravagant love and extreme submission, as a lover; to adore; to idolize.

> With bended knees I daily worship her.

Carew.

Syn. — To adore; revere; reverence; bow to; honor.

Wor"ship (?), v. i. To perform acts of homage or adoration; esp., to perform religious service.

> Our fathers worshiped in this mountain; and ye say that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship.

John iv. 20.

> Was it for this I have loved . . . and worshiped in silence?

Longfellow.

Wor`ship*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being worthy to be worshiped. [R.] Coleridge.

Wor"ship*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being worshiped; worthy of worship. [R.] Carlyle.

Wor"ship*er (?), n. One who worships; one who pays divine honors to any being or thing; one who adores. [Written also worshipper.]

Wor"ship*ful (?), a. Entitled to worship, reverence, or high respect; claiming respect; worthy of honor; — often used as a term of respect, sometimes ironically. "This is worshipful society." Shak.

> [She is] so dear and worshipful.

Chaucer.

— Wor"ship*ful*ly, adv. — Wor"ship*ful*ness, n.

Worst (?), a., superl. of Bad. [OE. werst, worste, wurste, AS. wyrst, wierst, wierrest. See Worse, a.] Bad, evil, or pernicious, in the highest degree, whether in a physical or moral sense. See Worse. "Heard so oft in worst extremes." Milton.

> I have a wife, the worst that may be.

Chaucer.

> If thou hadst not been born the worst of men,
> Thou hadst been a knave and flatterer.

Shak.

Worst, n. That which is most bad or evil; the most severe, pernicious, calamitous, or wicked state or degree.

> The worst is not
> So long as we can say, This is the worst.

Shak.

> He is always sure of finding diversion when the worst comes to the worst.

Addison.

Worst, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Worsted; p. pr. & vb. n. Worsting.] [See Worse, v. t. & a.] To gain advantage over, in contest or competition; to get the better of; to defeat; to overthrow; to discomfit.

> The . . . Philistines were worsted by the captivated ark.

South.

Worst, v. i. To grow worse; to deteriorate. [R.] "Every face . . . worsting." Jane Austen.

Worst"ed (?; 277), n. [From Worsted, now spelled Worstead, a town in Norfolk, England; for Worthstead. See Worth, n., and Stead.]

1. Well-twisted yarn spun of long-staple wool which has been combed to lay the fibers parallel, used for carpets, cloth, hosiery, gloves, and the like.

2. Fine and soft woolen yarn, untwisted or lightly twisted, used in knitting and embroidery.

Wort (?), n. [OE. wort, wurt, AS. wyrt herb, root; akin to OS. wurt, G. wurz, Icel. jurt, urt, Dan. urt, Sw. ört, Goth. waúrts a root, L. radix, Gr. &?; a root, &?; a branch, young shoot, &?; a branch, and E. root, n. Cf. Licorice, Orchard, Radish, Root, n., Whortleberry, Wort an infusion of malt.]

1. (Bot.) A plant of any kind.

This word is now chiefly used in combination, as in colewort, figwort, St. John's-wort, woundwort, etc.

2. pl. Cabbages.

Wort (?), n. [OE. worte, wurte, AS. wyrte; akin to OD. wort, G. würze, bierwürze, Icel. virtr, Sw. vört. See Wort an herb.] An infusion of malt which is unfermented, or is in the act of fermentation; the sweet infusion of malt, which ferments and forms beer; hence, any similar liquid in a state of incipient fermentation.

Wort consists essentially of a dilute solution of sugar, which by fermentation produces alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Worth (?), v. i. [OE. worthen, wurþen, to become, AS. weorðan; akin to OS. werðan, D. worden, G. werden, OHG. werdan, Icel. verða, Sw. varda, Goth. waírpan, L. vertere to turn, Skr. vr.t, v. i., to turn, to roll, to become. √143. Cf. Verse, -ward, Weird.] To be; to become; to betide; — now used only in the phrases, woe worth the day, woe worth the man, etc., in which the verb is in the imperative, and the nouns day, man, etc., are in the dative. Woe be to the day, woe be to the man, etc., are equivalent phrases.

> I counsel . . . to let the cat worthe.

Piers Plowman.

> He worth upon [got upon] his steed gray.

Chaucer.

Worth, a. [OE. worth, wurþ, AS. weorð, wurE; akin to OFries. werth, OS. werð, D. waard, OHG. werd, G. wert, werth, Icel. verðr, Sw. värd, Dan. værd, Goth. waírps, and perhaps to E. wary. Cf. Stalwart, Ware an article of merchandise, Worship.]

1. Valuable; of worthy; estimable; also, worth while. [Obs.]

> It was not worth to make it wise.

Chaucer.

2. Equal in value to; furnishing an equivalent for; proper to be exchanged for.

> A ring he hath of mine worth forty ducats.

Shak.

> All our doings without charity are nothing worth.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

> If your arguments produce no conviction, they are worth nothing to me.

Beattie.

3. Deserving of; — in a good or bad sense, but chiefly in a good sense.

> To reign is worth ambition, though in hell.

Milton.

> This is life indeed, life worth preserving.

Addison.

4. Having possessions equal to; having wealth or estate to the value of.

> At Geneva are merchants reckoned worth twenty hundred crowns.

Addison.

Worth while, or Worth the while. See under While, n.

Worth, n. [OE. worth, wurþ, AS. weorð, wurð; weorð, wurð, adj. See Worth, a.]

1. That quality of a thing which renders it valuable or useful; sum of valuable qualities which render anything useful and sought; value; hence, often, value as expressed in a standard, as money; equivalent in exchange; price.

> What 's worth in anything
> But so much money as 't will bring?

Hudibras.

2. Value in respect of moral or personal qualities; excellence; virtue; eminence; desert; merit; usefulness; as, a man or magistrate of great worth.

> To be of worth, and worthy estimation.

Shak.

> As none but she, who in that court did dwell,
> Could know such worth, or worth describe so well.

Waller.

> To think how modest worth neglected lies.

Shenstone.

Syn. — Desert; merit; excellence; price; rate.

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Worth"ful (?), a. Full of worth; worthy; deserving. Marston.

Wor"thi*ly (?), adv. In a worthy manner; excellently; deservedly; according to merit; justly; suitably; becomingly.

> You worthily succeed not only to the honors of your ancestors, but also to their virtues.

Dryden.

> Some may very worthily deserve to be hated.

South.

Wor"thi*ness, n. The quality or state of being worthy; desert; merit; excellence; dignity; virtue; worth.

> Who is sure he hath a soul, unless
> It see, and judge, and follow worthiness?

Donne.

> She is not worthy to be loved that hath not some feeling of her own worthiness.

Sir P. Sidney.

> The prayers which our Savior made were for his own worthiness accepted.

Hooker.

Worth"less (?), a. [AS. weorðleás.] Destitute of worth; having no value, virtue, excellence, dignity, or the like; undeserving; valueless; useless; vile; mean; as, a worthless garment; a worthless ship; a worthless man or woman; a worthless magistrate.

> 'T is a worthless world to win or lose.

Byron.

— Worth"less*ly, adv. — Worth"less*ness, n.

Wor"thy (?), a. [Compar. Worthier (&?;); superl. Worthiest.] [OE. worthi, wurþi, from worth, wurþ, n.; cf. Icel. verðugr, D. waardig, G. würdig, OHG. wirdg. See Worth, n.]

1. Having worth or excellence; possessing merit; valuable; deserving; estimable; excellent; virtuous.

> Full worthy was he in his lordes war.

Chaucer.

> These banished men that I have kept withal
> Are men endued with worthy qualities.

Shak.

> Happier thou mayst be, worthier canst not be.

Milton.

> This worthy mind should worthy things embrace.

Sir J. Davies.

2. Having suitable, adapted, or equivalent qualities or value; — usually with of before the thing compared or the object; more rarely, with a following infinitive instead of of, or with that; as, worthy of, equal in excellence, value, or dignity to; entitled to; meriting; — usually in a good sense, but sometimes in a bad one.

> No, Warwick, thou art worthy of the sway.

Shak.

> The merciless Macdonwald,
> Worthy to be a rebel.

Shak.

> Whose shoes I am not worthy to bear.

Matt. iii. 11.

> And thou art worthy that thou shouldst not know
> More happiness.

Milton.

> The lodging is well worthy of the guest.

Dryden.

3. Of high station; of high social position. [Obs.]

> Worthy women of the town.

Chaucer.

Worthiest of blood (Eng. Law of Descent), most worthy of those of the same blood to succeed or inherit; — applied to males, and expressive of the preference given them over females. Burrill.

Wor"thy, n.; pl. Worthies (&?;). A man of eminent worth or value; one distinguished for useful and estimable qualities; a person of conspicuous desert; — much used in the plural; as, the worthies of the church; political worthies; military worthies.

> The blood of ancient worthies in his veins.

Cowper.

Wor"thy, v. t. To render worthy; to exalt into a hero. [Obs.] Shak.

Wost (?), 2d pers. sing. pres. of Wit, to know. [Obs.] Spenser.

Wot (?), 1st & 3d pers. sing. pres. of Wit, to know. See the Note under Wit, v. [Obs.]

> Brethren, I wot that through ignorance ye did it.

Acts iii. 17.

{ Wot"est (?), Wot"test, } 2d pers. sing. pres. of Wit, to know. [Obs.]

{ Wot"eth (?), Wot"teth, } 3d pers. sing. pres. of Wit, to know. [Obs.] "He wotteth neither what he babbleth, nor what he meaneth." Tyndale.

Woul (?), v. i. To howl. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Would (?), imp. of Will. [OE. & AS. wolde. See Will, v. t.] Commonly used as an auxiliary verb, either in the past tense or in the conditional or optative present. See 2d & 3d Will.

Would was formerly used also as the past participle of Will.

> Right as our Lord hath would.

Chaucer.

Would (?), n. See 2d Weld.

Would"-be` (&?;), a. Desiring or professing to be; vainly pretending to be; as, a would-be poet.

Would"ing, n. Emotion of desire; inclination; velleity. [Obs.] Hammond.

Would"ing*ness, n. Willingness; desire. [Obs.]

Woulfe" bot`tle (?), n. (Chem.) A kind of wash bottle with two or three necks; — so called after the inventor, Peter Woulfe, an English chemist.

Wound (?), imp. & p. p. of Wind to twist, and Wind to sound by blowing.

Wound (?; 277), n. [OE. wounde, wunde, AS. wund; akin to OFries. wunde, OS. wunda, D. wonde, OHG. wunta, G. wunde, Icel. und, and to AS., OS., & G. wund sore, wounded, OHG. wunt, Goth. wunds, and perhaps also to Goth. winnan to suffer, E. win. √140. Cf. Zounds.]

1. A hurt or injury caused by violence; specifically, a breach of the skin and flesh of an animal, or in the substance of any creature or living thing; a cut, stab, rent, or the like. Chaucer.

> Showers of blood
> Rained from the wounds of slaughtered Englishmen.

Shak.

2. Fig.: An injury, hurt, damage, detriment, or the like, to feeling, faculty, reputation, etc.

3. (Criminal Law) An injury to the person by which the skin is divided, or its continuity broken; a lesion of the body, involving some solution of continuity.

Walker condemns the pronunciation woond as a "capricious novelty." It is certainly opposed to an important principle of our language, namely, that the Old English long sound written ou, and pronounced like French ou or modern English oo, has regularly changed, when accented, into the diphthongal sound usually written with the same letters ou in modern English, as in ground, hound, round, sound. The use of ou in Old English to represent the sound of modern English oo was borrowed from the French, and replaced the older and Anglo-Saxon spelling with u. It makes no difference whether the word was taken from the French or not, provided it is old enough in English to have suffered this change to what is now the common sound of ou; but words taken from the French at a later time, or influenced by French, may have the French sound.

Wound gall (Zoöl.), an elongated swollen or tuberous gall on the branches of the grapevine, caused by a small reddish brown weevil (Ampeloglypter sesostris) whose larvæ inhabit the galls.

Wound (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Wounding.] [AS. wundian. √140. See Wound, n.]

1. To hurt by violence; to produce a breach, or separation of parts, in, as by a cut, stab, blow, or the like.

> The archers hit him; and he was sore wounded of the archers.

1 Sam. xxxi. 3.

2. To hurt the feelings of; to pain by disrespect, ingratitude, or the like; to cause injury to.

> When ye sin so against the brethren, and wound their weak conscience, ye sin against Christ.

1 Cor. viii. 12.

Wound"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being wounded; vulnerable. [R.] Fuller.

Wound"er (?), n. One who, or that which, wounds.

Wound"i*ly (?), adv. In a woundy manner; excessively; woundy. [Obs.]

Wound"less (?), a. Free from wound or hurt; exempt from being wounded; invulnerable. "Knights whose woundless armor rusts." Spenser.

> [Slander] may miss our name,
> And hit the woundless air.

Shak.

Wound"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any one of certain plants whose soft, downy leaves have been used for dressing wounds, as the kidney vetch, and several species of the labiate genus Stachys.

Wound"y (?), a. Excessive. [Obs.]

> Such a world of holidays, that 't a woundy hindrance to a poor man that lives by his labor.

L'Estrange.

Wound"y, adv. Excessively; extremely. [Obs.]

> A am woundy cold.

Ford.

Wou"ra*li (?), n. Same as Curare.

Wou"-wou` (?), n. [So called from its cry.] (Zoöl.) The agile, or silvery, gibbon; — called also camper. See Gibbon. [Written also wow-wow.]

Wove (?), p. pr. & rare vb. n. of Weave.

Wov"en (?), p. p. of Weave.

Woven paper, or Wove paper, writing paper having an even, uniform surface, without watermarks.

Wowe (?), v. t. & i. To woo. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wowf (?), a. Disordered or unsettled in intellect; deranged. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Wowke (?), n. Week. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wow"-wow" (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wou-wou.

Wox (?), obs. imp. of Wax. Gower.

Wox"en (?), obs. p. p. of Wax. Chaucer.

Wrack (?), n. A thin, flying cloud; a rack.

Wrack, v. t. To rack; to torment. [R.]

Wrack, n. [OE. wrak wreck. See Wreck.]

1. Wreck; ruin; destruction. [Obs.] Chaucer. "A world devote to universal wrack." Milton.

2. Any marine vegetation cast up on the shore, especially plants of the genera Fucus, Laminaria, and Zostera, which are most abundant on northern shores.

3. (Bot.) Coarse seaweed of any kind.

Wrack grass, or Grass wrack (Bot.), eelgrass.

Wrack, v. t. To wreck. [Obs.] Dryden.

Wrack"ful (?), a. Ruinous; destructive. [Obs.]

Wrain"-bolt` (?), n. Same as Wringbolt.

Wraith (?), n. [Scot. wraith, warth; probably originally, a guardian angel, from Icel. vörðr a warden, guardian, akin to E. ward. See Ward a guard.]

1. An apparition of a person in his exact likeness, seen before death, or a little after; hence, an apparition; a specter; a vision; an unreal image. [Scot.]

> She was uncertain if it were the gypsy or her wraith.

Sir W. Scott.

> O, hollow wraith of dying fame.

Tennyson.

2. Sometimes, improperly, a spirit thought to preside over the waters; — called also water wraith. M. G. Lewis.

Wran"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wrangled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wrangling (?).] [OE. wranglen to wrestle. See Wrong, Wring.]

1. To argue; to debate; to dispute. [Obs.]

2. To dispute angrily; to quarrel peevishly and noisily; to brawl; to altercate. "In spite of occasional wranglings." Macaulay.

> For a score of kingdoms you should wrangle.

Shak.

> He did not know what it was to wrangle on indifferent points.

Addison.

Wran"gle, v. t. To involve in a quarrel or dispute; to embroil. [R.] Bp. Sanderson.

Wran"gle (?), n. An angry dispute; a noisy quarrel; a squabble; an altercation.

Syn. — Altercation; bickering; brawl; jar; jangle; contest; controversy. See Altercation.

Wran"gler (?), n. 1. An angry disputant; one who disputes with heat or peevishness. "Noisy and contentious wranglers." I. Watts.

2. One of those who stand in the first rank of honors in the University of Cambridge, England. They are called, according to their rank, senior wrangler, second wrangler, third wrangler, etc. Cf. Optime.

Wran"gler*ship, n. The honor or position of being a wrangler at the University of Cambridge, England.

Wran"gle*some (?), a. Contentious; quarrelsome. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

{ Wran"nock (?), Wran"ny (?), } n. (Zoöl.) The common wren. [Prov. Eng.]

Wrap (?), v. t. [A corrupt spelling of rap.] To snatch up; transport; — chiefly used in the p. p. wrapt.

> Lo! where the stripling, wrapt in wonder, roves.

Beattie.

Wrap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrapped (?) or Wrapt; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrapping.] [OE. wrappen, probably akin to E. warp. √144. Cf. Warp.]

1. To wind or fold together; to arrange in folds.

> Then cometh Simon Peter, . . . and seeth . . . the napkin that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself.

John xx. 6, 7.

> Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch
> About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.

Bryant.

2. To cover by winding or folding; to envelop completely; to involve; to infold; — often with up.

> I . . . wrapt in mist
> Of midnight vapor, glide obscure.

Milton.

3. To conceal by enveloping or infolding; to hide; hence, to involve, as an effect or consequence; to be followed by.

> Wise poets that wrap truth in tales.

Carew.

To be wrapped up in, to be wholly engrossed in; to be entirely dependent on; to be covered with.

> Leontine's young wife, in whom all his happiness was wrapped up, died in a few days after the death of her daughter.

Addison.

> Things reflected on in gross and transiently . . . are thought to be wrapped up in impenetrable obscurity.

Locke.

Wrap, n. A wrapper; — often used in the plural for blankets, furs, shawls, etc., used in riding or traveling.

Wrap"page (?; 48), n. 1. The act of wrapping.

2. That which wraps; envelope; covering.

Wrap"per (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, wraps.

2. That in which anything is wrapped, or inclosed; envelope; covering.

3. Specifically, a loose outer garment; an article of dress intended to be wrapped round the person; as, a morning wrapper; a gentleman's wrapper.

Wrap"ras`cal (?), n. A kind of coarse upper coat, or overcoat, formerly worn.

Wrasse (?), n. [W. gwrachen.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous edible, marine, spiny-finned fishes of the genus Labrus, of which several species are found in the Mediterranean and on the Atlantic coast of Europe. Many of the species are bright-colored.

Among the European species are the ballan wrasse (Labrus maculatus), the streaked wrasse (L. lineatus), the red wrasse (L. mixtus), the comber wrasse (L. comber), the blue-striped, or cook, wrasse (see Peacock fish, under Peacock), the rainbow wrasse (L. vulgaris), and the seawife.

Wras"tle (?), v. i. [OE. wrastlen. See Wrestle.] To wrestle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

> Who wrastleth best naked, with oil enoint.

Chaucer.

Wrath (?; 277), n. [OE. wrathe, wraþþe, wrethe, wræððe, AS. wrððo, fr. wrð wroth; akin to Icel. reiði wrath. See Wroth, a.]

1. Violent anger; vehement exasperation; indignation; rage; fury; ire.

> Wrath is a fire, and jealousy a weed.

Spenser.

> When the wrath of king Ahasuerus was appeased.

Esther ii. 1.

> Now smoking and frothing
> Its tumult and wrath in.

Southey.

2. The effects of anger or indignation; the just punishment of an offense or a crime. "A revenger to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil." Rom. xiii. 4.

Syn. — Anger; fury; rage; ire; vengeance; indignation; resentment; passion. See Anger.

Wrath, a. See Wroth. [Obs.]

Wrath, v. t. To anger; to enrage; — also used impersonally. [Obs.] "I will not wrathen him." Chaucer.

> If him wratheth, be ywar and his way shun.

Piers Plowman.

Wrath"ful (?), a. 1. Full of wrath; very angry; greatly incensed; ireful; passionate; as, a wrathful man.

2. Springing from, or expressing, wrath; as, a wrathful countenance. "Wrathful passions." Sprat.

Syn. — Furious; raging; indignant; resentful.

— Wrath"ful*ly, adv. — Wrath"ful*ness, n.

Wrath"i*ly (?), adv. In a wrathy manner; very angrily; wrathfully. [Colloq.]

Wrath"less, a. Free from anger or wrath. Waller.

Wrath"y (?), a. Very angry. [Colloq.]

Wraw (?), a. [Cf. dial. Sw. vrå willful, disobedient.] Angry; vexed; wrathful. [Obs.]

> With this speech the cock wex wroth and wraw.

Chaucer.

Wraw"ful (?), a. Ill-tempered. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wrawl (?), v. i. [Cf. Dan. vraale, Sw. vråla to brawl, to roar, Dan. vraal a bawling, roaring, vræle to cry, weep, whine.] To cry, as a cat; to waul. [Obs.] Spenser.

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Wraw"ness (?), n. Peevishness; ill temper; anger. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wray (?), v. t. [AS. wr&?;gan to accuse. See Bewray.] To reveal; to disclose. [Obs.]

> To no wight thou shalt this counsel wray.

Chaucer.

Wreak (?), v. i. To reck; to care. [Obs.] Shak.

Wreak (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wreaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wreaking.] [OE. wrek&?;&?; to revenge, punish, drive out, AS. wrecan; akin to OFries. wreka, OS. wrekan to punish, D. wreken to avenge, G. rächen, OHG. rehhan, Icel. reka to drive, to take vengeance, Goth. wrikan to persecute, Lith. vargas distress, vargti to suffer distress, L. urgere to drive, urge, Gr. &?; to shut, Skr. &?; to turn away. Cf. Urge, Wreck, Wretch.]

1. To revenge; to avenge. [Archaic]

> He should wreake him on his foes.

Chaucer.

> Another's wrongs to wreak upon thyself.

Spenser.

> Come wreak his loss, whom bootless ye complain.

Fairfax.

2. To execute in vengeance or passion; to inflict; to hurl or drive; as, to wreak vengeance on an enemy.

> On me let Death wreak all his rage.

Milton.

> Now was the time to be avenged on his old enemy, to wreak a grudge of seventeen years.

Macaulay.

> But gather all thy powers,
> And wreak them on the verse that thou dost weave.

Bryant.

Wreak, n. [Cf. AS. wræc exile, persecution, misery. See Wreak, v. t.] Revenge; vengeance; furious passion; resentment. [Obs.] Shak. Spenser.

Wreak"en (?), obs. p. p. of Wreak. Chaucer.

Wreak"er (?), n. [See Wreak.] Avenger. [Obs.]

> The stork, the wrekere of avouterye [adultery].

Chaucer.

Wreak"ful (?), a. Revengeful; angry; furious. [Obs.] — Wreak"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.]

Wreak"less, a. Unrevengeful; weak. [Obs.]

Wreath (?; 277), n.; pl. Wreaths (#). [OE. wrethe, AS. wrð a twisted band, fr. wrðan to twist. See Writhe.]

1. Something twisted, intertwined, or curled; as, a wreath of smoke; a wreath of flowers. "A wrethe of gold." Chaucer.

> [He] of his tortuous train
> Curled many a wanton wreath.

Milton.

2. A garland; a chaplet, esp. one given to a victor.

> Conquest doth grant
> He dear wreath to the Grecian combatant.

Chapman.

> Far back in the ages,
> The plow with wreaths was crowned.

Bryant.

3. (Her.) An appendage to the shield, placed above it, and supporting the crest (see Illust. of Crest). It generally represents a twist of two cords of silk, one tinctured like the principal metal, the other like the principal color in the arms.

Wreathe (?), v. t. [imp. Wreathed (?); p. p. Wreathed; Archaic Wreathen (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wreathing.] [See Wreath, n.] [Written also wreath.]

1. To cause to revolve or writhe; to twist about; to turn. [Obs.]

> And from so heavy sight his head did wreathe.

Spenser.

2. To twist; to convolve; to wind one about another; to entwine.

> The nods and smiles of recognition into which this singular physiognomy was wreathed.

Sir W. Scott.

> From his slack hand the garland wreathed for Eve
> Down dropped.

Milton.

3. To surround with anything twisted or convolved; to encircle; to infold.

> Each wreathed in the other's arms.

Shak.

> Dusk faces with withe silken turbants wreathed.

Milton.

> And with thy winding ivy wreathes her lance.

Dryden.

4. To twine or twist about; to surround; to encircle.

> In the flowers that wreathe the sparkling bowl,
> Fell adders hiss.

Prior.

Wreathe, v. i. To be intewoven or entwined; to twine together; as, a bower of wreathing trees. Dryden.

Wreath"en (?), a. Twisted; made into a wreath. "Wreathen work of pure gold." Ex. xxviii. 22.

Wreath"less (?), a. Destitute of a wreath.

Wreath"-shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A marine shell of the genus Turbo. See Turbo.

Wreath"y (?), a. Wreathed; twisted; curled; spiral; also, full of wreaths. "Wreathy spires, and cochleary turnings about." Sir T. Browne.

Wrec"che (?), n. A wretch. [Obs.]

Wrec"che, a. Wretched. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wreche (?), n. Wreak. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wreck (?), v. t. & n. See 2d & 3d Wreak.

Wreck, n. [OE. wrak, AS. wræc exile, persecution, misery, from wrecan to drive out, punish; akin to D. wrak, adj., damaged, brittle, n., a wreck, wraken to reject, throw off, Icel. rek a thing drifted ashore, Sw. vrak refuse, a wreck, Dan. vrag. See Wreak, v. t., and cf. Wrack a marine plant.] [Written also wrack.]

1. The destruction or injury of a vessel by being cast on shore, or on rocks, or by being disabled or sunk by the force of winds or waves; shipwreck.

> Hard and obstinate
> As is a rock amidst the raging floods,
> 'Gainst which a ship, of succor desolate,
> Doth suffer wreck, both of herself and goods.

Spenser.

2. Destruction or injury of anything, especially by violence; ruin; as, the wreck of a railroad train.

> The wreck of matter and the crush of worlds.

Addison.

> Its intellectual life was thus able to go on amidst the wreck of its political life.

J. R. Green.

3. The ruins of a ship stranded; a ship dashed against rocks or land, and broken, or otherwise rendered useless, by violence and fracture; as, they burned the wreck.

4. The remain of anything ruined or fatally injured.

> To the fair haven of my native home,
> The wreck of what I was, fatigued I come.

Cowper.

5. (Law) Goods, etc., which, after a shipwreck, are cast upon the land by the sea. Bouvier.

Wreck (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrecked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wrecking.]

1. To destroy, disable, or seriously damage, as a vessel, by driving it against the shore or on rocks, by causing it to become unseaworthy, to founder, or the like; to shipwreck.

> Supposing that they saw the king's ship wrecked.

Shak.

2. To bring wreck or ruin upon by any kind of violence; to destroy, as a railroad train.

3. To involve in a wreck; hence, to cause to suffer ruin; to balk of success, and bring disaster on.

> Weak and envied, if they should conspire,
> They wreck themselves.

Daniel.

Wreck, v. i. 1. To suffer wreck or ruin. Milton.

2. To work upon a wreck, as in saving property or lives, or in plundering.

Wreck"age (?; 48), n. 1. The act of wrecking, or state of being wrecked.

2. That which has been wrecked; remains of a wreck.

Wreck"er (?), n. 1. One who causes a wreck, as by false lights, and the like.

2. One who searches fro, or works upon, the wrecks of vessels, etc. Specifically: (a) One who visits a wreck for the purpose of plunder. (b) One who is employed in saving property or lives from a wrecked vessel, or in saving the vessel; as, the wreckers of Key West.

3. A vessel employed by wreckers.

Wreck"fish` (?), n. [So called because it often comes in with wreckage.] (Zoöl.) A stone bass.

Wreck"ful (?), a. Causing wreck; involving ruin; destructive. "By wreckful wind." Spenser.

Wreck"ing, a. & n. from Wreck, v.

Wrecking car (Railway), a car fitted up with apparatus and implements for removing the wreck occasioned by an accident, as by a collision. — Wrecking pump, a pump especially adapted for pumping water from the hull of a wrecked vessel.

Wreck"-mas`ter (?), n. A person appointed by law to take charge of goods, etc., thrown on shore after a shipwreck.

{ Wreke (rk), Wreeke }, v. t. See 2d Wreak. [Obs.]

Wren (rn), n. [OE. wrenne, AS. wrenna, wrænna, perhaps akin to wrne lascivious.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small singing birds belonging to Troglodytes and numerous allied of the family Troglodytidæ.

Among the species best known are the house wren (Troglodytes aëdon) common in both Europe and America, and the American winter wren (T. hiemalis). See also Cactus wren, Marsh wren, and Rock wren, under Cactus, Marsh, and Rock.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small singing birds more or less resembling the true wrens in size and habits.

Among these are several species of European warblers; as, the reed wren (see Reed warbler (a), under Reed), the sedge wren (see Sedge warbler, under Sedge), the willow wren (see Willow warbler, under Willow), the golden-crested wren, and the ruby-crowned wren (see Kinglet).

Ant wren, any one of numerous South American birds of the family Formicaridæ, allied to the ant thrushes. — Blue wren, a small Australian singing bird (Malurus cyaneus), the male of which in the breeding season is bright blue. Called also superb warbler. — Emu wren. See in the Vocabulary. — Wren babbler, any one of numerous species of small timaline birds belonging to Alcippe, Stachyris, Timalia, and several allied genera. These birds are common in Southern Asia and the East Indies. — Wren tit. See Ground wren, under Ground. — Wren warbler, any one of several species of small Asiatic and African singing birds belonging to Prinia and allied genera. These birds are closely allied to the tailor birds, and build their nests in a similar manner. See also Pincpinc.

Wrench (rnch), n. [OE. wrench deceit, AS. wrenc deceit, a twisting; akin to G. rank intrigue, crookedness, renken to bend, twist, and E. wring. √144. See Wring, and cf. Ranch, v. t.]

1. Trick; deceit; fraud; stratagem. [Obs.]

> His wily wrenches thou ne mayst not flee.

Chaucer.

2. A violent twist, or a pull with twisting.

> He wringeth them such a wrench.

Skelton.

> The injurious effect upon biographic literature of all such wrenches to the truth, is diffused everywhere.

De Quincey.

3. A sprain; an injury by twisting, as in a joint.

4. Means; contrivance. [Obs.] Bacon.

5. An instrument, often a simple bar or lever with jaws or an angular orifice either at the end or between the ends, for exerting a twisting strain, as in turning bolts, nuts, screw taps, etc.; a screw key. Many wrenches have adjustable jaws for grasping nuts, etc., of different sizes.

6. (Mech.) The system made up of a force and a couple of forces in a plane perpendicular to that force. Any number of forces acting at any points upon a rigid body may be compounded so as to be equivalent to a wrench.

Carriage wrench, a wrench adapted for removing or tightening the nuts that confine the wheels on the axles, or for turning the other nuts or bolts of a carriage or wagon. — Monkey wrench. See under Monkey. — Wrench hammer, a wrench with the end shaped so as to admit of being used as a hammer.

Wrench, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrenched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wrenching.] [OE. wrenchen, AS. wrencan to deceive, properly, to twist, from wrenc guile, deceit, a twisting. &?;&?;&?;&?;. See Wrench, n.]

1. To pull with a twist; to wrest, twist, or force by violence.

> Wrench his sword from him.

Shak.

> Forthwith this frame of mine was wrenched
> With a woeful agony.

Coleridge.

2. To strain; to sprain; hence, to distort; to pervert.

> You wrenched your foot against a stone.

Swift.

Wrest (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrested; p. pr. & vb. n. Wresting.] [OE. wresten, AS. wr&?;stan; akin to wr&?;&?; a twisted band, and wr&?;n to twist. See Writhe.]

1. To turn; to twist; esp., to twist or extort by violence; to pull of force away by, or as if by, violent wringing or twisting. "The secret wrested from me." Milton.

> Our country's cause,
> That drew our swords, now secret wrests them from our hand.

Addison.

> They instantly wrested the government out of the hands of Hastings.

Macaulay.

2. To turn from truth; to twist from its natural or proper use or meaning by violence; to pervert; to distort.

> Wrest once the law to your authority.

Shak.

> Thou shalt not wrest the judgment of thy poor.

Ex. xxiii. 6.

> Their arts of wresting, corrupting, and false interpreting the holy text.

South.

3. To tune with a wrest, or key. [Obs.]

Wrest, n. 1. The act of wresting; a wrench; a violent twist; hence, distortion; perversion. Hooker.

2. Active or moving power. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. A key to tune a stringed instrument of music.

> The minstrel . . . wore round his neck a silver chain, by which hung the wrest, or key, with which he tuned his harp.

Sir W. Scott.

4. A partition in a water wheel, by which the form of the buckets is determined.

Wrest pin (Piano Manuf.), one of the pins around which the ends of the wires are wound in a piano. Knight. — Wrest plank (Piano Manuf.), the part in which the wrest pins are inserted.

Wrest"er (?), n. One who wrests.

Wres"tle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wrestled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wrestling (?).] [OE. wrestlen, wrastlen, AS. wr&?;stlian, freq. of wr&?;stan to wrest; akin to OD. wrastelen to wrestle. See Wrest, v. t.]

1. To contend, by grappling with, and striving to trip or throw down, an opponent; as, they wrestled skillfully.

> To-morrow, sir, I wrestle for my credit, and he that escapes me without some broken limb shall acquit him well.

Shak.

> Another, by a fall in wrestling, started the end of the clavicle from the sternum.

Wiseman.

2. Hence, to struggle; to strive earnestly; to contend.

> Come, wrestle with thy affections.

Shak.

> We wrestle not against flesh and blood.

Eph. vi. 12.

> Difficulties with which he had himself wrestled.

M. Arnold.

Wres"tle, v. t. To wrestle with; to seek to throw down as in wrestling.

Wres"tle, n. A struggle between two persons to see which will throw the other down; a bout at wrestling; a wrestling match; a struggle.

> Whom in a wrestle the giant catching aloft, with a terrible hug broke three of his ribs.

Milton.

Wres"tler (?), n. [AS. wrstlere.] One who wrestles; one who is skillful in wrestling.

Wretch (?), n. [OE. wrecche, AS. wrecca, wræcca, an exile, a wretch, fr. wrecan to drive out, punish; properly, an exile, one driven out, akin to AS. wræc an exile, OS. wrekkio a stranger, OHG. reccheo an exile. See Wreak, v. t.]

1. A miserable person; one profoundly unhappy. "The wretch that lies in woe." Shak.

> Hovered thy spirit o'er thy sorrowing son,
> Wretch even then, life's journey just begun?

Cowper.

2. One sunk in vice or degradation; a base, despicable person; a vile knave; as, a profligate wretch.

Wretch is sometimes used by way of slight or ironical pity or contempt, and sometimes to express tenderness; as we say, poor thing. "Poor wretch was never frighted so." Drayton.

Wretch"ed, a. 1. Very miserable; sunk in, or accompanied by, deep affliction or distress, as from want, anxiety, or grief; calamitous; woeful; very afflicting. "To what wretched state reserved!" Milton.

> O cruel! Death! to those you are more kind
> Than to the wretched mortals left behind.

Waller.

2. Worthless; paltry; very poor or mean; miserable; as, a wretched poem; a wretched cabin.

3. Hatefully contemptible; despicable; wicked. [Obs.] "Wretched ungratefulness." Sir P. Sidney.

> Nero reigned after this Claudius, of all men wretchedest, ready to all manner [of] vices.

Capgrave.

Wretch"ed*ly, adv. In a wretched manner; miserably; despicable.

Wretch"ed*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being wretched; utter misery. Sir W. Raleigh.

2. A wretched object; anything despicably. [Obs.]

> Eat worms and such wretchedness.

Chaucer.

Wretch"ful (?), a. Wretched. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Wretch"less, a. [See Reckless.] Reckless; hence, disregarded. [Obs.] — Wretch"less*ly, adv. [Obs.] — Wretch"less*ness, n. [Obs.] Bk. of Com. Prayer.

> Your deaf ears should listen
> Unto the wretchless clamors of the poor.

J. Webster.

Wrey (?), v. t. See Wray. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wrie (?), a. & v. See Wry. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wrig (?), v. i. To wriggle. [Obs.] Skelton.

Wrig"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Wriggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wriggling (?).] [Freq. of wrig, probably from OE. wrikken to move to and fro; cf. LG. wriggeln, D. wrikken, Sw. vricka, Dan. vrikke.] To move the body to and fro with short, writhing motions, like a worm; to squirm; to twist uneasily or quickly about.

> Both he and successors would often wriggle in their seats,
> as long as the cushion lasted.

Swift.

Wrig"gle, v. t. To move with short, quick contortions; to move by twisting and squirming; like a worm.

> Covetousness will wriggle itself out at a small hole.

Fuller.

> Wriggling his body to recover
> His seat, and cast his right leg over.

Hudibras.

Wrig"gle, a. Wriggling; frisky; pliant; flexible. [Obs.] "Their wriggle tails." Spenser.

<! p. 1669 !>

Wrig"gler (?), n. One who, or that which, wriggles. Cowper.

Wright (?), n. [OE. wrighte, writhe, AS. wyrtha, fr. wyrcean to work. √145. See Work.] One who is engaged in a mechanical or manufacturing business; an artificer; a workman; a manufacturer; a mechanic; esp., a worker in wood; — now chiefly used in compounds, as in millwright, wheelwright, etc.

> He was a well good wright, a carpenter.

Chaucer.

Wright"ine (?), n. (Chem.) A rare alkaloid found in the bark of an East Indian apocynaceous tree (Wrightia antidysenterica), and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance. It was formerly used as a remedy for diarrhœa. Called also conessine, and neriine.

Wring (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrung (?), Obs. Wringed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Wringing.] [OE. wringen, AS. wringan; akin to LG. & D. wringen, OHG. ringan to struggle, G. ringen, Sw. vränga to distort, Dan. vringle to twist. Cf. Wrangle, Wrench, Wrong.]

1. To twist and compress; to turn and strain with violence; to writhe; to squeeze hard; to pinch; as, to wring clothes in washing. "Earnestly wringing Waverley's hand." Sir W. Scott. "Wring him by the nose." Shak.

> [His steed] so sweat that men might him wring.

Chaucer.

> The king began to find where his shoe did wring him.

Bacon.

> The priest shall bring it [a dove] unto the altar, and wring off his head.

Lev. i. 15.

2. Hence, to pain; to distress; to torment; to torture.

> Too much grieved and wrung by an uneasy and strait fortune.

Clarendon.

> Didst thou taste but half the griefs
> That wring my soul, thou couldst not talk thus coldly.

Addison.

3. To distort; to pervert; to wrest.

> How dare men thus wring the Scriptures?

Whitgift.

4. To extract or obtain by twisting and compressing; to squeeze or press (out); hence, to extort; to draw forth by violence, or against resistance or repugnance; — usually with out or form.

> Your overkindness doth wring tears from me.

Shak.

> He rose up early on the morrow, and thrust the fleece together, and wringed the dew out of the fleece.

Judg. vi. 38.

5. To subject to extortion; to afflict, or oppress, in order to enforce compliance.

> To wring the widow from her 'customed right.

Shak.

> The merchant adventures have been often wronged and wringed to the quick.

Hayward.

6. (Naut.) To bend or strain out of its position; as, to wring a mast.

Wring, v. i. To writhe; to twist, as with anguish.

> 'T is all men's office to speak patience
> To those that wring under the load of sorrow.

Shak.

> Look where the sister of the king of France
> Sits wringing of her hands, and beats her breast.

Marlowe.

Wring, n. A writhing, as in anguish; a twisting; a griping. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Wring"bolt`, n. (Shipbuilding) A bolt used by shipwrights, to bend and secure the planks against the timbers till they are fastened by bolts, spikes, or treenails; — not to be confounded with ringbolt.

Wring"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, wrings; hence, an extortioner.

2. A machine for pressing water out of anything, particularly from clothes after they have been washed.

Wring"ing, a. & n. from Wring, v.

Wringing machine, a wringer. See Wringer, 2.

Wring"staff` (?), n.; pl. Wringstaves (&?;). (Shipbuilding) A strong piece of plank used in applying wringbolts.

Wrin"kle (?), n. A winkle. [Local, U. S.]

Wrin"kle, n. [OE. wrinkil, AS. wrincle; akin to OD. wrinckel, and prob. to Dan. rynke, Sw. rynka, Icel. hrukka, OHG. runza, G. runzel, L. ruga. &?;&?;&?;&?;.]

1. A small ridge, prominence, or furrow formed by the shrinking or contraction of any smooth substance; a corrugation; a crease; a slight fold; as, wrinkle in the skin; a wrinkle in cloth. "The wrinkles in my brows." Shak.

> Within I do not find wrinkles and used heart, but unspent youth.

Emerson.

2. hence, any roughness; unevenness.

> Not the least wrinkle to deform the sky.

Dryden.

3. [Perhaps a different word, and a dim. AS. wrenc a twisting, deceit. Cf. Wrench, n.] A notion or fancy; a whim; as, to have a new wrinkle. [Colloq.]

Wrin"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wrinkled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wrinkling (?).]

1. To contract into furrows and prominences; to make a wrinkle or wrinkles in; to corrugate; as, wrinkle the skin or the brow. "Sport that wrinkled Care derides." Milton.

> Her wrinkled form in black and white arrayed.

Pope.

2. Hence, to make rough or uneven in any way.

> A keen north wind that, blowing dry,
> Wrinkled the face of deluge, as decayed.

Milton.

> Then danced we on the wrinkled sand.

Bryant.

To wrinkle at, to sneer at. [Obs.] Marston.

Wrin"kle, v. i. To shrink into furrows and ridges.

Wrin"kly (?), a. Full of wrinkles; having a tendency to be wrinkled; corrugated; puckered. G. Eliot.

> His old wrinkly face grew quite blown out at last.

Carlyle.

Wrist (?), n. [OE. wriste, wrist, AS. wrist; akin to OFries. wriust, LG. wrist, G. rist wrist, instep, Icel. rist instep, Dan. & Sw. vrist, and perhaps to E. writhe.]

1. (Anat.) The joint, or the region of the joint, between the hand and the arm; the carpus. See Carpus.

> He took me by the wrist, and held me hard.

Shak.

2. (Mach.) A stud or pin which forms a journal; — also called wrist pin.

Bridle wrist, the wrist of the left hand, in which a horseman holds the bridle. — Wrist clonus. [NL. clonus, fr. Gr. &?;. See Clonic.] (Med.) A series of quickly alternating movements of flexion and extension of the wrist, produced in some cases of nervous disease by suddenly bending the hand back upon the forearm. — Wrist drop (Med.), paralysis of the extensor muscles of the hand, affecting the hand so that when an attempt is made to hold it out in line with the forearm with the palm down, the hand drops. It is chiefly due to plumbism. Called also hand drop. — Wrist plate (Steam Engine), a swinging plate bearing two or more wrists, for operating the valves.

Wrist"band (?), n. The band of the sleeve of a shirt, or other garment, which covers the wrist.

Wrist"er (?), n. A covering for the wrist.

Wrist"let (?), n. An elastic band worn around the wrist, as for the purpose of securing the upper part of a glove.

Writ (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Write, for writeth. Chaucer.

Writ, archaic imp. & p. p. of Write. Dryden.

Writ, n. [AS. writ, gewrit. See Write.]

1. That which is written; writing; scripture; — applied especially to the Scriptures, or the books of the Old and New testaments; as, sacred writ. "Though in Holy Writ not named." Milton.

> Then to his hands that writ he did betake,
> Which he disclosing read, thus as the paper spake.

Spenser.

> Babylon, so much spoken of in Holy Writ.

Knolles.

2. (Law) An instrument in writing, under seal, in an epistolary form, issued from the proper authority, commanding the performance or nonperformance of some act by the person to whom it is directed; as, a writ of entry, of error, of execution, of injunction, of mandamus, of return, of summons, and the like.

Writs are usually witnessed, or tested, in the name of the chief justice or principal judge of the court out of which they are issued; and those directed to a sheriff, or other ministerial officer, require him to return them on a day specified. In former English law and practice, writs in civil cases were either original or judicial; the former were issued out of the Court of Chancery, under the great seal, for the summoning of a defendant to appear, and were granted before the suit began and in order to begin the same; the latter were issued out of the court where the original was returned, after the suit was begun and during the pendency of it. Tomlins. Brande. Encyc. Brit. The term writ is supposed by Mr. Reeves to have been derived from the fact of these formulæ having always been expressed in writing, being, in this respect, distinguished from the other proceedings in the ancient action, which were conducted orally.

Writ of account, Writ of capias, etc. See under Account, Capias, etc. — Service of a writ. See under Service.

Writ`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Ability or capacity to write. [R.] Walpole.

Writ"a*ble (?), a. Capable of, or suitable for, being written down.

Writ"a*tive (?), a. Inclined to much writing; — correlative to talkative. [R.] Pope.

Write (?), v. t. [imp. Wrote (?); p. p. Written (?); Archaic imp. & p. p. Writ (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Writing.] [OE. writen, AS. wrtan; originally, to scratch, to score; akin to OS. wrtan to write, to tear, to wound, D. rijten to tear, to rend, G. reissen, OHG. rzan, Icel. rta to write, Goth. writs a stroke, dash, letter. Cf. Race tribe, lineage.]

1. To set down, as legible characters; to form the conveyance of meaning; to inscribe on any material by a suitable instrument; as, to write the characters called letters; to write figures.

2. To set down for reading; to express in legible or intelligible characters; to inscribe; as, to write a deed; to write a bill of divorcement; hence, specifically, to set down in an epistle; to communicate by letter.

> Last night she enjoined me to write some lines to one she loves.

Shak.

> I chose to write the thing I durst not speak
> To her I loved.

Prior.

3. Hence, to compose or produce, as an author.

> I purpose to write the history of England from the accession of King James the Second down to a time within the memory of men still living.

Macaulay.

4. To impress durably; to imprint; to engrave; as, truth written on the heart.

5. To make known by writing; to record; to prove by one's own written testimony; — often used reflexively.

> He who writes himself by his own inscription is like an ill painter, who, by writing on a shapeless picture which he hath drawn, is fain to tell passengers what shape it is, which else no man could imagine.

Milton.

To write to, to communicate by a written document to. — Written laws, laws deriving their force from express legislative enactment, as contradistinguished from unwritten, or common, law. See the Note under Law, and Common law, under Common, a.

Write, v. i. 1. To form characters, letters, or figures, as representative of sounds or ideas; to express words and sentences by written signs. Chaucer.

> So it stead you, I will write,
> Please you command.

Shak.

2. To be regularly employed or occupied in writing, copying, or accounting; to act as clerk or amanuensis; as, he writes in one of the public offices.

3. To frame or combine ideas, and express them in written words; to play the author; to recite or relate in books; to compose.

> They can write up to the dignity and character of the authors.

Felton.

4. To compose or send letters.

> He wrote for all the Jews that went out of his realm up into Jewry concerning their freedom.

1 Esdras iv. 49.

Writ"er (?), n. [AS. wrtere.]

1. One who writes, or has written; a scribe; a clerk.

> They [came] that handle the pen of the writer.

Judg. v. 14.

> My tongue is the pen of a ready writer.

Ps. xlv. 1.

2. One who is engaged in literary composition as a profession; an author; as, a writer of novels.

> This pitch, as ancient writers do report, doth defile.

Shak.

3. A clerk of a certain rank in the service of the late East India Company, who, after serving a certain number of years, became a factor.

Writer of the tallies (Eng. Law), an officer of the exchequer of England, who acted as clerk to the auditor of the receipt, and wrote the accounts upon the tallies from the tellers' bills. The use of tallies in the exchequer has been abolished. Wharton (Law. Dict.) — Writer's cramp, palsy, or spasm (Med.), a painful spasmodic affection of the muscles of the fingers, brought on by excessive use, as in writing, violin playing, telegraphing, etc. Called also scrivener's palsy. — Writer to the signet. See under Signet.

Writ"er*ship (?), n. The office of a writer.

Writhe (?), v. t. [imp. Writhed (?); p. p. Writhed, Obs. or Poetic Writhen (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Writhing.] [OE. writhen, AS. wr&?;an to twist; akin to OHG. rdan, Icel. r&?;a, Sw. vrida, Dan. vride. Cf. Wreathe, Wrest, Wroth.]

1. To twist; to turn; now, usually, to twist or turn so as to distort; to wring. "With writhing [turning] of a pin." Chaucer.

> Then Satan first knew pain,
> And writhed him to and fro.

Milton.

> Her mouth she writhed, her forehead taught to frown.

Dryden.

> His battle-writhen arms, and mighty hands.

Tennyson.

2. To wrest; to distort; to pervert.

> The reason which he yieldeth showeth the least part of his meaning to be that whereunto his words are writhed.

Hooker.

3. To extort; to wring; to wrest. [R.]

> The nobility hesitated not to follow the example of their sovereign in writhing money from them by every species of oppression.

Sir W. Scott.

Writhe, v. i. To twist or contort the body; to be distorted; as, to writhe with agony. Also used figuratively.

> After every attempt, he felt that he had failed, and writhed with shame and vexation.

Macaulay.

Writh"en (?), a. Having a twisted distorted from.

> A writhen staff his step unstable guides.

Fairfax.

Wri"thle (?), v. t. [Freq. of writhe.] To wrinkle. [Obs.] Shak.

Writ"ing (?), n. 1. The act or art of forming letters and characters on paper, wood, stone, or other material, for the purpose of recording the ideas which characters and words express, or of communicating them to others by visible signs.

2. Anything written or printed; anything expressed in characters or letters; as: (a) Any legal instrument, as a deed, a receipt, a bond, an agreement, or the like. (b) Any written composition; a pamphlet; a work; a literary production; a book; as, the writings of Addison. (c) An inscription.

> And Pilate wrote a title . . . And the writing was, Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews.

John xix. 19.

3. Handwriting; chirography.

Writing book, a book for practice in penmanship. — Writing desk, a desk with a sloping top for writing upon; also, a case containing writing materials, and used in a similar manner. — Writing lark (Zoöl.), the European yellow-hammer; — so called from the curious irregular lines on its eggs. [Prov. Eng.] — Writing machine. Same as Typewriter. — Writing master, one who teaches the art of penmanship. — Writing obligatory (Law), a bond. — Writing paper, paper intended for writing upon with ink, usually finished with a smooth surface, and sized. — Writing school, a school for instruction in penmanship. — Writing table, a table fitted or used for writing upon.

Writ"ten (?), p. p. of Write, v.

Wriz"zle (?), v. t. To wrinkle. [Obs.] Spenser.

Wro"ken (?), obs. p. p. of Wreak. Chaucer.

Wrong (?), obs. imp. of Wring. Wrung. Chaucer.

Wrong (?; 115), a. [OE. wrong, wrang, a. & n., AS. wrang, n.; originally, awry, wrung, fr. wringan to wring; akin to D. wrang bitter, Dan. vrang wrong, Sw. vrång, Icel. rangr awry, wrong. See Wring.]

1. Twisted; wry; as, a wrong nose. [Obs.] Wyclif (Lev. xxi. 19).

2. Not according to the laws of good morals, whether divine or human; not suitable to the highest and best end; not morally right; deviating from rectitude or duty; not just or equitable; not true; not legal; as, a wrong practice; wrong ideas; wrong inclinations and desires.

3. Not fit or suitable to an end or object; not appropriate for an intended use; not according to rule; unsuitable; improper; incorrect; as, to hold a book with the wrong end uppermost; to take the wrong way.

> I have deceived you both; I have directed you to wrong places.

Shak.

4. Not according to truth; not conforming to fact or intent; not right; mistaken; erroneous; as, a wrong statement.

5. Designed to be worn or placed inward; as, the wrong side of a garment or of a piece of cloth.

Syn. — Injurious; unjust; faulty; detrimental; incorrect; erroneous; unfit; unsuitable.

Wrong, adv. In a wrong manner; not rightly; amiss; morally ill; erroneously; wrongly.

> Ten censure wrong for one that writes amiss.

Pope.

Wrong, n. [AS. wrang. See Wrong, a.] That which is not right. Specifically: (a) Nonconformity or disobedience to lawful authority, divine or human; deviation from duty; — the opposite of moral right.

> When I had wrong and she the right.

Chaucer.

> One spake much of right and wrong.

Milton.

(b) Deviation or departure from truth or fact; state of falsity; error; as, to be in the wrong. (c) Whatever deviates from moral rectitude; usually, an act that involves evil consequences, as one which inflicts injury on a person; any injury done to, or received from; another; a trespass; a violation of right.

> Friend, I do thee no wrong.

Matt. xx. 18.

> As the king of England can do no wrong, so neither can he do right but in his courts and by his courts.

Milton.

> The obligation to redress a wrong is at least as binding as that of paying a debt.

E. Evereth.

Wrongs, legally, are private or public. Private wrongs are civil injuries, immediately affecting individuals; public wrongs are crimes and misdemeanors which affect the community. Blackstone.

<! p. 1670 !>

Wrong (?; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wronged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Wronging.]

1. To treat with injustice; to deprive of some right, or to withhold some act of justice from; to do undeserved harm to; to deal unjustly with; to injure.

> He that sinneth . . . wrongeth his own soul.

Prov. viii. 36.

2. To impute evil to unjustly; as, if you suppose me capable of a base act, you wrong me.

> I rather choose
> To wrong the dead, to wrong myself and you,
> Than I will wrong such honorable men.

Shak.

Wrong"do`er (?), n. 1. One who injures another, or who does wrong.

2. (Law) One who commits a tort or trespass; a trespasser; a tort feasor. Ayliffe.

Wrong"do`ing, n. Evil or wicked behavior or action.

Wrong"er (?), n. One who wrongs or injures another. Shak. "Wrongers of the world." Tennyson.

Wrong"ful (?), a. Full of wrong; injurious; unjust; unfair; as, a wrongful taking of property; wrongful dealing. — Wrong"ful*ly, adv. — Wrong"ful*ness, n.

Wrong"head` (?), n. A person of a perverse understanding or obstinate character. [R.]

Wrong"head`, a. Wrongheaded. [R.] Pope.

Wrong"head`ed, a. Wrong in opinion or principle; having a perverse understanding; perverse. — Wrong"head`ed*ly, adv. — Wrong"head`ed*ness, n. Macaulay.

Wrong"less, a. Not wrong; void or free from wrong. [Obs.] — Wrong"less*ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Wrong"ly, adv. In a wrong manner; unjustly; erroneously; wrong; amiss; as, he judges wrongly of my motives. "And yet wouldst wrongly win." Shak.

Wrong"ness, n. The quality or state of being wrong; wrongfulness; error; fault.

> The best great wrongnesses within themselves.

Bp. Butler.

> The rightness or wrongness of this view.

Latham.

Wron"gous (?), a. [Cf. OE. wrongwis. See Wrong, and cf. Righteous.]

1. Constituting, or of the nature of, a wrong; unjust; wrongful. [R.]

2. (Scots Law) Not right; illegal; as, wrongous imprisonment. Craig.

Wrong"-timed` (?; 115), a. Done at an improper time; ill-timed.

Wroot (?), obs. imp. of Write. Wrote. Chaucer.

Wrote (?), v. i. [OE. wroten. See 1st Root.] To root with the snout. See 1st Root. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wrote, imp. & archaic p. p. of Write.

Wroth (?), a. [OE. wroth, wrap, AS. wrð wroth, crooked, bad; akin to wrðan to writhe, and to OS. wrðangry, D. wreed cruel, OHG. reid twisted, Icel. reiðr angry, Dan. & Sw. vred. See Writhe, and cf. Wrath.] Full of wrath; angry; incensed; much exasperated; wrathful. "Wroth to see his kingdom fail." Milton.

> Revel and truth as in a low degree,
> They be full wroth [i. e., at enmity] all day.

Chaucer.

> Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.

Gen. iv. 5.

Wrought (?), imp. & p. p. of Work.

> Alas that I was wrought [created]!

Chaucer.

Wrought, a. Worked; elaborated; not rough or crude.

Wrought iron. See under Iron.

Wrung (?), imp. & p. p. of Wring.

Wry (?), v. t. [AS. wreón.] To cover. [Obs.]

> Wrie you in that mantle.

Chaucer.

Wry (?), a. [Compar. Wrier (?); superl. Wriest.] [Akin to OE. wrien to twist, to bend, AS. wrigian to tend towards, to drive.]

1. Turned to one side; twisted; distorted; as, a wry mouth.

2. Hence, deviating from the right direction; misdirected; out of place; as, wry words.

> Not according to the wry rigor of our neighbors, who never take up an old idea without some extravagance in its application.

Landor.

3. Wrested; perverted.

> He . . . puts a wry sense upon Protestant writers.

Atterbury.

Wry face, a distortion of the countenance indicating impatience, disgust, or discomfort; a grimace.

Wry, v. i. 1. To twist; to writhe; to bend or wind.

2. To deviate from the right way; to go away or astray; to turn side; to swerve.

> This Phebus gan awayward for to wryen.

Chaucer.

> How many
> Must murder wives much better than themselves
> For wrying but a little!

Shak.

Wry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Wried; p. pr. & vb. n. Wrying.] [OE. wrien. See Wry, a.] To twist; to distort; to writhe; to wrest; to vex. Sir P. Sidney.

> Guests by hundreds, not one caring
> If the dear host's neck were wried.

R. Browning.

Wry"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Crookbill.

Wry"mouth` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large, elongated, marine fishes of the genus Cryptacanthodes, especially C. maculatus of the American coast. A whitish variety is called ghostfish.

Wry"neck (?), n. (Med.)

1. A twisted or distorted neck; a deformity in which the neck is drawn to one side by a rigid contraction of one of the muscles of the neck; torticollis.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of Old World birds of the genus Jynx, allied to the woodpeckers; especially, the common European species (J. torguilla); — so called from its habit of turning the neck around in different directions. Called also cuckoo's mate, snakebird, summer bird, tonguebird, and writheneck.

Wry"necked` (?), a. Having a distorted neck; having the deformity called wryneck.

Wry"ness, n. The quality or state of being wry, or distorted. W. Montagu.

Wryth"en (?), obs. p. p. of Writhe. Writhen.

Wul"fen*ite (?), n. [So named after F. X. Wulfen, an Australian mineralogist.] (Min.) Native lead molybdate occurring in tetragonal crystals, usually tabular, and of a bright orange-yellow to red, gray, or brown color; — also called yellow lead ore.

Wull (?), v. t. & i. See 2d Will.

> Pour out to all that wull.

Spenser.

Wung"-out` (?), a. Having the sails set in the manner called wing-and-wing. [Sailors' slang]

Wur"ba*gool (?), n. (Zoöl.) A fruit bat (Pteropus medius) native of India. It is similar to the flying fox, but smaller.

Wur"mal (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Wormil.

Wur"ra*luh (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Australian white-quilled honey eater (Entomyza albipennis).

{ Wust (?), Wuste }, obs. imp. of Wit. Piers Plowman.

Wy`an*dots" (?), n. pl.; sing. Wyandot (&?;). (Ethnol.) Same as Hurons. [Written also Wyandottes, and Yendots.]

Wych"-elm` (?), n. [OE. wiche a kind of elm, AS. wice a kind of tree. Cf. Wicker.] (Bot.) A species of elm (Ulmus montana) found in Northern and Western Europe; Scotch elm.

By confusion this word is often written witch-elm.

Wych"-ha`zel (?), n. (Bot.) The wych-elm; — so called because its leaves are like those of the hazel.

{ Wyc"lif*ite, Wyc"liff*ite } (?), n. A follower of Wyclif, the English reformer; a Lollard.

Wyd (?), a. Wide. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wye (?), n.; pl. Wyes (&?;).

1. The letter Y.

2. A kind of crotch. See Y, n. (a).

Wyke (?), n. Week. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wy"la (?), n. (Zoöl.) A helmeted Australian cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus); — called also funeral cockatoo.

Wynd (?), n. [See Wind to turn.] A narrow lane or alley. [Scot.] Jamieson.

> The narrow wynds, or alleys, on each side of the street.

Bryant.

Wyn"ker*nel (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European moor hen. [Prov. Eng.]

Wynn (?), n. A kind of timber truck, or carriage.

Wype (?), n. The wipe, or lapwing. [Prov. Eng.]

Wys (wz), a. Wise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Wythe (wth), n. (Naut.). Same as Withe, n., 4.

{ Wyte (wt), Wy"ten (w"t'n) }, obs. pl. pres. of Wit.

Wy"vern (?), n. (Her.) Same as Wiver.